Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Deathstalker

2026-05-18T12:32:32Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: expanded content

{{Short description|Species of arachnid}}
{{Other uses|Deathstalker (disambiguation)}}
{{pp|reason=Lowering to semi-protection since it's been a couple years without issue|small=yes}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Deathstalker ST 07.JPG
| genus = Leiurus
| species = quinquestriatus
| authority = [[Wilhelm Hemprich|Hemprich]] & [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]], 1829
}}

The '''deathstalker''' ('''''Leiurus quinquestriatus''''') is a [[species]] of [[scorpion]], a member of the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Buthidae]]. It is also known as the '''Palestine yellow scorpion''',<ref name="Animals">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEtrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22palestine+yellow+scorpion%22|title=Venom diseases|last=Minton|first=Sherman A.|publisher=Thomas|year=1974|isbn=978-0-398-03051-3|pages=235|access-date=April 30, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Biology">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdosAAAAMAAJ&q=%22palestine+yellow+scorpion%22|title=Entomology abstracts, Volume 24, Issues 10-12|last=The Staff of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts|publisher=Cambridge Scientific Abstracts|year=1993|access-date=April 30, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ethnozoology">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr2rANLrPmoC&q=palestine+yellow+scorpion&pg=PA360|title=The Continuum encyclopedia of animal symbolism in art|last=Werness|first=Hope B.|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8264-1525-7|pages=476|access-date=April 30, 2010}}</ref><ref name="World records">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSyswNFqTycC&q=%22palestine+yellow+scorpion%22|title=The Guinness Book of World Records 1998|last=Young|first=Mark|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1998|isbn=978-0-553-57895-9|pages=768|access-date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> '''Omdurman scorpion''', and '''Naqab desert scorpion''', as well as by many other colloquial names, which generally originate from the commercial captive trade of the animal. To eliminate confusion, especially important with potentially dangerous species, the [[scientific name]] is normally used to refer to them. The name ''Leiurus quinquestriatus'' roughly translates into English as "five-striped smooth-tail".<ref>Respectively from Greek ''leios'' "smooth" and ''oura'' "tail", and Latin ''quinque'' "five" and ''striatus'' "striated, grooved, fluted".</ref> In 2014, the subspecies ''L. q. hebraeus'' was separated from it and elevated to its own species ''[[Leiurus hebraeus]]''.<ref>Lowe G, Yagmur EA, Kovarik F. A Review of the Genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with Description of Four New Species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius. 2014 (191):1-129. [http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2014_191.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426134724/http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2014_191.pdf |date=2018-04-26 }}.</ref> Other species of the [[genus]] ''[[Leiurus]]'' are also often referred to as "deathstalkers". ''Leiurus quinquestriatus'' is yellow, and {{convert|30|-|77|mm}} long, with an average of {{convert|58|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amr|first1=Zuhair S.|last2=El-Oran|first2=Ratib|year=1994|title=Systematics and distribution of scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpionida) in Jordan|journal=Italian Journal of Zoology|volume=61|issue=2|pages=185–190|doi=10.1080/11250009409355881|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Leiurus quinquestriatus'' can be found in desert and [[scrubland]] habitats ranging from North Africa through to the Middle East. Its range covers a wide sweep of territory in the [[Sahara]], [[Arabian Desert]], [[Thar Desert]], and Central Asia, from [[Algeria]] and [[Mali]] in the west through to [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Asia Minor]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]], eastwards to [[Kazakhstan]] and western India in the northeast and southeast.

== Venom ==
[[File:L quinquestriatus2.jpg|thumb|A deathstalker eating a cricket in captivity]]

[[Neurotoxin]]s in ''L. quinquestriatus'' venom include:
* [[Chlorotoxin]]
* [[Charybdotoxin]], a blocker of [[calcium-activated potassium channel]]s.
* [[Scyllatoxin]]
* [[Agitoxin]]s types one, two and three
Other components :
* [[Lq2]], which gets its name from this scorpion.<ref name="pmid17239913">{{cite journal |vauthors=Catterall WA, Cestèle S, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Yu FH, Konoki K, Scheuer T |date=February 2007 |title=Voltage-gated ion channels and gating modifier toxins |url=http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00378020/document |journal=Toxicon |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=124–41 |doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.09.022 |pmid=17239913}}</ref><ref name="pmid16382105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kubo Y, Adelman JP, Clapham DE, etal |date=December 2005 |title=International Union of Pharmacology. LIV. Nomenclature and molecular relationships of inwardly rectifying potassium channels |journal=[[Pharmacological Reviews]] |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=509–26 |doi=10.1124/pr.57.4.11 |pmid=16382105 |s2cid=11588492}}</ref>

===Hazards===
The deathstalker is one of the most dangerous species of scorpion.<ref>"[https://www.planetdeadly.com/animals/worlds-dangerous-scorpions The World’s Most Dangerous Scorpions]" Planet Deadly.</ref><ref>"[https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/not-so-scary-scorpions Not so scary scorpions]" National Science Foundation.</ref> Its [[venom (poison)|venom]] is a powerful mixture of [[neurotoxin]]s, with a low [[median lethal dose|lethal dose]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/l_quinquestriatus_info.pdf |title=''Leiurus quinquestriatus'' (Ehrenberg, 1828) |author=Lucian K. Ross |work=The Scorpion Files |year=2008 |access-date=September 17, 2011}}</ref> While a sting from this scorpion is extraordinarily painful, it normally would not kill a healthy adult human. However, young children, the elderly, or infirm (such as those with a heart condition and those who are allergic) are at much greater risk. Any [[envenomation]] runs the risk of [[anaphylaxis]], a potentially life-threatening [[allergy|allergic reaction]] to the venom. A study from Israel shows a high rate of [[pancreatitis]] following envenomation.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2028471 | volume=29 | title=Acute pancreatitis in children following envenomation by the yellow scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus | year=1991 | journal=Toxicon | pages=125–8 |vauthors=Sofer S, Shalev H, Weizman Z, Shahak E, Gueron M | issue=1 | doi=10.1016/0041-0101(91)90045-s}}</ref> If a sting from ''Leiurus quinquestriatus'' does prove deadly, the cause of death is usually [[pulmonary edema]].

[[Antivenom]] for the treatment of deathstalker envenomations is produced by pharmaceutical companies [[AbbVie]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toxinfo.org/antivenoms/productinfo/SCORPION_ANTIVENOM_TWYFORD__NORTH_AFRICA_.html |title=Scorpion Antivenom Twyford (North Africa) |work=MAVIN |date=January 15, 2010 |publisher=[[Poison Centre Munich]] |access-date=December 1, 2010}}</ref> and [[Sanofi Pasteur]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toxinfo.org/antivenoms/productinfo/SCORPIFAV.html |title=Scorpifav |work=MAVIN |date=January 15, 2010 |publisher=[[Poison Centre Munich]] |access-date=December 1, 2010}}</ref> and by the National Antivenom and Vaccine Production Center in [[Riyadh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antivenom-center.com/products/index.htm |title=Saudi National Antivenom and Vaccine Production Center |access-date=December 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707145903/http://www.antivenom-center.com/products/index.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2011 }}</ref> Envenomation by the deathstalker is considered a [[medical emergency]] even with antivenom treatment, as its venom is unusually resistant to treatment and typically requires large doses of antivenom.<ref name="Envenomation treatment">{{cite book |title=Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies |last=Goldfrank |first=Lewis R. |year=2006 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn=978-0-07-147914-1 |pages=2064 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvJuLqBxGUcC&q=leiurus+quinquestriatus&pg=PA1624 |access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref>

In the United States and other countries outside of the typical range of the deathstalker, there is the additional complicating factor that none of the existing antivenoms are approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (or equivalent agencies) and are only available as [[investigational drug]]s (INDs). The US Armed Forces maintain an investigational drug application<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Eric A. Shalita |author2=Ryan D. Wells |year=2007 |title=Treatment of yellow scorpion (''Leiurus quinquestriatus'') sting: a case report |journal=[[Journal of the American Pharmacists Association]] |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=616–619 |pmid=17848352 |doi=10.1331/JAPhA.2007.07051}}</ref> for the AVPC-Riyadh antivenom in the event of envenomation of soldiers in the Gulf War theater of operations, and the Florida Antivenin Bank, managed by the [[Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department]], maintains Sanofi Pasteur's Scorpifav antivenom for the deathstalker.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.miamidade.gov/fire/library/antivenom-species-covered.pdf |title=Antivenom: Species Covered |publisher=[[Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department]] |date=January 2009 |access-date=April 30, 2020 |id=#40}}</ref>

===Uses===
[[File:Deathstalker (Leiurus quinquestriatus) 6.jpg|thumb|Deathstalker in [[Negev Desert]], Israel]]
{{Main|Chlorotoxin}}
A component of the deathstalker's venom, the [[peptide]] chlorotoxin, has shown potential for treating human [[brain tumor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Liliana Soroceanu |author2=Yancey Gillespie |author3=M. B. Khazaeli |author4=Harald Sontheimer |year=1998 |title=Use of chlorotoxin for targeting of primary brain tumors |journal=[[Cancer Research (journal)|Cancer Research]] |volume=58 |issue=21 |pages=4871–4879 |pmid=9809993 |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/58/21/4871}}</ref> There has also been some evidence to show that other components of the venom may aid in the regulation of [[insulin]] and could be used to treat [[diabetes]].{{Citation needed|reason=for insulin and diabetes|date=October 2014}}

In 2015 clinical trials were beginning of the use of chlorotoxin with a fluorescent molecule attached as brain tumour "paint" (BLZ-100), to mark cancerous cells in real time during an operation. This is important in brain cancer surgery, where it is vital both to remove as many cancerous cells as possible, but not to remove healthy tissue necessary for brain functioning. In preclinical animal trials the technique could highlight extremely small clusters of as few as 200 cancer cells, compared to the standard use of [[MRI]], with a lower limit in excess of 500,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/sep/10/how-to-light-up-a-tumour|title=How to light up a tumour - Alex O'Brien|first=Alex|last=O'Brien|date=10 September 2015|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>

==Legality==
Possession of ''L. quinquestriatus'' may be illegal or regulated in countries with laws prohibiting the keeping of dangerous animals in general. Jurisdictions are increasingly and explicitly including ''L. quinquestriatus'' in laws requiring permits to keep animals which are not usual pets, or restricting possession of dangerous animals, and in some cases have prohibited the keeping of ''L. quinquestriatus'' save by licensed [[zoo]]s and educational facilities.

In several jurisdictions departments of fish and wildlife require permits for many animals,<ref>{{cite web|date=August 2010 |title=Appendix: Exceptions to unrestricted wild animal list |work=Wild Bird and Animal Importation and Possession |publisher=[[Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department]] |url=http://vtfishandwildlife.com/library/Forms_and_Applications/Importation_%20Application/Species/Appendix-%20Exceptions_to_the_Unrestricted_Wild_Animal_List.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323014305/http://vtfishandwildlife.com/library/Forms_and_Applications/Importation_%20Application/Species/Appendix-%20Exceptions_to_the_Unrestricted_Wild_Animal_List.pdf |archive-date=March 23, 2015 }}</ref><ref>In the UK a licence is required under the [[Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976|1976 Dangerous Wild Animals Act]]</ref> and a number of cities and municipal governments have prohibited their possession in their bylaws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.townofmorrison.org/OrdinancesZoning/Ordinance0702.pdf |publisher=[[Morrison, Wisconsin|Town of Morrison, Brown County, Wisconsin]] |title=Ordinance No: 07-02. Public Nuisance Ordinance |access-date=April 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324182725/http://www.townofmorrison.org/OrdinancesZoning/Ordinance0702.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thevillageofpulaski.org/pdf/ordinance/chapter30.pdf |title=Licensing of dogs and cats; regulation of animals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711043438/http://www.villageofpulaski.org/pdf/ordinance/chapter30.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |publisher=[[Pulaski, Wisconsin|Village of Pulaski, Wisconsin]] |access-date=April 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.green-bay.wi.us/codebook/chp8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311093906/http://www.ci.green-bay.wi.us/codebook/chp8.pdf |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |title=Public Health and Welfare |publisher=[[Green Bay, Wisconsin|City of Green Bay, Wisconsin]] |access-date=April 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynshelter.org/AnimalOrdinances.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921224612/http://brooklynshelter.org/AnimalOrdinances.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 21, 2010 |title=Animal Ordinances Revision as of 4/11/05 passed at 4/11/05Council Mtg. |publisher=[[Brooklyn, Ohio|City of Brooklyn, Ohio]] |access-date=April 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.townofrockland.org/Documents/Animal_Ordinance_Draft_200801.doc |format=[[Microsoft Word|DOC]] |publisher=[[Rockland, Brown County, Wisconsin|Town of Rockland, Brown County, Wisconsin]] |title=Animal Ordinance Draft |date=November 28, 2007 |access-date=April 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315083550/http://www.townofrockland.org/Documents/Animal_Ordinance_Draft_200801.doc |archive-date=March 15, 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leiurus quinquestriatus}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110324142235/http://care-sheet.com/index/Leiurus_quinquestriatus ''Leiurus quinquestriatus''], WikiPets

{{Taxonbar|from=Q773744}}

[[Category:Buthidae]]
[[Category:Invertebrates of Israel]]
[[Category:Arthropods of Israel]]
[[Category:Arthropods of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Arthropods of North Africa]]
[[Category:Invertebrates of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Arthropods of Egypt]]
[[Category:Arthropods of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Arthropods of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Arthropods of India]]
[[Category:Arthropods of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Arachnids of Algeria]]
[[Category:Fauna of Jordan]]
[[Category:Fauna of Palestine (region)]]
[[Category:Fauna of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Fauna of Mali]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1829]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wilhelm Hemprich]]

Amol Khatal

2026-05-07T03:44:19Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: made new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amol Khatal Patil
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|8 May 1983}}
| birth_place = [[Sangamner]], [[Ahmednagar District]], [[Maharashtra]]
| party = ('''[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]'''),
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Amol Dhondibaba Khatal-Patil''' (born 1983)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amol Dhondiba Khatal(Shiv Sena):Constituency- SANGMNER(AHMEDNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=680 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. In the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], he ran for MLA from [[Sangamner Assembly constituency]] in [[Ahmednagar district]] representing the ('''[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena – Shinde faction]]'''), and won against incumbent MLA [[Balasaheb Thorat]], who had held the seat since 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Sangamner (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Amol Khatal is from [[Sangamner]], Ahilyaanagar District, Maharashtra. He is the son of Dhondiba Kisan Khatal. He completed his B.Com. in 2019 at Yashwantrao Chavhan Mukt Vidyapith, [[Nashik]]. Earlier, he did his schooling at Nutan Secondary and Higher Secondary School, [[Rajapur, Sangamner, Maharashtra|Rajapur]].<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==

Amol Khatal is a member of legislative assembly.

Khatal won from Sangamner Assembly constituency representing the Shiv Sena in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 101,826 votes and won against former minister and eight time MLA, [[Balasaheb Thorat|Balasaheb Bhausaheb Thorat]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 10,560 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amol Dhondiba Khatal, SS Candidate from Sangamner Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/maharashtra/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-11-23 |title=Maharashtra Election Results 2024 {{!}} Shiv Sena's Amol Dhondiba Defeated By Balasaheb Thorat In Sangamner |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Sangamner election results 2024: 8-time MLA Thorat wins against Mahayuti's Khatal by over 10,000 vote margin - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadikar |first=Ria Amol |date=23 November 2024 |title=Congress veteran Balasaheb Thorat retains Maharashtra's Sangamner seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/|access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatal, Amol}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]

[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]

Malkajgiri Police Commissionerate

2026-05-06T03:37:54Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: adding a info.

{{Short description|One of the three Police commissionerates in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Malkajgiri Police Commissionerate
| logo =
| motto = With You For You
| formedyear = 2026
| preceding1 = Cyberabad Commissionerate
| preceding2 = Rachakonda Police Commissionerate
| legaljuris = [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district]], and [[Rangareddy District]]
| divtype = State
| divname = [[Telangana]]
| subdivtype = City
| subdivname = [[Malkajgiri|Malkajgiri zone]], [[L.B. Nagar|L.B.Nagar Zone]]
| country = India
| headquarters = [[Neredmet]], [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district]], [[Telangana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/new-commissionerate-bldg-for-rachakonda-cops/articleshow/68039869.cms|title=New commissionerate bldg for Rachakonda cops | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| dmap = {{Location map|India Telangana
|position=right
|lat=17.366
|long=78.476
}}
| stationtype = Station
| stations =
| chief1name = G. Sudheer Babu, IPS
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]
| parentagency = [[Telangana State Police]]
| unsworn =
| website = http://rachakondapolice.telangana.gov.in/
}}

'''Malkajgiri Police Commissionerate''' is one among the three Police commissionerates located in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].

==History==
After the formation of Telangana state, the government undertook major reforms in policing to enhance public service. It was recognized that the [[Cyberabad Metropolitan Police]] was too large—being the second largest in India after Delhi—causing difficulties in efficient policing.

To improve service delivery, the government issued G.O. Ms. No. 126, Home (Legal), dated 23 June 2016, dividing the Cyberabad Commissionerate into Cyberabad West and Cyberabad East, with a clear listing of police stations under each.

Subsequently, through G.O. Ms. No. 158, Home (Legal), dated 22 September 2016, Cyberabad East was renamed as Rachakonda Police Commissionerate.<ref name="GO159">{{cite web |title=G.O. Ms. No. 159 - Telangana State Government Orders |url=https://rachakondapolice.telangana.gov.in/PDF/GO.159.PDF |publisher=Rachakonda Police Commissionerate |access-date=August 14, 2025}}</ref>
This change was also officially published in the state gazette. Since then, the area formerly known as Cyberabad East has been administered as the Rachakonda Commissionerate.

==Current Structure==
Currently Rachakonda Police Commissionerate has three DCP zones.

===Malkajgiri DCP Zone===
====Malkajgiri ACP Division====
*Malkajgiri
*Nacharam
*Uppal
*Medipally
*Ghatkesar
*Pocharam IT Corridor
*Women PS, Uppal

====Kushaiguda ACP Division====
*Kushaiguda
*Cherlapally
*Neredmet
*Jawahar Nagar
*Keesara

===LB Nagar DCP Zone===
====LB Nagar ACP Division====
* LB Nagar
* Saroornagar
* Chaitanyapuri
* Nagole
* Women PS

====Vanasthalipuram ACP Division====
* Vanasthalipuram
* Hayathnagar
* Meerpet
* Abdullapurmet

====Ibrahimpatnam ACP Division====
* Ibrahimpatnam
* Manchal
* Yacharam
* Kandukur
* Maheshwaram
* Adibatla
* Madgul

==Police Commissioners==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Rachakonda Police Commissioners
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Sl. No.
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Name of Police Chief
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Batch
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Tenure
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Domicile
|-
|1
|align=center|[[Sri]] M. M. Bhagwat, IPS
|align=right| 1996 (RR)
|align=center|28-6-2016 to 30-12-2022
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|2
|align=center|Sri D. S. Chauhan, IPS
|align=right| 1997 (RR)
|align=center|30-12-2022 to 13-12-2023
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|3
|align=center|Sri G. Sudheer Babu, IPS
|align=right| 2001 (SPS)
|align=center|13-12-2023 to 11-2-2024
|Telangana
|-
|4
|align=center|[[Dr.]] Tarun Joshi, IPS
|align=right| 2004 (RR)
|align=center|11-2-2024 to 10-07-2024
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|5
|align=center|Sri G. Sudheer Babu, IPS
|align=right| 2001 (SPS)
|align=center|10-07-2024 to ''31-12-2025''
|Telangana
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2016/sep/23/cyberabad-east-police-renamed-as-rachakonda-commissionerate-1524071.html Cyberabad East police renamed as Rachakonda commissionerate]
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240616/cyberabad-police-commissionerate-divided-into-east-and-west.html Cyberabad police commissionerate divided into East and West]
* [http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/over-3k-cctvs-to-be-put-up-in-rachakonda-commissionerate-116122400430_1.html Over 3K CCTVs to be put up in Rachakonda Commissionerate]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/anti-trafficking-unit-of-police-inaugurated-at-rachakonda/article32233123.ece Anit-Trafficking Unit inaugurated at Rachakonda Commissionerate]

[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Telangana Police]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2016]]

Tomb of Amin Khan

2026-05-04T22:28:31Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Created A Article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{unreliable sources|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Tomb of Abdul Qadir Amin Khan
| architecture = [[Qutb Shahi architecture]]
| image = Tomb at Patancheru.jpg
| location = [[Patancheru]], [[Hyderabad]], India
| built = 1568
}}

[[File:Tomb at Patancheru 2.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Amin Khan]]
The '''Tomb of Amin Khan''' is a tomb located in [[Patancheru]], [[Hyderabad]]. It was completed in 1568.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Sultans_of_the_South_Arts_of_Indias_Deccan_Courts_1323_1687 |title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323–1687 |pages=90–101 |access-date=22 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=9 September 2015 |title=Patancheru Haphazardly industrialised |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-09-08/Patancheru-Haphazardly-industrialised/175104 |access-date=22 February 2021 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

It is the resting place of Abd-al Qadir Amin Khan, a minister in the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]] under [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Qutb Shah]], who also served as the chieftain of [[Patancheru]]. The tomb is surrounded by a vegetable and fruit [[bazaar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=16 December 2017 |title=Commissioned by courtier |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/commissioned-by-courtier/article21821411.ece |access-date=22 February 2021 |issn=0971-751X |quote=Now, a noisy hubhub of a vegetable and fruit market surrounds the tomb of Amin Khan.}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The tomb is built in the traditional [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi style]], on a raised platform with an onion dome. It is embellished with [[stucco]] work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maadri {{!}} History of the Tomb Of Amin Khan|url=https://maadri.org/history|access-date=29 March 2021|website=maadri.org}}</ref>

== Inscription ==
The [[Persian language|Persian]] inscription on the tomb's Eastern wall says that Amin Khan commissioned the tomb himself and dates it to 1568.<ref name=":0" /> It also lists the names of his father, grandfather, wives, and sons.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |date=1935–1936 |title=A Qutb Shahi Inscription from Patancheru, Medak District, Hyderabad State |journal=Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica |pages=60–62}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Qutb Shahi tombs]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/36853 Image of the tomb exterior]

{{Qutb Shahi monuments}}

{{coord|17.53061|78.26026|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]
[[Category:Tombs in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1568 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1568]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Telangana]]

Gajender Drall

2026-04-25T00:17:10Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: made a page - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gajender Drall
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| predecessor = [[Dharampal Lakra]]
| constituency = [[Mundka Assembly constituency|Mundka]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Gajender Drall''' is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]]. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].
He has been elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Mundka Assembly constituency]] in [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Mundka Election Results 2025 live updates: BJP's Gajender Drall wins; leads Congress' Dharampal Lakra and AAP's Jasbir Karala trail by 10,550 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mundka-election-results-2025-live-updates-bjps-gajender-drall-vs-congress-dharampal-lakra-vs-aaps-jasbir-karala/articleshow/118027395.cms |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Mundka election results 2025: BJP's Gajendra Drall wins by 10,550 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/mundka-election-result-2025-live-updates-jasbir-karala-gajendra-daral-dharam-pal-ladka-19551921.htm |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mundka Election Result: BJP's Gajender Drall Secures Victory">{{cite news|title=Mundka Election Result: BJP's Gajender Drall Secures Victory|url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/mundka-election-result-bjps-gajender-drall-secures-victory|accessdate=21 February 2025|publisher=TimelineDaily|date=8 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221174354/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/mundka-election-result-bjps-gajender-drall-secures-victory|archivedate=21 February 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="What win in Delhi polls for 11 councillors means for MCD">{{cite news|title=What win in Delhi polls for 11 councillors means for MCD|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/what-win-for-11-councillors-means-for-mcd/articleshow/118096179.cms|accessdate=21 February 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=10 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221175101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/what-win-for-11-councillors-means-for-mcd/articleshow/118096179.cms|archivedate=21 February 2025}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Drall won the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Mundka Assembly constituency]] by defeating Jasbir Karala of [[Aam Aadmi Party, Delhi|AAP]] by a margin of 10,550 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Delhi Elections: BJP wins all 10 Jat-dominated seats! What led Jat community to ditch Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/delhi-elections-bjp-leading-on-all-jat-dominated-seats-what-led-jat-community-to-ditch-arvind-kejriwal/3742589/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Mundka Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Mundka Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2025}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drall, Gajender}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Acorus calamus

2026-04-24T10:46:56Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: made info...

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Redirect|Sweet flag}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Sweet flag
| image = Acorus calamus1.jpg
| image_caption = Sweet flag
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Lansdown, R.V. |date=2014 |title=''Acorus calamus'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T168639A43116307 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T168639A43116307.en |access-date=19 November 2021 }}</ref>
| status2 = G4
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref name=NS>{{cite NatureServe |id=2.134366 |title=''Acorus calamus'' |access-date=25 October 2025 }}</ref>
| genus = Acorus
| species = calamus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:84009-1#synonyms |title=''Acorus calamus'' L. |author= |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2 August 2023 }}</ref>
|synonyms = ''Calamus aromaticus'' Garsault
}}

'''''Acorus calamus''''' (also called '''sweet flag''', '''sway''' or '''muskrat root''', among many other common names<ref name=str>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZAhYVPeRL0C&q=%22Acorus+calamus%22+beewort&pg=PA119 |title=Wildflowers of Iowa Woodlands |page=119 |author1=Sylvan T. Runkel |author2=Alvin F. Bull |publisher=[[University of Iowa Press]] |location=Iowa City, Iowa |orig-date=1979 |year=2009 |access-date=13 December 2011 |isbn=978-1-58729-884-4 }}</ref>) is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] with [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive chemicals]]. It is a tall [[wetland]] [[monocot]] of the family [[Acoraceae]], in the genus ''[[Acorus]].'' Although used in [[traditional medicine]] over centuries to treat [[Gastrointestinal disease|digestive disorders]] and pain, it has no [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] of safety or efficacy and may be [[toxicity|toxic]] if ingested, and so has been commercially [[ban (law)|banned]] for use in food in the United States.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Calamus |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/calamus.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=28 January 2019 |date=2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091556/https://www.drugs.com/npp/calamus.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Acorus-calamus1.jpg|thumb|Inflorescence]]
Sweet flag is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], {{cvt|2|m|in}} tall.<ref name=drugs/> Its leaves resemble those of the [[Iridaceae|iris family]]. Sweet flag consists of tufts of basal leaves that rise from a spreading [[rhizome]].<ref name=drugs/> The leaves are erect yellowish-brown, radical, with pink sheathing at their bases, sword-shaped, flat and narrow, tapering into a long, acute point, and have parallel veins. The leaves have smooth edges, which can be wavy or crimped. The sweet flag can be distinguished from iris and other similar plants by the crimped edges of the leaves, the fragrant odor it emits when crushed, and the presence of a [[spadix (botany)|spadix]].<ref name="hilty">{{cite web |author=John Hilty |url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/sweetflag.htm |title=Sweet flag |publisher=Wetland Wildflowers of Illinois |access-date=28 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="rook">{{cite web |url=http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/acorus.html |title=''Acorus americanus'' – Sweet Flag |date=14 April 2004 |website=Rook.Org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825163223/http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/acorus.html |archive-date=25 August 2006 }}</ref>

Only plants that grow in water bear flowers. The fruit is a berry filled with mucus, which when ripe falls into the water and disperses by floating. The solid, triangular flower-stems rise from the axils of the outer leaves. A semi-erect spadix emerges from one side of the flower stem. The spadix is solid, cylindrical, tapers at each end, and is 5 to 10 cm in length. A covering spathe, as is usual with [[Araceae]], is absent. The spadix is densely crowded with tiny greenish-yellow flowers. Each flower contains six petals and stamens enclosed in a perianth with six divisions, surrounding a three-celled, oblong ovary with a sessile stigma. The flowers are sweetly fragrant.<ref name=hilty/><ref name=rook/> In Europe, it flowers for about a month in late spring or early summer, but does not bear fruit. In Asia, it also fruits sparingly, and propagates itself mainly by growth of its rhizome, forming colonies.

The branched, cylindrical, knobby rhizome is the thickness of a human finger and has numerous coarse fibrous roots below it. The exterior is brown and the interior white.<ref name="botanical.com">{{cite web |author=Grieve M |title=Sedge, Sweet; in A Modern Herbal |access-date=1 April 2017 |url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/sedges39.html |publisher=Botanical.com |date=2018 }}</ref>

==Range and habitat==
Sweet flag is native to the [[Irtysh]] River valley in Kazakhstan, but has been widely introduced worldwide. Habitats include edges of small lakes, ponds and rivers, marshes, swamps, and other wetlands.<ref name=hilty/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://naeb.brit.org/uses/species/55/ |title=''Acorus calamus'' L.; Native American Ethnobotany |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |date=2003 |access-date=12 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Names and etymology==

In addition to "sweet flag" and "calamus" other common names include '''beewort''', '''bitter pepper root''', '''calamus root''', '''flag root''', '''gladdon''', '''myrtle flag''', '''myrtle grass''', '''myrtle root''', '''myrtle sedge''', '''pine root''', '''sea sedge''', '''sweet cane''', '''sweet cinnamon''', '''sweet grass''', '''sweet myrtle''', '''sweet root''', '''sweet rush''', '''sweet sedge''' and '''wada kaha'''.<ref name="str" /><ref name=drugs/>

The generic name is the [[Latin]] word ''acorus'', which is derived from the Greek άχόρου (áchórou) of [[Dioscorides]] (note different versions of the text have different spellings). The word άχόρου itself is thought to have been derived from the word κόρη (kóri), which means pupil (of an eye), because of the juice from the root of the plant being used as a remedy in diseases of the eye ('darkening of the pupil').<ref>{{cite book |author=Pliny the Elder |title=Naturalis Historia |language=la |trans-title=The Natural History |series=25 |chapter=100 |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/25*.html |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217004118/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/25%2A.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dioscorides, Pedanius |title=Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς |language=el |trans-title=De Materia Medica |chapter=2 |pages=11, 50–70 |translator=Sprengel, Karl Philipp |year=1829 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nomina generica, quae Characterem essentialem vel habitum plantae exhibent, optima sunt |url=http://www.scientificlatin.org/philbot/pb240.html |language=la |work=Scientific Latin |date=14 October 2001 |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001743/http://www.scientificlatin.org/philbot/pb240.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The specific name ''calamus'' is derived from Greek [[kalamos|κάλαμος]] (kálamos, meaning "reed"), [[cognate]] to Latin ''culmus'' ("stalk") and Old English ''healm'' ("straw"), Arabic قَلَم{{lrm}}{{lrm}} (qálam, "pen"), in turn from [[Proto-Indo European]] ''*kole-mo-'' (thought to mean "grass" or "reed").{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} The name "sweet flag" refers to its sweet scent and its similarity to ''Iris'' species, which have been commonly known as flags in English since at least the late fourteenth century.<ref name=rook/><ref>{{cite web |author=Harper, Douglas |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |title=Flag |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=flag&allowed_in_frame=0 }}</ref>

==History==
The plant was already mentioned in the [[Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus|Chester Beatty papyrus VI]] dating to approximately 1300 BC. The ancient Egyptians rarely mentioned the plant in medicinal contexts, but it was certainly used to make perfumes.<ref name=":2">Manniche, Lisa; An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, p. 74; American University in Cairo Press; Cairo; 2006; {{ISBN|977 416 034 7 }}</ref>

One of the ingredients in [[holy anointing oil]], {{transliteration|hbo|kaneh bosem}} meaning "spiced cane" or "sweet cane", is identified by Robert Sturtevant and Butler Stanton as ''Acorus calamus''.<ref name="Moldenke">{{Cite book |last1=Moldenke |first1=Harold Norman |author-link1=Harold Norman Moldenke |last2=Moldenke |first2=Alma Lance |date=1952 |title=Plants of the Bible |location=New York |publisher=Ronald Press Company |page=40 |oclc=459603419 }}</ref> However, botanists such as [[James A. Duke]] and [[Harold Norman Moldenke]] reject this as it did not grow in [[Ancient Israel and Judah|Ancient Israel]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Duke |first1=James A. |author-link1=James A. Duke |date=1983 |title=Medicinal Plants of the Bible |url=https://archive.org/details/medicinalplantso0000duke |url-access=registration |location=Owerri, Nigeria |publisher=Trado-Medic Books |page=163 |isbn=978-0-932426-23-9 |oclc=9853464 |access-date=27 September 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Moldenke" />

Initially, Europeans confused the identity and medicinal uses of the ''Acorus calamus'' of the Romans and Greeks with their native ''[[Iris pseudacorus]]''. Thus the ''Herbarius zu Teutsch'', published at Mainz in 1485, describes and includes a woodcut of this iris under the name ''Acorus''. This German book is one of three possible sources for the same error in the French ''Le Grant Herbier'', written in 1486, 1488, 1498 or 1508, which was also published in an English translation as the ''[[Grete Herball]]'' by [[Peter Treveris]] in 1526; all of these contain the false identification printed in the ''Herbarius zu Teutsch''.<ref>Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair; ''The Old English Herbals''; Longmans, Green and Co.; 1922; accessed at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/33654/33654-h/33654-h.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215315/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33654/33654-h/33654-h.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> [[William Turner (naturalist)|William Turner]], writing in 1538, describes 'acorum' as "gladon or a flag, a yelowe floure delyce".<ref>Turner, William; Libellus de re herbaria, pg. Aii; 1538; in Jackson, Benjamin Daydon; Libellus de re herbaria novus, by William Turner, originally pub. in 1538, reprinted in facsimile, p. 36; private print; London; 1877; accessed at https://archive.org/stream/libellusdereherb00turn#page/n36/mode/1up</ref>

The plant was introduced to Britain in the late 16th century. By at least 1596, true ''Acorus calamus'' was grown in Britain, as it is listed in ''The Catalogue'', a list of plants [[John Gerard]] grew in his garden at Holborn. Gerard notes, "It prospereth exceeding well in my garden, but as yet beareth neither flowers nor stalke". Gerard lists the Latin name as ''Acorus verus'', but it is evident there was still doubt about its veracity: in his 1597 herbal he lists the English common name as 'bastard calamus'.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Jackson, Benjamin Daydon |year=1876 |title=A catalogue of plants cultivated in the garden of John Gerard |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002733357/page/1 1], 23 |publisher=private printing |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002733357 }}</ref> [[Carl O. Sauer]] reported that the tuber was already being used by North American Indians at the time of European contact.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sauer |first1=Carl O. |title=Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (Bowman Memorial Lectures) |date=1969 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=56 |edition=2nd }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:Illustration Acorus calamus0.jpg|thumb|right|Illustration from an 1885 flora by [[Walther Otto Müller]]]]
There are three cytotypic forms distinguished by chromosome number: a diploid form (2n=24), an infertile triploid form (2n=36), and a tetraploid form (see below). The triploid form is the most common and is thought to have arisen relatively recently in the Himalayan region through hybridisation of the diploid with the tetraploid.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

