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Shikar Beh

2026-05-01T17:19:26Z

Rajesh Ghosh: put up basic article added tags

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Shikar Beh
| elevation_m = 6200
| elevation_ref = <ref name=pb/>
| prominence_m = 2223
| prominence_ref = <ref name=pb/>
| isolation_km = 31.35
| isolation_ref = <ref name=pb/>
| range = Punjab [[Himalayas]]
| listing = Ultra
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| map = India Himachal Pradesh
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|25|N|77|4|E|display=it}}
| coordinates_ref=<ref name=pb/>
}}

'''Shikar Beh''' is a mountain located in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is an [[ultra-prominent peak]] and is the 142nd highest in [[Asia]].<ref name=pb>{{Cite peakbagger |title=Shikar Beh |pid=12875 |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> It has an elevation of {{cvt|6,200|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shikar Beh |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/shikar-beh.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1955, the [[Royal Air Force|Royal Air Force Mountaineering Association]] underwent an expedition to climb several unnamed peaks north of [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spooner |first=C. R. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ski_Touring_India_s_Kullu_Valley/Ty_6GxsK7MoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Shikar+Beh |title=Ski Touring India's Kullu Valley |date=2002 |publisher=Alpine Touring Publishing |isbn=978-0-9581086-0-7 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> A documentary directed by Vic Bray called ''“Wings on the Himalayas”'' was created in the same year in collaboration with the Royal Air Force Mountaineering Association, which shows the team climbing three other mountains in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wings on the Himalayas (1955) |url=https://www.mntnfilm.com/en/film/wings-on-the-himalayas-1955 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=MNTNFILM |language=en}}</ref> Taragiri, Tambu, and Ashagiri. They managed to reach the ‘Summit Cone’ of the Shikar Beh mountain.

In 1973, a Japanese team summited the mountain, but later expeditions found crevices making the summit almost impossible to reach.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khanna |first=Rohit |date=2024-07-28 |title=Chasing highs that Everest can’t provide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chasing-highs-that-everest-cant-provide/articleshow/112073074.cms |access-date=2025-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On June 25, 2024, 9 mountaineers, including 6 sherpas and 2 base camp members, became the first people to summit Gupt Parvat. After summiting the mountain, the decided to try and summit Shikar Beh, but at around 200 meters from the summit, they encountered a lot of crevices, making it almost impossible to reach the summit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=Eisha |date=2024-07-14 |title=OT Interview: Mountaineer Satyarup Siddhanta On Becoming The First Person To Summit Gupt Parvat |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/celebrating-people/ot-interview-mountaineer-satyarup-siddhanta-on-becoming-the-first-person-to-summit-gupt-parvat |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

Several other expeditions from [[Japan]], [[Italy]], and India also took place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2024-02-26 |title=10-member team from Bengal to scale Mt. Shikar Beh & Gupt Parbat |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/10-member-team-from-bengal-to-scale-mt-shikar-beh-gupt-parbat-553694?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of ultras of the Himalayas]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Himachal Pradesh topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Mountains of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]

Kurmali language

2026-04-30T10:18:34Z

Rajesh Ghosh: quick correct details as per guidelines and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in eastern India}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Kumhali language]], a language of Kumal people (Nepal) and [[Karmali language]], a dialect of Santali language}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kurmali
| nativename = কুড়মালি, কুর্মালী कुड़मालि, कुरमालि କୁଡ଼ମାଲି पंचपरगनिया, পঞ্চপরগনিয়া
| altname = Panchpargania
| image = Kurmali in Chisoi.png
| imagecaption = ' Kuṛmāli ' written in Chisoi script
| states = [[India]]
| speakers = 555,695
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref name="CensusStatements">{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419131619/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>{{efn|The census results conflate as the language has no standardised form, so the different dialects are grouped with the regional dominant languages.<ref name=KurmaliThar>{{harvnb|Ghosh|2020|pages=439–501}}</ref> Additionally, many Kurmali (Kudmali) speaker were wrongly recorded as [[Kudumbi|Kudubi/Kudumbi]], a [[Konkani language]] [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] and [[Karmali language|Karmali]], a [[Santali language]] variety in the census due to the phonetic similarity of the names. Apart from this, Kurmali language is returned as mother tongue mainly by the Kudmi people. Many other communities who use Kurmali language as their mother tongue, tend to return their own community name as their response to the language question, instead of responding ''Kurmali''. Similarly, while many Kudmi people identify themselves as Kurmali speakers due to community identity, linguistically, they have shifted to the Bengali language.<ref name=Kurmali-Bengali/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laeequddin |first=Muhammad |title=Census of Mayurbhanj State 1931 |year=1937 |volume=I |location=Calcutta |publisher=Caledonin Printing Company
|url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/eArchive/pdf/3.pdf |jstor=saoa.crl.25352830
|jstor-access=free
|oclc=496724918 |page=241 |quote=The situation, however, is not the same with regard to the Kurmis. They had their own language, Kurmali, which they have abandoned in large numbers in favour of the peculiar form of Bengali spoken by them, which they brought with them into the State in the course of their migration through [[Manbhum]] and [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]].}}</ref>}}
| map = Kudmali language region.svg
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| fam6 = [[Sadanic languages|Sadanic]]
| nation = {{IND}}
* [[Jharkhand]] (additional)
* [[West Bengal]] (additional)
| script = [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali script|Bengali]], [[Odia script|Odia]], Chisoi<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposal to Encode Chisoi in the Universal Character Set |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21183-chisoi.pdf |website=unicode.org |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>
| lc1 = kyw
| ld1 = Kudmali
| lc2 = tdb
| ld2 = Panchpargania
| glotto = kudm1238
| glottoname = Kudmali
| glotto2 = panc1246
| glottoname2 = Panchpargania
| mapcaption = {{align|center|Distribution of Kurmali language in India}}
| ethnicity =
| speakers2 = 619,689 (2001 census)<ref name="abstract 2001">{{Cite web |title=Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues: 2001 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415074130/https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|archive-date=15 April 2022 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| dateprefix =
}}
'''Kurmali''' or '''Kudmali''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: Kuṛmāli) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] classified as belonging to the [[Bihari languages|Bihari]] group of languages spoken in eastern India.<ref name=Ethnologue/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Alam|first=Qaiser Zoha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxBWUA0esHkC|title=Language and Literature: Divers Indian Experiences|date=1996|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-586-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>Fayez, S. M., & Rajiv Ranjan Mahto. (2021). A Sociolinguistic Study of Kudmali in Jharkhand. Aligarh Journal of Linguistics, 11(ISSN: 2249-1511), 117–132.</ref> As a trade dialect, it is also known as '''Panchpargania''' ({{langx|bn|পঞ্চপরগনিয়া}}), for the "five [[parganas]]" of the region it covers in Jharkhand. Kurmali language is spoken by around 550,000 people mainly in fringe regions of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. There is also a sizeable population speaking Kurmali in the [[Assam]] tea valleys.<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web |title=Kudmali |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kyw |website=[[Ethnologue]] |url-access=registration |access-date=18 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Kurmali is one of the demanded languages for enlisting in [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule |url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==

Kurmali language is mainly spoken in three eastern states of India, that is, in southeastern district [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharswan]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]], [[Bokaro District|Bokaro]] and [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] districts of [[Jharkhand]]; in northern district [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Balasore district|Balasore]], [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]], [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]] and [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]] of [[Odisha]]; and in south western district [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]], [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]] and northern districts [[Malda district|Maldah]], [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakhin Dinajpur]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] of [[West Bengal]]. Apart from the core area of the language, the language is also spoken in [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]] and a few speakers are also found in [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Sonitpur district|Santipur]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]] of Assam; the eastern districts of [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] and [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] in [[Maharashtra]]. Apart from this, a few speakers are also found in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]]<ref name="CensusStatements"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=C-16 POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604072054/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> and in neighbour country [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিনিধি |title=মাহাতোদের মাতৃভাষা ও সংস্কৃতিচর্চায় কুড়মালি পাঠশালার উদ্বোধন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/t99f1tklng |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=Prothomalo |date=27 August 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Keduar |first=N. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1307 |title=कुड़माली भाषा शिक्षण एवं साहित्य |publisher=Shivangan Publication |year=2016 |isbn=9788193221587 |edition=2nd |location=Ranchi |page=4 |language=hi}}{{questionable source}}</ref> and [[Nepal]].<ref name=":6">{{cite book|title= POPULATION MONOGRAPH OF NEPAL |volume=II |id=(Social Demography); census 2011 |pages=60, 166 |year=2014
|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics, Govt. of Nepal |location=Kathmandu, Nepal |isbn=9789937289726 |edition=First
|url=https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%2520Monograph%2520V02.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418041642/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2012 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report) |volume=1|url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418041642/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2013 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=cbs.gov.np |publisher=Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat |location=Kathmandu, Nepal |pages=166}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

[[File:Linguistic map of East Chota Nagpur.jpg|thumb|[[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson's]] linguistic map of East [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chota Nagpur]], 1903]]

During the [[British Raj]], the Kurmali language was known as Panchpargania (means "language of five regions") for present-day [[Bundu block|Bundu]], Barenda, Sonahatu (split into [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Rahe block|Rahe]]), [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Tamar block|Tamar]] blocks of [[Ranchi district]] of Jharkhand state as a [[trade language]] between four linguistic region. Now the Sonahatu and Rahe make the core region of Panchpargania.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=PanchPargania>{{harvnb|Dutta|Pattanaik|2021}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Kurmali language in the state of India<ref name=":4" />
|value1 = 43.9
|label1 = Jharkhand
|value2 = 39.3
|label2 = West Bengal
|value3 = 16.2
|label3 = Odisha
|other = yes
|other-color = orange
}}

As per the [[2011 Census of India|Census of 2011]], there are 311,175 Kurmali Thar speakers in [[India]] (hailing mostly from [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Assam]] and [[Maharashtra]]) and 244,914 Panch Pargania speakers (mostly from [[Jharkhand]]), making a total of 556,089 Kurmali speakers in [[India]].<ref name="CensusStatements"/> They are grouped under the umbrella of "[[Hindi languages]]".<ref name="KurmaliThar"/> Note that both, Kurmali Thar and Panch Pargania are dialects of the Kurmali language.<ref name="KurmaliThar"/> In [[Nepal]], there are 227 Kurmali speakers.<ref name=":6" /> However, it is claimed that the actual number of Kurmali speakers is far higher than the number cited in the census.<ref name=":3" />

== Language variation ==
{{broader|Variety (linguistics)}}

{| style="table-layout:auto; border-collapse:collapse; margin:auto; white-space:nowrap;text-align: center; border:1px solid #d3d3d3;background-color:#f8f9fa;"
|+ style="background-color:{{Infobox language/family-color|Indo-European}}; text-align:center; padding:5px;" |Historical speaker of Kurmali language [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]]
|- style="border-bottom: 1px solid #d3d3d3;"
! style="width:7em;"|Census !! style="width:7em;"|Kurmali Thar
! style="width:7em;"|Panch Pargania !! style="width:7em;"|Total
|-
| '''[[1951 census of India|1951]]'''
| 6,348 || – || 6,348
|-
| '''[[1961 census of India|1961]]'''
| 1,068 || 57,947 || 59,015
|-
| '''[[1971 census of India|1971]]'''
| 21,328 || 160,947 || 181,413
|-
| '''[[1981 census of India|1981]]'''
| – || – || –
|-
| '''[[1991 census of India|1991]]'''
|236,854 || 151,599 || 388,455
|-
| '''[[2001 census of India|2001]]'''
| 425,920 || 193,769 || 619,689
|-
| '''[[2011 census of India|2011]]'''
| 311,178 || 244,914 || 556,089
|- style="border-top: 1px solid #d3d3d3;"
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"|Source: [[Census of India]]<ref name=CensusFig>Census year wise source;
*1951– {{citation |first= |last= |year=1953 |title=Census of India, 1951 – (Paper No. 6) Languages |publisher= |url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/eArchive/pdf/23902_1951_LA.pdf }}
*1961– {{citation |first=A. |last=Mitra |year= |title=Census of India, 1961 Vol. V, Part II-C(ii) Language tables |publisher=Registrar General and ex-officio Census Commissioner for India |url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/eArchive/pdf/7.pdf }}
*1971– {{citation |first=R. C. |last=Nigam |year= |title=Census of India, 1971 : Language Handbook on Mother tongue in Census |publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India |url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/eArchive/pdf/28.pdf }}
*1981– n/a
*1991– {{citation|first= |last= |year= |title= C-7:Mother Tongue/Language, INDIA - 1991|publisher= Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url= https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/38531/download/42201/1991-C7A2-0100.xlsx}}
*2001– {{citation |first= |last= |year= |title=Census of India, 2001 : (Series 1-India) Language (Indian States and Union Territories) Table C-16 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India |url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/eArchive/pdf/49.pdf }}
* 2011– {{Cite web |title=Language (Paper 1 of 2018) - Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308051343/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=22 December 2024 }}</ref>{{efn|Inconsistency in the number of speakers in the initial [[Census of India|census of independent India]] is attributed to [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)|shifts in language identification]], leading to classification challenges in the cross-border [[Transitional bilingualism|transitional languages]]. However, both the returned varieties, Kurmali Thar and Panch Pargania, are grouped as broader varieties of the Hindi language and the statistical increase in subsequent censuses is primarily due to sociopolitical aspirations. In the [[Census in British India|colonial census]], Kurmali Thar and Panch Pargania were not tabulated as distinct languages, except in certain areas.}}
|}

The speakers of Kurmali are spread over a vast region of East India, especially in fringe areas of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. These states are mostly dominated by [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] speakers. Local dialectal change and [[language shift]] can be noticed in these areas. The Kurmi of West Bengal identify themselves as speakers of Kurmali, considering it part of their [[ethnic identity]]. But due to age-long settlement in the Bengali region their language is shifting towards the [[Manbhumi dialect]] of Bengali, as similarly occurred in northern Odisha with Bengali and Odia admixture.<ref name="KurmaliThar"/> In the 1903 ''[[Linguistic Survey of India|Linguistic survey of India]]'', the shift was explained this way:{{sfn|Grierson|1903|p=145}}
{{blockquote|There are{{nbsp}}... emigrants from{{nbsp}}... highlands into the Bengali-speaking area. These have retained their own language, though{{nbsp}}... borrowing words and grammatical forms from those amongst whom they live. The result is a kind of mixed dialect essentially Bihārī in its nature, but with a curious Bengali colouring.{{nbsp}}[...] In each case this dialect is the language of a strange people in a strange land. ... In [[Manbhum]] this [Kuṛmalī] language is principally spoken by people of the Kuṛmī caste, who are numerous in the districts of Chota Nagpur, and in the Orissa Tributary state of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanja]].{{nbsp}}... [They] do not all speak corrupted Bihārī. Many of them speak Bengali and Oriya.{{nbsp}}... In the Orissa Tributary States, the Kuṛmī nearly all talk Bengali, although living in an Oriya speaking country. |[[George Abraham Grierson|G. A. Grierson]] (1903). ''Linguistic survey of India'', Vol. V, Part II, pp. 145–146}}
Similarly, in the 1911 census, according to the ''Linguistic Survey of India'' and Deputy Commissioner of Ranchi the Panchpargania was noted as:
{{blockquote|[Panch Pargania] closely resembles the Kurmali Thar of Manbhum. The principal apparent difference is the result of the characters employed in writing. In Manbhum the character adopted is the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], and the language looked at, so to speak, through Bengali spectacles. Hence words are spelled as a Bengali would spell them. In the five Parganas, on the other hand, the [[Kaithi]] alphabet is used, and the language is looked at through Hindi spectacles. ...{{nbsp}}Panch Pargania or Tamaria is really a composition of language formed of Bengali, Oriya and Bihari words and terminations. |''Census of India : 1911'', Vol. V, Part I, p. 389}}

The Kurmali language was initially recorded, notably by [[George Abraham Grierson|G.A. Grierson]] in the early 20th century, as the language of the [[Kudmi Mahato|Kuṛmi]] community, who were in a transitional phase to Bengali after settling in Bengali-speaking regions, bordering Hindi and Odia-speaking areas. Thus, it was commonly regarded as a variety of Bengali in the region, but {{harvp|Grierson|1903}} classified Kurmali Thar (''Thar'' means "[[Style (sociolinguistics)|style]]", i.e., the style of Kuṛmi [[vocabulary]]) and Panch Pargania within the [[Bihari languages|Bihari group of languages]] as [[Magahi language|''Eastern Magahi'']], based on its distinct structural features and vocabulary, which were shaped by substratal language, diverging from Bengali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Saryoo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N81Di9EN8C&pg=PA4 |title=Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study |date=2008 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-525-4 |language=en}}</ref> On the basis of this categorization, Kurmali Thar and Panch Pargania was officially classified as a variety of [[Hindi]] (or [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) in the 1911 census, a classification that continued in subsequent censuses.<ref name=":1" /> However, while the speaker remained in a transitional phase, Kurmali gained increasing recognition as a separate linguistic identity after the 1961 census, largely driven by growing sociopolitical consciousness among its speakers.<ref name=Outlook/>{{sfn|Prasad|Shastri|1958|loc=Ch. 1, p. 1}}<ref>{{Cite book |author=India (Republic) Superintendent of Census Operations, Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGrRAAAAMAAJ |title=Language Handbook |date=1956 |publisher=Manager of Publications, civil lines |language=en |quote=The wide differences between the results of the villagewise sorting and earlier 1951 figures is thus clearly not due to the use of National Registers on the present occasion. This difference arises mainly from the fact that a large number of returns under Kurmali and Khotta, the two most important Bihari (Hindi) dialects in Manbhum Sadar, were wrongly sorted as Bengali in the earlier operation.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=Great Britain India Office Franchise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PB4oAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA207 |title=East India (Constitutional Reforms).: Indian Franchise Committee, 1932 ... Report ... [and Memoranda Submitted by the Local Governments and the Provincial Franchise Committees and Selections from Memoranda Submitted by Individuals and Oral Evidence |date=1932 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en |page=207 |quote=The “Kurmali” dialect which is spoken by the Kurmis of the Manbhum district was always regarded authoritatively as a dialect of Bengali until 1911. But in the Census Reports for 1911 and 1921, it come to be recorded as a dialect of Hindi, although “Kurmali” is known in the country to be really Bengali and not Hindi. In the Census Report of 1901 it was classified as Bengali. The 1911 Census Report, after noting that the Kurmali-speakers were being classed as Hindi-speakers,{{nbsp}}... In 1921, while classifying Kurmali and Khotta Bangla as dialect of Hindi, the Census authorities recognized the difficulties of such a classification.}}</ref>

The Kurmali language bears between 61 and 86 per cent lexical similarity with Panchpargania; {{avoid wrap|58–72 per cent}} with [[Khortha language|Khortha]]; {{avoid wrap|51–73 per cent}} with [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] ([[Sadri language|Sadri]]); {{avoid wrap|46–53 per cent}} with [[Odia language|Odia]]; {{avoid wrap|41–55 per cent}} with [[Bengali language|Bengali]]; and {{avoid wrap|44–58 per cent}} with [[Hindi]].<ref name="Ethnologue" /> Hence the Panchpargania is usually considered a major variety of the Kurmali language, although sometimes it is classified as a distinct language. Similarly, due to the great influence of the Bengali language on Kurmali (as the speakers of this language are in the [[Language shift|process of shifting]] to dominant or [[prestige language]]s of the region), many linguists label it as [[Jharkhandi dialect|Jharkhandi Bangla]] and sometimes it is clustered as a [[Manbhumi dialect]].<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Sengupta |editor-first=Nirmal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYoeAAAAMAAJ |title=Fourth World Dynamics, Jharkhand |date=1982 |publisher=Authors Guild Publications |pages=143 |language=en }} [https://archive.org/details/fourth-world-dynamics-jharkhand-1-ed_compress Alt URL]</ref> Kurmali also closely resembles the [[Khortha language]] and has a good number of [[loanword]]s from the [[Munda languages|Munda language]] family, specifically from the [[Santali language]], although not as much as Khortha language.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|pages=296, 297}}

It is believed that the early form of the Kurmali language was spoken by [[Kudmi Mahato]], a group that was one of the original homesteaders of erstwhile [[Manbhum]] region of Bihar.<ref name=Outlook>{{Cite magazine |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=9 May 2022 |title=How Grouping of Languages Inflated Number of Hindi Speakers |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/how-grouping-of-languages-inflated-number-of-hindi-speakers-news-195648 |access-date=16 May 2022 |magazine=Outlook |language=en}}</ref> Although the language is now Indo-Aryan in nature, it has some distinctive features like [[lexical item]]s, [[grammatical marker]]s and [[Grammatical categories|categories]] that are neither available in [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] nor [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], nor even in [[Munda languages]].<ref name=":3"/> The language has its own traditional precedence, and [[Magahi language|Magahi]] is not generally regarded as its linguistic source by some authors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Sajal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnVuAAAAMAAJ&q=kurmali+language |title=Jharkhand Movement: Ethnicity and Culture of Silence |date=1994 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-85952-15-4 |language=en}}</ref> Thus it is believed that the language was once a separate, unrelated language. However, because of its long settlement in the Aryan belt, the native speakers gradually abandoned the original structure and switched to an Aryan form of the language, while retaining the substrate of the old.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Paudyal |first1=Netra P. |last2=Peterson |first2=John |date=1 September 2020 |title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand |journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=347 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028 |issn=2196-078X |s2cid=233732014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The language currently falls in 6b (threatened) and 7 ([[language shift]]ing) level of the [[Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale]] (EGIDS), which correspond to the [[UNESCO]] language endangerment category level "[[Vulnerable language|Vulnerable]]" and "[[Endangered language|Definitely Endangered]]".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mahto, R. R.; and Fayez, S. M. |date=17 December 2021 |title=Kudmali and its Impending Challenges |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/event/language-documentation-and-linguistics-theory-6-conference-non-plenary-talks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629110012/https://www.soas.ac.uk/linguistics/events/language-documentation-and-linguistic-theory-6/file156440.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=soas.ac.uk |publisher=[[SOAS University of London]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudmali in India |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/india/languages/kudmali |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622130121/https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/india/languages/kudmali |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=UNESCO WAL |language=en}}</ref> However, [[Ethnologue]] place Kurmali at 6a (vigorous) level and its variety Panchpargania (widely used in Jharkhand) at level 3 ([[Trade language|trade]]) of EGIDS, both of which correspond to "Safe" status of UNESCO language endangerment category level.<ref name="Ethnologue" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Language of the day: Panchpargania |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language-of-the-day/2021-10-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014084310/https://www.ethnologue.com/language-of-the-day/2021-10-10 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Variety ===
{{See also|Manbhumi dialect}}
[[File:Kurmali language specimen.jpg|thumb|Three Kurmali language specimens recorded in 1903|300x300px|center]]
The language is transferred orally from generation to generation and the Kurmali language remains unstandardised due to influence of other [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo Aryan]] languages. Thus its speakers use different [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] and accents. However, the language can be classified on the basis of the speakers' territorial region, viz., [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] Kudmali, [[Dhalbhum]] Kudmali, [[Ranchi]] Kudmali (Panchpargania), [[Manbhum]] Kudmali, [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] Kudmali are the major regional varieties.<ref name=":5" /> All those varieties bear between 58 and 89 per cent lexical similarity with each other.<ref name="Ethnologue" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;font-size: 12pt"
|+ Present regional varieties of language<ref name="KurmaliThar"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishan |first=Shree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2BjAAAAMAAJ |title=Linguistic Traits Across Language Boundaries: A Report of All India Linguistic Traits Survey |date=1990 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |language=en}}</ref>
! English
! Dhalbhum Kudmali (Jharkhand)
! Manbhum Kudmali (West Bengal)
! Mayurbhanj Kudmali (Odisha)
|-
| He likes it.
| Oẽ iTa pOsOnd kOrOt.
| Oẽ iTa pOsOnd kOrEi.
| U iTa pOsOnd kare.
|-
| One person is sitting.
| ek lOke bOise ahe.
| ek lok gObchOlahe.
| ek lok bOsinchhe.
|-
| Invite all of them.
| Okhrak sObke neuta de deo.
| Okhrake sobhekaike neuta dei deliOn.
| arā sObuke neuta/ khabar diyan deo.
|-
| The tree comes out from the seed.
| muji lẽ gach hek.
| Bihin lẽ gach heuEik.
| muji lẽ gach haye.
|-
| Cows are grazing in the field.
| gOru gila bai dẽ cOrOhOt.
| gOru gilin taiNdẽ cOrOhOt.
| gOru gila bai dẽ cOrchhen.
|-
| You are not going to school.
| tÕe iskulẽ ni jais.
| tÕe iskulẽ nihi jais.
| tuiñ iskulẽ na jais.
|-
| He did not do the work.
| Õe kamTa ni kOrlak.
| Õe kamTa nihi kOllak.
| U kamTa nai kærla.
|-
| Go to my house.
| mOr gharke ke ja.
| Moi Ghar jaho.
| hamar gharke ke ja.
|}

== Numbers ==
The basic Kurmali cardinal numbers are:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
![[English numerals|English]]
!Kurmali (Old)
!Kurmali (Current)
|-
| 1 || eRi || ek
|-
| 2 || dORi/duhuñ || dui
|-
| 3 || ghurOin || tin
|-
| 4 || chail/gONda || caer
|-
| 5 || cOmpa || pãc
|-
| 6 || jheig || chO
|-
| 7 || sutOil || sat
|-
| 8 || aaThoi || aTh
|-
| 9 || nomi || nO
|-
| 10 || baNri || dOs
|-
| 20 || khonRi/khonDi || kuRie
|-2)
| 40 || mOn || dui kuRie
|}

== Language use==
The language Kurmali (Kudmali) is spoken by 555,465 people as a native language in India.<ref name="CensusStatements"/> The Kudmi ([[Kudmi Mahato]]), the native speakers of the language, are the main users.{{efn|"Kurmali is a corrupt form of Magahi, which, as the name implies, is the tongue of the aboriginal Kurmis of Chota Nagpur (not the Bihari cultivating caste of the same name). It was returned as the language of 211,411 persons in Manbhum, where the Kurmis number 291,729. It is not confined to them, however, but is spoken by many other castes. This [[patois]] is also known as Khotta or
Khotta Bengali, and is written in the Bengali character. Locally it is
regarded as a corrupt form of Bengali. It is reported that even in Ranchi,
though Bihari words are used, the terminations are often Bengali. In
Mayurbhanj it is usually called Kurmi Bengali or Kurumali Bengali, as well as simply Kurmi. With regard to its character, the late Maharaja of Mayurbhanj wrote as follows :— The mother-tongue of the Kurmis of Mayurbhanj is Bengali, with the peculiar intonation belonging to them.
These Kurmis have, as a rule, come from Midnapore and settled permanently in Mayurbhanj. Their dialect shows traces of Hindi and Oriya as well but it can not be called either." Quoted<ref name=Kurmali-Bengali>{{cite book|last=O'Malley |first=L.S.S. |title=Census of India, 1911|others=Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Sikkim, Vol. V. Part-I (report)|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot |year=1913 |pages=388–389 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31808/download/34989/48808_1911_REP.pdf}}</ref>}} As per ''[[The People of India]]'' (1992), the language is spoken by ten communities as a [[mother tongue]], including two [[Scheduled Tribe]] and three [[Scheduled Caste]] communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgxuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA220 |title=People of India |date=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |pages=220 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|A community speaking Kudmali language as mother tongue in one administrative-linguistic zone may not necessarily speak that same language as mother tongue in another administrative-linguistic zone.}} Those ten communities include [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]], [[Bagal (caste)|Bagal]], Dharua, [[Dom (caste)|Dom]], Jolha, [[Kamar (caste)|Kamar]], [[Kumhar]], [[Tanti]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Ghasi]], Karga, and [[Rautia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saha|first=Atanu|date=28 July 2018|title=Census and the Aspects of Growth and Development of Bangla vs. Bangla-Hindi Bilingualism-With Special Focus on West Bengal |journal= Language in India |volume=11|issue=3 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326673438}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OLAC resources in and about the Kudmali language|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/kyw|access-date=24 October 2021|website=www.language-archives.org|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024041214/http://www.language-archives.org/language/kyw|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In addition, bilingual tribals like [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Kharia people|Kharia]], Lohara (or Lohar), [[Mahli tribe|Mahli]], [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], [[Santal people|Santal]], [[Sabar people|Savar]] and [[Bathudi Tribe|Bathudi]] communities speak the language as a second or subsequent language.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Minz |first1=Diwakar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA37 |title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand |last2=Hansda |first2=Delo Mai |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-121-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KurmaliThar" />

The language contributes to community identity in festivals like [[Bandna]], [[Tusu Festival|Tusu]], [[Karam festival|Karam]] and [[Jhumair]], in which the songs are formatted in Kurmali. An example of this is the [[Jhumar song]].

==Education==
There are some institutions, where the Kurmali language is a higher education core subject.


{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Arsha College]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department : Arsha College |url=https://arshacollege.org/department.php?dept=9 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=arshacollege.org}}</ref>
* [[Bandwan Mahavidyalaya]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To The Official Website of Bandwan College |url=https://www.bandwanmahavidyalaya.com/dept_profile.php |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=www.bandwanmahavidyalaya.com}}</ref>
* [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University]], [[Dhanbad]]
* [[Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University]], [[Ranchi]]
* [[Kolhan University]], [[Chaibasa]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=PG TRL, KURMALI, SEM-II, CC-2, कुड़माली डमकच गीत - Kolhan University |url=https://www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in/index.php/academic/online-classes/miscellaneous/item/2204-pg-trl,-kurmali,-sem-ii,-cc-2,-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219022937/https://www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in/index.php/academic/online-classes/miscellaneous/item/2204-pg-trl,-kurmali,-sem-ii,-cc-2,-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* [[Kotshila Mahavidyalaya]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kotshila Mahavidyalaya : Home |url=https://kotshilamahavidyalaya.ac.in/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=kotshilamahavidyalaya.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Panch Pargana Kishan College|Panch Pargana Kisan College]] [[Bundu block|Bundu]], [[Jharkhand]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panch Pargana Kisan College Bundu Ranchi Jharkhand India |url=https://www.ppkcollegebundu.in/Hod.aspx |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=www.ppkcollegebundu.in}}</ref>
* [[Ramananda Centenary College]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: Departments : Ramananda Centenary College :: |url=https://www.ramanandacentenarycollege.in/department.php?dept=1 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=www.ramanandacentenarycollege.in}}</ref>
* [[Chitta Mahato Memorial College]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitta Mahato Memorial CollegeHome |url=https://chittamahatomemorialcollege.ac.in/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=chittamahatomemorialcollege.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Ranchi University]], [[Ranchi]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Sadhu Ram Chand Murmu University of Jhargram|Jhargram University]], [[Jhargram]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=amaderbharat.com |date=5 September 2022 |title=ঝাড়গ্রামের সাধু রামচাঁদ মুর্মু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের নতুন ভবনের উদঘাটন করলেন মুখ্যমন্ত্রী |url=https://www.amaderbharat.com/the-chief-minister-inaugurated-the-new-building-of-sadhu-ramchand-murmu-university-of-jhargram/ |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=AmaderBharat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - পুরুলিয়া |url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1130901/1puru1.html |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=archives.anandabazar.com}}</ref>
* [[Vinoba Bhave University]], [[Hazaribagh|Hazaribag]]<ref name=":0" />
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=G.A. |series=Linguistic survey of India|volume='''V''': Indo-Aryan family, Eastern group |chapter=Eastern Magahī |title=Part II. Specimens of Bihari and Oriya languages |year=1903 |pages=145–157 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/linguistic-survey-india-vol-v-indo-aryan-family-eastern-group-part-ii |publisher=Government Printer, India|location= Calcutta}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90886 Alt URL]
* {{Cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Bishwa Nath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53872 |title=Linguistic survey of the Sadar subdivision of Manbhum and Dhalbhum (Singhbhum) |last2=Shastri |first2=Sudhakar Jha |year=1958 |location=Patna |language=English |oclc=186714577 }}
* {{Cite book |title= Linguistic Survey of India – Bihar |publisher=Language division, Office of the Registrar General, India |year=2020|chapter=Kurmali Thar |first=Tapati |last=Ghosh |url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/LSI_Reports/pdf/1.pdf |pages=439–501}}
* {{Cite book |title= Linguistic Survey of India – Jharkhand |publisher=Language division, Office of the Registrar General, India |year=2021|chapter=Panch Pargania |first1=S.P. |last1=Dutta |first2= Ranjita |last2=Pattanaik |url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/LSI_Reports/pdf/2.pdf |pages=566–644}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=SINGH|first=GYANESHWAR|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sioLEAAAQBAJ|title=Historical Perspective of Kurmali Language|date=25 November 2020|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418104755/https://books.google.com/books?id=sioLEAAAQBAJ|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-date=18 April 2023|access-date=17 November 2021}}{{self-published inline|date=January 2023}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Majumder |first=Arup |date=5 June 2018 |title=Kurmali Kinship Terms and Its Morphology: An Anthropo-linguistic Study |journal=Jadavpur Journal of Languages and Linguistics |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330875357 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=38–48}}
*{{Cite book |last=Dash |first=Biswanandan |url=https://www.grin.com/document/278586 |title=Kurmali noun morphology. An inflectional study on gender and number |date=5 August 2014 |isbn=978-3-656-71900-7 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |editor-last= Saha |editor-first=Atanu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CXzzgEACAAJ |title=Dictionary of the Kurmali Language: Bangla-Kurmali-English-HIndi |publisher=Jadavpur University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-93-83660-54-4 |oclc=1300421436 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |first= Kshudiram |last=Mahato |title=Kurmāli śabdakosha |publisher=Purulia Pustak Mandir |location= Purulia |year=1983 |oclc=23147093}}

{{Bihari languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bihari languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bihar]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

Sarat Kumar Mukhopadhyay

2026-04-26T05:16:15Z

Rajesh Ghosh: put up some bio nd citations

{{Short description|Indian Bengali poet (1931–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sarat Kumar Mukhopadhay
| image =
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|08|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Puri]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|12|21|1931|08|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India
| occupation = Writer, poet, author
|nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
|alma_mater =[[University of Calcutta]]
|movement = [[Krittibas (magazine)|Krittibas]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Academy Award]] (2008)
}}
'''Sarat Kumar Mukhopadhyay''' (15 August 1931 – 21 December 2021) was an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] poet, translator and novelist.

==Life and career==
Sarat Kumar Mukhopadhyay was born in [[Puri]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] ([[British India]]), on 15 August 1931. He graduated from the [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] and became a [[Chartered Accountant]] from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ([[ICAI]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icai.org/ |title=Home |website=icai.org}}</ref>). He continued with his professional studies and became a holder of the [[Company Secretary]] certificate from the Institute of Company Secretaries of India ([[Institute of Company Secretaries of India|ICSI]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.icsi.edu/home | title=ICSI - Home }}</ref>). He took a break from his working life and went on to study management from the [[British Institute of Management]] in [[Glasgow]] (United Kingdom). His first book of poetry, ''Sonar Harin'' (The Golden Deer) was published in 1957.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutt|first=Kartik Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&dq=Sarat+Kumar+Mukhopadhyay&pg=PA809|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|date=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|language=en}}</ref> He was one of the four post-Modernist legendary poets of [[Krittibas (magazine)|Krittibas]] magazine of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='মধ্যরাতে কলকাতা শাসন' শেষ, চলে গেলেন সুনীল-শক্তির সতীর্থ শরৎকুমার মুখোপাধ্যায়|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/event/renowned-poet-sarath-kumar-mukhopadhyay-passed-away/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 December 2021|title=Sarat Kumar Mukherjee: শীতেই শরৎ-এর অবসান! প্রয়াত চিরসংযত ও চিরপ্রস্তুত এক কবি|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/eminent-bengali-poet-sarat-mukherjee-dies-at-90_416187.html|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Zee24Ghanta.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Arunava Raha|date=21 December 2021|title=কবি শরৎকুমার মুখোপাধ্যায় প্রয়াত|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/saratkumar-mukhopadhyay-pass-away-31640062971230.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221064743/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/saratkumar-mukhopadhyay-pass-away-31640062971230.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> His first novel ''Sahabas'' was published in the [[Desh (magazine)|Desh]] and at that time the novel created a lot of controversy among the readers about wife-swapping. He worked as a counsellor in the Creative Writing Programme of the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarat Kumar Mukhopadhyay Archives|url=https://books.katha.org/book-author/sarat-kumar-mukhopadhyay/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Katha Books|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2008 Mukhopadhyay received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his book ''Ghumer Borir Moto Chand''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::..|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|access-date=21 December 2021|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref> An anthology of his poems was translated to English by Robert McNamara as The Cat Under the Stairs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Eminent Bengali poet Sarat Mukherjee dies at age 90|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/12986662_Eminent-Bengali-poet-Sarat-Mukherjee-dies-at-age-90.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert McNamara|url=https://www.pw.org/directory/writers/robert_mcnamara|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Poets & Writers|date=18 October 1988 |language=en}}</ref> He died of a cardiac arrest in the early hours of 21 December 2021, at the age of 90.<ref name=":0"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Sarat Kumar}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Puri]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:47:44Z

Rajesh Ghosh: Put up the info with sources!

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Ananthapuram
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Anantapur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadurg]] [[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]] [[Guntakal Assembly constituency|Guntakal]] [[Tadpatri Assembly constituency|Tadpatri]] [[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]] [[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban]] [[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyandurg]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[G. Lakshminarayana]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|preceded_by = [[Talari Rangaiah]]
}}

'''Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Anantapur district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|value1=70|value2=18|value3=6|value4=6|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (12 Times)]]|label2=[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP '''(4 Times)]]|label3=[[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''' (1 time)]]|label4=[[YSR Congress Party|'''YSRCP''' (1 time)]]| color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|color3={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|color4={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}
|caption=Most Successful parties from Anantapur Lok Sabha}}

==Assembly segments==
Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following Legislative Assembly segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|148
|[[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadurg]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
|[[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|149
|[[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]]
|[[Payyavula Keshav]]
|-
|150
|[[Guntakal Assembly constituency|Guntakal]]
|[[Gummanur Jayaram]]
|-
|151
|[[Tadpatri Assembly constituency|Tadpatri]]
|[[J.C.Ashmit Reddy]]
|-
|152
|[[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]] (SC)
|[[Bandaru Sravani Sree]]
|-
|153
|[[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban]]
|[[Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad]]
|-
|154
|[[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyandurg]]
|[[Amilineni Surendra Babu]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Paidi Lakshmayya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[T. Nagi Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Osman Ali Khan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ponnapati Antony Reddi]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Darur Pullaiah]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Devineni Narayanaswami
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |Anantha Venkata Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[J. C. Diwakar Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Talari Rangaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[G. Lakshminarayana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Ananthapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anantha Venkata Reddy]]
| votes = 349,685
| percentage = 53.85
| change = +15.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[G. Ramanna Chowdary]]
| votes = 290,203
| percentage = 44.69
| change = -14.45
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 59,482
| percentage = 9.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 649,375
| percentage = 64.05
| change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Ananthapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anantha Venkata Reddy]]
| votes = 362,676
| percentage = 59.14
| change = +5.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[B.T.L.N. Chowdary]]
| votes = 200,392
| percentage = 32.67
| change = -12.02
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 162,284
| percentage = 26.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 613,298
| percentage = 60.36
| change = -3.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Ananthapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| votes = 288,845
| percentage = 44.60
| change = -14.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = [[R.Rangappa]]
| votes = 205,986
| percentage = 32.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
| candidate = [[V Prabhakara Chowdary]]
| votes = 94,485
| percentage = 14.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 82,859
| percentage = 12.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 638,636
| percentage = 52.58
| change = +7.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Ananthapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| votes = 320,474
| percentage = 44.60
| change = +3.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = [[R.Ramakrishna]]
| votes = 238,076
| percentage = 35.40
| change = +3.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Veluri Kesava Chowdari]]
| votes = 93,339
| percentage = 13.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 82,398
| percentage = 9.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 672,528
| percentage = 55.44
| change = +2.86
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Ananthapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
| votes = 378,488
| percentage = 50.27
| change = +14.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| votes = 357,386
| percentage = 47.47
| change = +3.17
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 21,102
| percentage = 2.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 752,838
| percentage = 61.39
| change = +5.95
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Ananthapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| votes = 458,925
| percentage = 52.44
| change = +4.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
| votes = 385,521
| percentage = 44.05
| change = -6.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Nagabhushanam Gaddala
| votes = 9,296
| percentage = 1.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Yatham Pothalaiah
| votes = 7,102
| percentage = 0.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Pyramid Party of India
| candidate = K Venkatesulu
| votes = 6,232
| percentage = 0.71
| change = -6.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = A Jagan Mohan Rao
| votes = 4,419
| percentage = 0.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = B S Amarnath
| votes = 3,640
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 73,404
| percentage = 8.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 875,135
| percentage = 68.42
| change = +5.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Ananthapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| votes = 457,876
| percentage = 45.78
| change = -6.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Kalava Srinivasulu
| votes = 379,955
| percentage = 37.99
| change = -6.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = G. S. Mansoor
| votes = 102,047
| percentage = 10.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ambati Rama Krishna Reddy
| votes = 16,540
| percentage = 1.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 77,921
| percentage = 7.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,000,208
| percentage = 70.86
| change = +2.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: Ananthapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[J. C. Diwakar Reddy|J.C. Diwakar Reddy]]
| votes = 606,509
| percentage = 50.33
| change = -6.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| votes = 545,240
| percentage = 45.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Anil Chowdary.P
| votes = 16,659
| percentage = 1.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 61,269
| percentage = 5.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,205,054
| percentage = 78.41
| change = +7.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ananthapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Talari Rangaiah]]
| votes = 695,208
| percentage = 51.57
| change = +6.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = J. C. Pavan Kumar Reddy
| votes = 553,780
| percentage = 41.08
| change = -9.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = K. Rajiv Reddy
| votes = 30,079
| percentage = 2.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = D. Jagadeesh
|votes = 20,294
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 16,466
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hamsa Devineni
|votes = 7,604
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 141,428
| percentage = 10.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1348114
| percentage = 81.01
| change = +2.60
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,64,160
|ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing = +7.78
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Ananthapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[G. Lakshminarayana]]
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|votes = 7,68,245
|percentage = 53.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Malagundla Sankaranarayana]]

|party = YSR Congress Party
|votes = 5,79,690
|percentage = 40.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Mallikarjuna Vajjala
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 43,217
|percentage= 3.00
|change=
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 9,199
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,88,555
|percentage = 13.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 14,45,498
|percentage =81.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/anantapur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Anantapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

S. Chandran

2026-04-21T02:50:47Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added some stub added tags

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Chandran
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[P. M. Narasimhan]]
| successor =
| spouse = C. Bhama
| children = C. Kanishka
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] Vivekananda College of Law
}}

'''S. Chandran''' is an Indian politician [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055533/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC003.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC003.pdf|access-date= 24 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tiruttani Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a003|access-date= 24 Apr 2022}}</ref>
==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Tiruttani Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Tiruttani Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, S.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvallur district]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Nomula Narsimhaiah Yadav

2026-04-20T06:23:26Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added basic data more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician (1956–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nomula Narsimhaiah
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of legislative assembly
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1956|01|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palem]], [[Nakrekal]], [[Nalgonda]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|12|01|1956|01|09|df=yes}}
| death_place = Hyderabad
| spouse =
| children =
| constituency = [[Nagarjuna Sagar (Assembly constituency)|Nagarjuna Sagar, Telangana]]
| alma_mater =
| term_start = 11 December 2018
| term_end = 1 December 2020
| office1 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2009
| constituency1 = Nakrekal Assembly constituency
| predecessor1 = Narra Raghava Reddy
| successor1 = [[Chirumarthi Lingaiah]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| website =
}}
'''Nomula Narsimhaiah Yadav''' (9 January 1956 – 1 December 2020) was an Indian politician and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]] belonging to [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]. He was elected as a legislator from [[Nagarjuna Sagar (Assembly constituency)|Nagarjunasagar constituency]] in 2018 Telangana general elections by defeating Congress leader [[Kunduru Jana Reddy]] by 7771 votes. He was a legislator and a senior leader with [[CPI-M]].<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ns5YkZkgqhSwvFaTg6mk9J/TRS-chief-to-contest-both-Lok-Sabha-assembly-polls-in-Telan.html TRS, AIMIM announce candidates; KCR to contest from Medak - Livemint]</ref> He was elected twice as a MLA from Nakrekal assembly constituency and leader of CPI-M in the Legislative Assembly.

He was married and has three children. His son, Nomula Bagath Kumar, is an advocate at the high court of Telangana and also very active in politics and public service. He was helping his father in development of Nagrajuna sagar Constitution.

==Early life==
He was born in [[Palem]] Village [[Nakrekal]] Mandal [[Nalgonda district]], [[Telangana State]] in [[Yadav]] community. In his childhood he was attracted towards communist literature like Telangana Armed Struggle and inspired by legendary personalities. He also loved and was involved in agriculture since his childhood. He has done [[Master of Arts]] (MA) and [[Bachelor of Laws]] (LLB) at [[Osmania University]].

==Political career==
In his student life at [[Osmania University]], he has actively led the [[Students Federation of India]]. Later, he has joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He has been a leading advocate at Nalgonda and Nakrekal judicial courts. He was elected twice as Mandal Parishath President of Nakrekal and elected twice as MLA from [[Nakrekal]] constituency in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. From 1999 to 2004, he has worked as Floor Leader of CPI(M) in the AP legislative assembly.

===BRS Party===
Later, he differed with the CPI(M) party's stand on [[Telangana]] and joined the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] on 8 April 2014 and contested as BRS party candidate from [[Nagarjuna Sagar (Assembly constituency)]] in General Elections 2014 and lost the election.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132402/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Alliances-Create-Fissures-in-Parties/2014/04/09/article2158191.ece#.U0TFVEhdVfY Alliances Create Fissures in Parties - The New Indian Express]</ref>

===As MLA===
From [[Nagarjuna Sagar (Assembly constituency)|Nagarjunasagar constituency]] In 2018 Assembly elections, he defeated senior leader and sitting MLA of [[Indian National Congress]] Party [[K. Jana Reddy]] by 7771 votes.