Probably indigenous to most of Asia, the triploid form ''Acorus calamus'' var. ''calamus'' (also known as var. ''vulgaris'' or var. ''verus'') has now been introduced across Europe, Australia, [[New Guinea]], South Africa, [[Réunion]] and North America.<ref name="ReferenceB">Heng, Li (李恒), Guanghua, Zhu (朱光华); and Bogner, Josef; ''Flora of China'', Vol. 23, Acoraceae; Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden; Beijing & St. Louis; 2010; accessed at http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027130</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Acorus+calamus&commonname= |title=''Acorus calamus'' |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195030/http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Acorus+calamus&commonname= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="apps.kew.org">Govaerts, R.; ''World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew''; 2002; http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=2309; accessed 9 July 2013</ref><ref>African Plant Database, ''Acorus calamus''; Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute; last modified 14 February 2007; http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=30524 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070657/http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=30524 |date=4 March 2016 }}; accessed 9 July 2013</ref><ref>Euro+Med Plantbase; http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=77936&PTRefFk=8000000; accessed 9 July 2013</ref><ref>Randall, R.P.; ''The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status''; CRC for Australian Weed Management; Glen Osmond; September 2007; accessed at http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/intro_flora_australia.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331130020/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/intro_flora_australia.pdf |date=31 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>Index de la flore vasculaire de la Réunion; http://www.tela-botanica.org/eflore/BDNFM/2006.01/nn/118; accessed 9 July 2013</ref> The tetraploid form ''Acorus calamus'' var. ''angustatus'' is native throughout Asia, from India to Japan and the Philippines and from Indonesia to Siberia.<ref name="apps.kew.org"/> The diploid form ''[[Acorus americanus]]'' or ''Acorus calamus'' var. ''americanus'' is found in northern subarctic North America and scattered disjunct areas throughout the [[Mississippi Valley]]. It may not be native to some of these areas, Pre-Columbian populations are thought to have dispersed it across parts of the United States.<ref name="apps.kew.org"/><ref name="efloras.org">Thompson, Sue A.; ''Flora of North America'', Acorus; 2000; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=100307 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718135345/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=100307 |date=18 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>Gilmore, Melvin R., ''Dispersal By Indians a Factor in the Extension of Discontinuous Distribution of Certain Species of Native Plants'', Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 13 (1931): 89–94; http://triscience.com/General/dispersal-by-indians-a-factor-in-the-extension-of-discontinuous-distribution-of-certain-species-of-native-plants/doculite_view</ref><ref name=":0" /> Other diploids are found in Mongolia, central Siberia ([[Buryatia]]), [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] in Pakistan, and northern [[Himachal Pradesh]] in India.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Currently the taxonomic position of the different forms is contested. The comprehensive taxonomic analysis in [[Plants of the World Online]] from 2023 considers all three forms to be distinct varieties of a single species.<ref name="POWO"/> The Flora of North America publication considers the diploid form to be a distinct species; its analysis differentiates North American diploid forms from triploid and tetraploid varieties, and does not take into account the morphology of Asian forms of the diploid variety.<ref name="efloras.org"/> Also, in older literature, the name ''Acorus americanus'' may be used indiscriminately for all forms of ''Acorus calamus'' occurring in North America, irrespective of cytological diversity (i.e. both the diploid and triploid forms).<ref name=efloras.org/> The treatment in the Flora of China from 2010 considers all varieties to be synonyms of a single taxonomically undifferentiated species, since characteristics that are treated as distinctive in the Flora of North America are subject to morphological overlap in Asian specimens.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

The primary [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] distinction between the triploid and the North American forms of the diploid is made by the number of prominent leaf veins, the diploid having a prominent midvein with equally raised secondary veins on both sides, the triploid having a single prominent midvein with the secondary veins barely distinct.<ref name=efloras.org/> According to the Flora of China, there is clear overlap in these characteristics and the different [[cytotype]]s are impossible to distinguish morphologically.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Triploid plants are infertile and show an abortive [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] with a shrivelled appearance. This form will never form fruit (let alone seeds) and can only spread asexually.<ref name=efloras.org/>

The tetraploid variety is usually known as ''Acorus calamus'' var. ''angustatus'' [[Wilibald Swibert Joseph Gottlieb von Besser|Besser]]. A number of synonyms are known, but some of those are contested as to which variety they belong. It is morphologically diverse, with some forms having very broad and some narrow leaves. It is also cytotypically diverse, with an array of different [[karyotype]]s.<ref name="apps.kew.org"/><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Ogra |first1=R. K. |last2=Mohanpuria |first2=Prashant |last3=Sharma |first3=Upendra K. |last4=Sharma |first4=Madhu |last5=Sinha |first5=A. K. |last6=Ahuja |first6=P. S. |title=Indian calamus (''Acorus calamus'' L.): not a tetraploid |journal=Current Science |date=2009 |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=1644–1647 |jstor=24107305 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Wang |last2=Wen-Li |first2=L. I. |last3=Zhi-Jian |first3=G. U. |last4=Yong-Yan |first4=Chen |title=Cytological Study on Acorus L. in Southwestern China, with Some Cytogeographical Notes on ''A. calamus'' |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |date=15 April 2001 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=354–358 |url=https://www.jipb.net/EN/Y2001/V43/I4/354 |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904135448/https://www.jipb.net/EN/Y2001/V43/I4/354 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Chemistry==

Calamus leaves and rhizomes contain a [[Volatile organic compound|volatile oil]] that gives a characteristic odor and flavor.<ref name=drugs/> Major components of the oil are beta-[[asarone]] (as much as 75%), [[methyl isoeugenol]] (as much as 40%) and alpha-asarone, [[saponin]]s, [[lectin]]s, [[sesquiterpenoid]]s, [[lignan]]s, and [[steroid]]s.<ref name=drugs/> [[Phytochemical]]s in the plant vary according to geographic location, plant age, climate, species variety, and plant component [[extract]]ed.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=vpvb>{{cite journal |last1=Streloke |first1=M. |last2=Ascher |first2=K. R. S. |last3=Schmidt |first3=G. H. |last4=Neumann |first4=W. P. |title=Vapor pressure and volatility of β-asarone, the main ingredient of an indigenous stored-product insecticide, ''Acorus calamus'' oil |journal=Phytoparasitica |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=299–313 |year=1989 |doi=10.1007/BF02980759 |bibcode=1989Phyto..17..299S |s2cid=22358687 |display-authors=etal }}</ref><ref name=cceo>{{cite journal |last1=Marongiu |first1=Bruno |last2=Piras |first2=Alessandra |last3=Porcedda |first3=Silvia |last4=Scorciapino |first4=Andrea |title=Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil and Supercritical {{chem|C|O|2}} Extract of ''Commiphora myrrha'' (Nees) Engl. and of ''Acorus calamus'' L. |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] |volume=53 |issue=20 |pages=7939–7943 |year=2005 |doi=10.1021/jf051100x |pmid=16190653 |bibcode=2005JAFC...53.7939M }}</ref> Diploids do not contain beta-asarone.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Safety and regulations==
''A. calamus'' and products derived from ''A. calamus'' (such as its oil) were banned from use as human food or as a food additive in 1968 by the [[United States Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=drugs/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=189.110 |title=Substances Generally Prohibited From Direct Addition or Use as Human Food: Calamus and its derivatives |work=Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 189 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date=29 May 2025 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016084712/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=189.110 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although limits on consumption in food or alcoholic beverages (115 [[microgram]]s per day) were recommended in a 2001 ruling by the [[European Commission]], the degree of safe exposure remained undefined.<ref name="ec01">{{cite web |title=Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the presence of beta-asarone in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties |url=https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/fs_food-improvement-agents_flavourings-out111.pdf |publisher=European Commission, Scientific Committee on Food |access-date=28 January 2019 |date=12 December 2001 |archive-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010432/https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/fs_food-improvement-agents_flavourings-out111.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Toxicity===

Although calamus has been used for its fragrance and ingested, it has not been studied by rigorous [[clinical research]].<ref name=drugs/> [[Case report|Individual medical reports]] of toxicity mention severe nausea and prolonged vomiting over many hours following oral uses.<ref name=drugs/> Laboratory studies of its [[extract]]s indicate other forms of toxicity,<ref name=drugs/><ref name=ec01/> due mainly to the [[emesis|emetic]] compound β-[[asarone]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S1479262107390928 |title=Essential oil composition and antimicrobial assay of ''Acorus calamus'' leaves from different wild populations |journal=Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization |volume=5 |pages=37–44 |year=2007 |last1=Radušienė |first1=J |last2=Judžentienė |first2=A |last3=Pečiulytė |first3=D |last4=Janulis |first4=V |issue=1 |bibcode=2007PGRCU...5...37R |s2cid=86085313 }}</ref>

Allegedly, the plant is psychoactive ([[hallucinogen]]ic), but for example all experiments with American calamus have been completely unsuccessful, even those involving very high dosages (up to 300 g of rhizomes).<ref>Rätsch, C. (2005) The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: Ethnopharmacology and its applications. Rochester, Vt: Park Street Press. p. 77, p. 80 </ref>

==Uses==
''A. calamus'' has been an item of trade in many cultures for centuries. It has been used in [[traditional medicine]] for various ailments, and the [[Odor|aroma]] of its [[essential oil]] is used in the perfume industry.<ref name=drugs/> The essence from the rhizome is used as a flavor for foods, alcoholic beverages, and [[bitters]] in Europe.<ref name=ec01/> It was also once used to make candy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Niering |first1=William A. |author-link1=William Niering |last2=Olmstead |first2=Nancy C. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region |year=1985 |orig-date=1979 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-394-50432-1 |page=340 }}</ref>

=== Food ===
The young stalks can be pulled when under {{cvt|30|cm}}; the inner stems can be eaten raw. The roots can be washed, peeled, cut into small pieces, boiled, and simmered in syrup to make candy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elias |first1=Thomas S |last2=Dykeman |first2=Peter A |title=Edible wild plants: a North American field guide to over 200 natural foods |date=2009 |publisher=Sterling |isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9 |page=133 |oclc=244766414 }}</ref>

===In herbal medicine===
Sweet flag has a long history of use in Chinese, Nepalese, and Indian herbal traditions.<ref name=drugs/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Pulok Kumar |last2=Kumar |first2=Venkatesan |last3=Mal |first3=Mainak |last4=Houghton |first4=Peter J. |title=''Acorus calamus'': Scientific Validation of Ayurvedic Tradition from Natural Resources |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |date=1 January 2007 |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=651–666 |doi=10.1080/13880200701538724 |s2cid=55943065 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander R. |last2=Badola |first2=Hemant K. |last3=Dhyani |first3=Pitamber P. |last4=Rana |first4=Santosh K. |title=Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |date=December 2017 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9 |pmid=28356115 |pmc=5372287 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Sweet flag was and is used in [[herbalism]] by the [[Chipewyan people]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Derek |author2=Linda Kershaw |author3=Andy MacKinnon |author4=Jim Pojar |title=Plants of the Western Boreal Forest & Aspen Parkland |publisher=[[Lone Pine Publishing]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-55105-058-4}}{{page needed|date=September 2021 }}</ref>

===Horticulture===
This plant is sometimes used as a pond plant in horticulture.<ref name=hilty/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oudhia |first1=P |title=Rice-acorus intercropping: a new system developed by innovative farmers of Chhattisgarh (India) |journal=International Rice Research Notes |date=June 2002 |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=56 |url=http://www.ejournals.ph/article.php?id=8488 }}</ref> There is at least one tetraploid ornamental [[cultivar]] known; it is usually called 'Variegatus',<ref>{{cite web |work=Missouri Botanical Garden |title=''Acorus calamus'' 'Variegatus' |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a634/acorus-calamus-variegatus.aspx |access-date=9 July 2013 }}</ref> but the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]] recommends calling it 'Argenteostriatus'.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Acorus calamus'' 'Argenteostriatus' |work=Royal Horticultural Society |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=56 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710030305/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=56 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 }}</ref>

=== Insecticide and antifungal ===
{{Further|Asarone}}
The asarone from ''A. calamus'', found most abundantly in the dried and pulverized roots, has been identified as having [[insecticide|insecticidal]] properties.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Angier |first=Bradford |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/224/mode/2up |title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=1974 |isbn=0-8117-0616-8 |location=Harrisburg, PA |page=224 |oclc=799792 |author-link=Bradford Angier }}</ref> β-asarone also exhibits anti-fungal activity by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis in ''Aspergillus niger''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Venkatesan |first1=Ramya |last2=Karuppiah |first2=Prakash Shyam |last3=Arumugam |first3=Gnanamani |last4=Balamuthu |first4=Kadalmani |date=10 November 2017 |title=β-Asarone Exhibits Antifungal Activity by Inhibiting Ergosterol Biosynthesis in ''Aspergillus niger'' ATCC 16888 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences |volume=89 |language=en |pages=173–184 |doi=10.1007/s40011-017-0930-4 |s2cid=46005148 |issn=0369-8211 }}</ref> However, asarone's toxicity and carcinogenicity in mammals (including humans) means that it may be difficult to develop any practical medications or insecticides based on it.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ptr.2650090604 |title=Anthelmintic and pesticidal activity of ''Acorus gramineus'' (Araceae) is associated with phenylpropanoid asarones |year=1995 |last1=Perrett |first1=Sheena |last2=Whitfield |first2=Philip J. |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=9 |issue=6 |page=405 |s2cid=84823162 }}</ref>

=== Symbolism ===
According to some interpretations, American poet [[Walt Whitman]] used the plant to represent homoerotic male love because of its [[phallic]] connotations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Herrero-Brasas |first=Juan A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ca4FuDfH-cMC&pg=PA46 |title=Walt Whitman's Mystical Ethics of Comradeship: Homosexuality and the Marginality of Friendship at the Crossroads of Modernity |publisher=SUNY |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4384-3011-9 |page=46}}</ref >

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|italic=1}}

{{Absinthe}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q158008}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Acorales]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Edible plants]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants]]
[[Category:Absinthe]]
[[Category:Freshwater plants]]
[[Category:First Nations culture in Canada]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Malhani Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:20Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: adding new post.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malhani
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jaunpur District|Jaunpur]]
| electors = {{formatnum:379389}}<ref name="results2022"/>
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Lucky Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Parasnath Yadav]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 367
| map_image = 367-Malhani.svg
}}
'''Malhani''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Malhani in the [[Jaunpur District]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Malhani is one of five Assembly constituencies in the [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this Assembly constituency is numbered 367 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Malhani Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/malhani.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Parasnath Yadav]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|2020^
| rowspan="2" |[[Lucky Yadav]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}
^ by-election

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Malhani<ref name="results2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lucky Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:97357}}
|percentage = 42.57
|change = +9.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dhananjay Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:79830}}
|percentage = 34.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shailendra Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:24007}}
|percentage = 10.5
|change = -11.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Krishna Pratap Singh K.P.
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:18319}}
|percentage = 8.01
|change = -10.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jay Prakash
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2697}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1333}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17527}}
|percentage = 7.66
|change = -2.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:228695}}
|percentage = 60.28
|change = +0.24
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2020===

In the 2020 assembly by-election, Shri. Lucky Yadav, son of late Shri. Parasnath Yadav has won the MLA seat defeating Shri. Dhananjay Singh by the margin of around 4000 votes.

This seat was vacant since June 2020 due to the demise of former MLA Shri. Parasnath Yadav. Now this position has been taken by his son Shri. Lucky Yadav. Last Election [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate [[Parasnath Yadav]] won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Nishad Party]] candidate Dhananjay Singh by a margin of 21,210 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/Assembly-Constituencies/malhani.html|title=Assembly Result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><ref name="2017 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2017 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |access-date=16 June 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref><ref name="results2022">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |accessdate=4 March 2023 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2020: Malhani}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Lucky Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 73,468
|percentage = 35.45
|change = +1.78
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = [[Dhananjay Singh]]
|votes = 68,836
|percentage = 33.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 28,840
|percentage = 13.92
|change = +5.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jai Prakash Dubey
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 25,180
|percentage = 12.15
|change = -10.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rakesh Mishra Mangala Guru
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,871
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 4,632
|percentage = 2.33
|change = -7.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 2,07,252
|percentage = 56.69
|change = -3.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Malhani<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasnath Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69351}}
|percentage = 33.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dhananjay Singh]]
|party = NISHAD Party
|votes = {{formatnum:48141}}
|percentage = 23.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vivek Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:46011}}
|percentage = 22.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satish Kumar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:38966}}
|percentage = 18.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1707}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21210}}
|percentage = 10.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207665}}
|percentage = 60.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{coord|25.85|82.63|display=title}}

Dhamtari Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:37Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: made post - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhamtari
| mla = [[Onkar Sahu]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| preceded_by = Ranjana Dipendra Sahu
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:220402}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 58
| map_image = Dhamtari Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Dhamtari''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]] district.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ram Gopal Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3728-madhya-pradesh-1957/ |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election -1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Jhitkoo
|-
|Purushottamdas
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Pandhari Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|B. Bissuji
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Keshrimal
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Pandhrirao Khushalrao
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Jayaben
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Kriparam Hiralal Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Keshri Mal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Harshad Mehta
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Inder Chopra
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|rowspan=2 |Gurumukh Singh Hora
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Ranjana Dipendra Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Onkar Sahu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhamtari<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Onkar Sahu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 88,544
|percentage = 48.44
|change = +12.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ranjana Dipendra Sahu|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=85,938|percentage=47.02|change=+10.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,695|percentage=1.47|change=+1.15}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,606|percentage=1.42|change=+1.15}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=182,781|percentage=82.93|change=+0.66}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Dhamtari<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjana Dipendra Sahu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 63,198
|percentage = 36.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gurumukh Singh Hora
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 62,734
|percentage = 36.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anand Pawar
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 29,163
|percentage = 16.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Digvijay Singh Kiridutt
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 3,299
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajeshwari Domain Sahu
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,856
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tirath Raj Futan
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,061
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shatruhan Singh Sahu
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 1,736
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhagesh Baid
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,585
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 551
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 464
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 172,482
|percentage = 82.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Dhamtari district]]
*[[Dhamtari]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}
{{coord|20.71|81.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Dhamtari district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Veerateeswarar Temple, Vazhuvur

2026-04-17T22:33:54Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Created New Location - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Veerateeswarar temple
| image = Veerateeswarar Temple, Vazhuvur (1) 12.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption =
200
| coordinates = {{coord|11.04501|79.6378|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = [[Vazhuvur]] near [[Mayiladuthurai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]] (Siva) as [[Gajasamhara]] - Viratteswara or Kirthivasa
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Veerateeswarar Temple''' (also called '''Vazhuvur Veerateeswarar temple''') is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Vazhuvur in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The presiding deity is [[Shiva]] in the form of Veerateswarar and his consort is known as Bala Gujambigai. The village is mentioned in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Vaippu Sthalam]]'', the 276 temples that find mention in it.

As per Hindu legend, Shiva is believed to have destroyed eight different demons and the eight Ashta Veeratanam temples are built signifying each of his victories. The temple is counted one of the eight where Shiva is believed to have punished the elephant taking the form of [[Gajasamhara]].

The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 6:30 a.m. to 8:30 p.m., and few yearly festivals on its calendar. The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] during the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to [[Thanjavur Nayaks]]. The temple is maintained and administered by the Dharmapuram Aadhenam.

==Legend==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 4128 | height1 = 3096
| width2 = 4128 | height2 = 3096
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Vazhuvur Gajasamharamurti.jpg
|image2=Veerateeswarar Temple, Vazhuvur (1) 01.jpg
|footer=Pillared halls within the temple
}}

According to [[Hindu mythology]], once, some sages doubting the omnipotence of the god [[Shiva]] created an elephant and challenged the god to a duel.<ref name=Ayyar/> Shiva took the form of ''[[Gajasurasamhara|Gajasamharamurti]]'' or "slayer of the elephant" and killed the elephant and wore its skin as a garment.<ref name=Ayyar/> As per another version, the sages residing in Tharukavana wanted Shiva to repent for his act of coming as [[Bhikshatana]] and inducing their wives to get them into conjugal mood. They created an elephant to fight against Shiva. Shiva tore open the elephant, whose skin started burning. The elephant fell in the Panchamuga tank opposite to the temple. Shiva is believed to have dipped in the northeast part of the tank and emerged from the southwest part of the tank. The aspect of Shiva is also known as "Kirthivasa" or "one who wears an elephant skin as garment".<ref name="surap64">{{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2010|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|page=64}}</ref> Vazhuvur is also one of the places where Siva danced his [[Tandava|cosmic dance]] to crush the demon of ignorance.<ref name="surap64" /> Since the demon Taraka inhabited this place, the forest is named Tharuka Vanam (the forest of Taruka).<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Forgotten Glory A Wide Angle Exposition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItClDwAAQBAJ|last=Venkataraman|first=Sekar|year=2019|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=9781645876250|page=185}}</ref> The place has other names like Parakayilayam, Gananbumi, Suyathapuri and Piplaraynam. During the great deluge, the village alone was not affected, leading to the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name of Vazhuvur (the place which is not affected).<ref name=Giri>{{cite book|title=108 Thennaga Shivasthalangal|language=ta|publisher=Giri Trading Agency Private Limited|isbn=978-81-7950-707-0|last=R.|first=Ponnammal|pages=126–8}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Veerateeswarar Temple, Vazhuvur (1) 13.jpg|250px|thumb|left|The view of the temple from outside]]
The temple is located in Vazhuvur, a village {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from manganallur in [[Mayiladuthurai]] - Thiruvarur road. The temple faces the East and has a five-tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]''. The temple tank, the Panchamuga Theertham is located outside the main entrance. The sanctum houses the image of Veeratneeswarar in the form of ''[[lingam]]''. The sanctum has ardhamandapa before it and a Mahamandapa, the worship hall. The Mahamandapa houses the metal image of Gajasamharamurthy sported with six hands holding six different weapons and shown emanating out of elephant with elephant skin at his foot. The image is in the form of [[Om]]. The Mahamandapam also houses other metal images of [[Murugan]], [[Somaskanda]] and [[Vinayagar]]. The shrine of Ambal in the form of Gnangmigai faces South. The image is sported in standing posture with four hands. The temple has two precincts and all the shrines in the temple are enshrined in rectangular granite walls.<ref name=Giri/> The temple has other important sculptures in the panels around the sanctum.<ref name=Saiva4>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 4 - Thirumurai Thalangal|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|language=ta|location=Chennai, India|year=2013|pages=400–1}}</ref>

The temple dates from the time of the [[Medieval Cholas]].<ref name=Ayyar>{{cite book|title=South Indian shrines: illustrated|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|publisher=Madras Times Printing and Pub. Co.|year=1920|pages=281 }}</ref> The ''Gajasamharamurti'' idol was sculpted in the 11th century.<ref name="surap64" /> The temple is built in the Dravidian style of architecture and is known for its exquisite bronze icons.<ref name="surap64" /> Some of the popular bronze idols are those of ''Gajasamharamurti'' and [[Bhikshatana|Bhikshadana]] (Shiva as mendicant).<ref name="surap64" /><ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=37}}</ref> Most of the inscriptions in the temple are dated from the period of [[Medieval Cholas]] from 1160 to 1276 CE.<ref name=Rao>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Vasan Publications|last=Rao|first=A.V. Shankara Narayana|isbn=9788184681123|year=2012|pages=221–3}}</ref> The image of Parvathi holding Murugan is a notable sculpture in the temple.<ref name=Saiva5>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 5 - Temples in Tamil Nadu (Later period)|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|language=Tamil|year=2013|page=501}}</ref>

== Religious significance ==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 2576 | height1 = 1932
| width2 = 2576 | height2 = 1932
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Veerateeswarar Temple, Vazhuvur (1) 22.jpg
|image2=Veerateeswarar Temple, Vazhuvur (1) 26.jpg
|footer=Pillared halls within the temple
}}

As per Hindu legend, Shiva is believed to have destroyed eight different demons namely Andakasuran, Gajasuran, Jalandasuran, Thirupuradhi, Kaman, Arjunan, Dakshan and Taaragasuran. There are Ashta Veeratanam temples built signifying each of his victories in the war,<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Medical and Spiritual Sciences of Siddhas of Tamil Nadu|last=P.|first=Karthigayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4HDDAAAQBAJ&q=veerattam&pg=PT388|page=388|publisher=Notion Press|year=2016|isbn=9789352065523}}</ref> and also as places where he is believed to have performed with fury.<ref name=C137>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2014]], p. 145</ref> The eight temples are: [[Thiruvadigai Temple, Panruti|Tiruvadigai Veerattaaneswarar Temple]] at Thiruvadigai, [[Veerateeswarar Temple|Tirukkovilur Veerateshwarar Temple]] at [[Tirukoilur]], Veerateswarar temple at Vazhuvur or Thirukkurukkai, [[Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple, Thirukkadaiyur|Amirtagateswarar Temple]] at [[Thirukadaiyur]], [[Viratteswara Temple, Vazhuvur|Vazhuvur Verateswarar Temple]] at [[Vazhuvoor]], [[Keelaparasalur Veerateswarar Temple]] at Tirupariyalur, [[Kandeeswarar Temple]] at [[Thirukkandiyur]] and [[Tiruvirkudi Veerataneswarar Temple]] at Thiruvirkudi.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=458–9}}</ref> Shiva in all these temples are described to have used bow and arrow, trident and spear. It is one of the shrines of the [[Vaippu Sthalam]]s sung by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Appar]].<ref>பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009</ref><ref name=Saiva4/>

==Festival and religious practices==
[[File:Veerateeswarar Temple, Vazhuvur (1) 21.jpg|200x250px|thumb|Shrine of the temple]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Kalasanthi at 7:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:30 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhisheka'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Veerateeswarar and Bala Gujambigai. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. There is a festival procession during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Margazhi (December- January) Thiruvadhirai festival. Gajasamhara festival during Masimagam during (February - March) followed by 10-day Brahmostavam is the major festivals in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Veerateeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=585|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vaippu sthalam}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Ashta Veeratta Stalam]]

List of 2025 box office number-one films in India

2026-04-16T05:01:44Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: adding new info.

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

This is a list of films which ranked number one at the weekend [[box office]] for the year [[2025 in film|2025]] in India as per Mojo.

== Number-one films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+2025 Box office number-one films by weekend in India as per Mojo<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/by-year/2025/?area=IN |title=India Box Office Weekends For 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
! {{abbr|#|Week number}}
! Weekend end date
! Film
! Weekend domestic gross
! Primary language
! {{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| 5 January
| rowspan=5 | ''[[Mufasa: The Lion King]]''
| $1,709,136
| rowspan=52 | English
| rowspan=52 | <ref name="mojo" />
|-
| 2
| 12 January
| $684,153
|-
| 3
| 19 January
| $457,015
|-
| 4
| 26 January
| $224,291
|-
| 5
| Feb January
| $115,852
|-
| 6
| 9 February
| ''[[Conclave (film)|Conclave]]''
| $102,624
|-
| 7
| 16 February
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Captain America: Brave New World]]''
| $1,732,378
|-
| 8
| 23 February
| $223,226
|-
| 9
| Mar February
| ''[[The Brutalist]]''
| $144,492
|-
| 10
| 9 March
| ''[[The Monkey (film)|The Monkey]]''
| $235,443
|-
| 11
| 16 March
| ''[[In the Lost Lands]]''
| $27,590
|-
| 12
| 23 March
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Snow White (2025 film)|Snow White]]''
| $282,545
|-
| 13
| 30 March
| $134,474
|-
| 14
| 6 April
| ''[[Longlegs]]''
| $256,299
|-
| 15
| 13 April
| rowspan=2 | ''[[The Amateur (2025 film)|The Amateur]]''
| $247,524
|-
| 16
| 20 April
| $64,685
|-
| 17
| 27 April
| ''[[Dog Man (film)|Dog Man]]''
| $17,715
|-
| 18
| 4 May
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Thunderbolts*]]''
| $1,799,585
|-
| 19
| 11 May
| $520,673
|-
| 20
| 18 May
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Final Destination: Bloodlines]]''
| $3,197,239
|-
| 21
| 25 May
| $1,689,144
|-
| 22
| Jun May
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Lilo & Stitch (2025 film)|Lilo & Stitch]]''
| $124,340
|-
| 23
| 8 June
| $103,367
|-
| 24
| 15 June
| rowspan=2 | ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2025 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]''
| $1,591,219
|-
| 25
| 22 June
| $709,165
|-
| 26
| 29 June
| ''[[F1: The Movie]]''
| $3,124,162
|-
| 27
| 6 July
| rowspan=3 | ''[[Jurassic World: Rebirth]]''
| $5,879,220
|-
| 28
| 13 July
| $2,754,886
|-
| 29
| 20 July
| $1,254,051
|-
| 30
| 27 July
| rowspan=4 | ''[[The Fantastic Four: First Steps]]''
| $3,157,774
|-
| 31
| 3 August
| $790,001
|-
| 32
| 10 August
| $368,945
|-
| 33
| 17 August
| $37,794
|-
| 34
| 24 August
| ''[[Nobody 2]]''
| $166,604
|-
| 35
| 31 August
| ''[[The Roses (film)|The Roses]]''
| $115,972
|-
| 36
| 7 September
| rowspan=2 | ''[[The Conjuring: Last Rites]]''
| $8,840,216
|-
| 37
| 14 September
| $10,444,934
|-
| 38
| 21 September
| rowspan=2 | ''[[The Roses (film)|The Roses]]''
| $9,136
|-
| 39
| 28 September
| $5,530
|-
| 40
| 5 October
| ''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]] 2025 Re-release''
| $54,597
|-
| 41
| 12 October
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Tron: Ares]]''
| $420,213
|-
| 42
| 19 October
| $54,397
|-
| 43
| 26 October
| ''[[Gabby's Dollhouse: The Movie]]''
| $10,571
|-
| 44
| Nov October
| ''[[Bugonia (film)|Bugonia]]''
| $91,445
|-
| 45
| 9 November
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Predator: Badlands]]''
| $1,056,452
|-
| 46
| 16 November
| $189,596
|-
| 47
| 23 November
| ''[[Wicked: For Good]]''
| $155,936
|-
| 48
| 30 November
| rowspan=3 | ''[[Zootopia 2]]''
| $1,073,213
|-
| 49
| 7 December
| $585,667
|-
| 50
| 14 December
| $392,567
|-
| 51
| 21 December
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Avatar: Fire and Ash]]''
| $9,300,764
|-
| 52
| 28 December
| $3,997,310
|}

== Highest-grossing films ==
{{see also|2025 in film#Highest-grossing films}}

=== In-Year Release ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films of 2025 by In-year (Only domestic gross collection) release
! Rank
! Title
! Domestic gross
! Primary Language
! {{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
| {{INR|1057.80 crore}}
| [[Hindi]]
| <ref name="BollyHungama">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Dhurandhar Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhurandhar/box-office/ |access-date=8 December 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
|''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''
| {{INR|740.89 crore}}
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|
|-
| 3
|''[[Chhaava]]''
| {{INR|708.50 crore}}
| rowspan=2|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Chhaava Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhaava/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 4
|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
| {{INR|409.18 crore}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saiyaara Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/saiyaara/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 5
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
| {{INR|337.50 crore}}
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| 6
|''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''
| {{INR|297.74 crore}}
| [[Multilingual language|Multilingual]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-18 |title=Saiyaara, Mahavatar Narsimha help July become best month at box office; 2025 may be the highest grossing year with over Rs 12,000 cr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saiyaara-mahavatar-narsimha-make-july-highest-grossing-month-box-office-2025-10195769/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823220040/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saiyaara-mahavatar-narsimha-make-july-highest-grossing-month-box-office-2025-10195769/ |archive-date=2025-08-23 |access-date=2025-09-26 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| ''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''
| {{INR|282.60 crore}}
| Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2025 |title=War 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/war-2/box-office/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| ''[[Avatar: Fire and Ash]]''
|{{INR|238 crore}}
|[[English language|English]]
|
|-
| 9
| ''[[They Call Him OG]]''
| {{INR|228.40 crore}}
| rowspan=2|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| 10
|''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''
| {{INR|219.80 crore}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films by Central Board of Film Certification|Highest-grossing films by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] rating of 2025
|U
|''[[Zootopia 2]]''
|-
|U/A
|''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''
|-
|A
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|}

=== Re-releases ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Top-grossing Re-released films in India in 2025
! Rank
! Title
! Domestic gross
! Primary Language
! {{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]''
| {{INR|40 crore}}
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=ബാഹുബലി 2 കൊണ്ട് കഥ അവസാനിച്ചെന്ന് കരുതിയോ?; അതിലും കൂടിയ ഐറ്റവുമായി രാജമൗലി എത്തുന്നു; അതും 3Dയിൽ! |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/04/bahubali-new-movie-teaser-out-now |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=ReporterNews |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| 2
|''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
| {{INR|37.65 crore}}
|[[Hindi]]
|{{efn|₹50.3 crore domestic gross including re release,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Mawra Hocane speaks on 'Sanam Teri Kasam' re-release success: 'I thank you for all the love you have given to the film', Pakistani actress shares Instagram post |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/entertainment/news/mawra-hocane-speaks-on-sanam-teri-kasam-re-release-success-134580580.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|language=en}}</ref> ₹12.65 crore domestic gross during initial run<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2016-02-05 |title=Sanam Teri Kasam Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanam-teri-kasam-3/box-office/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
| 3
| style="text-align:left; " |[[Interstellar (film)|''Interstellar'']]
| {{INR|29 crore}}
|[[English language|English]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/international/interstellars-re-release-creates-history-biggest-hollywood-hit-india-q1-2025-beats-new-releases-captain-america-brave-new-world-snow-white/|title=Interstellar's re-release creates HISTORY; is the BIGGEST Hollywood hit in India in Q1 2025; BEATS new releases, Captain America: Brave New World, Snow White - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 April 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian films of 2025]]
* [[List of 2024 box office number-one films in India]]
* [[List of 2026 box office number-one films in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Note ==
{{Notelist}}

[[Category:Lists of 2025 box office number-one films|India]]
[[Category:Indian film-related lists]]
[[Category:Cinema of India]]

Melchhamunda Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:26Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: adding new stub

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Melchhamunda
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bargarh]]
| established = 1971
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Melchhamunda''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Bargarh district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref> It was established in 1961 and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Attabira Assembly constituency]].<ref name=dpaco2008>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|page=321}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Between 1971 & 2008, 11 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melchhamunda Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/melchhamunda-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

List of members elected from Melchhamunda constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Sachidananda Padhy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | Birendra Kumar Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Prakash Chandra Debta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Birendra Kumar Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Prakash Chandra Debta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Murari Prasad Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" | Prakash Chandra Debta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Mohammad Rafique
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bargarh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Bargarh district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Bargarh-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Innovaccer

2026-04-04T21:12:32Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Creating First Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Healthcare AI company}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = File:Logo of Innovaccer.jpeg
| name = Innovaccer
| type = Private
| industry = Health information technology; artificial intelligence
| founded = 2014
| founders = [[Abhinav Shashank]], [[Kanav Hasija]], [[Sandeep Gupta]]
| hq_location = San Francisco, California, United States
| products = Gravity; Atlas; Galaxy; Flow; Story Health; PQS; Humbi; Cured; Comet; Sara AI
| website = {{URL|https://innovaccer.com}}
}}
'''Innovaccer Inc.''' is an American healthcare technology company headquartered in San Francisco, California. The company offers an [[agentic AI]] platform that unifies clinical, operational, and financial data across health systems, payers, government health agencies, and life sciences organizations. It provides autonomous AI agents and AI-powered software across population health management, revenue cycle management, payer risk and quality, utilization management, patient engagement, and public sector health programs. By 2026, Innovaccer described its overarching strategy as "The Agentic Cloud for Healthcare."<ref name="InnovaccerWebsite">Innovaccer Website Homepage. ''Innovaccer''. Retrieved from innovaccer.com.</ref>

The company was founded in 2014 with a stated mission to build the largest unified healthcare data infrastructure in the United States. Over the following decade, Innovaccer evolved through three phases. In the first, it built data connectivity at scale, integrating EHR platforms including Epic, Cerner, Meditech, and Allscripts with payer claims feeds, pharmacy networks, lab systems, remote monitoring devices, and [[social determinants of health]] sources, assembling records for more than 80 million patients. In the second, it built applications that helped healthcare organizations act on that data. In the third, it shifted toward autonomous AI agents, responding to what trade coverage described as a structural labor shortage in healthcare: a widening gap between the clinical and administrative work that needs to be done and the workforce available to do it. In January 2025, Innovaccer raised a $275 million Series F, bringing total funding to $675 million at a valuation of about $3.45 billion.<ref name="FierceSeriesF">"Innovaccer raises $275M Series F to build out AI and cloud capabilities." ''Fierce Healthcare''. January 2025.</ref><ref name="TechCrunch2025">"Innovaccer aims to become healthcare's AI powerhouse with $275M Series F." ''TechCrunch''. January 9, 2025.</ref>

Innovaccer's product portfolio reflects that three-layer strategy. Gravity is the company's cloud-agnostic data and AI platform, which serves as the foundation for the rest of the stack. Agents of Care is the company's family of AI agents. Atlas handles population health management, giving care teams a unified view of patient populations, surfacing care gaps, and coordinating interventions across chronic disease programs and value-based care contracts. Galaxy serves payers, helping them with risk adjustment, quality management, and utilization management across value-based and fee-for-service lines of business. The Flow line covers end-to-end revenue cycle automation including prior authorization, autonomous AI medical coding, clinical documentation, claims denial management, and collections. Cured, acquired in 2024, provides CRM, patient engagement, and digital marketing tools for health systems. Story Health, acquired in 2025, delivers virtual specialty care with a focus on cardiovascular disease management. In 2025, ''Fierce Healthcare'' reported that the company worked with more than 130 healthcare organizations, including seven of the ten largest U.S. health systems.<ref name="FierceCured">"Innovaccer acquires Cured." ''Fierce Healthcare''. January 2024.</ref><ref name="FierceStory">"Innovaccer acquires Story Health." ''Fierce Healthcare''. September 2025.</ref>

== History ==

=== Phase 1: Solving the data problem (2014-2019) ===

Innovaccer was founded by Abhinav Shashank, Kanav Hasija, and Sandeep Gupta. ''Reuters'' reported that the company's origins traced to an academic project associated with Harvard University and the Wharton School.<ref name="Reuters2021">"Innovaccer raises $150M at $3.2B valuation." ''Reuters''. December 2021.</ref> The company's central premise was that fragmented patient data was the primary structural obstacle to improving healthcare outcomes and reducing costs. A single patient's medical history might be scattered across a dozen EHR systems, multiple insurance claims databases, a pharmacy benefit manager, independent labs, and remote monitoring devices, each siloed from the others. Early trade coverage described Innovaccer's work as building the connectivity to bridge those systems and reassemble the scattered pieces into coherent, longitudinal patient records.