==Death==
On 1 December 2020, he died of [[cardiac arrest]] due to complications from [[COVID-19]] amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/trs-lawmaker-nomula-narasimhaiah-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-after-post-covid-19-complications/story-uzByle8xJiTJ1tjUmS6CiK.html TRS lawmaker Nomula Narasimhaiah dies of cardiac arrest after post-Covid-19 complications]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narsimhaiah, Nomula}}
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Panna Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:40:27Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added a details from scratch

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panna
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 60
| map_image = 60-Panna.svg
| mla = [[Brijendra Pratap Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Kusum Mehdele]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Panna district|Panna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Brijendra Pratap Singh.jpg
}}

'''Panna Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=7 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=4|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

==Overview==
Panna (constituency number 60) is one of the 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Panna district]]. This constituency covers the entire Ajaigarh [[tehsil]], Panna municipality and part of Panna tehsil of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=231, 250}}</ref>

Panna is part of [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Gunnaor Assembly constituency|Gunnaor]] and [[Pawai Assembly constituency|Pawai]] in this district, [[Chandla Assembly constituency|Chandla]] and [[Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] in [[Chhatarpur district]] and [[Vijayraghavgarh Assembly constituency|Vijayraghavgarh]], [[Murwara Assembly constituency|Murwara]] and [[Bahoriband Assembly constituency|Bahoriband]] in [[Katni district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan=2 |Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="eci2" />
|Saryu Prasad Chanpuriya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan=2 |Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Devendra Vijay Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Narendra Singh Judeo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Het Ram Dubey
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Lokendra Singh Judeo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Het Ram Dubey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Jai Prakash Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Kusum Mehdele]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election 1993 – Constituency: Sagar |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=707&cid=39 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223004521/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=707&cid=39 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref>
|[[Lokendra Singh Judeo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election2014-1">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election 1998 – Constituency: Sagar |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=708&cid=39 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223010511/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=708&cid=39 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Kusum Mehdele]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2014-2">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election 2003 – Constituency: Sagar |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=203&cid=39 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223020007/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=203&cid=39 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="election2003">{{cite magazine |title=Assembly Elections Madhya Pardesh 2003 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?222226 |accessdate=19 February 2014 |magazine=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=7 March 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
|Shrikant Dubey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="ceom2">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=23 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
|[[Kusum Mehdele]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Brijendra Pratap Singh]]
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Panna<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Brijendra Pratap Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:96668}}
|percentage = 51.15
|change = +10.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bharat Milan Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:78758}}
|percentage = 41.67
|change = +13.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Lodhi Mahendra Pal Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:2877}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change = -0.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vimla Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:2855}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change = -11.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2364}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change = +0.85
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17910}}
|percentage = 9.48
|change = -2.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188993}}
|percentage = 75.33
|change = +1.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Panna<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Brijendra Pratap Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:68359}}
|percentage = 40.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shivjeet Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:47651}}
|percentage = 28.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anupama Charan Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:22818}}
|percentage = 13.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Lodhi Mahendra Pal Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:10973}}
|percentage = 6.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Pahalwan Dasrath Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3291}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Bhagat Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:3253}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Shaligram Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:1743}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Bihari Goswami Patrkar
|votes = {{formatnum:1734}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Udaya Aatmanand Ji
|votes = {{formatnum:1590}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:680}}
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20708}}
|percentage = 12.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169989}}
|percentage = 74.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
==See also==
* [[Panna, India|Panna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|24.71|80.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Panna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Sadar Bazar Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:54Z

Rajesh Ghosh: put up new data more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{About|the Delhi Assembly constituency|other uses|Sadar Bazaar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sadar Bazar
| mla = [[Som Dutt]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[Chandni Chowk]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 19
}}
'''Sadar Bazar Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern [[India]].
Sadar Bazar assembly constituency is a part of [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Hari Krishan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Rajesh Jain]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Som Dutt]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Sadar Bazar<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Sadar Bazar">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Sadar Bazar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0519.htm |access-date=9 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309152055/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0519.htm |archive-date=9 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sadar Bazar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Sadar Bazar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/sadar-bazar |access-date=9 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309152059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/sadar-bazar |archive-date=9 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Som Dutt]]
| votes = 56,177
| percentage = 47.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Manoj Kumar Jindal
| votes = 49,870
| percentage = 42.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Anil Bhardwaj
| votes = 10,057
| percentage = 8.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NOTA
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 586
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6307
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,18,400
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Sadar Bazar<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Som Dutt]]
| votes = 68,790
| percentage = 55.71
| change = -0.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jai Prakash
| votes = 43,146
| percentage = 34.94
| change = +7.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Satbir Sharma
| votes = 9,857
| percentage = 7.98
| change = -5.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Asad|votes=574|percentage=0.46|change=-0.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 408
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 25,644
| percentage = 20.77
| change = -8.00
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,23,524
| percentage = 66.80
| change = -5.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -0.89
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Som Dutt]]
| votes = 67,507
| percentage = 56.60
| change = +25.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Parveen Kumar Jain
| votes = 33,192
| percentage = 27.83
| change = -2.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Ajay Maken]]
| votes = 16,331
| percentage = 13.69
| change = -14.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mirza Ali Raza
| votes = 748
| percentage = 0.63
| change = -1.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Man Mohan
| votes = 257
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 34,315
| percentage = 28.77
| change = +28.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,19,312
| percentage = 71.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +25.36
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Som Dutt]]
| votes = 34,079
| percentage = 31.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Jai Prakash]]
| votes = 33,283
| percentage = 30.51
| change = -7.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajesh Jain]]
| votes = 31,094
| percentage = 28.51
| change = -24.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajesh Dass
| votes = 3,496
| percentage = 3.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Prakash
| votes = 2,785
| percentage = 2.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mirza Ali Raza
| votes = 2,632
| percentage = 2.41
| change = -3.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vinod Rana
| votes = 263
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Atulya Bharat Party
| candidate = Jagmohan Singh
| votes = 198
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Mohd Gulab
| votes = 160
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Maqsood Ahmed Khan
| votes = 159
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Daya Ram Saini
| votes = 130
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate =Abdul Khubab
| votes = 88
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Khurshid Alam
| votes = 57
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Asif Ali
| votes = 45
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 796
| percentage = 0.73
| change = -15.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 109,084
| percentage = 71.18
| change = +11.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Sadar Bazar<ref>[https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3876-delhi-2008/ 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajesh Jain]]
| votes = 47,508
| percentage = 53.44
| change = -12.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Jai Prakash]]
| votes = 33,419
| percentage = 37.59
| change = +7.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rajendra Kumar Prajapati
| votes = 5,004
| percentage = 5.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Ganga Singh
| votes = 776
| percentage = 0.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 454
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shakil Ahmed
| votes = 446
| percentage = 0.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prahlad
| votes = 295
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Mohd Gulab
| votes = 278
| percentage = 0.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Ramesh Kumar
| votes = 162
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Asif Ali
| votes = 120
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vipin Sharma
| votes = 99
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Brij Mohan
| votes = 95
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Avinash Puri
| votes = 83
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kamal Singh
| votes = 80
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Naveen Kumar Jain
| votes = 76
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,089
| percentage = 15.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 88,895
| percentage = 60.1
| change = +3.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Sadar Bazar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajesh Jain]]
| votes = 33,144
| percentage = 66.07
| change = -3.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Prof Raghuvansh Singhal]]
| votes = 15,065
| percentage = 30.03
| change = -1.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Mohd Imran Ansari
| votes = 665
| percentage = 1.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
| candidate = Balbir Singh
| votes = 257
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ravi Kumar
| votes = 222
| percentage = 0.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vikas
| votes = 215
| percentage = 0.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Arun Kumar
| votes = 206
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jan Chetna Party
| candidate = Mahipal Singh
| votes = 87
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ashok Bhasin
| votes = 78
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Yogesh
| votes = 71
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Babu Lal
| votes = 68
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Asif
| votes = 47
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohinder Kumar Jatav
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Irfan
| votes = 20
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 18,079
| percentage = 36.04
| change = +4.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 50,168
| percentage = 56.61
| change = +3.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Sadar Bazar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajesh Jain]]
| votes = 32,555
| percentage = 63.00
| change = +18.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Hari Krishan]]
| votes = 16,187
| percentage = 31.33
| change = -15.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Rajender Singh Mathoo]]
| votes = 1,072
| percentage = 2.07
| change = +1.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Sumit Pal Singh
| votes = 919
| percentage = 1.78
| change = -1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Chander Shekhar Gupta
| votes = 381
| percentage = 0.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Laiq Ahmed
| votes = 283
| percentage = 0.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raftar Hussain
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.14
| change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jagan Nath
| votes = 50
| percentage = 0.10
| change = -1.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajesh Kumar
| votes = 49
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Desh Bhakt Party
| candidate = Avinash Puri
| votes = 28
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Loktantrik Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Ram Prakash
| votes = 22
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajesh Kumar
| votes = 20
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sita Ram Mourya
| votes = 18
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sanjay Jain
| votes = 13
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kanwar Pal
| votes = 4
| percentage = 0.01
| change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,368
| percentage = 31.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 51,674
| percentage = 53.15
| change = -12.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Sadar Bazar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Hari Krishan
| votes = 27,125
| percentage = 46.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Harcharan Singh Joshi
| votes = 25,786
| percentage = 44.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Mohammed Ilyas
| votes = 1,615
| percentage = 2.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jagan Nath
| votes = 812
| percentage = 1.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rajender Singh Mathoo
| votes = 514
| percentage = 0.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudhir Jain
| votes = 395
| percentage = 0.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Baljeet Singh
| votes = 244
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Yasmin Ansari
| votes = 223
| percentage = 0.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Avinash Puri
| votes = 184
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gauri Shanker
| votes = 152
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raftar Hussain
| votes = 111
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Arun Mundra
| votes = 100
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 93
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jahangir Khan
| votes = 66
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajeev Sharma
| votes = 66
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Munna
| votes = 45
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vijay Kumar
| votes = 40
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Irfan Javed Qureshi
| votes = 38
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahesh Chand Gupta
| votes = 38
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ashok Kumar
| votes = 33
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Devender Kumar
| votes = 32
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kanwar Pal
| votes = 29
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Parvesh Sultan
| votes = 24
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suresh Kumar
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gurmeet Singh
| votes = 10
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,339
| percentage = 2.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 57,798
| percentage = 65.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.657|77.210|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

P. Ayyappan

2026-04-16T05:52:09Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added basic stub v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Ayyappan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 27 February 2026
| constituency = [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
| predecessor = P. Neethipathi
| successor =
| party = All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam (2026–present)
| other_party = *[[File:AIADMK OfficialFlag Vector.svg|20px]] [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (1996–2022)
*[[Independent politician|Independent]] (2022–2026)
*[[File:Flag DMK.svg|20px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (2026)
| birth_date = 7 April 1965
| birth_place = [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Thirumangalam]], [[Madurai district]], Tamil nadu, India
| birth_name = Ayyappan
| image =
}}

'''P. Ayyappan''' is an Indian politician who is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021. 2026, P. Ayyappan joined the All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam,<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222100448/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC197.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC197.pdf|access-date= 29 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Usilampatti Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a197|access-date= 29 Apr 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://madurai.nic.in/elections/
|access-date=29 Apr 2022
|title=Members of Legislative Assembly Constituency, Madurai District
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123132645/https://madurai.nic.in/elections/
|archive-date=23 Jan 2022
|website=madurai.nic.in
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-08-28 |title=OPS gains one more MLA, may meet Sasikala, TTV |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Aug/28/ops-gains-one-more-mla-may-meet-sasikala-ttv-2492220.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Special |date=2022-08-27 |title=Usilampatti MLA switches over to Panneerselvam camp |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/usilampatti-mla-switches-over-to-panneerselvam-camp/article65819191.ece |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=தமிழகத்தில் திமுக மீண்டும் ஆட்சிக்கு வர ஆசைப்படுகிறார் ஈபிஎஸ் - ஓபிஎஸ் ஆதரவு எம்எல்ஏ அய்யப்பன் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/tamil-nadu/madurai-iftar-dinner-mla-ayyappan-aiadmk-should-unite-ws-d-1763549.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323162050/https://tamil.news18.com/tamil-nadu/madurai-iftar-dinner-mla-ayyappan-aiadmk-should-unite-ws-d-1763549.html |archive-date=2025-03-23 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 சட்டமன்ற தேர்தல்: ஓபிஎஸ் தலைமையில் ஆட்சி - உசிலம்பட்டி அய்யப்பன் பேச்சு! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/2026-assembly-elections-government-under-leadership-of-o-panneerselvam-usilampatti-ayyappan-speech/articleshow/123947939.cms |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Usilampatti Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Usilampatti Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyappan, P}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

2003 Sri Lanka cyclone

2026-04-10T01:58:05Z

Rajesh Ghosh:

{{short description|Tropical cyclone}}
{{featured article}}
{{infobox weather event
| image = 01B 2003-05-13 0730Z.jpg
| caption = Satellite image of the tropical storm on May 13
| formed = May 10, 2003
| dissipated = May 20, 2003
}}{{infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 75
| pressure = 980
}}{{infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 60
| pressure = 980
}}{{infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2003
| fatalities = 260 total
| damage = 135000000
| areas = [[Sri Lanka]], India, [[Myanmar]]
| refs =
}}{{infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2003 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

The '''2003 Sri Lanka cyclone''' was a moderately powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that produced the worst flooding in [[Sri Lanka]] in 56 years. The first storm of the [[2003 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], it developed over the [[Bay of Bengal]] on May 10. Favorable environmental conditions allowed the system to intensify steadily while moving northwestward. The storm reached peak [[maximum sustained wind]]s of {{convert|140|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} on May 13, making it a [[very severe cyclonic storm]] according to the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), which is the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the basin.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=2011-09-11|title=Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Centers|access-date=2012-08-27|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutrsmc.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321173303/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutrsmc.shtml|archive-date=2015-03-21|url-status=live}}</ref> The cyclone drifted north over the central Bay of Bengal, gradually weakening due to heightened [[wind shear]]. Turning eastward, the storm deteriorated to a deep depression on May 16 before it curved northeastward and re-intensified into a cyclonic storm. It came ashore in western [[Myanmar]] and dissipated over land the following day.

In the wake of prolonged precipitation during the first half of May, the cyclone produced torrential rains across southwest Sri Lanka while stationary in the central Bay of Bengal. The storm drew extensive moisture that coalesced in the mountainous portion of the island. A station at [[Ratnapura]] recorded {{convert|366.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall in 18 hours on May 17, including {{convert|99.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} in one hour. In southwestern Sri Lanka, the rainfall caused flooding and landslides that destroyed 24,750 homes and damaged 32,426 others, displacing about 800,000 people. Overall damage totaled about $135 million (2003 [[United States dollar|USD)]],{{refn|All currencies are in 2003 values of their respective currencies.|group="nb"}} and there were 260 deaths. The cyclone also produced some rainfall in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of India and along the country's eastern coast. The storm funneled moisture away from the mainland, which possibly contributed to a heat wave that killed 1,900 people, and dropped heavy rainfall in Myanmar.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Cyclone 01B 2003 track.png}}
Around May 6, the [[monsoon trough]] extended across the southern Bay of Bengal, producing a vast field of [[atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]].<ref name="mgp">{{cite web|author=John Wallace|publisher=Gary Padgett|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary May 2003|year=2003|access-date=2014-04-19|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0305.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091856/http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0305.htm|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> A broad [[low-pressure area]] formed by the next day and remained nearly stationary.<ref name="mgp"/><ref name="imd">{{cite journal|journal=MAUSAM|volume=55|number=3|date=July 2004|title=Cyclones and depressions over north Indian Ocean during 2003|author=N. Jayanthi|author2=A. B. Mazumdar|author3=S. Sunitha Devi|page=389 |bibcode=2004Mausa..55..389. |access-date=2014-04-19|url=http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/Mausamcw/2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105319/http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/Mausamcw/2003.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over the next few days, the convection varied in intensity until becoming more organized around the nascent surface low on May 10.<ref name="mgp"/> At 03:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on May 10, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD){{refn|The [[India Meteorological Department]] is the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the northern Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (RSMC) – Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi |access-date=2015-04-24 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmcobmission.pdf |author=RSMC New Delhi |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904060803/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmcobmission.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-04 }}</ref>|group="nb"}} reported the formation of a depression about 535 km (330 mi) west of [[Banda Aceh]], [[Indonesia]]. Within nine hours, the depression further intensified into a [[North Indian Ocean cyclonic disturbance scale|deep depression]].<ref name="imd"/> Around the same time, the system was classified as Tropical Cyclone 01B by the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]].<ref name="atcr">{{cite report|publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|access-date=2014-04-19|title=Tropical Cyclone (TC) 1B|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/2003atcr.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221071623/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/2003atcr.pdf|archive-date=2013-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{refn|The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the northern Indian Ocean and other regions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|title=Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement|year=2011|access-date=2011-11-30|url=https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726103400/https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|archive-date=2007-07-26|publisher=United States Navy, United States Airforce}}</ref>|group="nb"}}

With warm [[sea surface temperature]]s, a formidable [[anticyclone]] aloft,<ref name="mgp"/> and low [[wind shear]], the system continued to mature as it tracked northwestward.<ref name="atcr"/> Early on May 11, the deep depression strengthened into a cyclonic storm – marked by [[maximum sustained wind]]s of at least {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}{{refn|The IMD gauges winds over a three-minute average.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions on Tropical Cyclones|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=2015-04-24|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/faq/FAQP.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521044203/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/faq/FAQP.htm|archive-date=2015-05-21}}</ref>|group="nb"}} – and later in the day into a severe cyclonic storm.<ref name="imd"/> Simultaneously, the system was driven toward the north by a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge of high pressure]] to the northeast.<ref name="atcr"/> At the time, the cyclone was located about {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="Water">{{cite journal|author=Lareef Zubair|author2=Upamala Tennakone|author3=Zeenas Yahiya|author4=Janaki Chandimala|author5=M.R.A. Siraj|journal=Journal of the Institute of Engineers, Sri Lanka|volume=36|number=3|title=What led to the May 2003 Floods?|pages=51–52|access-date=2014-04-21|url=http://water.columbia.edu/files/2011/11/Zubair2003Floods.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508215440/http://water.columbia.edu/files/2011/11/Zubair2003Floods.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> The storm continued to intensify, becoming a very severe cyclonic storm on May 12.<ref name="imd"/> That day, the JTWC upgraded Tropical Cyclone 01B to the equivalence of a minimal [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale|hurricane]] with winds of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="mgp"/>{{refn|The JTWC gauges winds over a one-minute average.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|date=2012-08-13|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|access-date=2015-04-24|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1/frequently-asked-questions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004091412/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1/frequently-asked-questions/|archive-date=2013-10-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>|group="nb"}} In post-season analysis, however, the agency revised the storm's maximum winds to {{convert|110|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="atcr"/> At 06:00 UTC on May 13, the IMD estimated that the storm attained peak winds of {{convert|140|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="ibt">{{cite report|author=Kenneth R. Knapp|author2=Michael C. Kruk|author3=David H. Levinson|author4=Howard J. Diamond|author5=Charles J. Neumann|year=2010|title=The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data: 2003 Missing (2003129N05091)|work=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|access-date=2014-10-20|url=http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2003129N05091|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084140/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2003129N05091|archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> The intensity estimate was based on a satellite-derived [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak number]] of 4.5, limited chiefly by the lack of an [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]].<ref name="imd"/>

After peaking in intensity, the storm began weakening due to increasing easterly wind shear from the ridge to the north, displacing the center of circulation from the deepest convection.<ref name="mgp"/><ref name="atcr"/> Early on May 14, the IMD downgraded the storm to a severe cyclonic storm.<ref name="imd"/> Around this time, steering currents slackened, and the cyclone meandered northward over the central Bay of Bengal. By late on May 14, convection had largely dissipated, with the exception of a small area near the center,<ref name="mgp"/> and the system weakened to minimal cyclonic storm status. Thunderstorm activity continued to wax and wane as the storm turned to the southeastward, though persistent hostile conditions caused the storm to weaken further to a deep depression on May 16. As the nearby ridge translated eastward, the depression was able to move more steadily to the east and later to the northeast, passing northwest of the [[Andaman Islands]] on May 18.<ref name="mgp"/><ref name="ibt"/> On the next day, the deep depression re-intensified into a cyclonic storm, reaching a secondary peak with winds of {{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="imd"/><ref name="ibt"/> At about 10:00 UTC on May 19, the storm made [[landfall]] close to [[Kyaukpyu]], [[Ramree Island]], in western [[Myanmar]].<ref name="mgp"/><ref name="atcr"/> The storm rapidly weakened into a depression and later degenerated into a low-pressure area on May 20,<ref name="imd"/> and was no longer discernible on satellite imagery by the next day.<ref name="mgp"/>

==Preparations and impact==

===Sri Lanka===
[[File:Sri Lanka - Location Map (2011) - LKA - UNOCHA.svg|right|thumb|Location map of Sri Lanka]]
Due to the significant distance between Sri Lanka and the Bay of Bengal storm, no cyclone warnings were posted. The India-based [[National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting]] anticipated the flood event three days in advance.<ref name="water2">{{cite journal|author=Lareef Zubair|journal=Natural Hazards|volume=33|number=3|year=2004|title=May 2003 Disaster in Sri Lanka and Cyclone 01-B in the Bay of Bengal|pages=303–318|access-date=2014-04-25|url=http://water.columbia.edu/files/2011/11/Zubair2004Disaster.pdf|doi=10.1023/b:nhaz.0000048462.21938.d6|bibcode=2004NatHa..33..303Z |s2cid=128560863|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508215408/http://water.columbia.edu/files/2011/11/Zubair2004Disaster.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-08|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the Sri Lankan government did not issue the first flood warnings until May 17, the same day that the flooding began. Many residents learned about the impending floods through loudspeakers and word of mouth, although some were alerted by television or radio. About 8,000 people evacuated on May 18, utilizing schools and public buildings as emergency shelters. The precipitation occurred in the wake of an already rainy period; a station near the [[Kalu River]] reported over {{Convert|600|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall in the first 15 days of May.<ref name="icharm">{{cite report|title=Factor Analysis of Water-related Disasters in Sri Lanka|work=The International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management|issn=0386-5878|pages=52, 57, 59–61, 67, 103, 111|publisher=Public Works Research Institute|author=Junichi Yoshitani|author2=Norimichi Takemoto|author3=Tarek Merabtene|url=http://www.icharm.pwri.go.jp/publication/pdf/pdf_0706/sri_e.pdf|year=2007|access-date=2014-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105124824/http://www.icharm.pwri.go.jp/publication/pdf/pdf_0706/sri_e.pdf|archive-date=2013-01-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the storm was nearly stationary in the central Bay of Bengal, the southwesterly flow drew abundant moisture over Sri Lanka to produce severe flooding. In the island's mountainous southwestern portion, the winds across the island produced heavy rainfall rates through a process known as [[Orographic rainfall|orographic lift]], mostly occurring on May 17–18. Throughout May 2003, the highest rainfall in the country was {{convert|899|mm|in|abbr=on}} at Gonapenigala Iranganie Estate. A station at [[Ratnapura]] recorded {{convert|718|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation in the month,<ref name="Water"/> of which {{convert|366.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} fell over an 18‑hour period on May 17; at the same station, there was a peak hourly rainfall total of {{convert|99.8|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="icharm"/> These were the heaviest rains on the island since 1947.<ref name="ifrc519"/> Rainfall was primarily concentrated in southwestern Sri Lanka, with a [[rain shadow]] farther inland that resulted in minimal precipitation in and [[Matale]].<ref name="Water"/> After the Kalu River overflowed, floodwaters reached {{Convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep in Ratnapura City, submerging the first floors of most homes and persisting for about three days. Landslides created a temporary natural dam on the river that washed away a bridge when it broke. Along the [[Gin River]], flood waters inundated the surrounding terrain up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep, covered roadways, and complicated evacuations.<ref name="icharm"/> In [[Hambantota District]], the inundation occurred after an ongoing drought, which amplified flood-related damage.<ref name="ifrc519b">{{cite report|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|date=2003-05-19|title=Sri Lanka: Flooding & landslides Information Bulletin No. 1|access-date=2014-04-25|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-landslides-information-bulletin-no-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070624/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-landslides-information-bulletin-no-1|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the flooding was severe in the southwestern portion of Sri Lanka, effects were minimal in the central and north-central regions, and there was no severe flooding in the capital city of [[Colombo]].<ref name="afp518"/>

Since the previously wet conditions had saturated soils,<ref name="icharm"/> the rains related to the cyclone caused severe flooding and landslides, mostly in [[Ratnapura District|Ratnapura]] and [[Nuwara Eliya District|Nuwara Eliya]] districts.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2014-04-21 |page=11 |title=WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2003 |year=2004 |url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/statement/documents/966_E.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508011220/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/statement/documents/966_E.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-08 }}</ref><ref name="dart">{{cite web|title=2003 Flood Archive|publisher=Dartmouth Flood Observatory|access-date=2014-04-21|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/2003sum.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072938/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/2003sum.htm|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> A landslide in [[Batugoda]] killed 81 people,<ref name="ocha1">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=2003-05-18|title=Sri Lanka – Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 1|via=ReliefWeb|access-date=2014-04-22|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-1-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110636/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-1-3|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> and at least 125 people died in Ratnapura.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Reuters|author=Scott McDonald|date=2003-05-21|title=Hundreds still missing from Sri Lanka floods|via=ReliefWeb|access-date=2014-04-28|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/hundreds-still-missing-sri-lanka-floods|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110613/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/hundreds-still-missing-sri-lanka-floods|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> The floods increased river levels in [[Hambantota District|Hambantota]], [[Matara District|Matara]], [[Galle District|Galle]], and [[Kalutara District|Kalutara]] districts, persisting until May 30 in Matara.<ref name="dart"/> Many roads were damaged, including the one that links Ratnapura to Colombo.<ref name="ifrc519"/> About 100 schools were destroyed and another 200 were damaged,<ref name="afp523"/> and some health facilities lost their equipment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=[[Plan (aid organisation)|Plan]]|date=2003-05-23|title=Floods ravage Sri Lanka|via=ReliefWeb|access-date=2014-04-28|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/floods-ravage-sri-lanka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073618/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/floods-ravage-sri-lanka|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Flooding from the cyclone destroyed {{convert|53300|ha|acre}} of tea crops,<ref name="dart"/> representing an estimated 20–30% loss for the year in the [[Tea production in Sri Lanka#Branding and grading|low country]].<ref name="water2"/> Farmers in the affected areas also lost some of their rice paddies to the high waters,<ref name="afp518"/> although only about 3% of the rice crop in the region was damaged, so no impact on the rice harvest was expected.<ref name="ifrc612">{{cite report|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|title=Sri Lanka: Flooding and Landslides Emergency Appeal No. 13/03 Operations Update no. 3|via=ReliefWeb|access-date=2014-04-29|date=2003-06-12|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-and-landslides-emergency-appeal-no-1303-operations-update-no-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110215/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-and-landslides-emergency-appeal-no-1303-operations-update-no-3|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Many areas lost electricity and telephone service,<ref name="ifrc519b"/> and there were disruptions to food and water supplies.<ref name="afp520">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=2003-05-20|title=Sri Lanka banks on foreign help as flood death toll hits 242|work=ReliefWeb |access-date=2014-04-25|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-banks-foreign-help-flood-death-toll-hits-242|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110723/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-banks-foreign-help-flood-death-toll-hits-242|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout Sri Lanka, the floods destroyed at least 24,750 homes and damaged 32,426 others,<ref name="afp523">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|title=Sri Lanka pours more troops to boost flood relief|work=ReliefWeb |access-date=2014-04-28|date=2003-05-23|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-pours-more-troops-boost-flood-relief|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065829/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-pours-more-troops-boost-flood-relief|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> displacing about 800,000 people,<ref name="wsws">{{cite news|work=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|publisher=International Committee of the Fourth International|title=Nearly one million left homeless by Sri Lankan floods|date=2003-05-27|access-date=2014-04-25|url=http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2003/05/sril-m27.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153720/http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2003/05/sril-m27.html|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> many of whom lost everything they owned.<ref name="ifrc530">{{cite report|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|title=Sri Lanka: Flooding and Landslides Emergency Appeal No. 13/03 Operations Update no. 2|via=ReliefWeb|date=2014-04-29|access-date=2003-05-30|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-and-landslides-emergency-appeal-no-1303-operations-update-no-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110102/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-and-landslides-emergency-appeal-no-1303-operations-update-no-2|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Total damage was estimated at $135 million (2003 USD),<ref name="unisdr">{{cite report |publisher=United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction |series=WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones |title=Thirty-First Session Final Report |year=2004 |access-date=2014-05-03 |url=http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/preparatory-process/meetings/docs/WMO-ESCAP-Tropical-Cyclones.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805131250/http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/preparatory-process/meetings/docs/WMO-ESCAP-Tropical-Cyclones.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> primarily to homes and roads.<ref name="icharm"/> Across the island, floods related to the cyclone killed 260 people.<ref name="water2"/> Most of the deaths were along the nation's southern coast where the floods occurred, primarily along the Kalu River, and were mainly farmers. Levees helped drain floodwaters where systems were already in place.<ref name="icharm"/>

===Elsewhere===
In its formative stages, the storm produced moderate rainfall in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], totaling {{Convert|70|mm|in|abbr=on}} at [[Mayabunder]]. Later, as the storm was approaching Myanmar, it dropped {{Convert|89|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall on [[Little Andaman|Hut Bay]].<ref name="imd"/> Several stations in [[Tamil Nadu]] reported light precipitation, including a total of {{convert|98|mm|in|abbr=on}} at [[Adirampattinam]].<ref name="mgp"/> Along the coast of [[Odisha]], the fringes of the cyclonic storm dropped light rainfall, reaching {{convert|53|mm|in|abbr=on}} at Swampatna.<ref name="imd"/> As the storm made landfall in Myanmar, it produced heavy rainfall in [[Rakhine State]], signalling an early start to the monsoon season.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Myanmar Times]]|title=Cyclone brings an early monsoon|author=Myo Theingi Cho|volume=9|number=167|date=2003-06-01|access-date=2014-04-29|url=http://myanmartimes.tripod.com/cgi-bin/search.pl?id=28&view=detail&search=May%202003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001958/http://myanmartimes.tripod.com/cgi-bin/search.pl?id=28&view=detail&search=May%202003|archive-date=2014-05-02}}</ref>

The slow movement of the storm altered the [[Troposphere#atmospheric flow|atmospheric flow]] over southeastern India. It replaced the easterly maritime winds over southeast coast of India(TN and AP) and brought dry northwesterly winds from the North India which brought heatwave like conditions along North TN and South AP. Due to this, [[Chennai]] recorded 45C on May 31 breaking a record of 44.1C set in 1998. According to the IMD, the cyclone "might have caused the severe heat wave conditions prevailing over the coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]]" from May into early June, killing up to 1,400 people,<ref name="imd"/> and increasing air temperatures to {{convert|50|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|date=2003-06-12|title=Indian heat wave claims almost 2,000 lives|access-date=2014-04-21|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/indian-heat-wave-claims-almost-2000-lives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014135117/http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/indian-heat-wave-claims-almost-2000-lives|archive-date=2014-10-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:May 2003 Sri Lanka floods.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite-derived precipitation rates related to the storm from May 15–19; [[Sri Lanka]] is in the bottom center with the highest totals in a dark shade of red]]
In the immediate aftermath of the flooding in Sri Lanka, the country's air force, army, and navy, as well as police forces, operated search and rescue missions. The navy and air force collected residents stranded in trees and on roofs,<ref name="afp518"/> and were later assisted by the Indian military.<ref name="afp520"/> However, the lack of electricity and the damaged infrastructure hampered relief work.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=World Vision|date=2003-05-20|title=Floods kill 200 in Sri Lanka|via=ReliefWeb|access-date=2014-04-25|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/floods-kill-200-sri-lanka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110625/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/floods-kill-200-sri-lanka|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In the hardest hit area of Ratnapura, there was a shortage of doctors, prompting officials to request help from adjacent towns.<ref name="afp518"/> There were increased reports of diarrhea, viral flu, and typhoid in the aftermath of the floods.<ref name="wsws"/> Mobile health crews treated over 44,000 residents, which helped reduce the spread of disease.<ref name="ifrc530"/> Residents in one village went without food for three days, and in the storm's aftermath, many were also without access to clean water.<ref name="ifrc523">{{cite report|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|title=Sri Lanka: Flooding and Landslides Emergency Appeal No. 13/03 Operations Update no. 1|via=ReliefWeb|access-date=2014-04-28|date=2003-05-23|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-and-landslides-emergency-appeal-no-1303-operations-update-no-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110833/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-and-landslides-emergency-appeal-no-1303-operations-update-no-1|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> By May 19, flooding had begun to recede in the worst affected areas, allowing workers to repair roads.<ref name="ifrc519"/> The government released RS6 million ([[Sri Lankan rupee|LKR]], US$62,500) for immediate relief, and also provided RS15,000 (LKR, US$156) toward funeral expenses for each death.<ref name="ifrc519"/> From May 22–25, the country's legislature had reduced sessions so members could return to their districts.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=2003-05-20|title=Indian military joins Sri Lanka relief effort after flood havoc|work=ReliefWeb |access-date=2014-04-25|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/indian-military-joins-sri-lanka-relief-effort-after-flood-havoc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110152/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/indian-military-joins-sri-lanka-relief-effort-after-flood-havoc|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of May 2003, the government had allocated RS17.29 million (LKR, US$180,000) for relief measures,<ref name="wsws"/> including RS27,000 (LKR US$280) for each family to rebuild houses.<ref name="ocha526"/> The Sri Lankan government also set up a four-person task force to manage flood relief.<ref name="ifrc519"/> The local [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|Red Cross]] chapter utilized emergency supplies to distribute 10,000 food packages while also deploying trained volunteers to assist in the disaster areas.<ref name="ifrc519b"/> The Red Cross ultimately distributed about 26,000 loaves of bread, {{convert|862|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of sugar, and {{convert|1775|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of rice, among other supplies.<ref name="ifrc530"/> By May 20, the Sri Lankan air force had distributed 35 tons of food, using eight helicopters to airdrop parcels.<ref name="afp520"/> Red Cross workers cleaned hundreds of contaminated wells in the region, thereby restoring clean water access;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|date=2003-05-28|title=Red Cross takes lead in clean water for Sri Lanka flood victims|access-date=2014-04-29|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-landslides-information-bulletin-no-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110314/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-landslides-information-bulletin-no-2|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> this task was finished by August.<ref name="sum"/> By May 16, or nine days after the floods began, power was restored to about 95% of areas, and roads were gradually rebuilt.<ref name="r26">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=2003-06-03|title=Sri Lanka puts flood toll at 254, seeks foreign help|access-date=2014-04-29|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-puts-flood-toll-254-seeks-foreign-help|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110004/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-puts-flood-toll-254-seeks-foreign-help|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Road access to most villages was restored by May 26, with the exception of Matara. There, the ongoing floods prompted officials to close schools to reduce the spread of disease.<ref name="ocha526">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=2003-05-26|title=Sri Lanka – Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 4|via=ReliefWeb|access-date=2014-04-29|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110758/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-4|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> After the floods largely subsided, the [[World Socialist Web Site]] criticized the Sri Lankan government for not having better disaster management in place, as well as noting that deforestation and gem mining contributed to the landslides.<ref name="wsws"/> A Red Cross report in August 2003 noted the swift work to bring relief to the affected citizens, while also commenting that the floods displayed the country's problems with disaster mitigation.<ref name="sum"/>

On May 19, the Red Cross launched an appeal to the international community for assistance.<ref name="ifrc519">{{cite report|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|date=2003-05-19|title=Sri Lanka: Flooding & landslides Information Bulletin No. 2|access-date=2014-04-25|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-landslides-information-bulletin-no-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110314/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-flooding-landslides-information-bulletin-no-2|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> A day prior, the Red Cross allocated [[Swiss franc|CHF]]50,000 to buy relief supplies, while the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] provided a $50,000 grant.<ref name="ocha1"/> In the days after the floods, the government of India sent a ship with inflatable dinghies and medical supplies.<ref name="afp518">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|author=Amal Jayasinghe|title=India sends navy ship to help as Sri Lanka flood toll near 150|date=2003-05-18|access-date=2014-04-23|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/india-sends-navy-ship-help-sri-lanka-flood-toll-near-150|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110038/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/india-sends-navy-ship-help-sri-lanka-flood-toll-near-150|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 18 countries or local Red Crosses sent Fr.2.3 million [[Swiss franc|CHF]] worth of cash to Sri Lanka.<ref name="sum"/> Sweden sent kr800,000 (2003 [[Swedish krona|SEK]]) toward relief transport and distribution.<ref name="ifrc523"/> The government of Japan sent ¥19.8 million yen worth of tents, sheets, and other supplies to the country.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Government of Japan|date=2003-05-21|title=Emergency aid for flood disaster in Sri Lanka|access-date=2014-04-28|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/emergency-aid-flood-disaster-sri-lanka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075231/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/emergency-aid-flood-disaster-sri-lanka|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> The Iranian Red Cross sent $65,625 (USD) worth of blankets and tents to Sri Lanka,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Iranian Red Crescent|date=2003-05-31|title=Red Crescent relief aids to Algeria and Sri Lanka|access-date=2014-04-25|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/algeria/red-crescent-relief-aids-algeria-and-sri-lanka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517102858/http://reliefweb.int/report/algeria/red-crescent-relief-aids-algeria-and-sri-lanka|archive-date=2015-05-17|url-status=live}}</ref> which helped about 240 families.<ref name="sum">{{cite report|date=2003-08-29|access-date=2015-03-26|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/7BD5806E81413B34C1256D91004B48A3-ifrc-sri-29aug.pdf|via=ReliefWeb|title=Sri Lanka Floods and Landslides – Appeal No. 13/03; Operations Update no. 4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102345/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/7BD5806E81413B34C1256D91004B48A3-ifrc-sri-29aug.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia's government sent about $400,000 ([[Australian dollar|AUD]]) to [[UNICEF]] to help rebuild the damaged schools and other social services.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Government of Australia|date=2003-05-27|title=Australia to help restore schools destroyed by floods in Sri Lanka|access-date=2014-04-28|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/australia-help-restore-schools-destroyed-floods-sri-lanka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110302/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/australia-help-restore-schools-destroyed-floods-sri-lanka|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[ECHO (European Commission)|European Community Humanitarian Aid Office]] donated about €800,000 (US$944,000) to the country.<ref name="ocha526"/> The [[World Food Programme]] distributed meals to about 10,000 families, while the [[World Health Organization]] provided water purification tablets, typhoid vaccines, and health kits to about 100,000 people.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2003-05-21|title=UN mounts system-wide response to help Sri Lanka cope with deadly monsoon|publisher=UN News Service|via=ReliefWeb|access-date=2014-04-28|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/un-mounts-system-wide-response-help-sri-lanka-cope-deadly-monsoon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073144/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/un-mounts-system-wide-response-help-sri-lanka-cope-deadly-monsoon|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> During a peace agreement amid the ongoing [[Sri Lankan Civil War|civil war]], the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]] in Sri Lanka sent trucks with clothing and food to the affected areas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-05-21|title=Tigers join Sri Lankan flood relief drive|work=ReliefWeb |agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=2014-04-28|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/tigers-join-sri-lankan-flood-relief-drive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075243/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/tigers-join-sri-lankan-flood-relief-drive|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2004, the [[Asian Development Bank]] provided $12.5 million of the $17.5 million needed to repair the damaged infrastructure, while the Sri Lankan government provided the remaining $5 million.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Asian Development Bank|date=2004-07-09|title=ADB grants emergency assistance for flood-affected districts in southern Sri Lanka|access-date=2014-04-29|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/adb-grants-emergency-assistance-flood-affected-districts-southern-sri-lanka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110251/http://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/adb-grants-emergency-assistance-flood-affected-districts-southern-sri-lanka|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cyclone Viyaru]], which took a similar track in May 2013
* [[Geography of Sri Lanka]]
* '''''{{portal-inline|Sri Lanka}}'''''
* '''''{{portal-inline|Tropical cyclones}}'''''

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{2003 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2003 Sri Lanka cyclone}}
[[Category:2003 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:2003 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Very severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:May 2003 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2003]]

Lhingdeikim Kipgen

2026-04-08T20:40:21Z

Rajesh Ghosh:

{{Short description|Indian football player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Lhingdeikim
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Lhingdeikim Kipgen
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|1|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = Peniel Village, [[Churachandpur]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = 1.50 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_U20_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Downloads/Squads/AFC-U20-Women's-Asian-Cup-2026---squads.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=31 March 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| clubnumber = 20
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2019-2023
| clubs1 = Pehlum Lamhil Lawm
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 =
| clubs3 = Rani Laxmibai SA
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| caps4 = 8
| goals4 = 12
| nationalyears1 = 2025–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 10
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 1
| nationalgoals2 = 4
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 2 January 2025
}}
'''Lhingdeikim Kipgen''' (23 January 2008)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF - Lhingdeikim Kipgen |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/151439?type=club |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] from [[Manipur]], who plays as a forward for the club [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] in the [[Indian Women's League 2]] and the [[India women's national football team]].

== Early life and career ==
Kipgen is from Peniel village, Tuibong TD block, [[Churachandpur]] district, Manipur, India. She started with the local club, Pehlum Lamhil Lawm. Later, she honed her skills at Baichung Bhutia Football Schools programme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1165000451878698&set=a.633503148361767&type=3 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> She also played for [[Eastern Sporting Union]] in the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League]] season.

She made her senior India debut in the FIFA friendlies against [[Maldives]] at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] in December and January 2025. She made her debut in the second friendly and scored her first four career goals for the country on 2 January 2025. She scored twice in each half (12', 16', 56', 59'). She is selected by the Indian chief coach [[Crispin Chettri]] for the National camp at [[RDS Stadium|Anantapur]], Andhra Pradesh, ahead of the [[2025 Pink Ladies Cup]], to be held at Sharjah, [[United Arab Emirates]], from 20 to 26 February 2025. On 17 February 2025, she was named in the final squad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=India women's head coach Crispin Chettri names 23-member squad for Pink Ladies Cup in UAE |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-squad-pink-ladies-cup-russia-korea-republic-full-team-crispin-chettri/article69228786.ece |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crispin Chettri names 23-member squad for Pink Ladies Cup in UAE |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/crispin-chettri-names-23-member-squad-for-pink-ladies-cup-in-uae |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The AIFF}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|2 January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=1|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2025
|1
|4
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!1
!4
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Lhingdeikim
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || rowspan=4| 2 January 2025 || rowspan=4| Padukone – Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence, [[Bengaluru]], India || rowspan=4| {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || rowspan=4 align=center| 11–1 || rowspan=4| [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| 2. || align=center|'''3'''–0
|-
| 3. || align=center|'''7'''–1
|-
| 4. || align=center|'''8'''–1
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/151439?type=club Lhingdeikim Kipgen] at [[All India Football Federation]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kipgen, Lhingdeikim}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2008 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Churachandpur district]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 players]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:Garhwal United FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Mangan district

2026-04-05T02:23:38Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added a place

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mangan district
| native_name_lang = Nepali
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Sikkim|District]] of [[Sikkim]]
| image_skyline = Sunset om Kangchengyao in North Sikkim.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Kangchengyao]] in Mangan district, Sikkim
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Sikkim
| coordinates = {{coord|27|31|N|88|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = District Collector (DC)
| leader_name = Mr. Anant Jain <ref>{{Cite web|title=District Collectors|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/mygovernment/whos-who/district-collectors|website=sikkim.gov.in}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4226
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 610
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 43,709
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| registration_plate = SK-03
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-SK]]
| website = {{URL|https://mangan.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Mangan district''', formerly known as '''North Sikkim district''',<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/two-new-districts-to-be-created-in-sikkim/cid/1842637| title=thetelegraph.com}}</ref> is a [[list of Indian districts|district]] of the [[India]]n [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]]. Its district headquarters is [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]. It is the seventh least populous district in the country (out of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Sikkim |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/13990/download/17113/DH_2011_1100_PART_A_DCHB_SIKKIM.PDF |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Flowers and nature of North Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Wildflowers of North Sikkim]]
[[File:A bridge wildflowers nature Himalayas Yumthang Valley Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Flowering trees along stream valleys]]
Mangan is the largest of the six districts of Sikkim. The landscape is mountainous with dense vegetation all the way up to the alpine altitude before thinning out to desert scrub towards the northern tundra. Numerous waterfalls astride the main road make the trip to this district extremely picturesque.

The most prominent effect of the steepness of the valleys is the prevalence of landslides that at times drop debris anything between {{Convert|3000|and|5000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}} carrying devastation along their course. Most of them are caused either by melting snow beds on top of the mountains or by erosive action of monsoon rains.

Most of the people of the state reside near Mangan, the district headquarters which is about {{Convert|3000|ft|m|-2}} above sea level. Further north the elevation increases with the vegetation turning from [[temperate]] to [[alpine climate|alpine]] to [[tundra]]. Temperatures range from about {{convert|25|°C|°F}} to below {{convert|−40|°C|°F}} in the extreme high reaches where the altitude is in excess of {{convert|6,000|m|ft|-3|disp=or}}. [[Kanchenjunga]] is the highest peak at over {{convert|8,000|m|ft|-3|disp=or}}, straddling its western border with [[Nepal]] and can be seen clearly from the town of [[Singhik]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |date=2017-03-29 |title=Sikkim claims India’s first mixed-criteria UNESCO World Heritage Site |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/05/0893.pdf|journal=Current Science |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=893–994 |access-date=2017-05-11 }}</ref>

===Assembly constituencies===
Since 2002, the district has been divided into three [[assembly constituency|assembly constituencies]].
# [[Kabi Lungchok (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Kabi Lungchok]] (BL)
# [[Djongu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Djongu]] (BL)
# [[Lachen-Mangan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lachen-Mangan]] (BL)

==Economy==
Mangan is known as the [[Cardamom|Large Cardamom]] Capital of the world. The climate and terrain best suit the cultivation of the larger variety of Cardamom here.

The region has many power projects and enjoys almost uninterrupted electricity. The steep gradient and the innumerable lakes on the higher reaches facilitate ideal conditions for generation of hydro electric power.

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named North Sikkim one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is the only district in Sikkim currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Tourism===
Most of North Sikkim is restricted to travellers and permits are needed to visit these areas. The area, which shares a sensitive border with the [[People's Republic of China]] is heavily patrolled by the [[Indian army]]. However, owing to the natural environment and scenery, a large number of tourists have started visiting the region.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Often unregulated tourism becomes a conservation issue in fragile ecosystem such as high mountains.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2011). Tourism pressure on high elevation IBAs. ''Mistnet'' 12(1): 11–12.</ref>

==Divisions==

===Administrative divisions===
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 280
| footer = '''Scenes from the district'''
| image1 = Crows Lake in North Sikkim.jpg
| alt1 = Lake of crows
| caption1 = Crows Lake
| image2 = Yumthangnorth.jpg
| alt2 = Peaceful valley
| caption2 = Yumthang Valley
| image3 = Gumpa.jpg
| alt3 = Dancing up a storm
| caption3 = Gumpa dance at Lachung monastery
| image4 = View from Zero Point, North Sikkim.jpg
| caption4 = View from Zero Point, North Sikkim
| image5 = Zero Point Sikkim - North Sikkim.jpg
| caption5 = Zero Point Sikkim – After Earthquake, November 2011
| image6 =Yuemsamdong, Zero point.jpg
| caption6 = Yumesamdong, Zero Point, North Sikkim
}}

North Sikkim is divided into two sub-divisions:<ref>{{cite map |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |title=Sikkim Administrative Divisions |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/administrative_maps/SIKIM.pdf |language=en |format=PDF |year=2011 |access-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref>

{{North Sikkim image map}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=65% style="border:1px solid black"
|- bgcolor=#EDAFFF
| width="10%" | '''Name'''
| width="20%" | '''Headquarters'''
| width="20%" | '''Number of villages'''<ref name='MDDS'>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/MDDS/mdds_dir_Rural_11.pdf | title = MDDS e-Governance Code (Sikkim Rural) | access-date = 15 October 2011 | year = 2011 | format = PDF | publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| width="10%" |'''Population (2011)'''
| width="10%" | '''Area'''
| width="10%" | '''Location'''
|- bgcolor=#EFE4B0
| [[Chungthang subdivision|Chungthang]] || [[Chungthang]] || 9 || 10,038 || 3,285 || [[File:North Sikkim Subdivisions Chungthang.png|80px|center]]
|- bgcolor=#EFE4B0
| [[Mangan subdivision|Mangan]]|| [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]|| 46 || 33,671 || 941 || [[File:North Sikkim Subdivisions Mangan.png|80px|center]]
|}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Mangan district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 43,709,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Liechtenstein]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = 212 Liechtenstein 35,236 July 2011 est. The district was under the occupation of the Nepalese for 30 years in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 634th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 10 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 5.66%.<ref name=districtcensus/> North Sikkim has a [[sex ratio]] of 769 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 77.39%. 10.62% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.25% and 65.70% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

The people are mainly of Lepcha and Bhutia descent. Other groups include the Tibetan community. It also has one of the lowest populated regions of the state.

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Mangan district (2011)<ref name="Census">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.com/census/district/462-west-sikkim.html|title=East Sikkim District Religion Census 2011|access-date=27 August 2021|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514153424/https://www.census2011.com/census/district/462-west-sikkim.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|53.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|34.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|6.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Kirat Mundhum]]|red|2.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|1.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.86}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.67}}
}}

Buddhism is followed by majority of the people in Mangan district. Hinduism followed by a considerable population.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Sikkim |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11391/download/14504/DDW11C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Mangan (2011)
|label1 = [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] |value1 = 31.71 |color1 = darkblue
|label2 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value2 = 23.24 |color2 = lightcoral
|label3 = [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]] |value3 = 14.41 |color3 = deepskyblue
|label4 = [[Limbu language|Limbu]] |value4 = 8.51 |color4 = lavender
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 6.40 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] |value6 = 3.63 |color6 = purple
|label7 = [[Tamang language|Tamang]] |value7 = 2.56 |color7 = skyblue
|label8 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value8 = 1.75 |color8 = pink
|label9 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value9 = 1.62 |color9 = gold
|label10 = [[Kiranti languages|Rai]] |value10 = 1.22 |color10 = limegreen
|label11 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value11 = 1.08 |color11 = orchid
|label12 = Others |value12 = 3.87 |color12 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 31.71% of the population in the district spoke [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], 23.24% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 14.41% [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], 8.51% [[Limbu language|Limbu]], 6.40% [[Hindi]], 3.63% [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], 2.56% [[Tamang language|Tamang]], 1.75% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 1.62% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 1.22% [[Rai languages|Rai]] and 1.08% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Sikkim |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10221/download/13333/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1100.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Transport==
Roads are in a poor condition owing to the frequent landslides.

==Flora and fauna==
North Sikkim is home to the [[red panda]] (''Ailurus fulgens''), a vulnerable species.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2001). An overview of the status and conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in India, with reference to its global status. ''Oryx'' 35(3):250–259</ref> This animal is the pride of Sikkim and is also the State Animal. It is generally found between heights of 2000 m to 4000 m. It is as big as a domestic Siamese cat (approximately 2 ft long), has a triangular shaped face with a stripe on its cheek, with red fur and black eyes. It has a sprinkling of white on its back and chest. The tail is bushy, black or brown in colour and long like that of a skunk. They generally live on treetops.

In 1977 North Sikkim district became home to [[Khangchendzonga National Park]], which has an area of {{convert|1784|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Sikkim|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|archive-date=23 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It shares the park with [[West Sikkim district]]. It is also home to the Shingba ([[rhododendron]]) [[Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|Wildlife Sanctuary]], which was established in 1984 and has an area of {{convert|43|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks/>

==Important Towns and Cities==
*[[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
*[[Chungthang]]
*[[Lachen, Sikkim|Lachen]]
*[[Lachung]]
*[[Phodong]]
*[[Dikchu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[https://blog.yourtours.in/north-sikkim-tour-package/ 200 north sikkim tour package ]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mangan district}}
* {{Official website|1=https://northsikkim.nic.in/}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|North Sikkim}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mangan
|North = ''[[China]]''
|Northeast =
|East = ''[[China]]''
|Southeast = [[Gangtok]]
|South = [[Namchi]]
|Southwest = [[Gyalshing]]
|West = {{NEP|Nepal}}
|Northwest =
}}

{{Sikkim}}

[[Category:Mangan district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Sikkim]]

2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification

2026-03-25T15:53:58Z

Rajesh Ghosh: Put up the biography w/ refs!

{{Short description|Association football competition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
The '''2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification''' was the qualifying round for the [[2008–09 Santosh Trophy|2008–09 edition]] of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the premier [[association football]] competition in India for teams representing their state football associations. It began on 24 May and ended on 1 June 2009.