The company built integrations across the major EHR platforms, Epic, Cerner, Meditech, Allscripts, and others, as well as payer claims feeds, pharmacy networks, lab data, social determinants of health sources, and remote patient monitoring systems. By 2025, the platform held records for more than 80 million patients, a scale the company cited as one of the largest unified healthcare data repositories in the United States.<ref name="InnovaccerPress" />

=== Phase 2: Turning data into action (2020-2024) ===

Having established its data foundation, Innovaccer confronted a second problem: unified data, on its own, does not change outcomes. Healthcare organizations needed software that helped their teams act on what the data revealed, identifying patients at risk, closing care gaps, managing chronic disease populations, measuring quality, and navigating the administrative complexity of value-based care contracts. In response, Innovaccer built a suite of applications on top of its data platform covering population health management, care coordination, patient engagement, payer analytics, and quality reporting.

The application strategy attracted significant capital. In February 2021, Innovaccer raised $105 million in Series D financing, a round that pushed the company above a $1 billion valuation and made it a healthcare unicorn, according to business press coverage. In December 2021, ''Reuters'' reported a further $150 million raise led by Mubadala Capital, valuing the company at $3.2 billion.<ref name="Reuters2021" /> Both rounds funded the expansion of the application layer and the company's entry into new customer segments including health insurers, government health agencies, and life sciences companies.

The company also grew through acquisition. In January 2024, it acquired Cured, a healthcare CRM and digital marketing platform, adding more than 20 health system customers and expanding its reach into patient engagement.<ref name="FierceCured" /> In March 2024, it acquired Pharmacy Quality Solutions (PQS), strengthening its capabilities in pharmacy quality reporting, medication adherence, and value-based reimbursement programs.<ref name="InnovaccerPress" />

=== Phase 3: Automating the work itself (2025-present) ===

By 2025, a new challenge had come into focus. Even organizations with good data and capable software still lacked the human capacity to act at the scale those tools made possible. Healthcare's workforce shortages, documented widely in post-pandemic trade and policy coverage, meant that clinical staff were overwhelmed, administrative backlogs were growing, and the gap between what technology could surface and what teams could actually do was widening. Innovaccer's third phase was built around closing that gap: not just surfacing insights, but automating the work itself through AI agents that could handle multi-step clinical and administrative tasks with minimal human intervention.

In January 2025, Innovaccer raised a $275 million Series F. ''Fierce Healthcare'' reported that the company intended to use the capital to expand its AI capabilities and pursue a broader strategy as a "one-stop shop" for healthcare AI.<ref name="FierceSeriesF" /> ''TechCrunch'' put the post-money valuation at about $3.45 billion.<ref name="TechCrunch2025" /> Later that year, the company launched Gravity, an enterprise AI and data platform. According to the company, Gravity unifies enterprise-wide data and provides infrastructure for deploying AI agents across prior authorization, care management, clinical documentation, utilization management, medical coding, and contact-center operations.<ref name="InnovaccerPress" /> Acquisitions continued in parallel: Humbi AI, an actuarial analytics company, was acquired in January 2025, and Story Health, a virtual cardiovascular care company, followed in September 2025. ''Fierce Healthcare'' noted that the latter reflected a deliberate strategy to extend Innovaccer's reach beyond software and into care delivery itself.<ref name="FierceStory" />

== Products and strategy ==

=== Platform architecture ===

Innovaccer describes its platform as three interconnected layers. The foundation is Gravity, a cloud-agnostic data and AI infrastructure layer built for healthcare enterprises. It launched in May 2025. ''Healthcare IT News'' described it as a data and AI platform built to accelerate AI adoption in healthcare. Gravity ingests and normalizes data from across an enterprise, including EHR systems, claims, pharmacy, labs, remote monitoring, and social determinants of health, and makes it available to the application and agent layers above it. The platform is built on partnerships with data infrastructure providers like Databricks and Snowflake, allowing health organizations to deploy it alongside their existing cloud environments rather than replacing them.<ref name="InnovaccerPress" />

On top of the data layer sits a suite of domain-specific applications that allow organizations to manage patient populations, close care gaps, optimize payer risk and quality performance, automate revenue cycle workflows, engage patients, and deliver virtual specialty care.

The third layer is the agentic layer. The company offers autonomous AI agents across clinical, financial, and administrative workflows. The company also states that organizations can build custom AI agents on the Gravity platform. Together, the company has described this architecture as "The Agentic Cloud for Healthcare", a system designed to close the gap between what healthcare organizations know from their data and what their available workforce can realistically act on.<ref name="InnovaccerPress" />

=== Acquisitions ===

Innovaccer has used acquisitions to extend its platform into areas where organic development would have taken longer, with each deal adding both capability and customers.

In January 2024, the company acquired Cured, a healthcare CRM and digital marketing platform. ''Fierce Healthcare'' and ''MedCity News'' reported that the transaction added more than 20 health system customers and expanded Innovaccer's reach into patient engagement and experience technology.<ref name="FierceCured" />

In March 2024, Innovaccer acquired Pharmacy Quality Solutions (PQS), a pharmacy-payer performance technology company strengthening its position in pharmacy quality reporting, medication adherence tracking, and value-based reimbursement programs.<ref name="InnovaccerPress" />

Following the 2025 Series F, the pace of acquisitions accelerated. In January 2025, Innovaccer acquired Humbi AI, an actuarial software and analytics company, adding financial modeling capabilities for payer, provider, and life sciences customers. In September 2025, it acquired Story Health, a virtual specialty care company focused on cardiovascular disease. ''Fierce Healthcare'' described the Story Health deal as part of a deliberate post-fundraise strategy to extend Innovaccer's platform through acquisition into care delivery itself, not just the software that surrounds it.<ref name="FierceStory" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Acquisitions
! Company
! Date
! Notes
|-
| Cured
| Jan 2024
| Healthcare CRM and digital marketing platform. Added 20+ health system clients; reflected push into patient engagement.
|-
| Pharmacy Quality Solutions (PQS)
| Mar 2024
| Pharmacy-payer performance technology. Expanded presence in pharmacy quality reporting and value-based reimbursement.
|-
| Humbi AI
| Jan 2025
| Actuarial software, services, and analytics. Part of expansion into payer, provider, and life sciences use cases.
|-
| Story Health
| Sep 2025
| Virtual specialty care focused on cardiovascular disease management. Now operating as Story Health by Innovaccer.
|}

== Partnerships and market expansion ==

Innovaccer expanded through a combination of technology infrastructure partnerships and public sector relationships. In 2025 and 2026, the company announced partnerships with Databricks and Snowflake. The partnerships centered on operationalizing AI models and agentic workflows to accelerate enterprise AI adoption.<ref name="InnovaccerPress" /> Innovaccer also announced a strategic partnership in January 2026, making Coforge their preferred implementation partner for its Gravity AI platform. Together, they launched G-Forge. a joint initiative and Healthcare AI Center of Excellence

In the public sector, Innovaccer expanded its presence in California government health programs. Trade coverage and company announcements cited work with San Mateo County Health and Alameda County Health on public health and social health data initiatives. The company also announced a strategic partnership with AMGA, the American Medical Group Association, aimed at improving integrated care delivery for medical groups nationwide.<ref name="InnovaccerPress" />

== Recognition ==

In 2026, Innovaccer received Best in KLAS distinctions across multiple categories: Gravity in data and analytics for providers, Galaxy in data and analytics for payers, and Cured in customer relationship management. In the same year, ''PR Newswire'' reported that Innovaccer received a Frost & Sullivan new product innovation recognition for AI-driven patient access solutions.<ref name="InnovaccerPress" />
==References==
<references />

[[Category:Health care companies based in California]]
[[Category:500 Startups companies]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in California]]

Sudas

2026-03-29T17:54:20Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: reworked citations additionally and updated info as per guidelines

{{short description|Tribal king of the Bhāratas}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{other uses|Suda (disambiguation)|Souda (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sudas
| succession = [[Raja]] of the [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharatas]] and [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes|Tritsu]]
| reign = 14th century BCE
| predecessor = [[Divodasa]]?
| spouse = Sudevī
| house = [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharata]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = Pijavana or [[Divodasa]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic Religion]]
}}
'''Sudās Pijavana''' was an [[Rigvedic tribes|Indo-Aryan]] tribal king of the [[Bhāratas|Bharatas]] during the main or middle [[Rigveda|Rigvedic period]] (c. 14th century BCE).<ref>Witzel, Michael (2000). "The Languages of Harappa". In Kenoyer, J.. ''Proceedings of the conference on the Indus civilization.''</ref> He led his tribe to victory in the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]] near the Paruṣṇī (modern [[Ravi River]]) in [[Punjab region|Punjab]],{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=1}} defeating an alliance of the powerful [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] tribe with other tribes, for which he was eulogized by his [[purohita]] [[Vashistha]] in a hymn of the Rigveda. His victory established the ascendency of the Bhārata clan, allowing them to move eastwards and settle in [[Kurukshetra]], paving the way for the emergence of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] "super-tribe" or tribal union, which dominated northern India in the subsequent period. {{peacock term|date=February 2024}}<ref>Witzel, Michael (1995), "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state", ''EJVS vol. 1 no. 4'' (1995)</ref>

== Family ==
Sudās' ancestors include Pijavana, [[Divodasa|Divodāsa Atithigva]], and Devavant, although scholars disagree regarding the order of these ancestors chronologically.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity|publisher=De Gruyter|year=1995|editor-last=Erdosy|editor-first=George|pages=216|chapter=Ṛgvedic history: poets, chieftains and polities}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palihawadana|first=Mahinda|date=2017|title=The Indra Cult as Ideology: A Clue to Power Struggle in an Ancient Society|url=|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=37}}</ref> According to [[Michael Witzel|Witzel]], Divodāsa was the father of Sudās, but he includes Pijavana on the grid of Bharata descent as a possible ancestor between Divodāsa and Sudās.{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|p=216, 248}} Palihawadana also places Pijavana on his grid of Bharata descent between Divodāsa and Sudas, but only states that Sudās was a descendant of Pijavana.{{Sfn|Palihawadana|2017|p=37}}

He was married to Sudevī, who is stated {{who|date=February 2024}} to have been given to Sudās by the [[Ashvins]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Macdonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|last2=Keith|first2=Arthur Berriedale|publisher=John Murray|year=1921|pages=454}}</ref>

==Rigveda==
{{Main|Battle of the Ten Kings}}
Sudas is mentioned in ''[[Rigveda]]'' as the chief of Bharatas who conquered the ten-kings confederacy.{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=1}} It is further mentioned that the king had replaced [[Vishwamitra]] with [[Vasishtha]] as his priest,
thereby creating a rivalry between the two. The ten-kings, viz. [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]], [[Yadu]], Turvasu, Anu, [[Druhyu]], Alina, [[Paktha]], Bhalanas, Siva and Vishanin, then revolted against Sudas but were defeated by him. He also fought Ajas,
Sigrus and Yakshus soon after.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=41}}

==See also==
*[[Divodasa]]
*[[Parikshit]]
*[[Sudakshina]]
*[[Krishna]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |authorlink=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1988 |orig-date=first published in 1966 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |year=1999 |orig-date=1988 |publisher=New Age International Publishers |edition=Second |isbn=81-224-1198-3 }}

{{hindu-bio-stub}}

[[Category:Rigveda]]
[[Category:14th-century BC monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Bharatas]]

Krishnaraja Wodeyar III

2026-03-27T12:08:18Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Creating New Article First Draft

{{Short description|Maharaja of Mysore from 1799 to 1868}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Krishnaraja Wadiyar III
| image = Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, Maharaja of Mysore.jpg
| caption = Photograph of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, circa 1866
| succession = 22nd [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
| reign = 30 June 1799 – 19 October 1831 19 October 1831 – 27 March 1868 (titular)
| coronation = 30 June 1799, Royal Palace, Mysore
| predecessor = [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]] (1776–1796) (father)
| successor = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]
| birth_date = 14 July 1794
| birth_place = Royal Palace, [[Srirangapatna]], [[Sultanate of Mysore]], (present-day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1868|03|27|1794|07|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = Royal Palace, [[Mysore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (present-day Karnataka, India)
| spouse = Devajammanni<ref name="Mysuru District Website">{{Cite web|url=https://mysore.nic.in/en/tourist-place/srikanteshwarananjundeswara-temple/|title=Srikanteshwara (Nanjundeswara) Temple|publisher=Mysuru District Website}}</ref>
| issue = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] (adopted son)
| full name = Sriman Rajadhiraja Raja Parameshvara Praudha-pratapa Apratima-vira Narapati Birud-antembara-ganda Maharaja Sir Krishnaraja Wodeyar III Bahadur
| house = [[Wadiyar dynasty]]
| father = [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]]
| mother = Maharani Kempa Nanja Ammani Avaru
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Krishnaraja Wadiyar III''' (14 July 1794 – 27 March 1868) was an Indian king who was the twenty-second [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. He ruled the kingdom for nearly seventy years, from 30 June 1799 to 27 March 1868, for a good portion of the latter period of which he was merely a [[Mysore Commission|nominal ruler]]. He is known for his contribution and patronage to different arts and music during his reign. He was succeeded by his biological grandson and adopted son, [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]].

==Early years==
[[File:Krishnaraja Wodeyar III as the child king.jpg|thumb|Krishnaraja Wodeyar III as a child]]
Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was born at [[Srirangapatna]] to Maharaja [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX|Chamaraja Wadiyar IX]] and his first wife, Maharani Kempananjammani Devi.<ref>Annals of The Mysore Royal Family Part-1: A publication by the Royal Family of Mysore: 1916</ref> Maharani [[Lakshmi Ammani Devi|Lakshmi Devi]], his adoptive grandmother, played a major role in the education and upbringing of her adopted grandson, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, and was instrumental in his ascent to the throne.<ref name="hist">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p265</ref>

Since the insurrection of Mysore and storming into power by [[Kingdom of Mysore#Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan|Hyder Ali and Tipu]], Lakshmi Devi had been awaiting an opportunity to unseat Ali, who died, and later his son, and had delegated numerous feelers to the [[British Raj#Building the Raj: British expansion across India|British]] to unseat him and hand over the kingdom to the Wadiyars. She also informed the British about the treaty between [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] and the [[French India|French]].<ref name="hist1">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p271</ref> When Tipu died at the hands of the British in 1799, she discussed the handing-over of the Mysore throne, which finally led to the installation of the five-year-old Krishnaraja Wodeyar III as the Maharaja of Mysore on 30 June 1799 under her regency.<ref name="hist2">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p266</ref>

The ceremony took place in a special pavilion constructed near the Lakshmiramana Swamy temple in Mysore.<ref name="hist2"/> Being led to it by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] on his right, Lakshmi Devi managed to have Tipu's adviser [[Purnaiah]] continue as the [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Dewan of Mysore]] with the instruction that he should be loyal to the king till the latter himself attains the age of discretion.

==Ruler of Mysore State==
[[File:Silver Rupee of Krishna Raja Wodeyar, Mysore State, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, Zarb Mahisur Mint, AD 1805.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of Krishna Raja Wodeyar III, Mysore State, struck in the name of Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]], Zarb Mahisur Mint, RY47, AD 1805.]]
Krishnaraja Wodeyar III attained the age of 16 in early 1810, an age then no longer deemed him a minor. After discussing with [[Arthur Henry Cole|Arthur Cole]], the British Resident of Mysore, the reins of the state were transferred from [[Purnaiah]] to the prince.<ref name="hist5">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p383</ref> Wodeyar's grandmother died in 1810, soon followed by Purnaiah, who died in 1812.

=== Removal from power ===
The years that followed witnessed cordial relations between Mysore and the British until things began to sour in the 1820s. Even though [[Thomas Munro]], the [[governor of Madras]], determined after a personal investigation in 1825 that there was no substance to the allegations of financial impropriety made by Cole, the civil insurrection leading to the [[Nagar revolt]] broke out towards the end of the decade and changed things considerably. In 1831, close on the heels of the insurrection and citing maladministration, the British took direct control of the princely state and instituted [[Mysore Commission]]. For the next fifty years, Mysore passed under the rule of successive British Commissioners; [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]], renowned for his statesmanship, served from 1834 until 1861 and put into place an efficient and successful administrative system which left Mysore a well-developed state.

==Contribution to culture==
Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was responsible for the cultural growth of the Kingdom of Mysore. He was himself a writer, having written Kannada books like ''[[Sritattvanidhi]]'' and ''Sougandhikaparinaya''.<ref name="kam">{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/wodeyars/mummadi.htm |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri |title=Krishnaraja Wodeyar III |work=Wodeyars of Mysore |date=4 April 2014 |access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref> He also has a number of writers in his court who together contributed to the development of modern Kannada prose, which had a style different from the ''Champu'' style of prose which was followed till then.<ref name="book1">K. M. George (1994), p167</ref> Other important writings that emerged during his rule include ''Mudramanjusha'' by Kempu Narayana, ''Kalavati Parinaya'' by Yadava, and ''Vachana Kadamabari''.<ref name="book1"/> The king was well versed in many languages, including Sanskrit, Kannada, Tamil, English, Telugu, and Urdu. He even played the musical instrument, [[veena]].<ref name="kam"/> He was an expert player of board games and is credited to have revived the [[Ganjifa]] game. He was also a collector and an inventor of board games.<ref name="gam">{{cite web |title=Games afoot |url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/features/cultureandhistory/041215doc |work=Online webpage of Radio Netherlands, dated 15 December 2004 |author=Laura Durnford |access-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510034728/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/features/cultureandhistory/041215doc |archive-date=10 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="board">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63008-2005Mar24.html |work=Online Edition of The Washington Post, 25 March 2005 |title=Fun Is the Name of the Game|author=Mary Quattlebaum|access-date=27 September 2007 | date=25 March 2005}}</ref>
[[File:Queens of Mysore, Thomas Hickey, 1805.jpg|thumb|"Queens" of [[Mysore]]: left, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III's first wife, Devajammani, right, his second wife, also named Devajammani. [[Thomas Hickey (painter)|Thomas Hickey]], 1805. The two queens in the painting are thought to advertise [[vaccination]] over [[variolation]], as they display the respective traces on their skin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sethu |first1=Divya |title=How 3 Mysore Queens Became The Face Of A Campaign For The World's First Vaccine |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/251100/national-vaccination-day-india-smallpox-covid-19-vaccine-awareness-programme-british-history-div200/ |website=The Better India |date=16 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Indian Queen's "Vaccine Selfie" in Oils |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/indian-queens-vaccine-selfie-oils |website=www.gavi.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Indian queens who modelled for the world's first vaccine |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53944723 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2020}}</ref>]]
Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was a ruler who gave a lot of importance to the development of art during his period. He patronised many scholars in his court and he himself was a great Kannada and Sanskrit Scholar, and has composed more than 50 works. The [[Yakshagana]] form of literature, its growth, and survival are all due to his efforts. Parti Subba from South Canara, a famous Yakshagana writer, flourished during his period. Devachandra, Venkatarama Shastri, Basavappa Shastri, Aliya Lingaraja, Kempu Narayana, Srinivasa Kavisarvabhouma, Thammaya Kavi, Nanjunda Kavi, Shantaraja Pandita were all patronised by him.

Devachandra wrote ''Rajavali Katha'' which is of great historical importance and also ''Ramakathavathara'', a work in Champu style. Kempu Narayana wrote ''Mudra Manjusha'', which is a Kannada prose. Asthana Vidwan Basavappa Shastri has written various works. He composed Kannada poems such as ''Shakuntala'', ''Vikramorvasiya'', ''Rathnavali'', ''Chandakousika'', and ''Uttara Ramacharita''. He has also translated the famous work of Shakespeare, ''Othello'', into Kannada and it is known as ''Shurasena Charita''. He has also written ''Damayanti'' in Champu style, ''Savitri Charita'' in Shatpadi, ''Sri Raghavendra Swamy Ashtottara Stotram'', and numerous other works in Sanskrit.
[[File:Krishnaraja Wadiyar lll.jpg|thumb|left|Krishnaraja Wadiyar lll in 1866]]

Krishnaraja Wodeyar III has composed many works like ''Dasharatha Nandana Charita'', ''Grahana Darpana'', ''Sankya Ratna Kosha'', ''Chaturanga Sara Sarvasva'', ''Sri Tatvanidhi'', ''Saugandhika Parinaya'', ''Sri Krishna Katha Sangraha'', ''Ramayana'', ''Mahabharata'', ''Surya Chandra Vamsavali'', ''etc''. He was called Bhoja Raja of Kannada. Wodeyar's ''Surya Chandra Vamsavali'' narrates a hundred episodes from the Ramyana and the Mahabharata, and the adventures of Yaduraya and Krishnaraya, the founders of the Wadiyar Dynasty.

Krishnaraja Wodeyar III also sponsored a number of art pieces and invited a large number of artists to the royal workshop, where a number of ambitious projects including [[mural]]s and [[illustrated manuscript]]s were commissioned. These included illustrated volumes of the [[Bhagavata Purana]] and a splendid [[Ramayana]] featuring [[Rama]] shooting a flaming arrow exploding on the page.<ref name="Lyons">{{Cite journal|author=Lyons, Tryna|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23223171|title=Indian Painting from 1825 to 1900|journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |year=2011 |volume=48 |pages=753–758 |publisher=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum 48 (2011): 753–58|jstor=23223171 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Mummadi]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book |last= Rao Bahadur|first= Rajakaryaprasakta|title= Mysore State Gazetter|year=1936|publisher=[[Mysore State]]}}
* {{cite book |last= George|first= K. M.|title= Modern Indian Literature: An Anthology|orig-year=1994|year=1994|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn= 8172013248}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171026093648/http://www.gamepandit.com/know_culture.html Game Pandit]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229230519/http://www.goddesschess.com/chessays/ashtapadacosmos.html The Origins of Chess]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121125818/http://www.ktn.freeuk.com/1d.htm History of Magic Knight's Tours]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107210306/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/11/14/stories/2004111400660800.htm Games of yore]
* [http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/466?page=3 New Light on Yoga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124062425/http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/466?page=3 |date=24 November 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207041013/http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/ecmsa/29.html In-Door Games in Karnataka's Heritage]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr62008/finearts2008040561212.asp Cards of Honour]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Wodeyar|Wodeyar dynasty]]||1794||1868}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tipu Sultan]] (as Ruler of Mysore)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Mysore]]|years=1799–1831}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Briggs (East India Company officer)|J. Briggs]] (As Senior Commissioner) and [[C. M. Lushington]] (As Junior Commissioner)}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-bef|before=None}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Maharaja of Mysore]]|years=1831–1868}}
{{s-inc|heir=[[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]}}
{{end}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadiyar, Krishnaraja III}}
[[Category:1794 births]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wadiyar dynasty|Krishnaraja III]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]

Haryana Lokayukta

2026-03-21T19:13:10Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Creating Initial Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Anti-corruption Ombudsman for the state of Haryana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Haryana
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| image_size =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 2003
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = No
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Haryana Lok Ayukta, Lokayukta, Haryana New Secretariat Haryana Room No 232, 2nd Floor Sector-17, Chandigarh.
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = HON'BLE Shri Justice Hari Pal Verma.<ref name="Hary LokRef8">{{cite web |title=Acts (English/Hindi) {{!}} Haryana Lokayukta, Government of Haryana |url=http://hrlokayukta.gov.in/en/acts-english/hindi |website=hrlokayukta.gov.in |access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref>
| chief1position = Lokayukta
| parentagency =
| website =
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations =
}}

'''Haryana Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Haryana]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Haryana Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2002, and approved by the [[president of India]]. With [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] coming into force on 16 January 2014, each state in India was required to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> A bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref> and assists with her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant before time.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]],<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==

Haryana Lokayukta Act makes provision for serving Chief Justice or Judge in any High Courts of India or a serving Judge in Supreme Court of India to be appointed as its Lokayukta.<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> Haryana Legislature passed "The Haryana Lokayukta (Amendment) Bill 2021" deducting the salary paid to Lokayukta.<ref name="Hary Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 20,000 posts of police personnel vacant in Haryana |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/over-20-000-posts-of-police-personnel-vacant-in-haryana.html |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Pioneer |date=24 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Blockquote|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Haryana Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2003}}

== Powers ==

Haryana Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister, State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Leader of Opposition and Government officials.<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" />

== Appointment and tenure ==

In 2021, Retired judge of the Punjab and Haryana high court, Justice Hari Pal Verma, has been appointed as fifth Haryana Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Justice Hari Pal Verma to be sworn in as Haryana Lokayukta on Saturday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/justice-hari-pal-verma-to-be-sworn-in-as-haryana-lokayukta-on-saturday-309326 |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=10 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> for a period of five years.<ref name="Hary Lok Ref2">{{cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |title=Haryana: Former HC judge Hari Pal Verma appointed Lokayukta {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-former-hc-judge-hari-pal-verma-appointed-as-new-lokayukta-haryana/articleshow/86097622.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=10 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hary Lok Ref3">{{cite news |title=Justice Verma to be sworn-in as Haryana lokayukta today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/justice-verma-to-be-sworn-in-as-haryana-lokayukta-today-101631301481910.html |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=11 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Justice Nawal Kishore Agarwal, who was an ex judge of the Chhattisgarh high court served before him and retired in July 2021.<ref name="Hary Lok Ref8">{{cite news |title=Haryana Lokayukta to retire on July 18 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryana-lokayukta-to-retire-on-july-18-284638 |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=17 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable cases ==

In September 2021, Haryana Lokayukta, on a complaint filed on the alleged sale of farmland soil worth Rs 3 crore for Rs 3 lakhs, it recommended enquiry against three jail officials Jagjit Singh, IG Prisons; Sunil Sangwan, Superintendent, Rohtak jail, and Dayanand, Superintendent, Jhajjar jail.<ref name="Hary Lok Ref6">{{cite news |title=Jail soil sold cheap, Lokayukta for probe against 3 officials |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/jail-soil-sold-cheap-lokayukta-for-probe-against-3-officials-110361 |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=12 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, Haryana Lokayukta order dismissing a complaint for seeking probe into allegations of "favouritism" shown by than Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar in colluding with state Chief Secretary DS Dhesi for suggesting names of his minister Ram Bilas Sharma’s daughter and Principal Secretary Rajesh Khullar’s wife for nomination as an appointment to IAS out from the state cadres of officers was challenged in the Punjab and Haryana High Court.<ref name="Hary Lok Ref7">{{cite news |title=Haryana Lokayukta's dismissal of 'favouritism complaint' challenged |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-lokayuktas-dismissal-of-favouritism-complaint-challenged-4427610/ |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=15 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013]]
* [[Delhi Lokayukta]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh Lokayukta]]
* [[Gujarat Lokayukta]]
* [[Goa Lokayukta]]
* [[Bihar Lokayukta]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://hrlokayukta.gov.in/en/honble-lokayukta/ official website]


[[Category:Government of Haryana]]
[[Category:Lokayuktas]]

Tatanagar–Amritsar Jallianwalla Bagh Express

2026-03-19T18:44:05Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Created New Entry - done

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Tatanagar–Amritsar Jallianwalla Bagh Express
| image = Jallianwala bagh express at ddu.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2003|04|13}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction||Tatanagar}} (TATA)
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction||Amritsar}} (ASR)
| distance = {{convert|1747|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 33 hrs 20 mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18103 / 18104
| speed = {{convert|53|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18103 / 18104 '''Tatanagar-Amritsar Jallianwalla Bagh Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 18103/18104 train numbers on bi-weekly basis.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170803172459/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170325/jsp/jharkhand/story_142481.jsp#.WNaW49J97IU More berths for train to south]</ref><ref>[http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1453&did=14823224184834A5FB2F24DEC67388B65A355CB006314.web91 REGULATION OF SER TRAINS]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171636/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161223/jsp/jharkhand/story_126217.jsp#.WFyxldJ97IU Jalandhar stop for Amritsar trains – Repair work forces change in schedule]</ref>

== Service==

The 18103 '''Jallianwalabagh Express''' has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 1747 km in 33h 20m. The 18104 '''Jallianwalabagh Express''' has an average speed of 54 km/h and covers 1747 km in 32h 25m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Purulia Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}}
* {{stnlnk|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh}}
* {{stnlnk|Koderma Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Faizabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Moradabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Laksar Junction}},
* {{stnlnk|Roorkee}}
* {{stnlnk|Saharanpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has Modern LHB Rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches :

* 1 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper Coaches
* 3 Second Sitting cum General Coaches
*1 Pantry Car Coach
*1 Divyangjan cum Guard Coach
*1 Generator Car

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="1" |Loco
! rowspan="1" |1
!2
! rowspan="1" |3
! rowspan="1" |4
! rowspan="1" |5
! rowspan="1" |6
! rowspan="1" |7
! rowspan="1" |8
!9
!10
! rowspan="1" |11
!12
! rowspan="1" |13
! rowspan="1" |14
! rowspan="1" |15
! rowspan="1" |16
! rowspan="1" |17
! rowspan="1" |18
! rowspan="1" |19
! rowspan="1" |20
!21
! rowspan="1" |22
|-
|
|EOG
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|A1
|PC
|S1
|S2
|S3
|S4
|S5
|S6
|S7
|S8
|S9
|S10
|GEN
|GEN
|GEN
|SLRD
|}

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar|Tatanagar]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Tatanagar to Amritsar, and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shared its rake with 12889/12890 [[Tatanagar–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Superfast Express]].

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Source !! Departure time (IST) !! Departure day !! Destination !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 18103 || TATA || Tatanagar || 9:10 PM || Monday, Wednesday || Amritsar || 6:30 AM || Wednesday, Friday
|-
| 18104 || ASR || Amritsar || 12:45 PM || Wednesday, Friday || Tatanagar || 9:10 PM || Thursday, Saturday
|}

== See also ==

* [[Tatanagar Junction railway station]]
* [[Amritsar Junction railway station]]
* [[Jallianwalla Bagh Express|Sealdah-Amritsar Jallianwalla Bagh Express]]
* [[Tatanagar–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Superfast Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/784 18103/Jallianwalabagh Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/785 18104/Jallianwalabagh Express]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tatanagar-Amritsar Jallianwalla Bagh Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2003]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Tirunelveli

2026-03-11T09:58:45Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: minor changes

{{About|the city in Tamil Nadu, India|its namesake district|Tirunelveli district}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tirunelveli
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/2
|border = infobox
|total_width = 300
|image1 = TirunelveliPanorama.jpg
|caption1 = City skyline
|image2 = Nellaiappar_temple_tower.jpg
|caption2 = [[Nellaiappar Temple]]
|image3 = Tirunelvelijunction.JPG
|caption3 = [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli Junction]]
|image4 = Thamirabarani River தாமிரபரணி பொருணை ஆறு.jpg
|caption4 = [[Thamirabarani River]]
|image5 = A inner view of Manomaniam Sundaranar University building.jpg
|caption5 = [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]
|image6 = Sulochana Mudaliar Bridge Upstream Tirunelveli Sep22 A7C 02382.jpg
|caption6 = [[:ta:சுலோச்சன முதலியார் பாலம்|Sulochana Mudaliar Bridge]]
|image7 = CentralTheatreTvli.jpg
|caption7 = Central Theatre
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| nickname = [[Oxford]] of South India<ref>{{cite web |last=Sudhakar |first=P |date=19 May 2016 |title=Palayamkottai electorate earn a dubious distinction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palayamkottai-electorate-earn-a-dubious-distinction/article8618426.ece |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mallady |first=Shastry V |date=10 September 2012 |title=A case for Madurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/a-case-for-madurai/article3880992.ece |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{Coord|8|42|49|N|77|45|24|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pandya Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Tirunelveli City Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name =
| parts_style = para
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 189.9
| area_rank = 3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 73
| population_total = 473637
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |website=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population|7th in Tamil Nadu]]
| population_metro = 498924
| population_demonym = Tirunelvelian, Nellaikaran
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pin Codes]]
| postal_code = 627xx
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India#Fixed (landline) numbers|91 (0)462]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN 72
| website = {{url|https://tirunelveli.nic.in/}}
| website developer =
| mail id =
}}
'''Tirunelveli''' ({{IPA|ta|tiɾɯnelʋeːli|lang|Tirunelveli-pronunciation.ogg}}),{{efn|name=Name|Anglicised as Tinnevelly during the [[British Raj]]}} also known as '''Nellai''', is a city and [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|municipal corporation]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located on the southern part of the state, on the west bank of the [[Thamirabarani River]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Tirunelveli District]]. As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], it had a population of 473,637 individuals, and was the [[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population|seventh-largest]] city in the state by population.

Tirunelveli has a recorded history dating back to more than two thousand years. It served as a major town during the reign of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|Early Pandyas]] in the [[Sangam period]] (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE). It came under the rule of the [[Cholas]] in the 11th century CE. The region was ruled by the [[Later Pandyas]], the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and the [[Madurai Nayaks]] in the late [[Middle Ages]]. It came under the influence of the [[British East India Company]] in the late 18th century, and the [[Tirunelveli District|Tinnevelly district]] was formed on 1 September 1790. In the [[Polygar War]], [[Palaiyakkarar]]s led by [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]] fought the forces of the Company, on the outskirts of the city from 1797 to 1801. It came under the [[British Raj]] in the 19th century, and later became part of the [[Madras Province]] of Independent India in 1947.

Tirunelveli is administered by the [[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]], which was established on 1 June 1994. The city covers an area of {{cvt|189.9|km2}}. It is well-connected by road and rail with the rest of the state. The economy of the city is dependent on [[agriculture]] and its allied industries, services including education, and information technology, manufacturing including [[tobacco]] products, [[cement]], and [[bricks]], and textiles. There are several [[wind power]] generation farms located in the outskirts of the city. The city serves an educational hub of the region, and is home to several institutions.

Tirunelveli has a number of historical monuments, with the [[Nellaiappar Temple]] being the most prominent. The city is renowned for the sweet of '[[Iruttu Kadai|Irutu kadai]] [[halva]]'.