Twenty-seven teams entered the competition and were divided into eight 'clusters' to play the qualification after Nagaland pulled out.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Sport |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090525/sports.htm#7 |website=The Tribune |access-date=2 May 2022 |date=25 May 2009}}</ref> The winner of each cluster were to move to the pre-quarter final knock-out round from which four would progress to the quarter-final stage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu to meet Rajasthan in Santosh Trophy opener |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/tamil-nadu-to-meet-rajasthan-in-santosh-trophy-opener/articleshow/4446000.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=1 May 2022 |language=en |date=24 April 2009}}</ref> Punjab, Services, Bengal and Karnataka were directly seeded to the quarterfinal league.<ref>{{cite web |title=Will Bengal be able to end its long drought in the Santosh Trophy? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Will-Bengal-be-able-to-end-its-long-drought-in-the-Santosh-Trophy/article16602477.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=1 May 2022 |language=en-IN |date=23 May 2009}}</ref>

== Qualification ==
===Cluster I===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|sortable_table=y

|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification#Pre-quarterfinals|Pre-quarterfinals]]

|team1=KER|name_KER=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|team2=CHH|name_CHH=[[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|team3=CHA|name_CHA=[[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|win_KER=2|draw_KER=0|loss_KER=0|gf_KER=8|ga_KER=0
|win_CHH=0|draw_CHH=1|loss_CHH=1|gf_CHH=0|ga_CHH=3
|win_CHA=0|draw_CHA=1|loss_CHA=1|gf_CHA=0|ga_CHA=5

|update=complete|source=
}}
{{footballbox
|date= 24 May 2009
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|score= 0–0
|team2= [[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090525/sports.htm#7 Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 26 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|score= 0–5
|team2= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|report= [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/may/26/delhi-bow-out-of-santosh-trophy-52441.html Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
* K. P. Zubair {{goal|36||38}}
* Balan {{goal|67}}
* [[Zakeer Mundampara|Mundampara]] {{goal|84}}
* [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|90+1}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 28 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score= 3–0
|team2= [[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|report= [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/may/29/kerala-march-into-last-16-53025.html Report]
|goals1=
* [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|25}}
* K. P. Zubair {{goal|62}}
* [[Sushanth Mathew|Mathew]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Cluster II===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|sortable_table=y

|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification#Pre-quarterfinals|Pre-quarterfinals]]

|team1=MAH|name_MAH=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2=MEG|name_MEG=[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|team3=UTT|name_UTT=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|win_MAH=2|draw_MAH=0|loss_MAH=0|gf_MAH=6|ga_MAH=0
|win_MEG=1|draw_MEG=0|loss_MEG=1|gf_MEG=1|ga_MEG=3
|win_UTT=0|draw_UTT=0|loss_UTT=2|gf_UTT=0|ga_UTT=4
|update=complete|source=
}}
{{footballbox
|date= 25 May 2009
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score= 3–0
|team2= [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Maharashtra-begins-its-campaign-in-style/article16603628.ece Report]
|goals1=
* [[Anas Edathodika|Edathodika]] {{goal|31}}
* [[Alex Ambrose|Ambrose]] {{goal|55}}
* Zahid Ansari {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 29 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score= 3–0
|team2= [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|report= [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/may/29/big-win-for-goa-in-santosh-trophy-53235.html Report]
|goals1=
* Shivalkar {{goal|64}}
* K. Sampath Kumar {{goal|67||69}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Cluster III===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|sortable_table=y

|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification#Pre-quarterfinals|Pre-quarterfinals]]

|team1=MIZ|name_MIZ=[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|team2=MAD|name_MAD=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|team3=J&K|name_J&K=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|team4=PON|name_PON=[[Puducherry football team|Puducherry]]
|win_MIZ=2|draw_MIZ=1|loss_MIZ=0|gf_MIZ=9|ga_MIZ=2
|win_MAD=1|draw_MAD=2|loss_MAD=0|gf_MAD=7|ga_MAD=3
|win_J&K=1|draw_J&K=1|loss_J&K=1|gf_J&K=2|ga_J&K=4
|win_PON=0|draw_PON=0|loss_PON=3|gf_PON=0|ga_PON=9
|update=complete|source=
}}

{{footballbox
|date= 24 May 2009
|time= 07:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|score= 1–1
|team2= [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090525/sports.htm#7 Report]
|goals1= Taufeek {{goal|42}}
|goals2= Athoiba Maitai {{goal|85}}
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 24 May 2009
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|score= 4–0
|team2= [[Puducherry football team|Puducherry]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090525/sports.htm#7 Report]
|goals1=
* Rohminthanga {{goal|16}}
* [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|23}}
* [[Lalawmpuia Pachuau|Lalawmpuia]] {{goal|55}}
* [[Zaidinmawia Hmar|Hmar]] {{goal|90|pen.}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 26 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|score= 2–2
|team2= [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Mizoram-holds-M.P./article16604198.ece Report]
|goals1= Sonu Rajak {{goal|11||51}}
|goals2=
* [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|20}}
* [[Zaidinmawia Hmar|Hmar]] {{goal|89|pen.}}
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 26 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|score= 1–0
|team2= [[Puducherry football team|Puducherry]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Mizoram-holds-M.P./article16604198.ece Report]
|goals1= Taufeek {{goal|69}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 28 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|score= 0–3
|team2= [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|report= [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mizoram-railways-advance-in-santosh-trophy/articleshow/4590936.cms Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
* [[Lalawmpuia Pachuau|Lalawmpuia]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|75}}
* Lalrokhuma {{goal|88}}
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 28 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|score= 4–0
|team2= [[Puducherry football team|Puducherry]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Mizoram-gets-past-J-K/article16605437.ece Report]
|goals1=
* Krishna Kumar Singh {{goal|25}}
* Santosh Rajak {{goal|59}}
* Sonu Rajak {{goal|63}}
* Bhagwan Das {{goal|88}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Cluster IV===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|sortable_table=y

|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification#Pre-quarterfinals|Pre-quarterfinals]]

|team1=GOA|name_GOA=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|team2=JHA|name_JHA=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|team3=ORI|name_ORI=[[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|win_GOA=2|draw_GOA=0|loss_GOA=0|gf_GOA=5|ga_GOA=0
|win_JHA=1|draw_JHA=0|loss_JHA=1|gf_JHA=3|ga_JHA=3
|win_ORI=0|draw_ORI=0|loss_ORI=2|gf_ORI=2|ga_ORI=7
|update=complete|source=
}}
{{footballbox
|date= 26 May 2009
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score= 1–0
|team2= [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Goa-puts-it-past-a-resilient-Jharkhand/article16603378.ece Report]
|goals1=
* [[Fredy Mascarenhas|F. Masceranhas]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 27 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|score= 3–2
|team2= [[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|report= [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/jharkhand-ride-on-subodhs-class/articleshow/4587044.cms Report]
|goals1=
* Subodh Kumar {{goal|?||?}}
* Suresh Kaundi {{goal|?}}
|goals2=
* Gyana Ranjan Samal {{goal|?}}
* Ashok Das {{goal|?}}
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 29 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score= 4–0
|team2= [[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|report= [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/may/29/big-win-for-goa-in-santosh-trophy-53235.html Report]
|goals1=
* [[Marcus Masceranhas|M. Masceranhas]] {{goal|1}}
* [[Beevan D'Mello|D'Mello]] {{goal|33}}
* [[Climax Lawrence|Lawrence]] {{goal|44}}
* [[Rowilson Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Cluster V===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|sortable_table=y

|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification#Pre-quarterfinals|Pre-quarterfinals]]

|team1=RWY|name_RWY=[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|team2=ASS|name_ASS=[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|team3=DEL|name_DEL=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|win_RWY=2|draw_RWY=0|loss_RWY=0|gf_RWY=2|ga_RWY=0
|win_ASS=1|draw_ASS=0|loss_ASS=1|gf_ASS=2|ga_ASS=2
|win_DEL=0|draw_DEL=0|loss_DEL=2|gf_DEL=1|ga_DEL=3
|update=complete|source=
}}
{{footballbox
|date= 24 May 2009
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|score= 0–1
|team2= [[Railways football team|Railways]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Narrow-win-for-Railways/article16602815.ece Report]
|goals1=
|goals2= Abhishek {{goal|45+1}}
|stadium= Don Bosco Youth Centre, [[Tiruvallur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 26 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|score= 2–1
|team2= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|report= [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/may/26/delhi-bow-out-of-santosh-trophy-52441.html Report]
|goals1=
* Raju Konwar {{goal|12}}
* [[Durga Boro|Boro]] {{goal|51}}
|goals2= Raju Konwar {{goal|88|o.g.}}
|stadium= Don Bosco Youth Centre, [[Tiruvallur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 28 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|score= 0–1
|team2= [[Railways football team|Railways]]
|report= [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mizoram-railways-advance-in-santosh-trophy/articleshow/4590936.cms Report]
|goals1=
|goals2= Amrinder Singh {{goal|39}}
|stadium= Don Bosco Youth Centre, [[Tiruvallur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Cluster VI===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|sortable_table=y

|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification#Pre-quarterfinals|Pre-quarterfinals]]

|team1=MAN|name_MAN=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|team2=SIK|name_SIK=[[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|team3=UTT|name_UTT=[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|win_MAN=2|draw_MAN=0|loss_MAN=0|gf_MAN=11|ga_MAN=0
|win_SIK=0|draw_SIK=1|loss_SIK=1|gf_SIK=2|ga_SIK=4
|win_UTT=0|draw_UTT=1|loss_UTT=1|gf_UTT=2|ga_UTT=11
|update=complete|source=
}}
{{footballbox
|date= 25 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|score= 9–0
|team2= [[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Manipur-steamrollers-Uttarakhand/article16603387.ece Report]
|goals1=
* Bisheshwor Singh {{goal|33||73}}
* [[Bijen Singh|B. Singh]] {{goal|45}}
* [[Reisangmei Vashum|Vashum]] {{goal|45+1||63||89}}
* [[Subhash Singh|Su. Singh]] {{goal|59||77}}
* J. Singh {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Don Bosco Youth Centre, [[Tiruvallur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 29 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|score= 2–0
|team2= [[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|report= [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/may/29/big-win-for-goa-in-santosh-trophy-53235.html Report]
|goals1=
* [[Khanthang Paite|Paite]] {{goal|14}}
* [[Subhash Singh|Su. Singh]] {{goal|41}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Don Bosco Youth Centre, [[Tiruvallur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Cluster VII===

{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|sortable_table=y

|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification#Pre-quarterfinals|Pre-quarterfinals]]

|team1=HAR|name_HAR=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|team2=BIH|name_BIH=[[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|team3=GUJ|name_GUJ=[[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|win_HAR=2|draw_HAR=0|loss_HAR=0|gf_HAR=9|ga_HAR=0
|win_BIH=1|draw_BIH=0|loss_BIH=1|gf_BIH=10|ga_BIH=3
|win_GUJ=0|draw_GUJ=0|loss_GUJ=2|gf_GUJ=0|ga_GUJ=16
|update=complete|source=
}}
{{footballbox
|date= 25 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|score= 0–6
|team2= [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Haryana-thumps-Gujarat/article16603386.ece Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
* Vivek Singh Kaira {{goal|17||71}}
* Jaswant Parmar {{goal|50}}
* Sunil Kumar Sharma {{goal|52||56}}
* Pawan Kumar {{goal|73}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 28 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|score= 10–0
|team2= [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|report= [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/may/29/kerala-march-into-last-16-53025.html Report]
|goals1=
* Debashish Rai {{goal|?||?||?||?}}
* Naveen Thapa {{goal|?||?||?}}
* Mohammed Shahbaz {{goal|?||?||?}}
* Rajgrih Yadav {{goal|?}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 29 May 2009
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|score= 0–3
|team2= [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|report= [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/may/29/big-win-for-goa-in-santosh-trophy-53235.html Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
* Surender Kumar {{goal|6}}
* Pradeep Kumar {{goal|42||90}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Cluster VIII===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|sortable_table=y

|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2008–09 Santosh Trophy qualification#Pre-quarterfinals|Pre-quarterfinals]]

|team1=TAM|name_TAM=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|team2=TRI|name_TRI=[[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|team3=RAJ|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|team4=HIM|name_HIM=[[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|win_TAM=3|draw_TAM=0|loss_TAM=0|gf_TAM=25|ga_TAM=0
|win_TRI=2|draw_TRI=0|loss_TRI=1|gf_TRI=7|ga_TRI=8
|win_RAJ=1|draw_RAJ=0|loss_RAJ=2|gf_RAJ=4|ga_RAJ=14
|win_HIM=0|draw_HIM=0|loss_HIM=3|gf_HIM=2|ga_HIM=16
|update=complete|source=
}}
{{footballbox
|date= 24 May 2009
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score= 7–0
|team2= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090525/sports.htm#7 Report]
|goals1=
* P. C. Riju {{goal|14||76||84}}
* Pradeep {{goal|27}}
* Suresh Kumar {{goal|47||53}}
* [[Dharmaraj Ravanan|Ravanan]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 24 May 2009
|time= 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|score= 0–2
|team2= [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090525/sports.htm#7 Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
* Paltu Dutta Chowdhury {{goal|45}}
* Rupak Mazumdar {{goal|69}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 26 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score= 11–0
|team2= [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Tamil-Nadu-hammers-a-hapless-Himachal-Pradesh/article16603967.ece Report]
|goals1=
* P. C. Riju {{goal|8||65||70||74}}
* Muthu {{goal|11||63||74}}
* [[Kalia Kulothungan|Kulothungan]] {{goal|22|pen.||44||84}}
* Jagan {{goal|87}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 26 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|score= 0–5
|team2= [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Tamil-Nadu-hammers-a-hapless-Himachal-Pradesh/article16603967.ece Report]
|goals1= Vikas Gupta {{goal|73}}
|goals2=
* Utpal Choudhary {{goal|22}}
* Swapan Rai {{goal|24}}
* Shyamal Bhowmik {{goal|35}}
* Paltu Dutta Choudhury {{goal|42}}
* Bikram Jamatia {{goal|84}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 28 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score= 7–0
|team2= [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|report= [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Tamil-Nadu-progresses/article16605133.ece Report]
|goals1=
* P. C. Riju {{goal|21||65}}
* Pradeep {{goal|12}}
* [[Kalia Kulothungan|Kulothungan]] {{goal|27}}
* Muthu {{goal|30||87}}
* Elamurugan {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 28 May 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|score= 2–3
|team2= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|report= [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mizoram-railways-advance-in-santosh-trophy/articleshow/4590936.cms Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

== Pre-quarterfinals ==
{{footballbox
|date= 1 June 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score= 5–0
|team2= [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|report= [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/jun/02/tn-power-into-last-eight-53998.html Report]
|goals1=
* [[Kalia Kulothungan|Kulothungan]] {{goal|18}}
* Muthu {{goal|45||88}}
* P. C. Riju {{goal|48||81}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 1 June 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score= 1–0
|team2= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|report= [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2009/jun/01santosh-trophy-quarter-finalists.htm Report]
|goals1= [[Sampath Kuttymani|Kuttymani]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 1 June 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score= 3–0
|team2= [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|report= [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2009/jun/01santosh-trophy-quarter-finalists.htm Report]
|goals1=
* [[Joaquim Abranches|Abranches]] {{goal|44}}
* [[Marcus Masceranhas|Masceranhas]] {{goal|58||63}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College Ground]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 1 June 2009
|time=
|team1= [[Railways football team|Railways]]
|score= 1–3
|team2= [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|report= [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2009/jun/01santosh-trophy-quarter-finalists.htm Report]
|goals1=Nalanda Chakravarthy {{goal|80}}
|goals2=
* [[Subhash Singh|Su. Singh]] {{goal|19}}
* [[Reisangmei Vashum|Vashum]] {{goal|40||79}}
|stadium= Don Bosco Youth Centre, [[Tiruvallur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{2008–09 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2008-09 Santosh Trophy qualification}}
[[Category:2008–09 Santosh Trophy]]

HMIS Deccan

2026-03-25T03:25:12Z

Rajesh Ghosh: created the info first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval 1947}}
|name=''[[Deccan]]''
|ordered=12 February 1942
|awarded=
|builder=[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]
|laid_down=3 May 1943
|launched=24 May 1944
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=30 March 1945
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=1948
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Sold into Merchant Service, scrapped April 1963
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}
|displacement=*{{convert|673|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|860|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full
|length={{convert|189|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|power=*{{convert|2400|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
|propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]]
|speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|complement=60
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × single QF 12-pounder (7.62 cm) [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or
*1 × quadruple [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]
}}
}}
'''HMIS ''Deccan'' (J129)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}s built for the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during the Second World War.

==Design and description==
The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Deccan'' displaced {{convert|673|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|860|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|189|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|1}}.<ref>Lenton, pp. 253–54</ref> The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=c1>Chesneau, p. 64</ref>

She was powered by two [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]] (VTE), each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2400|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. The ship carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=l3>Lenton, p. 254</ref>

The VTE-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a QF 12-pounder (7.62 cm) [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or a quadruple mount for the [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.<ref name=l3/> For escort work, their minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=c1/>

==Construction and career==
HMIS ''Deccan'' was ordered in 1942, and built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] in [[India]] for the [[Royal Navy]]. She was commissioned in March 1945, just months before the end of World War II. HMIS ''Deccan'' was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]], and escorted a few convoys between [[Africa]], [[British India]] and [[Australia]] in 1945.<ref name=nh-1945>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> She was also deployed for mine clearance operations off [[Phuket (city)|Phuket]].<ref name=nh-squirrel>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-22MS-Algerine-Squirrel.htm |title=HMS Squirrel, minesweeper |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
*{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}

{{Bangor class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deccan (J129)}}
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1944 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]

Anna Martha Fullerton

2026-03-23T01:39:10Z

Rajesh Ghosh: Put up initial details initial version!

{{short description|American physician}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Anna Martha Fullerton
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1853|8|16}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1938|9|16|1853|8|16}}
| death_place = [[Dehradun]], [[India]]
| occupation = Medical educator, physician, hospital administrator, textbook author
| years_active = 1880s-1910s
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) =
| relatives = [[George Stuart Fullerton]] (brother)
}}

'''Anna Martha Fullerton''' (August 16, 1853 – September 16, 1938) was an American physician and medical educator, born in [[India]].

== Early life and education ==
Anna Martha Fullerton was born in [[Agra]], the eldest of the seven children of [[Presbyterian Church (USA)|American Presbyterian]] missionaries Rev. Robert Stewart Fullerton and Martha White Fullerton.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0JWAAAAMAAJ&q=Anna+Martha+Fullerton&pg=PA38|title=Genealogy of Hugh Stewart and His Descendants|date=1914|publisher=F.J. Heer Printing|pages=38–39|language=en}}</ref> She was 12 when her father died, and she moved to [[Philadelphia]] with her widowed mother and younger siblings. She trained as a teacher, then attended the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], studying [[obstetrics]] under Dr. [[Anna Broomall]] and graduating with a medical degree in 1882.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chattopadhyay, Anjana|url=https://nbtindia.gov.in/writereaddata/freebooks/pdf/Women%20Scientists%20in%20India.pdf|title=Women scientists in India : lives, struggles & achievements|year=2018|isbn=978-81-237-8144-0|edition=First|location=New Delhi|pages=133–134|oclc=1045373879}}</ref>

One of her brothers was philosopher and psychologist [[George Stuart Fullerton]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Stuart Fullerton|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095837942|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Oxford Reference|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Title page, Fullerton's Nursing in Abdominal Surgery (1891).png|alt=The title page of a textbook, Nursing in Abdominal Surgery and Diseases of Women by Anna M. Fullerton, M. D., published in 1891 by P. Blakiston, Son, & Co., Philadelphia.|thumb|The title page of ''Nursing in Abdominal Surgery and Diseases of Women'' (1891) by Anna M. Fullerton, M. D.]]
Fullerton joined the faculty of the Women's Medical College of [[Pennsylvania]] after she graduated, taught obstetrics and [[Gynaecology|gynecology]] courses,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1897-09-30|title=Women's Medical College|pages=10|work=The Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60853146/womens-medical-college/|access-date=2020-10-10|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and was physician-in-charge of the [[Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia]] from 1886 to 1896.<ref>Anna M. Fullerton (May 3, 1893). [https://inherownright.org/records/oai-idea-library-drexel-edu-lca_111442 "Woman in medicine: Her duties and responsibilities"], An address to the graduates of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1887-12-15|title=The Woman's Hospital|pages=2|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60851474/the-womans-hospital/|access-date=2020-10-10|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1897-01-22|title=Woman's Hospital Work|pages=8|work=The Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60851962/womans-hospital-work/|access-date=2020-10-10|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> She had a private practice in Philadelphia for a few years, then returned to India in 1899, to teach at the [[Christian Medical College, Ludhiana|Christian Medical College]] in [[Ludhiana]], the first medical school for women in India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1899-08-05|title=Untitled news item|pages=6|work=The Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60853247/untitled-news-item/|access-date=2020-10-10|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1902 she and her sister Mary started working toward raising funds and establishing a hospital at [[Fatehgarh]];<ref name=":0" /> the Fullerton Memorial Hospital for Women and Children opened in 1907.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memorial Hospital|url=http://memorialhospitalfatehgarh.org/|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Memorial Hospital, Fatehgarh, Diocese of Agra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1907-03-12|title=Lectured on Wadsworth|pages=8|work=Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, The Evening News|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60851618/lectured-on-wadsworth/|access-date=2020-10-10|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

Fullerton wrote two nursing textbooks: ''A Handbook of Obstetrical Nursing for Nurses, Students, and Mothers'' (1891),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fullerton|first=Anna Martha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBE9p8Ldzn0C|title=A Handbook of Obstetrical Nursing for Nurses, Students, and Mothers|date=1891|publisher=P. Blakiston, Son & Company|language=en}}</ref> and ''Nursing in Abdominal Surgery and Diseases of Women'' (1893).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fullerton|first=Anna Martha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWiU0syCxMsC|title=Nursing in abdominal surgery and diseases of women|date=1893|publisher=P. Blakiston, Son & Company|language=en}}</ref> She also wrote a health textbook for schoolchildren in India, ''The Human Body and How to Take Care of It.'' She wrote on "Missionary Work and Public Health" for the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania Alumnae Association conference in 1900.<ref>Fullerton, Anna M. [https://idea-isle-staging.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/lca%3A101103#page/1/mode/2up "Missionary Work and Public Health"]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Transactions of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Alumnae Association of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania May 17th and 18th, 1900.</ref> That same year, her essay "The Woman Physician in India" was published in the college's alumnae journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fullerton|first=Anna M.|date=1900|title=The Woman Physician in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C64DAAAAYAAJ&q=Anna+M.+Fullerton+India&pg=PA55|journal=Transactions of the Annual Meeting of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. Alumnae Association|pages=55–58}}</ref>

Fullerton and her sister Mary moved to [[Dehradun]] in 1911; she continued practicing medicine and [[midwifery]] there.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life and legacy ==
In 1911, Fullerton spent some months in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], caring for her dying brother Edward.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-07-07|title=Dr. Fullerton Dead|pages=2|work=Wilkes-Barre Semi-Weekly Record|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60852721/dr-fullerton-dead/|access-date=2020-10-10|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Her sister Mary died in 1931,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1932-05-05|title=Charities Get $15,000|pages=14|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60851703/charities-get-15000/|access-date=2020-10-10|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and Fullerton died in 1938, aged 85 years, in Dehradun.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1938-11-17|title=Nieces, Nephews Get $15,000 Estate|pages=2|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60852908/nieces-nephews-get-15000-estate/|access-date=2020-10-10|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Her papers are in the collections of [[Drexel University]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Anna M. Fullerton diary, 1915-1916|url=https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/lca:140777#page/1/mode/1up|access-date=2020-10-10|website=iDEA: Drexel Libraries E-Repository and Archives|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513083434/https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/lca%3A140777#page/1/mode/1up|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna M. Fullerton diary, 1917-1918|url=https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/lca:141719#page/1/mode/1up|access-date=2020-10-10|website=iDEA: Drexel Libraries E-Repository and Archives|archive-date=2021-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502062247/https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/lca%3A141719#page/1/mode/1up|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Presbyterian Historical Society]].<ref>[https://www.history.pcusa.org/collections/research-tools/guides-archival-collections/rg-320 Guide to the Anna Martha Fullerton Papers], Presbyterian Historical Society.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Subject bar|portal1=Biography}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fullerton, Anna Martha}}
[[Category:1853 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American medical doctors]]
[[Category:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania faculty]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:American expatriates in British India]]
[[Category:20th-century American medical doctors]]

St. Joseph County, Indiana

2026-03-22T22:05:00Z

Rajesh Ghosh: started bio

{{short description|County in Indiana, United States}}
{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[Saint Joseph, Vanderburgh County, Indiana]], locally referred to as "St. Joseph County"}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Out of date|date=October 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox U.S. county
| county = Saint Joseph County
| state = Indiana
| flag = Flag of St. Joseph County, Indiana.svg
| seal = St Joseph County in seal.jpg
| founded = 1830
| named for = [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]]
| seat wl = South Bend
| largest city wl = South Bend
| area_total_sq_mi = 461.38
| area_land_sq_mi = 457.85
| area_water_sq_mi = 3.54
| area percentage = 0.77%
| census yr = 2020
| pop = 272912
| pop_est_as_of = 2024
| population_est = 273744 {{increase}}
| density_km2 = auto
| district = 2nd
| time zone = Eastern
| coordinates = {{Coord|41.62|-86.29|display=inline,title|type:adm2nd_region:US-IN_source:UScensus1990}}
| ex image = St Joseph County Indiana Courthouse.jpg
| ex image cap = Old St. Joseph County Courthouse in South Bend, Indiana
| web = www.sjcindiana.gov
| footnotes = 
* Indiana county number 71
* Fifth-most populous county in Indiana as of 2010
}}

'''St. Joseph County''', colloquially called '''St. Joe County''' by residents, is a [[County (United States)|county]] located in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Indiana]]. As of [[2020 United States census|the 2020 census]], the population was 272,912,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/St._Joseph_County,_Indiana?g=050XX00US18141|title=St. Joseph County, Indiana|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=June 7, 2023}}</ref> making it the fifth-most populous county in Indiana. Formed in 1830, it was named for the [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]] which flows through it to [[Lake Michigan]]. The [[county seat]] is [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> St. Joseph County is part of the South Bend–[[Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka]], IN–[[Michigan|MI]] "[[Michiana]]", [[South Bend – Mishawaka metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Area]].

==Geography==
According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of {{convert|461.38|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|457.85|sqmi}} (or 99.23%) is land and {{convert|3.54|sqmi}} (or 0.77%) is water.<ref name="census-density"/>

===Cities===
[[File:South-bend-st-joe-river.jpg|thumb|[[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]], flowing into St. Joseph County from [[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart County]] (top) through [[Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka]]]]
* [[Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka]]
* [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]]

===Towns===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Indian Village, Indiana|Indian Village]]
* [[Lakeville, Indiana|Lakeville]]
* [[New Carlisle, Indiana|New Carlisle]]
* [[North Liberty, Indiana|North Liberty]]
* [[Osceola, Indiana|Osceola]]
* [[Roseland, Indiana|Roseland]]
* [[Walkerton, Indiana|Walkerton]]
{{div col end}}

===Census-designated places===
* [[Granger, Indiana|Granger]]
* [[Notre Dame, Indiana|Notre Dame]]

===Other unincorporated places===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Ardmore, Indiana|Ardmore]]
* [[Chain-O-Lakes, Indiana|Chain-O-Lakes]]
* [[Colburn, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Colburn]]
* [[Crumstown, Indiana|Crumstown]]
* [[Georgetown, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Georgetown]]
* [[Gilmer Park, Indiana|Gilmer Park]]
* [[Gulivoire Park, Indiana|Gulivoire Park]]
* [[Hamilton, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
* [[Lydick, Indiana|Lydick]]
* Midway Corners
* [[Olive, Indiana|Olive]]
* [[Pleasant Valley, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Pleasant Valley]]
* [[State Line, St. Joseph County, Indiana|State Line]]
* [[Terre Coupee, Indiana|Terre Coupee]]
* [[Woodland, Indiana|Woodland]]
* [[Wyatt, Indiana|Wyatt]]
* [[Zeigler, Indiana|Zeigler]]
{{div col end}}

===Townships===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Centre Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Centre]]
* [[Clay Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Clay]]
* [[German Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|German]]
* [[Greene Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Greene]]
* [[Harris Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Harris]]
* [[Liberty Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Liberty]]
* [[Lincoln Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Lincoln]]
* [[Madison Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Madison]]
* [[Olive Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Olive]]
* [[Penn Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Penn]]
* [[Portage Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Portage]]
* [[Union Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Union]]
* [[Warren Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana|Warren]]
{{div col end}}

===Adjacent counties===
* [[Berrien County, Michigan]] (north)
* [[Cass County, Michigan]] (northeast)
* [[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart County]] (east)
* [[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall County]] (south)
* [[Starke County, Indiana|Starke County]] (southwest/CST Border)
* [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte County]] (west/CST Border)

===Major highways===
====Freeways====
* {{jct|state=IN|I|80|I|90|Toll}}
* {{jct|state=IN|US|20}}
* {{jct|state=IN|US|31}}
====Other highways====
* {{jct|state=IN|US|6}}
* {{jct|state=IN|US-Bus|20|dab1=South Bend}}
* {{jct|state=IN|US-Bus|31|dab1=South Bend}}
* {{jct|state=IN|SR|2}}
* {{jct|state=IN|SR|4}}
* {{jct|state=IN|SR|23}}
* {{jct|state=IN|SR|104}}
* {{jct|state=IN|SR|331}}
* {{jct|state=IN|SR|931}}
* {{jct|state=IN|SR|933}}

==Climate and weather==
{{climate chart
|[[South Bend, Indiana]]
|16|31|2.27
|19|36|1.98
|28|47|2.89
|38|59|3.62
|48|71|3.50
|58|80|4.19
|63|83|3.73
|61|81|3.98
|53|74|3.79
|42|62|3.27
|33|48|3.39
|22|36|3.09
|float=right
|units=imperial
|clear=both
|source=The Weather Channel<ref name="weather">{{cite web
|url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIN0624
|title=Monthly Averages for South Bend, Indiana
|access-date=January 27, 2011
|publisher=The Weather Channel
}}</ref>}}
In recent years, average temperatures in South Bend have ranged from a low of {{convert|16|°F}} in January to a high of {{convert|83|°F}} in July, although a record low of {{convert|-22|°F}} was recorded in January 1943 and a record high of {{convert|109|°F}} was recorded in July 1934. Average monthly precipitation ranged from {{convert|1.98|in}} in February to {{convert|4.19|in}} in June.<ref name="weather"/>

==Government==
{{See also|Government of Indiana}}
The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the [[Constitution of Indiana]], and by the [[Indiana Code]].

'''County Council:''' The county council is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all the spending and revenue collection in the county. Representatives are elected from county districts. The council members serve four-year terms. They are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council also has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.<ref name = inc3623>{{cite web|author=Indiana Code|author-link=Indiana Code|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title36/ar2/ch3.html |title=Title 36, Article 2, Section 3|access-date=September 16, 2008|publisher=IN.gov}}</ref><ref name = inc2102>{{cite web|author= Indiana Code|author-link= Indiana Code|url= http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227171739/http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2.pdf |archive-date=December 27, 2004 |url-status=live |title= Title 2, Article 10, Section 2 |access-date=September 16, 2008|publisher=IN.gov}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! District !! Councilperson !! Party
|-
|A || Joseph Thomas || {{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican
|-
|B || Amy Drake || {{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican
|-
|C || Dan Schaetzle, ''President'' || {{Party shading/Republican}}|Republican
|-
|D || Jenn Shabazz || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|E || Diana Hess || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|F || Randy Figg || {{Party shading/Republican}}|Republican
|-
|G || Mark Catanzarite, ''President Pro Tempore'' || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|H || Bryan Tanner, ''Vice President'' || {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
|-
|I || Andy Rutten || {{Party shading/Republican}}|Republican
|-
|}

'''Board of Commissioners:''' The executive body of the county is made of a board of commissioners. The commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered terms, and each serves a four-year term. One of the commissioners, typically the most senior, serves as president. The commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government.<ref name = inc3623/><ref name = inc2102/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! District !! Commissioner !! Party
|-
|1 || Carl Baxmeyer, ''President'' || {{Party shading/Republican}}|Republican
|-
|2 || Rafael Morton || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|3 || Tony Hazen, ''Vice President'' || {{Party shading/Republican}}|Republican
|}

'''Court:''' The county maintains several courts: the [[Circuit Court]] that hears primarily civil matters and some criminal cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of six years and must be a licensed attorney in good standing. The judge is assisted by three magistrates appointed by the judge. The Superior Court hears both civil and criminal cases, including small claims and traffic/misdemeanor cases. There are eight judges appointed to the Superior Court by the Governor of Indiana. They are assisted by four magistrates who handle the small claims and traffic/misdemeanor dockets. The Probate Court hears juvenile cases, child abuse or neglect cases, along with probate matters. The judge on the court is elected to a term of six years and must be a licensed attorney in good standing. The judge is assisted by three magistrates and one commissioner (similar to a magistrate) who are appointed by the judge. Decisions from these courts can be appealed to the [[Indiana Court of Appeals]].<ref name = inc2102/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Office !! Judge !! Party
|-
|Circuit Court || John Broden || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|Probate Court || Loris Zappia || {{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican
|}

'''County Officials:''' The county has several other elected offices, including [[sheriff]], [[coroner]], [[auditor]], [[treasurer]], [[Recorder of deeds|recorder]], [[Surveying|surveyor]], and circuit [[court clerk]]. Each of these elected officers serves a term of four years and oversees a different part of county government. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare [[political party|party]] affiliations and to be residents of the county.<ref name = inc2102/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Office !! Officeholder !! Party
|-
|Assessor || Michael Castellon || {{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican
|-
|Auditor || John Murphy || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|Clerk || Amy Rolfes || {{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican
|-
|Coroner || Patricia Jordan || {{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican
|-
|Prosecutor || Ken Cotter || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|Recorder || Candace Brown || {{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican
|-
|Sheriff || William Redman || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|Surveyor || Derek Dieter || {{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican
|-
|Treasurer || Mary Beth Wisniewski || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|}

==Politics==
St. Joseph County is part of [[Indiana's 2nd congressional district]] and is represented by Republican [[Rudy Yakym]] in the [[United States Congress]]. Indiana's US Senators are Republicans [[Jim Banks]] and [[Todd Young]]. St. Joseph County leans Democratic in presidential elections like most counties with college cities; however it has acted as a swing county in the past, such as in the 1970s and 1980s when it trended Republican. In 2000, Democrat [[Al Gore]] carried the county but only by 122 votes. The last Republican to win the county was [[George W. Bush]], who flipped the county back in 2004. In 2008, Democrat [[Barack Obama]] won the county by 17 points, the first Democrat to gain a full majority since Lyndon Johnson in 1964. Since then the county has leaned Democratic but by narrow margins. In 2016 and 2024 the Democratic candidate only carried the county by a plurality; Republican [[Donald Trump]] only lost it by 231 votes in 2016.

{{PresHead|place=St. Joseph County, Indiana|source1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=May 20, 2018}}</ref>|source2=<ref>The leading "other" candidate, [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]], received 5,240 votes, while Socialist candidate [[Eugene V. Debs|Eugene Debs]] received 1,285 votes, [[Prohibition Party|Prohibition]] candidate [[Eugene W. Chafin|Eugene Chafin]] received 452 votes, and [[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor]] candidate [[Arthur E. Reimer|Arthur Reimer]] received 87 votes.</ref>}}

{{PresRow|1888|Democratic|4,929|5,257|212|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1892|Democratic|5,220|6,077|322|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1896|Republican|7,138|6,247|136|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1900|Republican|8,127|6,948|230|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1904|Republican|11,166|5,967|721|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1908|Republican|11,222|8,562|1,029|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1912|Democratic|3,146|5,391|7,064|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1916|Democratic|7,961|9,709|835|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|17,675|12,355|1,275|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|23,682|15,056|2,344|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|36,844|26,846|316|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|28,198|38,026|2,339|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|25,807|43,131|1,401|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|36,164|45,620|374|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|39,875|47,149|565|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|39,593|49,866|1,387|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|53,537|53,269|826|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|57,827|54,152|493|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|53,621|63,553|325|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|39,872|65,844|630|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|47,114|47,414|12,336|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|64,808|41,629|602|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1976|Republican|50,358|49,156|810|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1980|Republican|50,607|44,218|8,289|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|54,404|47,513|576|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1988|Republican|49,481|48,056|327|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|38,934|46,203|19,328|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|38,281|45,704|9,203|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|47,581|47,703|2,190|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|2004|Republican|55,254|52,637|728|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|48,510|68,710|1,519|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|52,578|56,460|1,971|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|52,021|52,252|7,569|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|53,164|59,896|2,178|Indiana}}
{{PresRow|2024|Democratic|53,585|55,215|2,024|Indiana}}
{{PresFoot}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1830= 287
|1840= 6425
|1850= 10954
|1860= 18455
|1870= 25322
|1880= 33178
|1890= 42457
|1900= 58881
|1910= 84312
|1920= 103304
|1930= 160033
|1940= 161823
|1950= 205058
|1960= 238614
|1970= 245045
|1980= 241617
|1990= 247052
|2000= 265559
|2010= 266931
|2020= 272912
|estyear=2024
|estimate=273744
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates Tables|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 20, 2026}}</ref> {{increase}}
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> 1790-1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> 1900-1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/in190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> 1990-2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |url-status=live|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> 2010<ref name="census-quickfacts">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/18141.html |title=St. Joseph County QuickFacts |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=September 25, 2011 |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806014808/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/18141.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| align = right
}}

===2020 census===

As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the county had a population of 272,912. The median age was 36.8 years. 23.0% of residents were under the age of 18 and 16.5% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 95.0 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 92.3 males age 18 and over.<ref name="Census2020DP">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dp?get=NAME,DP1_0021P,DP1_0024P,DP1_0025C,DP1_0049C,DP1_0045C,DP1_0069C,DP1_0073C,DP1_0125P,DP1_0126P,DP1_0129P,DP1_0133P,DP1_0137P,DP1_0138P,DP1_0139P,DP1_0141P,DP1_0142P,DP1_0143P,DP1_0145P,DP1_0146P,DP1_0147C,DP1_0148C,DP1_0149C,DP1_0156C,DP1_0157C,DP1_0158C,DP1_0159P,DP1_0160P&for=county%3A141&in=state%3A18|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2021|access-date=December 30, 2025|df=mdy}}</ref><ref name="Census2020PL">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=NAME,P1_001N,P1_003N,P1_004N,P1_005N,P1_006N,P1_007N,P1_008N,P1_009N,P2_001N,P2_002N,H1_001N,H1_002N&for=county%3A141&in=state%3A18|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2021|access-date=December 30, 2025|df=mdy}}</ref>

The racial makeup of the county was 71.4% [[White Americans|White]], 13.2% [[African Americans|Black or African American]], 0.5% [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian and Alaska Native]], 2.4% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.1% [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islander|Pacific Islander]], 4.5% from some other race, and 8.0% from [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]]. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] residents of any race comprised 9.7% of the population.<ref name="Census2020PL"/>

90.0% of residents lived in urban areas, while 10.0% lived in rural areas.<ref name="Census2020DHC">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dhc?get=NAME,P2_002N,P2_003N&for=county%3A141&in=state%3A18|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2023|access-date=December 30, 2025|df=mdy}}</ref>

There were 107,307 households in the county, of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 42.2% were married-couple households, 20.3% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 30.0% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.<ref name="Census2020DP"/>

There were 118,123 housing units, of which 9.2% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 65.7% were owner-occupied and 34.3% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6% and the rental vacancy rate was 10.0%.<ref name="Census2020DP"/>

===2010 census===

As of the [[2010 United States census]], there were 266,931 people, 103,069 households, and 66,365 families residing in the county.<ref name="census-dp1">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US18141
|title=DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data
|access-date=July 10, 2015
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213024542/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US18141
|archive-date=February 13, 2020
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The population density was {{convert|583.0|PD/sqmi}}. There were 114,849 housing units at an average density of {{convert|250.8|/sqmi}}.<ref name="census-density">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US18141
|access-date=July 10, 2015
|title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213233626/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US18141
|archive-date=February 13, 2020
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The racial makeup of the county was 78.7% white, 12.7% black or African American, 1.9% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 3.4% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 7.3% of the population.<ref name="census-dp1"/> In terms of ancestry, 25.3% were [[Germans|German]], 15.5% were [[Irish people|Irish]], 12.0% were [[Polish people|Polish]], 8.5% were [[English people|English]], and 4.5% were [[Americans|American]].<ref name="census-dp2">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0400000US18%7c0500000US18141
|title=DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
|access-date=July 10, 2015
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214003323/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0400000US18%7C0500000US18141
|archive-date=February 14, 2020
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Of the 103,069 households, 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.6% were non-families, and 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.07. The median age was 36.2 years.<ref name="census-dp1"/>

The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $57,510. Males had a median income of $45,269 versus $31,667 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,082. About 10.7% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 21.7% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.<ref name="census-dp3">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0400000US18%7c0500000US18141
|title=DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
|access-date=July 10, 2015
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214003955/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0400000US18%7C0500000US18141
|archive-date=February 14, 2020
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Education==
===K-12 schools===
School districts include:<ref>{{cite map|author=Geography Division|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st18_in/schooldistrict_maps/c18141_st_joseph/DC20SD_C18141.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225080744/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st18_in/schooldistrict_maps/c18141_st_joseph/DC20SD_C18141.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |url-status=live|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: St. Joseph County, IN|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|date=December 18, 2020|accessdate=July 22, 2022}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st18_in/schooldistrict_maps/c18141_st_joseph/DC20SD_C18141_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[John Glenn School Corporation]]
* [[Mishawaka School City]]
* [[New Prairie United School Corporation]]
* [[Penn-Harris-Madison School Corporation]]
* [[South Bend Community School Corporation]]
* [[Union-North United School Corporation]]
{{div col end}}

Public high schools in the county include:
* [[John Adams High School (South Bend, Indiana)|John Adams High School]] (South Bend district)
* [[James Whitcomb Riley High School]] (South Bend district)
* [[Washington High School (South Bend, Indiana)|Washington High School]] (South Bend district)
* [[Mishawaka High School]] (Mishawaka district)
* [[Penn High School]] (Penn-Harris district)
[[Clay High School (Indiana)|Clay High School]] (South Bend district) closed in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|first=Carley|last=Lanich|title=South Bend school board votes to close Clay High School, consolidate district|url=https://www.southbendtribune.com/story/news/education/2023/04/17/south-bend-community-school-board-votes-to-close-clay-high-school-consolidate-district/70121075007/|work=[[South Bend Tribune]]|date=April 17, 2023|access-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref>

;Private schools
Catholic schools on this list are operated by or associated with the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend]]
* Christ the King [Grades K-8]
* Community Baptist Christian School [Grades K-12]
* Corpus Christi [Grades K-8]
* Covenant Christian School [Grades K-8]
* Granger Christian School [Grades K-12]
* Holy Cross Elementary [Grades K-8]
* Holy Family Elementary [Grades K-8]
* Ironwood Christian School [Grades K-12]
* Michiana Christian School [Grades K-12]
* Mishawaka Catholic School (St. Bavo Campus, St. Joseph Campus & St. Monica Campus) [Grades K-8]
* Mishawaka First Baptist School [Grades K-12]
* [[Marian High School (Mishawaka, Indiana)|Marian High School]] [Grades 9-12]
* North Liberty Christian School [Grades K-5]
* Our Lady of Hungary [Grades K-8]
* Queen of Peace School [Grades K-8]
* Resurrection Lutheran Academy [Grades K-8]
* Saint Joseph High School [Grades 9-12]
* St. Adalbert Elementary [Grades K-8]
* St. Anthony de Padua School [Grades K-8]
* St. John the Baptist Elementary [Grades K-8]
* [[St. Joseph School (South Bend, Indiana)|St. Joseph Grade School]] [Grades K-8]
* St. Jude Elementary [Grades K-8]
* St. Mary of the Assumption School [Grades K-8]
* St. Matthew Elementary [Grades K-8]
* St. Patrick School [Grades K-6]
* St. Pius X School [Grades Pre K-8]
* South Bend Christian Center [Grades K-12]
* South Bend Junior Academy [Grades K-8]
* Stanley Clark School [Grades K-8]
* Trinity School at Greenlawn [Grades 6-12]

===Colleges and universities===
* [[Bethel College (Indiana)|Bethel University]]
* [[Brown Mackie College - South Bend|Brown Mackie College]] (closed in 2017)
* [[Holy Cross College (Indiana)|Holy Cross College]]
* [[IUSB|Indiana University South Bend]]
* [[Ivy Tech|Ivy Tech North Central]]
* [[Saint Mary's College (Indiana)|St. Mary's College]]
* [[University of Notre Dame]]

==St. Joseph County Public Library==
===History===
The St. Joseph County Public Library was founded in 1889. Originally known as the South Bend Public Library, it was founded by the South Bend School Corporation and managed by Evelyn Humphries out of a floor of the Oliver Opera House. Humphries soon secured funding for the building of the Main Library which opened to the public in 1896. It was known as "The Castle" due to its unique architecture.<ref name="Michiana Memory">{{cite web| url=http://michianamemory.sjcpl.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16827coll16 |access-date=November 25, 2018 |title=Library History |publisher=[[Michiana Memory]]}}</ref>
In 1902, [[Virginia Tutt]] became the second library director. She opened the first library branch in Washington High School in 1918, which often served as a community center for Polish and Hungarian immigrants. The Betty Ruth Spiro Memorial Library replaced "The Castle" in 1959 as the new main library building in downtown South Bend. This building served the community until its renovation in 1992 led to a fire and subsequent damage from smoke and fire sprinklers. The renovation continued and the library was able to open 7 days later thanks to help from the community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=http://sjcpl.lib.in.us/our-history |publisher=Saint Joseph County Public Library |access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>

In 2016, Main Library began looking at the need for an expanded space in downtown South Bend to meet the needs of the growing community. After working with consultants and architects, it was decided in October 2018 that Main Library will expand to include a community learning center, renovated exterior, and inner courtyard.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parrott |first1=Jeff |title=Downtown South Bend library proposes dramatic, $38-million overhaul |url=https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/downtown-south-bend-library-proposes-dramatic--million-overhaul/article_2232a556-8427-5b6a-88b2-df1b984a5956.html |publisher=South Bend Tribune |access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref> St. Joseph County is considering cutting the library's funding by almost $500,000 a year. As a result, on September 5, 2019, hundreds of residents protested in the streets, and all library branches closed early. Overflow crowds backed the county council meeting to show their support for the library.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://wsbt.com/news/local/st-joseph-county-libraries-closing-early-in-protest-of-funding-plan|title=St. Joseph Co. libraries close early in protest of plan to cut funding by close to $500k|access-date=September 10, 2019 |publisher=WSBT News |date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> The library ended up losing the funding two years later.

===Branches===
* Main Library
* Centre Township Branch
* Francis Branch
* German Township Branch
* Lakeville Branch
* LaSalle Branch
* North Liberty Branch
* River Park Branch
* Tutt Branch
* Western Branch

===Library Services===
====Studio 304====
Technology hub where patrons can explore 3-D printing, poster printing, iPads, Adobe Creative Suite, gaming, virtual reality rigs, and recording rooms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Studio 304 Digital Media Lab |url=http://sjcpl.lib.in.us/digital-lab |publisher=St. Joseph County Public Library |access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>

====Local and family history====
Books, newspapers, yearbooks, magazines, and other items of local significance can be examined. Online archives and genealogical websites are also available to reference in the creation of family trees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local and Family History |url=http://sjcpl.lib.in.us/lfh |publisher=St. Joseph County Public Library |access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>

====Databases====
SJCPL subscribes to over 50 databases that can aid in research, education, grant writing, and business development.<ref>{{cite web |title=Database and Articles |url=http://sjcpl.lib.in.us/our-databases |publisher=St. Joseph County Public Library |access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>

====Homebound delivery====
Library staff members will bring library materials directly to your home if requested.<ref>{{cite web |title=Homebound Services |url=http://sjcpl.lib.in.us/homebound |publisher=St. Joseph County Public Library |access-date=November 26, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Thadeus Jay Miller]], artist

==See also==
* [[List of public art in St. Joseph County, Indiana]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Joseph County, Indiana]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website}}
* [https://sjcpl.org/ St. Joseph County Public Library]

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = St. Joseph County, Indiana
|North = [[Berrien County, Michigan]]
|Northeast = [[Cass County, Michigan]]
|East = [[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart County]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall County]]
|Southwest = [[Starke County, Indiana|Starke County]]
|West = [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte County]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{St. Joseph County, Indiana}}
{{Indiana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:St. Joseph County, Indiana| ]]
[[Category:1830 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Indiana counties]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1830]]
[[Category:South Bend – Mishawaka metropolitan area]]

Naga Mothers' Association

2026-03-18T09:18:14Z

Rajesh Ghosh: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Civil society organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|1984|2|14|df=yes}}
| abbreviation = NMA
| headquarters = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Vilanuo Angela Yhome
| status = Active
| footnotes = '''Motto:''' ''Human Integrity''
| founder =
}}
The '''Naga Mothers' Association''' ('''NMA''') is a civil society organisation formed by women in [[Nagaland]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=Hangal |first1=Ninglun |date=28 August 2012 |title=Rough road to empowerment |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/rough-road-to-empowerment/article3828335.ece |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> The organisation has consistently tried to address problems of conflict, peace building and substance abuse by creating a platform for dialogue that brings together disparate voices.<ref name="auto" />

Ever since its formation, through the 80s and 90s, ''NMA'' have consistently voiced their opinion against fratricidal killings, violence between different Naga outfits such as [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN (I-M)]] and [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN (K)]], and the Indian security forces.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hausing |first=Kham Khan Suan |date=2017 |title='Equality as Tradition' and Women's Reservation in Nagaland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26697840 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=52 |issue=45 |pages=36–43 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The current president of the Naga Mothers' Association is Vilanuo Angela Yhome.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandtribune.in/new-team-of-nma-executive-council-takes-charge/|title=New team of NMA Executive Council takes charge|date=25 August 2023|newspaper=[[Nagaland Tribune]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
The Naga Mothers' Association, ''NMA'' was established in 1984 in [[Kohima]], against the backdrop of the [[Ethnic Conflict in Nagaland Conflict]], rampant alcoholism, and drug problems. For women in Nagaland, the NMA became an umbrella organisation, which brought together the women's wings of different Naga ethnic groups like, the [[Angami Naga|Angami]]s, the [[Ao Naga|Ao]]s, etc. [[Neidonuo Angami]] was one of the founding members of NMA. Popularly known as the 'mother of peace', she served as its general secretary from 1984 to 1994. Drug addiction was a rampant problem in [[Nagaland]] during the 1980s. This brought together women from different works of life to fight this menace. In the 1990s, the NMA also played a pioneering role in tackling [[HIV]] and [[AIDS]]. "In the beginning, the biggest issue affecting homes was drug addiction," according to Abei-u Meru, a founder and former NMA president. "The mothers came together because it was hurting every home.", adds Meru.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |last=Rukmini Shrinivasan |first=Rukmini |date=10 January 2013 |title=TOI Social Impact Awards: Lifetime contribution – Naga Mothers Association |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/TOI-Social-Impact-Awards-Lifetime-contribution-Naga-Mothers-Association/articleshow/17963150.cms |access-date=29 December 2014 |website=[[Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref>

=== Operations ===
The constitution of ''NMA'' allows every adult Naga woman to be automatically made a member on payment of a token annual membership fee of one Rupee. Different Naga ethnic groups nominate members from within to be leaders of ''NMA''.<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |last=S. |first=Rukmini |date=28 November 2016 |title=Meet The Women Who Just Forced a Historic Change in Nagaland's Laws |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/meet-the-women-who-just-forced-a-historic-change-in-nagaland_in_5c11f46de4b003d830eb0b14 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=HuffPost India |language=en-IN}}</ref> Along with spreading information, NMA started a rehabilitation centre. The NMA organises workshops and training programmes for women across the state on a range of relevant issues. They also work towards economic empowerment of Naga women<ref>{{cite news|title=March of the Naga women|url=https://thedawnlitpost.com/march-of-the-naga-women/|work=The Dawnlit Post – Rise with the Post}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They proactively advocate against the recruitment of children by underground military outfits.<ref name=":0" /> The NMA successfully mediated talks between the Nagaland government and the [[Naga Students' Federation]] over age limit for jobs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Paula |url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/PP51.pdf |title=Women, Conflict, and Governance in Nagaland |last2=Dey |first2=Ishita |publisher=Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group |year=2012 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref> In October 1994, the NMA formed a peace team to arrest the situation of rising violence and political instability in the state.

=== Against Drugs and Alcoholism ===
Since the early 80s, drug-addiction was a rampant problem in the North-East which affected the states' young people adversely.
One of the main reasons behind this was the area's proximity to the [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]] from where drugs were transported. Economic and social problems and a lax government machinery also exacerbated the problem.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news |last=Nag Choudhury |first=Subrata |date=15 January 1996 |title=Naga Mother's Association a major weapon against drug menace |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960115-sanu-vamuzo-naga-mothers-association-a-major-weapon-against-drug-menace-834803-1996-01-15 |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Naga Mother's Association runs a detoxification and counselling centre at Kohima in collaboration with the Kripa Foundation.<ref name="auto4"/> As observed in a study conducted by Patra and Manna (2008), 'They tried to make the women aware of the danger of these social evils and motivate them to establish a good Naga society'.

=== On Peace and Conflict ===
The NMA has played an important role in attempting to bring different rebel outfits to peace talks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parashar |first=Utpal |date=25 February 2017 |title=Nagaland: Women's groups backing quota stir sever ties with parent body |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-women-s-groups-backing-quota-stir-sever-ties-with-parent-body/story-ztJpOjoXeEMrOIKltZ2guI.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023160543/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-women-s-groups-backing-quota-stir-sever-ties-with-parent-body/story-ztJpOjoXeEMrOIKltZ2guI.html |archive-date=23 October 2018 |access-date=19 May 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 1994, the NMA started a peace building effort through its, 'Shed No More Blood' campaign and it remains the guiding force of the peace efforts undertaken by them. The campaign is based on the motto of human integrity and considers the value of each life as sacred. As part of the campaign, the NMA wrapped all unclaimed bodies in traditional shawls, whether they belonged to the 'Nagas' or the Indian security forces.<ref>{{cite book|title=NorthEast Relations – A Place of Relations|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Former Home Secretary, GK Pillai who was instrumental to the Indo-Naga peace pact of 1997, recalls the power of this slogan as one being evocative, coming as it did from the mothers who had felt the pain of child bearing and child rearing and then lost their children to the armed conflict. He believes that the movement played a key role in catalysing the peace process.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-09-17 |title=Women and Peacebuilding |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030005519/http://wiscomp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Women-and-Peacebuilding-Engendering-Policy-WISCOMP-Policy-Dialogue-III.pdf |archive-date=30 Oct 2016 |url=http://wiscomp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Women-and-Peacebuilding-Engendering-Policy-WISCOMP-Policy-Dialogue-III.pdf}}</ref>

==== 2010 Mao Gate Incident ====
{{main|2010 Mao Gate Incident}}
In 2010, two young Nagas were shot dead by the Manipur commandos during clashes that arose during the visit of [[NSCN|NSCN (I-M)]] leader, [[Thuingaleng Muivah]] to the [[Ukhrul district]] of [[Manipur]]. The Naga Mothers' Association members made the effort to recover the unclaimed dead bodies and hand them over to their families.<ref name="TOI" />

=== For Ethnic Unity ===
The NMA believes in a space of dialogue and consultation on contentious issues like ethnic unity. During a conflict that arose concerning a local Rongmei community, the NMA urged ethnic leaders and the Naga village council ([[Naga Hoho]]) for "unity against divisive forces from within and without, and work together in peace and greater understanding for the future of the Nagas". As mentioned in the study by conducted by Patra and Manna (2008), 'The role of women as arbitrators is quite recognised and accepted. They assert their role so as to prevent the conflicting Nagas from self destruction'.<ref name=":0" />

===For Women's Reservation===
The NMA fights for more representation of women in politics and decision making in the [[public sphere]].<ref name="auto5">{{cite news |last=Dzuvichu |first=Rosemary |date=15 January 2016 |title=Unpacking reservation: The Naga gender equity question |url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/unpacking-reservation-the-naga-gender-equity-question/ |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=Eastern Mirror}}</ref> Currently the NMA is fighting a case in India's Supreme Court pushing for a 33% reservation for women in local polls.<ref name="auto5" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhandare |first=Namita |date=10 February 2017 |title=Who's afraid of the Naga Mothers? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/who-s-afraid-of-the-naga-mothers/story-O27EbUYCKbPzwePyZQYvSO.html |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The organisation believes that such reservation is not in conflict with customary law.<ref name="auto3"/>

===Against HIV and AIDS===
The NMA led the destigmatisation movement against HIV-AIDS patients in 1991. As a part of the movement, members of the NMA held hands with HIV-positive inmates from the Manipur jail.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jutta |first=Lola |date=5 December 2016 |title=Nagaland Mothers' Association Scripts History: Drives Home Point Of Equality |url=https://sheroes.com/articles/nagaland-mothers-association-scripts-history-drives-home-point-of-equality/MjU2NA== |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=sheroes.com}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Times of India Social Impact Award for life contribution for 2013.<ref name="TOI" />

== See also ==
*[[Angami Women Organisation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Civic and political organisations of India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Nagaland]]

Run (2016 film)

2026-03-18T05:37:42Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added some article and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Run
|image =Run_telugu.jpg
|caption =poster
| writer =
| starring = [[Sundeep Kishan]] [[Anisha Ambrose]] [[Bobby Simha]]
| director = Anil Kanneganti
| cinematography = B. Rajasekar
| based_on = ''[[Neram]]'' by [[Alphonse Puthren]]
| producer = Sudhakar Cherukuri Kishore Garikipati Ajay Sunkara
| editing = M. R. Varma
| country = [[India]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|03|23|ref1=<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/run-audio-and-release-dates-telugu-news-154402.html Release date of Run]</ref>}}
| runtime = 110 min
| budget =
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| gross =
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Run''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[black comedy]] [[thriller film]] directed by Anil Kanneganti and produced by Ajay Sunkara, Kishore Garikipati, and Sudhakar Cherukuri. It is the remake of Malayalam and Tamil bilingual ''[[Neram]]''. The film features [[Sundeep Kishan]] and [[Anisha Ambrose]] in the lead roles, while [[Bobby Simha]] reprises his role as Vatti Raja from the bilingual film. The film was released worldwide on 23 March 2016 to positive critical acclaim.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sundeep-kishan-s-run-gets-a-good-audience-response-2193127 Sundeep Kishan's 'Run' gets a good audience response]</ref>

==Plot==
Sanju is a computer engineering graduate but lost his job. His life is complicated now because he has taken a loan from a predatory moneylender named Vatti Raja and is not able to repay the amount. Amu's father Srinivas refuses her marriage with Sanju as he is jobless. Amu decides to elope with Sanju, and his friend Mani gives him the money for paying off his debt to Raja. On their way, Amu's chain is snatched, and Sanju's money is stolen. Raja calls Sanju and asks him to settle the money by 5p.m.