==Etymology==
The inscriptions at the [[Nellaiappar Temple]] mention that [[Shiva]] (as Vrihivriteswara) descended to the Earth and took the form of a [[hedge]] to save the [[rice|paddy]] crop of a devotee. As per the earlier practice of naming settlements based on the vegetation prevalent in the areas of worship,{{sfn|Reddy|2013|p=10}} the place was known as 'Venu vanam' ([[bamboo]] forest) due to the presence of bamboo where the deity is believed to have appeared.{{sfn|Ayyar|1982|p=498–499}} Derived from the story in the [[Hindu mythology]], 'Tirunelveli' is a combination of three Tamil words–'thiru', 'nel', and 'veli', meaning sacred, paddy, and hedge respectively.{{sfn|Kannappan|2008|p=67}}{{sfn|Caldwell|1990|p=88}} The seventh-century [[Saivism|Saiva]] canonical work ''[[Tevaram]]'' mentions the town as 'Thirunelveli'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moondram Thirumurai|author=[[Sambandar]]|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/songview.php?thiru=3&Song_idField=3092&padhi=126+&button=செல்க|publisher=Thevaram.org|access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref> The town was called Tirunelveli Seemai during the late [[Middle Ages]], with 'seemai' meaning town in Tamil. It was anglicised as 'Tinnelvelly' during the [[British Raj]], and was officially named Tirunelveli after the Indian independence.{{sfn|Caldwell|1990|p=88}}{{sfn|Kanmony|2010|p=42}}

==History==
Tirunelveli was part of the [[Pandian Empire]], references to which are present in the [[Sangam literature]], and inscriptions dating back to the 3rd century BCE.{{sfn|Caldwell|1989|p=14–16}} The region came under the rule of the [[Cholas]] in the 11th century CE.{{sfn|Caldwell|1989|p=27–29}} It remained under the control of the Cholas until the early 13th century CE, when the Pandyas re-established control over the region, and ruled with [[Madurai]] as the capital.{{sfn|Salma Ahmed|2011|p=26}} During the 13th and 14th centuries, Tirunelveli was the secondary capital of Pandimandalam, the country ruled by the Pandyas.{{sfn|Stein|Johnson|Bayly|Richards|1990|p=79}}

[[File:Nellaiappar_Temple10.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.75|The [[Nellaiappar Temple]] was built by the [[Later Pandyas]]]]

The Nellaiappar temple was the royal shrine of the later Pandyas, and the city benefited from extensive [[irrigation]] facilities were developed based on the [[Thamirabarani River]]. The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] occupied the region in the 15th century CE. During the Vijayanagara rule, [[Brahmin]] and [[Vellalar]] chieftains held rights over community lands ('kani') in the Thamirabarani valley, while [[Maravar]] and Shanar migrants settled around the region. The Maravars populated the western foothills, the [[Kannadigas]] and [[Telugus]] settled on the eastern dry tracts of land.{{sfn|Stein|Johnson|Bayly|Richards|1990|p=79}} In the 16th century CE, the region was ruled by the [[Madurai Nayaks]], and Tirunelveli served as the subsidiary capital of the Nayak territory.{{sfn|Stein|Johnson|Bayly|Richards|1989|p=80}} The city was rebuilt extensively during the reign of [[Viswanatha Nayak]] (1529–64), who also developed several temples in the region.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=379–380}}

The region briefly came under the control of [[Nawabs of Arcot]] after they defeated the [[Marathas]] in 1743 CE. However, during the time, the [[palaiyakkarar]]s, who were originally military governors under the Nayak rule, held control over the lands. In the middle of the 18th century, the [[British East India Company]] began to establish control over the lands in the region.{{sfn|Francis|2002|p=260}}{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=375}} Between the 15th and 18th centuries, Tirunelveli became a major economic center in the region, with migration of people to the city.{{sfn|Kumar|2003|p=113–115}} During the 18th century, the town was often called as Nellai Cheemai, with 'Cheemai' meaning 'foreign town'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/19/stories/2007051909370400.htm |title=400 years sugar cane press |date=19 May 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

[[File:0088_View_of_Comery_(1801).jpg|thumb|[[Polygar Wars]] were fought between the [[Palaiyakkarars]], the local chieftains and the [[British East India Company]]]]

Though the British restored some order in 1755 CE, the palaiyakkarars, who had built massive forts, and held their own armies, continued to fight with the British, and within themselves. Briefly, the British had it troops in the region, while the palaiyakkarars managed the territory on behalf of the Nawabs.{{sfn|Francis|2002|p=260}} However, the palaiyakkarars later continued to engage in skirmishes with the British. This culminated in the [[Polygar Wars]], in which a group of palaiyakkarars, led by [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]], fought against the British, who were also aided by some of the palaiyakkarars. Kattabomman was defeated and hanged, and eventually the region came under the complete control of the British in 1801 CE.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=375–379}}{{sfn|Caldwell|1989|p=93–94}}{{sfn|Francis|2002|p=260}}

[[Tirunelveli district|Tinnevelly district]] was established on 1 September 1790, with Tinnevelly serving as the headquarters of the district.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tirunelveli.nic.in/home3/ |title=Tirunelveli district |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The history of Tirunelveli was extensively researched and documented by [[Robert Caldwell]] (1814–91), a Christian [[missionary]] who visited the area in the early 19th century CE.{{sfn|Daughrity|2005}}{{sfn|Daughrity|2007}} [[Palayamkottai]], which housed the old fort built by the palaiyakkarars, served as a garrison.{{sfn|Francis|2002|p=261}} Tirunelveli was part of the [[Madras Presidency]] during the [[British Raj]].{{sfn|Stuart|1879|p=1}} After Indian independence, it became part of the [[Madras Province]], which later became the [[Madras State]] in 1950, and Tamil Nadu in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/50-years-look-how-madras-state-became-tamil-nadu-85108 |title=50 years on, a look at how Madras State became Tamil Nadu |work=News Minute |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Central Veinthaan Kulam Panorama Tirunelveli Apr22 A7C 01848-49.jpg|thumb|Veinthan Kulam]]

Tirunelveli is situated in the southern tip of the [[Indian peninsula]].{{sfn|Stuart|1879|p=1}} It is located on the west bank of the Tamirabarani river, with Palayamkottai located on the other side.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=379}} The river is the major water source of the city, and is fed by the [[monsoon]]s.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=215}} There are several small lakes and ponds in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s36a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5/uploads/2021/03/2021031578.pdf|title=Water bodies in Tirunelveli|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Geology and vegetation ===
[[File:Agasthiyamalai range and Tirunelveli rainshadow.jpg|thumb|[[Agasthiyamalai]] hills block the [[southwest monsoon]], creating a [[rainshadow]] region.|alt=image of hills with dark skyline]]

The region is composed mainly of [[gneiss]] rocks, and consists of red sand, accumulated by the effect of wind blowing from the[[Agasthiyamalai]] hills to the east. There is a thin strip of [[alluvial soil]] along the banks of the Tamirabarani river, and stretches of [[Chernozem|black soil]] to the north, which support [[rice|paddy]] and [[cotton]] respectively.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=363}}{{sfn|Stuart|1879|p=3}} [[Pineapples]], [[Chili pepper|chili]], and [[tobacco]] were introduced during the late 16th century and [[potatoes]] during the early 17th century.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|2002|p=28}} The most common tree is the [[Borassus|palm]], with other trees in the region include bamboo, [[teak]], [[Adina cordifolia|kadambu]], [[Pterocarpus marsupium|vengai]], [[Terminalia arjuna|pillai maruthu]], [[Terminalia elliptica|kari maruthu]], and [[jack fruit]].{{sfn|Soundarapandian|2002|p=48}}

===Climate===
Tirunelveli has a equable climate with less rainfall, and influenced by both northeast and southwest monsoon.{{sfn|Stuart|1879|p=7-8}}{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=363}} The Agasthiyamalai hills, which is part of the [[Western Ghats]], lie to the west of the town, and blocks the southwest monsoon winds, causing a [[rainshadow]] region to the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/agastyamalai/ |title=Agasthiyamalai |work=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The mean maximum temperature during summer (March to June) averages {{cvt|95|°F|order=flip}}, and touches {{cvt|100|°F|order=flip}} during the hottest period in May. In the winter (December to January), the temperature rarely drops below {{cvt|77|°F|order=flip}}, with an average minimum of {{cvt|72|°F|order=flip}} during the coldest days. The southwest monsoon brings cool winds, and mild rainfall in the second part of June, with maximum precipitation occurs during the northeast monsoon (October–December). The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|35|in|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Stuart|1879|p=7-8}}{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=363}}

{{Weather box
|location = [[Palayamkottai]], 1991–2020, extremes 1947–present
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 36.0
| Feb record high C = 39.0
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 42.0
| May record high C = 42.8
| Jun record high C = 44.9
| Jul record high C = 41.9
| Aug record high C = 40.4
| Sep record high C = 40.5
| Oct record high C = 41.0
| Nov record high C = 38.9
| Dec record high C = 37.0
| year record high C = 44.9
| Jan high C = 31.5
| Feb high C = 33.4
| Mar high C = 35.3
| Apr high C = 36.3
| May high C = 37.5
| Jun high C = 36.1
| Jul high C = 34.8
| Aug high C = 35.0
| Sep high C = 35.6
| Oct high C = 33.6
| Nov high C = 30.9
| Dec high C = 30.3
| year high C = 34.1
| Jan low C = 22.5
| Feb low C = 23.1
| Mar low C = 24.0
| Apr low C = 25.6
| May low C = 26.3
| Jun low C = 26.4
| Jul low C = 26.2
| Aug low C = 25.9
| Sep low C = 25.6
| Oct low C = 24.7
| Nov low C = 23.7
| Dec low C = 22.8
| year low C = 24.7
| Jan record low C = 18.0
| Feb record low C = 18.0
| Mar record low C = 18.4
| Apr record low C = 20.3
| May record low C = 16.3
| Jun record low C = 20.4
| Jul record low C = 19.3
| Aug record low C = 21.6
| Sep record low C = 19.5
| Oct record low C = 17.9
| Nov record low C = 16.9
| Dec record low C = 17.6
| year record low C = 16.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 14.0
| Feb rain mm = 19.3
| Mar rain mm = 31.9
| Apr rain mm = 64.7
| May rain mm = 56.2
| Jun rain mm = 9.9
| Jul rain mm = 11.9
| Aug rain mm = 34.5
| Sep rain mm = 45.1
| Oct rain mm = 161.4
| Nov rain mm = 217.0
| Dec rain mm = 96.2
| year rain mm = 762.0
| Jan rain days = 1.7
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 2.1
| Apr rain days = 3.6
| May rain days = 3.0
| Jun rain days = 1.2
| Jul rain days = 0.9
| Aug rain days = 1.9
| Sep rain days = 3.0
| Oct rain days = 7.7
| Nov rain days = 10.6
| Dec rain days = 5.6
| year rain days = 42.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 64
| Feb humidity = 57
| Mar humidity = 54
| Apr humidity = 58
| May humidity = 55
| Jun humidity = 55
| Jul humidity = 55
| Aug humidity = 55
| Sep humidity = 53
| Oct humidity = 63
| Nov humidity = 72
| Dec humidity = 69
|year humidity = 59
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Palayamkottai Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 579–580
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M200
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|69.0}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|20.0}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|10.6}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.4}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Tirunelveli had a population of 473,637 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]] |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> The sex ratio was 1,027 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. About 42,756 inhabitants were under the age of six. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 13.17% and 0.32% of the population respectively. The average literacy was rate was 90.4% with a male literacy of 94.8% and female literacy 86.2%. The city had 120,466 households, and about 14.4% of the population resided in slums. There were a total of 182,471 workers, comprising 2,088 cultivators, 5,515 main agricultural labourers, 18,914 in house hold industries, 142,435 other workers, 13,519 marginal workers, 166 marginal cultivators, 913 marginal agricultural labourers, 1,828 marginal workers in household industries and 10,612 other marginal workers.<ref>{{cite report |title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Tirunelveli |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=701597 |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]] |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/489-tirunelveli.html |title=Tirunelveli |work=Census 2011 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The city covers an area of {{cvt|108.65|km2}}. The population density of the city was 3,781 persons per square kilometre in 2001, compared with 2,218 persons per square kilometre in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract 2001 |url=http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations  – Tamil Nadu |access-date=8 June 2012 |year=2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217153857/http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> According to provisional data from the 2011 census the Tirunelveli urban agglomeration had a population of 498,984 inhabitants, including 246,710 males and 252,274 females.<ref>{{cite report |title=UA cities 1 lakh and above: 2011 census |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |year=2011 |page=12 |access-date=29 December 2012 }}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, [[Hinduism]] was the predominant religion with 69% of the population adhering to it. [[Islam]] (20%) and [[Christianity]] (10.6%) formed significant minority of the population.<ref>{{cite report |title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |format=XLS |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]] |access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

Tamil is the main language spoken in the city, with the use of [[English language|English]] common in educational institutions and offices in the service sector. The Tamil dialect spoken in this region is distinct, and is widely spoken throughout the region.<ref name="About">{{cite web |title=About the city |url=http://tirunelvelicorp.tn.gov.in/more.html |publisher=[[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Municipal administration and politics}}Administration and politics==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#fff; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; width:250px"
! colspan="2" style="background:#a8bdec" |Administration
|-
|[[Mayor]]
|G. Ramakrishnan<ref name="Who">{{cite web |title=Whos who? |url=https://tirunelveli.nic.in/about/whos-who/ |work=[[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=26 June 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|Corporation Commissioner
|Monika Rana<ref name="Who"/>
|-
|[[Commissioner of Police]]
|Prassanna Kumar<ref name="Who"/>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#a8bdec" |[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]]
|
|-
|[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|[[C. Robert Bruce]]<ref name="E2024">{{cite web |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Tirunelveli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2238.htm |access-date=27 September 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927161927/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2238.htm |archive-date=27 September 2024 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#a8bdec" |[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]<ref name="Member">{{cite web|title=Members of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2021_MLA.aspx |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=26 June 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
|[[M. Abdul Wahab]]<ref name="Member"/>
|}
The Tirunelveli Municipality was established in 1866.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=379–380}} It became a [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|Municipal Corporation]] in 1994, by combining the Palayamkottai and Melapalayam municipalities, the Thachanallur [[town panchayat]] and eleven other [[village panchayat]]s with the city. The municipal corporation has 55 wards divided across four zones–Melapalayam, Palayamkottai, Thatchanallur, and Tirunelveli.<ref name="TNUIFSL">{{cite report |url=http://tnuifsl.com/documents/ccpbp/Tirunelveli.pdf |title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan |publisher=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |date=15 February 2007 |access-date=29 December 2012 }}</ref>{{rp|page=15}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirunelveli Corporation |url=https://www.tirunelvelicorporation.com/aboutus/general-infozones-and-wards |year=2011 |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=29 December 2025 }}</ref> Each ward is represented by a councilor, who form part of the municipal council headed by a [[mayor]].<ref>{{citation |title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30 |url=http://www.epw.in/epw-archive.html |page=2396 |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |access-date=8 June 2012 |year=1995 }}</ref> The administrative functions of the corporation are managed by a corporation commissioner. The corporation has six departments: general administration and personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning and information technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=26 June 2012 |year=2006 }}</ref>

Tirunelveli is part of the [[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]] and [[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]] assembly constituencies, which elect a member each to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] every five years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=List of Assembly Constituencies |access-date=30 June 2012 |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] }}</ref> The city is a part of the [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary constituency map |url=http://ceotamilnadu.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |work=Chief Election Officer, Tamil Nadu |access-date=8 June 2012 |page=9 |year=2008 |url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090619072255/http%3A//ceotamilnadu.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2009}}</ref> The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] has won the seat seven times, in [[1977 Indian general election|1977]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=80 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref> three times consecutively from [[1984 Indian general election|1984]] to [[1991 Indian general election|1991]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=73 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=81 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=51 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref> [[1998 Indian general election|1998]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=85 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref> and [[1999 Indian general election|1999]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=85 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref> and [[2014 Indian general election|2014]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1 |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |year=2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 }}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] has won the seat five times in [[1957 Indian general election|1957]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=17 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref> [[1962 Indian general election|1962]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=49 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref> [[2004 Indian general election|2004]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=94 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref> [[2009 Indian general election|2009]],<ref name="Party">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp218.htm |title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref> and [[2024 Indian general election|2024]].<ref name="E2024"/> The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] has won it thrice, in [[1980 Indian general election|1980]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=79 |access-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref> [[1996 Indian general election|1996]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=86 |access-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref> and [[2019 Indian general election|2019]],<ref name="Party"/> and the Swantantra Party and [[Communist Party of India]] once each.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=67 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=71 |access-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref>

Law and order in the city is maintained by the Tirunelveli city division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], headed by a [[Police commissioner]]. There are various units for prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a special branch operating at the district level, each headed by a [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tirunelveli district police |url=http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/rti_pdf/rti_pol.pdf |work=[[Tamil Nadu Police]] |year=2011 |pages=1–2 |access-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Economy==
Tirunelveli is located in a strategic location, at the southern tip of the Indian mainland, connecting the eastern and western parts of the peninsula. Records indicate sea and overland trade in the 18th and 19th centuries with the western coast of India, and Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Kumar|2003|p=114}} During the 1840s, cotton production flourished in the region, and was exported to Britain.{{sfn|Kumar|2003|p=112}} Other exports included [[jaggery]], chillies, tobacco, palmyra fiber, [[salt]], dried [[saltwater fish]], and cattle.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=372}}

[[Agriculture]] is a major contributor to the economy and the major produces in the region include rice and cotton.{{sfn|Ramchandani|2000|p=144}} Food-processing industries have developed since the late 1990s.{{sfn|Soundarapandian|2002|p=49}} Other industries include rice mills, and blue metal manufacturing, located on the outskirts of the city.{{sfn|Soundarapandian|2002|p=52–53}} [[Beedi]] production is a major industry, and is a significant contributor to exports from the town.{{sfn|Soundarapandian|2002|p=160}} The region has significant [[limestone]] deposits, which has resulted in the development of [[cement]] industry.<ref name="Profile">{{cite report |url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS%20Tirunelveli.%202012.pdf |title=Industrial profile of Tirunelveli |publisher=[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]], [[Government of India]] |year=2012 |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref>{{rp|page=6}} Other [[Micro Industries|small scale industries]] include [[handloom]], mat and basket [[weaving]], palmyrah products, [[poultry]], [[brick]] kilns, tiles making, carpentry, metal works, [[terracotta]], and [[lacquerware]].<ref name="Profile"/>{{rp|page=19}} In 1991, the Tirunelveli district ranked second in the state in the number of women workers.{{sfn|Kapadia|2002|p=74}}

The Tirunelveli Industrial Estate was established in 1959 by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Profile"/>{{rp|page=11}} An [[information technology]] park is located in [[Gangaikondan]], about {{cvt|20|km}} north of the city.<ref name="Profile"/>{{rp|page=12}} An industrial [[Special Economic Zone]], is located {{cvt|30|km}} from the city, and houses various [[textile]], [[calcite]] production, and [[bottled oxygen]] manufacturing units.<ref name="Profile"/>{{rp|page=14}} The region is a major area for [[wind power]] generation, with various [[wind mills]] located on the outskirts of city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/news/32869714_1_wind-mills-wind-energy-wind-power |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723174819/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/news/32869714_1_wind-mills-wind-energy-wind-power |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2014 |title=New tax on wind turbines by local panchayats may make wind power costlier by Rs 8–10 lakh per MW |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 July 2012|access-date=22 December 2012 }}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main article|Transport in Tirunelveli}}
[[File:Tirunelveli Bus stand.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tirunelveli Bus stand]]

Tirunelveli has an extensive road network. {{As of|2025}}, the corporation maintains about {{cvt|933.32|km}} of roads including {{cvt|687.76|km}} of paved roads, and {{cvt|242.73|km}} of concrete roads.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/tirunelveli/roads-2/ |title=Tirunelveli: Roads |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref> The [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]] (old NH 7) and [[National Highway 82 (India)|National Highway 82]] pass through the city.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]] |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |work=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]] |access-date=3 April 2012 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several [[State Highways in Tamil Nadu|State Highways]] connect the city to nearby towns such as [[Sankarankovil]], [[Thoothukudi]], and [[Tiruchendur]].<ref name="Engg">{{cite web |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/tirunelveli/engineering/ |title=Tirunelveli: Engineering |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="TNUIFSL"/>{{rp|page=19}} There are two bridges across the Tamirabarani river in the city. The Sulochana Mudaliar bridge was constructed in the 1840s, and connects Tirunelveli wit Palayamkottai. The Thiruvalluvar bridge was opened in 1972, and is situated near the [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station]].{{sfn|Caldwell|1989|p=89}}<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://psvmkendra.com/index.php/journal/article/view/85/52 |journal=Anusandhanvallari |issue=1 |date=August 2024 |issn=2229-3388 |title=Chronological Study of Bridges in Tirunelveli District:A Special Reference to Sulochana Mudaliar Bridge & Thiruvalluvar Bridge |author=Rasheed Khan }}</ref>

The main bus stand, Dr. MGR Bus Stand, opened in 2003, is located in Veinthaankulam. The bus stand was further renovated and opened in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2021 |title=The Hon'ble Chief Minister inaugurated the renewed Bharat Ratna Dr. MGR Bus Stand and Palayamkottai Bus Stand under the Smart City Projects through video conferencing |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s36a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5/uploads/2021/12/2021120912.pdf |access-date=9 January 2022 |work=[[Tirunelveli district]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2021 |title=Bus terminal, parks opened in Tirunelveli |work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/bus-terminal-parks-opened-in-tirunelveli/articleshow/88173425.cms |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> Intra city bus stations are located at railway junction and Palay. The [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] and the [[State Express Transport Corporation]] operate intercity bus services.<ref name="About"/><ref>{{cite web |title= S.E.T.C., Computer reservation centres |url=http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html |work=[[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] |access-date=8 June 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Tirunelveli Junction.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli Junction]]]]

Tirunelveli Junction railway station is one of the major railway stations in the Madurai division of the [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf |title=Southern Railway stations |work=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095122/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The line from Tirunelveli to [[Sengottai railway station]] was opened in 1903, and the connection to [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam]] was completed later.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=373}} The station is connected to [[Vanchi Maniyachchi Junction railway station|Vanchi Maniyachchi Junction]] to the north, [[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil Junction]] to the south, [[Tenkasi Junction railway station|Tenkasi Junction]] to the west, and [[Tiruchendur railway station|Tiruchendur]] to the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659677878790-enga4.pdf |title=Route map |work=[[Southern Railway zone]] |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref> There are train services connecting the station to various Indian cities from the station.<ref>{{cite web |title= Trains to Tirunelveli |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_avlpress_ten.html |work=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=8 June 2012 }}</ref>

The nearest airport is the [[Tuticorin Airport]] in [[Thoothukkudi district]], located {{cvt|22|km}} east of the city. The nearest international airports are [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], about {{cvt|130|km}} away and [[Madurai Airport]], {{cvt|150|km}} away from the city.<ref name="About"/>

==Culture and recreation ==
{{see also|Temples of Tirunelveli}}

Tirunelveli has several Hindu temples, primary of which is the Nellaiappar Temple, dedicated to Shiva.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=498–499}} The temple is mentioned in the verses of ''[[Tevaram]]'', a 7th century work by [[Sambandar]].{{sfn|Soundara Rajan|2001|p=63}} It is one of the ''[[Pancha Sabhai]]'' temples, the five royal courts of [[Nataraja]] (the dancing form of Shiva),{{sfn|Kumar|2001|p=184}} where he performed a cosmic dance.{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=10–48}} The temple was expanded in the 16th century and has a number of sculptures and carved pillars.{{sfn|Soundara Rajan|2001|p=63}} During the annual festival, the [[temple car]] is brought around the streets near the temple.{{sfn|Kumar|2001|p=184}} The city is also home to the [[Uchchhishta Ganapathy Temple]], one of the largest temples dedicated to [[Ganapathi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uchishta Ganapathi Temple |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1180 |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=[[Dinamalar]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asia Biggest Vinayagar Temple In Tirunelveli |url=https://news.tirunelveli.today/asia-biggest-vinayagar-temple-in-tirunelveli/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=Tirunelveli Today }}</ref>

[[File:Tirunelveli halwa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tirunelveli [[halwa]]]]

Tirunelveli is known for [[halwa]], a sweet made of [[wheat flour]], [[sugar]], and [[ghee]]. It originated during the mid-1800s, and later spread to other places in the region.{{sfn|Davidson|1999|p=378}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article3554551.ece |title=In search of Srivilliputtur Palgova |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 June 2012 |access-date=22 December 2012 }}</ref> [[Iruttu Kadai]], a shop opened in the early 20th century, is popular and unique.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/21/stories/2011042157080500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426175610/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/21/stories/2011042157080500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2011 |title=Court says 'no' to use of 'Iruttukadai' |date=21 April 2011|access-date=22 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

Tirunelveli has a number of cinemas, with the Central theater, opened in 1962, being the largest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamil.news18.com/tirunelveli/nellai-central-theater-is-the-second-largest-theater-in-asia-san-gwi-local18-1686526.html |language=ta |title=Central theater is the second largest in Asia |work=[[News 18]] |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref> There are few [[radio stations]] that operate from the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/02/27/stories/2003022701330800.htm |title=Suryan FM gets ready to turn the radios on |work=[[Business Line]] |date=26 February 2003 |access-date=22 December 2012 }}</ref> The Anna stadium is the popular sports venue in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/10/stories/2007011004360200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112152941/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/10/stories/2007011004360200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2012 |title=Anna Stadium to get floodlight facility |date=10 January 2007 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The Sports Development Authority of the Government of Tamil Nadu is runs several sporting facilities in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title= 2012–13 Sports Hostel|url=http://www.sdat.in/school_hostel.html |work=Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu |access-date=8 June 2012 }}</ref> The Government exhibition is an annual event at the exhibition grounds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3565107.ece |title= Government expo to begin on June 29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=29 December 2012 }}</ref> Other places of interest include the nearby [[Manimuthar Dam|Manimuthar]] and [[Papanasam Dam]]s, Ariakulam, [[Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary]], Manjolai, and Upper Kodaiyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourism in Tirunelveli |url=http://tirunelvelicorp.tn.gov.in/tourism.html |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Tirunelveli Medical College2.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Tirunelveli Medical College]]|alt=a building viewed amidst trees]]

During the early 19th century, various schools were established by [[Christian missionaries]].{{sfn|Lewis|2004|p=117}} The first girls school was opened in 1821.{{sfn|Forbes|1996|p=39}}{{sfn|Manohar|2007|p=2}} Later, a two tier school system was introduced by the British Raj, with the district schools, teaching English and sub-district schools, teaching vernacular languages. There were four sub-district schools: two teaching Tamil and one each for [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].{{sfn|Raman|2012|p=102–103}} {{As of|2007}}, the city had 80 schools including 29 higher secondary schools, 12 high schools, 22 middle schools, and 17 primary schools. The city corporation operates 33 of these schools. <ref name="TNUIFSL"/>{{rp|page=22}} As per a report in 2002, the drop in female school attendance between ages 15 and 19 is almost four times greater than that in the rest of Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|Kapadia|2002|p=75}}

The [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]] is located in the city. There are eight arts and science colleges and six professional colleges in the city.<ref name="TNUIFSL"/>{{rp|page=22}} Other major government institutions include [[Tirunelveli Medical College]], Veterinary College and Research Institution, [[Government Law College, Tirunelveli]], and [[Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nellai Medical College |url=http://www.nellaimedicos.com/ |work=Nellai Medical College |access-date=29 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Veterinary College |url=http://www.tanuvas.ac.in/vcritnl.html |work=amil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University |access-date=29 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli |url=http://www.gcetirunelveli.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301024428/http://www.gcetirunelveli.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 March 2005 |work=Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli |access-date=29 December 2012 }}</ref> The [[Sarah Tucker College]], established in 1895, was the first women's college in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madrass-first-womens-college/article5617593.ece |title=First Women's Colleges in India |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401215117/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madrass-first-womens-college/article5617593.ece}}</ref> The Indian Institute of Geomagnetism operates the Equatorial Geophysical Research Laboratory in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Equatorial Geophysical Research Laboratory, Tirunelveli |url=http://iigm.res.in/iigweb/index.php/133 |work=Indian Institute of Geomagenetism |access-date = 26 June 2012 }}</ref> The city has a [[District Science Center - Tirunelveli|District Science Center]] with permanent exhibitions, science shows, interactive tours, a mini-[[planetarium]] and sky observation deck.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/17/stories/2007011716060300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001023615/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/17/stories/2007011716060300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2007 |title=Fun science gallery inaugurated in Tirunelveli|date=17 January 2007|access-date=17 January 2007|work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vismuseum.org.in/units.html |title=Visvesvaraya Industrial & Technological Museum : Satellite Units |access-date=14 October 2008 }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Utility services}}Utility services==
Electricity is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]]. The city is headquarters for the Tirunelveli Electricity Distribution Circle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Electricity Board |url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |work=Indian Wind Power Association |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> Water supply is provided by the city corporation, and is derived from the Tamirabarani river, throughout the city.<ref name="TNUIFSL"/>{{rp|page=17}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Details |url=http://tirunelvelicorp.tn.gov.in/water.html |work=[[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, about 100 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from the city in door-to-door collection, after which source segregation and disposal is performed by the sanitary department of the corporation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Waste management programme |url=http://tirunelvelicorp.tn.gov.in/waste.html |work=[[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref> The underground drainage system was constituted in 1998, and covers part of the city. The remaining system for disposal of sewage is through septic tanks and public conveniences.<ref name="TNUIFSL"/>{{rp|page=18}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Tirunelveli sewarage |url=http://tirunelvelicorp.tn.gov.in/sewerage.html |work=[[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref> The corporation maintains about {{cvt|184.8|km}} of stormwater drains.<ref name="TNUIFSL"/>{{rp|page=18}} The government operates hospitals and primary health care centers, and conducts family-welfare and immunisation programs.<ref name="TNUIFSL"/>{{rp|page=21}} In addition, there are several private hospitals and clinics providing health care to citizens.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tirunelveli hospitals|url=http://tirunelvelicorp.tn.gov.in/hospitals.html |work=[[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref>

Tirunelveli is part of the Tirunelveli telecom district of [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]], India's state-owned telecom and internet-services provider, which provides fixed line, and [[broadband internet]] services.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of cities where BSNL broadband service is available (As on 01.01.2007) |url=http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/broadband_list_of_cities.pdf |access-date=20 May 2011 |work=[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204070855/http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/broadband_list_of_cities.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of cities where Calling Line Identification Based Internet Service is available |url=http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/cities_cli.htm |work=[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] |access-date=19 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308094431/http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/cities_cli.htm |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}</ref> The city has a Passport Seva Kendra, which accepts passport applications from the Tirunelveli region for processing at the passport office in Madurai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/six-lakh-passports-issued-in-five-years/article4177360.ece |title=Six lakh passports issued in five years |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=17 January 2007 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1982 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-120-60151-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjTneAGmatsC |title=The History of Tinnevelly From The Earliest Period to the Cession to the English Government in 1801 |last=Caldwell |first= Robert |author-link=Robert Caldwell |edition=Reprinted |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1982 |orig-year=1881 |isbn=978-8-120-60161-1 |access-date=29 December 2012 }}
* {{cite report |url=http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/axismundi/2004/Hinduisms.pdf |title=Hinduisms, Christian Missions, and the Tinnevelly Shanars: A Study of Colonial Missions in 19th Century India |last=Daughrity |first=Dyron B. |year=2005 |pages=1–5 |publisher=[[University of Calgary]] |location=Alberta |access-date=29 December 2012}}
* {{cite report |url=http://www.missionstudies.org/conference/1papers/fp/Dyron_Daughrity_Tirunelveli.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093035/http://www.missionstudies.org/conference/1papers/fp/Dyron_Daughrity_Tirunelveli.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2007 |title=A Brief History of Missions in Tirunelveli1 (Part One): From the Beginnings to its Creation as a Diocese in 1896 |last=Daughrity |first=Dyron B. |publisher=Mission Studies |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2007 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |first=Alan |last=Davidson |author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |publisher=[[Oxford University press]] |year=1999 |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-192-11579-9 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC |title=Women in Modern India, Volume 4 |last=Forbes |first=Geraldine |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-65377-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Harman |first=William P. |title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess |year=1992 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0810-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C }}
* {{cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol. XXII Singbhum to Trashi-Chod-Zong |year=1908 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=635DAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=Human rights violation |last=Kanmony |first=Jebagnanam Cyril |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NE5UKHOFVGYC |year=2010 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-8-183-24347-6 }}
* {{cite book |title=Scheduled Caste Welfare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjGudU7RVwcC |first=P. |last=Kannappan |year=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-131-30370-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GG06ImmHy1oC |title=The Violence of Development: The Political Economy of Gender |last=Kapadia |first=Karin |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-842-77207-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BcUujyJpKEC |title=Essays on Indian Economy |last=Kumar |first=Raj |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2003 |isbn=978-8-171-41700-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sehdev |title= A thousand petalled lotus: Jain temples of Rajasthan : architecture & iconography |year=2001 |publisher=Indra Gandhi National Centre of Arts |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-170-17348-9}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boYncPEOJwcC&q=tirunelveli+schools&pg=PA121 |title=Christianity Reborn: The Global Expansion of Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century |last=Lewis |first=Donald M. |publisher=Eerdmans Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-802-82483-7 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBNMY34zknIC |title=Indian English Women's Fiction: A Study of Marriage, Career And Divorce |last=Manohar |first=Murali |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-269-0683-3 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WW67K09byR4C |title=Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India|last= Raman |first=Bhavani |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-226-70329-9 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC |title=Britannica India: Volumes 1-5 |last=Ramchandani |first=Indu |publisher=[[Britannica]] |location=New Delhi |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-852-29760-5 }}
* {{cite book |title=Alayam – The Hindu temple – An epitome of Hindu Culture |publisher=[[Ramakrishna Math]] |year=2013 |location=Chennai |last=Reddy |first=Venkatramana |isbn=978-8-178-23542-4}}
* {{cite book |first=Farooqui |last=Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth century |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-131-73202-1 |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=David| title=The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India By David |year=1996 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]] |isbn=978-0-521-48234-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/danceofsivarelig0000smit }}
* {{cite book |last=Soundarapandian |first=Mookkiah |title=Small Scale Industries, Volume 1 |year=2002|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-170-22990-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TojZelczVxAC}}
* {{cite book |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism |year=2001 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-170-22857-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAWS49f8HKoC }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&q=tirunelveli+economy&pg=PA79 |title=New Cambridge History of India |last1=Stein |first1=Burton |first2=Gordon |last2=Johnson |first3=Christopher |last3= Bayly |first4=John F. |last4=Richards |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stein |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16838/page/1/mode/2up |title=A Manual of the Tinnevelly district in the presidency of Madras |year=1879 |publisher=Government Press |location=Madras }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgSMPKVh7f8C |title=The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650 |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-89226-1 }}
* {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of South India, Volume 1|last=Francis |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vERnljM1uiEC |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2002 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Tirunelveli}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080110191554/http://tirunelvelicorp.tn.gov.in/ Tirunelveli City-Municipal Corporation]

{{Tirunelveli district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tirunelveli| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tirunelveli district]]

Mohan Joshi (spiritual leader)

2026-03-10T14:35:18Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: adding new info.