Srinivas lodges a complaint with Sub-Inspector Padmavathi against Sanju on charges of kidnapping Amu and gives his number. Padmavathi calls Sanju and tells him that he should come along with Amu to the police station by 5PM, but problems are yet to come; Sanju's brother-in-law asks money from him to start a business by 5PM and sticks him with a restaurant bill that Mani again has to pay. On the other hand, Amu is kidnapped by Raja's men and stuffed in the dickey of his car after they assume she is the girlfriend of Manik, who also has to return money to Raja. With all these problems, Sanju is desperate for a solutions.

Sanju comes across Manik and decides to snatch his chain, but in a twist of fate he is hit by an auto and Sanju ends up saving him. At the hospital, Manik's brother Posani Balakrishna, a wannabe big shot, promises Sanju of a job in his company. He decides to kill the auto owner, who turns out to be Vaddi Raja, and takes an unwilling Sanju along. However, Padmavathi arrives and says that Raja died in an accident. A flashback reveals that Lighthouse (Shani Salmon), the man who stole Amu's chain and Sanju's money, had borrowed some money from Raja, too. He plots with two others in having the money for themselves and stealing Raja's car. While the plan works out perfectly, Raja's men went behind the car, and Raja goes behind the other man. In the chase, Raja is hit by an auto and dies; it turns out the driver had also been indebted to him and was told to cover up his non-working brakes, and was also the one who hit Manik.

Finally, Sanju meets the men who stole his money and involves in a brawl with them. He finds his money and Amu, who sees that the chain thief was also in Lighthouse's gang and finds her chain in the car. Sanju gives the money to his brother-in-law, and the movie ends with a happy note that "Time is of two types: good time and bad time. Good will come following every bad time in life".

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sundeep Kishan]] as Sanjay "Sanju"
* [[Anisha Ambrose]] as Amulya "Amu"
* [[Bobby Simha]] as Vatti Raja
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Srinivas
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Posani Balakrishna
* [[Brahmaji]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] I. Padmavathi
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Mani
* [[Mahat Raghavendra]] as Manikyam "Manik
* Shani Salmon as Lighthouse
* [[Madhunandan]] as Sanju's brother-in-law
* Ambati Srinivas as Auto Driver
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Money Borrower
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Doctor
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Posani's follower
{{colend}}

==Soundtracks==
The music was composeed by [[Sai Karthik]]. "Pista" and "Bejawada" are reused from "Pistah" from the original film.
* Pista
* Bujji Bujji
* Bhago Bhago
* Bejawada
* Amulya

==Release==
''Run'' was released on 23 March 2016 across [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] coinciding with [[Holi]] Festival.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/release-date-of-run-telugu-news-153792.html Run release]</ref>

==Reception==
Y. Sunitha Chowdary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' found that the movie was Set for a decent run.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/set-for-a-decent-run/article8393354.ece Run: Set for a decent run]</ref>''[[Hans India]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 stars and stated that the film was an entertainer and worth watching once.<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-03-23/Run-Telugu-movie-Review-Rating/215750 Run review]</ref>''123telugu.com'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated that the film was Different Thriller.<ref>[http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/run-telugu-movie-review.html Run review]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5584506}}

[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]

Balasaheb Thorat

2026-03-15T14:49:09Z

Rajesh Ghosh:

{{short description|Indian politician, agricultural cooperative and reforestation movement founder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balasaheb Thorat
| image = Balasaheb Thorat in Press Conference, 2022.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=y|1953|2|7}}
| birth_name = Vijay Bhausaheb Thorat
| residence = Jorve, Taluka Sangamner, District Ahmednagar, Tapalcha Patta, Sudarshan, 7 Shivjinagar, Sangamner--422605
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Indian National Congress|Leader of Congress Legislature Party]] [[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| term_start = 24 November 2019
| term_end = 26 November 2024
| 1namedata = *[[Sonia Gandhi]]
*[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| 1blankname = [[President of the Indian National Congress|National President]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| successor = [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
| office1 = [[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition (Maharashtra Legislative Assembly)]]
| status1 = Additional Charge
| term_start1 = 18 July 2023
| term_end1 = 3 August 2023
| governor1 = *[[Ramesh Bais]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = *[[Eknath Shinde]]
| 2blankname1 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata1 = *[[Devendra Fadnavis]] ''(First)''
*[[Ajit Pawar]] ''(Second)''
| 3blankname1 = [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
| 3namedata1 = *[[Rahul Narwekar]]
| deputy1 = *[[Himself]]
| predecessor1 = *[[Ajit Pawar]]
*[[Jitendra Awhad]] (Acting)
| successor1 = *[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
| office2 = [[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly#Deputy Leaders of the Opposition|Deputy Leader of the Opposition Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 4 July 2022
| term_end2 = 3 August 2023
| governor2 = *[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
*[[Ramesh Bais]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = *[[Eknath Shinde]]
| 2blankname2 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata2 = *[[Devendra Fadnavis]] ''(First)''
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (From 02 July 2023) ''(Second)''
| 4blankname2 = [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
| 4namedata2 = *[[Rahul Narwekar]]
| 3blankname2 = [[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| 3namedata2 = *[[Ajit Pawar]]
*[[Jitendra Awhad]] (Acting)
*[[Himself]] (Additional Charge)
| predecessor2 = *[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
| successor2 = *[[Jitendra Awhad]] ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
*[[Ajay Choudhari]] ([[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SHS(UTB)]])
| office3 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly| Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = (1978-1980), (1985
| term_end3 = 2024)
| governor3 =
| 1blankname3 = [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
| 1namedata3 =
| constituency3 = [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
| predecessor3 = [[B. J. Khatal-Patil]]

| successor3 = [[Amol Khatal]]
| office4 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start4 = 30 December 2019
| term_end4 = 29 June 2022
| subterm4 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice4 = [[Thackeray ministry]]
| minister4 = * [[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Revenue]]
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 2blankname4 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata4 = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| governor4 = *[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| 3blankname4 = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata4 = *[[Dhule district|Dhule District]] Additional Charge
| predecessor4 = *[[Himself]] (Acting)
| successor4 = [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
| term_start5 = 28 November 2019
| term_end5 = 30 December 2019
| subterm5 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice5 = [[Thackeray ministry]]
| minister5 = *[[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Revenue]]
*[[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Energy]]
*[[Ministry of Medical Education (Maharashtra)|Medical Education]]
*[[Ministry of School Education (Maharashtra)|School Education]]
*[[Department of Animal Husbandry (Maharashtra)|Animal Husbandry]]
*[[Ministry of Dairy Development (Maharashtra)|Dairy Development]]
*[[Ministry of Fisheries Department (Maharashtra)|Fisheries Department]]
| 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata5 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| status5 = Incharge
| governor5 = *[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
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*[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]] {{small|([[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Energy Ministry]])}}
*[[Girish Mahajan]] {{small|([[Ministry of Medical Education (Maharashtra)|Medical Education Ministry]])}}
*[[Ashish Shelar]] {{small|([[Ministry of School Education (Maharashtra)|School Education Ministry]])}}
*[[Ram Shinde]] {{small|([[Department of Animal Husbandry (Maharashtra)|Animal Husbandry Ministry]])}}
*[[Ram Shinde]] {{small|([[Ministry of Dairy Development (Maharashtra)|Dairy Development Ministry]])}}
*[[Anil Sukhdevrao Bonde]] {{small|([[Ministry of Fisheries Department (Maharashtra)|Fisheries Department Ministry]])}}
| successor5 = *[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Revenue Ministry]])}}
*[[Nitin Raut]] {{small|([[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Energy Ministry]])}}
*[[Amit Deshmukh]] {{small|([[Ministry of Medical Education (Maharashtra)|Medical Education Ministry]])}}
*[[Varsha Gaikwad]] {{small|([[Ministry of School Education (Maharashtra)|School Education Ministry]])}}
*[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]] {{small|([[Department of Animal Husbandry (Maharashtra)|Animal Husbandry Ministry]])}}
*[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Dairy Development (Maharashtra)|Dairy Development Ministry]])}}
*[[Aslam Shaikh]] {{small|([[Ministry of Fisheries Department (Maharashtra)|Fisheries Department Ministry]])}}
| office6 = [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start6 = 7 July 2019
| term_end6 = 5 February 2021
| 1namedata6 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| 1blankname6 = [[President of the Indian National Congress|National President]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor6 = [[Ashok Chavan]]
| successor6 = [[Nana Patole]]
| office7 = [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|Secretary of Maha Vikas Aghadi]]
| president7 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 1blankname7 = Chairperson
| 1namedata7 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| predecessor7 = Position established
| term_start7 = 26 November 2019
| successor7 =
| office8 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start8 = 11 November 2010
| term_end8 = 26 September 2014
| subterm8 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice8 = [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry]]
| minister8 = * [[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Revenue]]
* [[Ministry of Vimukta Jati (Maharashtra)|Vimukta Jati]]
* [[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Food, Civil Supplies]]
* [[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Consumer Affairs]]
* [[Ministry of State Border Defence (Maharashtra)|State Border Defence]] ''(First)''
| 1blankname8 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata8 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| 2blankname8 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata8 = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| 3blankname8 = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata8 = *[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar District]]
*[[Buldhana district|Buldhana District]]
*[[Nagpur district|Nagpur District]]
| governor8 = *[[Kateekal Sankaranarayanan]]
*[[Om Prakash Kohli]] (additional charge)
*[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| predecessor8 = *[[Narayan Rane]] {{small|([[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Revenue Ministry]])}}
*[[Radhakrishna Vikhe-Patil]] {{small|([[Ministry of Vimukta Jati (Maharashtra)|Vimukta Jati Ministry]])}}
*[[Anil Deshmukh]] {{small|([[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Food, Civil Supplies Ministry]])}}
*[[Anil Deshmukh]] {{small|([[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Consumer Protection Ministry]])}}
*[[Patangrao Kadam]] {{small|([[Ministry of State Border Defence (Maharashtra)|State Border Defence Ministry]])}}
| successor8 = *[[Eknath Khadse]] {{small|([[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Revenue Ministry]])}}
*[[Mahadev Jankar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Vimukta Jati (Maharashtra)|Vimukta Jati Ministry]])}}
*[[Girish Bapat]] {{small|([[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Food, Civil Supplies Ministry]])}}
*[[Girish Bapat]] {{small|([[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Consumer Protection Ministry]])}}
*[[Eknath Khadse]] {{small|([[Ministry of State Border Defence (Maharashtra)|State Border Defence Ministry]])}}
| term_start9 = 7 November 2009
| term_end9 = 9 November 2010
| subterm9 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice9 = [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry]]
| minister9 = *[[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture]]
*[[Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)|Soil and Water Conservation]]
*[[Ministry of School Education (Maharashtra)|School Education]]
*[[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language]]
| 1blankname9 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata9 = [[Ashok Chavan]]
| 2blankname9 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata9 = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| governor9 = *[[S. C. Jamir]]
*[[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| 3blankname9 = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata9 = *[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar District]]
*[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur District]]
*[[Latur district|Latur District]]
| predecessor9 = *[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)|Soil and Water Conservation Ministry]])}}
*[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] {{small|([[Ministry of School Education (Maharashtra)|School Education Ministry]])}}
*[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]] {{small|([[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language Ministry]])}}
| successor9 = *[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] {{small|([[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture Ministry]])}}
*[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)|Soil and Water Conservation Ministry]])}}
*[[Rajendra Darda]] {{small|([[Ministry of School Education (Maharashtra)|School Education Ministry]])}}
*[[Radhakrishna Vikhe-Patil]] {{small|([[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language Ministry]])}}
| term_start10 = 8 December 2008
| term_end10 = 6 November 2009
| subterm10 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice10 = [[First Ashok Chavan ministry]]
| minister10 = *[[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture]]
*[[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)|Protocol]]
*[[Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)|Soil and Water Conservation]]
| 1blankname10 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata10 = [[Ashok Chavan]]
| 2blankname10 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata10 = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| governor10 = *[[S. C. Jamir]]
| predecessor10 = *[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)|Protocol Ministry]])}}
*[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]] {{small|([[Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)|Soil and Water Conservation Ministry]])}}
| successor10 = *[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture Ministry]])}}
*[[Ashok Chavan]] CM {{small|([[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)|Protocol Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)|Soil and Water Conservation Ministry]])}}
| term_start11 = 1 November 2004
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| subterm11 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice11 = [[Second Deshmukh ministry]]
| minister11 = *[[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture]]
*[[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)|Protocol]]
| 1blankname11 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata11 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| 2blankname11 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata11 = [[R. R. Patil]]
| governor11 =
| predecessor11 = *[[Sushilkumar Shinde]] CM {{small|([[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture Ministry]])}}
*[[Ashok Chavan]] {{small|([[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)|Protocol Ministry]])}}
| successor11 = *[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)|Protocol Ministry]])}}
| office12 = [[Government of Maharashtra| Minister of State Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start12 = 18 January 2003
| term_end12 = 4 November 2004
| subterm12 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice12 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry]]
| minister12 = *[[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture]]
*[[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)|Horticulture]]
*[[Ministry of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (Maharashtra)|Socially and Educationally Backward Classes]]
| 1blankname12 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata12 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| 2blankname12 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata12 = *[[Chhagan Bhujbal]] (2003)
*[[Vijaysingh Mohite-Patil]] (2003-04)
| governor12 =
| predecessor12 =
| successor12 =
| term_start13 = 18 October 1999
| term_end13 = 16 January 2003
| subterm13 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice13 = [[First Deshmukh ministry]]
| minister13 = *[[Ministry of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) (Maharashtra)|Public Works (Including Public Undertakings)]]
*[[Ministry of Command Area Development (Maharashtra)|Command Area Development]]
*[[Ministry of Information Technology (Maharashtra)|Information Technology]]
| 1blankname13 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata13 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| 2blankname13 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata13 = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| governor13 =
| predecessor13 =
| successor13 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| nickname = Vijay
| spouse =
| children = 3 daughters & 1 son
| education = [[Fergusson College]] B.A, [[ILS Law College]], [[Pune]] L.L.B
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| width =
}}
'''Vijay''' alias '''Balasaheb Bhausaheb Thorat''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[baːɭaːsaːɦeb t̪ʰoɾaːt̪]]], born 7 February 1953), known popularly as '''Balasaheb Thorat''', is an Indian politician who served as the revenue minister in [[Maharashtra]] [[States and union territories of India|state]].
He also served as the [[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly#Deputy Leaders of the Opposition|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Balasaheb Bhausaheb Thorat|url=http://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/30216/Balasaheb-Bhausaheb-Thorat|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131064512/http://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/30216/Balasaheb-Bhausaheb-Thorat |archive-date=2020-01-31 |access-date=|website=India Leader}}</ref> Thorat is a senior member of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]. He was an [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Sangamner constituency.

Thorat is a key figure in the cooperative movement and is the founder of a milk co-operative and former president of the Sangamner District and State Cooperative Bank.

He is recognised for his work in [[Sangamner taluka]] and [[Akole taluka]]. He has founded cooperative educational institutions in [[Sangamner]]. He is currently (as of July 2024) President of Amrutvahini College of Engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avcoe.org/board.php|title=Board of Trustees - Amrutvahini College of Engineering|accessdate= July 3, 2024}}</ref> Previously, he served as Minister of Agriculture and as [[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Minister of Revenue]], and Khar Lands in the [[Government of Maharashtra]].
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sonia-gandhi-appoints-balasaheb-thorat-as-clp-leader-in-maharashtra/articleshow/72249963.cms | title=Sonia Gandhi appoints Balasaheb Bhausaheb Thorat as CLP leader in Maharashtra | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Prafulla Marpakwar | date=27 November 2019 | access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/balasaheb-thorat-is-new-maharashtra-congress-chief | title=Balasaheb Thorat is new Maharashtra Congress chief | publisher=Free Press Journal | date=3 July 2019 | access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/7-time-mla-balasaheb-thorat-is-pick-to-end-congress-factionalism-in-maharashtra/story-RZYlgTLOqCXFyV1HuldGXI.html | title=7-time MLA Balasaheb Thorat is pick to end Congress factionalism in Maharashtra | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=14 July 2019 | access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Thorat was born on 7 February 1953 to late Bhausaheb Thorat. He was named as Vijay. His father Bhausaheb Thorat was a peasant leader in Maharashtra and a one-time legislator from Sangamner constituency. Bhausaheb Thorat defeated the then political heavyweight of Maharashtra [[B. J. Khatal-Patil]], a minister in the Maharashtra's government for sixteen-years, in the 1978 Assembly elections as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

== Education ==
Thorat obtained his LLB degree from ILS Law College, [[Pune]] in 1977 and BA from [[Ferguson college]], [[Pune University]] in 1975.

== Political career ==
He began his political career as an [[Independent Politician|Independent]] and fought for the [[Sangamner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangamner Vidhan Sabha]] seat and won with a margin of 10,159 votes on Shakuntala Khanderao Horat. Thereafter, he won 8 assembly elections without being defeated in any elections as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

He was the Minister of State for agriculture in the first [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'s government. Later in 2004 he was elevated to the rank of cabinet minister along with [[Anil Deshmukh]] of [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]. He was one of those few leaders in [[Maharashtra]] who served as ministers in the 15-year Congress-NCP alliance. He served as the minister of Agriculture, Water Conservation, Employment Guarantee Scheme and Additional charge of School Education in [[Prithviraj Chavan]]'s cabinet. He is a well-known and a leading face in the [[cooperative movement]] of [[Maharashtra]]. His nephew [[Satyajeet Tambe Patil]] is also a politician in [[Ahmadnagar district]] and a two-time member of Ahmadnagar Municipality.

Thorat was made the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee|MPCC]] chief in 2019 when [[Ashok Chavan]] resigned following the weak performance of the party in the [[Lok Sabha]] elections. Thorat had to battle with the large-scale defections from his party to the ruling alliance. Due to defections the Congress's tally in the assembly fell down decisively.

Under his leadership the party improved its tally from 31 legislators in the assembly to 44 legislators. After the [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis|2019 political turmoil]] in Maharashtra with the formation of a post-poll alliance called [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and [[Shiv Sena]], Thorat was sworn in as a minister in the [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Uddhav Thackeray administration]].

Thorat resigned as the leader of the Congress in Legislature in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/crisis-in-maharashtra-congress-clp-leader-balasaheb-thorat-quits-after-tussle-with-state-chief/ar-AA17dzU7 | title=Crisis in Maharashtra Congress, CLP leader Balasaheb Thorat quits after tussle with state chief | website=[[MSN]] }}</ref>


He ran for reelection in 2024 and was able to retain his seat, making Thorat the longest-currently serving MLA in Maharashtra.

== Political statistics ==
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Year
! Assembly Constituency
! Opponent
! Votes
! Difference
! Result
|-
|1.
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=9|[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
|Shakuntala Khanderao Horat ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|40218-30059
| 10159
| {{Won}}
|-
|2.
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Vasantrao Sakharam Gunjal ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|57465-52603
| 4862
| {{Won}}
|-
|3.
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Bapusaheb Namdeo Gulave ([[Independent politician|Independent]])
|73611-58957
| 14654
| {{Won}}
|-
|4.
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|Bapusaheb Namdeo Gulave ([[Shiv Sena]])
|61975-40524
| 21451
| {{Won}}
|-
|5.
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Sambhajirao Ramchandra Thorat ([[Shiv Sena]])
|120058-44301
| 75757
| {{Won}}
|-
|6.
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Babasaheb Dhondiba Kute ([[Shiv Sena]])
|96686-41310
| 55376
| {{Won}}
|-
|7.
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|Janardan Mhatarba Aher ([[Shiv Sena]])
|103564-44759
| 58805
| {{Won}}
|-
|8.
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|Sahebrao Ramchandra Navale ([[Shiv Sena]])
|125380-63128
| 62252
| {{Won}}
|-
|9.
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Amol Khatal|Amol Khatal-Patil]] ([[Shiv Sena]])
|101826-112386
| -10560
| {{Lost}}
|}

== Positions held ==
* 1985–2024 - [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Maharashtra]].
* 1999–2004 - Minister of State for Agriculture, Govt. of Maharashtra
* 2004-2014 - Cabinet Minister, Govt. of Maharashtra
* 14 July 2019 – 5 February 2021 - PCC Chief, Maharashtra
* 26 November 2019 - 2023 - Congress Legislative Party leader, [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* 28 November 2019 – 2023 - Cabinet Minister for Revenue, Govt. of Maharashtra
* 8 January 2020 - Guardian minister [[Kolhapur]]
* Permanent invitee - [[Congress Working Committee]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorat, Balasaheb}}
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Cooperatives in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]
[[Category:Water conservation in India]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Deputy opposition leaders]]
[[Category:Presidents of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Piara Singh Bhaniara

2026-03-15T11:19:03Z

Rajesh Ghosh: content update

{{Short description|Indian religious leader (1958–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Piara Singh Bhaniara.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Piara Singh Bhaniara]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Piara Singh Bhaniara''' (23 August 1958 – December 30, 2019)<ref> {{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Controversial Dera head Piara Singh Bhaniara Wala dies at 61|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/controversial-dera-head-piara-singh-bhaniara-wala-dies-at-61-19135|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}} </ref> also known as '''Baba Bhaniara''' (or Bhaniarawala), was a [[Dalit]] religious leader from [[Punjab, India]]. He established a [[Sects of Sikhism|Sikh sect]] in the 1980s, which was opposed by mainline Khalsa Sikhs as insulting to their faith. In 2001, his followers published their own holy text ''[[Bhavsagar Granth]]'', and allegedly insulted the Sikh holy book ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''. This sparked violence against Bhaniara's followers. The [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] [[List of books banned in India|banned]] ''Bhavsagar Granth'', and arrested and jailed Bhaniara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controversial self-proclaimed god man Baba Piara Singh Bhaniara Wala dead|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/dec/30/controversial-self-proclaimed-god-man-baba-piara-singh-bhaniara-wala-dead-2082761.html|access-date=2020-12-22|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 December 2019 }}</ref>

== Early life ==

Piara Singh Bhaniara was from the Dhamiana village of [[Rupnagar district]]. He was one of the 7 children of Tulsi Ram, a mason. Before becoming a religious leader, Bhaniara was working in a [[sericulture]] farm in Asmanpur village, as a Class IV employee of the Punjab state's [[horticulture]] department.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}}

== Religious career ==

Bhaniara's father served as the caretaker of two [[mazar (mausoleum)|mazars]] (mausoleums of [[Sufism|Sufi]] saints) located on the outskirts of Dhamiana. After his father's death, Bhaniara became the caretaker of these mazars. He started handing out medicines for various ailments, gaining recognition as a "[[Baba (honorific)|baba]]" (holy father) with healing powers. He started to attract a lot of followers, most of whom were [[Mazhabi Sikh]]s. The visitors to his ''[[dera (organization)|dera]]'' included the [[Indian National Congress]] politician [[Buta Singh]], who was India's [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] at that time.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}} Buta Singh visited Bhaniara several times between 1985 and 1995{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}} for healing of his wife Manjit Kaur, who was suffering from several problems of the heart, kidney, skin and lungs.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

As Bhaniara's followers grew in numbers (600,000 according to police estimates), a number of politicians started visiting him for his [[Votebank|help during elections]]. These politicians helped him build his 100+ acre ''dera'' at Dhamiana.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}}

=== Conflict with the Sikhs ===

In 1998, the [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht|jathedar]] of the supreme Sikh religious body [[Akal Takht]] [[patit|excommunicated]] Bhaniara, alleging that he was prone to say "nasty" things about Sikhism and its contemporary leaders.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}}

In the summer of 2000, a local [[gurudwara]] disallowed one of Bhaniara's followers from carrying the Sikh religious holy book ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''. This prompted Bhaniara's followers to write their own holy book (''granth''), resulting in the creation of the ''[[Bhavsagar Granth|Bhavsagar Samunder Amrit Vani Granth]]''. Some Sikhs alleged that ''Bhavsagar Granth'' copied several portions from the ''Guru Granth Sahib'', and that Bhaniara insultingly imitated the [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]] [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Singh]] in several photos in the book.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}}

In 2001, Akal Takht summoned Bhaniara, intending to chastise him for his large following. However, Bhaniara rejected the summons, arguing that he had no reason to obey the Akal Takht, because they had excommunicated him three years earlier.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}}

In September 2001, during a religious ceremony organised by Bhaniara's followers, a newly-formed organisation called Khalsa Action Force attacked the function, seized the ''Bhavsagar Granth'' and burned it. This was followed by several instances of ''Guru Granth Sahib'' being burnt in the rural [[gurudwara]]s of Punjab. The [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] arrested and presented before media some young men, who stated that they had burned ''Guru Granth Sahib'' at the insistence of Bhaniara.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}}

The arrests sparked off violence against Bhaniara's followers. In October 2001, Bhaniara was arrested under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]], and charged with several crimes. His followers were put in jail, where they were attacked with acid and knives by people claiming to be Sikhs. Some of Bhaniara's ''dera''s were converted into [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]-administered gurudwaras. No action was taken against those who attacked Bhaniara's followers. Politicians who were associated with Bhaniara were punished by Akal Takht; many of them disavowed Bhaniara and asked for greater punishment to Bhaniara and his followers.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}}

The [[Parkash Singh Badal]]-led Punjab government banned ''Bhavsagar Granth'' and confiscated all its copies, arresting those who were found in possession of these copies. The print copy was probably destroyed by the police.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}} A 3-member SGPC committee published a 48-page report listing various acts of [[sacrilege]] committed by Bhaniara's followers. It also indicted several politicians for patronising Bhaniara: these included [[Buta Singh]], [[Joginder Singh Mann]], [[Amrik Singh Aliwal]], [[Gurdev Singh Badal]] and Kewal Badal. It also blamed several [[Nihang]] leaders for propagating Bhaniara's cult.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1912}}

In 2003, a man named Gopal Singh attempted to stab Bhaniara, when he was in [[Ambala]] to appear in the court in connection with his alleged involvement with the alleged burning of the copies of [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 May 2013 |title=Bhaniara, 7 others held guilty in 2 'bir' burning cases |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/bhaniara-7-others-held-guilty-in-2-bir-burning-cases/story-iMTw3OIlBsVhH9X0r9mbrN.html |access-date=26 February 2026 |work=Hindustan Times |quote=On September 24, 2003, Bhaniara had survived a murder attempt in the courts complex at Ambala when he had come for a hearing. A youth had attacked him with a sharp-edged weapon.}}</ref>

=== After release ===

Bhaniara was released in 2003, but the [[District Magistrate]] of Rupnagar banned his entry into the [[Rupnagar district]], thus preventing him from visiting his ''dera'' at Dhamiana. Bhaniara and his followers successfully challenged this ban in the court. The local administration ordered him not to organise large gatherings, but despite this, a large number of his followers continued visiting him on his birthday (23 August). There has been no further violence between Bhaniara's followers and the Sikhs, although in 2004, there were protests by Sikh organisations, when a gurudwara allowed Bhaniara's followers to carry a copy of ''Guru Granth Sahib''.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1912}} A member of [[Babbar Khalsa]], Gurdeep Singh Rana was arrested for trying to assassinate Bhaniara using a bomb in January 2005.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

=== Death ===
Bhaniara died on December 30, 2019, after developing chest pain and complaining suffocation, following which he was being taken to a hospital in [[Mohali]], but he died on the way in [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Dera head Piara Singh Bhaniara Wala dies at 61 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/controversial-dera-head-piara-singh-bhaniara-wala-dies-at-61-19135 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite journal |author1=Meeta |author2=Rajivlochan |title=Caste and Religion in Punjab: Case of the Bhaniarawala Phenomenon |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=42 |issue=21 |year=2007 |pages=1909–1913 |jstor=4419630 }}
{{Sikhism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaniara, Baba}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rupnagar]]
[[Category:Indian Sikh religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]

Ranthambore National Park

2026-03-12T09:24:42Z

Rajesh Ghosh: basic update citations for clarity and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|National park in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Ranthambore National Park
| image = Ranthambore National Park.JPG
| image_caption =
| map = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| label =
| label_position = right
| iucn_category = II
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Sawai Madhopur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| nearest_city = [[Sawai Madhopur]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.01733|N|76.50257|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 1334
| established = {{ubl|1974 (as Tiger Reserve)|1980 (as National Park)}}
| website =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Project Tiger]]
}}

'''Ranthambore National Park''' is a [[national park]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. It covers a total area of {{cvt|1,334|km2}}. It is bounded to the north by the [[Banas River]] and to the south by the [[Chambal River]]. It is named after the historic [[Ranthambore Fort]], which lies within its boundaries in [[Sawai Madhopur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranthambore National Park |url=https://www.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/rajsthan/department/forest-department/en/wildlife/ranthambore-national-park.html
|publisher=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=}}</ref>

== History ==
Ranthambore National Park was established as the ''Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary'' in 1955, initially covering an area of {{cvt|282|km²}}. It was declared one of the [[Project Tiger]] reserves in 1974.<ref name=Riley2005/> It was declared a national park in 1980.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

== Geography==
[[File:Jungle Landscape.jpg|thumb|Landscape of Ranthambore National Park]]
Ranthambore National Park covers a total area of {{cvt|1334|km2}} including the [[Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary]] and Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary. The core area spans approximately {{cvt|275|km2}}. It harbours dry [[deciduous]] forests and open grassy meadows at an elevation range of about {{cvt|215-505|m}}.<ref>{{cite book |date=2003 |last=Derr |first=P. G. |title=Case studies in environmental ethics |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Maryland, USA |page=17 |isbn= 0742531376}}</ref>

[[Ranthambore Fort]] was built in the 10th century by [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura]] at {{cvt|700|ft|order=flip}} above the surrounding plain. Inside the fort are three red-stone temples devoted to [[Ganesh]], [[Shiva]] and Ramlalaji. There is a Digamber [[Jain temple]] of [[Sumatinatha]] and [[Sambhavanatha]]. The temples were constructed in the 12th and 13th centuries. Padam Talao is the largest of the many lakes in the park. A red sandstone Jogi Mahal is on the edge of the lake.<ref name=BusinessInsider2021>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/article/ranthambore-national-park-features-an-excellent-variety-of-wildlife-amidst-dry-scrublands-and-fortress-ruins/articleshow/82015167.cms|title=Ranthambore National Park features an excellent variety of wildlife amidst dry scrublands and fortress ruins|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=2021|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

==Flora==
Ranthambore National Park harbours over 300 tree species , including more than 100 of medicinal importance.<ref name=Riley2005/>
The land features dense tropical dry forest, open bushland, and rocky terrain, interspersed with lakes and streams. The ecoregion includes the [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]].<ref name=IM0206>{{WWF ecoregion |id=im0206 |name=Kathiarbar-Gir Dry Deciduous Forests |access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref>

== Fauna ==
[[File:Get Together.jpg|thumb|A group of gray langurs at Ranthambore fort]]
[[File:Spotted deer in Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve.jpg|thumb|Spotted deer herd in Ranthambore National Park]]
Ranthambore National Park hosts many wild animals, including [[chital]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[blackbuck]], [[chinkara]], [[nilgai]], [[langur]]s, [[rhesus macaque]], [[golden jackal]], [[striped hyena]], [[jungle cat]], [[caracal]], [[leopard]], [[tiger]] and [[sloth bear]].<ref name="BusinessInsider2021"/><ref name="TimesofIndia2024">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/7-wildlife-species-you-should-look-out-for-when-in-ranthambore-national-park/articleshow/113421809.cms|title=7 wildlife species you should look out for when in Ranthambore National Park|work=[[Times of India]]|date=17 September 2024|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> The park hosts over 270 species of birds, including [[peafowl]], [[crested serpent eagle]], [[painted francolin]], and [[Indian paradise flycatcher]].<ref name="TimesofIndia2024"/><ref name=Riley2005>{{cite book |date=2005 |last=Riley |first=L. |title=Nature's strongholds : the world's greatest wildlife reserves |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, USA |page=225 |isbn=9780691122199}}</ref>

=== Tigers ===
[[File:Tiger from Ranthanbore Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan India 12.10.2014.jpg|thumb|Tiger in Ranthambore National Park]]
Ranthambore is known for its [[Bengal tiger]] population. During the past few years, there has been a decline in numbers due to poaching and other reasons.<ref name="Sadhu et al., 2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Sadhu |first1=A. |last2=Jayam |first2=P. P. C. |last3=Qureshi |first3=Q. |last4=Shekhawat |first4=R. S. |last5=Sharma |first5=S. |author6-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |last6=Jhala |first6=Y. V. |title=Demography of a small, isolated tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') population in a semi-arid region of western India |journal=BMC Zoology |volume=2 |article-number=16 |doi=10.1186/s40850-017-0025-y |date=2017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The number of tigers was 25 in 2005 and 48 in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two more cubs spotted in Ranthambore |date=2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 July 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Two-more-cubs-spotted-in-Ranthambore/articleshow/35694718.cms}}</ref> As of 2022, there were 69 tigers in the national park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=N. |date=2024 |title=Conservation not enough for the highly inbred Ranthambore tigers — they require genetic rescue |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/conservation-not-enough-for-the-highly-inbred-ranthambore-tigers-they-require-genetic-rescue-95077 |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=Down To Earth}}</ref>

== Ecosystem valuation ==
Economic valuation of the tiger reserve estimated that its flow benefits are worth 8.3 billion rupees (0.56 lakh/hectare) annually. Gene-pool protection services (7.11 billion), provisioning of water to the neighbouring region (115 million) and provisioning of habitat and refuge for wildlife (182 million) were some of the important services that emanated from the tiger reserve. Other services included [[nutrient cycling]] (34 million) and [[carbon sequestration|sequestration of carbon]] (69 million).<ref>{{cite web| title=Economic Valuation of Tiger Reservers in India – A value+ approach |url=http://www.iifm.ac.in/sites/default/files/Newspdf/IIFM-NTCA-REPORT.compressed-min.pdf |access-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826050803/http://www.iifm.ac.in/sites/default/files/Newspdf/IIFM-NTCA-REPORT.compressed-min.pdf| archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Singh, V.; Shrivastava, A. 2007. Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. {{ISBN|81-7233-492-3}}.

== External links ==

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:National parks in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1980]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sawai Madhopur district]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Wei Sawdong Falls

2026-03-07T09:59:35Z

Rajesh Ghosh: put up first article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Waterfall in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Infobox waterfall|name=Wei Sawdong Falls|photo=Wei_Sawdong_Waterfall_3.jpg|photo_caption=Wei Sawdong Falls |coordinates={{coord|25.2912308|N|91.6783496|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}|location=[[Cherrapunji]], [[East Khasi Hills]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]|type=Tiered (3 tiered)|elevation=51 m (167 ft)|map=India Meghalaya#India|map_width=220|map_caption=Location in Meghalaya|relief=y}}

'''Wei Sawdong Falls''' is a three-tiered<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dainthlen and Wei-Sawdong Falls – Meghalaya Tourism |url=https://www.meghalayatourism.in/timeline/dainthlen-and-wei-sawdong-falls/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[waterfall]] located in [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya is the perfect place for a relaxing vacation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/travel/meghalaya-is-the-perfect-place-for-a-relaxing-vacation/cid/1837821 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Telegraph India|date=8 November 2021|last=Bhattacharya|first=Urvashi}}</ref>

== Location ==
The fall is situated some 60 km southwest of Shillong in [[East Khasi Hills district]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meghalaya's most offbeat secrets: No one will tell you about these places! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/meghalayas-most-offbeat-secrets-no-one-will-tell-you-about-these-places/photostory/90679547.cms |access-date=2022-04-24 |newspaper=The Times of India|last=Srivastava|first=Priya|date=6 April 2022}}</ref> and is in close proximity to another major waterfall, Dainthlen Falls. The name Wei Sawdong derives from the [[Khasi language]] (''wei'' - resembling a pool, ''sawdong'' - square-shaped), spoken locally.

Wei Sawdong is difficult to access, and the trek to the waterfall is along an out-and-back trail and challenging.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ritu |title=Waterfalls, Meadows & Lakes Galore: Why Meghalaya is a Nature Lovers Paradise {{!}} Top 8 Places to Visit |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/meghalaya-tourism-waterfalls-meadows-lakes-galore-why-meghalaya-is-a-nature-lovers-paradise-top-8-places-to-visit-4476639/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.india.com |language=en|date=10 March 2021}}</ref> The falls are especially known for their bluish-green, crystal-clear water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AllTrails - Wei Sawdong Waterfall |url=https://www.alltrails.com/trail/india/meghalaya/wei-sawdong-waterfall}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
| title = Wei Sawdong Waterfall
| align = center
| footer =
| style = text-align:center;
| mode = packed
| File:Wei_Sawdong_Waterfall_(6).jpg
| alt1=
| Wei Sawdong waterfall in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya| File:Wei Sawdong Waterfall.jpg
| alt2=
| Wei Sawdong waterfall in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya (aerial view)
| File:Wei Sawdong Waterfall (5).jpg
| alt3=
| Crystal-clear water of Wei Sawdong waterfall
| File:Wei_Sawdong_Waterfall_(2).jpg
| alt4=
| Wei Sawdong waterfall
| File:Wei_Sawdong_Waterfall_2.jpg
| alt5=
| Trekking trail, Wei Sawdong waterfall
| File:Wei_Sawdong_Waterfall_1.jpg
| alt6=
| Trekking trail signboard, Wei Sawdong waterfall
}}

==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Waterfall-stub}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Meghalaya]]

Mendonça

2026-03-05T14:42:48Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added new details

{{wiktionary|Mendonça|Mendonca}}
'''Mendonça''' ({{IPA|pt|mẽˈdõsɐ}}) is a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Galician language|Galician]] [[surname]] of Basque origin. It sometimes appears as the anglicized forms ''Mendonca'' or ''Mendonsa''. The Spanish variant is [[Mendoza (name)|Mendoza]]. The name has been often linked with [[Royal family|royalty]]. The name may refer to:

{{tocright}}
==General==

*[[Mendonça Filho]] (born 1966), Brazilian company administrator and politician
*[[Ana de Mendonça]] (1460–1542), Portuguese mistress of King John II of Portugal
*[[André Mendonça]] (born 1972), Brazilian attorney, Presbyterian pastor and politician
*[[Carla Mendonça]] (born 1961), English actress
*[[Clare Mendonça]] (1910–1953), Indian journalist
*[[Cristóvão de Mendonça]] (1475–1532), Portuguese explorer
*[[Duda Mendonça]] (1944–2021), Brazilian public relations specialist
*[[Eneida A. Mendonça]], Brazilian-born physician-scientist / [[biomedical informatics|biomedical informatician]]
*[[Francisco de Ascensão Mendonça]] (1889–1982), Portuguese botanist
*[[Gaelyn Mendonca]], Indian actress
*[[Gilbert Mendonca]] (1952–2025), Indian politician
*[[Gilberto Mendonça Teles]] (born 1931), Brazilian writer
*[[Grace Mendonça]] (born 1968), Brazilian lawyer and university professor
*[[Henrique Lopes de Mendonça]] (1856–1939), Portuguese poet, playwright and naval officer
*[[Kleber Mendonça Filho]] (born 1968), Brazilian film director, screenwriter and producer
*{{ill|Leoni Mendonça|pt}}, Brazilian Senator and businessman
*[[Leroy A. Mendonca]] (1932–1951), United States Army posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for action in Korea
*[[Maria Luísa Mendonça]] (born 1970), Brazilian actress
*[[Mauro Mendonça]] (born 1931), Brazilian actor
*[[Mauro Mendonça Filho]] (born 1965), Brazilian television director
*[[Nuno José Severo de Mendonça Rolim de Moura Barreto]] (1804–1875), Portuguese prime minister
*[[Stacey Mendonca]], New Zealand quantity surveyor

==Musicians==

*[[Eduardo Mendonça]] (born 1960), Brazilian musician
*[[The Fab Four (tribute)#The Monkee Men|Frankee Mendonça]], American musician
*[[Jason Mendonça]], British musician
*[[Kathy Mendonca]], American musician
*[[Marília Mendonça]] (1995–2021), Brazilian singer-songwriter
*[[Newton Mendonça]] (1927–1960), Brazilian musician
*[[Paulo Mendonça]], Swedish musician
*[[Stella Mendonça]] (born 1970), Mozambican opera singer
*[[Walter Wanderley]] (1932–1986), Brazilian organist (born Walter Jose Wanderley Mendonça)
*[[Ron McNeil (musician)|Ronald Mendonça]], American musician

==Sports==

*[[Mendonça (footballer, born 1956)]] (1956–2019), Brazilian footballer
*[[Mendonça (footballer, born 1995)]], Brazilian footballer
*[[Andrew Mendonça]] (born 2000), Angolan footballer
*[[António Mendonça]] (born 1982), Angolan footballer
*[[Bianca Mendonça]] (born 1993), Brazilian rhythmic gymnast
*[[Clive Mendonca]] (born 1968), British footballer
*[[Erick Mendonça]] (born 1995), Mexican-born Portuguese futsal player
*[[Gustavo Mendonça]] (born 2003), Portuguese footballer
*[[Ivor Mendonca]] (1934–2014), West Indian cricketer
*[[João Paulo Mendonça]] (born 1958), Portuguese judoka
*[[Jorge Mendonça (footballer, born 1954)|Jorge Mendonça]] (1954–2006), Brazilian footballer
*[[Jorge Alberto Mendonça]] (born 1938), Portuguese/Angolan footballer
*[[Leon Luke Mendonca]] (born 2006), Indian chess grandmaster
*[[Marcelo Mendonça de Mattos]] (born 1984), Brazilian footballer
*[[Mário Mendonça]] (born 1991), Portuguese footballer
*[[Romero Mendonça Sobrinho]] (born 1975), Brazilian footballer
*[[Sandro da Silva Mendonça]] (born 1983), Brazilian footballer
*[[Tommy Mendonca]] (born 1988), American baseball player

==See also==
*[[Mendonça, São Paulo]], a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
*[[Mendoza (name)|Mendoza]], Spanish variant
*[[Mendonsa]], an Indian variant
{{surname}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mendonca}}
[[Category:Portuguese-language surnames]]

Khanikar Stadium

2026-03-05T02:45:38Z

Rajesh Ghosh: created the article w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Stadium in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Khanikar Stadium
| location = Khanikar, [[Dibrugarh]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord| 27.4364552|N| 94.9267385|E|region:IN_type:landmark|}}
| broke_ground = 2019
| opened = 30 January 2026 (Phase I)
| owner = [[Government of Assam]]
| operator = [[Government of Assam]]
| surface = Grass
| capacity = ~5,000 (existing); proposed expansion to 35,000
| construction_cost = ₹233 crore (Phase I)
}}

'''Khanikar Stadium''' is a multi-sports stadium located at Khanikar in [[Dibrugarh district]] of Assam, India. It is being developed as one of the largest sports complexes in the state, with modern infrastructure aimed at hosting national and international sporting events. The project forms part of the Government of Assam's initiative to strengthen sports infrastructure in [[Upper Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=From Indoor Courts to Swimming Pool: Here’s What Rs 233-Cr Khanikar Stadium in Dibrugarh Offers |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/from-indoor-courts-to-swimming-pool-heres-what-rs-233-cr-khanikar-stadium-in-dibrugarh-offers/ |work=Northeast Live |date=30 January 2026}}</ref>

==History==

The redevelopment of Khanikar Stadium was initiated around 2019 with the objective of upgrading the existing facility into a large-scale multi-sports arena.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Khanikar Stadium set to become largest multi-sports arena |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-khanikar-stadium-set-to-become-largest-multi-sports-arena.html |work=NE Now |date=2026}}</ref> The Assam Cabinet later approved plans to expand the stadium's seating capacity from approximately 5,000 to 35,000, making it the largest stadium in the state upon completion.<ref>{{cite news |title=After being named Assam’s second capital, Dibrugarh set to get the state’s largest stadium |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/after-being-named-assams-second-capital-dibrugarh-set-to-get-the-states-largest-stadium/ |work=Northeast Live |date=2025}}</ref>

The project has been developed in phases, with Phase I including core sporting infrastructure and spectator facilities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Khanikar Stadium in Dibrugarh to be completed by year-end |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-khanikar-stadium-in-dibrugarh-to-be-completed-by-year-end |work=The Sentinel Assam |date=2025}}</ref>

==Facilities==

Spread over approximately 104 bighas of land, the stadium complex includes a main football ground, indoor courts for basketball and volleyball, an international-standard swimming pool, athlete hostels, and spectator galleries.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Indoor Courts to Swimming Pool: Here’s What Rs 233-Cr Khanikar Stadium in Dibrugarh Offers |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/from-indoor-courts-to-swimming-pool-heres-what-rs-233-cr-khanikar-stadium-in-dibrugarh-offers/ |work=Northeast Live |date=30 January 2026}}</ref> Additional facilities include a VIP block and training infrastructure to support multi-disciplinary sporting events.

Future phases are expected to incorporate an athletics track and expanded seating capacity.

==Inauguration==

The first phase of Khanikar Stadium was inaugurated on 30 January 2026 by Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] in the presence of Assam Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] and other dignitaries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shah to open 1st phase of Assam’s biggest multi-sports stadium |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/shah-to-open-1st-phase-of-assams-biggest-muti-sports-stadium/articleshow/127490814.cms |work=The Times of India |date=January 2026}}</ref> The inauguration marked a significant step in enhancing sports infrastructure in Upper Assam.

==Significance==

The stadium is expected to serve as a major sporting hub in Northeast India and contribute to the development of professional sports in Assam. It is also anticipated to boost sports tourism and provide improved training facilities for athletes from the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Khanikar Stadium set to become largest multi-sports arena |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-khanikar-stadium-set-to-become-largest-multi-sports-arena.html |work=NE Now |date=2026}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dibrugarh]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Assam]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]

Yuga Yugagale Saagali

2026-03-04T07:29:01Z

Rajesh Ghosh: put up first bio v1

{{Short description|2008 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yuga Yugagale Saagali
| image = Yuga Yugagale Saagali.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shashank Raj
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Yashas Surya]] Megha Ghosh
| narrator =
| cinematography = Nageshwara Rao
| editing =
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|2|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yuga Yugagale Saagali''''' is a 2008 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by Shashank Raj and starring debutantes [[Yashas Surya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/22/slide-show-1-south-looking-at-shishira-in-pics.htm|title=It is Shishira v/s Raam this Christmas|website=Rediff}}</ref> and Megha Ghosh. The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Hrudaya Geethe]]'' (1989).

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Yashas Surya]] as Shashi
*Megha Ghosh as Swati
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Anant Nag]] as Sashi's father
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Narasimha
*Vasanth Kumar
*Sangeetha
*[[Padmaja Rao]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Hamsalekha]].
*"Aadanga Bari" - [[Vijay Yesudas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/a-place-in-the-sun/articleshow/21502154.cms|title=A place in the sun|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "The acting talent of Rangayana Raghu and Anant Nag is sadly wasted with a weak script".{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "While the story has nothing new to offer, the film scores because of the picturisation of songs, which are pretty good and tight screenplay in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/15ssyys.htm|title=Yuga Yugagale Saagali, a nice watch|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=15 February 2008|author=RG Vijayasarathy}}</ref> A critic from ''MyMazaa'' opined that "This is a love and revenge saga we have seen number of times on silver screen. The debutant director Shashankraj fails to impress with such a wafer thin storyline".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mymazaa.com/kannada/reviews/movie/Yuga+Yugagale+Sagali.html|title=Yuga Yugagale Sagali Review|date=28 January 2008|website=MyMazaa.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and said that "''Yuga Yugagale Saagali'' is a neatly narrated film which can be watched without any inhibitions by the family audience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4297/kannada/yuga-yugagale-saagali/1507/review.htm&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|title=Yuga Yugagale Saagali Review | Yuga Yugagale Saagali Kannada Movie Review by RGV | nowrunning|website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14255864}}

[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

Ranaranga

2026-03-03T22:17:25Z

Rajesh Ghosh: fix details per standard format

{{Short description|1988 Indian Kannada-language action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ranaranga
| image = Ranaranga film poster.jpg

| native_name =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[V. Somashekhar]]
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]
| writer = Hamsalekha (''Dialogues'')
| screenplay = V. Somasekhar
| story = N. T. Jayarama Reddy
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Sudharani]] [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = H. G. Raju
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio = Vaishnavi Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988|11|24}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}
'''''Ranaranga''''' ({{translation|Battlefield}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[V. Somashekhar]] and written by N. T. Jayarama Reddy. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Sudharani]] and [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Veena|title=AWESOME! Karunada Chakravarthy' Shivarajkumar Completes 30 Years In KFI!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/shivarajkumar-completes-30-years-in-kannada-film-industry-216361.html|access-date=2020-08-16|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}</ref> Produced by Shivarajkumar's mother, [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] under the banner of Vaishnavi Movies, the film's musical score was by [[Hamsalekha]] making this his first collaboration with Shivarajkumar of the several future successful films.

This is Shiva Rajkumar's first action movie and the only movie in which V. Somashekhar directed him. [[Dr. Rajkumar]] sung a background song for his son which is considered as one of his favourite songs.

==Plot==
After serving 12 years in a [[juvenile home]], Anand goes to meet his grandfather, Shanthamurthy who has gone to attend a felicitation ceremony. While travelling to the place, Anand witnesses a young girl [[suicide|jump to death]] in order to protect herself from a gang of four savages. While chasing them, he finds his terribly injured grandfather, who was thrashed by them while trying to save that girl. He takes his grandfather to the nearby [[nursing home]] where the doctor refuses to treat him since it is a criminal case and instead asks him to consult a government hospital. With no time to spare, he requests the doctor to drop them there. When the latter refuses, Anand forcefully takes the car's key from him. After admitting his grandfather, he travels to the nearby [[blood bank]]. En route to the hospital, he is intercepted by police officers, who arrest Anand for stealing the car only for him to hold the Inspector at point blank where he forces him to take him to the hospital to hand over the bottles containing the required blood. He is then arrested and subsequently produced to the court, where he convinces the judge of his predicament and gets freed.