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader (born 1950)}}{{orphan|date=November 2023}}
{{EngvarB |date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|4|27}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| birth_name = Mohan Joshi
| website = {{URL|healmohan.org}}
}}

'''Mohan Joshi''' (born 27 April 1950) is an Indian spiritual leader.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/365282008|title=Hands-on Healer Offers an Alternative to Pain |first=Lisa |last=Tsering |date=30 December 2005|id={{ProQuest|365282008}} }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/08/08/stories/0408210o.htm|title=Man with a miraculous healing touch|date=7 August 2000 |first=Vijaykumar |last=Patil|website=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104092505/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/08/08/stories/0408210o.htm |archive-date=2018-11-04 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healmohan.org/index.php?r=site/articles|title=Old News Articles}}</ref>

==Biography==
Joshi was born on 27 April 1950, in [[Nagpur]]. He holds a degree in [[humanities]] and has a [[banking]] background.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Padmja |date=5 December 2014 |title=Mohan Joshi - a man with magical powers? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mohan-joshi-a-man-with-magical-powers-2041072 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]}}</ref> In December 1996, the Faculty of Medical Studies at the Medicina Alternativa Institute, affiliated with the Open International University for Complementary Medicines, awarded him the honorary Doctor of Science degree in Colombo.<ref name="auto1" />

Joshi's approach to healing involves hand placement on affected areas, with reported outcomes varying in duration and effect. He emphasizes patience and an open-minded approach during his sessions. He has healed various notable individuals, including [[Dhirubhai Ambani]], [[H. K. Patil]], and [[Balram Jakhar]].<ref name="auto" />

In 2002, it was reported that Joshi worked as a spiritual healer for [[Sushant Singh Rajput]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/sushant-singh-rajput-case-cbi-to-interrogate-mohan-joshi-spiritual-healer-who-claimed-to-treat-the-actor-1536892|title=सुशांत केसः मोहन जोशी से CBI करेगी पूछताछ, जानिए- कौन है एक्टर के इलाज का दावा करने वाला यह शख्स|first=एबीपी|last=न्यूज़|date=August 24, 2020|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/sushant-singh-rajput-death-case-cbi-summons-spiritual-healer-manoj-joshi-who-treated-sushant-says-report-10015709|title=Sushant Singh Rajput death case: CBI summons spiritual healer, Mohan Joshi who treated Sushant, says report|date=August 24, 2020|website=English Jagran}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Mohan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2023}}

Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla

2026-03-10T10:34:41Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: adding article

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Dinesh Selvaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla
| image = Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Dinesh Selvaraj
| producer =
| writer = Annakili Selvaraj
| starring = [[Karthik Raj]] [[Jagadeesh Kanna]] Shariya Evan Shri
| music = [[Navin (music director)|Navin]] [[Bjorn Surrao]]
| cinematography = Bagath Singh
| editing = Xavier Thilak
| studio = Alpha Studios
| distributor = Alpha Studios
| released = {{Film date|2017|03|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla''''' ({{translation|Nothing is wrong if some people benefit from it}}) is a 2017 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[heist film]] written and directed by debutant Dinesh Selvaraj. It is a [[Crowdfunding|crowdfunded]] film produced by Alpha Studios. Alpha Studios themselves did the distribution of the film. The film features [[Karthik Raj]], [[Jagadeesh Kanna]], Shariya, and Evan Shri in the lead roles. [[Navin (music director)|Navin]] and [[Bjorn Surrao]] composed the film score.

== Cast ==
*[[Karthik Raj]] as Anil<ref name="Naalu-Peruku-Nalladhuna-Edhuvum-Thappilla-teaser">{{Cite web |title='Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla' teaser |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naalu-Peruku-Nalladhuna-Edhuvum-Thappilla-teaser/articleshow/51066709.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225133223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naalu-Peruku-Nalladhuna-Edhuvum-Thappilla-teaser/articleshow/51066709.cms |archive-date=25 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Jagadeesh Kanna]] as Johnny
*Shariya as Prabhu
*Evan Shri as Sreedhar
*Arul Jothi as Pon Vinayagam
*Vaiydyanadhan as Dharmalingam

== Production ==
The film was reported in June 2017 when it was revealed that [[Karthik Raj]], who had appeared in ''[[Office (2013 TV series)|Office]]'' was making the debut in a venture produced by Alpha Studios with Crowd Funded resources along with Chennai's theatre fame [[Jagadeesh Kanna]],<ref name="Naalu-Peruku-Nalladhuna-Edhuvum-Thappilla-teaser" /> Shariya and Evanshri in lead roles. The project, titled ''Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla'', was to be directed by Dinesh Selvaraj, while [[Navin (music director)|Navin]] and [[Bjorn Surrao]] (Debut) would score the film's music.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=A successful crowd funded film – Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010417/naalu-peruku-nalladhuna-edhuvum-thappilla-review-a-successful-crowd-funded-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514025303/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010417/naalu-peruku-nalladhuna-edhuvum-thappilla-review-a-successful-crowd-funded-film.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=2014-02-01 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

''Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla'',had been bankrolled by a group of people.<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{Cite web |title=Crowdfunded film hits screens finally |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010417/crowdfunded-film-hits-screens-finally.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410133815/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010417/crowdfunded-film-hits-screens-finally.html |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date=2014-04-01 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The director of the movie Dinesh Babu Selvaraj, who worked as an assistant to Mani Ratnam from ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' to [[Kadal (2013 film)|''Kadal'']], had turned director with ''Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla''. The film, which was initially titled Boomerang,<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |title=Mani Ratnam's protege turns director – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/29/mani-ratnams-protege-turns-director-1587459.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905184005/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/29/mani-ratnams-protege-turns-director-1587459.html |archive-date=5 September 2017 |access-date=2017-03-30 |publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> later became ''NPNET'': “It was meant to signify that karma comes to hit back at you in strange way” said the director. Dinesh planned to collect amounts of ₹1,000 or ₹2,000 from a lot of people and give them tickets in return, but discovered it was more feasible to get investors who would pump in ₹1 lakh each. He stated “in reality, it’s not such a huge amount for some. So we thought we’ll go ahead and take a risk.” His total budget came to around ₹1.25 crore. In fact, SPB Charan was very interested in the script. He asked Dinesh to wait until he got done with two other project, but, after some time, Dinesh decided to go ahead with the project by himself.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |date=3 April 2017 |title=Mani Ratnam's protege turns director – The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-veterans-indie-start/article17776372.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403173621/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-veterans-indie-start/article17776372.ece |archive-date=3 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-03 |work=The Hindu |publisher=thehindu.com}}</ref> The filming was completed in mid 2015.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Navin (music director)|Navin]] and [[Bjorn Surrao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHYjZsf6E7Q|title=Kullanari Kootam - Naalu Perukku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thapilla | Music Video ft., Anirudh Ravichander|date=1 April 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title1 = Kullanari Kootam
| lyrics1 = Kalai Sai Arun
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length1 = 3:11
| total_length = 3:11
}}

== Critical reception ==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "A not-bad noir thriller about a small crook's attempts to pull off the big one. Look away from the sometimes aggressively showy filmmaking and an ill-advised stab at screwball comedy in the second half (involving a Sivaji Ganesan fan), and you have some solid writing.” <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharadwaj Rangan |date=31 March 2017 |title=Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/naalu-peruku-nalladhuna-edhuvum-thappilla-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402001610/http://www.filmcompanion.in/article/naalu-peruku-nalladhuna-edhuvum-thappilla-movie-review |archive-date=2 April 2017 |access-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Crowdfunded films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Krishna Ballabh Sahay

2026-03-06T06:49:40Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian politician (1898–1974)}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Copy edit|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Ballabh Sahay
| nickname = K B Sahay
| image = Krishna Ballabh Sahay (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Council|Member Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 1937
| term_end = 1939
| office1 = [[Constituent Assembly of India|Member of Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start1 = 9 December 1946
| term_end1 = 26 January 1950
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''
| office2 = [[Government of Bihar|Revenue Minister, Government of Bihar]]
| term_start2 = 20 April 1947
| term_end2 = 2 August 1962
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = S. K. Singh
| office3 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1952
| term_end3 = 1967
| constituency3 = [[Giridih]]
| office4 = 4th [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]
| term_start4 = 2 October 1963
| term_end4 = 5 March 1967
| predecessor4 = [[Binodanand Jha]]
| successor4 = [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sheikhpura]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|6|03|1898|12|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hazaribagh]], Bihar, India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Columba's College, Hazaribagh|St. Columba's College]]
| profession = [[Social activist]], [[politician]]
| signature = KBSAHAYSIGN.jpg
}}
'''Krishna Ballabh Sahay''' (31 December 1898 – 3 June 1974), was an Indian independence activist and politician who served as the fourth [[Chief Minister of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cm.bih.nic.in/formercm-bihar.htm |title=Welcome to the Official Website of Chief Ministers of Bihar |accessdate=2011-03-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319084817/http://cm.bih.nic.in/formercm-bihar.htm |archivedate=19 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sahay was born to an [[Ambashtha]] [[Kayastha]] Hindu family on 31 December 1898 in [[Sheikhpura]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=कृष्ण बल्लभ सहायः बिहार के वो मुख्यमंत्री जिनका पोता भी उनके खिलाफ नारे लगाता था |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/kisse/krishna-ballabh-sahay-was-the-fourth-cm-of-bihar-know-his-political-journey-and-interesting-facts/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=LallanTop - News with most viral and Social Sharing Indian content on the web in Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> district of [[Bihar]]. He was the eldest son of Munshi Ganga Prasad, who served as a [[Darogha]]<ref name=":0" /> under the [[British Raj]] at Padma [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]. In 1919, he graduated with first class in B.A. Hons. English from [[St. Columba's College, Hazaribagh]] then affiliated to [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]].

== Awards ==
He was awarded the Sir Edward Albert Gait's Gold Medal from the then Governor of Bihar and Orissa [[Edward Albert Gait]] for his excellence in English Language for his coherence & cohesion. His works are kept in Bihar Assembly.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} The [[Indian National Congress]] pays their tributes to Sahay every year on his Birth Anniversary.

== Independence movement ==
Soon thereafter in 1920, Sahay jumped into the fray giving up further studies by joining the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] at the call of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Between 1930 and 1934, he was jailed four times for different periods while taking part in the independence movement. During one of these incarcerations, he met his mentor [[Sri Krishna Sinha|Sri Babu]] and this bond of friendship remained intact throughout their lives. He was also close to [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], the other legendary nationalist from [[Bihar]].

In 1942 came Gandhi's battle cry of "Do or Die" for the "[[Quit India Movement]]". Before this, senior leaders of Bihar including [[Rajendra Prasad]] & [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] visited Bihar to convey the conclusions of the "Vardha Accord" as well as to charter an action plan for Bihar during the Quit India Movement, in an important meeting at Sadaquat Ashram. Sri Krishna Ballabh Sahay was a notable contributor to this plan. "Quit India Movement" was launched with great fierceness all over India and K B Sahay led the movement at Hazaribagh. The British Government ordered immediate arrest of all its leaders. An order to arrest Sahay was passed by Deputy Commissioner, Hazaribagh (Order No.: 132 of 10.08.1942) and the very next day he was sent off to jail. In jail, he was instrumental in the escape of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] from Hazaribagh Central jail along with his associates namely Rama Nandan Mishra, Yogendra Shukla, Suraj Narayan Singh, Sri Gulab Chand Gupta and Sri Shaligram Singh on 9 November 1942. As a consequence, he was sent off to [[Bhagalpur]] jail with orders for rigorous imprisonment.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajeshsahay1965.blogspot.com/2014/04/kbsahay-in-news-papers-over-years.html|title=Newspaper Sources|last=Sahay|first=Rajesh|date=26 April 2014}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=This is a Blogspot source. While it cites ''The Hindustan Times'' and ''The Telegraph'', Blogspot is not a reliable rehost of a newspaper source.|date=January 2023}}

== Political life ==
Earlier, when provincial autonomy was granted by the [[British Raj]], Sahay was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1936 and was made a parliamentary secretary in Sri Krishna Singh's ministry in 1937.

Sahay contested the first assembly elections of 1952 from [[Giridih]] and won by a handsome margin to return as the revenue minister to the Government of Bihar in Babu's cabinet. But in 1957, he was defeated in the assembly election from [[Giridih]] by Raja Kamakhya Narayan Singh of Padma (Hazaribag). However, K. B. Sahay won the assembly elections of 1962 to enter the Bihar Assembly for the third time. In 1957, during the leadership struggle between Dr. S K Sinha and Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha, he supported Anugrah Sinha for becoming [[Chief Minister]]. However Sri Krishna Babu won and again became the Chief Minister with Anugrah Sinha as his deputy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?7127 | title=K.B.Sahay }}</ref>

== Chief Minister of Bihar ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}
In the years that followed, [[K. Kamaraj|Kamraj]], the veteran Congress leader came forward with his "Kamraj Plan" to strengthen the party. On 19 September 1963, with the announcement of "Kamraj Plan" came the news of [[Binodanand Jha]] being taken as one of the eight Chief Ministers to look after the affairs of [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]. [[Beer Chand Patel]] threw his hat in the contest for the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]. Sahay who was deputy minister in Jha's cabinet was the other contestant. [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], the prominent Education Minister, who was decidedly second-in-command in the [[Binodanand Jha]] Cabinet announced his support for Sahay. Patel was no match for Sahay, who polled double the number of votes as Patel. Mr. Sahay was elected from [[Patna]] [[West]] constituency

On 2 October 1963, the birth anniversary of Gandhi was celebrated in Bihar along with the swearing in ceremony of Sahay as the fourth [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] with [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]] again becoming second in command.

Sahay lost the 1967 elections but won the local body elections in 1974 to enter the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] as an MLC. He faced enquiries by the Aiyyar Commission in between but was vindicated. Sahay met with a fatal road accident on 3 June 1974 just after winning the election, on his way back to his native place [[Hazaribag]].

From the leaders of Bihar in 20th century, Sahay has helped the people of this state to had constructive services which rendered towards the progress of Bihar. He attained it by determination, systematic planning and hard labour. He dreamed of an independent India and an ever-progressing Bihar.

==Death==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}
KB Sahay died on 3 June 1974, when his black [[Hindustan Ambassador]] BRM101 car was hit by a truck which reversed deliberately on [[Hazaribag]] – [[Patna]] Highway in Sindoor. Mr. Sahay was on the front seat of the car as usual, being driven by Surendra. The collision caused him to die on the spot. He was travelling from Patna to Hazaribagh.

=== Gallery ===
<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
File:Constitution of India (calligraphic) 461.jpg|[[Constitution of India]]
</gallery>

== Accomplishments in industries and education in [[Bihar]] & [[Jharkhand]] ==
Sahay was responsible for setting up of several industries in the state, prominent among them are the [[Barauni Refinery]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/BarauniRefinery.aspx|title=IndianOil Corporation | Barauni Refinery|access-date=8 March 2012|archive-date=20 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120014434/http://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/BarauniRefinery.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Bokaro Steel Plant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sail.co.in/pnu.php?tag%3Dbokaro |title=SAIL - Bokaro Steel Plant |accessdate=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107223600/http://www.sail.co.in/pnu.php?tag=bokaro |archivedate= 7 November 2012 }}</ref> Both were commissioned during his tenure as Chief Minister of Bihar. The [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] [[Ranchi]] where the current [[Jharkhand Government]] also runs, was commissioned during his tenure.

As the Chief Minister of Bihar, he gave full support for the establishment of Sainik School for [[Indian Armed Forces]] in [[Tilaiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sainikschooltilaiya.org/sweb/ContentPage.aspx?ContentMaster=1 |title=Welcome to Sainik School Tilaiya Website |access-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107035540/http://www.sainikschooltilaiya.org/sweb/ContentPage.aspx?ContentMaster=1 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also instrumental in starting women's college in [[Hazaribag]] in 1963, which is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kbwomenscollege.org/index.html |title=K B Women's College Hazaribag |access-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713011224/http://www.kbwomenscollege.org/index.html |archive-date=13 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* https://twitter.com/mib_india/status/1609125799675990016?s=46&t=tTUr3qdnOXR7ZPm7PGhzhg

* https://www.newsnationtv.com/states/bihar/for-the-lovers-of-freedom-the-sub-inspector-in-the-british-police-also-fought-with-his-father-kb-sahay-397001.html

* https://x.com/himantabiswa/status/1793557205888979288?s=46

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahay, K. B.}}
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Bhoomi (2000 film)

2026-03-04T07:32:49Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: made article

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhoomi
| image = Bhoomi (2000 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Gandharva
| writer = Dr. Madeva Bharani (dialogue)
| screenplay = Dr. Madeva Bharani
| story = Dr. Madeva Bharani
| based_on =
| producer = K M Eshwar Chandra Pokuri Shiva Prasad Ma Vivek Bharani
| starring = [[Devaraj]] [[Charulatha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = V. K. Kannan
| editing = Victor Yadav
| music = Gandharva
| studio = Bhuvi Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|06|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bhoomi''''' ({{Translation|Earth}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Gandharva. The film stars [[Devaraj]] and [[Charulatha]]. The film revolves around Bhoomi, the daughter of a priest, who falls in love with Kathla, who belongs to a lower caste. When the society opposes their love, they try to fight against all odds to unite.

==Plot==
Bhoomi is the only daughter of an orthodox Brahmin of the village, Madhwacharya. Vishnubhat is another Brahmin belonging to a different sect, who wants to settle scores with Madhwacharya. Kesava, son of Madhwacharya is a modern youth and is against the orthodoxy. But he loves his sister Bhoomi very much. Though Bhoomi is of a very dominating nature, her love for dalits is unquestionable.

An unexpected incident leads to the blossoming of love between Bhoomi and the village drummer Kathla. Meanwhile Bhoomi becomes pregnant also. Coming to know that his daughter is pregnant, Madhwacharya, wants to separate her from Kathla, but fails. Then he along with Kathla’s father tries to abort the pregnancy of Bhoomi, but there also he fails. And the conflict goes on.

==Cast ==
*[[Devaraj]] as Kathla
*[[Charulatha]] as Bhoomi
* [[Loknath]] as Madhwacharya
* Shankar Ashwath as Kesava
* HMT Ananthu as Vishnu Bhatta
* [[Karibasavaiah]]
* Krishnegowda
* Killer Venkatesh

== Music ==
The music was composed by director Gandharva also who also penned lyrics for all six songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/bhoomi-2000|title=Bhoomi|work=Chiloka.com|date=2000|access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Suttha Eluralli
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kogile Ku Ku
| extra2 = [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Maalige Maneya
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Kalyan Kalyana
| extra4 = Manjula Gururaj
| length4 =
| title5 = Elu Saagaradaache
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 =
| title6 = Manadaage
| extra6 = Shashikala
| length6 =
}}

==Reception==
A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' noted that "The director seems to have been confused here - whether to make it an art film or a commercial one. The subject he has chosen is that of the former, while the cast he had selected belong to commercial films" and concluded that "One or two songs by music director Gandharva and a few dialogues by Maadeva Bharani are worth mentioning".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=6007573&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Review: Bhoomi|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118012538/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=6007573&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=18 January 2005|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

A reviewer from ''indiainfo.com'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Once again targeting the Brahmin orthodoxy is Bhoomi, the debut film of Dr Mahadeva Bharani as director and storywriter. However, the film drags no end and predictably at that".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/index.html|title=''Bhoomi'': Targeting the orthodox|website=indiainfo.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816221216/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/index.html|archive-date=16 August 2000|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

A reviewer from ''go4i'' wrote "Sadly, the pace is ponderous, the narration is nonsensical, performances awful and the story ancient. [..] Debutante director Gandharva has turned the eternal tale of clashes between the upper caste and the lower caste into a circus. That he lacks a cinematic vision of any kind is clear from this film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/south/kannada/reviewsbhoomi.shtml|title=Bhoomi|website=go4i|access-date=25 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010909225211/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/south/kannada/reviewsbhoomi.shtml|archive-date=9 September 2001}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14741590}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2000 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]

Ellam Inba Mayam

2026-03-04T05:05:20Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: updated page

{{for|the 1981 film|Ellam Inba Mayyam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ellam Inba Mayam
| image = Ellam-inbamayam.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Jitten Banerji
| screenplay = Nagarcoil Padmanabhan (dialogues)
| story = [[R. Padmanaban]]
| producer = R. Padmanaban
| starring = [[T. R. Ramachandran]] [[K. A. Thangavelu]] [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] [[Rajasulochana]]
| cinematography = Kumaradevan
| editing = Narayanan B. Kandaswamy
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| studio = P. N. D. Productions
| distributor = Narayanan Company<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=27 March 1955 |title=எல்லாம் இன்பமயம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1955-03-27/page/n3/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240909070038/https://archive.org/details/kalki1955-03-27/page/n3/mode/2up |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=2 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1955|04|01}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Ellam Inba Mayam''''' ({{translation|Happily ever after}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Jitten Banerji. The film stars [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] and [[Rajasulochana]]. It was released on 1 April 1955.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1955 – எல்லாம் இன்பமயம் – பி.என்.டி.புரொடக்சன்ஸ். |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails3.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312031934/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails3.asp |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2022}}

== Cast ==
List compiled from the films song book<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNUW9SYnAzMXZ4U3c/view |title=எல்லாம் இன்பமயம் |publisher=P. N. D. Productions |year=1955 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |url-access=limited}}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male Cast
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Ganesh
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Sambandam
* [[T. K. Ramachandran]] as Rathnam
* Friend Ramasamy as Chakrapani
* T. N. Sivathanu as Govindara
* N. S. Narayana Pillai as Neelakantan
* M. N. Krishnan as Ramu
* M. S. Karuppaiya as Anamalai
* V. P. S. Mani as Tharumalingam
* Krishnamoorthi as Muthu
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Guest artistes
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Bhanu
* [[Rajasulochana]] as Vasantha
* Lakshmiprabha as Bhagyam
* K. N. Kamalam as Thripuram
* Dhanam as Seetha
{{col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=85 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist
|-
| "Ellam Inba Mayam" ||Ghantasala || Kuyilan
|-
| "Singaara Sangeethame" || [[P. Leela]]|| K. P. Kamatchisundaram
|-
| "Ulage Samaadhaana Aalamaram" ||P. Leela || Kuyilan
|-
| "Kannai Parikkum Vannam" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & P. Leela || V. Seetharaman
|-
| "Kaavi Kattave Vazhithanai Kaattum" || A. M. Rajah & Group || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]
|-
| "Vande Nee Vaa Vaa" || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]|| Kuyilan
|-
| "Haa Haa Vaazhve Ullaasame" || P. Leela || V. Seetharaman
|-
| "Oli Thandha Chudar Ponadhe" || P. Leela || Kuyilan
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mulzim (1963 film)

2026-03-04T03:58:28Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: minor refine references per sources and fixed typos after review

{{More citations needed|= July 2024|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
'''''Mulzim''''' is a Hindi [[Romance film|romance drama film]] directed by Nisar Ahmed Ansari<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulzim (1963) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mulzim-3090/cast-crew |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> starring [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Mulzim (1963) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/mulzim-1963-hindi-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released in 1963 under the banner of Bundelkhand Films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1963-01-01 |title=Mulzim Cast List {{!}} Mulzim Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mulzim/cast/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Ashok
* [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]] as Asha
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]]
* [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Ashok Mother
* N.A Ansari as Roy
* Kartar Singh as Sikh man in the police
* Neelofar
* Nasreen
* Champak
* Uma Dutt
* Sagar
* Ratan Gaurang
* Khurshid
* Murray as White Police officer
* Sarang Kumar
* Master Anwar
* Kailash
* Bakshi
* Bihari
* Robert
* Shafi
* Haroon
* Devi Chand
* S.K Chand
* H.Shukla

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Main Bajewala Bawa, Na Bhoot, Na Chhalawa"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Deewana Kehke Aaj Mujhe Phir Pukariye"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Ishqwalon Pe Zamane Ki Nazar Hoti Hai"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Kuwaan Paas, Tu Phir Bhi Pyaasa"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Sang Sang Rahenge Tumhare" (Sad)
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Sang Sang Rahenge Tumhare" (Happy)
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Aate Hi Jawani Ka Mausam"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0154912}}

[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:1963 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Story Kathe

2026-03-03T21:35:03Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: updated details

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Story Kathe
| image =
| caption =
| director = Jagadish K. R.
| producer = Jagadish K. R.
| writer = Jagadish K. R.
| screenplay = Jagadish K. R.
| based_on = 
| starring = Prathap Narayan [[Parvathy Nair]] [[Thilak Shekar]] Neha Patel
| narrator =
| music = Vasu Dixit Sathish Babu
| cinematography = [[S. R. Sathish Kumar]]
| editing = Sachin
| studio = Nirvana Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2013|05|24|df=yes}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Story Kathe''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by Jagadish K. R. It stars Prathap Narayan and Thilak Shekar.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131102044131/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13529.html "Kannada Friday: Will 'Story Kathe' be able to cast its spell at the box office?"]. ''IBNLive''.</ref>

Filming began in 2012 and went through several revisions. It finally opened in 2013 to positive reviews, but earned less than expected at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Story-Kathe-audio-launched/articleshow/13292342.cms|title='Story Kathe' audio launched|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216020258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Story-Kathe-audio-launched/articleshow/13292342.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Prathap Narayan as Veera
* [[Thilak Shekar]] as Rajiv
* [[Parvathy Nair]] as Pallavi
* Neha Patel
* Aaryan Achukatla

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Story Kathe
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Vasu Dixit, Sathish Babu
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 19 May 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:23
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Vasu Dixit and Sathish Babu composed the film's background score and music for its soundtrack, with its lyrics written by Santhosh Nayak. The soundtrack album consists six tracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Story Kathe (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url= https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/story-kathe-original-motion/id879594775 |publisher= iTunes |access-date= 31 March 2015 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180943/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/story-kathe-original-motion/id879594775 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:23
| title1 = Charuthara Shashi Moreyol
| lyrics1 = Santhosh Nayak
| extra1 = [[Anuradha Bhat]], [[Santhosh Venky|Santhosh]]
| length1 = 4:17
| title2 = Badukoke Saithavne
| lyrics2 = Santhosh Nayak
| extra2 = Vasu Dixit
| length2 = 4:55
| title3 = Nadi Nee Yodha
| lyrics3 = Santhosh Nayak
| extra3 = Santhosh, Harsha, Akanksha Badami
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Charuthara Shashi Moreyol (Version 2)
| lyrics4 = Santhosh Nayak
| extra4 = Anuradha Bhat, Santhosh
| length4 = 5:05
| title5 = Badukoke Saithavne (Version 2)
| lyrics5 = Santhosh Nayak
| extra5 = Vasu Dixit
| length5 = 3:45
| title6 = Charuthara Shashi Moreyol (Remix)
| lyrics6 = Santhosh Nayak
| extra6 = DJ Saheer Rahman
| length6 = 3:39
}}

== Release ==
=== Critical reception ===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Director K R Jagadish has given a different kind of a movie for the Sandalwood. There is freshness in the script and narration as the director has tried to tell two different stories on parallel tracks".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Story-Kathe/movie-review/20247477.cms STORY KATHE MOVIE REVIEW] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054928/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Story-Kathe/movie-review/20247477.cms |date=5 March 2016 }}. ''The Times of India''.</ref>

==Awards==
;[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* SIIMA Award for Best Female Debutant – [[Parvathy Nair]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|fRVOb1f4aco|''Trailer Story Kathe''}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]

Tenali Ramakrishna (film)

2026-03-03T20:47:17Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Created Biography

{{short description|1956 film by B. S. Ranga}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tenali Ramakrishna
| image = Tenali Ramakrishna (1956).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| producer = B. S. Ranga
| writer = [[Samudrala Sr.]] [[Kannadasan]] Murugadasa
| based_on = {{based on|''Tenali Ramakrishna''|Ch. Venkataramaiah}}
| screenplay = B. S. Ranga
| starring = {{ubl|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]|[[V. Nagayya]]|[[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]|[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]}}
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| cinematography = B. S. Ranga B. N. Haridas
| editing = P. G. Mohan
| studio = Vikram Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1956|1|12}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Tenali Ramakrishna''''' is a 1956 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political drama]] film produced and directed by [[B. S. Ranga]] based on Ch. Venkataramaiah's stage play of the same name. Produced for the banner Vikram Productions, it stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[V. Nagayya]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] in key roles. Ranga handled the cinematography with his brother-in-law B. N. Haridas while P. G. Mohan edited the film. [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] composed the soundtrack and background score.

Written by [[Samudrala Sr.]], [[Kannadasan]], and Murugadasa, ''Tenali Ramakrishna'' narrates the story of the 16th-century Telugu poet and scholar of the [[Tenali Rama|same name]], and his life as a member of the court of [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishnadevaraya]], the king of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Using his wits, Ramakrishna manages to save Krishnadevaraya from attacks on his empire by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. The rest of the film is about Ramakrishna's efforts to save Krishnadevaraya from the courtesan Krishnasani, a spy, and convincing Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] against extending support to the Sultanate in the war.

Produced as a [[Multiple-language version|bilingual film]] shot simultaneously in the Telugu and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages with a slightly altered cast, ''Tenali Ramakrishna'' was filmed in and around Revathy Studios at Madras. It was released on 12 January 1956 to mixed reviews from critics who criticised the historical inaccuracies portrayed in the film. ''Tenali Ramakrishna'' was a commercial success, won the President's Silver medal for the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] and the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#All India Certificate of Merit|All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film]] at the [[4th National Film Awards]]. Its Tamil version, titled ''[[Tenali Raman (film)|Tenali Raman]]'', featured [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as the protagonist and was released on 3 February 1956. ''Tenali Ramakrishna'' was later remade in Kannada as ''[[Hasyaratna Ramakrishna]]'' in 1982 by Ranga himself but it was a commercial failure.

== Plot ==
[[Tenali Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna]] is a poet and scholar in the Telugu and Sanskrit languages whose talent is not recognised in his hometown [[Tenali]]. To earn a living, he migrates to [[Hampi]] with his wife Kamala and son Madhava. On his way to Hampi, he stops at a [[Kali]] temple. He is initially terrified looking at the goddess' idol and the animal sacrifices made to please her. That night, Kali appears before him and grants a boon: he must choose either wisdom or wealth. Ramakrishna opts for both, which angers Kali. She warns him that he might end up as a ''Vikatakavi'' (jester poet) whose wisdom is useful solely for entertaining others. Ramakrishna accepts this as a blessing and asks Kali to save him from further dangers. The goddess agrees and disappears.

Ramakrishna reaches Hampi and approaches [[Lakshmi Kumara Thathachariar|Tatacharya]], the royal priest of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], to find employment in the court of King [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishnadevaraya]]. Neither Tatacharya nor his assistants help him, and he leaves dejected. However, he finds an opportunity when Krishnadevaraya is unable to distribute 17 elephants among three brothers as instructed in their deceased father's will. Ramakrishna solves the problem and Krishnadevaraya appoints him as a member of court. With his wit and loyalty, Ramakrishna soon earns the respect of all the court's members with the exception of Tatacharya who sees him as a problem.

The [[Deccan sultanates]] of [[Berar sultanate|Berar]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], and [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]]—decide to wage a war on the Vijayanagara empire with united military forces. They send Kanakaraju, a spy, to Hampi where he meets Ramakrishna, who happens to be a distant relative. A few days later, Kanakaraju tries to assassinate Krishnadevaraya, and Tatacharya blames Ramakrishna for giving shelter to a spy. As Ramakrishna is about to be executed on the King's orders, he overhears a conversation between another spy and the court's astrologer. The spy bribes the astrologer to influence Krishnadevaraya to postpone the war on Bijapur so they have time to make proper preparations. Ramakrishna escapes and meets Prime Minister [[Timmarusu]] who helps him reveal the astrologer's intentions. The astrologer is killed, and Tatacharya, who believed in him in good faith, is accused of trying to backstab the king. Ramakrishna intervenes and Tatacharya is saved, improving their relationship.

The [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani Sultanate]] then sends the courtesan Krishnasani to Hampi. With her acclaimed dancing skills, she manages to attract the attention of Krishnadevaraya, who finds himself besotted by her wit and sensuousness. He issues orders that anyone who enters his private chamber will be beheaded and spends time with Krishnasani for months. Timmarusu and Ramakrishna learn that the Sultans are planning to take advantage of the King's inaccessibility and will soon launch a combined attack on Hampi. Worried about the state of affairs, Ramakrishna ignores the King's order and enters his abode dressed as a woman, but is ignored and expelled from the kingdom.

Meanwhile, Krishnadevaraya's wife [[Tirumala Devi]] falls seriously ill, and he finally realises his mistakes. Once the King is back at his palace, Ramakrishna manages to enter Krishnasani's chamber again, this time under the guise of a saint. He catches her red-handed with her gang of spies, and signals to the hidden soldiers to surround her. She kills herself preferring a dignified death. Ramakrishna wishes to leave for [[Delhi]] to convince Emperor [[Babur]] not to send his [[war elephant|elephantry]] to support the Sultanate in the war.

Ramakrishna reaches Delhi and meets Babur in the guise of an aged fakir. He sings his praises until he empties all the gold coins Babur has. Babur invites him to his palace to gift him properly. Ramakrishna goes to Babur's palace. He introduces himself as one of the innocent citizens of the Vijayanagara empire who will suffer if Babur extends his support to the unjust Sultanate. Babur is convinced and calls his elephantry back. Dismayed at the sudden turn of events, the Sultanate calls off the war. Krishnadevaraya learns about Ramakrishna's efforts in stopping the war from Timmarusu. Remorseful, Krishnadevaraya invites Ramakrishna to rejoin the court; he gladly agrees.