Anand meets Ramnath, a lawyer, who offers him a lift to the hospital. Upon reaching the hospital, he learns that his grandfather has died and performs the last rites. A dejected Anand is taken under his wing by Ramnath, who offers to help him practice law. Anand is taken to his house where he meets Ramnath's only daughter Bhavana, who happens to have an erratic behaviour. Meanwhile, The gang of savages target Shashikala, a young girl who works as a [[receptionist]] at a [[Hotel rating|5 star hotel]], since she had rejected their advances. She is saved by Anand who also takes them to the police station. Upon accompanying Shashi to her home, he finds that Shashi is his cousin and reveals the situations that made him a killer to his aunt Kamala. After his father Ranganna, a lorry driver was killed by his Contractor boss Nagaraj and the latter's friends: Basappa, Chandrappa and Mahadevappa to sleep with Anand's mother Saraswati, Driven by vengeance, A 10 year old Anand breaks into Nagaraj's house and stabs him to death. He reveals how he wishes to reunite with his mother and sister about whom only his late grandfather had known about their whereabouts.

Meanwhile, Anand learns that the savages using their influence have freed themselves. He also learns that they are the sons of Nagaraj and his friends, who murdered his father and they had molested Bhavana in the past. He is shocked to know that Nagaraj is still alive and tries to kill him. But is stopped by his daughter Aasha. Nagaraj and his partners tries to kill Anand, but to no avail. One day, after returning from temple Anand meets his mother who gets hit by Aasha's car and from her learns that his infant sister, Usha was killed by Nagraj to transplant her eyes to the blind Aasha. Aasha is disgusted by her father's crimes and seeks forgiveness. Saraswati feels that she has got Usha through Aasha. Anand, who is stopped from slaying his enemies by his mother, Shashi and Aasha gives them an ultimatum to surrender to the police and confess their crimes. When they spurn his statement, Anand abducts their children. In return, Nagaraj and others kidnap Saraswati, Kamala and Shashi and orders for an exchange of hostages at Devaragudda. However, Bhavana finds the location of the savages and tries to kill them. Anand refrains Bhavana from killing them and they take them to Devaragudda. The children reaches the safe zone. Anand and his family are attacked. Anand manages to defeat them and Bhavana kills the savages, thereby getting her revenge. Mahadevayya and Basappa are killed while Chandrappa and Nagraj are arrested by the police summoned by Ramnath. They apologise to Anand and mentions how bad upbringing had caused their children to become such obnoxious brutes and face such tragic deaths. Anand reunites with his family.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Anand
* [[Sudharani]] as Shashikala
* [[Master Manjunath]] as Young Anand
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Bhavana
* [[C. R. Simha]] as Lawyer Ramnath
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Shanthamurthy, Freedom Fighter
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Contractor "Khota Note" Nagaraj
* [[Dheerendra Gopal]] as Baddi Basappa
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Chandrappa
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] as Mahadevayya
* [[Jaggesh]] as Jaggu
* Rathasapthami Aravind as Prakash
* Shankar Patil
* Tumkur Mohan
* Arasikere Raju
* Akhila
* Sangeetha
* Ramachandra Kodange
* M. S. Karanth
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed and lyrics were written by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kannada-newmp3.blogspot.in/2009/11/rana-ranga.html |title=Ranaranga songs |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502215126/http://kannada-newmp3.blogspot.in/2009/11/rana-ranga.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The soundtrack album comprises 7 tracks. Actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] recorded the song "Jagave Ondu Ranaranga". [[Shivarajkumar]] debuted as a playback singer with the song "O Meghave".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/shiva-rajkumar-birthday-13-songs-sung-by-the-actor-in-his-movies-watch-videos-2626777.html|title=Shiva Rajkumar Birthday: 13 Songs Sung By The Actor In His Movies (Watch Videos)|work=LastestLY|first= Moumita|last=Bhattacharjee|date=12 July 2021}}</ref> The song "O Meghave" was used by Hamsalekha in the same year (1988) for the Tamil movie ''[[Kodi Parakkuthu]]'' as "Oh Kadhal Ennai" which also used the tune of another song in between ("Mussanjeli Nammuralli").
{{Infobox album
| name = Ranaranga
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1988|08|31}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ninna Kannugalu
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = O Meghave
| lyrics2 = Hamsalekha
| extra2 = [[Shivarajkumar]], Joo Joo Anuradha
| length2 =
| title3 = Iva Yaava Seeme
| lyrics3 = Hamsalekha
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Vani Jairam]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Mussanjeli Nammuralli
| extra4 = [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| length4 =
| title5 = Meribedavo Shakuni Manuja
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics5 = Hamsalekha
| length5 =
| title6 = Muddu Muddu
| extra6 = Manjula Gururaj
| lyrics6 = Hamsalekha
| length6 =
| title7 = Jagave Ondu Ranaranga
| extra7 = [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
| lyrics7 = Hamsalekha
| length7 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{V. Somashekhar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranaranga}}
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:1988 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Somashekhar]]

Kalloori Vaasal

2026-03-03T04:49:13Z

Rajesh Ghosh: expanded information as per guidelines and corrected details for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalloori Vaasal
| image = Kalloori Vaasal.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]
| writer = Pavithran [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]] (dialogues)
| producer = N. A. Sudhakaran K. P. Unni Krishnan
| starring = [[Prashanth]] [[Ajith Kumar]] [[Pooja Bhatt]] [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| cinematography = S. Muthu Ganesh<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2000 |title=Hit parade from a favourite |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/12/31/stories/0431401c.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928044039/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/12/31/stories/0431401c.htm |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Aanand Associates
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1996|2|18|ref1=}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kalloori Vaasal''''' ({{translation|''College gate''}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Teen film|teen]] [[romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]. The film stars [[Prashanth]], [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Pooja Bhatt]], and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]. The film was released on 18 February 1996. This film is the only collaboration of Prashanth and Ajith Kumar and the only Tamil film of Bhatt.

== Plot ==
Sathya and Vasanth are best friends since childhood. Kumaraswamy works under Sathya's mother and wants his daughter Pooja to marry Sathya so that he would be wealthy for the rest of his life. For this, he makes many tricks and pranks to make them walk together alone, to go for a ride, and many more. On Vasanth's birthday, Sathya goes to wish him, but he denies his wish and says his birthday means nothing to him anymore. Simultaneously, Sathya's mother decides that her son is to marry Pooja, and the engagement day arrives. Without informing her, when she enters the house as all the other guests did, Kumaraswamy insists that she wear the engagement saree. Knowing the situation, she leaves the place crying, and Sathya follows her. In the middle of the street, he shouts at her and asks her for the reason why she cannot marry him. She immediately shows her [[mangala sutra]], which she has hidden from everyone and reveals that she is already married.

The flashback begins with Pooja and Nivetha being best friends from school. On the first day of college, Nivetha meets Vasanth and falls in love. Unaware of this, Pooja and Vasanth love each other. When Pooja discovers her friend's love for Vasanth, she decides to sacrifice her love. On Vasanth's birthday, she denied her love for him, and he forcefully married her. Seeing this, Nivetha kills herself before their eyes. Pooja separates from Vasanth, thinking that he was the reason for her friend's death.

After knowing this, Sathya goes on to have a fight with Vasanth. But after knowing the truth, Sathya decides to sacrifice his love for Pooja and decides to unite Vasanth and Pooja. On a cultural day when Sathya, Vasanth, and Pooja give a combined performance, the opposite gang led by Kumaraswamy plots against Vasanth and stabs him. The blame is then put on Sathya, who is jailed. When Pooja sees her husband get hurt, she forgets everything and starts to cry for him. When Vasanth regains consciousness, he and Pooja finally are reunited.

== Cast ==
''Source''{{refn|The actors are not credited in the film. The cast order is based on the ''[[New Straits Times]]'' review.<ref name="N"/>|group=Note}}
{{cast listing|
*[[Prashanth]] as Sathya
*[[Ajith Kumar]] as Vasanth
*[[Pooja Bhatt]] as Pooja
*[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Nivetha
*[[Manivannan]] as Kumarasamy, Pooja's father
*[[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]] as Milton
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Sathya's mother
*Tiruppur Ramasamy as Ramasamy
}}

== Production ==
During the production of the film, Prashanth was unhappy about the way that his character was depicted and his father [[Thyagarajan]] was involved in a spat with the director over the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Z Continued... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193804/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=9 April 2015 |website=Indolink}}</ref> Prashanth sported a ponytail for his role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2011 |title=Prasanth ready with his relaunch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/feb/28/prasanth-ready-with-his-relaunch-231433.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517050913/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/feb/28/prasanth-ready-with-his-relaunch-231433.html |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> This was the only Tamil film which Pooja Bhatt had acted so far, and is also the only film where both Ajith Kumar and Prashanth have shared the screen together. In an interview, Ajith mentioned that he became good friends with Bhatt, despite initially finding her "aloof".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=4 April 1997 |title=The Star Next Door |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04ajit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074534/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04ajit.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 July 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Choreographer Kalyan made his acting debut as a college rogue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=7 January 2010 |title=Grill Mill: Interview with actor-choreographer Kalyan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-Interview-with-actor-choreographer-Kalyan/article16836379.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712134312/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-Interview-with-actor-choreographer-Kalyan/article16836379.ece |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalloori Vaasal (1996) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kalloori-vaasal-songs-T0000077 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230712134759/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kalloori-vaasal-songs-T0000077 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The track "Loyola College" also features in the 2025 Tamil film ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:55
| title1 = En Manathai
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length1 = 5:20
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| title2 = Kiss Me
| extra2 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:42
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title3 = Loyola College
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length3 = 4:36
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| title4 = Nilagiri
| extra4 = Mano, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length4 = 4:19
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| title5 = Super Hit
| extra5 = Mano, Anuradha Sriram
| length5 = 5:36
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| title6 = Vanakkiliye
| length6 = 5:00
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| extra6 = [[S. Janaki]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kalloori Vaasal'' was released on 18 February 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalloori Vaasal / கல்லூரி வாசல் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kalloori-vaasal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231115191200/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kalloori-vaasal |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The dances, songs and grudge contests director Pavithran has staked in Anand Associates ''Kalloori Vaasal'', all to catch the eye of the younger audience, have not been matched by a fitting story".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=1 March 1996 |title=Cinema: Kalloori Vaasal/King/Dhesam |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960302/03/0127a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221085943/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960302/03/0127a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 |access-date=12 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "The attraction in this movie is not so much the story, which is not all that fantastic. It is the stars. If you like them, you will like the movie".<ref name="N">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=23 March 1996 |title=Banking mostly on star appeal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ymkWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qB4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6859%2C1446652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521014102/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ymkWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qB4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6859%2C1446652 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> The film did not perform well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=15 September 1999 |title=Pyar to hona hi tha |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/15ajit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204004318/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/15ajit.htm |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Pavithran}}

[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1990s teen romance films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pavithran (Tamil film director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Minervarya keralensis

2026-02-28T15:09:29Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added new stub

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = FejervaryaKeralensis.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2023 |title=''Minervarya keralensis'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T58273A166099369 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T58273A166099369.en |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Minervarya keralensis
| authority = ([[Alain Dubois|Dubois]], 1981)
| synonyms = ''Rana verrucosa'' Günther, 1876 
''Rana keralensis'' Dubois, 1981 
''Limnonectes keralensis'' (Dubois, 1981) 
''Fejervarya keralensis'' (Dubois, 1981)
''Zakerana keralensis'' (Dubois, 1981)
| range_map = Fejervarya keralensis map-fr.svg
| range_map_caption = Range of ''F. keralensis'' in the Western Ghats
}}

'''''Minervarya keralensis''''' (common names: '''verrucose frog''', '''Kerala wart(y) frog''', or '''Dubois' hill frog''') is a species of [[frog]] from [[India]]. Originally described by [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Albert Günther]] in 1876, its present-day [[specific epithet (zoology)|specific epithet]], ''keralensis'', meaning "of [[Kerala]]", was introduced as [[replacement name]] by [[:fr:Alain Dubois|Alain Dubois]] in 1981.<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Zakerana/Zakerana-keralensis |title=''Zakerana keralensis'' (Dubois, 1981) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref>

==Description==
This species has vomerine teeth in two strong oblique series starting from the inner anterior corners of the choanae. The head is moderately sized with the snout appearing pointed. The inter-orbital space is two-thirds the width of the upper eyelid. The tympanum is distinct and is about three-quarters the diameter of the eye. Fingers are moderate, obtuse and the first extends beyond the second. Toes are moderately well developed and nearly entirely webbed. Sub-articular tubercles are prominent and the inner metatarsal tubercle is oval, compressed and less than half as long as the first toe. It also has a small rounded outer metatarsal tubercle. When the hind leg is pulled forward, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Upper parts have numerous very prominent warts and short glandular folds. Grey or brown above, darker spotted; hinder side of thighs black, white-marbled; sometimes a broad light vertebral band. Male has two internal vocal sacs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Boulenger, G. A. |year=1890|series= Fauna of British India|title= Reptilia and Batrachia}}</ref>

From snout-to-vent length about {{cvt|2.75|in|cm}}.

==Distribution and habitat==
''Minervarya keralensis'' is found in the [[Western Ghats]] in southern India. Its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is "[[Malabar region|Malabar]]". ''Minervarya keralensis'' has also been reported from [[Gujarat]], northwestern India, and possibly from central Nepal and northeastern India, but it is uncertain whether any of the records outside the Western Ghats refer to this species.<ref name=frost/>

In the Western Ghats ''M. keralensis'' is a widespread species found in wet evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, and marshlands. It has also been recorded from modified habitats including agricultural land and villages. It breeds in temporary ponds.<ref name=IUCN/>

==References==
{{Commons category|Zakerana keralensis}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3024925}}

[[Category:Minervarya|keralensis]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1981]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Alain Dubois]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]

Peter Sugandhar

2026-02-27T22:08:02Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added first page and citations

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{short description|Indian bishop (1944–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific_prefix = [[Bishop]]
| name = B. P. Sugandhar, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
| title =
| image =Peter Sugandhar 1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Church of South India]] (''A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]], [[Lutheran]], [[Calvinist]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])''
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Medak of the Church of South India|Medak]]
| see =
| elected = September 1993<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''[[Church of South India]]: Life in Union, 1947-1997'', Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge/Christava Sahitya Samithi, New Delhi/Tiruvalla, 1999, p.56.[https://books.google.com/books?id=zmjZAAAAMAAJ&q=b.p.sugandhar]</ref>
| term = 1993 - 2009
| quashed = 
| predecessor = [[Victor Premasagar]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| successor = [[T. S. Kanaka Prasad]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination = 1969
| ordained_by = [[H. D. L. Abraham]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| consecration = September 1993<ref name="George"/>
| consecrated_by = Vasanth P. Dandin, [[Church of South India|CSI]] (Moderator<ref name="George"/> and Principal consecrator) and Jason S. Dharamaraj, [[Church of South India|CSI]] (Deputy Moderator<ref name="George"/> and co-consecrator)
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Bishop]]

| birth_name = Badda Peter Sugandhar<ref>''The Episcopal Church Annual'', Morehouse-Barlow, New York, 2003, p.478.[https://books.google.com/books?id=vFTkAAAAMAAJ&q=badda+peter+sugandhar]</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|09|28}}<ref name="TH"/>
| birth_place = [[Ramayampet]]<ref name="TH">[[The Hindu]], Hyderabad Edition, ''Ex-moderator of CSI no more'', 6.12.2017.[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/ex-moderator-of-csi-no-more/article21270532.ece]</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2017|12|05|1944|09|28}}<ref name="DC">[[Deccan Chronicle]], Hyderabad Edition, ''Obituaries'', 6.12.2017.[http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=9550562] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206162748/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=9550562 |date=6 December 2017 }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Secunderabad]]
| buried = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Church of [[St. John the Baptist]] Cemetery, Parade Grounds, [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|17|26|44|N|78|29|35|E}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| residence =
| parents = [[Smt.]] Vimalamma and [[Sri]] Christudas
| occupation =
| profession = [[Priesthood]]
| education =[[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
| alma_mater = [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]])
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| module =
| other =
}}

[[File:Medak Cathedral (1).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Medak Cathedral in [[Medak]] - it was here that Sugandhar was ordained in 1969 by [[Bishop]] [[H. D. L. Abraham]].]]
'''B. P. Sugandhar<ref>''[[Church of England|The Church of England Yearbook 2007]]'', Volume 123, 2007, p.404.[https://books.google.com/books?id=OKomAQAAIAAJ&q=b.p.sugandhar]</ref>''' (28 September 1943<ref name="DC"/> – 5 December 2017)<ref>[[Times of India]] Hyderabad edition, ''Former CSI moderator passes away'', 7.12.2017.[http://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#]</ref> was the fifth successor of [[Frank Whittaker]] as [[Bishop in Medak|Bishop - in - Medak]]<ref name="John"/> of the [[Church of South India]] whose bishopric lasted for more than a decade and half from 1993<ref name="George"/> through 2009<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Oabsu05rJNoC&q=b.p.sugandhar ''The Europa World Year Book 2008'', 2008, p.2216]</ref> coinciding with the archbishoprics of [[Samineni Arulappa]] and [[Marampudi Joji]] of the [[Archdiocese of Hyderabad]].

It was in 1992<ref name="George"/> that the [[Old Testament]] Scholar,<ref>[[Victor Premasagar|P. Victor Premasagar]], ''Salvation in the Old Testament'', ''[[Indian Journal of Theology]]'', Volume 18, Issue 2-3, April–September 1969, pp.197-205.[https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/18-2-3_197.pdf]</ref> Bishop [[Victor Premasagar|P. Victor Premasagar]] vacated the ''[[Cathedra]]'' on attaining superannuation, following which Sugandhar contested the vacant bishopric and was appointed and consecrated in September 1993 by the [[Church of South India Synod]] led by its Moderator Vasanth P. Dandin, and its Deputy Moderator Jason S. Dharmaraj, making Sugandhar assume the ''[[Cathedra]]'' in [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Medak Cathedral]] in [[Medak]].

Sugandhar led the Diocese of Medak through its evangelical ministry<ref>Adam Clapham, ''Beware Falling Coconuts'', [[Rupa & Co.]], New Delhi, 2007, p.68.[https://books.google.com/books?id=JG4MAQAAMAAJ&q=b.p.sugandhar]</ref> which later extended far beyond the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Medak]] when he was elected to the [[Church of South India Synod]] for four consecutive bienniums, as Deputy Moderator in 2000 and as Moderator<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BR8eTxcLZuoC&q=b.p.sugandhar ''The Europa World Year Book'', Volume 1, 2007, p.2213]</ref> in 2004 and was at the helm of leadership of the CSI Synod in the 2000s and crisscrossed throughout southern India that included not only the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Telangana]], but also the [[Union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and the neighbouring nation of [[Sri Lanka]].

After serving the ministries of the Church as an ecclesiastical co-worker spanning four decades (1969–2009), Sugandhar died on Tuesday, 5 December 2017<ref name="Synod">[[Church of South India Synod]], ''Bishop B. P. Sugandhar, the former Moderator of the Church of South India, Passes Away'', Tuesday, 5.12.2017.[http://www.csisynod.com/news_view.php?Id=5512]</ref> in his quarters in [[West Marredpally]], [[Secunderabad]].<ref name="Synod"/> Sugandhar was one of the surviving bishops emeriti of the diocese, and his death is being mourned by the [[Diocese of Medak]] led by [[A. C. Solomon Raj]], [[Bishop in Medak|Bishop - in - Medak]]<ref name="DC"/> and other diocesan administrators.<ref name="DC"/> On Wednesday, 6.12.2017, the [[Diocese of Medak]] had made all efforts and kept his mortal remains at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Diocesan Office,<ref name="DC"/> Behind [[South Central Railway]] [[Hyderabad railway division]], Secunderabad from 9:00 A.M. through 15:00 hours [[Indian Standard Time]]<ref name="DC"/> which, enabled the faithful to pay their respects following which the [[Funeral mass]] was conducted at 15:00 hours<ref name="DC"/> at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Church of St. John the Baptist,<ref name="DC"/> Sardar Patel Road, Secunderabad in the presence of Bishop Emeritus [[P. Surya Prakash]] and thereafter a [[Christian burial|Christian burial mass]] at 16:00 hours<ref name="DC"/> was held at the Cemetery of [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Church of St. John the Baptist located in Parade Grounds<ref name="DC"/> in [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board|Secunderabad Cantonment]].

==Contribution==
===Ecumenism and the unity of the Churches===
Sugandhar strove for [[ecumenism]] and led the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Federation of Churches, a society that incorporates bishops of the [[Roman Catholic]], [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]], [[Protestant]], and [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous]] Church traditions.<ref>[http://www.ccbi.in/viewnews.php?action=viewmore&value=746 Conference of Catholic Bishops of India, Official Web Site]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Along with then [[Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Archbishop of Hyderabad]], [[M. Joji]], and then secretary of the Andhra Pradesh Council of Churches, [[J. A. Oliver]], Sugandhar actively took part in ecumenical conversations to build up the unity of the Churches. In 2000, Sugandhar was one of the Anglican Participants at the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]].<ref name="Curia">[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/angl-comm-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20000519_iarccum-action-plan_en.html The Mississauga Meeting] The Vatican, the Roman Curia, Pontifical Councils, 19 May 2000</ref> which was held during the papacy of [[Pope John Paul II]].

===Towards spiritual formation===
As an administrator of the [[Diocese of Medak]] from 1993 through 2009, Sugandhar donned the mantle of a Vocation Promoter and led many youth to full-time ministry making them undergo studies in divinity at the [[Spiritual formation]] centres in [[Secunderabad]] and at [[Bangalore]] at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] and the [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]], both of which were notable for their Old Testament scholarship with the presence<ref name="GBR"/> of G. Babu Rao,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=txUnAQAAIAAJ&q=babu+rao+old+testament ''Guide to Indian Periodical Literature'', Volume 23, 1989, p.57]</ref> [[CBCNC]]<ref name="GBR">G. Babu Rao (Compiled), ''Bibliography of the writings of [[Victor Premasagar]]'' in [[H. S. Wilson]] (Edited), ''The Church on the Move: A Quest to Affirm the Biblical Faith - Essays in honour of P. [[Victor Premasagar]]'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1988, p.160.[https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ&q=b.p.sugandhar]</ref> in [[Secunderabad]] and [[Gnana Robinson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] in [[Bangalore]]. Incidentally, Sugandhar's senior graduate companion [[Regunta Yesurathnam|R. Yesurathnam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] who had been notable as a [[Systematic theology|Systematic Theologian]] became Principal<ref name="Punthi">R.Yesurathnam, ''A Christian Dialogical Theology: The Contribution of [[Swami Abhishiktananda]]'',
Punthi Pustak, [[Calcutta]], 2006.[https://books.google.com/books?id=XU7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=regunta+yesurathnam]</ref> of the Protestant Seminary in [[Secunderabad]] in 1994 coinciding with the bishopric of Sugandhar.

Sugandhar also participated in the governance of these two seminaries as a member of the respective Seminary societies on the board of governors of Andhra Christian Theological College and on the Council of the United Theological College. The [[Old Testament]] Scholar, Ch. Vasantha Rao, who presently heads the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] acknowledges the efforts of Sugandhar in promoting higher theological education during his spiritual formation period leading to [[Master of Theology|M. Th.]]<ref>Ch. Vasantha Rao, ''Let the Mother Bird Go: Preservation Motif in Pentateuch'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 2007.[https://books.google.com/books?id=tMzYAAAAMAAJ&q=vasantha+rao+let+the+mother+bird+go]</ref> and [[Doctor of Theology|Dr. Theol]]<ref>Ch. Vasantha Rao, ''Animal Rights and Animal Laws in the Bible: The Daily Practice of Reverence for Life'', [[Edwin Mellen Press]], [[Lewiston (town), New York|Lewiston]], 2013.[https://books.google.com/books?id=LSqPZwEACAAJ&q=vasantha+rao+hamburg]</ref> in [[Bangalore]] and [[Hamburg]].

===Propagation of Bible reading===
Bishop Sugandhar served as the vice-president of the [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]] during the terms of Auxiliary Secretaries, [[L. Prakasam]], [[CBCNC]]<ref name="Sowing">''[[Sowing Circle]] - The bulletin of the [[Bible Society of India]]'', Volume 13, Number 3, September–December 1998, p.14.</ref> in the 1990s followed by G. Babu Rao, [[CBCNC]]<ref name="Sowing1">''[[Sowing Circle]], A Bulletin of the Bible Society of India'', Volume 15, Number 1, January–April 2000 (For Private Circulation), Bengaluru. pp.24-25.</ref> and was involved in promotion and distribution of the [[Bible]] throughout [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].

===Medical missions===
The [[Diocese of Medak]] was represented in the council and association of [[Christian Medical College]], [[Vellore]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://home.cmcvellore.ac.in/admissions/SumAdd/authorised.htm |title=Christian Medical College – List of Authorized Signatories |access-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230154110/http://home.cmcvellore.ac.in/admissions/SumAdd/authorised.htm |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and many medical aspirants were led to medical missions and after their studies in [[Vellore]] they served the dispensaries and hospitals in the diocese and with Sugandhar's encouragement, efforts were also made to start a full-fledged medical college in [[Dichpalle]], but did not fructify.<ref>[[The Hindu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], 12.6.2004.[http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/12/stories/2004061209800300.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Gender equality in ordination of Pastors===
It was in 1970<ref name="Gill">Kenneth E. Gill, ''Count us Equal : The Ministry of Women in the Church of South India'', [[Association of Theologically Trained Women in India]], 1990. pp.48–49. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tCJrGwAACAAJ]</ref> that the [[Church of South India Synod]] led by [[P. Solomon]] first mooted the ordination of women, resulting in objections from the [[Laity]] and a decade of legal recourse<ref name="UCA">''[[Church of South India]] ordains Kerala's first Woman Priest'' in ''The Union of Catholic Asian News (UCAN)'', June 06 1989. [http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1989/06/06/church-of-south-india-ordains-keralas-first-woman-priest&post_id=38046]</ref> followed and efforts were made by the CSI-Synod to overcome them, leading to full-fledged ordination of women in 1982<ref name="Gill"/> during the term of [[I. Jesudason]], that led to the ordination of [[Elizabeth Paul]], the first ordained [[Woman priest]] in the [[Church of South India Synod]].

In the Diocese of Medak, the first [[Woman priest]] to be ordained was B. Samarpana Kumari,<ref>[[Church of South India Synod]], ''Medak Ministerial Roll''.
[http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/53_Ministerial%20Roll%20-%20Medak%20Diocese.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816014051/http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/53_Ministerial%20Roll%20-%20Medak%20Diocese.pdf |date=16 August 2017 }}</ref> a seminarian at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] who underwent [[Spiritual formation]] during the Principalship of [[M. Victor Paul]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]] and was ordained by the diocese during the bishopric of [[Victor Premasagar]]. Following that, when Sugandhar took over the mantle in 1993, [[Woman priest]]s continued to be ordained and he supported its cause and stood by societies which promoted it, especially the [[Association of Theologically Trained Women in India]] in which Sugandhar also delivered a talk on the role of [[Women priest]] during one of its regional plenaries held at Jeevan Jyothi Formation Centre in Begumpet during the term of its secretary, Florence Deenadayalan, [[Church of South India|CSI]],<ref name="ATTWI"/> Treasurer, Johanna Rose Ratnavathi, [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]<ref name="ATTWI">[https://books.google.com/books?id=SgN0HAAACAAJ&q=association+of+theologically+trained+women+of+india+handbook ATTWI Handbook]</ref> and its president, [[Navamani Elia Peter]], [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]].<ref name="ATTWI"/>

===Writings===
Sugandhar contributed to theological writings, both as a pastor and later as a bishop, among which are,
*1988, ''Resources for Mission in Local Congregations'',<ref>B. P. Sugandhar, ''Resources for Mission in Local Congregations'' in [[H. S. Wilson]] (Edited), ''The Church on the Move: A Quest to Affirm the Biblical Faith - Essays in honour of P. [[Victor Premasagar]]'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1988, pp.145-ff.[https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ&q=b.p.sugandhar]</ref> – this essay was contributed to the volume honouring the [[Old Testament]] Scholar, [[Victor Premasagar]]'s ministry for which a commemorative volume (fetschrift) was edited by [[H. S. Wilson]],
*2001, ''Ecumenism: Creation's greatest challenge'',<ref>B. P. Sugandhar, ''Ecumenism: Creation's greatest challenge'' in Vinod Victor, Leslie Nathaniel (Edited), ''Ecumenism: prospects and challenges: festschrift to the Rev. [[G. Dyvasirvadam]]'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 2001.[https://books.google.com/books?id=WhUQAQAAIAAJ&q=b.p.sugandhar]</ref> – Sugandhar wrote an essay honouring the contribution of the [[Systematic theology|Systematic Theologian]] [[G. Dyvasirvadam]].

===Juridical precedence===
In matters of domestic enquiry, a legal case involving the [[Diocese of Medak]] is often used as a citation in matters of jurisprudence where the [[Supreme Court of India]] through its bench headed by [[G. T. Nanavati]] ruled in favour of the [[Diocese of Medak]] thereby overruling an earlier [[High Court of Andhra Pradesh]] judgement.<ref>1996 IVAD SC 437, 1996 (74) FLR 1927, JT 1996 (6) SC 221, (1996) IILLJ 936 SC, 1996 (3) SCALE 701, (1996) 4 SCC 406, 1996 Supp 1 SCR 247. [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/38876705/]</ref> In 1996, in the case of ''B. P. Sugandhar, Bishop - in - Medak Versus D. Dorothy Dayasheela Ebenezer'', the manner of conduction of domestic enquiry was highly appreciated<ref>Ejaz Ahmad, ''Ashoka's service laws in India: as viewed by Supreme Court regarding private sector & government sector'', Ashoka Law House, New Delhi, 1998, p.462.[https://books.google.com/books?id=3mYOAQAAMAAJ&q=b.p.sugandhar]</ref> by then juridical experts and the case law continues<ref>C. S. Venkatasubramanian, ''Supreme Court Civil Cases: Part 1, 1996, 1997 & 1998'', Vibhuvan Printers, 2000, p.64.[https://books.google.com/books?id=NTQRIsKGknwC&q=b.p.sugandhar]</ref> to be used as a citation in the courts of law.<ref>P. K. Basu Majumdar, ''Law of Domestic Enquiry'', Universal Law Publishing Company Private Limited, New Delhi, 2010, p.26.[https://books.google.com/books?id=EHGJqI5aXXoC&dq=b.p.sugandhar&pg=PA26]</ref>

==Studies and ministerial formation==
===Seminarian: 1964-1968===
{{multiple image
| width = 130
| footer =[[Church Fathers|Father]] [[V. C. Samuel]], a specialist in [[Christology]], was one of Sugandhar's Spiritual Formators at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore|UTC, Bangalore]]; [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] [[Mar Aprem Mooken]] was a postgraduate companion of Sugandhar.
| image1 =Father V.C. Samuel.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[V. C. Samuel]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|MOSC]]
| image2 = MAR APREM METROPOLITAN METROPOLITAN OF MALABAR AND ALL INDIA NOW NATHAR KURSIYA.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Mar Aprem Mooken]], [[Assyrian Church of the East|ACE]]
}}
During the bishopric of [[Eber Priestley]] as [[Bishop in Medak|Bishop - in - Medak]], Sugandhar was admitted in 1963 as a ministerial candidate of the [[Diocese of Medak]] and a year later, was sent for ministerial formation in 1964<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997'', Bangalore, 1997. Past students of the graduate course, p.36.</ref> to the [[United Theological College (Bangalore)|United Theological College]], [[Bangalore]], an affiliated institution of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]. Sugandhar underwent a four-year<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[spiritual formation]] at the seminary in [[Karnataka]] which was then headed by the [[Systematic theology|Systematic Theologian]] [[Joshua Russell Chandran]] and was taught by notable faculty that comprised the [[Religions]] Scholar, [[S. J. Samartha]], the [[Church history|Church Historian]] [[V. C. Samuel]],<ref>[[V. C. Samuel]], ''Some Facts About the Alexandrine Christology'', ''[[Indian Journal of Theology]]'', Volume 11, Issue 4, October–December 1962, pp.136-142.</ref> the [[Old Testament]] Scholars, [[Samuel Amirtham]] and [[E. C. John]] and others.

Among Sugandhar's senior companions studying during that period were A. P. Nirmal, [[Church of North India|CNI]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[Regunta Yesurathnam|R. Yesurathnam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[G. T. Abraham]], [[Church of South India|CSI]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[Wesley Ariarajah|S. Wesley Ariarajah]], [[Methodist Church in Sri Lanka|MCSL]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> Dhyanchand Carr, [[Church of South India|CSI]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[Philipose Mar Eusebius]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|MOSC]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> among others who contributed much to the [[Christian ministry]] in India and elsewhere and other companions comprised [[R. S. Sugirtharajah]], D. James Srinivasan, [[Church of South India|CSI]], S. D. L. Alagodi, [[Church of South India|CSI]], Godwin Shiri, [[Church of South India|CSI]], C. B. M. Frederick, [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[S. J. Theodore]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], Arunkumar Wesley, [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[H. S. Wilson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[Basil Rebera]] and others.<ref name="Hiwale"/> By this time, the postgraduate course of the college had an increasing uptake with a number of enrollments growing up which saw thoroughbred Scholars joining the course leading to [[Master of Theology]] in which, [[Kallarakkal Abraham George]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|MOSC]] and [[Mar Aprem Mooken]], [[Assyrian Church of the East|ACE]], enrolled and specialized in [[Old Testament]] and [[Church history|Church History]] respectively.

It was during his seminary studies at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore|UTC, Bangalore]] that Sugandhar came across co-students from other Church backgrounds that included not only the [[Protestant]], [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] and Indigenous traditions, but also the [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] ([[Latin liturgical rites|Latin rite]]) when the [[Franciscan]] [[Friar]] J. A. G. Gerwin van Leeuwen,<ref>Friar Gerwin Van Leeuwen, ''Fully Indian - Authentically Christian'', Province of St. Thomas the Apostle in India, Bangalore, 2002.[https://books.google.com/books?id=SlWsMwEACAAJ&q=friar+van+leeuwen]</ref> [[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]] also began studying at the UTC, Bangalore during 1966–1968,<ref name="Hiwale"/> which later enabled Sugandhar to relate to other Churches within [[Christianity]] and also participate<ref name="Curia"/> in a [[Pontifical council]] in 2000.<ref name="Curia"/>

===University convocation: 1969===
[[File:SeramporeCollege.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], [[Serampore]], [[India]], which awarded the degree of [[Bachelor of Divinity]] to Sugandhar in 1969.]]
As an aspirant of the [[Diocese of Medak]], Sugandhar underwent [[Spiritual formation]] at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]], affiliated to India's first<ref>Sankar Ray, The Hindu (Business Line), 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Internet, accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]'' {a University under Section 2 (f) of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956}<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] is a University within the meaning of Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 under which a University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognised by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/history/u-g-c-and-serampore-college/]</ref>''with degree-granting authority validated by a Danish Charter and ratified by the [[Government of West Bengal]]. In 1968, Sugandhar completed his ministerial formation period and subsequently in the year 1969, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], then led by Registrar [[C. Devasahayam]], [[CBCNC]], awarded the degree of [[Bachelor of Divinity]] during its annual convocation. By this time [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|IPC]] was already part of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] as administrative officer.<ref name="Samson">Samson Prabhakar, ''Together with People: Essays in honour of Rev. D. S. Satyaranjan'', [[BTESSC]] / [[SATHRI]], [[Bangalore]], 2004.[https://books.google.com/books?id=3urYAAAAMAAJ]</ref>

==Ecclesiastical ministry==
===Ordination: 1969===
In 1969, during the bishopric of [[H. D. L. Abraham]], Sugandhar was ordained as a pastor of the [[Diocese of Medak]] at the [[Medak Cathedral]] in [[Medak]].

===Pastorship: 1969-2009 ===
Sugandhar began serving the [[Christian ministry]] at [[Ramayampet]], [[Yellareddy]], [[Utnoor]], [[Bellampally]], and [[Medak]]. He was also presbyter-in-charge at the Church of St. John the Baptist, Secunderabad before being consecrated as the [[Bishop in Medak]]. Although a Resident Presbyter has been appointed in that Church, Sugandhar continued to be the Presbyter-in-charge of the Church of St. John the Baptist till the end of his bishopric.<ref name="John">{{Cite web |url=http://stjohnschurchcsi.org/MedakDio.aspx |title=Church of St. John the Baptist, Official Site |access-date=6 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508164807/http://stjohnschurchcsi.org/MedakDio.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Bishopric: 1993-2009===
The [[Old Testament]] Scholar, [[Victor Premasagar]]'s bishopric came to an end in 1992 following which the Synod of the CSI conducted elections and declared Sugandhar as his successor and was consecrated by Vasanth P. Dandin, then moderator of the CSI in the cathedral in Medak in September 1993.<ref name="George"/>

==CSI Synod: 2000-2008==
[[File:Church of South India Dioceses.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Church of South India Synod]] - Sugandhar led the Synod for nearly a decade from 2000 to 2008.]]
Sugandhar first began attending the Synods of the Church of South India when he went along with his Bishop [[Victor Premasagar]] and represented the Medak Diocesan Council at the Synods. However, after assuming the bishopric, Sugandhar began participating with full leadership beginning with the [[Trichy]] Synod held in 1994 and from that point of time onwards, he had attended two sessions in 1996 in [[Coimbatore]] and in 1998 in [[Madanapalle]] but first contested the Synod only in 2000.

===XXVII session: 2000, Secunderabad===
During 12–16 January 2000,<ref name="CCA35">''CCA News'', Volume 35, Number 1, March 2000,
p.16.[http://cca.org.hk/home/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/00-031.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003544/http://cca.org.hk/home/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/00-031.pdf |date=8 December 2017 }}</ref> the CSI Synod was held in [[Secunderabad]]<ref name="CCA35"/> hosted by the [[Diocese of Medak]] which saw the election of Sugandhar as Deputy Moderator<ref name="CCA35"/> in place of K. J. Samuel who was elected as the Moderator.<ref name="CCA35"/>

===XXVIII session: 2002, Melukavu===
The XXVIII session of the CSI Synod was hosted in 2002<ref name="Order">''Order of Service for Church of South India 70th Anniversary Celebrations'', 2017.
[https://nalloorlibrary.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/5465_english-24th-september-2017.pdf]</ref> by the [[Diocese of East Kerala of the Church of South India|Diocese of East Kerala]] in [[Melukavu]]<ref name="Order"/> in Kerala, where again Sugandhar and K. J. Samuel were re-elected as the Deputy Moderator and Moderator.

===XXIX session: 2004, Bangalore===
During the XXIX Synod of the CSI held in Bangalore from 10 to 14 January 2004 hosted by the [[Karnataka Central Diocese]], Sugandhar was elected as Moderator of the CSI replacing his predecessor K. J. Samuel<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121018233952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-15/bangalore/28337388_1_synod-csi-church-of-south-india The Times of India] Bangalore, 15 January 2004</ref> and S. Vasantha Kumar was elected as the Deputy Moderator in place of Sugandhar.

===XXX session: 2006, Mysore===
In the XXX Synod held in [[Mysore]]<ref name="Order"/> in 2006,<ref name="Order"/> hosted by the [[Karnataka Southern Diocese]], he was re-elected as the Moderator while his deputy, S. Vasantha Kumar retained his place.

In the 31st Synod held in Visakhapatnam in January 2008,<ref>[http://www.netindia123.com/showdetails.asp?id=868586&cat=India&head=Bishop+Gladston+new+CSI+Moderator Net India 123] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714165518/http://www.netindia123.com/showdetails.asp?id=868586&cat=India&head=Bishop+Gladston+new+CSI+Moderator |date=14 July 2011 }} Bishop Gladstone New CSI Moderator, 13 January 2008, Visakhapatnam</ref> fresh elections paved way for a new Moderator Bishop [[J. W. Gladstone]] to be elected in place of Bishop Sugandhar.

==Other initiatives==
Sugandhar represented the CSI as a delegate for the EMS Mission Council in 2002<ref>[http://www.reformiert-online.net/agora2/docs/194.pdf Minutes of the EMS Mission Council November 07/08, and 10 to 12, 2002 in Neustadt / Palatinate]</ref> and was also elected as president, CSI Council of North America in 2005.<ref>[http://csinewsletter.com/csi-vol-7/csi-news-7v29.asp CSI Newsletter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724091700/http://csinewsletter.com/csi-vol-7/csi-news-7v29.asp |date=24 July 2008 }} Vol. 7 / Issue 29 / 25 August 2005</ref>

===Lambeth Conferences: 1998 and 2008===
As a member of the [[Church of South India]], Sugandhar as bishop-in-Medak, participated in the decennial [[Lambeth Conferences]] held in [[England]] in 1998 and 2008, presided by then [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[George Carey]] and [[Rowan Williams]] respectively.

==Honours==
The Throne of Grace Theological Seminary and Ministries [[Incorporation (business)|Inc.]] (International),<ref>[http://throneofgrace.org/ Throne of Grace Ministries ]</ref> [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] conferred the degree of [[D.Min.]] on the Bishop.<ref>However, the said ''Seminary'' is neither accredited by nor affiliated to any Indian Accrediting Agency or University. Neither is it accredited by any foreign agency. It is only the AEGA which is affiliated to the Evangel Christian University of America which in turn was accredited by Transworld Accrediting Commission with base in California</ref> The degrees issued by this ''[[unaccredited]]'' seminary are only nominal.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
|author = CSI (Medak Diocese) UK Telugu Christians Souvenir commemorating the 70th year of the formation of the [[Church of South India]]
|title = 70 years of God's Faithfulness
|year = 2016
|url = http://www.revcvr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CSI-UK-Souvenir-1.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000405/http://www.revcvr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CSI-UK-Souvenir-1.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 27 August 2017
|access-date = 5 December 2017
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John Braisted Carman, Chilkuri Vasantha Rao
| title=Christians in South Indian Villages, 1959–2009: Decline and Revival in Telangana
| year=2014
| isbn=978-0-8028-7163-3| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bH9yCgAAQBAJ&dq=rev.a.c.solomon+raj&pg=PT208
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Jerald D. Gort, Henry Jansen, H. M. Vroom (Edited)
| title=Religions View Religions: Explorations in Pursuit of Understanding
| year=2006
| volume=25
| isbn=90-420-1858-5| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7m8xjpXTutEC&dq=medak+christopher+dayanand&pg=PP5
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Anantha Sudhaker Babbili
| title=The Road from Poodur in Biographical Passages: Essays in Victorian and Modernist Biography : Honouring Mary M. Lago, University of Missouri, North America
| year=2000
| isbn=978-0-8262-1256-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qfXSKIo4fDoC&dq=diocese+of+karimnagar&pg=PA133
}}
* {{cite book
| author=K. M. George
| title=Church of South India: Life in Union, 1947-1997
| year=1999
| isbn=9788172145125
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=zmjZAAAAMAAJ&q=b.p.sugandhar
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=K. M. Hiwale (Compiled)
| title=Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997
| year=1997
}}
* {{cite book
| author=P. Y. Luke, J. B. Carman
| title=Village Christians and Hindu Culture
| year=1968
| issue=Second
| isbn=978-8-1845-8089-1|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=YTqM8gCpXI0C&dq=village+christians+and+hindu+culture+lutterworth&pg=PR4
}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Victor Premasagar|P. Victor Premasagar]]| title=Member, Board of Governors, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]]|after=[[T. S. Kanaka Prasad]]| years=1993-2009}}
{{Succession box
| before=Vasanth P. Dandin| title=Chairperson, [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]|after=[[G. Dyvasirvadam]]| years=2000-2003}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box| before=[[Victor Premasagar|P. Victor Premasagar]]| title=[[Bishop in Medak|Bishop - in - Medak]], [[Medak]]| after=[[T. S. Kanaka Prasad]]
| years=September 1993 – September 2009}}
{{Succession box| before=K. J. Samuel
| title=Deputy Moderator, [[Church of South India Synod]], [[Chennai]]|
after=S. Vasantha Kumar| years=January 2000 – January 2004}}{{Succession box| before=K. J. Samuel
| title=Moderator, [[Church of South India Synod]], [[Chennai]]| after=
[[J. W. Gladstone]]
| years=January 2004 – January 2008}}
{{S-end}}
{{Moderators of the Church of South India}}
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sugandhar, B. P.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Medak]]
[[Category:People from Medak]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Church of South India clergy]]
[[Category:Moderators of the Church of South India]]

Ambapuram cave temple

2026-02-26T13:09:28Z

Rajesh Ghosh:

{{short description|Jain temple in the state of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Ambapuram Jain cave temple
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption = Location in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|34|04.4|N|80|37|27.7|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = Ambapuram village near [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| deity = [[Mahavira]]
| materials = Rock cut
| website =
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity = 5
| established = 7th century CE
| creator = [[Eastern Chalukyas]]
| architecture_style = [[Rock-cut architecture]]
}}

'''Ambapuram cave temple''' or '''Nedumbi Basadi''' is a [[rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|cave temple]] in Ambapuram village near [[Vijayawada]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== History ==
Jainism became popular in the Vijayawada region during the reign of [[Eastern Chalukyas]] or Vengi Chalukyas in the 7th century CE. During the 7th—8th century CE, a total of five Jain caves were constructed in Ambapuram and Adavinekkalam hills.{{sfn|British Library|1815}} The village derives from the image of Goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] inside the Jain cave temple.{{sfn|Varma|2015}}

== Architecture ==
The cave temple enshrines three cells — [[Veranda]], [[antarala]] and [[garbhagriha]]. The verandah has plain walls and ceilings devoid of sculptures. The antharala features images of [[yaksha]] on either side of the door and an idol of [[Parshvanatha]] having a serpent hood with five heads. The antharala has an image of Goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] as protector deity and a carving of an unidentified deity. There is an image of [[chauri]] (whisk) bearers on each side of Mahavira.{{sfn|British Library|1815}} The rear wall of the garbhagriha houses an idol of [[Mahavira]], the 24th [[Tirthankara]], in [[lotus position]] with the symbol of lion stamped on the pedestal. The cave temple also features a rock-cut miniature [[Jain stupa]].{{sfn|Varma|2015}} A {{convert|3|ft}} tall idol of [[Parshvanatha]] with 7 hooded serpent in [[Kayotsarga]] posture. The idols date back to 7th century during the reign of [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]] ({{circa|624–641}} CE).{{sfn|Murli|2019}}{{sfn|TNN|2019}}

In 2019, [[Cultural Centre of Vijayawada]], RCV along with 70 students organised a trek to promote tourism to this cave temple.{{sfn|Express News Service|2019}}{{sfn|Hans News Service|2019}}

== See also ==
* [[Danavulapadu Jain temple]]
* [[Bommalagutta]]
* [[Kulpakji]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news | last=Varma | first=P. Sujata | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ancient-jain-temple-cries-for-attention/article7710156.ece | title=Ancient Jain temple cries for attention | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 October 2015 | access-date=16 July 2021 }}
* {{cite news | last=Murli | first=S. | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/antique-jain-tirthankara-idol-unearthed-in-prakasam/article29669618.ece | title=Antique Jain Tirthankara idol unearthed in Prakasam | date=13 September 2019 | access-date=16 July 2021 }}
* {{cite news | author=TNN | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/jain-idol-from-7th-century-found/articleshow/71559984.cms | title=Jain idol from 7th century found | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=13 September 2019 | access-date=16 July 2021 }}
* {{cite news | author=Express News Service | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/sep/15/70-school-students-trek-to-swetambara-jain-rock-cut-caves-2033928.html | title=70 School students trek to Swetambara Jain rock-cut caves | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=15 September 2019 | access-date=16 July 2021 }}
* {{cite news | author=Hans News Service | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/70-students-trek-ambapuram-cave-in-vijayawada-563996 | title=70 students trek Ambapuram Cave in Vijayawada | publisher=[[The Hans India]] | date=15 September 2019 | access-date=16 July 2021 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001066u00027000.html | title=Jain sculpture of Mahavira at Vijayawada | publisher=[[British Library]] | date=21 August 1815 | ref={{sfnref|British Library|1815}} }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jain Caves in India}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:7th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Jain caves in India]]

Arivazhagan

2026-02-20T05:47:39Z

Rajesh Ghosh: Put up first page with sources!

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arivazhagan
| alt = This person
| image = Arivazhagan_Venakatachalam_(cropped).PNG
| image_upright = 0.9
| caption = Arivazhagan in 2022
| birth_place = [[Mettur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Director, screenwriter
| spouse = Heera Selvaraj
| footnotes =
| children =
| known for = ''[[Eeram]]'', ''[[Vallinam]]'', ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'', ''[[Kuttram 23]]'', ''[[Tamil Rockerz]]'', ''[[Sabdham]]''
}}
'''Arivazhagan''' is an Indian film director in [[Tamil cinema]] known for his 2009 [[thriller film]] ''[[Eeram]]''.<ref name=Manigandan2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3428739.ece|title=Shot Cuts - Getting sporty|last=Manigandan|first=K. R.|date=17 May 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328013905/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3428739.ece|archive-date=28 March 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Arivazhagan is a gold medalist from the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]]. He went on to assist [[S. Shankar|Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/arivazhagan-venkatachalam|title =
Arivazhagan Venkatachalam}}</ref>

In 2009, he made his directorial debut with ''[[Eeram]]'', which was produced by Shankar's production house, [[S Pictures]].<ref name="Manigandan2012" /> The film, with an unusual theme and plot, went on to become a huge hit. Arivazhagan's second film was ''[[Vallinam]]'', which was produced by V. Ravichandran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Atul-Kulkarni-joins-Vallinam-team/articleshow/13120226.cms?referral=PM|title=Atul Kulkarni joins Vallinam team|last=Suganth|first=M|date=14 May 2012|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was a very bold attempt, as sports dramas were made less frequently in [[Tamil cinema]]. Like ''Eeram'', it too went on to become a sleeper hit at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-shankar-agree-to-produce-the-sequel-of-eeram/articleshow/76382239.cms|title = Will Shankar agree to produce the sequel of 'Eeram'?}}</ref>

His third directorial, ''[[Kuttram 23]]'', was received fairly lesser than his first two films, however, the theme and [[Arun Vijay]]'s performance were highly praised. It was a profitable venture. He then remade ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'' in Tamil as ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'', with [[Arulnithi]]. It was fairly successful at the box-office. He reunited with Arun Vijay, again, for the web series, ''[[Tamil Rockerz]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2022/08/27/tamil-rockerz-series-informative-but-emotionally-unsatisfying.html|title =Tamil Rockerz series: Informative, but emotionally unsatisfying}}</ref>

Arivazhagan began scripting ''Borrder'' starring [[Arun Vijay]], [[Regina Cassandra]] and Stefy Patel in 2018, with the film initially developing under the title of ''Zindabad''. Production was completed in 2021, following delays caused by the COVID-19 lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-arivazhagan-pens-an-emotional-note-as-arun-vijays-borrder-delayed-for-more-than-3-years/articleshow/111833586.cms|title = Director Arivazhagan pens an emotional note as Arun Vijay's 'Borrder' delayed for more than 3 years}}</ref> Despite having scheduled release dates in November 2021, October 2022 and February 2023, the film has repeatedly been postponed owing to financial issues faced by the production studio, All In Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/border-release-of-arun-vijay-starrer-postponed/articleshow/87647872.cms|title = ‘Border': Release of Arun Vijay starrer postponed?}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year
! Title
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Eeram]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-eeram/20090911.htm|title = Eeram is brilliant}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Vallinam]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vallinam/vallinam-review.html|title =VALLINAM MOVIE REVIEW}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]''
| Remake of ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-didnt-want-the-film-to-look-like-a-remake-arivazhagan/articleshow/51106980.cms|title =I didn't want the film to look like a remake: Arivazhagan}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Kuttram 23]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kuttram-23/movie-review/57454304.cms|title =Kuttram 23}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|''[[Tamil Rockerz (web series)|Tamil Rockerz]]''
| Web series on [[SonyLIV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Vijay to star in Arivazhagan's web series 'Tamil Rockerz' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/02/arun-vijay-to-star-in-arivazhagans-web-series-tamil-rockerz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703120237/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/02/arun-vijay-to-star-in-arivazhagans-web-series-tamil-rockerz |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=DT next |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025 || ''[[Sabdham (film)|Sabdham]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sabdham/movie-review/118623172.cms|title =Sabdham}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Borrder}}
|Delayed
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-18 |title=Director Arivazhagan pens an emotional note as Arun Vijay's 'Borrder' delayed for more than 3 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-arivazhagan-pens-an-emotional-note-as-arun-vijays-borrder-delayed-for-more-than-3-years/articleshow/111833586.cms |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3942648}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatachalam, Arivazhagan}}
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Ismail Hossain Talukder

2026-02-19T08:19:02Z

Rajesh Ghosh:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ismail Hossain Talukder
| office = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| term_start = 1979
| term_end = 1986
| predecessor = [[Rashed Mosharraf]]
| successor = [[Md. Shamsul Haque]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 3 May 2014
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| relations = [[M. Iqbal Hossain]] (son)
}}
'''Ismail Hossain Talukder''' was a [[Bangladesh Muslim League]] politician and member of parliament for [[Mymensingh-2]].