== Cast ==

;Male actors
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishnadevaraya]]
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as [[Tenali Rama]]krishna
*[[V. Nagayya]] as [[Timmarusu]]
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Tatacharya
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah]] as Appanna, Tatacharya's assistant
*Master Venkateshwar as Madhava, Ramakrishna's son
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Kanakaraju
*Kamaraju as [[Babur]]

;Female actors
*[[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] as Krishnasani
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Kamala, Ramakrishna's wife
*surabhi Balasaraswathi Devi as Radha
*Sandhya as [[Tirumala Devi]]
*Lakshmikantha as a street dancer
*Venkumamba as Ramakrishna's mother

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the success of his first production venture ''[[Maa Gopi]]'' (1954), [[B. S. Ranga]] wished to produce and direct a historical film based on the life of the 16th century Telugu poet and scholar [[Tenali Ramakrishna]], one of the [[Ashtadiggajas]] (a collective title given to the eight Telugu poets in the court of [[Krishnadevaraya]], which literally translates as "eight great elephants").<ref name="Sithara2">{{Cite magazine |date=18 June 2018 |title=రంగా మలచిన రమ‌ణీయ దశ్య‌కావ్యం 'తెనాలి రామకృష్ణ' |trans-title=Ranga's memorable work on Celluloid 'Tenali Ramakrishna' |url=http://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/tenali/1302 |magazine=Sithara |language=Telugu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325070145/http://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/tenali/1302 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> He planned it as a [[Multiple-language version|bilingual film]] to be filmed simultaneously in the Telugu and Tamil languages but with a slightly altered cast.<ref name="book ref">{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563579-9 |pages=348 |orig-date=1994}}</ref> Ranga collaborated with [[Samudrala Sr.]], [[Kannadasan]] and Murugadasa on the basic script for both the versions.<ref name="book ref" /> They decided to adapt Ch. Venkataramaiah's Kannada-language stage play ''Tenali Ramakrishna'' into the film, instead of following [[H. M. Reddy]]{{'s}} script for the 1941 Telugu directorial of the same name.<ref name="Sithara2" /> Ranga titled the film ''[[Tenali Raman (film)|Tenali Raman]]'' in Tamil.<ref name="book ref" />

Venkataramaiah's play was comical in nature, and focused on the life and times of Ramakrishna. Fearing it would fail to translate on-screen effectively, Samudrala and Kannadasan decided to incorporate political elements during the rule of Krishnadevaraya.<ref name="Prajasakti2">{{Cite news |date=3 February 2018 |title=తెనాలి రామ‌కృష్ణ‌ |trans-title=Tenali Ramakrishna |work=Prajasakti |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Something_Special/2006739 |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325071038/http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Something_Special/2006739 |archive-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> While Samudrala focused on the administrative aspects of Krishnadevaraya, Kannadasan opted to "humanise" the king by writing scenes related to his personal life and preferences.<ref name="Prajasakti2" /> ''Tenali Ramakrishna'' was filmed in and around Revathy Studios in Madras, due to the floors of Ranga's production company Vikram Studios still being under construction.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=14 November 2014 |title=Tenali Ramakrishna (1956) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tenali-ramakrishna-1956/article6596304.ece |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325071904/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tenali-ramakrishna-1956/article6596304.ece |archive-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> V. S. Rangachari, the film's associate director, assisted Ranga in directing the Telugu version.<ref name="Sithara2" />

=== Cast and crew ===
Ranga cast [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] to play Ramakrishna in Telugu, with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] replacing him in the Tamil version.<ref name="book ref" />[[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[V. Nagayya]] were signed to play Krishnadevaraya and his minister [[Timmarusu]], respectively.<ref name="The Hindu" /> [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] played the role of [[Lakshmi Kumara Thathachariar|Tatacharya]], the kingdom's royal priest.<ref name="The Hindu" /> He was replaced by [[M. N. Nambiar]] in the Tamil version.<ref name="book ref" />

Ranga approached [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] to play Krishnasani. Initially uninterested, Bhanumathi accepted the offer because of Ranga's association as a cinematographer for the films produced by her production company [[Bharani Pictures]].<ref name="The Hindu" /> ''Tenali Ramakrishna'' is the only film where Bhanumathi shared the screen simultaneously with both Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao.<ref name="Prajasakti2" /><ref name="The Hindu" /> [[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah]], Sandhya, [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], Lakshmikantha, Venkumamba and Master Venkateshwar were cast in key supporting roles. Kamaraju appeared as Emperor [[Babur]], and [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] made a brief appearance as Ramakrishna's relative Kanakaraju.<ref name="Sithara2" />

[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] were signed to compose the soundtrack and background score for both the versions.<ref name="book ref" /> Ranga's brother-in-law B. N. Haridas worked as the cinematographer.<ref name="The Hindu" /> However, Ranga was credited as the film's director of photography with Haridas.<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/ABY |title=తెనాలి రామకృష్ణ |publisher=Vikram Productions |year=1956 |language=Telugu |trans-title=Tenali Ramakrishna |type=songbook}}</ref> P. G. Mohan edited the film.<ref name="songbook" /> Vali and Ganga were the art directors, and V. K. Srinivasan was the film's production manager.<ref name="songbook" /> Chopra and Gopalakrishnan choreographed the dance sequences.<ref name="songbook" />

== Music ==
Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy composed the soundtrack and background score, with Samudrala penning the lyrics for the songs and poems.<ref name="songbook" /> [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[P. Leela]], [[P. Susheela]], Balasaraswathi and [[A. P. Komala]] were the soundtrack's playback singers.<ref name="songbook" /> Bhanumathi provided vocals as the playback singer for the songs featuring her.<ref name="The Hindu" /> The song "Chesedi Yemito" was composed using the [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]] raga.<ref name="Sithara2" /> "Neevega Raja Neevega" and "Jhan Jhan Kankanamulu" are based on the [[Shanmukhapriya]] and [[Shuddha Saveri]] ragas.<ref name="Sithara2" /> The song "Chandana Charchita", an [[ashtapadi]] adapted from ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' written by the Sanskrit poet [[Jayadeva]], was composed using the [[Mohanam]] raga.<ref name="Sithara2" /> When Ghantasala refused to take money for the 14 poems he sang, Ranga went to his home and gave his wife Savithri Ghantasala one hundred rupees for each poem.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Ramakoti, who played a washer man in the film, sang the song "Akathayipilla Mooka".<ref name="The Hindu" />

The soundtrack, marketed by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], was released on 1 December 1956. The songs received positive reviews from the critics after the film's release. A review dated 27 January 1956 in ''Swatantra'' said: "The songs help the film greatly, with all the singers performing very well, though the ones sung by Bhanumathi could have been much better [sic]".<ref name="Swatantra">{{Cite magazine |date=27 January 1956 |title='తెనాలి రామకృష్ణ': సమీక్ష |trans-title='Tenali Ramakrishna': Review |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/ECO |magazine=Swatantra |language=Telugu |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> The reviewer also found the background score "generally effective", and "exceptional" at times.<ref name="Swatantra" /> ''Zameen Raithu'', in its review dated 10 February 1956, praised Samudrala for adapting Jayadeva's ashtapadi and other complicated poems and not "compromising" for the common audience to understand. However, the reviewer was critical of the grammatical and pronunciation errors made by the singers and actors in the film.<ref name="Zameen">{{Cite news |date=10 February 1956 |title=చిత్రసమీక్ష: 'తెనాలి రామకృష్ణ' |language=Telugu |trans-title=Film Review: 'Tenali Ramakrishna' |work=Zameen Raithu |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/ECP |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> The songs "Theerani Naa Korikale", "Chandana Charchita", "Jhan Jhan Kankanamulu", and "Gandupilli Menumarachi" gained popularity post release.<ref name="The Hindu" />

'''Track listing'''
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| total_length = 1:28:34
| all_lyrics = [[Samudrala Sr.]]
| title1 = Chesedi Yemito
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length1 = 3:43
| title2 = Chandana Charchitha
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 3:32
| title3 = Tenali Ramakrishna
| note3 = Padyam
| extra3 = Ghantasala, [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
| length3 = 18:00
| title4 = Theerani Naa Korika
| extra4 = [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]
| length4 = 2:42
| title5 = Jagamula Dayanele
| note5 = Part 1
| extra5 = [[P. Leela]]
| length5 = 2:06
| title6 = Ee Kaanthalu
| note6 = Padyam
| extra6 = Ghantasala
| length6 = 0:30
| title7 = Tharuna Sasanka
| note7 = Padyam
| extra7 = [[A. P. Komala]], Ghantasala
| length7 = 3:25
| title8 = Ichchakaalu Neeku
| note8 = with Dialogues
| extra8 = P. Leela, Madhavapeddi Satyam
| length8 = 3:53
| title9 = Jhan Jhan Kankanamulu
| extra9 = [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
| length9 = 3:34
| title10 = Kannulu Ninde
| extra10 = Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
| length10 = 3:13
| title11 = Jagamula Dayanele
| note11 = Part 2
| extra11 = P. Leela
| length11 = 1:25
| title12 = Neevega Raja Neevega
| extra12 = Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
| length12 = 2:27
| title13 = Hareram Gandupilli Menumarachi
| extra13 = Ghantasala, [[V. Nagayya]]
| length13 = 2:28
| title14 = Aakathayipilla Mooka
| extra14 = Ramakoti
| length14 = 1:26
| title15 = Tenali Ramakrishna
| note15 = Dialogues – Part 1
| extra15 = Ghantasala, [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| length15 = 19:12
| title16 = Tenali Ramakrishna
| note16 = Dialogues – Part 2
| extra16 = Ghantasala, Madhavapeddi Satyam, N. T. Rama Rao, Akkineni Nageswara Rao, [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]], [[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah]]
| length16 = 16:58
}}

== Release ==
''Tenali Ramakrishna'' was released on 12 January 1956,<ref name="Release poster">{{Cite news |date=12 January 1956 |title='Tenali Ramakrishna' Theatrical release poster |language=Telugu |work=Visalaandhra |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/ECK |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> with an approximate total length of {{Convert|18292|feet|metres}} in 20 reels, with a running time of 169 minutes.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5J1qrddD1Ro |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5J1qrddD1Ro |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Tenali Ramakrishna (1956) |date=27 June 2014 |publisher=Volga Videos |access-date=25 March 2019 |work=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Navayuga films distributed the film in the Vijayawada, Guntakal, and Madras areas.<ref name="Release poster" /> The Nizam area distribution rights were acquired by All India Corporation Limited.{{efn|For film trade purposes, the Nizam region includes the three districts of [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]], [[Bidar district|Bidar]], and [[Raichur district|Raichur]] in [[Karnataka]] and seven districts in the [[Marathwada]] region including [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Nanded district|Nanded]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Beed district|Beed]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]] and [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]] apart from the state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2013 |title=Nizam territory will remain indispensable for Tollywood |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nizam-territory-will-remain-indispensable-for-Tollywood/articleshow/21499426.cms |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215082550/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nizam-territory-will-remain-indispensable-for-Tollywood/articleshow/21499426.cms |archive-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>}}<ref name="Release poster" /> Due to technical issues, the film had a delayed theatrical release on 13 and 14 January 1956 in 13 centres across Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 1956 |title='Tenali Ramakrishna' theatrical release advertisement |language=Telugu |work=Andhra Patrika |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/ECM |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> ''Tenali Raman'' was released on 3 February 1956, with both the versions being commercially successful.<ref name="The Hindu" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenali Ramakrishna (1956) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/tenali-ramakrishna-1956 |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=Chiloka.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name="Sithara2" /><ref name="Prajasakti2" /> ''Swatantra'', in its review dated 27 January 1956, wrote that the film was paced evenly until the end, and Samudrala's writing was one of the biggest strengths of the film.<ref name="Swatantra" /> The reviewer praised Nageswara Rao's performance and dialogue delivery, but was critical of Rama Rao and Bhanumathi, noting that the latter was very "ill at ease" playing Krishnasani which was "surprising" given that the role was in her comfort zone.<ref name="Swatantra" /> ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' gave a negative review, writing that the film was disappointing and criticised the climax as the film's weakest link.<ref name="Zameen" /> In its review dated 10 February 1956, ''Zamin Ryot'' wrote that Ranga has a great vision which cannot be ignored, and an eye for subtle and innuendo-free comedy, calling Samudrala's writing and screenplay praiseworthy.<ref name="Zameen" /> The reviewer added that the characterisations were ill-developed, with Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao salvaging the film to an extent, though Bhanumathi struggled in portraying the grey shades with authenticity.<ref name="Zameen" />

The film was also criticised for being historically inaccurate. ''Swatantra'' noted that Ramakrishna is given credit for solving the problem of distributing 17 disputed elephants among three brothers, though this was actually done by Timmarusu.<ref name="Swatantra" /> ''Zamin Ryot'' was very critical of the portrayal of Ramakrishna as a staunch [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavite]], while he was a Telugu [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] Brahmin with the alternate name Ramalinga.<ref name="Zameen" /> The reviewer noted that the depiction of the clean-shaven Ramakrishna, a [[Niyogi|6000 Niyogi Brahmin]] by birth, was inaccurate for the period as Niyogis always sported a moustache in the 14th century.<ref name="Zameen" />

== Accolades ==
''Tenali Ramakrishna'' won the President's Silver medal for the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] and the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#All India Certificate of Merit|All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film]] at the [[4th National Film Awards]].<ref name="Sithara2" /><ref name="Prajasakti2" /> The film was the second South Indian film to win the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#All India Certificate of Merit|All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film]].<ref name="The Hindu2">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=14 November 2014 |title=Tenali Ramakrishna (1956) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tenali-ramakrishna-1956/article6596304.ece |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325071904/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tenali-ramakrishna-1956/article6596304.ece |archive-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>

== Remake ==
''Tenali Ramakrishna'' was remade by Ranga into the Kannada language again in 1982 as ''[[Hasyaratna Ramakrishna]]'', starring [[Anant Nag]] and [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Ramakrishna and Krishnadevaraya. Unlike the original, the remake was a commercial failure<ref name="The Hindu" /> with critics specifying that the audience did not accept Ramakrishna dominating Krishnadevaraya throughout the film.<ref name="Prajasakti2" />

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film |state=autocollapse}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:1950s biographical films]]
[[Category:1950s historical comedy films]]
[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. S. Ranga]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films set in the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian historical comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tenali Rama]]

Main Zaroor Aaunga

2026-03-02T10:10:37Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: adding new article.

{{Short description|2019 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Main Zaroor Aaunga
| image = Main Zaroor Aaunga.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Chandrakant Singh]]
| writer = M. Salim
| based_on =
| producer = Mahendra Singh Namdev
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Arbaaz Khan]]
*[[Aindrita Ray]]
*[[Vikas Verma]]
}}
| cinematography = Johny Lall
| editing = Aashish Gaikar
| music = Rajendra Shiv Sandeep Batraa
| studio = AShirwad CineVision Pvt Ltd
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|09|27}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Main Zaroor Aaunga''''' ({{Translation|I will definitely come}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror film|horror]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Chandrakant Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-arbaaz-khan-shares-a-motion-poster-of-his-next-film-main-zaroor-aaunga/articleshow/70860765.cms|title=Watch: Arbaaz Khan shares a motion poster of his next film ' Main Zaroor Aaunga'|date=27 August 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107114942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-arbaaz-khan-shares-a-motion-poster-of-his-next-film-main-zaroor-aaunga/articleshow/70860765.cms|archive-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> Starring [[Arbaaz Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/main-zaroor-aaunga-movie-official-trailer-arbaaz-khan-5030653/ |title=बोल्ड सीन्स, हॉरर, सस्पेंस का पिटारा लेकर आए अरबाज खान, 'देखेें 'मैं जरूर आऊंगा' का ट्रेलर |date=30 August 2019|work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]]|language=en|access-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126183225/https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/main-zaroor-aaunga-movie-official-trailer-arbaaz-khan-5030653/ |archive-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> [[Aindrita Ray]] and [[Vikas Verma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-trailer-release-of-arbaaz-khan-new-suspense-thriller-movies-main-zaroor-aaunga-nodal-2374501.html |title=अरबाज खान की नई फिल्म सस्पेंस थ्रिलर 'मैं जरूर आऊंगा' का ट्रेलर रिलीज |date=30 August 2019|work=[[News18 India]]|language=en|access-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913205231/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-trailer-release-of-arbaaz-khan-new-suspense-thriller-movies-main-zaroor-aaunga-nodal-2374501.html |archive-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 27 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/main-zaroor-aaunga-trailer-arbaaz-khan-resolves-to-return-from-the-dead-in-chandrakant-singhs-horror-fare-7254811.html |title=Main Zaroor Aaunga trailer: Arbaaz Khan resolves to return from the dead in Chandrakant Singh's horror fare |date=30 August 2019|work=[[Firstpost]]|language=en|access-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103031535/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/main-zaroor-aaunga-trailer-arbaaz-khan-resolves-to-return-from-the-dead-in-chandrakant-singhs-horror-fare-7254811.html |archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
{{Cleanup|reason=Complete plot is needed. See [[WP:TEASER]]|date=April 2025}}
{{More plot|date=April 2025}}
Yash, a successful businessman, and Lisa, a model, enjoy a blissful marriage. However, things take an ugly turn after Lisa is found cheating on her husband with her friend, Peter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/movie-reviews/main-zaroor-aaunga-movie-review-arbaaz-khan-horror-thriller/ |title='Main Zaroor Aaunga' Movie Review: Arbaaz Khan is the only saving grace in this botched up horror-thriller |date=28 September 2019|work=bollywoodbubble.com|language=en|access-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124182315/https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/movie-reviews/main-zaroor-aaunga-movie-review-arbaaz-khan-horror-thriller/ |archive-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Arbaaz Khan]] as Yash Malhotra<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/main-jaroor-aaunga-trailer-arbaaz-khan-starrer-horror-film-is-filled-with-mystery-and-drama/articleshow/70906485.cms |title='Main Jaroor Aaunga' trailer: This Arbaaz Khan starrer horror film is filled with mystery and drama |date=30 August 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103031400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/main-jaroor-aaunga-trailer-arbaaz-khan-starrer-horror-film-is-filled-with-mystery-and-drama/articleshow/70906485.cms |archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
*[[Aindrita Ray]] as Lisa
*[[Vikas Verma]] as Peter
*[[Govind Namdev]] as Police Inspector
*Hemant Pandey as Tiwari
*Vineet Verma
*Ali Shah
*Jeba Baig

==Production==
''Main Zaroor Aaunga'' was entirely shot in Switzerland from start to finish unlike many Indian films which only shoot a few scenes there. [[Govind Namdev]] plays a detective in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepatriot.in/show-reel/i-am-inspired-by-real-people-12686 |title='I am inspired by real people' |date=11 October 2019|work=thepatriot.in|language=en|access-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529043414/https://thepatriot.in/show-reel/i-am-inspired-by-real-people-12686 |archive-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/main-zaroor-aaunga-song-teaser-out-title-track-of-this-arbaaz-khan-starrer-horror-mystery-film-will-release-tomorrow/articleshow/71047381.cms|title='Main Zaroor Aaunga' song teaser out: Title track of this Arbaaz Khan starrer horror mystery film will release tomorrow|date=9 September 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104144925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/main-zaroor-aaunga-song-teaser-out-title-track-of-this-arbaaz-khan-starrer-horror-mystery-film-will-release-tomorrow/articleshow/71047381.cms|archive-date=4 November 2023|access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Main Zaroor Aaunga
| music1 = Rajendra Shiv
| lyrics1 = Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
| extra1 = Mohammed Irfan
| length1 = 2:59
| title2 = Saanson Mein Simat Jao
| music2 = Sandeep Batraa
| lyrics2 = Azeem Shirazi
| extra2 = Sandeep Batraa, Tripty Sinha
| length2 = 4:53
}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Pooja Raisinghani from [[The Times of India]] wrote "Although the film aims to mix the genre of horror with thriller, ''Main Zaroor Aaunga'' fails to both, thrill and scare the audience, and you may not end up admiring anything but the snowclad mountains in the background".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/main-zaroor-aaunga-trailer-arbaaz-khan-resolves-to-return-from-the-dead-in-chandrakant-singhs-horror-fare-7254811.html |title=Main Zaroor Aaunga Movie Review: A bland tale of vengeance |date=27 September 2019|work=First Post|language=en|access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> Kunal Guha from [[Mumbai Mirror]] wrote "But this one seems to be put together possibly to corroborate a devious tax fraud-of-sorts. But if you're prepared to brave severed heads being tossed like volleyballs, milk tea magically turning into blood and other hilarious gaffes, this one's a must-watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/main-zaroor-aaunga-movie-review-arbaaz-khans-thriller-offers-more-grins-than-thrills/articleshow/71338035.cms |title=Main Zaroor Aaunga movie review: Arbaaz Khan's thriller offers more grins than thrills |date=27 September 2019|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|language=en|access-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411182022/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/main-zaroor-aaunga-movie-review-arbaaz-khans-thriller-offers-more-grins-than-thrills/articleshow/71338035.cms |archive-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> A reviewer of [[Mayapuri (magazine)|Mayapuri]] said, "There is nothing in the film to motivate the audience to watch the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mayapuri.com/hi/reviews/movie-review-main-zaroor-aaunga |title= मूवी रिव्यू: नहीं डरा पाती 'मैं जरूर आऊगां'|date=28 September 2019|work=[[Mayapuri (magazine)|Mayapuri]]|language=hi|access-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104074348/https://mayapuri.com/hi/reviews/movie-review-main-zaroor-aaunga |archive-date=4 November 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority Control}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8512694}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 thriller films]]

Aligarh Junction railway station

2026-02-26T06:32:17Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: quick fix page and updated info

{{short description|Railway station in Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|Aligarh Junction.}}
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Aligarh Railway Station in the morning - panoramio.jpg
| image_caption = Aligarh Junction Railway Station
| address = NH 91, Church compound, [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]],
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|193|m|ft}}
| line = [[Kanpur–Delhi section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]], [[Aligarh–Bareilly Branch line]] and [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]]
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 7
| parking = {{rint|park}} Yes
| bicycle = No
| other = [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px|Taxi]] [[Taxi|Cabs]], [[File:Bus.svg|20px|Bus]] City Bus, Auto-rickshaw
| opened = 1865-66
| closed =
| electrified = [[File:Electric.svg|30px]] 1975–76
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = ALJN
| division = {{rwd|Prayagraj}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone]]
| services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px]] [[File:AB-Rast.svg|15px]] [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV]] [[File:Aiga_escalator_down_mirror.svg|20px]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|20px]] [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers = 205,000 daily{{Citation needed|date=August 2021|reason=No reliable source link provided to show daily passengers footfall}}
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_dot_label = Aligarh railway station
| map_size = 300
}}
'''Aligarh Junction railway station''' is an 'NSG 3 category' [[junction station]] on the [[Kanpur–Delhi section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] and Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aligarh Railway Station Map/Atlas NCR/North Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/aligarh-junction-aljn/710|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref> It is located in [[Aligarh district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It serves [[Aligarh]].

==History==
Trains started running on the [[East Indian Railway Company]]'s Howrah–Delhi line in 1866.<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title = IR History: Early History (1832–1869) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 28 June 2013}}</ref>

The Bareilly–Moradabad Chord via [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], with a branch line to Aligarh, was built by [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] in 1894.<ref name=fibis>{{cite web| url = http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Oudh_and_Rohilkhand_Railway |title = Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway| publisher= fibis| access-date = 30 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=orr>{{cite web | url = http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.pdf | title = The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Management E-books6 | access-date = 28 June 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Tundla–Hathras—Aligarh–Ghaziabad and Aligarh–Harduaganj sectors were electrified in 1975–76.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 28 June 2013}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
There are Seven platforms with three foot bridges. Lift facility is available at platform numbers 1&2,3&4,5&6. Escalators also available at platform 2 and 7. A new terminal at city side is now also in working.

It also has two double-bedded non-AC retiring rooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trainenquiry.com/o/StaticContent/Railway_Amnities/NC_R/Retiring_room_NCR.htm |title=North Central Railway: Retiring Room Facilities |publisher=Trains Enquiry |access-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624223505/http://www.trainenquiry.com/o/StaticContent/Railway_Amnities/NC_R/Retiring_room_NCR.htm |archive-date=24 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Accident==
Five people were killed and many others injured in an accident at Aligarh railway station on the evening of Sunday 19 June 2011. The accident took place when a goods train was passing a crowded platform. According to officials, a brake lever snapped from the train, and the projecting wheel ploughed into passengers waiting at the platform. There were many people waiting for the [[Delhi]]–[[Tundla]] passenger train on the platform. The hand brake and the connecting rod had come loose and the protruding object turned deadly for the victims. While two people died on the spot, three others succumbed to their injuries in hospital. At least six other injured people were admitted to Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College Hospital at [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/five-killed-in-freak-accident-at-aligarh-railway-station-135929-2011-06-19 | title = Five Killed in Freak Train Accident at Aligarh railway station | publisher= Indiatoday | access-date = 20 June 2011 }}</ref>

==Major trains==
*[[Anand Vihar Terminal–Ayodhya Cantonment Vande Bharat Express]]
*[[Mau–Anand Vihar Terminal Express]]
*[[Neelachal Express]]
*[[Nandan Kanan Express]]
*[[Lucknow–New Delhi Swarna Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Kanpur–New Delhi Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Darbhanga–Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express]]
*[[Champaran Humsafar Express]]
*[[Kaifiyat Express]]
*[[Brahmaputra Mail]]
*[[Farakka Express (via Sultanpur)]]
*[[Farakka Express (via Ayodhya Cantt)]]
*[[Bhagalpur–Anand Vihar Terminal Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Rewa–Anand Vihar Superfast Express]]
*[[Jaynagar–Anand Vihar Garib Rath Express]]
*[[North East Express]]
*[[Lichchavi Express]]
*[[Magadh Express]]
*[[Amrapali Express]]
*[[Sangam Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Bareilly Weekly Express]]
*[[Indore–Bareilly Weekly Express]]
*[[Sambalpur–Jammu Tawi Express]]
*[[Muri Express]]
*[[Gomti Express]]
*[[Swatantra Senani Superfast Express]]
*[[Mahabodhi Express]]
*[[Sikkim Mahananda Express]]
*[[Netaji Express]]
*[[Seemanchal Express]]
*[[Poorva Express (via Patna)]]
*[[Poorva Express (via Gaya)]]
*[[Unchahar Express]]
*[[Kalindi Express]]
*[[Bhrigu Superfast Express]]
*[[Vaishali Express]]
*[[Prayagraj Express]]
*[[Santragachi–Anand Vihar Superfast Express]]

==See also==
* [[Tundla Junction railway station]]
* [[Hathras Junction railway station]]
* [[Khurja Junction railway station]]
* [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station]]
* [[Bareilly Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|710}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Aligarh}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=North Central Railway zone|left=Daud Khan|right=Maharwal|type=[[Kanpur–Delhi section]]
|line2=North Central Railway zone|left2=|right2=Manzurgarhi|type2=Aligarh–Moradabad branch line}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1866]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Prayagraj railway division]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Aligarh]]

Teetwal

2026-02-24T20:50:21Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Created Entry - done

{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Teetwal
| other_name = Tithwal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.39|N|73.77|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Teetwal/@34.3927317,73.7649675,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x38e09473034cf935:0x4678334a7253c027!8m2!3d34.391564!4d73.7727908?hl=en&authuser=0|title=Teetwal (Google Maps)|work=Google Maps|accessdate=29 August 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1035<ref name="Teetwal Population"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Pahari language|Pahari]],[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193225<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postalpincodefor.com/pin-code-of-Teetwal/Tangdhar/Kupwara/Jammu-And-Kashmir|title=Teetwal Pin Code|work=Postal Pin Code For|accessdate=16 March 2020}}</ref>
| registration_plate = JK
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Teetwal''' (also spelled '''Tithwal''') is a small border village in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It is situated on the banks of the [[Kishanganga River]] in [[Kupwara district]], {{cvt|82|km}} from the district headquarters and close to the [[Line of Control]] with Pakistani-administered Kashmir, bordering the village of [[Chilehana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/340km-loc-road-to-put-vales-on-tourism-map/articleshow/77453907.cms|title=340km LoC road to put vales on tourism map | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Teetwal is connected to the rest of India via [[Tangdhar, Jammu and Kashmir|Tangdhar]]. Not to be confused with Teetwals, a sub-section of [[Swati tribe|the Swati tribe]] living near Kashmir in [[Balakot]].

==History==
In June 1847 [[Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew]], who was en route to [[Gilgit]], stopped at Teetwal. There he was met by Rajah Shere Ahmad Khan of [[Karnah]], Khan was concerned about the rival claims of Moizoodeen Khan, Agnew described the meeting as follows: "Had a conversation with Rajah Shere Ahmed Khan. He is in reality tolerably hopeful, but pretends great fear and uncertainty lest Moizoodeen Khan’s offers should prevail at Court. Told him his failing to come in to [[Harry Burnett Lumsden|Lieutenant Lumsden]] or me prevented his having any claim to be heard by me. Recommended him to give up Moizoodeen’s property to the Maharajah, and send a Vakeel to Court."<ref name="Agnew">Diaries of Mr. P. A. Vans Agnew, Assistant to the Agent, Governor-General, North-West Frontier, On Deputation to Gilgit, in 1847.{{source-attribution}}</ref>
Prior to [[Partition of India|the 1947 Partition of India]], Teetwal used to be a commercial hub.<ref name=tet1/>

==Geography ==
Teetwal village is located on the [[Line of Control]] (LOC), separating Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from Pakistani-administered regions. As per the [[Karachi Agreement (Azad Kashmir)|Karachi Agreement]] signed by India and Pakistan in 1949, no construction is permitted within 500 yards of the zero line on LOC, and this "no construction zone" is considered a "no man's land" which is secured by both countries with landmines within their respective areas. India has constructed an [[Line of Control#Indian Line of Control fencing|Anti-Infiltration Obstacle System]] (AIOS) along the 734 km of LOC. AIOS is a three-tiered fencing system with checkposts and wire fences where villagers are given passage based on the smart card-based identity cards issued by the Indian Army. Teetwal is among the villages that lie between the landmine zero point on the LOC and the 3 tiers of AIOS.<ref name=tet1/>

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| width = auto
| location = Teetwal (1981–2023 via satellite observations )
| Jan record high C = 26.1
| Feb record high C = 29.7
| Mar record high C = 33.5
| Apr record high C = 38.1
| May record high C = 42.0
| Jun record high C = 44.8
| Jul record high C = 42.5
| Aug record high C = 36.3
| Sep record high C = 34.0
| Oct record high C = 33.6
| Nov record high C = 32.1
| Dec record high C = 27.8
| year record high C = 44.8
| Jan high C = 15.7
| Feb high C = 18.3
| Mar high C = 23.5
| Apr high C = 28.1
| May high C = 32.8
| Jun high C = 35.1
| Jul high C = 34.3
| Aug high C = 26.5
| Sep high C = 27.1
| Oct high C = 26.3
| Nov high C = 23.7
| Dec high C = 18.1
| year high C = NA
| Jan low C = 2.8
| Feb low C = 3.5
| Mar low C = 8.3
| Apr low C = 13.6
| May low C = 18.1
| Jun low C = 23.1
| Jul low C = 21.4
| Aug low C = 17.3
| Sep low C = 12.8
| Oct low C = 10.2
| Nov low C = 8.7
| Dec low C = 4.2
| year low C = NA
| Jan record low C = -15.1
| Feb record low C = -14.7
| Mar record low C = -8.3
| Apr record low C = -2.1
| May record low C = -1.5
| Jun record low C = 5.8
| Jul record low C = 9.1
| Aug record low C = 7.5
| Sep record low C = 3.8
| Oct record low C = -2.6
| Nov record low C = -4.3
| Dec record low C = -13.1
| year record low C = -15.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 40.2
| Feb rain mm = 44.6
| Mar rain mm = 104.7
| Apr rain mm = 140.1
| May rain mm = 84.9
| Jun rain mm = 62.4
| Jul rain mm = 234.2
| Aug rain mm = 431.8
| Sep rain mm = 343.4
| Oct rain mm = 142.1
| Nov rain mm = 82.0
| Dec rain mm = 40.3
| year rain mm =
| Jan rain days = 5.7
| Feb rain days = 6.2
| Mar rain days = 11.6
| Apr rain days = 10.8
| May rain days = 4.7
| Jun rain days = 3.4
| Jul rain days = 15.8
| Aug rain days = 21.5
| Sep rain days = 17.3
| Oct rain days = 8.5
| Nov rain days = 6.4
| Dec rain days = 6.1
| year rain days =
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time]]
| source = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Kupwara Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 441–442
| access-date = 24 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
*[[Kupwara]]
*[[Lolab Valley]]
*[[Kupwara district]]
*[[Tulail Valley]]
*[[Teetwal, Jammu and Kashmir|Teetwal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{Villages in Kupwara district}}

==Maa Sharda Devi temple==
On 22 March 2023, Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] re-inaugurated the Sharda Devi temple in Teetwal, Karnah in Kupwara district, which is close to [[Line of Control|the Line of Control]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/srinagar/new-era-shah-inaugurates-temple-near-loc-in-jk/articleshow/98924460.cms|title='New era': Amit Shah inaugurates temple near LoC in J&K}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/temple-at-teetwal-step-towards-building-kartarpur-like-corridor-for-sharda-peeth/articleshow/98032774.cms|title='Temple at Teetwal step towards building Kartarpur-like corridor for Sharda Peeth'}}</ref>
The construction work on the Sharda Peeth base temple at Teetwal started after local Muslims handed over the land for the construction of a temple in 2021. They also remained part of the construction of the temple and its inauguration.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Plans To Open Corridor To Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir For Pilgrimage |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-open-corridor-to-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-for-pilgrimage-3885050 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> The architecture and reconstruction of the Maa Sharda Devi temple was carried in accordance with scriptures under the aegis of [[Sharada Peeth]], and the temple was inaugurated on the first day of [[Chaitra Navratri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/shah-e-inaugurates-sharda-devi-temple-says-reviving-old-culture-490543|title=Shah e-inaugurates Sharda Devi temple, says reviving old culture}}</ref> A mosque is also being constructed near this temple. The Teetwal temple of Maa Sharda Devi was the base camp for [[Sharada Peeth]] prior to partition. The temple was destroyed by tribal raiders in 1947. [[Sharada Peeth]] is situated barely 40 kilometers from Teetwal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/diwali-lights-lit-sharda-devi-temple-at-teetwal-for-first-time-since-independence-along-loc-in-j-k-s-kupwara-news-232493|title=Diwali Lights Lit Sharda Devi Temple At Teetwal For First Time Since Independence Along LoC In J&K's Kupwara}}</ref>

==Administration ==
Teetwal has an elected [[gram panchayat]] for [[Local government in India|local governance]]. There is a school with 400 students and an irrigation canal constructed with the INR 2,200,000 provided by the [[Indian Army]] under the [[Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)|Operation Sadbhavana]], and several bunkers to protect villagers from the shelling and firing by the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name=tet1>[https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/loc-international-border-villages-india-pakistan-aios On the wrong side of fence], [[The Caravan]], 01 April 2021.</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Teetwal has 187 households.<ref name="Teetwal Population">{{cite web|url=https://ourhero.in/villages/teetwal-331|title=Teetwal Population|work=Our Hero.in|accessdate=16 March 2020}}</ref> The literacy rate of Teetwal village was 73.75% compared to 67.16% of Jammu and Kashmir. In Teetwal, male literacy stands at 89.89% while female literacy is 55.67%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teetwal Village Population - Karnah - Kupwara, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/331-teetwal-jammu-and-kashmir.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)
! !! le
|-
| Population || 1035 || 549 || 486
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 193 || 104 || 89
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 103 || 51 || 52
|-
| Literacy || 73.75% || 89.89% || 55.67%
|-
| Workers (all) || 235 || 211 || 24
|-
| Main workers (total) || 161 || – || –
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 74 || 71 || 3
|}

==Transport==

===Road===

Teetwal in India, is right on the Line of Control between India and Pakistan, is connected to Tangdhar in India via the ''"Gundishat Bridge-Teetwal Road"''. [[National Highway 701 (India)|NH 701]] which begins at Tangdhar, provides further connectivity to other places in Jammu and Kashmir and beyond in India.

====Tithwal International Bridge====
Tithwal Bridge is one of the five crossing points along the Line of Control between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/a-shut-loc-bridge-and-a-kashmir-village-living-under-the-shadow-of-pakistani-snipers/524598/|title=A shut LoC bridge, and a Kashmir village living under the shadow of Pakistani snipers}}</ref> It was first constructed in 1931, but was destroyed in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|First Kashmir war]]. However, in 1988, the bridge was reconstructed jointly by India and Pakistan. This bridge connects the ''"Srinagar-Sopore-Tangdhar-Teetwal road"'' in India to the ''"[[Muzaffarabad]]-Nausadda-[[Kundal Shahi (village)|Kundal Shahi]] road"'' in Pakistan.

===Rail===
The nearest railway stations to Teetwal are [[Baramulla railway station]] {{convert|118|km}} and [[Sopore railway station]] , 116 km away, both are on [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Baramulla-Sopore-Srinagar-Jammu railway line]] and these are reachable by a 3.5 hour drive by road from Tangdhar.

===Air===
The nearest airport is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport]], located at a distance of {{convert|168|km}}.

==See also==
*[[Lolab Valley]]
*[[Sharada Peeth]]

==Referencesthe ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Villages in Kupwara district]]

Moupal Deshpran Vidyapith

2026-02-18T11:05:49Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: adding entry

{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=November 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moupal Deshpran Vidyapith
| official_name = Moupal High School
| other_name =
| settlement_type = High School
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.58|N|87.05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Salboni]], [[West Midnapore|Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 2 January 1955
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Government
| seat =
| government_type = State Government
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 2
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1100
| population_as_of = 1955
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 47
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 721516
| registration_plate =
| website = http://www.moupaldpvidyapith.in/
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Moupal Deshpran Vidyapith''' is a public high school situated at Moupal, [[Salboni]] in [[Paschim Medinipur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOUPAL DESHAPRAN VIDYAPITH |url=https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/institute/moupal-deshapran-vidyapith/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education |language=en-US}}</ref> It was established in 1928 and got recognition in 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOUPAL DESHPRAN VIDYAPITH U P - Garmal-6 District Paschim Medinipur (West Bengal) |url=https://schools.org.in/paschim-medinipur/19200609002/moupal-deshpran-vidyapith-u-p.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
Infrastructural development is heading parallel with academic advancement. In 2006, a school-attached hostel was set up for the SC & ST students. As of 2025, 175 students reside at Rabindra Siksharthi Ashram, the school hostel. In the 2006–07 academic session, the Vocational Stream was introduced, offering job-oriented courses. In 2010, the Higher Secondary section was added with Science and Humanities streams. As of 2025, the school has approximately 1,300 students enrolled.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1928 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1928]]

List of 2024 box office number-one films in India

2026-02-08T15:35:55Z

Rajeshwar Hospital:

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

This is a list of films which ranked number one at the weekend [[box office]] for the year [[2024 in film|2024]] in India as per Mojo.

== Number-one films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+2024 Box office number-one films by weekend in India as per Mojo<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/by-year/2024/?area=IN |title=India Box Office Weekends For 2024 |access-date=15 January 2026|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
! {{abbr|#|Week number}}
! Weekend end date
! Film
! Weekend domestic gross
! Primary language
! {{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| 7 January
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Migration (2023 film)|Migration]]''
| $105,787
| rowspan=7 | English
| rowspan=52 | <ref name="mojo" />
|-
| 2
| 14 January
| $48,645
|-
| 3
| 21 January
| ''[[Night Swim]]''
| $55,756
|-
| 4
| 28 Januaryf
| ''[[Migration (2023 film)|Migration]]''
| $17,229
|-
| 5
| 4 February
| ''[[Next Goal Wins (2023 film)|Next Goal Wins]]''
| $15,031
|-
| 6
| 11 February
| ''[[Migration (2023 film)|Migration]]''
| $16,592
|-
| 7
| 18 February
| ''[[The Holdovers]]''
| $28,969
|-
| 8
| 25 February
| rowspan=3 | ''[[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]''
| $3,130,817
| rowspan=3 | Hindi
|-
| 9
| 3 March
| $2,275,402
|-
| 10
| 10 March
| $1,105,755
|-
| 11
| 17 March
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]''
| $2,076,624
| rowspan=42 | English
|-
| 12
| 24 March
| $1,189,874
|-
| 13
| 31 March
| ''[[Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire]]''
| $6,117,263
|-
| 14
| 7 April
| rowspan=4 | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]''
| $419,496
|-
| 15
| 14 April
| $209,609
|-
| 16
| 21 April
| $122,443
|-
| 17
| 28 April
| $175,622
|-
| 18
| 5 May
| ''[[The Fall Guy]]''
| $493,400
|-
| 19
| 12 May
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes]]''
| $1,680,963
|-
| 20
| 19 May
| $616,758
|-
| 21
| 26 May
| ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]''
| $1,594,997
|-
| 22
| Jun May
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes]]''
| $78,761
|-
| 23
| 9 June
| $29,499
|-
| 24
| 16 June
| rowspan=4 | ''[[Inside Out 2]]''
| $875,487
|-
| 25
| 23 June
| $816,317
|-
| 26
| 30 June
| $407,991
|-
| 27
| 7 July
| $244,144
|-
| 28
| 14 July
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Despicable Me 4]]''
| $505,043
|-
| 29
| 21 July
| $278,940
|-
| 30
| 28 July
| rowspan=4 | ''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]''
| $9,718,183
|-
| 31
| 4 August
| $3,062,936
|-
| 32
| 11 August
| $1,755,429
|-
| 33
| 18 August
| $236,512
|-
| 34
| 25 August
| ''[[Alien: Romulus]]''
| $528,577
|-
| 35
| Sep August
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]''
| $154,006
|-
| 36
| 8 September
| $63,864
|-
| 37
| 15 September
| ''[[Speak No Evil (2024 film)|Speak No Evil]]''
| $114,539
|-
| 38
| 22 September
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Never Let Go (2024 film)|Never Let Go]]''
| $66,409
|-
| 39
| 29 September
| $45,516
|-
| 40
| 6 October
| ''[[Inside Out 2]]''
| $11,272
|-
| 41
| 13 October
| ''[[White Bird (film)|White Bird]]''
| $35,058
|-
| 42
| 20 October
| rowspan=2 | ''[[The Wild Robot]]''
| $435,727
|-
| 43
| 27 October
| $164,721
|-
| 44
| 3 November
| ''[[Longlegs]]''
| $237,263
|-
| 45
| 10 November
| ''[[The Wild Robot]]''
| $91,503
|-
| 46
| 17 November
| ''[[Venom: The Last Dance]]''
| $7,733,109
|-
| 47
| 24 November
| ''[[Longlegs]]''
| $390,022
|-
| 48
| Dec November
| rowspan=3 | ''[[Moana 2]]''
| $1,572,870
|-
| 49
| 8 December
| $581,226
|-
| 50
| 15 December
| $365,654
|-
| 51
| 22 December
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Mufasa: The Lion King]]''
| $4,816,728
|-
| 52
| 29 December
| $3,461,006
|}

== Highest-grossing films ==
{{see also|2024 in film#Highest-grossing films}}

=== In-Year Release ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films of 2024 by In-year (Only domestic gross collection) release<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/ |title=Box Office Collection 2024 – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>
! Rank
! Title
! Domestic gross
! Primary Language
! {{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
| {{INR|1381 crore}}
| rowspan=2|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jatinder |date=2024-12-14 |title=Pushpa 2 Box Office: Allu Arjun film shatter records on Saturday, Eyes 200cr second weekend in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-2-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-29-allu-arjun-blockbuster-to-break-rs-1800-crore-barrier-today-9757599/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| {{INR|800 crore}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-07-29 |title=Kalki 2898 AD 32 Days Total World Wide Collections!! |url= https://t2blive.com/kalki-2898-ad-32-days-total-world-wide-collections/#:~:text=Total%20WW%3A%20370CR(Break%20Even,and%20give%20you%20correct%20information.|access-date=2024-07-30|website=T2BLive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-07-17 |title=‘Kalki 2898 AD’ Leads as Indian Box Office Hits $600 Million in First Half of 2024 |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kalki-2898-ad-indian-box-office-first-half-2024-1236075003/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| ''[[Stree 2]]''
| {{INR|740.28 crore}}
| [[Hindi]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-08-15 |title=Stree 2 Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/stree-2-2/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=2024-10-11 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| ''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|{{INR|329.25 crore}}
| Telugu
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2024-10-29 |title=Devara Final Worldwide Box Office Collection: Jr NTR, Janhvi Kapoor and Saif Ali Khan starrer is at the end of its TRIUMPHANT run; Targets a Rs 408 crore finish |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/devara-final-worldwide-box-office-collection-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-and-saif-ali-khan-starrer-is-at-the-end-of-its-triumphant-run-targets-a-rs-408-crore-finish-1355852 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Devara: Part 1 Box Office: Jr. NTR starrer storms past Rs. 521+ crores worldwide |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/devara-part-1-box-office-jr-ntr-starrer-storms-past-rs-521-crores-worldwide/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=15 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''
| {{INR|328.33 crore}}
| rowspan=2|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2024|title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3/box-office/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| ''[[Singham Again]]''
| {{INR|316.45 crore}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-11-01 |title=Singham Again Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/singham-again/box-office/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''
| {{INR|305 crore}}
| rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{efn|name=goat|''The Greatest of All Time''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹455.63 (''[[News18 India|News18]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-28 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's The GOAT Falls Short Of Expectations, Ends Theatrical Run At Rs 455 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-the-goat-falls-short-of-expectations-ends-theatrical-run-at-rs-455-crore-9067215.html |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=[[News18 India|News18]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002020011/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/thalapathy-vijays-the-goat-falls-short-of-expectations-ends-theatrical-run-at-rs-455-crore-9067215.html |url-status=live}}</ref>)- ₹456 crore (''[[Pinkvilla]]'' <ref name="goat 456cr">{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2024-10-01 |title=The GOAT Final Box Office Collections Worldwide: Thalapathy Vijay's action-drama to end its theatrical SHOWDOWN at Rs 456 crore; A Super-Hit |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-final-box-office-collections-worldwide-thalapathy-vijays-action-drama-to-end-its-theatrical-showdown-at-rs-456-crore-a-super-hit-1351301 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en|archive-date=2024-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001085319/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-final-box-office-collections-worldwide-thalapathy-vijays-action-drama-to-end-its-theatrical-showdown-at-rs-456-crore-a-super-hit-1351301 |url-status=live}}</ref>)}}
|-
| 8
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| {{INR|252.43 crore}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=Amaran Worldwide Box Office (28 Days): Needs Just 14.50 Crores More To Surpass Mani Ratnam’s Ponniyin Selvan 2! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/amaran-worldwide-box-office-28-days-needs-just-14-50-crores-more-to-surpass-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-2/|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''
| {{INR|244.7 crore}}
| Hindi
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fighter/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |date=29 January 2024 |title=Fighter Box Office {{!}} India Box Office Collection - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=29 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| ''[[Hanu-Man]]''
| {{INR|243.2 crore}}
| Telugu
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=HanuMan At Worldwide Box Office (After 33 Days)|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/hanuman-at-worldwide-box-office-after-33-days-teja-sajja-starrer-to-miss-the-300-crore-mark-by-an-inch/}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films by Central Board of Film Certification|Highest-grossing films by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] rating of 2024
|U
|''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]''
|-
|U/A
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|-
|A
|''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]''
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian films of 2024]]
* [[List of 2023 box office number-one films in India]]
* [[List of 2025 box office number-one films in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/list/ls520838492/ Upcoming movies in India] at IMDb

{{Lists of box office number-one films}}

[[Category:Lists of 2024 box office number-one films|India]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cinema|*]]

Lady Irwin College

2026-02-02T15:16:09Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Creating Basic Data V1

{{Short description|Constituent college of Delhi University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Lady Irwin College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| motto = Vidya hi Sewa
| motto_lang = hi
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type =
| established = {{start date and age|1932}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = University of Delhi
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Delhi]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director = Prof. Neelima Asthana
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 1800
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = Sikandra Rd, Mandi House
| city = New Delhi
| state = Delhi
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 110001
| mapframe-zoom = 16
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = 16.5 acres
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ladyirwin.edu.in}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lady Irwin College''' is a constituent college of the [[University of Delhi]] located on the North Campus. Established in 1932, it is a [[Women's colleges|women's college]] located in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]], and offers graduate courses in Home Science and Food Technology as well as graduate and post-graduate courses in Home Science. The college offers specialisation in Food and Nutrition, Human Development and Childhood Studies, Resource Management and Design Application, Development Communication and Extension and Fabric and Apparel Sciences. The college also offers studies in the paramedical disciplines of Food Science and Nutrition. The college is among the top 5, and best in Asia, for Home Science; the college is also recognised by world standards. According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2021, Lady Irwin College was ranked in the range of 251-300 for the subject of "Education"<ref name=ho>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/05/30/stories/2005053000370500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301223109/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/05/30/stories/2005053000370500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2006|title=Home Science from Lady Irwin College|date=30 May 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article6897.ece|title=There's more to Lady Irwin College than good food|date=21 August 2009|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Campus Hangout: A benign spectator|date=2008-11-29|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==History==
In 1928, the [[All India Women's Conference]] began to raise funds for the college.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68xTBT1-H4IC&q=%22all+india+women%27s+conference%22&pg=PA68|title=The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women's Rights and Feminism in India 1800-1990|last=Kumar|first=Radha|publisher=Zubaan|year=1997|isbn=9788185107769|location=New Delhi|pages=68–69|language=en}}</ref> The college was established in 1932 under the patronage of [[Dorothy Wood, Countess of Halifax|Lady Dorothy Irwin]], wife of [[Lord Irwin]], [[Viceroy of India]] and the Maharanis of Baroda and Bhopal, Sarojini Naidu, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Annie Besant, Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay, [[Margaret Cousins]] and Sir Ganga Ram Kaula.

Hannah Sen (1894–1957) was a Baghdadi Jewish woman. She was the founder of the Lady Irwin College in Delhi in 1932. Sen served as the director of the college until her retirement in 1947. An existing building on the grounds of Lady Irwin College is named after her.

The buildings of the college campus have been classified and protected as heritage sites.

The college shifted to its current campus at Sikandra Road in 1938. Until 1950, it was managed by the All India Women's Education Fund Association, after which it became affiliated with the [[University of Delhi]], and honours degree courses were introduced in the college.<ref name=makht>{{cite news |title=Making history with brick and mortar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Making-history-with-brick-and-mortar/Article1-745801.aspx |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 September 2011 |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205200651/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Making-history-with-brick-and-mortar/Article1-745801.aspx |archive-date=5 December 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Motto===
The aphorism '''"Vidya Hi Seva"''' ({{literally|Education is Service}}) is read beneath the crest of the College emblem.
During the pre-independence period, along with Lady Dorothy Irwin, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]] were amongst the other revolutionists who participated in the struggle by the way of emancipation of women. The college came up in 1931, but during the course of developments, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and M.K. Gandhi exchanged letters<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/e/cwmg/VOL069.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020845/http://www.gandhiserve.org/e/cwmg/VOL069.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> over the finalisation of the motto for the emblem. Discussing how "knowledge itself is service" against "service itself is knowledge", Gandhi gave a green signal for the previous one. The teaching learning transactions true to the motto, endeavour to inculcate a sense of knowledge to serve through carefully designed outreach experiences.{{dubious|Looks like a text taken from elsewhere and not very elegantly edited down until much of the sense was lost or must be guessed.|post-text=Language? Meaning?|date=August 2020}}

==Courses==
* B.Sc. (Pass) Home Science - 3-year degree course.<ref name=ho/>
* B.Sc. (Honors) Home Science - 3-year degree course.
* B.Ed (Home Science) -2 year degree course
* B.Ed. Special Education (MR) - 1-year degree course.
* B.Sc. Food technology
* Post Graduate Diploma in Dietetics & Public Health Nutrition - 1-year diploma course
* M.Sc. Home Science - 2-year degree course in:
** Food & Nutrition
** Human Development & Childhood Studies
**Fabric and Apparel Science
**Development Communication & Extension
**Resource Management & Design Application
* Ph.D. - In all five specialisations of Home Science

==Rankings==
It is ranked 23rd among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

{{Infobox India university ranking
}}

==Alumni==
* [[Manpreet Brar]], model and [[Femina Miss India|Miss India 1995]]
* [[Shyamala Gopalan]], Indian-American cancer researcher (mother of [[Kamala Harris]])
* [[Ritu Kumar]], fashion designer<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Life/Fashion/Designers/I-met-my-hubby-coz-of-my-college/articleshow/6101560.cms|title=I met my hubby 'coz of my college|date=24 July 2010|work=The Times of India|first1=Diksha|last1=Kamra}}</ref>
* [[Suniya S. Luthar]], Professor Emerita at [[Teachers College Columbia University]]
* [[Thangam Philip]], [[Padma Shri]] civilian award winner for her contributions to the field of nutrition and her pioneering role in hospitality education in India<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip">{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/padmashree-thangam-e-philip/22 | title=Padmashree Thangam E. Philip | publisher=Kerala Tourism, Government of Kerala | date=2015 | accessdate=22 June 2015 | archive-date=22 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622174353/https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/padmashree-thangam-e-philip/22 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Thangam Elizabeth Philip: A Tribute to the Doyen of Hospitality Education - ET HospitalityWorld |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/speaking-heads/thangam-elizabeth-philip-a-tribute-to-the-doyen-of-hospitality-education/82824462 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=ETHospitalityWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sushma Seth]], actor and founder ''Yatrik'' Theatre Group<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sushmaseth.com/profile.php|title=Educational Qualifications}}</ref>
* [[Chitrangada Singh]], actor

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Delhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|https://www.ladyirwin.edu.in}}

{{Portal bar|Education}}
{{University of Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1932]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in British India]]

Muslim Halwai

2026-01-30T22:42:19Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: small edit

{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
|group= Muslim Halwai
|population =
|popplace = • Pakistan • India
|langs =
|rels= Islam
|related= [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]]
}}

The '''Muslim Halwai''' are a Muslim community found in various parts of India and Pakistan, mainly in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. They have their ancestral backgrounds from [[Halwai]] tribes. [[Halva]] means ''sweets'' in [[Hindi]] and ''Halvai'' or ''Halwai'' are sweet makers. They are also known as Mohammadi Halwai, Adnani.{{cn|date=October 2023}}. The Halwai are a Sunni Muslim community. Due to the widespread influence of Sufism and Sufi saints across India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, many Halwai communities converted to Islam through prominent figures such as [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti|Moinuddin Chishti]], [[Baba Farid|Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar]], [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki|Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki]], and [[Baha' al-Din Naqshband|Bahauddin Naqshbandi]], becoming their ''murids'' (disciples). To express their spiritual connection, they adopted these Sufi saints' names as surnames, such as [[Chishti Order|Chishti]], [[Qadiriyya|Qadri]], Nizami, Misbahi, Razavi, Faridi, and Siddiqui (the latter due to the [[Naqshbandi|Naqshbandi order]]). It's crucial to understand that this adoption of surnames signifies discipleship, not direct lineage.

In Uttar Pradesh, particularly in cities like Badaun, Bareilly, Pilibhit, Rampur, Shahjahanpur, Kannauj, and Kasganj, Muslim Halwais adopted surnames derived from their ''pirs'' (spiritual guides) and Sufis. Therefore, individuals with surnames like Farooqui, Siddiqui, Chishti, Faridi, Alvi, or Zaidi are not necessarily direct descendants of these historical figures but rather demonstrate their affiliation with their respective Sufi orders.

Furthermore, some of these Muslim communities, upon achieving economic prosperity, sought to elevate their social standing, sometimes leading to the perception that they belonged to higher social ranks or even claimed Syed lineage. However, Islamic tradition recognizes lineage through direct descent, not through spiritual affiliations. While some individuals attribute themselves to the Qadri or Barkaati orders, this does not automatically make them descendants of [[Abdul Qadir Gilani|Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani]] of Baghdad or [[Marehra|Shah Barkatullah]] of [[Marehra|Marehra Sharif]], Uttar Pradesh. It simply indicates their connection to those particular Sufi traditions.

They are a landless community, involved in the selling of sweetmeats, tobacco, and as well as the occupation of dyeing clothes. Members of the community members have taken up jobs in government and private service. They are largely an urban community, living in their residential quarters. Almost all older cities in North India and Pakistan have a Halwai Mohalla The Muslim Halwai have their own registered committee with name of All India Muslim Halwai biradari committee to deal with matters relating to the community. Haji Mahmood Ahmad is a founder and President of all India Muslim halwai biradari committee.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]

Ramana Reddy

2026-01-27T19:55:03Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: starting first entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian character actor, comedian and producer (1921–1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| native_name =
| name = Ramana Reddy
| image = Ramana Reddy.jpg
| imagesize = 120px
| caption =
| birth_name = Tikkavarapu Venkata Ramana Reddy
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jagadevi Peta, [[Nellore District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|11|11|1921|10|01}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|[[comedian]]}}
| years_active = 1951–1974
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Pattabhirama Reddy Tikkavarapu|Pattabhirama Reddy]]
*[[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
}}
| awards = [[Nandi Awards]]
| website =
}}
'''Ramana Reddy''' (1 October 1921 – 11 November 1974) was an Indian [[character actor]], [[comedian]] and producer known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]. In a career spanning 24 years, he acted in more than 200 movies. Ramana Reddy and [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] were a comedy [[double act]] during the era of early Telugu cinema.<ref name=":0" />

Some of his memorable roles are David in ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955), Karanam in ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' (1955), Chinnamaya in [[Mayabazar]] (1957), Kanchu Gantayya in ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962). Ramana Reddy is the paternal uncle of Indian politician, and filmmaker [[T. Subbarami Reddy]].<ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Reddy was born on 1 October 1921 in Jagadevi Peta.

==Career==

Ramana Reddy is regarded as one of the finest comic actors of India, noted particularly for his comic expressions, and dialogues during the golden age of Telugu cinema. He and [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] were a comedy [[double act]] during the era of early Tollywood.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/starring-a-nageswara-rao-jamuna-girja-hemalatha-relangi-gummadi-ramana-reddy-csr-allu-ramalingaiah-r-nageswara-rao/article7685387.ece|title=Blast from the past: Illarikam (1959)|author=M.L. NARASIMHAM|work=The Hindu|date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> Some of his memorable roles are David in Missamma, Karanam in ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'', Chinnamaya in Mayabazar, Kanchu Gantayya in ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' and many other roles. During his career spanning 24 years he acted in more than 200 movies. Reddy is the paternal uncle of Indian politician, and filmmaker [[T. Subbarami Reddy]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://1nellore.com/1923/tv-ramana-reddy-famous-telugu-cinema-comedian-from-nellore/|title=TV Ramana Reddy – Famous Telugu cinema comedian from Nellore|work=1nellore.com}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 11 November 1974.

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}

=== 1950s ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Deeksha'' (1951)
* ''[[Aada Janma]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Manavathi]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Palleturu]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Puttillu]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Kanna Talli]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Pichi Pullayya]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Manjari (1953 film)|Manjari]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Prathignya]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Antha Manavalle]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Nirupedalu]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Chakrapani (film)|Chakrapani]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Sangham (1954 film)|Sangham]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Parivartana (1954 film)|Parivartana]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Bangaru Papa]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Beedala Asthi]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Aadabidda]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Anthey Kavali]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Santhanam (film)|Santhanam]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Edhi Nijam]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Sontha Vooru]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Ilavelupu]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Muddu Bidda]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Melukolupu]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Penki Pellam]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Charana Daasi]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Bhagya Rekha]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Veera Kankanam]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Manamagan Thevai|Varudu Kavali]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Sankalpam (1957 film)|Sankalpam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankalpam (1957) |url=https://indiancine.ma/INH |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1957) as Papaiah
* ''[[Akka Chellellu]]'' (1957)
* ''[[M L A]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Vaddante Pelli]]'' (1957) as Hanumanthaiah
* ''[[Bommala Pelli]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Ganga Gowri Samvadam]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Dongalunnaru Jagratha]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Atha Okinti Kodaley]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Kartavarayani Katha]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Pellinati Pramanalu]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Parvathi Kalyanam]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Mangalya Balam]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Appuchesi Pappukoodu]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Sati Sukanya]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Jayabheri]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Illarikam]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Kuthuru Kapuram]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Sipoy Kuthuru]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Daiva Balam]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Manorama (1959 film)|Manorama]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Banda Ramudu]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Alumagalu]]'' (1959)
{{div col end}}

=== 1960s ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatmyam]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Santhi Nivasam (1960 film)|Santhi Nivasam]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Renukadevi Mahatmyam]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Nityakalyanam Pacha Toranam]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chintamani]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-25 |title=Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chintamani (1960) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/sahasra-siracheda-apoorva-chintamani-1960/article8280717.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> (1960) as Kali
* ''[[Dharmame Jayam]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Magavari Mayalu]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Annapurna (film)|Annapurna]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Pillalu Thechina Challani Rajyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillalu Thechina Challani Rajyam (1960) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ALDN |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1960) as Deenadayaludu
* ''[[Vimala (film)|Vimala]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Deepavali]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Kadeddulu Ekara Nela]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Ma Babu]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Intiki Deepam Illaley]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Bharya Bhartalu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Sati Sulochana]]'' (1961)
* ''Kanna Koduku'' (1961)
* ''[[Gullo Pelli]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Pellikani Pillalu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Thandrulu Kodukulu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Bikari Ramudu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1961 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Padandi Munduku]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Gaali Medalu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Aradhana (1962 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Pelli Thambulam]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Manchi Manasulu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Kalimilemulu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Appaginthalu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Kula Gothralu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Siri Sampadalu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Nagarjuna]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Raktha Sambandam]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Thendral Veesum|Asha Jeevulu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Chitti Tammudu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Edureetha]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Pempudu Koothuru]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Eedu Jodu]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Constable Koothuru]]'' (1963)
* ''Anuragam'' (1963)
* ''[[Anubandhalu]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Manchi Rojulu Vasthayi]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Bandipotu (1963 film)|Bandipotu]]'' (1963) as Durjaya
* ''[[Punarjanma (1963 film)|Punarjanma]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Lakshadhikari]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Tirupathamma Katha]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Poojaphalam]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Atmabalam]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Gudi Gantalu]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Muralikrishna]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Kalavari Kodalu]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Myravana]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Desa Drohulu]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Peetala meedha Pelli]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Sri Satyanarayana Mahathyam]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Dagudu Moothalu]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Sabash Suri]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Manchi Manishi]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Naadi Aadajanmey]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Vuyyala Jampala]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Dorikithey Dongalu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Mangamma Sapatham (1965 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Chaduvukunna Bharya]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Satya Harichandra]] ''(1965)
* ''[[Keelu Bommalu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Thodu Needa]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Anthastulu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Devatha]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[C I D]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Aata Bommalu]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Aatma Gowravam]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Sakunthala (1966 film)|Sakunthala]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Navarathri]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Bheemanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Potti Pleader]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Paduka Pattabhishekam 1966 film|Paduka Pattabhishekam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paduka Pattabhishekam (1966) Telugu Movie: Watch Full HD Movie Online On JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/paduka-pattabhishekam/3500787 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.jiocinema.com |language=en}}</ref> (1966) as Siddhaiah
* ''[[Mangala Sutram]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Aggi Barata]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Chilaka Gorinka]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Sangitha Lakshmi]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Gudachari 116]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Dr. Anand]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Mohini Bhasmasura 1966 Telugu Film|Mohini Bhasmasura]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohini Bhasmasura 1966 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Mohini Bhasmasura Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/mohini-bhasmasura-5475/cast-crew |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref> (1966) as Sankham
* ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Pinni]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Iddaru Monagallu]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Sati Sumathi]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Kanchu Kota|Kanchukota]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Gruhalakshmi (1967 film)|Gruhalakshmi]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Chadarangam]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Satyame Jayam]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Nindu Manasulu]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Upayamlo Apayam]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Peddakkayya]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Ave Kallu]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Kambhoja Raju Katha]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Sukhaduhkalu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Brahmachari (Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Bharya (1968 film)|Bharya]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Ramu (1968 film)|Ramu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Mooga Jeevulu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Chinnari Papalu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Panthalu Pattimpulu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1968 film)|Ninne Pelladutha]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Nindu Samsaram]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Ardha Rathri]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Adarsa Kutumbam]]'' (1969)
{{div col end}}

=== 1970s ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Thalla? Pellama?]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Amma Kosam]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Ma Manchi Akkayya]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Kiladi Singanna]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Manasu Mangalyam]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Mooga Prema]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Ananda Nilayam]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Pattindalla Bangaram]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Pattindalla Bangaram (1971) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/pattindalla-bangaram/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |language=en}}</ref> (1971) as 'Rickshaw' Rangaiah
* ''[[Shrimantudu]]''(1971)
* ''[[Bhale Papa]]''(1971)
* ''[[Premanagar]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Ramalayam]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Tahsildargari Ammayi]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Pagapattina Paduchu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Sri Krishna Sathya]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Beedhalapatlu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Santhi Nilayam]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Sabash Papanna]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Sabash Baby]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Koduku Kodalu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Bangaru Babu (1973 film)|Bangaru Babu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Stree (1973 film)|Stree]]''(1973)
* ''[[Jeevana Tarangalu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Jeevitham (1973 film)|Jeevitham]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Devudamma]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Puttinillu Mettinillu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Palleturi Bava]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Minor Babu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Poolamala]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Manuvu Manasu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Peddalu Marali]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Andaru Dongaley]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Thathamma Kala]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Bhoomi Kosam]]'' (1974) as Subbaiah
* ''[[Mugguru Ammayilu]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Satyaniki Sankellu]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Bhagasthulu]]''(1975) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagasthulu (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QSQ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Vendor selling utensils
* ''[[Cheekati Velugulu]]'' (1975)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0714775|name=Ramana Reddy}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Ramana}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]

Ramapuram mandal

2026-01-27T03:46:48Z

Rajeshwar Hospital:

{{Short description|Mandal in Annamayya district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramapuram mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rayachoti revenue division|Rayachoti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| coordinates = {{Coord|14.22|78.751|display=title}}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Ramapuram mandal''' is one of the 25 [[mandal]]s in [[Annamayya district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Rayachoti revenue division]]. The mandal used to be a part of [[Kadapa district]] and was made part of the newly formed Annamayya district on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-11 |title=World Bank funding 3-phase power in 17 villages of AP |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110421/world-bank-funding-3-phase-power-in-17-villages-of-ap.html |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Annamayya district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Annamayya district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Ghulam Jilani Khan

2026-01-21T01:24:56Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: expanded layout per standard format as per guidelines

{{Short description|Pakistani general (1925–1999)}}
{{For|the Pakistani general who migrated to the United States|Mian Ghulam Jilani}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Ghulam Jilani Khan {{Nastaliq|غلام جيلانى خان}}
| honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}}
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = 21st [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]]
| term_start = 1 May 1980
| term_end = 30 December 1985
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| monarch =
| president = [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| governor-general =
| governor_general =
| succeeding =
| predecessor = [[Sawar Khan]]
| successor = [[Sajjad Hussain Qureshi]]
| constituency =
| majority =
| order2 = [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan]]
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 6 October 1977
| term_end2 = 4 April 1980
| alongside2 = 
| vicepresident2 = 
| viceprimeminister2 = 
| deputy2 = 
| lieutenant2 = 
| monarch2 = 
| president2 = General Zia-ul-Haq
| primeminister2 = 
| governor2 = 
| succeeding2 = 
| predecessor2 = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Muhammad Riaz Khan|Muhammad Riaz]]
| constituency2 = 
| majority2 =
| order3 =
| office3 = 5th [[Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence|Director General of the ISI]]
| term_start3 = 16 December 1971
| term_end3 = 16 September 1978
| predecessor3 = Akbar Khan
| successor3 = [[Muhammad Riaz Khan|Muhammad Riaz]]
| birth_date = 1924
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 1999
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname = Ghulam Jilani Khan
| nationality = {{PAK}}
| party =
| otherparty = 
| spouse =
| relations = [[Zia Ullah Khan]]
| children = Shaukat Jilani Khan Usman Jilani Khan Saulat Jilani Khan Omer Jilani Khan Sadia Jilani Khan
| residence =
| education = [[The Doon School]] [[Indian Military Academy]]
| occupation = Soldier and military administrator
| profession =
| cabinet = [[Zia regime]]
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
| blank3 =
| data3 =
| blank4 =
| data4 =
| blank5 =
| data5 =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{small|(1944–1947)}} {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] {{small|(1947–1985)}}
| branch = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]] {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Pakistan Army]]
| serviceyears = 1944–1985
| rank = [[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|25px]] [[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant-General]]
| unit = [[10th Baluch Regiment]] [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence Corps]]
| commands = [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (''MI'') [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (''ISI'')
| battles = [[Second World War]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| awards = [[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|50px]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] [[File:Sitara-e-Basalat.png|50px]] [[Sitara-i-Basalat]]
| military_blank1 =
| military_data1 =
| military_blank2 = Other work
| military_data2 = Founder [[Chand Bagh School]]
| military_blank3 =
| military_data3 =
| military_blank4 =
| military_data4 =
| military_blank5 =
| military_data5 =
}}

'''Ghulam Jilani Khan''' {{small|{{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}}}} ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|غلام جيلانى خان}}}} (1924–1999) was a general of the [[Pakistan Army]] who served as the [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|14th Governor]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] and the [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|11th Defence Secretary of Pakistan]] in the [[Stratocracy|military government]] of [[President of Pakistan|President]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]].

Commissioned in 1944, Jilani was a junior officer in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] and served with distinction in the [[Second World War]], then with the [[Partition of India|partition]] of 1947 opted for [[Pakistan]] and took a leave of absence to join the fighting in [[Kashmir]] as an irregular. He returned to the regular army and joined the [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence Directorate]]. He later commanded field operations in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971]] [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|wars against India]]. In 1971 he assumed the directorship of the [[Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence|Directorate-General for Inter-Services Intelligence]] (''ISI''). After six years there, he assisted General Zia in the operation code-named [[Operation Fair Play|''Fair Play'']] to remove Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], subsequently joining Zia's military administration as [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Secretary General]] at the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]]. In 1980, he was appointed [[Martial law|martial law administrator]] and [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor]] of the Punjab Province, which he governed until 1985. He is also known as the mentor of [[Nawaz Sharif]], whom he made [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]].<ref>[https://nayadaur.tv/2019/12/senior-politician-reveals-how-general-jilani-made-nawaz-sharif-cm-of-punjab/ "Senior Politician Reveals How General Jilani Made Nawaz Sharif CM of Punjab"], nayadaur.tv, 4 December 2019</ref>

In retirement, Jilani was the principal founder of [[Chand Bagh School]].<ref name=sharma/>

==Early life and military career==
Educated at the [[The Doon School|Doon School]], [[Dehradun]],<ref name=sharma>Neena Sharma, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101018/main7.htm Doscos to celebrate 75th anniversary] from ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' dated 18 October 2010, at tribuneindia.com, Retrieved 24 March 2012: "Old-timers will happily tell you that the school inspired old Doscos from Pakistan to establish a similar school in their country "The Chand Bagh school is inspired by the Doon and was founded by Lt Gen Ghulam Jilani Khan (retd) in 1998 in Lahore", said Piyush Malviya, Public Relations officer, Doon School."</ref> and the [[Indian Military Academy]], Jilani was commissioned into the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] in 1944 in the [[129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis|129th DCO Baluchis]] of the [[10th Baluch Regiment]] as an infantry officer. Between 1944 and 1945 he served in Burma as a [[second lieutenant]], second-in-command of the Mortar Platoon of the Support Company<ref name=times1980>Hasan Akhtar 'Pakistan Army hierarchy switch by President Zia' in ''[[The Times]]'', issue 60608 dated 23 April 1980, p. 6, col. B</ref> Between 1945 and 1947 as a Lieutenant and Platoon Leader he commanded a Rifle platoon of the Pathan Rifle Company of the [[129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis|129th Baluchis]]. The troops in his unit were from the [[Mahsud]] and [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]] tribes.

In 1947, with the [[Partition of India|independence]], his unit was transferred to the new [[Pakistan Army]]. Between 1947 and 1948 he was granted a leave of absence to become a [[guerrilla]] fighter in Kashmir. He was not only a fierce opponent of India but also a supporter of the United States. During the 1950s, as a captain, he was a 2 i/c of the Support Company and also Rifle Company Commander in the [[Baloch Regiment]] as well as a Battalion Adjutant as a Major, and for a time his Battalion was posted in [[East Pakistan]]. He was promoted to [[Major (rank)|major]] in 1952 and to [[lieutenant colonel]] in 1957. He attended the Senior Staff Course (for Division level staff officers) at the Staff College Quetta in 1954–55. After serving briefly as [[brigade major]] and as [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Iskandar Ali Mirza]] in 1955-56 and as an Instructor and [[Adjutant]] at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] between 1956 and 1958, he was the Commanding Officer of the 11th Battalion of the [[Baloch Regiment]] between 1958 and 1960 and CO of the 12th Battalion between 1960 and 1961. In his capacity as Battalion Commander he was for a time also the Martial Law Administrator of [[Pakpattan District]]. In 1961 he was selected for a Military Intelligence appointment under the Directorate-General of Military Intelligence. He was promoted to [[colonel]] in 1963, and in 1965 he was the Military Intelligence Field Officer attached with the [[6th Armoured Division (Pakistan)|6th Armoured Division]] at [[Chawinda]]. He was promoted to the rank of [[brigadier]] in 1967 and was for most of the time after that a Departmental Director in the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence]], except for a short stint as Commandant of the Baluch Regimental Centre & Recruit Depot (BRC&RD) at Abbottabad in 1969–70.