==Career==
Talukder was elected to parliament from Mymensingh-2 as a Bangladesh Muslim League candidate in 1979.<ref name="1979results">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |title=List of 2nd Parliament Members |author= |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904090815/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Election Archives |date=1981 |publisher=Shiv Lal |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5x4vAAAAYAAJ&q=Ismail+Hossain+Talukder |access-date=3 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He died on 3 May 2014 in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/obituary-22650 |work=The Daily Star |date=4 May 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talukder, Ismail Hossain}}
[[Category:Bangladesh Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Gouripur Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mymensingh Division]]

{{Mymensingh-politician-stub}}

Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble

2026-02-05T04:39:32Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added first stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian Children's Fantasy Adventure Television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble title card.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Fantasy]] [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]
| company = Creative Eye Ltd.
| runtime = 21 minutes
| starring = Maisha Dixit Tanmay Rishi Shah [[Himanshu Malhotra]] [[Lavina Tandon]]
| story = {{ubl|Laxmi Jaikumar|Shilpa Rathi (dialogue)}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Tarun Chopra
* Laxmi Jaikumar
}}
| theme_music_composer = Sarthak Nakul
| open_theme = ''Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble Ki Kahani Ye''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]]
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| director = Pawan Parkhi
| producer = Dheeraj Kumar Zuby Kochar Sunil Gupta
| editor = Dharmesh Patel Pradeep Singh
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2021|4|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2021|5|13|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 18
}}

'''''Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble''''' ({{Translation|Nikki and the Magical Bubble}}) is a children's [[fantasy]] [[Adventure fiction|adventure]] television series that was aired on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-dangal-tv-launches-new-adventure-and-magic-show-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-from-20th-april-21573134.html|title=रहस्य और रोमांच की दुनिया में ले जाएगा दंगल टीवी का नया शो 'निक्की और जादुई बबल', जानें कब होगा शुरू|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2022-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |title=Dangal TV to soon telecast a new show for kids 'Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble' {{!}} SBS Full |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-dangal-tv-soon-to-telecast-a-new-show-for-kids-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-sbs-full-1452501 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=ABP Live |date=10 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It stars Maisha Dixit, Tanmay Rishi, [[Himanshu Malhotra]] and [[Lavina Tandon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dangal TV adds a fantasy quotient with the launch of Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble|url=https://www.adgully.com/dangal-tv-adds-a-fantasy-quotient-with-the-launch-of-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-102974.html?amp=1|work=Adgully|accessdate=20 April 2021}}</ref> This show had to be discontinued in 3 weeks for the safety of the children due to the rapidly growing [[COVID-19]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/gulfam-khan-hussain-plays-a-strict-warden-in-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-243953|title=Gulfam Khan Hussain plays a strict warden in Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2022-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ruslaan-mumtaz-to-play-a-magician-in-new-tv-show-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-1755788-2021-01-04|title=Ruslaan Mumtaz to play a magician in new TV show Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble|website=India Today|date=4 January 2021 |language=en|access-date=2022-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TV show Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble goes off air in just three weeks!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-goes-off-air-in-just-three-weeks/articleshow/82574094.cms?|work=m.timesofindia|date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story starts from Lucknow. While the children keep talking about magic then Shiva comes and tells about the magic and the children leave. Then the clock tells Alaram that today is the birthday of Shiva's daughter, but Shiva is late to go home. He makes a gift with his magic and gives it to Nikki. Nikki is very
angry with her father. But he makes Nikki happy with his magic. Nikki insists that she also be taken to the magical world. But in the magical world, only the magician could go. He takes Nikki in an invisible form to the magical world.

That day there is a fight between Shiva and Jhanjarika for the great protector of the world.
Jhanjharika is an evil demon and she has not lost any match. The battle begins in which Shiva wins. Acharya takes him to the magical corner. And gives Shiva's magic bubble but all this jhanjharika sees from above invisible but his voice cannot reach him. She wants to have him in any condition.

Shiva comes home and closes his house with a protective shield. Because of this Jhanjharika is not able to enter the house. She fraudulently brings Shiva out of the house and kills him and his wife Lavanya and destroys Shiva's house. Nikki escapes. Before killing him, Shiva even gives this magical bubble to Nikki's bag. Nikki did not know that her mother, father were killed. Nikki moves away from her parents for some reason. And started living in a children's ashram. There are a lot of wicked kids there, they annoy Nikki a lot. Nikki finds the magic bubble and the magic bubble saves more evil kids from the evil sorceress named Jhanjharika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रहस्य और रोमांच की दुनिया में ले जाएगा दंगल टीवी का नया शो 'निक्की और जादुई बबल', जानें कब होगा शुरू - Dangal TV Launches New Adventure and Magic show Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble from 20th April |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-dangal-tv-launches-new-adventure-and-magic-show-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-from-20th-april-21573134.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Maisha Dixit<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021|title=We Love Doing Magic In Real Life Too - Maisha Dixit And Tanmay Rishi Shah |url=https://jhakaasmovies.com/news/29042021/we-love-doing-magic-in-real-life-too-maisha-dixit-and-tanmay-rishi-shah.html |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Jhakaas Movies }}</ref> as Nikki: Shiva and Lavanya's daughter, Bubble's friend
* Tanmay Rishi Shah as Bubble – A Magical Boy and Nikki's Friend
* [[Lavina Tandon]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble: I want to explore characters like Jhanjharika, says Lavina Tandon {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-i-want-to-explore-characters-like-jhanjharika-says-lavina-tandon/videoshow/82259283.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lavina Tandon talks on her role in Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/lavina-tandon-talks-on-her-role-in-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-247131 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> as Jhanjarika – Evil Magician and Shiva and Lavanya's Killer
* [[Himanshu Malhotra]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-13 |title=Ruslaan Mumtaz replaced by Himanshu Malhotra in 'Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ruslaan-mumtaz-replaced-by-himanshu-malhotra-in-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble/articleshow/80251302.cms |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Shiva – Nikki's father (Dead){{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* Gulfam Khan as Ashram's Strict Warden<ref>{{cite web|title=I was disappointed but not utterly shocked: Gulfam Khan on Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble going off air in just 3 weeks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-was-disappointed-but-not-utterly-shocked-gulfam-khan-on-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-going-off-air-in-just-3-weeks/articleshow/82604624.cms?|work=m.timesofindia|date=13 May 2021 |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulfam Khan Hussain plays a strict warden in Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/gulfam-khan-hussain-plays-a-strict-warden-in-nikki-aur-jadui-bubble-243953 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
* Sheetal as Lavanya – Nikki's Mother (Dead)

==See also==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title | id=tt14506314}}
*[https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/nikki-aur-jadui-bubble ''Nikki Aur Jadui Bubble''] on ''Dangal Play''
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Fantasy adventure television series]]
[[Category:Television productions cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Indian National Army

2026-01-31T07:11:01Z

Rajesh Ghosh: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Army of Indian POWs taken Japan in WW2 and enlisting civilians}}
{{about|the Indian National Army under Subhash Chandra Bose (known as Free India Legion)|the organisation under [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]] |First Indian National Army|the modern Indian military|Indian Armed Forces|the army of the British Raj|British Indian Army|the regiment raised in Germany|Free India Legion}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Indian National Army
| native_name = ''Azad Hind Fauj''
| image = INA Insignia.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Insignia of the INA
| dates = July 1943 – September 1945
| country =
| allegiance = [[Empire of Japan]]
| role = {{nowrap|[[Guerrilla]], [[infantry]], [[special operations]]}}
| size = ~43,000 Soldiers: [[Gandhi Brigade (regiment)|Gandhi Brigade]], [[Nehru Brigade]], [[Azad Brigade]], [[Subhas Brigade]], [[Rani of Jhansi regiment]]
| commander1 = [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] (1943–1945) [[First Indian National Army]]: [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]] (1942)
| commander1_label = Commander-in-Chief
| commander2 = [[Jaganath Rao Bhonsle]]
| commander2_label = Chief of Staff
| notable_commanders = [[Prem Sahgal]] [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]] [[Shah Nawaz Khan (General)|Shah Nawaz Khan]]
| motto = ''Ittefaq, Itmad aur Qurbani'' {{nowrap|([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: Concord, Faith and Sacrifice)}}
| march = ''[[Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja]]''
| battles = [[World War II]]
*[[Burma Campaign]]
**[[Battle of Ngakyedauk]]
**[[Battle of Imphal]]
**[[Battle of Pokoku]]
**[[Battle of Central Burma]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
}}
[[File:INA Memorial, Moirang, Manipur (16).jpeg|thumb|328px|The [[INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex]] in [[Moirang]], [[Manipur]], where in April 1944 the Indian National Army opened its first headquarters on Indian soil.<ref name=mcgregor-bose-moirang>{{cite journal|last=McGregor|first=Rafe|title=Enemy of my Enemy: In the quest for India's independence, one fervent nationalist made a pact with the Axis to overthrow the British Raj|journal=Military History|year=2016|volume=33|issue=1|page=69|issn=0889-7328|quote=On Feb. 4, 1944, a Bahadur Group under Captain L.S. Misra infiltrated the British lines and overran the 7th Indian Infantry Division headquarters. The Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army—which included the 1st Battalion of the Subhas—fought its way to the Indian border. In April INA troops took Moirang, and the town became the army’s first headquarters on Indian soil.}}</ref>]]
The '''Indian National Army''' ('''INA''', sometimes '''Second INA''';<ref name=mcgregor-first-second>{{Citation|last=McGregor|first=Rafe|title=Enemy of my Enemy: In the quest for India's independence, one fervent nationalist made a pact with the Axis to overthrow the British Raj|journal=Military History|year=2016|volume=33|issue=1|issn=0889-7328|quote= (the terms First INA and Second INA are sometimes used to distinguish Singh’s administrative unit from Bose’s combat unit).}}</ref> ''Azad Hind Fauj'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|z|ɑː|ð|_|ˈ|h|i|n|ð|_|ˈ|f|ɔː|dʒ}}; {{Literally}} 'Free Indian Army') was a [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]]-allied and -supported armed force constituted in [[Southeast Asia]] during [[World War II]] and led by Indian [[Nationalism#Anti-colonial|anti-colonial nationalist]] [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref name=mcgregor-japan-allied-supported>{{cite journal|last=McGregor|first=Rafe|title=Enemy of my Enemy: In the quest for India's independence, one fervent nationalist made a pact with the Axis to overthrow the British Raj|journal=Military History|year=2016|volume=33|issue=1|issn=0889-7328|quote= His name was Subhas Chandra Bose, and he was head of the Japanese-allied and supported Indian National Army}}</ref><ref name=cambridge-war-history-allied>{{cite book|last=Mitter|first=Rana|chapter=War and memory since 1945|editor1-last=Chickering|editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Showalter|editor2-first=Dennis|editor3-last=van de Ven|editor3-first=Hans|title=The Cambridge History of War: Volume 4, War and the Modern World|isbn=978-0-521-87577-6|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=542–565|quote=(p. 564) The case of India showed how memories of nationalistic struggle and war could combine in unusual ways. Many Indian troops served on the Allied side during the war, although sentiment in favor of independence also fueled the Quit India Movement in 1942. A smaller but significant movement backed the Japanese outright. Subhas Chandra Bose, the former president of the Indian National Congress, formed the Indian National Army, which allied with Tokya in the hope of driving the British out of India by force.}}</ref> It consisted primarily of [[British Indian Army]] [[prisoners of war|POWs]] taken by [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. Indian civilians in the region were also enlisted, with around 18,000 joining.<ref name=pow-tamils>
*{{cite EBO|title=Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Subhas-Chandra-Bose|year=2025|access-date=January 11, 2025|quote=he led an armed force composed of former Indian prisoners of war and volunteers from the Indian expatriate community. ... aligned with the Axis powers and opposed the Allied powers during World War II.}}
#{{cite book |last=Barkawi|first=Tarak|title=Soldiers of the Empire: Indian and British Armies in World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nk7ODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|isbn=978-1-107-16958-6|year=2017|quote=Later, after Bose’s arrival, the INA would eventually number around 45,000, but about 18,000 of these were recruited from Indian civilian communities in Southeast Asia.}}
#{{cite ODNB|last=Gordon|first=Leonard A. |author-link=Leonard A. Gordon|title=Subhas Chandra Bose|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/47756|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 2013|quote=Bose's army was constituted mainly from Indian soldiers taken prisoner at Singapore, and was supported by the Free India League ... backed by the Indian community of southeast Asia.}}
#{{cite book|last = Bose |first = Sugata|author-link=Sugata Bose|title=His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire|location=Cambridge and London|publisher = Harvard University Pess|year = 2011| page =246 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RBwtQ-CYFU0C&pg=PA246 | isbn = 978-0-674-04754-9 | quote= A large majority of Indian expatriates in Southeast Asia responded with great fervour ... At least eighteen thousand civilians, mostly Tamils from southern India, enlisted in the Indian National Army.}}
#{{harvnb|Bayly|Harper|2005|p=323}} "The second INA involved Indian society in Southeast Asia in a way the earlier incarnation had failed to do so. ... Men were recruited locally, and ... special emphasis was placed on the Tamils of Malaya."</ref> The INA aimed to liberate India from [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name=combined-liberation-army>
#{{cite book|last=Mann|first=Michael|title=South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|page=125|isbn= 978-1-315-75455-0|quote=As a result, Punjabis, Bengalis, and Tamils soon found themselves serving in a national liberation army consisting of 40,000 men who Bose, together with the Japanese units, led against British India in 1943.}}
#{{cite book|last=Banerjee-Dube|first = Ishita|title = A History of Modern India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107065475|page=404–405|quote=(404) After Subhas Bose became INA’s supreme commander, it managed to recruit about 40,000 men. ... Civilians, ... swelled its ranks. (It) also had a women’s regiment. (405) The dream of liberating India by means of an armed campaign ended rudely.}}</ref> After winning Japanese assent for its goal,<ref name=mcgregor-bose-tojo>{{cite journal|last=McGregor|first=Rafe|title=Enemy of my Enemy: In the quest for India's independence, one fervent nationalist made a pact with the Axis to overthrow the British Raj|journal=Military History|year=2016|volume=33|issue=1|issn=0889-7328|quote=Soon after his arrival in the Japanese capital Bose met with Prime Minister Flideki Tojo, and they quickly reached an agreement: Japan would recognize Indian independence but maintain a military presence in liberated India until the conclusion of the war. On July 4 Bose took command of the INA, and on October 21 he was sworn in as prime minister of the Provisional Government of Free India.}}</ref> the INA furnished support to the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]].<ref name=combined14>
#{{cite book|last=Copland|first=Ian|title=India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire|series = Seminar Studies in History series|orig-year = 2001|year=2012|publisher=Longman/Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-582-38173-5|page=65|quote=Although the INA did little actual damage in the field, the fact that thousands of Indian soldiers had seen fit to renounce their oath of allegiance to the King-Emperor raised serious doubts about whether the military could continue to be relied on to enforce imperial authority.}}
#{{cite book|last = Ludden| first = David|title=India and South Asia: A Short History | date = November 2013|location=London | publisher = One World Publications. Kindle Edition|page=247|isbn= 978-1-78074-108-6|quote=Meanwhile, a leading Congress figure, Subhas Chandra Bose (1897–1945), formed the Indian National Army (INA) in Japanese-occupied Burma to invade India and fight for liberation.}}
#{{cite book| last = Stockwell | first = A. J. | author-link=Anthony Stockwell|chapter = Imperialism and Nationalism in Southeast Asia|title=The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV, The Twentieth Century|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Judith M.|editor2-last=Louis|editor2-first= Wm. Roger|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-820564-3|pages=466–489|quote=(p. 479) The Japanese also assisted the exiled Indian nationalist Subhas Chandra Bose in the recruitment of overseas Indians to the Indian National Army. Although it played a role in military operations in Burma, the principal contribution of the INA was to the propaganda aimed at subverting British India.}}
</ref> The Japanese and INA forces [[Operation U-Go|invaded India]] from Rangoon in 1944, and Bose's nominal [[Provisional Government of Azad Hind]] declared war on [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]]. Losses inflicted by the British in the [[Battle of Imphal]] in [[Manipur]] caused the invasion to be halted.<ref name=talbot-INA-battlefield-performance>{{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|location = New Haven and London|publisher=Yale University Press|year = 2016|page=128|quote= Bose's provisional government of Azad Hind (Free India) declared war on Britain. An invasion of India was launched from Rangoon in 1944. The Japanese and INA forces were driven back with heavy losses by the British in the Battle of Imphal (March–July 1944) in the northeastern state of Manipur.}}</ref> A long and exhausting withdrawal, accompanied by a lack of supplies, malnutrition, and death, ensued,<ref name=marston-withdrawal>{{harvnb|Marston|2014|p=124}} "Initially, INA troops in the Arakan stayed loyal to the INA and their IJA masters. However, as starvation and defeat began to take their toll, loyalties began to waver, and two companies from the Bose Brigade surrendered en masse to British forces in July 1944."</ref> some victorious soldiers in the Indian Army not taking INA battlefield surrender kindly.<ref name=mclynn-battlefield-surrender>{{citation|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNL8i2LU0hMC|year=2011|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-17162-4|pages=295–296|quote=Gracey consoled himself that Bose's Indian National Army had also been in action against his Indians and Gurkhas but had been roughly treated and almost annihilated; when the survivors tried to surrender, they tended to fall foul of the Gurkhas' dreaded kukri.}}</ref> The remaining INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula and surrendered to Allied forces in August 1945.

An earlier incarnation of the INA, the [[First Indian National Army]], had been founded in 1942 by [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]] and [[Mohan Singh (military officer)|Mohan Singh]].<ref name=jlebra-p216>{{harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=216}} "Mohan Singh, co-founder with Fujiwara of the INA, was a revolutionary of a different order. Before Fujiwara's eyes Mohan Singh became transformed into a revolutionary, unwilling to compromise with the Japanese when other Indians advised caution and moderation."</ref> However, Mohan Singh refused to align with the Japanese, leading to his arrest and the First INA's disbandment.<ref name=grint-japanese-aligned>{{cite book|last=Grint|first=Keith|title=Mutiny and Leadership|publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford and New York|year = 2021|isbn=978-0-19-289334-5|page=298|quote=In 1941 Subhas Chandra Bose had escaped house arrest and began building an army aligned to the Axis powers, specifically Japan, in order to overthrow British rule in India. Indian POWs held by the Japanese were then released into the INA and they fought against the British in Burma (Singh, 2006) In fact, this was the second incarnation of the INA: the first had been led by Mohan Singh who refused to align with the Japanese and was eventually arrested by them.}}</ref> After [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] arrived in Southeast Asia from [[Nazi Germany]] in May 1943, he refounded the INA with significant recruitment from Indian civilian communities in Malaya and Singapore.<ref name=indian-civilians-INA>
*{{cite EBO|title=Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Subhas-Chandra-Bose|year=2025|access-date=January 11, 2025|quote=he led an armed force composed of former Indian prisoners of war and volunteers from the Indian expatriate community. ... aligned with the Axis powers and opposed the Allied powers during World War II.}}
#{{cite book|last1=Metcalf |first1 = Barbara D.|author1-link=Barbara D. Metcalf|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|series=Cambridge Concise Histories|edition=3rd|publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages=244–245|isbn= 978-1-107-02649-0|year=2012|quote=The force that he (Bose) put together included not only prisoners of war, but other Indian residents of the area, including a novel women's detachment}}
#{{cite book |last=Barkawi|first=Tarak|title=Soldiers of the Empire: Indian and British Armies in World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nk7ODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|isbn=978-1-107-16958-6|year=2017|quote=Later, after Bose’s arrival, the INA would eventually number around 45,000, but about 18,000 of these were recruited from Indian civilian communities in Southeast Asia.}}</ref><ref name=talbot-history-SAsia>{{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|location = New Haven and London|publisher=Yale University Press|year = 2016|page=128|quote=After an epic submarine journey, Bose arrived in Japanese-dominated Southeast Asia. He assumed leadership of the Indian Independence League and the Indian National Army. His reinvigoration of the latter organization from among not only Japanese prisoners of war but Indians settled in Malaya called into question the notion of a narrow territorially bound nationalism.}}</ref>

Subhas Bose had both drive and charisma—promoting Indian slogans, such as "[[Jai Hind]]," which became highly popular—and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, and gender.<ref name=maria-misra>{{cite book|last = Misra |first=Maria|title=Vishu's Crowded Temple: India Since the Great Rebellion|location=New Haven and London|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-300-13721-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjxiMSd0YwoC&pg=PA477|quote=Bose, ..., determined to resurrect the INA and, with Japanese aid, liberate India by force of arms. To the main force of prisoners of war he added Indian plantation workers from Malaya, and traders and shopkeepers from Thailand ... the INA was an admirable multi-ethnic force.}}</ref><ref name=metcalf-metcalf>{{cite book|last1=Metcalf |first1 = Barbara D.|author1-link=Barbara D. Metcalf|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|series=Cambridge Concise Histories|edition=3rd|publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages=244–245|isbn= 978-1-107-02649-0|year=2012|quote=The force that he (Bose) put together included not only prisoners of war, but other Indian residents of the area, including a novel women's detachment}}</ref> Bose's impassioned speeches may have been a factor in the POWs and civilians joining the INA.<ref name=kovner-motivation-bose>{{cite book|last=Kovner|first=Sarah| title=Prisoners of the Empire: Inside Japanese POW Camps|location=Cambridge MA |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-73761-7|page=61|quote=(p. 63) In July 1943, S. C. Bose's arrival in Singapore energized the remaining Indian POWs. A "fiery orator," Bose was known for his speaking skill. As one observer recalled, "When Subhas Chandra Bose spoke, women would throw their jewelry at his feet." It is difficult to know what exactly motivated the men who followed him. M. Singh believed they were inspired by the idea of freeing India from British rule. Most Indians were not believers in or loyal to the ideas of Pan-Asianism or its policy incarnation, the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere. According to Pitt Kuan Wah, "those who did it did it for self-gain." But "The average Indian, yes, has a negative attitude toward the Japanese."}}</ref> Bitterness at their discriminatory treatment by the British,<ref name=marston-bitter-treatment>{{harvnb|Marston|2014|p=34}} "There were officers who had become bitter through mistreatment at the hand of some British officers and civilians and relegation to second-class status as soldiers. This mistreatment was a major reason for some Indian officers' decision to break their oaths of allegiance and join the Japanese-sponsored Indian National Army (INA) after the defeats in Malay and Burma in 1942."</ref> and a sense of abandonment by the British after the [[Fall of Singapore]] may have been factors.<ref name=comb-jeffery-fisher>
#{{cite book| last = Jeffery| first = Keith| author-link=Keith Jeffery|chapter = The Second World War|title=The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV, The Twentieth Century|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Judith M.|editor2-last=Louis|editor2-first= Wm. Roger|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-820564-3|pages=306–328|quote=(p. 324) Canvassing for recruits among demoralized Indian prisoners-of-war captured in Malaya and Singapore, the nationalists secured quite a good response. Many men felt, in the words of one later INA brigade commander, that they had been 'handed over like cattle by the British to the Japs'.}}
#{{cite book|last = Fisher | first = Michael|title = An Environmental History of India: From the Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|series = New Approaches to Asian History series|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2018|isbn= 9781107111622|page=161|quote=In this war, some 2.5 million Indians served in British imperial armies. Many of those abandoned by their British officers when Singapore fell or in other British defeats joined the Indian National Army led by S.C. Bose that allied with the Germans and Japanese}}</ref> The thousands Indian POWs and civilians who did not join being shipped to distant Japanese labour camps may have been another factor. Around 12,000 POWs and 100,000 Indian civilians were used as forced labourers by the Japanese.<ref name=markovitz>{{citation|last=Markovits|first=Claude|title=India and the World: A History of Connections, c.1750–2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY|pages=79, 113, 114|isbn=978-1-107-18675-0|lccn=2021000609|doi=10.1017/9781316899847|year=2021|s2cid=233601747|quote=(p. 79) This was owing to Japan’s own ambivalent attitude towards Indians: on the one hand, the Japanese saw them as potential allies in the fight against Britain, and they made an alliance with the dissident nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose; on the other hand, they despised them as a ‘subject race’ enslaved by the British. Thanks to this alliance, however, the Indians escaped some of the harshest measures that the Japanese took against the Chinese population in the region. That said, 100,000 Indian coolies, mostly Tamilian plantation workers, were conscripted as forced labour and put to work on various infrastructure projects for the Japanese Imperial Army. Some were sent from Malaya to Thailand to work on the infamous Thailand–Burma railway project, resulting in 30,000 deaths of fever and exhaustion (Nakahara 2005). Thousands of war prisoners who had refused to join the Indian National Army (INA) of Subhas Bose were sent to faraway New Guinea, where Australian troops discovered them hiding in 1945.}}</ref><ref name=kovner-motivation-for-joining>{{cite book|last=Kovner|first=Sarah| title=Prisoners of the Empire: Inside Japanese POW Camps|location=Cambridge MA |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-73761-7|page=61|quote=The Japanese continue to try to win over Indian POWs. They found it better to separate Indian and British troops to achieve this end. They did so with the help of Indian civilians. The biggest movements of all were of the Indian prisoners. Between December 1942 and September 1943 about 12,000 Indian POWs were shipped from Singapore to various islands in the Southwest Pacific, the Andaman Islands, and French Indochina. The largest convoy left Malaya in May, including not just men who had held out against collaboration but also men who had at one time been volunteers in Singapore and in building the Thai-Burma Railway. The POWs were proving useful as a labor pool not just in Singapore but at many points of Japan's far-flung empire.}}</ref> The INA followed Japanese military strategy but had its own military law and police.<ref name=fay-INA-army-act-military-police>{{cite book|last = Fay| first = Peter Ward|title = The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945|location = Ann Arbor | publisher = University if Michigan Press|year=1995|orig-year=1993|isbn=0-472-08342-2|quote= (p. 260) [[Masakazu Kawabe|Kawabe]] was not so easily shifted in the matter of military law. All the local armies allied with Nippon, he pointed out, the Nanking Army, the Thai army, the Burma National Army, accepted Japanese military law. But Bose found the prospect intolerable. It meant surrendering uniformed Indians to the tender mercies of the ''Kempeitai''. The INA had its own Army Act and its own military police. These must suffice. And in the end Kawabe gave way. He even agreed that when Japanese and Indian officers of equal rank met, neither would wait, they would salute together.}}</ref> Although the INA has been described as a collaborationist force,<ref name=marston-collaborationist>{{harvnb|Marston|2014|p=4}} "The Indian Army's experience in the Second World War also involved grappling with the military and cultural implications of a Japanese-sponsored collaborationist force, the Indian National Army"</ref> its battlefield performance was poor, and its formation did not constitute a legitimate mutiny.<ref name=marston-not-mutiny>{{harvnb|Marston|2014|pp=117–118}} "(p. 117) Reports of its creation in 1942/3 caused consternation among the political and military leadership (p. 118) of the GOI, but in the end its formation did not constitute a legitimate mutiny, and its presence had a negligible impact on the Indian Army."</ref> The INA did not oppose [[Fascism in Asia#Japan|Japanese Fascism]], nor protest [[Japanese war crimes]], such as [[Comfort women|sexual slavery]], that occurred amongst its midst.<ref name=weinberg-global-ww2>{{cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition|isbn=978-0-521-61826-7|location=Cambridge and New York|year=2011|page=xx|quote=None of the works that deal with ... Subhas Chandra Bose, or his Indian National Army has engaged ... the reaction of the soldiers in his army to the sex slaves kidnapped in Japanese-occupied lands and held in enclosures attached to the camps in which they were being trained to follow their Japanese comrades in the occupation of India}}</ref>

After the INA's initial formation in 1942, there was concern in the British Indian Army that further Indian troops would defect. This led to a reporting ban and a propaganda campaign called "[[Jiffs]]" to preserve the loyalty of the [[Sepoy]].<ref name=Fayp423>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=423}}</ref> The [[British Raj]], never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the [[INA trials]], but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Moreman|first=Tim|title=The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoy_-Ep_0EC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76456-2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Marston2014|pp=130–132}}: "Many Indian Army POWs were perplexed by Congress's sudden support for the INA"</ref> These trials became a galvanising point in the Indian Independence movement for the Congress.{{sfn|Singh|2003|p=98}}<ref name=Sarkar420>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=420}}</ref> A number of people associated with the INA during the war later went on to hold important roles in public life in India as well as in other countries in Southeast Asia, most notably [[Lakshmi Sehgal]] in India, and [[John Thivy]] and [[Janaki Athinahappan]] in Malaya.<ref name=Lebra2008p219/>

== First INA ==

=== Free India Legion ===
{{Main|First Indian National Army|Bidadary resolutions}}

{{See also|Mohan Singh|I Fujiwara|Rash Behari Bose|Indian Independence League|Thirty Comrades|Selarang Barracks incident|Fall of Singapore#Subsequent_events}}
[[File:Fujiwara Kikan.jpg|right|299x299px|thumb|Major [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]] greets [[Mohan Singh (military officer)|Mohan Singh]]. ''Circa'' April 1942.]]
Before the start of World War II, Japan and South-East Asia were major refuges for exiled Indian nationalists. Meanwhile, Japan had [[F Kikan|sent intelligence missions]], notably under [[Major (rank)|Maj.]] [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]], into South Asia to gather support from the Malayan sultans, overseas Chinese, the Burmese resistance and the [[Indian independence movement]]. The Minami Kikan successfully recruited [[Thirty Comrades|Burmese nationalists]], while the F Kikan was successful in establishing contacts with Indian nationalists in exile in [[Thailand]] and [[British Malaya|Malaya]].<ref name="Lebra 1977 23">{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=23}}</ref><ref name="Lebra 1977 24"/> Fujiwara, later self-described as "Lawrence of the Indian National Army" (after [[Lawrence of Arabia]]) is said to have been a man committed to the values which his office was supposed to convey to the expatriate nationalist leaders, and found acceptance among them.<ref name="Lebra 1977 24">{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=24}}</ref><ref name="Fay 1993 75">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=75}}</ref> His initial contact was with [[Giani Pritam Singh]] and the [[Thai-Bharat Cultural Lodge]].<ref name="Lebra 1977 24"/>
At the outbreak of World War II [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|in South-East Asia]], 70,000 Indian troops (mostly [[Sikhs]]) were stationed in Malaya. In Japan's spectacular [[Malayan Campaign]] many Indian prisoners-of-war were captured, including nearly 45,000 after the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] alone.<ref name=Toye2007p4>{{Harvnb|Toye|2007|p=4}}</ref> The conditions of service within the British-Indian Army and the social conditions in Malaya had led to dissension among these troops.<ref name=Faye56and224and226>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=56, 224, 226}}</ref><ref name=Toye30>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=30}}</ref> From these prisoners, the [[First Indian National Army]] was formed under [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]]. Singh was an officer in the British-Indian Army who was captured early in the Malayan campaign. His nationalist sympathies found an ally in Fujiwara and he received considerable Japanese aid and support.<ref name=Toye7and8>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=7,8}}</ref> Ethnic Indians in Southeast Asia also supported the cause of Indian independence and had formed local leagues in Malaya before the war. These came together with encouragement from Japan after the occupation, forming the [[Indian Independence League]] (IIL).<ref name=Fay91and108>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=91, 108}}</ref>

Although there were a number of prominent local Indians working in the IIL, the overall leadership came to rest with [[Rash Behari Bose]], an Indian revolutionary who had lived in self-exile in Japan since World War I.<ref name=Faye108>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=108}}</ref> The League and INA leadership decided that the INA was to be subordinate to the IIL. A working council – composed of prominent members of the League and the INA leaders – was to decide on decisions to send the INA to war.<ref name=Lebra2008p77>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=77}}</ref> The Indian leaders feared that they would appear to be Japanese puppets, so a decision was taken that the INA would go to battle only when the [[Indian National Congress]] called it to do so.<ref name=Fay94>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=94}}</ref><ref name=Fay111>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=111}}</ref> Assurances of non-interference— later termed the [[Bidadary resolutions]]— were demanded of Japan; these would have amounted to a treaty with an independent government.<ref name=Toye2007p4/> In this time, F. Kikan had been replaced by the [[Iwakuro Kikan]] (or I Kikan) headed by [[Hideo Iwakuro]]. Iwakuro's working relationship with the league was more tenuous. Japan did not immediately agree to the demands arising from the Bidadary resolutions. Differences also existed between Rash Behari and the League, not least because Rash Behari had lived in Japan for the considerable time and had a Japanese wife and a son in the Imperial Japanese Army.<ref name=Lebra2008p49>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=49}}</ref> On the other hand, Mohan Singh expected military strategy and decisions to be autonomous decisions for the INA, independent of the league.<ref name=Fay150>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=150}}</ref>

In November and December 1942, concern about Japan's intentions towards the INA led to disagreement between the INA and the League on the one hand and the Japanese on the other.<ref name=Lebra2008p99>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=99}}</ref> The INA leadership resigned along with that of the League (except Rash Behari). The unit was dissolved by Mohan Singh in December 1942, and he ordered the troops of the INA to return to PoW camps.<ref name=Toye45>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=45}}</ref><ref name=Fay149>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=149}}</ref> Mohan Singh was expected to be shot.<ref name=Toye45/>

Between December 1942 and February 1943, Rash Behari struggled to hold the INA together.<ref name=Fay151>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=151}}</ref> On 15 February 1943, the army itself was put under the command of [[Lieutenant Colonel|Lt. Col.]] [[M.Z. Kiani]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wn.com/Lt_Col_M_Z_Kiani | title=MZ Kiani | publisher=World News | access-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> A policy forming body was formed with [[J.R. Bhonsle|Lt. Col J.R. Bhonsle]] (Director of the Military Bureau) in charge and clearly placed under the authority of the IIL. Under Bhonsle served [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Lt. Col. Shah Nawaz Khan]] as Chief of General Staff, [[P.K. Sahgal|Major P.K. Sahgal]] as Military Secretary, [[Raja Habib ur Rahman Khan|Major Habib ur Rahman]] as commandant of the Officers' Training School and Lt. Col. A.C. Chatterji (later Major A.D. Jahangir) as head of enlightenment and culture.<ref name="Fay151"/><ref name=Lebra2008p98>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=98}}</ref>

==Second INA==

===Subhas Chandra Bose===
Subhas Chandra Bose was the ideal person to lead a rebel army into India came from the very beginning of F Kikan's work with captured Indian soldiers. Mohan Singh himself, soon after his first meeting with Fujiwara, had suggested that Bose was the right leader of a nationalist Indian army.<ref name=Toye2007p2>{{Harvnb|Toye|2007|p=2}}</ref> A number of the officers and troops – including some who now returned to prisoner-of-war camps and some who had not volunteered in the first place – made it known that they would be willing to join the INA only if it was led by Subhas Bose.<ref name="Lebra197727">{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=27}}</ref> Bose was a nationalist. He had joined the Gandhian movement after resigning from a prestigious post in the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1922, quickly rising in the Congress and being incarcerated repeatedly by the Raj.<ref name=Toye1959p80>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=80}}</ref> By late 1920s he and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] were considered the future leaders of the Congress.<ref name=Toye2007prebelleader>{{Harvnb|Toye|2007|loc=The Rebel President}}</ref> In the late 1920s, he was amongst the first Congress leaders to call for complete independence from Britain (''Purna Swaraj''), rather than the previous Congress objective of India becoming a [[British dominion]].<ref name=Toye2007prebelleader/> In Bengal, he was repeatedly accused by Raj officials of working with the [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary movement]]. Under his leadership, the Congress youth group in Bengal was organised into a quasi-military organisation called the [[Bengal Volunteers]].<ref name=Sengupta23and24>{{Harvnb|Sengupta|2012|pp=23–24}}</ref> Bose deplored [[Gandhi]]'s pacifism; Gandhi disagreed with Bose's confrontations with the Raj.<ref name=Toye2007prebelleader/> The Congress's working committee, including Nehru, was predominantly loyal to Gandhi.<ref name=Toye2007prebelleader/> While openly disagreeing with Gandhi, Bose won the presidency of Indian National Congress twice in the 1930s. His second victory came despite opposition from Gandhi. He defeated Gandhi's favoured candidate, [[Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya]], in the popular vote, but the entire working committee resigned and refused to work with Bose.<ref name="Toye1959p100">{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=88}}</ref> Bose resigned from the Congress presidency and founded his own faction within the Congress, the [[All India Forward Bloc]].<ref name=Fayp197>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=197}}</ref>

[[File:Subhas Chandra Bose meeting Adolf Hitler.jpg|thumb|Bose meeting with [[Adolf Hitler]] in East Prussia, May 1942|295x295px]]

At the start of World War II, Bose was placed under house arrest by the Raj.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv7n1/Bose.htm | title=Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany | publisher=South Asia Forum Quarterly | work=Sisir K. Majumdar | year=1997 | access-date=2011-08-12 | pages=10–14}}</ref> He escaped in disguise and made his way through Afghanistan and Central -Asia. He came first to the Soviet Union and then to Germany, reaching Berlin on 2 April 1941.<ref name="Lebra2008p219">{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=107}}</ref><ref name="Toye1959p100"/> There he sought to raise an army of Indian soldiers from prisoners of war captured by Germany,<ref name=Syonan>{{Harvnb|Tojo|1943|p=}}</ref> forming the [[Free India Legion]] and the [[Azad Hind Radio|''Azad Hind'' Radio]].<ref name=Toye1959p117to119>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|pp=117–119}}</ref> The Japanese ambassador, [[Oshima Hiroshi]], kept Tokyo informed of these developments.<ref name=Lebra2008p231>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=231}}</ref> From the very start of the war, the Japanese intelligence services noted from speaking to captured Indian soldiers that Bose was held in extremely high regard as a nationalist and was considered by Indian soldiers to be the right person to be leading a rebel army.<ref name=Toye2007p2/>

In a series of meetings between the INA leaders and the Japanese in 1943, it was decided to cede the leadership of the IIL and the INA to Bose. In January 1943, the Japanese invited Bose to lead the Indian nationalist movement in East Asia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/subhas.htm | title=Total Mobilisation | publisher=National Archives of Singapore | access-date=2011-08-12 | archive-date=29 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829100457/http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/subhas.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> He accepted and left Germany on 8 February. After a three-month journey by submarine and a short stop in Singapore, he reached Tokyo on 11 May 1943. In Tokyo, he met [[Hideki Tojo]], the Japanese prime minister, and the Japanese High Command. He then arrived in Singapore in July 1943, where he made a number of radio broadcasts to Indians in Southeast Asia exhorting them to join in the fight for India's independence.<ref name=Fayp223>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=223}}</ref>

===Revival===
On 4 July 1943 two days after reaching Singapore, Bose assumed the leadership of the IIL and the Indian National Army in a ceremony at Cathay Building. Bose's influence was notable. His appeal re-invigorated the INA, which had previously consisted mainly of prisoners of war: it also attracted Indian expatriates in South Asia. He famously proclaimed that ''Give me blood! I will give you freedom''

"Local civilians joined the INA, doubling its strength. They included barristers, traders and plantation workers, as well as Khudabadi Sindhi Swarankars who were working as shop keepers; many had no military experience."<ref name=Belle199>{{Harvnb|Belle|2014|p=199}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| publisher = National Archives of Singapore| url = http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/revival.htm| title = Historical Journey of the Indian National Army| access-date = 2007-07-07| archive-date = 16 May 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070516104856/http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/revival.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> Carl Vadivella Belle estimates under Bose's dynamic appeal, membership of the IIL peaked at 350,000, while almost 100,000 local Indians in South-east Asia volunteered to join the INA, with the army ultimately reaching a force of 50,000.<ref name="Belle199"/> [[Hugh Toye]]— a British Intelligence officer and author of a 1959 history of the army called ''[[The Springing Tiger]]''— and American historian [[Peter W. Fay]] (author of a 1993 history called ''The Forgotten Army'') have reached similar estimates of troop strength. The first INA is considered to have comprised about 40,000 troops, of whom about 4,000 withdrew when it was disbanded in December 1942. The Second INA started with 12,000 troops.<ref name=Toye1959p286>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=286}}</ref> Further recruitment of former Indian Army personnel added about 8,000–10,000. About 18,000 Indian civilians also enlisted during this time.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Belle estimates almost 20,000 were local Malayan Indians, while another 20,000 were ex-British-Indian Army members who volunteered for the INA.<ref name="Belle199"/>
[[File:Gandhi and Subhas Bose.jpg|thumb|right| [[Subhas Bose]] with [[Mohandas Gandhi]] at a Congress meeting, c 1938]]
The exact organisation of the INA and its precise troop strength is not known, since its records were destroyed by the withdrawing ''Azad Hind'' Government before Rangoon [[Burma Campaign#Race for Rangoon|was recaptured]] by Commonwealth forces in 1945.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=556}}</ref> The order of battle described by Fay (constructed from discussions with INA-veterans), nonetheless, is similar to that described of the first INA by Toye in ''The Springing Tiger''. The 1st Division, under M.Z. Kiani, drew many ex-Indian army prisoners of war who had joined Mohan Singh's first INA. It also drew prisoners of war who had not joined in 1942. It consisted of the 2nd Guerrilla Regiment (the [[Gandhi Brigade (regiment)|Gandhi Brigade]]) consisting of two battalions under Col. Inayat Kiani; the 3rd Guerrilla Regiment (the [[Azad Brigade]]) with three battalions under Col. Gulzara Singh; and the 4th Guerrilla Regiment (or [[Nehru Brigade]]) commanded by the end of the war by Lt. Col [[Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=263}}</ref> The 1st Guerrilla Regiment – the [[Subhas Brigade]] – under Col. Shah Nawaz Khan was an independent unit, consisting of three infantry battalions. A special operations group was also to be set up called the ''[[Bahadur group]]'' (Valiant), to operate behind enemy lines.<ref name=Toye1959138>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=138}}</ref>

A training school for INA officers, led by Habib ur Rahman, and the ''Azad'' School for the civilian volunteers were set up to provide training to the recruits. A youth wing of the INA, composed of 45 young Indians personally chosen by Bose and known as the [[Tokyo Boys]], was also sent to Japan's Imperial Military Academy, where its members trained as fighter pilots. A separate all-female unit was also created under [[Lakshmi Sahgal]]. This unit was intended to have combat-commitments.<ref name=Gordonp496>{{Harvnb|Gordon|1990|p=496}}</ref> Named [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment|''Jhansi ki Rani'' ("Jhansi Queens") Regiment]] (after the legendary rebel Queen [[Lakshmibai]] of the [[1857 rebellion]]), it drew female civilian volunteers from Malaya and Burma. The 1st Division was lightly armed. Each battalion was composed of five companies of infantry. The individual companies were armed with six [[antitank rifle]]s, six [[Bren gun]]s and six [[Vickers machine gun]]s. Some NCOs carried [[hand grenade]]s, while senior officers of the ''Bahadur'' groups attached to each unit issued hand grenades (of captured British stock) to men going forward on duty.<ref name=Fay297>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=297}}</ref>

The 2nd Division was organised under Colonel Abdul Aziz Tajik<ref name=Fay317>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=317}}</ref> It was formed largely after the [[U Go offensive|Imphal offensive]] had started and drew large remnants of what remained of the [[Hindustan Field Force]] of the First INA. The 2nd Division consisted of the 1st Infantry Regiment, which later merged with the 5th Guerrilla Regiment to form the INA's 2nd Infantry Regiment under Col [[Prem Sahgal]]. The 1st Infantry Regiment drew many civilian volunteers from Burma and Malaya and was equipped with the largest share of the heavy armament that the INA possessed.<ref name=Fay318>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=318}}</ref> An additional 3rd Division of the INA was composed chiefly of local volunteers in Malaya and Singapore. This unit disbanded before Japan surrendered. A motor transport division was also created, but it was severely limited by lack of resources. In 1945, at the end of the INA, it consisted of about 40,000 soldiers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=525–526}}</ref>
Unlike Mohan Singh, whose assumption of the rank of [[general]] had generated opposition, Bose refused to take a rank.<ref name=Bayly&Harper2005p322>{{Harvnb|Bayly|Harper|2005|p=322}}</ref> Both the soldiers of the INA and civilians addressed Bose as ''Netaji'' ("Dear leader"), a term first used in Berlin by members of the Free India Legion.<ref name=Fay236>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=236}}</ref> In October 1943, Bose proclaimed the formation of the ''[[Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind]]'', or the Provisional Government of Free India (also known as ''Azad Hind'' or Free India). The INA was declared to be the army of ''Azad Hind''.<ref name=Toye1959p80&90to93>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|loc=80,90-93}}</ref>

==Operations==

{{Main|Battles and operations of the Indian National Army}}
{{See also|India in World War II}}
On 23 October 1943, ''Azad Hind'' declared war against Britain and the United States.<ref name=Singh16>{{Harvnb|Singh|2003|p=16}}</ref> Its first formal commitment came with the opening of the Japanese offensive towards [[Manipur]], code-named ''[[Operation U-Go|U-Go]]''. In the initial plans for invasion of India, [[Hisaichi Terauchi|Field Marshal Terauchi]] had been reluctant to confer any responsibilities to the INA beyond espionage and propaganda.<ref name=Toye1959p86>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=86}}</ref> Bose rejected this as the role of [[Fifth-column]]ists,<ref name=Toye1959p86/> and insisted that INA should contribute substantially in troops to form a distinct identity of an Indian-liberation army. He secured from Japanese army Chief of Staff, General Sugiyama, the agreement that INA would rank as an allied army in the offensive.<ref name=Toye1959p149>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=149}}</ref> The advanced headquarters of ''Azad Hind'' was moved to Rangoon in anticipation of success. The INA's own strategy was to avoid set-piece battles, for which it lacked armament as well as manpower.<ref name=Fay292and298>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=292, 298}}</ref> Initially it sought to obtain arms and increase its ranks by inducing British-Indian soldiers to defect. The latter were expected to defect in large numbers. Col Prem Sahgal, once military secretary to Subhas Bose and later tried in the first [[Red Fort trials]], explained the INA strategy to Peter Fay<ref name=Fay139>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=139}}</ref> – although the war itself hung in balance and nobody was sure if the Japanese would win, initiating a popular revolution with grass-roots support within India would ensure that even if Japan ultimately lost the war, Britain would not be in a position to re-assert its colonial authority. It was planned that, once Japanese forces had broken through British defences at [[Imphal]], the INA would cross the hills of [[North-East India]] into the [[Gangetic plain]], where it would work as a guerrilla army.<ref name=Fay268>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=268}}</ref> This army was expected to live off the land, with captured British supplies, support, and personnel from the local population.<ref name=Fay262>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=262}}</ref>

===1944===
{{See also|Battle of the Admin Box|U Go Offensive|Battle of Imphal|Battle of Kohima}}
[[File:Indian National Army Possessed Transmitter - 1944 CE - Kolkata 2017-02-05 5116.JPG|thumb|Radio transmitting set seized from INA agents in Calcutta, 1944. Four agents had been landed by submarine on the Indian coast, tasked with setting up a wireless post.]]
The plans chosen by Bose and [[Masakazu Kawabe]], chief of the Burma area army, envisaged the INA being assigned an independent sector in the ''U-Go'' offensive. No INA units were to operate at less than battalion strength.<ref name=Toye1959p161>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=161}}</ref> For operational purposes, the Subhas Brigade was placed under the command of the Japanese General Headquarters in Burma. Advance parties of the ''Bahadur'' Group also went forward with advanced Japanese units.<ref name=Toye159>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=159}}</ref> As the offensive opened, the INA's 1st Division, consisting of four guerrilla regiments, was divided between ''U Go'' and the diversionary ''[[Second Arakan Offensive|Ha-Go]]'' offensive in [[Rakhine State|Arakan]].<ref name=Toye1959p161/><ref name=Toye162>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=162}}</ref> One battalion reached as far as Mowdok in [[Chittagong]] after breaking through the [[British West African Division]].<ref name=Sareen1996p184>{{Harvnb|Sareen|1996|p=184}}</ref><ref name=Bijil112>{{Harvnb|van Der Bijil|2013|p=112}}</ref> A Bahadur Group unit, led by Col. [[Shaukat Malik]], took the border enclave of [[Moirang]] in early April.<ref name=Toye1959p198&215>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|pp=198, 215}}</ref> The main body of the 1st Division was however committed to the ''U-Go'', directed towards Manipur. Led by Shah Nawaz Khan, it successfully protected the Japanese flanks against Chin and Kashin guerrillas as [[Renya Mutaguchi]]'s three divisions crossed the [[Chindwin river]] and the [[Naga Hills]], and participated in the main offensive through [[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]] in the direction of Imphal and [[Kohima]].<ref name=Fayp283and284>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=283–284}}</ref><ref name=Toyep189to191>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|pp=189–191}}</ref> The 2nd Division, under M.Z. Kiani, was placed to the right flank of the 33rd Division attacking Kohima. However, by the time Khan's forces left Tamu, the offensive had been held, and Khan's troops were redirected to Kohima. After reaching Ukhrul, near Kohima, they found Japanese forces had begun their withdrawal from the area. The INA's forces suffered the same fate as Mutaguchi's army when the siege of Imphal was broken. With little or nothing in the way of supplies, and with additional difficulties caused by the monsoon, Allied air dominance, and Burmese irregular forces, the 1st and 2nd divisions began withdrawing alongside the 15th Army and [[Burma Area Army]]. During the withdrawal through Manipur, a weakened Gandhi regiment held its position against the advancing [[Maratha Light Infantry]] on the Burma–India road while the general withdrawal was prepared.<ref name=Fay289>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=289–292}}</ref><ref name=Toye138and162>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|pp=138, 162, 203, 210}}</ref> The 2nd and 3rd INA regiments protected the flanks of the Yamamoto force successfully at the most critical time during this withdrawal,<ref name="Toye1959207">{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=207}}</ref> but wounded and diseased men succumbed to starvation along the route. Commonwealth troops following the Japanese forces found INA dead along with Japanese troops who had died of starvation.<ref name=Toye180>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=180}}</ref> The INA lost a substantial number of men and amount of materiel in this retreat. A number of units were disbanded or used to feed into new divisions.{{sfn|Fay|1993|p=417}}