During 1971 he was with the Pakistani forces fighting [[Bangladesh]]i independence which suffered painful defeats at the hands of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>Abhijit Bhattacharyya, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302001638/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120228/jsp/opinion/story_15186514.jsp THE TURBULENT HISTORY OF THE STATE WITHIN A STATE]'' from ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' dated 12 February 2012, at telegraphindia.com, accessed 6 April 2012</ref> With the rank of [[brigadier]] he was chief of staff to the Commander-in-chief of Eastern Command until the middle of 1971, when he was promoted Major-General and posted to Pakistan's principal intelligence agency, the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence]], or ISI, as director general.<ref>Hasan Zaheer, ''The Separation of East Pakistan: the rise and realisation of Bengali Muslim Nationalism'' (Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 505: "Brigadier Ghulam Jillani, Chief of Staff to the Commander Eastern Command until the middle of the year...</ref>

From 1971 to 1978 Jilani headed the ISI, being the third man to hold the position.<ref>Sabir Shah, [http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-96947-Lieutenant-General-Zaheer-18th-DG-ISI-since-1959 Lieutenant General Zaheer 18th DG ISI since 1959] dated 10 March 2012, at thenews.com.pk, Retrieved 24 March 2012: "The 17 Pakistan army officials who have headed the ISI to date, are: Brigadier Riaz Hussain (1959 to 1966), Major General (then Brig) Mohammad Akbar Khan (1966 to 1971), Lieutenant General (then Major General) Ghulam Jilani Khan (1971 to 1978)..."</ref> In that role, he served three Pakistani governments, those headed successively by [[Yahya Khan]], Z. A. Bhutto, and Zia-ul-Haq.<ref>Ashok Kapur, ''Pakistan in Crisis'' (Routledge, 2002), p. 128</ref> In 1976, when [[Tikka Khan]] retired as [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]], Jilani was the fifth most senior army officer. Tikka Khan considered those in the first, second and fourth positions unsuitable to replace him, so recommended the third most senior officer, [[Zahid Ali Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]], to [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] and Defence Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]. In the event, Bhutto ignored this recommendation and chose instead [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|General Zia-ul-Haq]], seventh in the list of seniority. Jilani, who lacked the experience of combat formation command above higher than an infantry Battalion, was thus passed over, but in fact he had lobbied Bhutto to appoint Zia, and Bhutto later wrote that he had been influenced in the matter by General Jilani Khan.<ref>Ḥusain Ḥaqqānī, ''Pakistan: between Mosque and Military'' (Carnegie Endowment, 2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA111 pp. 111, 112]</ref>

In April 1976, and again in October, Jilani sent reports to Bhutto which recommended the holding of fresh elections sooner rather than later, and Bhutto agreed with this advice.<ref name=haqqani>Ḥaqqānī (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA114 p. 114]</ref> The [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 general election]] had been expected in the second half of the year, but on 7 January Bhutto announced that the election would be held on 7 March.<ref>Surendra Nath Kaushik, ''Pakistan under Bhutto's leadership'' (1985), p. 259: "Bhutto stated in the National Assembly on January 7, 1977 that general elections in Pakistan would be held on March 7, 1977."</ref> When he was later awaiting execution, Bhutto hinted that he might have been trapped in a conspiracy.<ref name=haqqani/>

==Public life==
In October 1977, a few months after Zia-ul-Haq's "[[Operation Fair Play]]" coup d'état had removed Bhutto and his government from office, with Zia himself becoming [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]], Jilani joined Zia's government as [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Secretary General]] at the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name=times1980/> In February 1979, he led a Military Goodwill Delegation to the People's Republic of China, where he had discussions with [[Chairman of the Communist Party of China|Chairman]] [[Hua Guofeng]] and [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China|Vice Premier]] [[Li Xiannian]].<ref>Peter Cheng, ''Chronology of the People's Republic of China, 1970–1979'' (Scarecrow Press, 1986), p. 486</ref><ref>''Beijing Review'', vol. 22, no. 7, dated 16 February 1979, p. 142</ref> Jilani remained at the Ministry of Defence until 1 May 1980, when he was appointed to succeed [[Sawar Khan|General Sawar Khan]] as Governor of the Punjab Province,<ref name=times1980/> a powerful post which he retained until the end of the Military administration in December 1985.<ref name=assembly>''Punjab Assembly, 1988–90'' (Punjab Provincial Assembly, 1990), p. 27: "19. Lt. General Ghulam Jilani Khan 1-5-1980 30-12-1985"</ref>

Unlike Zia-ul-Haq, Jilani was not particularly pietistic in his private life.<ref>Ḥaqqānī (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA112 p. 112]</ref> In political life, he became well known for his conviction that most of Pakistan's political troubles were due to feudal influences, which he was anxious to weaken. He was suspicious of most politicians from rural areas, so he attempted to encourage and promote new urban leaders. Among these was [[Nawaz Sharif]], an industrialist to whom Jilani gave his first political appointment, as Finance Minister in the Punjab provincial government. In 1985 he nominated Sharif as Chief Minister of the Punjab, and Sharif went on to become [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]].<ref>Aminullah Chaudry, 'The Army in Pakistan's Politics' in ''Hijacking from the Ground: The Bizarre Story of PK 805'' (2009), [https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiZiwsUW9EC&pg=PA14 p. 14]</ref>

When the Chinese [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier]] [[Zhao Ziyang]] visited Pakistan for talks in June 1981 it was Jillani who greeted him at [[Allama Iqbal International Airport|Lahore airport]].<ref>''Daily Report: People's Republic of China'', issues 104–114 (United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1981), p. 61</ref> On 31 July 1981 an express train from [[Karachi]] to [[Peshawar]] crashed near [[Bahawalpur]] with more than thirty dead, and Jilani announced the same day that he suspected [[sabotage]].<ref>Hasan Akhtar, 'Sabotage may have caused rail crash which killed 30' in ''The Times'', issue 60995 dated 1 August 1981, p. 5, col. A</ref> In 1983 Jilani issued a directive which created the [[Marghzar College for Women]] of the [[University of Gujrat]].<ref>[http://www.uog.edu.pk/Constitution%20Colleges/Marghazar_college.htm Marghzar College for Women] at uog.edu.pk, Retrieved 24 March 2012</ref> In January 1984, as Governor of the Punjab, Jilani was concerned by intelligence that refugees from [[Afghanistan]] were buying land in Pakistan and gave instructions to his district administrators to prevent such sales.<ref>Michael Hamlyn & Hasan Akhtar, ''Fifth year of Afghan war: Kabul security fails to stop guerrillas'' in ''The Times'', issue 61729 dated 4 January 1984, p. 5, col. A</ref> On 30 December 1985 he stood down as Governor of the Punjab, to be succeeded by [[Makhdoom]] [[Sajjad Hussain Qureshi|Muhammad Sajjad Hussain Qureshi]].<ref name=assembly/>

==Retirement==
In retirement, Jilani took up the cause of the proposed new independent [[Chand Bagh School]], to be a Pakistani [[boarding school]] inspired by his own ''alma mater'', [[the Doon School]].<ref name=sharma/> After several years of effort, he succeeded in founding the new school, which opened at [[Muridke]] in September 1998.<ref>Nauman Tasleem, ''[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/06/17/city/lahore/punjab-govt-donates-rs-60m-to-an-elite-school/ Punjab govt donates Rs 60m to an elite school]'' from ''[[Pakistan Today]]'' dated 17 June 2011 online at pakistantoday.com.pk, Retrieved 24 March 2012</ref>

Jillani occasionally wrote on military subjects, and on 5 June 1999, not long before his death, the newspaper ''Pakistan'' published an article under his name which analysed the conflict in Kashmir in terms of the region's strategic roads.<ref>''Summary of world broadcasts: Asia, Pacific'', issues 3549–3561 (British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service, 1999), p. A-4</ref>

==Legacy==

Ghulam Jilani Khan is honoured every year at the Chand Bagh School's Founder's Day celebrations. At the ninth such occasion, on 26 February 2011, the main speaker was [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]], Prime Minister of Pakistan, who said {{quote|I salute the vision of the School's founder late General Ghulam Jilani Khan, which created opportunities for the deserving students of the less privileged sections to acquire quality education in the school like Chand Bagh.<ref name=gilani>[http://www.infopak.gov.pk/PMAddresses/26-02-2011.pdf Speech of Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani, Prime Minister of Pakistan, On the occasion of 9th Founder's Day of Chand Bagh School] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623212109/http://www.infopak.gov.pk/PMAddresses/26-02-2011.pdf |date=23 June 2011 }} at infopak.gov.pk, accessed 25 March 2012</ref>}}

Jilani's son Lt. Col. (Retd.) Dr. Usman Jilani Khan is now the president of the Chand Bagh Foundation.

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Basalat.png|width=130}}
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=War Medal 1965(Tamgha-e-Jang, A.H.1385).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=General Service Medal 1918 BAR.svg|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|'''Hilal-e-Imtiaz''']]
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Crescent of Excellence)''
| colspan="2" |'''[[Sitara-e-Basalat]]'''
''(Star of Good Conduct)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(General Service Medal)''

'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Kashmir 1964/65 War]] Clasp'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
''(War Star 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|-
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''([[Pakistan Medal]])''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''

''(100th Birth Anniversary of''

''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''

'''1976'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]'''
''(Hijri Medal)''

'''1979'''
|-
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|[[War Medal 1939-1945|'''War Medal 1939-1945''']]
|[[General Service Medal (1918)|'''General Service Medal''']]
'''[[World War II|World War 2]]'''

(Awarded in '''1945''')
|}

=== British India decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Imperial Awards'''
|-
!'''{{flag|British India}}'''
|'''[[1939–1945 Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|British India}}'''
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|British India}}'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939–1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}

==Books==
* ''Iqbāl ke ʻaskarī afkār'' (اقبال کے عسکرى افکار), on military ideas in the poetry of [[Muhammad Iqbal]], 1877–1938, national poet of Pakistan; with biographical sketches of notable Muslim generals
* ''Pāk fauj men̲ nafāz̲-i Urdū'', on the implementation of the [[Urdu language]] in the Pakistan army
* ''Infanṭarī: malikah-yi jang: ek irtiqāʼī jāʼizah'' (انفنٹرى : ملكه جنگ : ايک ارتقائ جائزه). Historical study of various infantry forces from World War I to date; with reference to the infantry of the Pakistan Army
* ''Es. Es. Jī: tārīk̲h̲ ke āʼīne men̲'', a historical study of the [[Special Service Group]] (SSG) of the Pakistan Army

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_os1Zs80tQlg/S0hFOomgJAI/AAAAAAAAAkA/DPL1pGn31JQ/s1600/GJK6-1000.jpg Photograph of Lt Gen. Ghulam Jilani Khan] at 1.bp.blogspot.com
*[http://ghulamjilanikhan.blogspot.co.uk/ Photographs] at ghulamjilanikhan.blogspot.co.uk

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Governor of Punjab (Pakistan)|Governor of Punjab]]
|years=1 May 1980 – 30 Dec 1985
|before=[[Sawar Khan]]
|after=[[Sajjad Hussain Qureshi]]}}
{{end}}
{{Inter-Services Intelligence}}
{{Governors of Punjab}}
{{Recipients of Sitara-e-Jurat}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Jilani}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Baloch Regiment officers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Directors-general of Inter-Services Intelligence]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)]]
[[Category:Pakistani guerrillas]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1962–1965]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-e-Jurat]]
[[Category:10th Baluch Regiment officers]]

Sanjeev Shyam Singh

2025-12-25T07:51:48Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Created Biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| party = [[Jan Suraaj]]
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| constituency = Teachers-Gaya
| term_start = 9 May 2017
| term_end = 26 May 2019
| profession = Teacher
}}

'''Sanjeev Shyam Singh''' is an Indian politician, currently a member of [[Jan Suraaj]], formerly a member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]] and formerly a member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navigation |url=https://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/Member_List.htm |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=जदयू MLC संजीव श्याम सिंह की पत्नी का हार्ट अटैक से निधन, 57 साल की उम्र में ली अंतिम सांस |url=https://bihar.punjabkesari.in/bihar/news/mlc-sanjeev-shyam-singh-s-wife-passed-away-1531058 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रशासन ने जदयू एमएलसी संजीव श्याम सिंह की गाड़ी को रोका |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gaya/story-administration-stopped-jdu-mlc-sanjeev-shyam-singh-39-s-car-4809395.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeev Shyam Singh {{!}} Welcome To Arwal District {{!}} India |url=https://arwal.nic.in/directory/sanjeev-shyam-singh/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> He has been raising various issues like air pollution in Bihar cities, raised voice against prohibition and delay in land mutation.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Dec 2, 2021 |title=Bihar: Opposition mocks govt over recovery of alcohol bottles on House premises {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/opposition-mocks-govt-over-recovery-of-alcohol-bottles-on-house-premises/articleshow/88037478.cms |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=न्यूज |first=प्रकाश कुमार , एबीपी |date=2022-01-30 |title=JDU MLC ने अपनी ही सरकार के फैसले को बताया बेतुका, सुप्रीम कोर्ट के आदेश की दिलाई याद |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/jdu-mlcsanjeev-shyam-singh-called-decision-of-his-own-government-absurd-reminded-of-the-order-of-the-supreme-court-ann-2050645 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bihar: Minister promises action against officers delaying land mutation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-minister-promises-action-against-officers-delaying-land-mutation-101614222831293.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanjeev Shyam}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Jan Suraaj Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Mewa Singh (politician)

2025-12-14T23:14:28Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: adding a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Mewa Singh Singroha''' is a politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as a Member of Legislative Assembly in the [[Ladwa Assembly constituency]] from 2019 to 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mewa Singh Profile: कौन हैं मेवा सिंह? जिन्हें कांग्रेस ने सीएम नायब के खिलाफ मैदान में उतारा - Mewa Singh Profile Who is Mewa Singh who will contest Haryana Assembly elections 2024 against CM Nayab Saini from Ladwa on Congress ticket |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-mewa-singh-profile-who-is-mewa-singh-who-will-contest-haryana-assembly-elections-2024-against-cm-nayab-saini-from-ladwa-on-congress-ticket-23792401.html |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He lost re-election to [[Nayab Saini]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nayab Singh Saini Ladwa Election Result highlights: Haryana CM wins by 16,054 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nayab-singh-saini-ladwa-election-result-live-cm-confident-of-third-term-101728324339064.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=9 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mewa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Dharti Aaba AC Superfast Express

2025-11-05T01:28:24Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: quick fix

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = ''Dharti Aaba AC Superfast Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption = Hatia Ernakulam Dharti Aaba Ac Superfast Express
| type = [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|10|27}}
| last =
| States = [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamilnadu]], [[Kerala]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Hatia}} (HTE)
| stops = 28
| end = {{stnlnk|Ernakulam}} (ERS)
| distance = {{convert|2245|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 45 hrs 55 mins
| frequency = Weekly.
| class = 18 AC 3 tier Economy
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = Reading lamps
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22837 / 22838
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = {{Dharti Aaba AC Superfast Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The 22837 / 22838 '''Dharti Aaba AC Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]] series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Hatia}} and {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}} in India.<ref>[http://www.patrika.com/news/chaibasa/hatia-ernakulam-express-changed-in-dharti-aaba-express-1470770/], ''patrika.com'', 26 Dec 2016</ref>

It operates as train number 22837 from Hatia to Ernakulam Junction and as train number 22838 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].

==Coaches==

The Train Rake has [[LHB coach]].The Train has 18 Coaches with the following composition:
* 17 3E coaches.
* 1 Pantry Car

==Service==

The 22837 Hatia–Ernakulam Junction Dharti Aaba AC Superfast Express covers the distance of {{convert|2254|km|0|abbr=on}} in 40 hours 40 mins (55.00 km/h) and in 40 hours 45 mins as 22838 Ernakulam Junction–Hatia Dharti Aaba AC Superfast Express (55.00 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Route & halts==

* '''[[Hatia]]'''
* [[Rourkela]]
* [[Jharsuguda]]
* [[Sambalpur]]
* [[Bargarh]]
* [[Balangir]]
* [[Titlagarh Junction]]
* [[Kesinga]]
* [[Muniguda]]
* [[Rayagada]]
* [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvatipuram]]
* [[Bobbili Junction]]
* [[Vizianagaram Junction]]
* [[Visakhapatnam Junction]]
* [[Samalkot]]
* [[Rajahmundry]]
* [[Eluru]]
* [[Vijayawada Junction]]
* [[Ongole]]
* [[Nellore]]
* [[Renigunta]]
* [[Katpadi Junction]]
* [[Salem Junction]]
* [[Erode Junction]]
* [[Coimbatore Junction]]
* [[Palakkad Junction]]
* [[Thrissur]]
* [[Aluva]]
* '''[[Ernakulam Junction]]'''

==Traction==

It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar|Tatanagar Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric Locomotive from Hatia to Visakhapatnam and from Visakhapatnam to Ernakulam it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its reminder journey.

==Operation==

*22837 Hatia–Ernakulam Junction Dharti Aaba AC Superfast Express leaves Hatia every Monday and arrives Ernakulam Junction on third day.
*22838 Ernakulam Junction–Hatia Dharti Aaba AC Superfast Express leaves Ernakulam Junction every Thursday and arrives Hatia on second day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dharti-aaba-weekly-ac-sf-express-22837/52201/385/52 22837 Dharti Aaba AC Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dharti-aaba-weekly-ac-sf-express-22838/52210/52/385 22838 Dharti Aaba AC Express] at India Rail Info

{{AC Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharti Aaba AC Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:AC Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]

Jamshedpur LGBTQ Pride

2025-11-03T03:11:34Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Creating Initial Stub Added Tags

{{Short description|Pride march held in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Jamshedpur LGBTQ Pride''' has been held in [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]] since 2018. The [[Pride parade|pride march]] is organised by Utthaan JSR.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/jamshedpur-holds-2nd-pride-parade/|title=Jamshedpur Holds 2nd Pride Parade|date=2019-04-10|website=Gaylaxy Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/75-transgenders-take-part-in-1st-steel-city-lgbt-parade/articleshow/63666833.cms|title=75 transgenders take part in 1st Steel City LGBT parade|date=April 8, 2018|first=B.|last=Sridhar |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>

== History ==
The first pride march in Jamshedpur was held on April 7, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2022 |title=Looking Back At The History Of The Pride Movement |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/71849/looking-back-at-the-history-of-the-pride-movement |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> The march started from Basant Talkies in Sakchi and ended at Jubilee Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/jamshedpur-first-lgbtq-pride-march|title=Jamshedpur's Streets Go 'Gay' as the City Holds 1st Pride March|date=2018-04-09|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> Around 75 people took part in the march. The march had participants from [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]] and other parts of Jharkhand. The marchers demanded removal of [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]].<ref name=":1" />

The second Jamshedpur [[LGBT|LGBTQ]] Pride was held on April 7, 2019.<ref name=":0" /> 50-60 people participated in the event.<ref name=":0" /> The march started from Bistupur in front of P&M Hi-tech City Centre and ended at Gopal Maidan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/parade-of-pride-in-jamshedpur/cid/1688358|title=Parade of pride in steel city|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> The march was supported by [[Mumbai]] based organisation [[Humsafar Trust]]. A street play to spread awareness about [[Decriminalization|decriminalisation]] of [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]] was organised by Srijan Bharti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-lgbtq-community-did-pride-march-2481137.html|title=एलजीबीटीक्यू समुदाय ने किया प्राइड मार्च|website=Hindustan Dainik|date=8 April 2019 |language=hindi|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[Homosexuality in India]]
* [[LGBT culture in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pride parades in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2018]]

{{LGBT-event-stub}}
{{Jharkhand-stub}}

1632 in India

2025-10-05T00:06:07Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: further enhanced details per standard format and corrected details

{{short description|none}} 
{{unreferenced|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Year in India|1632}}
Events in the year '''1632 in India'''.

==Events==
*June 17 – Shah Jahan's beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal dies, after giving birth to their 14th child. Soon after, construction of the Taj Mahal, begins.
* Date Unknown - The Portuguese are driven out of Bengal.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1632}}

[[Category:1632 in India| ]]
[[Category:1632 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Ashoka India Equity Investment Trust

2025-10-04T17:25:36Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: made new data...

{{Short description|British investment trust}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ashoka India Equity Investment Trust
| former_name =
| logo =
| type = [[Public company]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{LSE|AIE}}|[[FTSE 250 Index]] component}}
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Investment trust]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2018}}
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[London]]
| hq_location_country = England
| key_people = Andrew Watkins ([[Chair (officer)|chair]])
| website = {{URL|https://www.ashokaindiaequity.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ashoka India Equity Investment Trust plc''' ({{lse|AIE}}), is a large [[United Kingdom|British]] [[investment trust]] focused on investments in companies that are listed in India or have a significant presence there.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.investorschronicle.co.uk/content/167989b6-bc7b-427d-94e1-510f2c988fa3 |title= What the best India funds are buying|date=16 May 2025|newspaper=Investors Chronicle| access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> The company is listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and is a constituent of the [[FTSE 250 Index]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://research.ftserussell.com/products/index-notices/home/getnotice/?id=2616068|title= FTSE UK Index Series – Annual Review June 2023 |date= 4 June 2023|publisher=FTSE Russell|access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref>

==History==
Established in 2018, the company is managed by White Oak Capital Management, which is led by [[Prashant Khemka]], who built up the India and emerging-markets funds at [[Goldman Sachs]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://moneyweek.com/investments/investment-trusts/ashoka-max-king|title= Ashoka: A new, but reliable, trust you can count on|date=5 November 2023|newspaper=Moneyweek|first=Max|last=King|access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref> The company explained, in March 2025, that one of the factors causing the growth in net assets was the protectionist policies of the United States, which was causing businesses to relocate from China to India.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.lse.co.uk/news/ashoka-india-equity-beats-benchmark-hails-broadened-thesis-kl6asy4t7plk8vs.html |title= Ashoka India Equity beats benchmark, hails broadened thesis|date=10 March 2025|newspaper=Alliance News|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> The chair is Andrew Watkins.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.investmentweek.co.uk/news/4032059/ashoka-india-equity-trust-to-issue-new-shares-in-hunt-for-new-capital |title=Ashoka India Equity trust to issue new shares in hunt for new capital|date=28 May 2021|newspaper=Investment Week| access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.ashokaindiaequity.com/}}

{{FTSE 250 Index constituents}}
[[Category:Investment trusts of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies in the FTSE 250 Index]]

Jazbaat

2025-09-19T16:16:15Z

Rajeshwar Hospital:

{{Wikt|जज़्बात}}
'''Jazbaat''' ({{lit|Feelings}}) may refer to:

*[[Jazbaat (1980 film)|''Jazbaat'' (1980 film)]], a 1980 Indian Hindi-language film directed and written by Suraj Prakash
*[[Jazbaat (1994 film)|''Jazbaat'' (1994 film)]], a 1994 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Anant Balani

== See also ==
*''[[Jazbaa]]'', 2015 Indian film directed by Sanjay Gupta
*[[Jazba (Punjabi TV Series)|''Jazba'' (Punjabi TV Series)]], an Indian Punjabi-language TV series

{{disambiguation}}

National Highway 13 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T17:59:18Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 50 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Statue of George Washington (Indianapolis)

2025-06-13T16:56:19Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: small improve citations based on references additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Public artwork by Donald De Lue}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file = Gwstatueindy.jpg
| italic title = no
| image_size =
| title = George Washington
| alt =
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| artist = [[Donald De Lue]]
| year = 1959, dedicated 1987
| type = bronze statue
| height_metric =
| width_metric =
| length_metric =
| height_imperial = 112
| width_imperial = 46
| length_imperial = 36
| diameter__metric =
| diameter_imperial =
| imperial_unit = in
| metric_unit = cm
| city = Indianapolis, IN
| museum = Indiana Statehouse
| coordinates = {{coord|39|46|3.33|N|86|9|45.66|W|region:US}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM70QF_George_Washington_Indiana_State_House_Indianapolis_IN|title=George Washington - Indiana State House - Indianapolis, IN - George Washington on Waymarking.com|website=www.waymarking.com}}</ref>
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| owner = State of Indiana
}}

'''''George Washington''''' (alternately titled '''''George Washington as Master Mason''''') is a public artwork by [[Americans|American]] sculptor [[Donald De Lue]], located on the grounds of the [[Indiana Statehouse]], in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]], United States. The bronze statue of [[George Washington]] that occupies the [[Indiana Statehouse]] south lawn is one of several copies of a 1959 original wax cast at the [[Modern Art Foundry]] in Long Island, New York.<ref name="auto1">Indianapolis Star."New Face at Statehouse". May 16, 1987. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref>

==Description==
The statue depicts Washington dressed in breeches with an apron and medallion decorated with [[Freemasonry|Masonic symbols]]. Washington holds a tri-cornered hat in the crook of his proper left arm, and a gavel in his proper right hand. He wears an open overcoat with buttons and has a short podium to his proper right. Washington's attire depicts the first President as he may have looked when he laid the cornerstone for the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.<ref name="auto">[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!309297~!0#focus], Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian</ref> The sculpture is mounted upon a stepped, inscribed granite base.
 
The base of the sculpture is inscribed with the following:

* Northwest corner of sculpture: ''Donald De Lue Sc. 1959''
* Northeast corner of sculpture, east side, lower rear: ''The Modern Art Foundry, Inc.'' (Foundry mark) ''1986 New York, New York''
* Front/south side of base: ''GEORGE WASHINGTON PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES/1789-1797; First in War, First in Peace, First in the Hearts of His Countrymen''
* West side of base: ''Observe good faith and justice toward all nations. Cultivate peace and/harmony with all. Religion and/morality enjoin this conduct./George Washington''
* East side of base: ''My attachment to the Society of which we are members will dispose me to contribute my best endeavors to promote the honor and interests of the Craft./ George Washington, Freemason 1753–1799''
* North side of base: (Masonic symbol, square and compass) ''Presented to the People of Indiana From the Freesmasons of Indiana/George Washington Commission/The Grand Lodge Free and Accepted Masons of the State of Indiana/May 19, 1987''

The dimensions of the statue are as follows: {{convert|9|ft|4|in|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} by {{convert|46|in|cm|sp=us|abbr=off}} x {{convert|36|in|cm|sp=us|abbr=off}}. The total weight of the statue is {{convert|900|lb|kg|abbr=off|sp=us}}. The granite base is {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} tall and weighs approximately {{convert|9|ST|MT|abbr=off|sp=us}}. The Statehouse's version of De Lue's bronze statue was a gift of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Indiana, dedicated May 19, 1987.<ref name="auto1"/> This statue appeared at similar Masonic monuments in the following locations:
* [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] (1966)
* [[Lansing, Michigan]] (1982)
* [[Lexington, Massachusetts]]
* [[Alexandria, Virginia]] (1966)
* [[Wallingford, Connecticut]] (1965)
* Flushing Meadows Corona Park, Queens, New York
* [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] (1959).<ref>[http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?view=&dsort=&date.slider=&q=de+lue%2C+donald+george+washington], Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution</ref>

A Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture survey completed in October 1992 noted the condition as 'well-maintained'.<ref name="auto"/>

==Historical information==
''George Washington as Master Mason'' was sculpted initially from a wax mold at Donald De Lue's studio in Leonardo, New Jersey, and copyrighted in 1959. This sculpture was re-cast in 1986 and dedicated May 19, 1987 by the grand master of the Freemasons of Indiana, J.C. Paxton of Warsaw, Indiana. The total cost of the gift was $100,000.<ref name="auto1"/> Lieutenant Governor [[John Mutz]] accepted the statue on behalf of the state.<ref name="auto1"/> ''George Washington as Master Mason'' was inspired by sculptor [[Bryant Baker]]'s work, ''Illustrious Brother George Washington'', which also depicts the subject in a similar pose with Masonic iconography.

==See also==
* [[Christopher Columbus (Vittori)|''Christopher Columbus'' (Vittori)]]
* [[List of statues of George Washington]]
* [[List of sculptures of presidents of the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.sculptor.org/Sculptors/ByName/DonaldDeLue.htm Sculptor.org].

{{IndianaStateHousePublicArt}}
{{Monuments in Indianapolis|state=collapsed}}
{{George Washington}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George Washington (Delue)}}
[[Category:1959 sculptures]]
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Indiana]]
[[Category:Culture of Detroit]]
[[Category:Indiana Statehouse Public Art Collection]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Indianapolis|Washington, George]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Michigan]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to George Washington in the United States]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Michigan]]
[[Category:Sculptures of men in Indiana]]
[[Category:Statues in Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Statues of George Washington]]

Jhalod taluka

2025-05-01T15:16:45Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Jhalod]]

Indragarh

2025-04-06T13:42:58Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: correct lead after review and updated info based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Indergarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = इंद्रगढ़
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.729712|N|76.190914|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bundi district|Bundi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Palika
| governing_body = Nagar Palika Indergarh
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5265
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hadoti language|Hadoti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =  323613
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-08]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Indergarh''' is a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Bundi district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. There is a famous Temple of Bijasan Mata situated here and every year in Navaratri huge numbers of people come here. The temple is surrounded by the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali range]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Indragarh had a population of 5265. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Indragarh has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 53%. In Indragarh, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bundi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bundi district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]

{{Kotadivision-geo-stub}}

Vettaikaaran

2024-12-31T21:52:01Z

Rajeshwar Hospital:

'''Vettaikaaran''' or '''Vettaikkaran''' is a word in the Tamil language, meaning "hunter". It may refer to these Indian films:

* [[Vettaikkaran (1964 film)|''Vettaikkaran'' (1964 film)]], by M. A. Thirumugam
* [[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|''Vettaikaaran'' (2009 film)]], action drama film by B. Babusivan

== See also ==
*[[Vettaikaranpudur]], a village in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India

{{disambiguation}}

Bhiwapur chilli

2024-12-31T08:25:13Z

Rajeshwar Hospital:

{{Short description|Chilli variety grown in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Bhiwapur chilli
| image = Bhiwapur Chilli - Red Ripened.jpg
| image_caption = Bhiwapur Chilli in red ripened stage
| species = ''[[Capsicum annuum]]''
| origin = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| module = {{Infobox pepper
|embed = yes
|heat =
|scoville = 20,000<ref>{{cite journal |title=Bhiwapur Chilli - GI Application No.473 |journal=GI Journal No. 88 1 July 28, 2016 |page=7-14 |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOJournal/1_322_1/Journal_88.pdf |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}
The '''Bhiwapur chilli''' is a variety of [[chili pepper|chilli]] mainly grown in [[Nagpur district]], of the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Unveiling the culinary magic of chillies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Jan/10/unveiling-the-culinary-magic-of-chillies-2649469.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
It is named after its place of origin, the town of [[Bhiwapur]], located in [[Umred|Umred taluka]], Nagpur.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ravindran |first1=P. N. |last2=Sivaraman |first2=K. |last3=Devasahayam |first3=S. |last4=Babu |first4=K. Nirmal |title=Handbook of Spices in India: 75 Years of Research and Development |date=2024 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-3728-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz4QEQAAQBAJ&dq=bhiwapur+chilli&pg=PA2041 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Variyar |first1=Prasad S. |last2=Singh |first2=Inder Pal |last3=Adiani |first3=Vanshika |last4=Suprasanna |first4=Penna |title=Peppers: Biological, Health, and Postharvest Perspectives |date=8 November 2024 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-040-15384-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-EoEQAAQBAJ&dq=bhiwapur+chilli&pg=PA19 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Brahma |last2=Kalia |first2=Pritam |title=Vegetables for Nutrition and Entrepreneurship |date=2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-9016-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6G_EAAAQBAJ&dq=bhiwapur+chilli&pg=PA298 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Farmers to get seeds to increase production of Bhiwapur chillies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/farmers-to-get-seeds-to-increase-production-of-bhiwapuri-chillies/articleshow/100424526.cms |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=When is a Poha like a Misal? When you're in spice-loving Nagpur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/when-is-a-poha-like-a-misal-when-you-re-in-spice-loving-nagpur/story-ZoaeH6dCIyYqywrMzWocjN.html |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref> It is also known as Doda chilli in the local language.

==Description==
These chillies are known for their bright red colour that is used as a dye in food and cosmetics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Colleen Taylor |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Sourish |last3=Saberi |first3=Helen |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-12865-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzysEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhiwapur+chilli&pg=PT111 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It measures 1.5 inches in length. The outer covering is thick, thus reducing breakage and extending shelf life. The red colored Bhiwapur chilli, which is darker than other chillies like [[Guntur chilli]]es, is used in various recipes, including [[chutney]]s, [[curries]], and [[South Asian pickle|pickles]]. It is a primary ingredient in '[[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]] [[Thecha]]', a spicy red chilli chutney. The chilli is known for its heat and is used in traditional [[Maharashtrian cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical indications of vegetables in India |url=https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IndHort/article/download/105392/41266/272934 |website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Bhavan |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref>

==Photo Gallery==
Actual photos from Bhiwapur Mirchi Utpadak Samutha Gat (Bhiwapur Chilli Growers Association) - the original applicants for the GI Tag registration<ref>{{cite web |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/473 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Hiren Kumar |title=Maharashtra's fiery Bhiwapuri chilli faces extinction |url=https://www.villagesquare.in/maharashtras-fiery-bhiwapuri-chilli-faces-extinction/#:~:text=If%20enthusiasts%20for%20fiery%20foods,cultivate%20this%20unique%20chilli%20now. |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=Village Square |date=19 December 2023}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Bhiwapur Chilli - Green Unripened.jpg|Bhiwapur Chilli in green unripened stage
File:Bhiwapur Chilli - Red Ripened.jpg|Bhiwapur Chilli in red ripened stage
File:Bhiwapur Chilli - Red Dried.jpg|Bhiwapur Chilli in red dried stage
File:Dr._Naryan_Lambat_(in_white)_explaining_during_a_chilli_farm_tour.jpg|Dr. Naryan Lambat (in white) explaining during a chilli farm tour
File:Photo of ripe and unripe Bhiwapur chillies in a farm.jpg|Photo of ripe and unripe Bhiwapur chillies in a farm
</gallery>

==Geographical indication==
[[File:GI Tag Certificate.jpg|thumb|GI Tag Certificate for Bhiwapur chilli]]
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 9 March 2017 (valid until 25 March 2034).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Niharika Sahoo |title=Geographical Indication Protection in India: The Evolving Paradigm |date=13 September 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-4296-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdiIEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhiwapur+chilli&pg=PA210 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/473 |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lalitha |first1=N. |last2=Vinayan |first2=Soumya |title=Regional Products and Rural Livelihoods: A Study on Geographical Indications from India |date=4 January 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909537-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivqNDwAAQBAJ&dq=bhiwapur+chilli&pg=PT101 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ltd |first1=Infokerala Communications Pvt |title=Kerala Tradition & Fascinating Destinations 2023 |date=1 September 2023 |publisher=Infokerala Communications Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-91760-65-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzEUEQAAQBAJ&dq=bhiwapur+chilli&pg=PA394 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Bhiwapur Mirchi Utpadak Samutha Gat from Bhiwapur, proposed the GI registration of Bhiwapur chilli. After filing the application in March 2014, the chilli was granted the GI tag in 2017 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Bhiwapur chilli" exclusive to the chilies grown in the region. It thus became the first chilli variety from Maharashtra and the 25th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Tanya |title=GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION (GI) TAGS OF MAHARASHTRA |url=https://www.theippress.com/2022/05/12/geographical-indication-gi-tags-of-maharashtra/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=The IP Press |date=12 May 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Khola chilli]]
* [[Harmal chilli]]
* [[Banaras Lal Bharwamirch (Red Pickle Chilli)]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Bhiwapur chilli}}
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Chillies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]

Badyal

2024-12-20T04:23:27Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: basic added page and updated info as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badyal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.255896|N|75.398052|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 375
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 175/200[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144625
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 01822
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-09
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| website = {{URL|kapurthala.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Badyal''' is a village in [[Kapurthala district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|18|km}} from [[Kapurthala]], which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Badyal. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per the [[constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

== Demography ==
According to the report published by [[Census India]] in 2011, Badyal has a total number of 78 houses and population of 375 of which include 175 males and 200 females. [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] rate of Badyal is 66.36%, lower than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 51 which is 13.60% of total population of Badyal, and child sex ratio is approximately 1217 higher than state average of 846.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/29323-badyal-punjab.html| title=Badyal| work=census2011.co.in | accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref>

== Population data ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses ||78 ||- ||-
|-
| Population ||375 ||175 ||200
|-
| Child (0–6) ||51 ||23 ||28
|-
| Schedule Caste ||110 ||56 ||54
|-
| Schedule Tribe ||0 ||0 ||0
|-
| Literacy ||66.36 % ||68.42 % ||64.53 %
|-
| Total Workers ||120 ||95 ||25
|-
| Main Worker ||78 ||0 ||0
|-
| Marginal Worker ||42 ||28 ||14
|-
|}

==Air travel connectivity==
The closest airport to the village is [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]].

==Villages in Kapurthala ==
{{Main|List of villages in Kapurthala}}

==External links==
* [https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx Villages in Kapurthala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160915101605/http://punjabdata.com/Villages/Villages-In-Kapurthala-Tehsil-In-Kapurthala-District.html Kapurthala Villages List]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kapurthala district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Kapurthala district]]

Chhatauna

2024-09-14T20:26:57Z

Rajeshwar Hospital: made info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhatauna
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sareni block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Chhatauna (#668) in Sareni CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|09|22|N|80|46|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.759
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1002
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chhatauna''' is a village in the [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=262–87 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 24 km from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 1,002 people, in 182 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities, and does not host a permanent market or a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Bhojpur, Raebareli|Bhojpur]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Chhatauna as comprising 4 hamlets, with a population of 285 people (133 male and 152 female), in 55 households and 37 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=106–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 189 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 11 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] and the [[thana]] of Sareni.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Chhatauna as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 374 people (187 male and 187 female), in 57 households and 42 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxx-lxxi of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 189 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Chhatauna as having a population of 433 people, in 60 households, and having an area of 75.68 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=136–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Chhatauna as having a total population of 719 people (355 male and 364 female), in 93 households and 93 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 164–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 76 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 211, or 29% of the total; this group was 49% male (103) and 51% female (108).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 32% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 33% (149 men and 89 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 172 people were classified as main workers (145 men and 27 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 547 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 97 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 54 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 6 household industry workers; 1 worker employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 1 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 13 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]