===1945===
{{See also|Battle of Pokoku|Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay}}
As the Allied [[Burma campaign]] began the following year, the INA remained committed to the defence of Burma and was a part of the Japanese defensive deployments. The Second Division was tasked with the defence of [[Irrawaddy Delta|Irrawaddy]] and the adjoining areas around Nangyu, and offered opposition to [[Frank Messervy|Messervy]]'s 7th Indian Division when it attempted to cross the river at Pagan and Nyangyu during [[Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations|Irrawaddy operations]].<ref name=Fayp330>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=330}}</ref><ref name=Fay539>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=539}}</ref> Later, during the [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Battles of Meiktila and Mandalay]], the forces under Prem Sahgal were tasked with defending the area around [[Mount Popa]] from the British 17th Division, which would have exposed the flank of [[Heitarō Kimura]]'s forces attempting to retake Meiktila and Nyangyu. The division was obliterated, at times fighting tanks with hand grenades and bottles of petrol.<ref name=Fay358>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=358}}</ref><ref name=Toye1959p229>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=229}}</ref> Many INA soldiers realised that they were in a hopeless position. Many surrendered to pursuing Commonwealth forces. Isolated, losing men to exhaustion and to desertion, low on ammunition and food, and pursued by Commonwealth forces, the surviving units of the second division began an attempt to withdraw towards Rangoon. They broke through encircling Commonwealth lines a number of times before finally surrendering at various places in early April 1945.<ref name=Fay539/><ref name=Singh32and33>{{Harvnb|Singh|2003|pp=32–33}}</ref> As the Japanese situation became precarious, the ''Azad Hind'' government withdrew from Rangoon to Singapore, along with the remnants of the 1st Division and the Rani of Jhansi Regiment. Nearly 6,000 troops of the surviving units of the INA remained in Rangoon under [[A. D. Loganathan]]. They surrendered as Rangoon fell and helped keep order until the Allied forces entered the city.<ref name=Toye261>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=261}}</ref>

As the Japanese withdrawal from Burma progressed, other remnants of the INA began a long march overland and on foot towards Bangkok. In what has been called an "epic retreat to safety",<ref name=Belle204>{{Harvnb|Belle|2014|p=204}}</ref> Bose walked with his troops, refusing to leave them despite Japanese soldiers finding him transport.<ref name=Toye1959p248/> The withdrawing forces regularly suffered casualties from Allied planes strafing them and in clashes with [[Aung San]]'s Burmese resistance, as well as from Chinese guerrillas who harassed the Japanese troops.<ref name=Toye1959p248>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=248}}</ref> Bose returned to Singapore in August to what remained of the INA and ''Azad Hind''. He wished to stay with his government in Singapore to surrender to the British, reasoning that a trial in India and possible execution would ignite the country, serving the independence movement. He was convinced not to do so by the ''Azad Hind'' cabinet.<ref name=BoseHMOp>{{Harvnb|Bose|2013|p=undefined}}</ref> At the time of Japan's surrender in September 1945, Bose left for [[Dalian]] near the Soviet border in [[Manchukuo|Japanese-occupied China]] to attempt to contact the advancing Soviet troops, and was [[Death of Subhash Chandra Bose|reported to have died]] in an air crash near Taiwan.<ref name=Fay372>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=372–373}}</ref><ref name=Fay384>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=384}}</ref> The remaining INA troops surrendered under the command of M.Z. Kiani to British-Indian forces at Singapore.<ref name=Bose2006p143>{{Harvnb|Bose|2006|p=143}}</ref>

==End of the INA==

===Repatriation to India===
{{See also|CSDIC(I)}}
[[File:Surrendered Indian National Army troops at Mount Popa.jpg|thumb|250px|Troops of the Indian National Army who surrendered at [[Mount Popa]]. ''Circa'' April 1945.]]
Even before the end of the war in South Asia, the INA prisoners who were falling into Allied hands were being evaluated by forwarding intelligence units for potential trials.<ref name=Fay436>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=436}}</ref> Almost fifteen hundred had been captured in the battles of Imphal and Kohima and the subsequent withdrawal,<ref name=Lebra2008p200>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=200}}</ref> while larger numbers surrendered or were captured during the 14th Army's Burma Campaign. A total of 16,000 of the INA's 43,000 recruits were captured, of whom around 11,000 were interrogated by the [[CSDIC(I)|Combined Services Directorate of Investigation Corps]] (CSDIC).<ref name=Fay459>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=459}}</ref> The number of prisoners necessitated this selective policy which anticipated trials of those with the strongest commitment to Bose's ideologies. Those with lesser commitment or other extenuating circumstances would be dealt with more leniently, with the punishment proportional to their commitment or war crimes.<ref name=Singh38/> For this purpose, the field intelligence units designated the captured troops as ''Blacks'' with the strongest commitment to ''Azad Hind''; ''Greys'' with varying commitment but also with enticing circumstances that led them to join the INA; and ''Whites'', those who were pressured into joining the INA under the circumstances but with no commitment to ''Azad Hind'', INA, or Bose.<ref name=Singh39>{{Harvnb|Singh|2003|p=39}}</ref>

By July 1945, a large number had been shipped back to India. At the time of the fall of Japan, the remaining captured troops were transported to India via Rangoon. Large numbers of local Malay and Burmese volunteers, including the recruits to the Rani of Jhansi regiment, returned to civilian life and were not identified.<ref name=Singh38>{{Harvnb|Singh|2003|p=38}}</ref> Those repatriated passed through transit camps in Chittagong and [[Calcutta]] to be held at detention camps all over India including Jhingergacha and Nilganj near Calcutta, Kirkee outside Pune, [[Attock]], [[Multan]] and at Bahadurgarh near Delhi. Bahadurgarh also held prisoners of the Free India Legion.<ref name=Fay436/> By November, around 12,000 INA prisoners were held in these camps; they were released according to the "colours".<ref name=Fay436/> By December, around 600 ''Whites'' were released per week. The process to select those to face trial started.<ref name=Fay436/>

The British-Indian Army intended to implement appropriate internal disciplinary action against its soldiers who had joined the INA, whilst putting to trial a selected group in order to preserve discipline in the Indian Army and to award punishment for criminal acts where these had occurred.<ref name="Singh44and45">{{Harvnb|Singh|2003|p=44,45}}</ref> As news of the army spread within India, it began to draw widespread sympathy support and admiration from Indians. Newspaper reports around November 1945 reported executions of INA troops,<ref>{{cite web
|work = Hindustan Times
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/images/nov_2_45.gif
|title = Many INA already executed.
|access-date = 2007-09-02
|url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809180542/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/images/nov_2_45.gif
|archive-date = 9 August 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> which worsened the already volatile situation. Increasingly violent confrontations broke out between the police and protesters at the mass rallies being held all over India, culminating in public riotings in support of the INA men.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chaudhuri|1953|p=351}}</ref><ref name=Sarkar419>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=419}}</ref><ref name=Fay499>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=499}}</ref> This public outcry defied traditional communal barriers of the subcontinent, representing a departure from the divisions between Hindus and Muslims seen elsewhere in the independence movement and [[Pakistan independence movement|campaign for Pakistan]].<ref name=Singh39and40>{{harvnb|Singh|2003|pp=39–40}}</ref>

===Red Fort trials===
{{Main|Indian National Army trials}}
Between November 1945 and May 1946, approximately ten courts-martial were held in public at the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi. [[Claude Auchinleck]], the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]] of the British-Indian army, hoped that by holding public trials in the Red Fort, public opinion would turn against the INA if the media reported stories of torture and collaborationism, helping him settle a political as well as military question.<ref name=Singh42-43>{{harvnb|Singh|2003|pp=42–43}}</ref> Those to stand trials were accused variously of murder, torture and "waging war against the King-Emperor". However, the first and most celebrated joint courts-martial – those of Prem Sahgal, Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon and Shah Nawaz Khan – were not the story of torture and murder Auchinleck had hoped to tell the Indian press and people. The accusations against them included the alleged murder of their comrades-in-arms in the INA whilst in Burma. Peter Fay highlights in his book ''The Forgotten Army'' that the murders alleged were, in fact, courts-martial of captured deserters the defendants had presided over. If it was accepted that the three were part of a genuine combatant army (as the legal defence team later argued), they had followed due process of written INA law and of the normal process of conduct of war in execution of the sentences.<ref name=Toyexix>{{harvnb|Toye|1959|loc=Mason, in foreword p. xix}}</ref> Indians rapidly came to view the soldiers who enlisted as patriots and not enemy-collaborators. [[Philip Mason]], then-Secretary of the War Department, later wrote that "in a matter of weeks ... in a wave of nationalist emotion, the INA were acclaimed heroes who fought for the freedom of India."<ref name=Toyexviii>{{harvnb|Toye|1959|loc=Mason, in foreword, p. xviii}}</ref> The three accused were from the three major religions of India: Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism. Indians felt the INA represented a true, secular, national army when judged against the British-Indian Army, where caste and religious differences were preserved amongst ranks.<ref name="Singh39and40"/><ref name=Singh74>{{harvnb|Singh|2003|p=74}}</ref> The opening of the first trial saw violence and a series of riots in a scale later described as "sensational".<ref name=Chaudhuri1953/> The Indian National Congress and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] both made the release of the INA prisoners an important political issue during the campaign for independence in 1945–1946.<ref name=Chaudhury1953p1>{{harvnb|Chaudhuri|1953|p=1}}</ref> Lahore in Diwali 1946 remained dark as the traditional earthen lamps lit on Diwali were not lit by families in support of prisoners.<ref name=Singh79>{{harvnb|Singh|2003|p=79}}</ref> In addition to civilian campaigns of non-cooperation and non-violent protest, protest spread to include mutinies within the British-Indian Army and sympathy within the British-Indian forces. Support for the INA crossed communal barriers to the extent that it was the last major campaign in which the Congress and the Muslim League aligned together; the Congress [[Flag of India|tricolour]] and the green flag of the League were flown together at protests.<ref name=Sengupta77>{{harvnb|Sengupta|2012|p=77}}</ref>

The Congress quickly came forward to defend soldiers of the INA who were to be court-martialled.<ref name=Singh44>{{harvnb|Singh|2003|p=44}}</ref> The [[INA Defence Committee]] was formed by the Indian Congress and included prominent Indian legal figures, among whom were [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Kailashnath Katju]] and [[Asaf Ali]].<ref name=Sengupta77/> The trials covered arguments based on military law, constitutional law, international law, and politics. Mithi Mukherjee call the trials a "key moment in the elaboration of an anticolonial critique of international law in India."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Mithi|year=2019|title=The "Right to Wage War" against Empire: Anticolonialism and the Challenge to International Law in the Indian National Army Trial of 1945|journal=Law and Social Inquiry|volume=44|issue=2|pages=420–443|doi=10.1017/lsi.2019.12|s2cid=191697854|doi-access=free}}</ref> Much of the initial defence was based on the argument that they should be treated as prisoners of war as they were not paid mercenaries but ''bona fide'' soldiers of a legal government – Bose's ''Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind''.<ref name=Fay80>{{harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=79–80}}</ref> [[Nehru]] argued that "however misinformed or otherwise they had been in their notion of patriotic duty towards their country", they recognized the free Indian state as their sovereign and not the British sovereign.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cohen|1963|pp=411–429}}</ref> Peter Fay points out that at least one INA prisoner – [[Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral|Burhan-ud-Din]]  a brother of the ruler of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] – may have deserved to be accused of torture, but his trial had been deferred on administrative grounds.<ref name=Singh41>{{harvnb|Singh|2003|p=41}}</ref> Those charged after the first celebrated courts-martial only faced trial for torture and murder or abetment of murder. Charges of treason were dropped for fear of inflaming public opinion.<ref name=Fayp497>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=497}}</ref>

In spite of aggressive and widespread opposition to the continuation of the court-martial, it was completed. All three defendants were found guilty in many of the charges and sentenced to deportation for life. The sentence, however, was never carried out. Immense public pressure, demonstrations, and riots forced Claude Auchinleck to release all three defendants. Within three months, 11,000 soldiers of the INA were released after cashiering and forfeiture of pay and allowance.<ref name=Chaudhuri1953/><ref name=Childs>{{Harvnb|Childs|2000|p=28}}</ref> On the recommendation of [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] and with the agreement of Jawaharlal Nehru, former soldiers of the INA were not allowed to join the new [[Indian Armed Forces]] as a condition for independence.<ref name=Ganguly>{{cite web
| author = Ganguly, Sumit
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| url=http://www.ciaonet.org/book/anderson/anderson10.html#note29
| title= Explaining India's Transition to Democracy.
| access-date=2007-09-03
}}</ref>

Some mutinies in the [[Royal Indian Navy]] in 1946 are thought to have been caused by the nationalist feelings inspired by the opposition to INA trials.<ref name="Fay 1993 p=496,498,499">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=496, 498–499}}</ref> Historians like [[Sumit Sarkar]], Peter Cohen, Fay and others suggest that these events played a crucial role in hastening the end of British rule.<ref name=Chaudhuri1953>{{Harvnb|Chaudhuri|1953|p=349}}</ref><ref name=Sarkar411>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=411}}</ref>

==Post 1947==
Within India, the INA continues to be an emotive and celebrated subject of discussion.<ref name=LebraROJR107>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008b|p=107}}</ref> It continued to have a stronghold over the public psyche and the sentiments of the armed forces until as late as 1947.<ref name=Green68>{{Harvnb|Green|1948|p=68}}</ref> It has been suggested that Shah Nawaz Khan was tasked with organising INA troops to train Congress volunteers at Jawaharlal Nehru's request in late 1946 and early 1947. After 1947, several members of the INA who were closely associated with Subhas Bose and with the INA trials were prominent in public life.<ref name="Lebra2008p219"/> A number of them held important positions in independent India, serving as ambassadors immediately after independence: [[Abid Hasan (diplomat)|Abid Hasan]] in Egypt and Denmark, [[A. C. N. Nambiar]] in the [[Federal Republic of Germany]], [[Mehboob Hasan]] in Canada, [[Cyril John Stracey]] in the Netherlands, and [[N. Raghavan]] in Switzerland.<ref name=Gordon369>{{Harvnb|Gordon|1990|p=369}}</ref> Mohan Singh was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He worked for the recognition of the members of Indian National Army as "freedom fighters" in the cause of the nation's independence in and out of Parliament.<ref name=Lebra1971p243>{{Harvnb|Lebra|1971|p=243}}</ref> Shah Nawaz Khan served as Minister of State for [[Indian Railways|Rail]] in the [[First Nehru ministry|first Indian cabinet]].<ref name=Ram2010p197>{{Harvnb|Ram|2010|p=197}}</ref> Lakshmi Sahgal, Minister for Women's Affairs in the ''Azad Hind'' government, was a well known and widely respected public figure in India.<ref name=LebraROJpxii>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008b|p=xii}}</ref> In 1971, she joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and was later elected the leader of the [[All India Democratic Women's Association]].<ref name=Forbes1999p276>{{Harvnb|Forbes|1999|p=276}}</ref> [[Joyce Lebra]], an American historian, wrote that the rejuvenation of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], then a fledgling [[Tamils|Tamil]] political party in southern India, would not have been possible without participation of INA members.<ref name=LebraROJ111>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008b|p=111}}</ref>

[[File:Lakshmi Sahgal.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ex-INA member [[Lakshmi Sahgal]] in later life, at a political meeting in India]]
Some accounts suggest that the INA veterans were involved in training civilian resistance forces against the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]'s [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]] prior to the execution of [[Operation Polo]] and annexation of Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web
| author =Menon, P
| work=The Hindu
| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070510/1857/main12.htm
|title=The States
| access-date=2007-09-03
}}</ref>
It has been also documented that some INA veterans led Pakistani irregulars during the [[First Kashmir war]]. [[Mohammed Zaman Kiani]] served as Pakistan's political agent to [[Gilgit]] in the late 1950s.<ref name=Gordon369/><ref>{{cite web
| publisher = Provisional Assembly of Punjab (Lahore-Pakistan). Govt of Pakistan
| url=http://pap.gov.pk/legislators/last/dist2.htm
|title= Taj Muhammad Khanzada. Legislators from Attock.
| access-date=2007-09-19
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071101134400/http://pap.gov.pk/legislators/last/dist2.htm  |archive-date = 2007-11-01}}</ref> Of the very few ex-INA members who joined the Indian Armed Forces after 1947 [[R. S. Benegal]], a member of the Tokyo Boys, joined the [[Indian Air Force]] in 1952 and later rose to be an [[air commodore]].<ref name=BenegalForeword>{{Harvnb|Benegal|2013|loc=Foreword}}</ref> Benegal saw action in both [[1965 War|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], earning a [[Maha Vir Chakra]], India's second-highest award for valour.<ref name=BharatRakshak>{{cite web
| work=Bharat Rakshak
| url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Record/view.php?srnum=4220
| title=Air Commodore Ramesh Sakharam Benegal
| access-date=2015-09-18
| archive-date=23 September 2015
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184636/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Record/view.php?srnum=4220
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Among other prominent members of the INA, [[Ram Singh Thakur]], composer of a number of songs including the INA's regimental march [[Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja]], has been credited by some for the modern tune of the [[Indian national anthem]].<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web
| work= Rediff on the net
| url=http://www.rediff.com/news/feb/22anthem.htm
|title=Who composed the score for Jana Gana Mana? Gurudev or the Gorkha?
| access-date=2015-09-18
}}</ref>

Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon and Lakshmi Sahgal were later awarded the Indian civilian honours of [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Vibhushan]] respectively by the Indian Government in the 1990s.<ref name=Raman2009p176>{{Harvnb|Raman|2009|p=176}}</ref><ref name=GopalGandhi2007p392>{{Harvnb|Gandhi|2007|p=392}}</ref> Lakshmi Sahgal was nominated for the [[President of India|Indian presidential election]] by communist parties in 2002. She was the sole opponent of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], who emerged victorious.<ref name=KochanekandHardgravep74>{{Harvnb|Kochanek|Hardgrave|2007|p=74}}</ref> Subhas Bose himself was posthumously awarded [[Bharat Ratna]] in 1992, but this was later withdrawn over the controversy over the [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose|circumstances of his death]].<ref name=TOI>{{cite news
| work= Times of India
| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Why-was-the-Bharat-Ratna-Award-given-to-Netaji-Subhash-Chandra-Bose-withdrawn-by-the-Supreme-Court-in-1992/articleshow/1353901.cms
|title=Why was the Bharat Ratna Award given to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose withdrawn by the Supreme Court in 1992?
| date=31 December 2005
| access-date=2015-09-18
}}</ref>

Former INA recruits in diasporic Singapore, however, faced a different situation. In Singapore, Indians – particularly those who were associated with the INA – were treated with disdain as they were "stigmatized as fascists and Japanese collaborators".<ref name="Sengupta149">{{Harvnb|Sengupta|2012|p=149}}</ref><ref name="Stenson106">{{Harvnb|Stenson|2011|p=106}}</ref> Some within this diaspora later emerged as notable political and social leaders. The consolidation of trade unions in the form of [[National Union of Plantation Workers]] was led by ex-INA leaders.<ref name=LebraROJ111/> In Malaya, notable members of the INA were involved in founding the [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] (MIC) in 1946; [[John Thivy]] was the founding president.<ref name=Ooip136>{{Harvnb|Ooi|2004|p=136}}</ref> [[Janaky Athi Nahappan]], second-in-command of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, was also a founding member of the MIC and later became a noted welfare activist and a distinguished senator in the [[Dewan Negara]] of the [[Malaysian Parliament]]. [[Rasammah Bhupalan]], also of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, later became a well-known welfare-activist and a widely respected champion for [[women's rights]] in [[Malaysia]].<ref name=LebraROJp103>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008b|p=103}}</ref>

==Relations==
{{See also|India in World War II}}

===Japanese Army===
The INA was known as the puppet army of the Japanese empire.<ref name="Seaman">{{cite book | last=Seaman | first=Harry | title=The Battle At Sangshak: Prelude to Kohima | publisher=L. Cooper | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-85052-720-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8yXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 | page=23}}</ref><ref name="Tanaka">{{cite book | author=[[Yuki Tanaka (historian)|Yuki Tanaka]] | title=Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | series=Asian Voices | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-5381-0270-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCkzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 | page=215}}</ref> In early days, the officers in the INA distrusted the Japanese. Leaders of the first INA sought formal assurances from [[empire of Japan|Japan]] before committing to war. When these did not arrive, Mohan Singh resigned after ordering his army to disband; he expected to be sentenced to death. After Bose established ''Azad Hind'', he tried to establish his political independence from the regime that supported him. Indeed, he had led protests against the [[Mukden Incident|Japanese expansion into China]], and supported [[Chiang Kai-shek]] during the 1930s. Azad ''Hind'' depended on Japan for arms and material but sought to be as financially independent as possible, levying taxes and raising donations from Indians in Southeast Asia".<ref name=Belle200>{{Harvnb|Belle|2014|p=200}}</ref> On the Japanese side, members of the high command had been personally impressed by Bose and were willing to grant him some latitude; more importantly, the Japanese were interested in maintaining the support of a man who had been able to mobilise large numbers of Indian expatriates – including, most importantly, 40,000 of the 45,000 Indians captured by the Japanese at Singapore.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.history.co.uk/explore-history/ww2/burma.html | title=Capture of INA | access-date=2011-08-12 | archive-date=28 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828070537/http://www.history.co.uk/explore-history/ww2/burma.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Faye notes that interactions between soldiers in the field was different. Attempts to use Shah Nawaz's troops in road building and as porters angered the troops, forcing Bose to intervene with Mutaguchi. After the withdrawal from Imphal, the relations between both junior non-commissioned officers and between senior officers had deteriorated. INA officers accused the Japanese Army high command of trying to deceive INA troops into fighting for Japan. Conversely, Japanese soldiers often expressed disdain for INA soldiers for having changed their oath of loyalty. This mutual dislike was especially strong after the withdrawal from Imphal began; Japanese soldiers, suspicious that INA defectors had been responsible for their defeat, addressed INA soldiers as "shameless one" instead of "comrade" as previously had been the case.<ref name=Toye203>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=203}}</ref> ''Azad Hind'' officials in Burma reported difficulties with the Japanese military administration in arranging supply for troops and transport for wounded men as the armies withdrew. Toye notes that local IIL members and ''[[Azad Hind Dal]]'' (local ''Azad Hind'' administrative teams) organised relief supplies from Indians in Burma at this time. As the situation in Burma became hopeless for the Japanese, Bose refused requests to use INA troops against Aung San's [[Burma National Army]], which had turned against Japan and was now allied with Commonwealth forces.<ref name=Toye1959p231>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=231}}</ref>


===British-Indian Army===
{{See also|Jiffs}}
The first interaction of the INA with the British-Indian forces was during the months during the [[First Arakan offensive]], between December 1942 and March 1943. The morale of ''Sepoys'' during this time was low and knowledge about the INA was minimal. The INA's special services agents led a successful operation during this time in encouraging the Indian troops to defect to the INA. By the end of March 1945, however, the ''Sepoys'' in the British-Indian Army were reinvigorated and perceived the men of the INA to be savage turncoats and cowards. Senior British officers in the Indian Army considered them "rabble".<ref name=Toyexix/> Historians [[Christopher Bayly]] and Tim Harper mention that sepoys in field units shot captured or wounded INA men, relieving their British officers of the complex task of formulating a formal plan for captured men.<ref name=Marston2014p118>{{Harvnb|Marston|2014|p=118}}</ref> After Singapore was retaken, Mountbatten ordered the INA's war memorial to its fallen soldiers to be blown up.<ref name=Fayp523>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=523}}</ref>

As the story of the INA unfolded in post-war India, the view of Indian soldiers on the INA – and on their own position during the war – also changed.<ref name=Edwards93>{{Harvnb|Edwards|1963|p=93}}</ref> The Raj observed with increasing disquiet and unease the spread of pro-INA sympathies within the troops of the British-Indian forces.<ref name=Sarkar419/> In February 1946, while the trials were still going on, a general strike by ratings of the Royal Indian Navy rapidly [[Bombay Mutiny|deteriorated into a mutiny]] incorporating ships and shore establishments of the RIN throughout India. The mutineers raised slogans invoking Subhas Bose and the INA, demanding an end to the trials. The mutiny received widespread public support.<ref name=James598/> In some places in the British-Indian Army, non-commissioned Officers started ignoring orders from British superiors. In [[Madras]] and [[Pune]] British garrisons faced revolts from within the ranks of the British-Indian Army. These were suppressed by force.<ref name=James598>{{Harvnb|James|2000|p=598}}</ref><ref name=James596>{{Harvnb|James|2000|p=596}}</ref> At the conclusion of the first trial, when the sentences of deportation were commuted, Fay records Claude Auchinleck as having sent a "personal and secret" letter to all senior British officers, explaining:<ref name=Fay517>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=517}}</ref> {{blockquote|... practically all are sure that any attempt to enforce the sentence would have led to chaos in the country at large, and probably to mutiny and dissension in the Army, culminating in its dissolution.}}

==Influence==

===World War II===
Sidney Bradshaw Fay concludes that the INA was not significant enough to beat the British-Indian Army by military strength. He also writes that the INA was aware of this and formulated its own strategy of avoiding set-piece battles, gathering local and popular support within India and instigating revolt within the British-Indian Army to overthrow the Raj.<ref name=Fay138>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=138}}</ref> Moreover, the [[Forward Bloc]] underground movement within India had been crushed well before the offensives opened in the Burma–Manipur theatre, depriving the army of any organised internal support.<ref name=Sarkar411/> However, despite its small numerical strength and lack of heavy weapons, its special services group played a significant part in halting the [[First Arakan Offensive]] while still under Mohan Singh's command.<ref name=Baylyl&Harperforgottenarmiesp273>{{Harvnb|Bayly|Harper|2005|p=273}}</ref> The propaganda threat of the INA and lack of concrete intelligence on the unit early after the fall of Singapore made it a threat to Allied war plans in Southeast Asia, since it threatened to destroy the ''Sepoys''' loyalty to a British-Indian Army that was demoralised from continuing defeats.<ref name=Fay410>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=410}}</ref> There were reports of INA operatives successfully infiltrating Commonwealth lines during the Offensive. This caused British intelligence to begin the "[[Jiffs]]" propaganda campaign and to create "''Josh''" groups to improve the morale and preserve the loyalty of the sepoys as consolidation began to prepare for the defence of Manipur.<ref name=Aldrich163>{{Harvnb|Aldrich|2000|p=163}}</ref><ref name=Aldrich159>{{Harvnb|Aldrich|2000|p=159}}</ref> These measures included imposing a complete news ban on Bose and the INA that was not lifted until four days after the fall of Rangoon two years later.<ref name=Fay218>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=218}}</ref><ref name=Sareen1996p40>{{Harvnb|Sareen|1996|p=40}}</ref>

During the Japanese ''U-Go'' offensive towards Manipur in 1944, the INA played a crucial (and successful) role in diversionary attacks in Arakan and in the Manipur Basin itself, where it fought alongside Mutaguchi's 15th Army.<ref name=Faye289>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=289}}</ref> INA forces protected the flanks of the assaulting Yamamoto force at a critical time as the latter attempted to take Imphal.<ref name="Toye1959207"/><ref name=Toye1959210>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=210}}</ref> During the Commonwealth Burma Campaign, the INA troops fought in the battles [[Battle of Irrawaddy|of Irrawaddy]] [[Battle of Meiktilla|and Meiktilla]],<ref name=Fay316>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=316–317}}</ref> supporting the Japanese offensive and tying down Commonwealth troops.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=332–333}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Slim|1961|p=425}}</ref>

===Indian independence===
{{See also|Bombay Mutiny}}
The first INA trial, which was held in public, became a rallying point for the independence movement from the autumn of 1945.<ref name=Sarkar420/><ref name=Sarkar411/><ref name="Fay 1993 p=496,498,499"/> The release of INA prisoners and the suspension of the trials came to be the dominant political campaign, superseding the campaign for independence.<ref name=BoseandJalal134>{{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|2004|p=134}}</ref> Christopher Bayly notes that the "INA was to become a much more powerful enemy of the British empire in defeat than it had been during its ill-fated triumphal march on Delhi."<ref name="Marston2014p118"/> The Viceroy's journal describes the autumn and winter of 1945–1946 as "The Edge of a Volcano".<ref name=Sarkar411/> The setting of the trial at Red Fort was taken by Indian public as a deliberate taunt by the British Raj over the vanquished INA, recalling the INA's battle cries of unfurling the Indian tricolour over the Red Fort.<ref name=Toyexix/> Many compared the trials to that of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], the last Mughal emperor tried in the same place after the failed [[1857 uprising]].<ref name=Fay472>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=472}}</ref> Support for the INA grew rapidly and their continued detention and news of impending trials was seen an affront to the movement for independence and to Indian identity itself.<ref name=Singh99>{{Harvnb|Singh|2003|p=99}}</ref> It was further feared that the Congress would exploit the INA to gain mass support against the Raj and possibly start an armed struggle with weapons smuggled from Burma.<ref name=Singh41/><ref name=Marston129>{{Harvnb|Marston|2014|p=129}}</ref> Nehru was suspected of using INA men to train Congress volunteers.<ref name=Singh41/> The political effects of the INA trials were enormous and were felt around India as late as 1948, much to the chagrin of the Congress government in independent India,<ref name="Green68"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Green|1948|p=54}}</ref> which feared that pro-INA sympathies could help alternative sources of power.<ref name=Jamesp596to598>{{Harvnb|James|2000|pp=596–598}}</ref>

Historians such as [[Sumit Sarkar]], [[Sugata Bose]], and [[Ayesha Jalal]] conclude that the INA trials and its after-effects brought a decisive shift in British policy towards independence Indian.<ref name=BoseandJalal134/><ref name=Sarkar412/> Particularly disturbing was the overt and public support for the INA by the soldiers of the Indian Army and the mutinies.<ref name=BoseandJalal134/><ref name=Sarkar412>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=412}}</ref> The Congress's rhetoric preceding the 1946 elections gave the Raj reasons to fear a revival of the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942.<ref name=Sarkar412/> Gandhi noted:<ref name=BoseandJalal134/>
{{blockquote|... the whole country has been roused ... even the regular forces have been stirred into a new political consciousness and have begun to think in terms of independence ...}}

===British colonies===
{{See also|Royal Air Force mutiny}}
After the war ended, the story of the INA and the Indian Legion was seen as so inflammatory that, fearing mass revolts and uprisings across its empire, the British Government forbade the [[BBC]] from broadcasting their story.<ref name=ThomsonBBC>{{cite news
| author = Thomson M
| publisher = BBC
| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3684288.stm
| title= Hitler's secret Indian Army
| access-date=2007-09-02
| date=2004-09-23}}</ref> The use of Indian troops for the restoration of Dutch and French rule in [[Vietnam]] and [[Indonesia]] fed into the already growing resentment within the forces.<ref name=McMillan155>{{Harvnb|McMillan|2006|p=155}}</ref> Indian troops sent to suppress [[Sukarno]]'s agitations in Indonesia in 1946 rapidly identified with the nationalist sentiments in the previous Dutch colony.<ref name=Sengupta84>{{Harvnb|Sengupta|2012|p=84}}</ref> The [[South East Asia Command]] reported growing sympathy for the INA and dislike of the Dutch.<ref name=Sengupta83and84>{{Harvnb|Sengupta|2012|pp=83–84}}</ref> There were similar pro-nationalist sentiments among Indian troops sent to Vietnam, Thailand and Burma. This led to the realisation by 1946 that the British-Indian Army, the bulwark of the policing force in the British colonies, could not be used as an instrument of British power.<ref name=Sengupta85>{{Harvnb|Sengupta|2012|p=85}}</ref> INA-inspired strikes emerged throughout Britain's colonies in Southeast Asia. In January 1946, [[Royal Air Force Mutiny|protests]] started at [[Royal Air Force]] bases in Karachi and spread rapidly to Singapore. This was followed by a full-scale mutiny by a British Army unit in Singapore. In British Malaya, men of the Parachute Regiment refused to obey orders from their officers.<ref name=Sengupta82>{{Harvnb|Sengupta|2012|p=82}}</ref> Authors like [[Nilanjana Sengupta]] attribute these to a combination of dissatisfaction over pay and work conditions and conflicts of comradeship over the INA trials.<ref name=Sengupta83>{{Harvnb|Sengupta|2012|p=83}}</ref> Former INA members in Malaya identified closely with the left-wing organisations in opposing British colonial authority. The majority of prominent left-wing union leaders in Malaya after the war were members of the INA. The activities of the trade unions in the newly established Tamil schools were particularly influential, leading to the establishment of an inspector system by the British to supervise the curriculum and teaching in these schools.<ref name=LebraROJ111/> Joyce Lebra notes that the INA had a particularly strong unifying influence over ethnic Indians residing in Malaya. Lebra concludes that the experience of the INA was useful in challenging British authority in the post-war period in Malaya, and in improving the socio-economic conditions of the Indian community.<ref name=LebraROJ111/>

==Controversies==
British and Commonwealth troops viewed the recruits as traitors and [[Collaboration with Imperial Japan|Axis collaborators]].{{sfn|Fay|1993|p=5, 417, 547}} Almost 40,000 Indian soldiers in Malaya did not join the army and remained as PoWs. Many were sent to work in the [[Death Railway]], suffered hardships and nearly 11,000 died under Japanese internment.<ref name=Menon1997p225>{{Harvnb|Menon|1997|p=225}}</ref> Many of them cited the oath of allegiance they had taken to the King among reasons not to join a Japanese-supported organisation, and regarded the recruits of the INA as traitors for having forsaken their oath. Commanders in the British-Indian Army like Wavell later highlighted the hardships this group of soldiers suffered, contrasting them with the troops of the INA.<ref name=Menon1997p225/> Many British soldiers held the same opinion.<ref name=Toye1959pxiv>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|loc=Mason, in Foreword, p. xiv}}</ref> Hugh Toye and Peter Fay point out that the First INA consisted of a mix of recruits joining for various reasons, such as nationalistic leanings, Mohan Singh's appeals, personal ambition or to protect men under their own command from harm.<ref name=Fay207>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=207}}</ref> Fay notes some officers like Shah Nawaz Khan were opposed to Mohan Singh's ideas and tried to hinder what they considered a collaborationist organisation.<ref name=Fay87to100>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=87–100}}</ref> However, both historians note that Indian civilians and former INA soldiers all cite the tremendous influence of Subhas Bose and his appeal to patriotism in rejuvenating the INA. Fay discusses the topic of loyalty of the INA soldiers, and highlights that in Shah Nawaz Khan's trial it was noted that officers of the INA warned their men the possibility of having to fight the Japanese after having fought the British, to prevent Japan exploiting post-war India.<ref name=Aldrich163/><ref name=Fay461to463>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=461–463}}</ref> Carl Vadivella Belle suggested in 2014 that among the local Indians and ex-British-Indian Army volunteers in Malaya, there was a proportion who joined due to the threat of conscription as Japanese labour troops. Recruitment also offered local Indian labourers security from continual semi-starvation of the estates and served as a barrier against Japanese tyranny.<ref name=Belle199/>

INA troops were alleged to engage in or be complicit in torture of Allied and Indian prisoners of war.<ref name=Fay423to424>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=423–424,453}}</ref> Fay in his 1993 history analyses war-time press releases and field counter-intelligence directed at ''Sepoys''. He concludes that the ''Jiffs'' campaign promoted the view that INA recruits were weak-willed and traitorous Axis collaborators, motivated by selfish interests of greed and personal gain. He concludes that the allegations of torture were largely products of the ''Jiffs'' campaign.{{sfn|Fay|1993|p=417}}<ref name=Fay426>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=426}}</ref><ref name=Fay290>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=290–292}}</ref> He supports his conclusion by noting that isolated cases of torture had occurred, but allegations of widespread practice of torture were not substantiated in the charges against defendants in the Red Fort trials.<ref name=Fay427>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=427}}</ref><ref name=Fay461>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=461}}</ref> Published memoirs of several veterans, including that of [[William Slim]], portray the INA troops as incapable fighters and as untrustworthy.<ref name=Fay293>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=293}}</ref> Toye noted in 1959 that individual desertions occurred in the withdrawal from Imphal.<ref name=Toyep203>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|pp=203}}</ref> Fay concluded that stories of INA desertions during the battle and the initial retreat into Burma were largely exaggerated.<ref name=Fay290to293>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=290–293}}</ref> The majority of desertions occurred much later, according to Fay, around the battles at Irrawaddy and later around Popa. Fay specifically discusses Slim's portrayal of the INA, pointing out what he concludes to be inconsistencies in Slim's accounts.<ref name=Fay289to291>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=289–291}}</ref> Fay also discusses memoirs of Shah Nawaz, where Khan claims INA troops were never defeated in battle. Fay criticises this too as exaggerated. He concludes the opinions held by Commonwealth war veterans such as Slim were an inaccurate portrayal of the unit, as were those of INA soldiers themselves.<ref name="Fay290"/> Harkirat Singh notes that British officers' personal dislike for Subhas Chandra Bose may have prejudiced their judgement of the INA itself.<ref name=Singh41/>

==Commemorations==
{{See also|INA Martyr's Memorial|Former Indian National Army Monument}}
[[File:Former Indian National Army Monument.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]] erected by the National Heritage Board at [[Esplanade Park, Singapore|Esplanade Park]], marking the INA Monument site in [[Singapore]]]]
[[File:Azad Hind stamps released by Indian National Army in display at Netaji Birth Place Museum, Cuttack, Odisha, India.jpg|thumb|Postage stamps released by Indian National Army in display at Netaji Birth Place Museum, [[Cuttack]]]]
The INA is memorialised in the ''Swatantrata Sainani Smarak'', which is located at the [[Salimgarh Fort]] in [[Delhi]], adjacent to the Red Fort.<ref name=Mehta2006p272>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2006|p=272}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.roseindia.net/travel/india/delhi/salimgarh-fort-delhi.shtml | title=On I-Day eve, India forgets INA memorial | work=Rose India | access-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> Its exhibits include the Indian National Army uniform worn by Colonel Prem Sahgal, riding boots and coat buttons of Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon and photographs of Subhas Chandra Bose. A separate gallery holds material and photographs from excavations carried out by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] inside the fort in 1995. The [[INA Martyr's Memorial|Indian National Army Memorial]] at Moirang, Manipur, commemorates the place where the flag of ''Azad Hind'' was raised by Col. Shaukat Hayat Malik. Moirang was the first Indian territory captured by the INA.<ref name=Toye1959p198&215/><ref>{{cite web
| publisher = National Heritage Board of Singapore| url=http://www.museum.org.sg/PE/sites_trails/civic_district_trail.html| title=Heritage Sites and Trails in Singapore| access-date=2007-07-07
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221937/http://www.museum.org.sg/PE/sites_trails/civic_district_trail.html  |archive-date = 2007-09-28}}</ref>

The INA War Memorial at Singapore commemorating the "Unknown Warrior" of the INA was unveiled by Bose in July 1945. Situated at the [[Esplanade Park, Singapore|Esplanade Park]], it was destroyed on Mountbatten's orders when Allied troops reoccupied the city. In 1995, the National Heritage Board of Singapore, with financial donations from the Indian community in Singapore, erected the [[Former Indian National Army Monument]] at the site where the old memorial stood. The site is now officially one of the historical sites of Singapore.<ref>{{cite web| publisher=Indian National Army (I.N.A.) Martyrs' Memorial Complex| url=http://www.inamoirang.com/l| title=Indian National Army Martyrs' Memorial Complex| access-date=2017-08-15| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130222312/http://www.inamoirang.com/l| archive-date=30 November 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>

The INA's [[battle cry]], ''[[Jai Hind]]'', was declared the "national greeting" of India by Nehru and remains a popular nationalist greeting.<ref name=Desai2011>{{Harvnb|Desai|2011|p=}}</ref> Today it is used by all Indian prime ministers to conclude their [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speeches.<ref name=Desai2011/> The cry became independent India's [[Jai Hind Post-mark|first commemorative post mark]] on 15 August 1947.<ref name=Bayanwala/> The first [[Postage stamps and postal history of India|postage stamps]] issued by Independent India are called the ''Jai Hind'' series of stamps, showing the [[Indian flag]] with the letters ''Jai Hind'' in the top right hand corner.<ref name=Bayanwala>{{cite web
|author = Ashok Kumar Bayanwala
|publisher = Stamps of india
|url = http://stampsofindia.com/readroom/b002.htm
|title = Art in miniature
|access-date = 2011-08-11
|url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928064322/http://stampsofindia.com/readroom/b002.htm
|archive-date = 28 September 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> These were a part of the series issued on 15 August 1947.<ref name=Footprint>{{cite news
| author = Bhaskaran, S.T.
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/16/stories/13161109.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020327172800/http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/16/stories/13161109.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=2002-03-27
| title= Footprints of history
| access-date=2007-10-16
| location=Chennai, India
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| date=2000-12-16
}}</ref> Commemorative postage stamps were also issued by the Indian government in 1968 and 1993 respectively to commemorate the 25th and the 50th anniversaries of the establishment of ''Azad Hind'' at Singapore.<ref>{{cite news
| author = Healey, Beth
| work = [[The New York Times]]
|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE1D8173FF930A35751C1A96F948260
| title= Pastimes; Stamps
| access-date=2007-10-16
| date=1989-12-03
}}</ref> The [[India Posts|Department of Posts]] also includes the six unused [[Azad Hind stamps|''Azad Hind'' stamps]] in its commemorative book ''India's Freedom Struggle through India Postage Stamps''.<ref name=Footprint/> The ''Azad Hind Fauj Marg'' (Azad Hind Fauj Road) in [[New Delhi]] is named after the INA and houses the [[Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology]].<ref name=DHNSIT>{{cite web
| author = Mayank Verma
| work = Deccan Herald
| url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/458948/sulahkul-vihar-residents-await-development.html
| title= Sulahkul Vihar residents await development
| access-date=2011-08-11
}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{Main|Indian National Army in popular culture}}
The Indian National Army remains a significant topic of discussion in the popular history of India; it is an emotive topic which has been the subject of numerous works of literature, art, and visual media within India and outside. Some of the earliest works in print media were created at the time of the INA trials. These include works of fiction like ''Jai Hind: The Diary of a Rebel Daughter of India'' published in 1945 by Amritlal Seth. The book, a work of fiction narrating the story of a recruit of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, is believed to be loosely based on the story of Lakshmi Sahgal.<ref name=Forbes214>{{Harvnb|Forbes|1999|p=214}}</ref> In later decades works by authors like [[Amitav Ghosh]], such as his book ''[[The Glass Palace]]'', have used the backdrop of the ''Azad Hind'' and the Japanese occupation of Burma for the narrative of the story.<ref name="east">{{cite news |last=Urquhart|first=James |date=2000-08-07 |newspaper=The Independent |title=Monday Book: A 'Doctor Zhivago' for the Far East — Review of The Glass Palace}}</ref> ''[[The Day of the Scorpion]]'' and ''[[The Towers of Silence]]'', the second and third books in [[Paul Mark Scott|Paul Scott]]'s ''[[Raj Quartet]]'', mention ''Jiffs'' in the political and social context in which the term found use in the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Eastern Army]] during the war. The 1984 British TV series ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'', based on Scott's quartet, also includes the role of the INA as part of the political backdrop of the story.<ref name=Fayp4>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=4}}</ref>

In visual media, the INA has been the subject of a number of documentaries. ''The War of The Springing Tiger'' made by [[Granada Television]] for [[Channel 4]] in 1984 examined the role of the Indian National Army in the Second World War, the motivation of its soldiers and explored its role in the independence movement.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=ix}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| publisher = British Film Institute| url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/391314?view=synopsis| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416012741/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/391314?view=synopsis| url-status=dead| archive-date=2008-04-16|
title=Synopses The War of The Springing Tiger
| access-date=2007-07-09
}}</ref>
In 1999 Film India released a documentary, ''The Forgotten Army''. Directed by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] and produced by Akhil Bakshi, it followed what was called the ''Azad Hind Expedition'' between 1994 and 1995, retracing the route taken by the INA from Singapore to Imphal, before ending at Red Fort. Amongst the members of the expedition team were Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon, Lakshmi Sahgal and Captain S.S. Yadava, an INA veteran and once the general secretary of the All India INA Committee. The documentary went on to win the Grand Jury Prize at the Film South Asia festival in 1999.<ref>{{cite web
|author = Dutt, Nirupama
|work = Indian Express
|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980622/17351114.html
|title = A forgotten army marches again
|access-date = 2007-07-07
|url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926213952/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980622/17351114.html
|archive-date = 26 September 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
The [[National Archives of Singapore]] digitised its available resources in 2007 as ''Historical Journey of the Indian National Army''.<ref>{{cite web| publisher = National Archives of Singapore| url = http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/index.htm| title = Historical Journey of the Indian National Army| access-date = 2007-07-07| archive-date = 11 July 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070711014104/http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/index.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2004, the [[Indian Legion]] in Europe was the subject of a BBC magazine article authored by Mike Thomson, but it did not attempt to distinguish the differences between the Legion and the INA.<ref name=ThomsonBBC/> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', a large broadsheet in India, dedicates a part of its website to INA resources as ''Indian National Army in East Asia.''<ref>{{cite web
|author = Das Sitanshu
|work = Hindustan Times
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/indiannationalarmy.htm
|title = Indian National Army in East Asia
|access-date = 2007-07-07
|url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702000512/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/indiannationalarmy.htm
|archive-date = 2 July 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

[[Indian cinema]] has also seen a number of films in many different [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], where the INA is a significant part of the narrative. These include ''Pahla Admi'' by [[Bimal Roy]] and ''Samadhi'' by Ramesh Saigal, both produced in 1950 based on fictional INA veterans.<ref name=Bose146>{{Harvnb|Bose|2006|p=146}}</ref><ref name=Dhawan>{{cite web
| author =Dhawan, M.L.
| work = The Tribune|
url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070510/1857/main12.htm|
title=Freedom struggle through Hindi films
| access-date=2007-07-09
}}</ref> More recently, ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'', a 1996 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film directed by [[S. Shankar]], incorporates a lead character (played by [[Kamal Haasan|Kamal Hassan]]) in its story who is a veteran of the INA. [[Shyam Benegal]] produced ''[[Netaji: The Forgotten Hero]]'' in 2004, which traces the last five years of Subhas Chandra Bose. Benegal describes the story of the INA in small details in his film whilst focusing on its leader.<ref name=Dhawan/> The film was also widely noted for [[A. R. Rahman]]'s music. The INA's marching song, ''Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja'', has since become a famous patriotic song in India. Today it is in use as the regimental quick march of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Indian Parachute regiment]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
More recently, a 2017 Hindi movie Rangoon, starring Kangna Ranaut, Saif Ali Khan, Shahid Kapoor is based against the backdrop of the INA presence in Rangoon, with the movie centred around the protagonists trying to get across a jewelled sword to the INA. In 2020 [[Amazon Prime Video]] released a five-part series called [[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]! Which tells the story of the INA through the eyes of one of its Captains and the woman he loves. In 2017 only, a show was released namely, Bose: Dead/Alive, it showed Netaji's mysterious disappearance in 1945. In this show too Azad Hind Fauj was shown.

==See also==
* [[Battaglione Azad Hindoustan]]
* [[Ekla Chalo Re]], a poem by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], publicized by Subhas Chandra Bose
* [[Indian Legion]]
* [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]]
* [[Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind]]
* [[Burma National Army]]
* [[All India Forward Bloc]]
* [[Collaboration with Imperial Japan]]

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{{Reflist|30em}}

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| given1 = Sita Anantha
| year = 2009
| title = Women in India: A Social and Cultural History
| publisher = ABC-CLIO
| isbn = 978-0-313-01440-6
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Sareen
| given1 = Tilak Raj
| year = 1986
| title = Japan and the Indian National Army
| publisher = Agram Prakashan
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Sareen
| given1 = Tilak Raj
| year = 1996
| title = Japan and the Indian National Army
| publisher = Mounto Publishing House
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Sengupta
| given1 = Nilanjana
| author-link=Nilanjana Sengupta (author)
| year = 2012
| title = A Gentleman's Word: The Legacy of Subhas Chandra Bose in Southeast Asia
| publisher = ISEAS Publishing
| isbn = 978-981-4379-75-5
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Singh
| given1 = Harkirat
| year = 2003
| title = INA Trials and the Raj
| publisher = Atlantic Publishers
| isbn = 81-269-0316-3
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Slim
| given1 = W.
| year = 1961
| title = Defeat Into Victory
| publisher = David McKay
| isbn = 1-56849-077-1
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Sarkar
| given1 = Sumit
| year = 1983
| title = Modern India, 1885–1947
| url = https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark
| publisher = Macmillan
| isbn = 978-0-333-90425-1
| url-access = registration
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stenson |first1=M. |title=Class, Race, and Colonialism in West Malaysia |date=2011 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-4440-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbJw9-8NM4C |language=en}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Tojo
| given1 = Hideki (Premier)
| year = 1943
| title = Axis War Makes Easier Task of Indians. Chandra Bose's Berlin Speech. Syonan Simbun
| publisher = Domei
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Toye
| given1 = Hugh
| year = 1959
| title = The Springing Tiger: A Study of the Indian National Army and of Netaji
| publisher = Allied Publishers
| isbn = 978-81-8424-392-5
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Toye
| given1 = Hugh
| year = 2007
| title = Subhash Chandra Bose
| publisher = JAICO Publishing House
| isbn = 978-81-7224-401-9
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*''The Springing Tiger: A Study of a Revolutionary'' by Hugh Toye (1959).
* ''History of the Indian National Army'' by Kalyan Kumar Ghosh (1966).
* ''Jungle Alliance, Japan and the Indian National Army'' by Joyce C. Lebra (1971).
* ''Brothers Against the Raj — A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose'' by Leonard A. Gordon (1990), Princeton University Press, 1990.
*''The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945'' by Peter Fay (1995).
*''Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment'' by Joyce C Lebra (2008).

==External links==
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Indian_National_Army From Banglapedia]
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/bose.htm Article on Bose]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070902213838/http://www.yorozubp.com/netaji/ Speeches of Netaji]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629001048/http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/govt.html Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140902125303/http://dblife.cs.wisc.edu/person/S._C._Bose Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120220043836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/ Mystery behind Netaji's Disappearance – 2]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3684288.stm BBC Report: Hitler's secret Indian army]
* {{YouTube|XZ-Cjv1rnTM|Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja – The INA song}}

{{Azad Hind Fauj}}
{{Subhas Chandra Bose}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{World War 2}}
{{Collaboration with Axis Powers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Azad Hind]]
[[Category:Disbanded armies]]
[[Category:Indian collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Singapore]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian National Army| ]]
[[Category:Malayan collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:Military history of India during World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II]]
[[Category:National liberation armies]]
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire in World War II]]
[[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose]]

1593 in India

2026-01-26T17:25:46Z

Rajesh Ghosh: improved references after review

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1593}}

Events from the year '''1593 in India'''.
==Births==
* 6 April – [[Mumtaz Mahal]], chief consort of [[Shah Jahan]], (died [[1631 in India#Deaths|1631]]).<ref name="v818">{{cite book | last=Srivastava | first=Gouri | title=The Legend Makers: Some Eminent Muslim Women of India | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | date=2003 | isbn=978-81-8069-001-3 | url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Legend_Makers/ERavqiLTu7cC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mumtaz+Mahal+1593&pg=PA28&printsec=frontcover | access-date=2025-11-24 | page=28}}</ref>

==Deaths==
* [[Appayya Dikshitar]], performer of [[Yajna|yajñas]] dies (born [[1520 in India|1520]])

==See also==
* [[Timeline of Indian history]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{india year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1593}}

[[Category:1590s in India]]
[[Category:1593 by country]]
[[Category:1593 in Asia]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Joothan

2026-01-24T19:37:29Z

Rajesh Ghosh: created the details first draft

{{Short description|Autobiographical novel by Om Prakash Valmiki}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Joothan: An Untouchable's Life
| title_orig = Joothan
| author = [[Omprakash Valmiki]]
| translator = Arun Prabha Mukherjee
| language = English (translated from Hindi)
| genre = Memoir
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| media_type = Print (hardcover, paperback), e-book
| pages = 208
| isbn = 9780231129725
| website = https://cup.columbia.edu/book/joothan/9780231129732/
| english_pub_date = July 2003
| published = {{circa|1997}} (Hindi)
| image = Joothan cover.jpg
}}

'''''Joothan: An Untouchable's Life''','' or '''''Joothan: A Dalit's Life''''', is an autobiographical novel by Indian [[Dalit]] writer [[Omprakash Valmiki]]. First published in 1997 in Hindi, it was translated to English language by Arun Prabha Mukherjee in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Deeksha |date=2017-09-28 |title=Joothan By Om Prakash Valmiki - Book Review |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/09/29/joothan-om-prakash-valmiki-review/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> The books describe his life as a Dalit, previously known as '[[Untouchables (caste)|untouchables]],' and their experience of pain, humiliation, and poverty through systemic [[caste-based discrimination]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ronkin |first=Maggie |date=2005 |title=Review of Joothan: A Dalit's Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25075805 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=504–505 |doi=10.1017/S0021911805001324 |jstor=25075805 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref> The title of the book is derived from [[Hindi]] word ''जूठन'' referring to 'scraps of food left on a plate, destined for garbage or animals,' that the lower caste was forced to survive on for centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandrachud |first=Dhananjaya Y |date=2024-01-01 |title=Reformation Beyond Representation: The Social Life of the Constitution in Remedying Historical Wrongs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48771787 |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=01–17 |doi=10.26812/caste.v5i1.2040 |jstor=48771787 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The text chronicles the journey of Om Prakash Valmiki, a Dalit who overcomes caste-based humiliation and poverty to become his village's first educated member of the Dalit community. The story is set in 1950s of post-independence India, where [[untouchability]] has just been outlawed. Beginning with scenes of dire sanitation and relentless harassment, Valmiki's narrative traces his adolescence marked by religious skepticism and public shame upon revealing his caste. His vocational training and discovery of Dalit activism, notably the influence of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], ignite his commitment to social change. Valmiki challenges inherited caste stigma through merit-based achievements and government employment, dedicating himself to uplifting others via cultural engagement and educational outreach, such as drama productions and opening schools. His memoir emphasizes the struggle for a self-defined identity and collective empowerment of Dalits.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian autobiographical novels]]
[[Category:2003 novels]]
[[Category:1950 novels]]
[[Category:Dalit literature]]

Thalavan

2026-01-17T10:57:12Z

Rajesh Ghosh:

{{short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thalavan
| image = Thalavan.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jis Joy]]
| producer = Arun Narayan Sijo Sebastian
| writer = Anand Thevarkkat Sarath Perumbavoor
{{Infobox| decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl|Jis Joy}}
}}
| starring = [[Biju Menon]] [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| editing = Sooraj E. S.
| cinematography = Sharan Velayudhan
| studio = Arun Narayan Productions London Studios
| distributor = {{Unbulleted_list|Central Pictures|Phars Films (Overseas)|[[Yash Raj Films]] (UK/Europe)}}
| released = {{Film date|2024|05|24|df=yes}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}46.60 crore<ref name=bo>{{cite web |title=Thalavan movie total collection: തീയറ്ററുകളില്‍ 75 ദിവസം! ടോട്ടല്‍ ബിസിനസ്സ് 46.6 കോടി, രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം ഉടൻ |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/total-collection-of-asif-ali-biju-menon-starrer-malayalam-film-thalavan-out-rrn-1071641-2024-08-14 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=1 May 2025 |date=14 August 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Thalavan''''' ({{Translation|Chief}}) is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2024|2024]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Police procedural film|police procedural]] [[Crime-thriller film|crime thriller film]] directed by [[Jis Joy]] and written by Anand Thevarkkat and Sarath Perumbavoor. The film stars [[Biju Menon]] and [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], with [[Miya George]], [[Anusree]], [[Dileesh Pothan]] and [[Kottayam Nazeer]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biju Menon, Asif Ali's next with Jis Joy titled 'Thalavan' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/biju-menon-asif-alis-next-with-jis-joy-titled-thalavan/article67626982.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213609/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/biju-menon-asif-alis-next-with-jis-joy-titled-thalavan/article67626982.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First look poster of Biju Menon-Asif Ali's 'Thalavan' out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-biju-menon-asif-alis-thalavan-out/articleshow/106087179.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-biju-menon-asif-alis-thalavan-out/articleshow/106087179.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=look>{{cite web |title=Thalavan - പോലീസ് തൊപ്പി വച്ച് യൂണിഫോമിൽ ആസിഫ് അലി, കാക്കി അണിഞ്ഞ് ബിജു മേനോൻ; 'തലവൻ' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/thalavan-movie-starring-biju-menon-and-asif-ali-got-its-first-look-poster-mm-644514.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213609/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/thalavan-movie-starring-biju-menon-and-asif-ali-got-its-first-look-poster-mm-644514.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on 24 May 2024. It received positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success at the box office.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
The film begins with retired [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Udayabhanu, who has transitioned from his police career to hosting a popular television show where he narrates real-life crime stories from his past. The central plot kicks off when Udayabhanu reluctantly decides to cover the infamous "Cheppanamthotta Case," a case that had shocked the community and involved two police officers, [[Circle Inspector]] Jayashankar and [[Sub-Inspector]] Karthik.

The narrative flashes back to the events leading up to the case. Karthik, known for his righteous approach, releases a man named Manu Das, who was caught in an attempted murder case but claimed it was an act of self-defense. This decision causes tension within the police department, especially with Jayashankar, a seasoned and more pragmatic officer. Their professional relationship is further strained when Manu Das is rearrested, adding layers of complexity and mistrust between them.

As the story unfolds, Jayashankar finds himself in the midst of a personal nightmare. He discovers the lifeless body of Ramya, the wife of a man he had previously arrested, on his terrace. Despite having no evidence directly linking him to the crime, Jayashankar is arrested and charged with her murder. This shocking development sets off an intense investigation that puts both Jayashankar and Karthik's principles and careers to the test.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Biju Menon]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] later [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DySP]] Jayashankar
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] later [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Karthik Ravindran
* [[Miya George]] as Sunitha, Jayashankar's wife
* [[Anusree]] as Ramya, Joshy's wife
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Retd. [[Deputy superintendent|DySP]] Udhayabanu
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Hemanth Ram
* [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] as [[Home Minister]] T. K. Raghavan
* [[Kottayam Nazeer]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Reghu
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Allappan
* Bilas Chandrahasan Nair as Retd. [[Sub-inspector|ASI]] Shivadhasan
* Joji John as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Venu
* Renjit Shekar as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Harris
* Anuroop p as Sajeevan
* [[Sujith Shankar]] as Joshy
* [[Tessa Joseph]] as Reshma Hemanth
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Vinayakan
* [[Nebish Benson]] as Arun Shivadhasan}}

==Production==
Director Jis Joy, who has previously worked with actor Asif Ali in four films signed the actor again, this time with actor [[Biju Menon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Asif Ali, Biju Menon collaborate for police thriller. See motion poster |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/12/16/thalavan-jis-joy-biju-menon-asif-ali-dileesh-pothen.html |publisher=[[Onmanorama]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213609/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/12/16/thalavan-jis-joy-biju-menon-asif-ali-dileesh-pothen.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Debutants Anand Thevarkatt and Sharath Perumbavoor were hired to write the screenplay.<ref name=screen/><ref>{{cite web |title=Jis Joy unveils 'Thalavan': A high-octane investigative thriller starring Biju Menon and Asif Ali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jis-joy-unveils-thalavan-a-high-octane-investigative-thriller-starring-biju-menon-and-asif-ali/articleshow/105874154.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jis-joy-unveils-thalavan-a-high-octane-investigative-thriller-starring-biju-menon-and-asif-ali/articleshow/105874154.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Arun Narayan, who had earlier produced ''[[Eesho]]'' and ''[[Chaaver]]'' decided to produce the film with Sijo Sebastian.<ref>{{cite web |title=കാക്കിക്കുള്ളിലെ പോരാട്ട കഥയുമായി ബിജു മേനോനും ആസിഫ് അലിയും; 'തലവൻ' സെക്കന്റ് ലുക്ക് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/biju-menon-and-asif-ali-movie-thalavan-second-look-poster-nrn-s60d11 |publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213609/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/biju-menon-and-asif-ali-movie-thalavan-second-look-poster-nrn-s60d11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Actors [[Miya George]], [[Dileesh Pothan]] and [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] were signed for key roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=കാക്കിക്കുള്ളിലെ പോരാട്ടങ്ങളുടെ കഥയുമായി ബിജു മേനോനും ആസിഫ് അലിയും; ജിസ് ജോയ് ചിത്രം 'തലവൻ' സെക്കന്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/asif-ali-and-biju-menon-movie-thalavan-second-look-poster-729634-2023-12-21 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213610/https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/asif-ali-and-biju-menon-movie-thalavan-second-look-poster-729634-2023-12-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Biju Menon]] was signed as a natural choice for the cop, as he had done many cop roles earlier in his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biju Menon, Asif Ali's upcoming thriller Thalavan's motion poster is out now |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/biju-menon-asif-alis-upcoming-thriller-thalavans-motion-poster-is-out-now/45d641cbf8914 |publisher=OttPlay |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213609/https://www.ottplay.com/news/biju-menon-asif-alis-upcoming-thriller-thalavans-motion-poster-is-out-now/45d641cbf8914 |url-status=live }}</ref> The director, Jis Joy, claimed ''Thalavan'' as his most successful film in terms of canvas.<ref>{{cite web |title='Thalavan' will see Asif Ali & Biju Menon at their best: Director Jis Joy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/dec/12/thalavan-will-see-asif-ali--biju-menon-at-their-best-directorjis-joy-2640636.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213609/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/dec/12/thalavan-will-see-asif-ali--biju-menon-at-their-best-directorjis-joy-2640636.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=screen>{{cite web |title=Second look poster of Asif Ali and Biju Menon's Thalavan is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/20/second-look-poster-of-asif-ali-and-biju-menons-thalavan-is-out-50582.html |publisher=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213609/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/20/second-look-poster-of-asif-ali-and-biju-menons-thalavan-is-out-50582.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=look/>

== Release and reception ==
''Thalavan'' released on 24 May 2024, received generally positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-09 |title='Thalavan', starring Biju Menon and Asif Ali, gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalavan-starring-biju-menon-and-asif-ali-gets-a-release-date/article68157285.ece |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Swathi P Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' gave a positive review praising the film as a well-crafted investigative thriller with strong performances from the leads.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Thalavan': A well-crafted investigative thriller with strong performances from Biju Menon, Asif Ali {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/05/24/thalavan-movie-review-biju-menon-asif-ali-jis-joy-malayalam.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526124229/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/05/24/thalavan-movie-review-biju-menon-asif-ali-jis-joy-malayalam.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vivek Santhosh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' also gave a positive review rating the movie 3/5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-05-25 |title='Thalavan' movie review: An engaging whodunit amid few missteps |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/May/25/thalavan-movie-review-an-engaging-whodunit-amid-few-missteps |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526124229/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/May/25/thalavan-movie-review-an-engaging-whodunit-amid-few-missteps |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', S. R. Praveen praised the film for its intriguing plot but felt it fell short of its potential.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2024-05-24 |title='Thalavan' movie review: Biju Menon, Asif Ali's thriller has an intriguing plot, but ends up wasting its potential |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalavan-movie-review-biju-menon-asif-alis-thriller-has-an-intriguing-plot-but-ends-up-wasting-its-potential/article68211119.ece |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526124229/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalavan-movie-review-biju-menon-asif-alis-thriller-has-an-intriguing-plot-but-ends-up-wasting-its-potential/article68211119.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a negative review; remarking "Jis Joy's film suffers from poorly crafted dialogues, a weak script that fails to elevate the film and abrupt shifts in tone between a police procedural and a crime thriller that detract from the overall experience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Thalavan movie review: Asif Ali, Biju Menon's crime thriller is marred by bizarre dialogues, weak script |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thalavan-movie-review-asif-ali-biju-menons-crime-thriller-is-marred-by-bizarre-dialogues-weak-script-9348068/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526124229/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thalavan-movie-review-asif-ali-biju-menons-crime-thriller-is-marred-by-bizarre-dialogues-weak-script-9348068/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Box office==
The film garnered a domestic collection of {{currency|95|INR}} lakhs on Day 1 and {{INR|60}} lakhs on Day 2,<ref>{{cite web |title=‘Thalavan’ box office collections day 2: Asif Ali gets his first hit of the year, mints 1.55 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/thalavan-box-office-collections-day-2-asif-ali-gets-his-first-hit-of-the-year-mints-rs-1-55-crores/articleshow/110439519.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> crossed 25 crores gross on 18 June, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=‘Thalavan’ crosses Rs 25 crores at the box office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/thalavan-crosses-rs-25-crores-at-the-box-office/articleshow/111079753.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 May 2025 |date=18 June 2025}}</ref> Finally, the film ended its theatrical run after 75 days with a gross collection of {{INR|46.50}} crores.<ref>{{cite web |title=75 ദിവസങ്ങൾ; 46.6 കോടിയുടെ നേട്ടത്തിൽ തലവൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/thalavan-jis-joy-asif-ali-biju-menon-film-success-box-office-1.9813588 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=1 May 2025 |date=14 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=bo/><ref>{{cite web |title=75 ദിവസങ്ങള്‍; 46.6 കോടിയുടെ ടോട്ടല്‍ ബിസിനസ്സുമായി തലവന്‍ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/08/14/biju-menon-asif-ali-thalavan-75-days-celebration.html |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=1 May 2025 |date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

==Sequel==
After the release of the film, the Director [[Jis Joy]] stated that if the audience like the film, it will have a sequel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-29 |title= Jis Joy on Thalavan 2: ''പ്രേക്ഷകർക്ക് ഇഷ്ടപ്പെട്ടാൽ അത് ഉറപ്പായിട്ടും ഉണ്ടാകും''; 'തലവൻ' രണ്ടാം ഭാ ഗത്തെ കുറിച്ച് ജിസ് ജോയ്|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/thalavan-director-jis-joy-open-up-about-thalavan-movie-second-part-197543 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Zee News|language=ml}}</ref> During the success meet of the film, the makers announced that the film will have a sequel titled ''Thalavan 2''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-20|title=തിയറ്ററിൽ അപ്രതീക്ഷിത വിജയഗാഥ, 'തലവൻ' ഒരുവരവ് കൂടി വരുന്നു, ഔദ്യോദിക പ്രഖ്യാപനം|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/asif-ali-and-biju-menon-movie-thalavan-second-part-coming-soon-thalavan-2-sgxgce|access-date=2024-07-21|website=Asianet News|language=ml|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721014838/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/asif-ali-and-biju-menon-movie-thalavan-second-part-coming-soon-thalavan-2-sgxgce|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|27510257}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]

List of Bengali films of 2009

2026-01-14T09:50:51Z

Rajesh Ghosh: fixed issues

#Redirect [[List of Bengali films]]

Saurashtra (state)

2026-01-09T04:32:31Z

Rajesh Ghosh: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Former State of the India Union}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = United State of Kathiawar {{small|{{small|{{nobold|(15 February 1948 – 1 November 1948)}}}}}}<hr>United State of Saurashtra {{small|{{small|{{nobold|(1948–1956)}}}}}}
|common_name =Saurashtra
|nation = [[India]]
|status_text = Former [[States and union territories of India|State of India]]
|era =
|year_start = 1948
|date_start = 15 February
|event_start= Abolition of the [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]]
|year_end = 1956
|date_end = 1 November
|event_end= Merger into [[Bombay State]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 = Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency
|s1 =Bombay State
|flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|flag_s1 = Emblem of Bombay State.png
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Saurashtra in India (1951).svg
|image_map_caption = Saurashtra State in India, 1951
|stat_area1 =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|footnotes =
|capital =[[Rajkot]]
}}
'''Saurashtra State''', formally known as the '''United State of Kathiawar''' and later the '''United State of Saurashtra''', was a [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[India]] that existed between 1948 and 1956.<ref name=s>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html States of India since 1947]</ref> It was located on the peninsula of [[Kathiawar]], and [[Rajkot]] was its capital.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2EuKAAAAMAAJ&q=rajkot+capital+of+united+state+of+kathiawar For all practical purposes, the capital continues to be in Rajkot, whereas Rajpramukh continues to live in Jamnagar]</ref>

== History ==
[[File:SaurashtraKart.jpg|thumb|United Saurashtra (Kathiawar) State, 1948-56]]

=== Formation as United State of Kathiawar ===
Saurashtra state was originally named the United State of Kathiawar. It was formed on 15 February 1948, from approximately 200 large and small [[Princely state|princely states]] of the colonial [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]] of the [[British Raj]] territory under direct colonial rule.

The name of State was given after the [[Kathiawar]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]], both of which generally denote the same geographical region of lands on the main peninsula of Gujarat.
The persuasions of [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and the influence of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] are credited for persuading most of the States of Kathiawar to join the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] and sign the [[Instrument of Accession]]. Patel met and managed to convince the local princes and petty subas, totaling 222 in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] alone.
Among these in Kathiawar Agency were 14 [[Salute state]]s, 17 minor and 191 petty non-salute princely states and 46 Estates (Jagir-level). Most of the native rulers of the Kathiawar States entered into a Covenant for the formation of the United State of Kathiawar on 24 January 1948.<ref>[http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1311425/ The Rulers of the Kathiawar States, including Wadhwan State, entered into a Covenant for the formation of the United State of Kathiawar on 24 January 1948.]</ref><ref>[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5231307M/The_covenant_entered_into_by_the_rulers_of_Kathiawar_States_for_the_formation_of_the_United_States_of_Kathiawar. The covenant, entered into by the rulers of Kathiawar States for the formation of the United State of Kathiawar.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Political and administrative integration of princely states By S. N. Sadasivan|pages=26, 27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWptYbzpXE8C&q=UNITED+STATE+OF+KATHIAWAR&pg=PA26|isbn=9788170999683|last1=Sadasivan|first1=S. N.|year=2005 |publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><ref name=p>[http://www.oocities.org/indianphilately/chapter23a.htm Indian Philately]</ref>

The large Kathiawar peninsula included some prominent [[princely state]]s of India, notably [[salute state]]:
* the vast [[Baroda State]], title Maharaja Gaekwar, hereditary salute of 21 guns (highest native rank in colonial India)
* [[Idar (princely state)|Idar]], title Maharaja, hereditary salute of 15 guns
* [[Bhavnagar State]], title Maharaja, hereditary salute of 13 guns (15 guns local)
* [[Nawanagar State|Navanagar]], title Maharaja Jam Sahib, hereditary salute of 13 guns (15 guns local)
* [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra(-Halvad)]], title Maharaja Raj Sahib, hereditary salute of 13 guns (local 15 gun).
* [[Porbandar State|Porbandar]], title Maharaja Rana Sahib, Hereditary salute of 13-guns
* [[Rajpipla State]], title Rajpipla, Hereditary salute of 13-guns
* [[Cambay State|Cambay]], title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Gondal (state)|Gondal]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Morvi State|Morvi]], title Maharan, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Wankaner State|Wankaner]], title Maharana Raj Sahib, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Baria State|Baria]], title Maharaol, Hereditary salute of 9-guns (11-guns personal)
* [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 9-guns (11-guns personal)
* [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]], title Thakore Sahib, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Limbdi State|Limbdi]], title Thakore Sahib, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Palitana State|Palitana]], title Thakore Sahib, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Rajkot State|Rajkot]], title Thakore Sahib, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Sachin State|Sachin]], title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Wadhwan State|Wadhwan]], title Maharana, Hereditary salute of 9-guns

and many smaller non-salute-states, including petty (e)states, often not more than one or two villages, making the peninsula the most fragmented of feudal age India.

Among the States of Kathiawar, [[Baroda State]] -which was the third largest Princely state of India, having its territories scattered over [[Dwarka]] in West of Kathiawar to [[Bombay]] in South- did not sign the covenant for the formation of the United State of Kathiawar. Instead the erstwhile [[Gaekwar]] Maharaja of Baroda, [[Pratap Singh Gaekwad]] declared a full responsible Government on 4 September 1948, under [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]], as Prime Minister of the State, as per scheme envisioned by Sardar Patel. The Baroda State later merged itself into [[Bombay State]] on 1 May 1949.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xdI-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=k0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3890,6471046&dq=baroda-state&hl=en Baroda State - responsible government]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KcO1AAAAIAAJ&q=MERGER+OF+BARODA+STATE [ Baroda' s merger into Bombay on 1-5-1949 was an event which Sardar built brick by brick...]Sardar Patel, in tune with the millions, Volume 2</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5Hw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=4UsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5018,2762425&dq=baroda-state&hl=en Baroda State]</ref>

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel inaugurated the United State of Kathiawar on 15 February 1948. On this occasion he paid tribute to [[Jam Sahib]] and the other rulers of erstwhile Princely States of Kathiawar, saying:
{{cquote|But for vision, wisdom and patriotism, the happy result you are seeing today would not have fructified. It was Mahatma Gandhi's dream that Kathiawar should be united and it gladdens my heart that dream of such unification has come true.<ref name=v>{{cite book|title=India's bismarck, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel By B.Krishna|pages=112, 113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLr7z6gNcV0C&q=UNITED+STATE+OF+KATHIAWAR&pg=PA112|isbn=9788188569144|last1=Krishna|first1=B.|year=2007 |publisher=Indus Source }}</ref>}}

The [[Jam Sahib]] [[K. S. Digvijaysinhji]] of [[Nawanagar State]] one of the chief negotiator from the side of rulers of Kathiawar in his reply observed and said:
{{cquote|It is not as if we were tired monarchs who were fanned to rest. It is not as we have been bullied into submission. We have by our own free volition pooled our sovereignties and covenanted to create this new State so that the United State of Kathiawar and unity of India may more fully be achieved<ref name=v/>}}

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] described the event as a great step forward and one of the most notable in contemporary Indian history.<ref name=v/> He further commended the statesmanship of Sardar Patel and further wrote in his letter to provincial chief ministers on 20 February 1948:
{{cquote|Six months ago it would have been considered an idle dream to think of an administrative merger of hundreds of Kathiawar states, let alone such a merger accompanied by a full responsible government. The peninsula was ridden by factions and jealousies and it was crazy patchwork of States of varying degree of sovereignty, with only one thing in common, namely, autocratic rule. On February 15 the whole of peninsula became one unit under one Government. For which, Sardar Patel has won tribute.<ref name=v/>}}

Upon formation of United State of Kathiawar, [[Lord Mountbatten]] also congratulated Sardar Patel, saying:
{{cquote|It appears that you have again scored a brilliant success in your handling of Kathiawar States problem.<ref name=v/>}}

However, it was sad that Mahatma Gandhi was not alive by that time to see his dream of whole of Kathiawar getting united under one umbrella.

Even after creation of United State of Kathiawar, there were some patches of lands in Kathiawar belonging to princely states of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]], [[Mangrol State|Mangrol]], [[Bantva Manavadar|Manavadar]] and others, which did not join the convention and were wishing to join [[Pakistan]]. It was later after [[Violence|violent]] [[Indian integration of Junagadh|integration of Junagadh]] into Union of India that a referendum was held and Junagadh, Mangrol, Manavadar, [[Babariawad]] ([[Rajula]]) and others became ''a legal part of India''. However, due to some technicalities, these territories even after the referendum remained under an Executive Council of popular representatives of Junagadh led by [[Samaldas Gandhi]], for some time, who assisted the administrator appointed by Government of India in managing affairs of these states.<ref name=p/>

=== Renamed Saurashtra ===
In November 1948, the United State of Kathiawar was renamed the United State of Saurashtra or Saurashtra State, when a supplementary covenant was negotiated and executed by the native rulers of the princely states merged into United State of Kathiawar.<ref name=p/>

Once the Saurashtra Union came into existence, a second supplementary covenant was executed in January 1949, providing the integration of Junagadh with Saurashtra. A few days later on 20 February 1949, the administration of [[Junagadh State]] (another major salute state) and also that of [[Mangrol State|Mangrol]], [[Bantva Manavadar|Manavadar]], [[Babariawad State|Babariawad]](rajula), [[Bantva]] and [[Sardargarh Bantva|Sardargarh]] were officially handed over to Saurashtra Government.<ref name=p/>

=== Dissolution ===
On 1 November 1956<ref name=s/> Saurashtra State ceased to exist as a state and became a part of Bombay State, the territory of which was enlarged on that day to include [[Kutch State]], Saurashtra State, [[Marathwada]] & [[Vidarbha]], while a southern portion was excluded, which went to [[Karnataka]].

Following [[Mahagujarat Movement]], the [[Bombay State]] was again dissolved to be carved into two separate states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] created on linguistic basis on 1 May 1960<ref name=s/> With this, the area of Saurashtra State again became a geographically defined region, [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], within the State of Gujarat.

== Chief officers ==

=== Monarchs ===
The following princes of salute states served as [[Rajpramukh]] (premier Prince), i.e. Head of the State :
* [[Krishna Kumarasingh Bhavasingh|Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavsinhji]] (b. 1912 - d. 1965), the last ruler of [[Bhavnagar State]], was acting Rajpramukh.
* [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji]], last ruler of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], was Rajpramukh from 1948 until 31 October 1956<ref name=s/>
** [[Meghrajji III|Mayurdwajsinhji Meghrajji III]], the last ruler of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra State]], was appointed as Upa-Rajpramukh alias Deputy Rajapramukh, to serve as acting Rajpramukh during the absence of Rajpramukh. He worked as Uprajpramukh from 1948 till 1956.

=== Prime Ministers ===
* [[U. N. Dhebar|Uchharangray Navalshankar Dhebar]] acted as Prime Minister of State from 15 February 1948 till 26 January 1950 (b. 1905 - d. 1977) INC.<ref name=s/>

=== Chief Ministers ===
* [[U. N. Dhebar|Uchharangray Navalshankar Dhebar]] acted as Chief Minister of State from 26 January 1950 till 19 December 1954 (b. 1905 - d. 1977) INC.<ref name=s/>
* [[Rasiklal Umedchand Parikh]] was second and last Chief Minister of State from 19 December 1954 till 31 October 1956 (b. 1910 - d. 1982) INC .<ref name=s/>

== See also ==
* [[1952 Saurashtra Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]]
* [[Political integration of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html WorldStatesmen - India - States post 1947]

{{Coord|21.5|N|70.13|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

{{States of India on 26 January 1950}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Saurashtra (state)| ]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Political integration of India]]
[[Category:Vallabhbhai Patel]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1956]]

Renu Malhotra

2025-12-29T09:45:04Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added a details added tags

{{short description|American planetary scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Renu Malhotra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1961}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]] (MS) [[Cornell University]] (PhD)
| workplaces = [[University of Arizona]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Stanley Dermott]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Planet migration in the Solar system
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| website = https://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~renu/
}}

'''Renu Malhotra''' (born 1961) is an American [[planetary scientist]] from India, known for using the [[orbital resonance]] between [[Pluto]] and [[Neptune]] to infer large-scale orbital migration of the [[giant planet]]s and to predict the existence of [[Plutino]]s in resonance with [[Neptune]]. The asteroid [[6698 Malhotra]] was named for her on 14 December 1997 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 31025}}).<ref name="springer" /><ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" /> She is credited by the [[Minor Planet Center]] with the co-discovery of {{mpl|(455206) 2001 FE|193}}, a [[trans-Neptunian object]] in the Kuiper belt.

== Early life and career ==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 0.9em;"
|+ [[Minor planet]]s discovered: 1<ref name="MPC-Discoverers" />
| {{mpl|(455206) 2001 FE|193}} || 27 March 2001 || {{MPC|455206}}
|}

Renu Malhotra was born in [[New Delhi]] in 1961. Her father was an aircraft engineer at [[Indian Airlines]]. Her family moved to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] when she was a child.<ref>{{cite book|title=Beyond Pluto: Exploring the Outer Limits of the Solar System|year=2001|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1139428774|page=109|author=John Davies}}</ref> She attended the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]], graduating with an [[Master of Science|M.S.]] degree in Physics in 1983.<ref>[https://alumni.iitd.ac.in/home/index.php/2006/11/03/prof-renu-malhotra/ Prof. Renu Malhotra - AAIP - IITD Alumni - IIT Delhi] - website of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi</ref> Malhotra then attended [[Cornell University]], where she was introduced to [[non-linear dynamics]] by [[Mitchell Feigenbaum]].<ref name=x/> She received her [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree in Physics from Cornell in 1988, with [[Stanley Dermott]] as her doctoral advisor. With the help of [[Peter Goldreich]] who had read her paper on the [[moons of Uranus]], she obtained a postdoctoral research position at [[California Institute of Technology]]. She then worked for nine years at [[Lunar and Planetary Institute]], where she completed work on [[Pluto]]'s orbital resonance and predicted the resonant structure of the [[Kuiper Belt]].<ref name=x>{{cite book|title=New Worlds and the Fate of Pluto|year=2009|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|isbn=978-0387778051|pages=166–72|author=Govert Schilling}}</ref> Malhotra is currently a professor at the [[University of Arizona]]'s [[Lunar and Planetary Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0312254537|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312254537/page/398 398]|editor=David Levy|date=2000-11-22|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312254537/page/398}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
* 1997 [[Harold C. Urey Prize]]<ref name=x/>
* 2006 Outstanding Alumnus Award from [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Take charge, Premji tells students|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/13/stories/2006081315540300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819085625/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/13/stories/2006081315540300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 August 2006}}</ref>
* 2010 Galileo Circle Fellow, [[University of Arizona]]
* 2015 [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
* 2015 [[National Academy of Sciences]]
* 2016 Louise Foucar Marshall Science Research Professor
* 2016 Regents' Professor, University of Arizona

== See also ==
* {{Section link|List of minor planet discoverers|R. Malhotra}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
|chapter = (6698) Malhotra
|page = 550
|date = 2007
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_6043}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|accessdate = 24 August 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Discoverers">{{cite web
|title = Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html
|date = 20 August 2016
|accessdate = 24 August 2016}}</ref>

</references> 

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Renu}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Discoverers of minor planets]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:University of Arizona faculty]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Lunar and Planetary Institute]]

Economy of Kollam

2025-12-02T17:51:15Z

Rajesh Ghosh: refine structure to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}'''[[Kollam]]''' or '''[[Quilon]]''' is an old seaport and a [[city]] on the [[Laccadive Sea]] coast in [[Kerala]], [[India]], on [[Ashtamudi Lake]].<ref>[http://www.kerala-tourism.net/kerala-cities.html Cities of Kerala]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerala-tour-package.net/Kerala_Cities.htm |title=Kerala Cities |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124153004/http://www.kerala-tour-package.net/Kerala_Cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/a/K Alphabetical listing of Places in State of Kerala]</ref> The city remains notable as the ancient commercial capital of [[Kerala]] and the southwestern [[India|Indian]] coast, in addition to its fame as the "Cashew Capital of the World". The [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]] has the second largest budget in [[Kerala]] in terms of revenue and expenditure.<ref name="Housing gets priority in Kollam Corporation budget">{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/housing-gets-priority-in-kollam-corporation-budget/article7038439.ece | title = Housing gets priority in Kollam Corporation budget | newspaper = The Hindu | year = 2015| last1 = Pereira | first1 = Ignatius }}</ref>

[[File:RP Mall, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|Street view of [[Downtown Kollam]], the largest commercial center in the city of Kollam]]

==Overview==
[[File:Dreams Mall(Lulu Market), Kottiyam.jpg|thumb|Dreams Mall ([[LuLu Group International|Lulu Hyper Market]]), Kottiyam in [[Kollam District]]]]
The [[Kollam Port|Kollam sea port]] was founded by Mar Abo in 825 AD, sanctioned via the Tamil king of Venad (otherwise called the [[Ay kingdom]]), Udayamarthandavarma. The trade and business culture of [[Quilon]] is as old as [[Kollam Port]]. [[Kollam]] was the most famous port city in India, serving as a business hub for merchants from [[China]], [[Middle East]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]] and other [[Eastern Mediterranean|Eastern Mediterranean countries]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/emergence-of-antiques-triggers-treasure-hunt-in-kollam/article5711850.ece Emergence of antiques triggers treasure hunt in Kollam]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shards-of-the-past-point-to-kollam-ports-glory-days/article5728896.ece Shards of the past point to Kollam port’s glory days]</ref> The recent discovery of treasures and remnants at the [[Kollam Port]] area substantiates claims concerning ancient trade activities related to old the [[Quilon]] city; archaeologists believe that there is an engulfed city in the seabed of the current [[Kollam Port]].

Since the 1950s, local businessmen are active in the business of the city; key players, like the TKM Group, started their first business center and potentially the first mall at the heart of Kollam in 1950, at [[Chinnakada]]. This enterprise included several shops and the Grand and Prince Theatres. Their first bakery, "Supreme", started in 1984 at Chinnakada, now a prominent group across [[Kollam]], [[Kochi]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/supremes-upper-crust-serves-a-combination-of-cuisines-from-continental-to-traditional-indian/article29725145.ece |title=Kochi gets a new multi-cuisine address |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair }}</ref> [[Kollam]] is a moderately industrialized city, with several of the major employers in the [[public sector]] remaining [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]] (IRE), [[Kerala Minerals and Metals|Kerala Metals and Minerals Limited]], [[United Electrical Industries Limited]] or UNILEC (popularly known as the Meter Company), the Kerala Primo Pipe Factory, [[Parvathy Mills Limited]], ALIND Kundara and Kerala Ceramics.

The industrial estates within the city include:
* The Industrial Estate at [[Mundakkal]]<ref name="Handovering the land of Ceramics Industrial estate to CAPEX in Kollam">{{cite web | url = http://www.keralaindustry.org/malayalam/images/gos/2013/89.pdf | title = Land for CAPEX at Kollam | year = 2013 | access-date = 16 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140529090630/http://www.keralaindustry.org/malayalam/images/gos/2013/89.pdf | archive-date = 29 May 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and
* The SIDCO Industrial Estate at Umayanalloor/<ref name="SIDCO Industrial estate, Umayanalloor, Kollam">{{cite web | url = http://keralasidco.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=80&Itemid=103 | title = SIDCO Industrial Estate, Kollam }}</ref>

==Economy==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:80%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:#CD5C5C;"|'''Organizations/Councils based in the city''' 
|- style="background:#ccc;"
||'''No.'''|||| style="background:#ccc;"|'''Council/Organization'''|| style="background:#ccc;"|
|-
| 1|||| style="background:#FFE4C4;"|[[Cashew Export Promotion Council of India]]||
|-
| 2|||| style="background:#FFE4C4;"|[[Kerala Minerals and Metals|Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited(KMML)]]||
|-
| 3|||| style="background:#FFE4C4;"|[[Kollam Port]]||
|-
| 4|||| style="background:#FFE4C4;"|[[Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited]]||
|-
| 5|||| style="background:#FFE4C4;"|[[United Electrical Industries Limited]]||
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc;"|
|-
|colspan="6" |
|}

[[Kollam]] is a relatively industrialized city, and the [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]] is the second-largest revenue-earning city corporation in [[Kerala]], second to [[Kochi]]. The meeting of three National Highways and a flourishing [[Kollam Port|Port]] has made the city a favorable location for export and import businesses. Educational institutions like the [[TKMCE|TKM College of Engineering]] are known as the "cradle of Kerala entrepreneurs", as they greatly encourage entrepreneurial activities. [[Kollam]] was the third city in Kerala to adopt a shopping mall culture, (after [[Kochi]] and [[Kozhikode]]).{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Kollam district]] ranks first in livestock wealth in the state. [[Downtown Kollam]] is the leading [[central business district]] of the city, with the city remaining the most populous incorporated city in [[Kerala]] until 2005; during that time, the population density in the city was 6041 individuals per square kilometer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_planning/er/chapter22.pdf |title=LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN KERALA - Economic Review 2003 |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2014-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025409/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_planning/er/chapter22.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Because of [[Kollam]]'s importance as a trade and export hub, the Export Inspection Council of India (EICI) runs a sub-office with a laboratory facility in the city, one of the 7 sub-offices of the EICI in [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eicindia.gov.in/eicold/eic/pdf/EIA-Kochi.pdf |title=EICI - Kochi |access-date=17 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023144722/http://www.eicindia.gov.in/eicold/eic/pdf/EIA-Kochi.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eicindia.gov.in/Contact-Us/Contact-US/EIC-Network.aspx |title=EICI - Network |access-date=17 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127075358/http://www.eicindia.gov.in/Contact-Us/Contact-US/EIC-Network.aspx |archive-date=27 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Along with the city, the town of [[Punalur]] and suburbs of cities such as [[Chavara]] and [[Kundara]] are also industrially well-developed in nature.

==The cashew business==
{{Main|Cashew business in Kollam}}
[[Kollam]] is the largest processed cashew exporter in the world; in recent years, over 600 cashew processing centres developed in the city and approximately 800,000 tonnes of raw cashews are brought to [[Kollam]] for processing every year.<ref name="The Economic Times">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111101143805/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news/30189382_1_kollam-backwaters-tourism-infrastructure Kollam, Ashtamudi Lake - great alternatives to Kochi, Vembanad Lake]</ref> 90% of [[India]]'s export quality cashew kernels are prepared from [[Kollam]], with the city remaining known as the "Cashew Capital of the World".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111101143805/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news/30189382_1_kollam-backwaters-tourism-infrastructure Kollam, Ashtamudi Lake – great alternatives to Kochi, Vembanad Lake]</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.commodityonline.com/news/keralas-cashew-industry-survives-on-foreign-nuts-7280-3-7281.html |title=Kerala's cashew industry survives on foreign nuts |publisher=commodityonline |access-date=2014-11-14}}</ref> The [[Cashew Export Promotion Council of India|CEPCI]], responsible for the promotion of cashew exports, is expecting a rise in exported products to 275,000 tonnes by 2020.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/cashew-body-sets-target-to-double-exports-by-2020-108122901044_1.html] CEPCI – Kollam</ref>

Two principal councils/agencies are working at [[Kollam]] for the growth of the cashew business of the city, in addition to its export promotion; they are the [[Cashew Export Promotion Council of India|Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI)]] and the [[Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited|Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited (KSCDC)]].

=== Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ===
[[File:Cashew @ Paravur.jpg|right|thumb|Nila's cashew packets displayed in a supermarket at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near [[Kollam]]. Nila Cashews is one of Kollam's cashew exporters]]
{{Main|Cashew Export Promotion Council of India}}
The national government established the [[Cashew Export Promotion Council of India]] (CEPCI) in 1955 with the active cooperation of the cashew industry, with the stated mission of promoting exports of cashew kernels and [[Cashew#Cashew shell oil|cashew shell oil]] from India.<ref name="cashewindia.org">[http://www.cashewindia.org/] CEPCI - Kollam</ref> The CEPC is headquartered in the [[Mundakkal]] area of Kollam, serving as an intermediary between importers of cashew kernels and exporters who are members of the council.<ref>[http://www.cashewindia.org/] CEPCI - BS</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollamcity.in/cepc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014070603/http://kollamcity.in/cepc |archive-date=2014-10-14 }} CEPCI</ref> It is also tasked with dispute resolution when problems arise on account of matters including quality standards and breaches of contract between parties, in particular with regard to import and export contracts. It undertakes numerous additional activities, such as: organising global buyer-seller meetings; organizing studies on the nutritional aspects of the cashew; and providing support to cashew processors and exporters for the improvement of their infrastructure.<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/exports/cashew-industry-india.aspx] Cashew Industry In India</ref>

=== Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited ===
{{Main|Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited}}
The [[Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited|Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited (KSCDC)]] is a model employer in the cashew industry field, protecting the interest of workers and providing maximum employment to its workers; they additionally give statutory benefits like minimum wages and bonuses, prevailing in the cashew industry. The corporation remains headquartered within the city of Kollam, with its head office is situated at the Cashew House, in Mundakkal.<ref>[http://www.cashewindia.org/php/searchResults_full.php?txtcompany=The%20Kerala%20State%20Cashew%20Development%20Corporation%20Lt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020002604/http://www.cashewindia.org/php/searchResults_full.php?txtcompany=The%20Kerala%20State%20Cashew%20Development%20Corporation%20Lt |date=20 October 2014 }} Kollam Cashew Organizations - KSCDC, CEPCI</ref> KSCDC was incorporated in July 1969 and initiated commercial activities in the year 1971, as a company wholly owned by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>[http://www.cashewcorporation.com/] KSCDC, Kollam</ref> The corporation now possesses a turnover of more than Rs. 250 crores.

==The seafood export business==
Kollam is one of the famous seafood exporting business hubs of [[India]], with many seafood exporting companies stationed din the city. The large majority of the companies work in the [[Maruthadi]], [[Sakthikulangara]], [[Kavanad]], [[Neendakara]], [[Asramam]], [[Kilikollur]], [[Thirumullavarum|Thirumullavaram]] and [[Uliyakovil]] areas of the city.<ref>[http://www.keralaexporters.com/categories/food/] Kerala Exporters</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpeda.com/exporters/IQF/ExportersOtherMarineProducts.htm |title=Exporters of Dried Marine Products |access-date=2014-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043858/http://www.mpeda.com/exporters/IQF/ExportersOtherMarineProducts.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 }} Kollam - Marine Food Exporters</ref> Companies such as Capithans, Kings Marine Exporters, India Food Exports and Oceanic Fisheries are some of the renowned names from the city in the seafood business.<ref>[http://e-mpeda.nic.in/registration/Exporter_Item.aspx?pcode=05&product=Live%20other%20than%20ornamental%20fish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209205334/http://e-mpeda.nic.in/registration/Exporter_Item.aspx?pcode=05&product=Live%20other%20than%20ornamental%20fish |date=9 December 2014 }} Registered Kerala Exporters</ref> The dynamic development of the [[Kollam Port]] will accelerate further development of the seafood business in the city. The total export contribution from the city is very high compared to other [[Kerala]] cities.<ref>[http://www.keralaports.gov.in/doc/Kollam%20Final%20DFR/Final%20DFR%20Kollam%20Report.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213028/http://www.keralaports.gov.in/doc/Kollam%20Final%20DFR/Final%20DFR%20Kollam%20Report.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} Port of Kollam - Deloitte</ref> [[Kochi]] based [[Marine Products Export Development Authority|Marine Products Export Development Authority(MPEDA)]]'s one among seven sub-regional offices is situated at [[Chinnakada]] in the city due to the importance of it as a significant marine food exporting business hub.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpeda.com/overview/our.htm |title=Our Network |access-date=2015-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126132602/http://www.mpeda.com/overview/our.htm |archive-date=2015-01-26 }} OFFICES OF MPEDA - Kollam</ref>

==Clam fishery==
[[File:Lake Ashtamudi, Jan 2020.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ashtamudi Lake|Lake Ashtamudi]] and KTDC hotel]]
[[Kollam]]'s clam fishery is now world-famous, being the only [[Marine Stewardship Council|Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)]]-certified fishery in [[India]]; the [[Marine Stewardship Council]] is an international non-profit organization set up to help transform the seafood market into a sustainable endeavor.

[[Ashtamudi Lake]] in Kollam, a Ramsar wetland of international importance and the second largest estuarine system in Kerala, is the major source of the clam used in this fishery. It has extensive mangrove habitats harboring approximately 90 species of fish and 10 species of clams, with the clam fishery in the city remaining initiated in 1981. It supports the livelihood of around 3,000 fishermen involved in the collecting, cleaning, processing and trading of clams.

80% of [[India]]'s export-quality clams come from [[Kollam]]. The growth of Ashtamudi’s commercial fishery was driven by demand from [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]] and [[Malaysia]] in the 1980s and 90s. By 1991, the catch peaked at 10,000 tonnes a year, but declined by 50 percent in 1993 due to overfishing. Today, An average of 10,000 tonnes of clam fishing per year occurs within proximity to the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Sustainable-Fishing-Practice-of-Thekkumbhagam-Wins-Acclaims/2014/11/06/article2509940.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216130909/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Sustainable-Fishing-Practice-of-Thekkumbhagam-Wins-Acclaims/2014/11/06/article2509940.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2014 |title=Sustainable Fishing Practice of Thekkumbhagam Wins Acclaims |publisher=Times of India |access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Ashtamudi-Yellow-Clams-of-Get-MSC-Certification/2014/11/07/article2511590.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130115030/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Ashtamudi-Yellow-Clams-of-Get-MSC-Certification/2014/11/07/article2511590.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2014 |title=Ashtamudi Yellow Clams of Get MSC Certification |publisher=Times of India |access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref>

Apart from this, the main fishing areas of the city, like [[Sakthikulangara]], [[Neendakara]] and [[Tangasseri]], have emerged as the main source of [[lanternfish]], a rich source of [[Omega-3 fatty acid]]. About 50 to 60 tonnes of [[Lanternfish]] are caught at the [[Sakthikulangara]] fishing harbor every day, sold at Rs.16/kg. This provides approximately Rs.50,000 per fishing trip for an individual boat. This fish is exclusively traded from the [[Sakthikulangara]] harbor within the [[Kerala]] state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/out-of-the-blue-a-bounty/article7096716.ece |title=Out of the blue, a bounty |work=The Hindu |access-date=2015-04-13}}</ref>

==Pencil slat manufacturing==
[[Kollam]] is the largest pencil slat manufacturing hub of [[India]]., with more than 160 slat production units in [[Kollam]], employing approximately 5,000 individuals. These [[Kollam]]-based units meet a good portion of the demand for pencil slats in the country and worldwide, with 35% of the pencil slots manufactured in the world coming from [[Kerala]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20141021080930/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/17/stories/2004011704700300.htm] Pencil slat production stopped</ref> Of the approximately 170 pencil slot manufacturing units in [[Kerala]], 125 are based in and around [[Kollam district]]. These units are export approximately 160 loads of slots per month to companies across the world. This, according to slot manufacturers, is enough to make 20 crore pencils a month.<ref>[http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=6&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIKRKO&mydateHid=08-02-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Kochi&edname=&articleid=Ar00603&publabel=TOI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021125528/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=6&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIKRKO&mydateHid=08-02-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Kochi&edname=&articleid=Ar00603&publabel=TOI |date=21 October 2014 }} Pencil slot manufacturing units to reopen on Friday</ref> A slot is of 185mm length, 77mm width and 5.5mm thickness; each load exported contains 300 bags with 900 slots bundled into each of them.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} On average, each month, 150 loads of pencil slat consignment go to pencil factories based in [[Delhi]], [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]] and various places in [[Gujarat]]. Over 30 countries depend on pencil slot manufacturing units in [[Kollam]], which produce pencils under varying brand names.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Pencil-slot-manufacturing-sector-in-crisis/articleshow/18356413.cms] Pencil slot manufacturing sector in crisis</ref> These factories are working with the support of their associations, namely The Kerala Slots Factories Association and the Kerala State Small Industries Association (KSSIA). Most of the important staff office bearers of these associations are from [[Kollam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kssia.com/office.html |title=KSSIA |access-date=2014-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141021080933/http://www.kssia.com/office.html |archive-date=2014-10-21 }} The state office bearers of KSSIA</ref>

==Kollam Port==
[[File:Port of Kollam, Mar 2016.jpg|right|thumb|A distant view of [[Kollam Port]]]]
{{Main|Kollam Port}}
Port operations are responsible for generating a large portion of revenue in [[Kollam]]; the [[Kollam Port]], situated 4 kilometers away from the heart of the city, is one of 20 major ports in India and is the second major port in [[Kerala]], after the [[Cochin Port]].<ref name="The Economic Times"/> Construction equipment, sand, cashews and industrial products for companies and organisations including the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)]] and [[Kerala Minerals and Metals|Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited (KMML)]] are transported through [[Kollam Port]]. To modernize the state's second-largest port, The [[Government of Kerala]] is planning to build a wharf for the port, capable of accommodating 6 ships at a time. It is one of the two ports in [[Kerala]] with an online customs clearance facility and a Vessel Tracking and Monitoring System or VTMS. The port is now undergoing a second phase of development worth Rs.125 crores.<ref name="Kollam - Port City Project - News published in Mathrubhumi Daily">{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/thangassery-port-plans-get-cabinet-nod/article3320903.ece | title = Thangassery port plans get Cabinet nod | year = 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |title=കൊല്ലം തുറമുഖത്തെ കസ്റ്റംസ് ക്ളിയറന്‍സുകള്‍ ഓണ്‍ലൈന്‍ സംവിധാനത്തിലേക്ക്| madhyamam |access-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022170950/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |archive-date=2014-10-22 }} Online Customs Clearance Facility for Kollam Port to be ready in a month</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141207185259/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Rs-2.88-cr-Sanctioned/2014/10/18/article2482917.ece] Rs 2.88 cr Sanctioned</ref>

==Information technology==
[[Information technology|IT]] development is a major revenue earner of [[Kollam]]. A large technology park, Kollam Technopark, is functioning in the suburb of the city, which is the only technological park in [[India]] that will be accessible by road, rail, water, and air transportation facilities after the inauguration of [[Kerala Seaplane|Seaplane]] service was scheduled to start in December 2014. The [[Government of Kerala]] began several small Information Technology parks, named [[Techno-lodge]]s, prior to the recent project in the neighborhoods of the city, but these projects ceased operation following their initiation.

The Kollam Technopark is part of [[Technopark, Trivandrum]], built on the hub-and-spoke model for the development of the Information Technology industry in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.technopark.org/companies/a-z-listing?controller=companies&view=companies&cid=4 |title=Technopark - Kollam |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705161210/http://www.technopark.org/companies/a-z-listing?controller=companies&view=companies&cid=4 |archive-date=5 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the second phase of development for the IT industry in Kerala, the Kollam Technopark shall remain constructed in one of the earliest industrial towns of Kerala, [[Kundara]]. Located on the banks of the Kanjiracode Lake, a tributary of the [[Ashtamudi Lake|Ashtamudi]] in Kollam. this technopark is to offer support including uniform talent distribution, infrastructure and support for IT platforms (e.g. telecom, datacom and digital exchanges), excellent infrastructure availability and back-up support available in Kollam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://technopark.org/component/content/article/206 |title=Kollam Technopark |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625130711/http://technopark.org/component/content/article/206 |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/technopark-s-first-spoke-it-park-at-kollam-opens-111021600038_1.html |title=Business Standards |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaitnews.com/twixt-technologies-first-company-to-set-up-shop-in-kollam-technopark/ |title=Twixt Technologies – First Company to set up shop in Kollam Technopark |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>

==Notable firms==
Kollam has an array of manufacturing and other industrial corporations, including mineral sand mining and related material production plants, such as electrical equipment and [[Titanium sponge]] in the city.{{cn|date=September 2020}}

=== United Electrical Industries Limited (UNILEC), Pallimukku ===
{{Main|United Electrical Industries Limited}}
[[United Electrical Industries Limited]], an [[ISO 9001:2000]]-accredited State Level Public Enterprise, has been successfully operating in the electrical engineering sector since 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unilecindia.com/sample3/ |title=United Electrical Industries Ltd. |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> This company is one of the pioneers in energy meter manufacturing and Switchgear items and is situated at Pallimukku in the city. UEI Ltd. has supplied over 40 lakhs of electromechanical meters and 50 lakhs of electronic meters for domestic and industrial purposes. The company received several awards for the achievements for their efforts in energy conservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kseboa.org/news/united-electrical-industriesuei-receives-energy-conservation-award-1512434.html |title=United Electrical Industries(UEI) receives energy conservation award |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) ===
[[File:Indian Rare Earths Limited at Kovilthottam in Kollam, Nov 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Corporate Research Centre of [[Indian Rare Earths]] in Kollam]]
[[Indian Rare Earths|Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL)]] is a government-owned ISO 9002 Certified corporation in [[India]]. One of the four production plants of [[Indian Rare Earths|IREL]] is situated near [[Chavara]], in the suburbs of the city. The plant operates on a mining area containing as high as a percentage of 40% with regard to heavy minerals and extending over a length of 23 kilometres in the [[Chavara]] belt. The present annual production capacity of the [[Chavara]] unit, engaged in dry and wet (dredging or up-gradation) mining and mineral separation, stands at 1,54,000t of [[ilmenite]], 9,500t of [[rutile]], 14,000t of [[zircon]] and 7,000t of [[sillimanite]]. The plant additionally possesses facilities for the annual production of ground zircon called Zirflor (-45 micron) and Microzir (1-3 micron) on the order of 6,000t and 500t, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irel.gov.in/ |title=Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714110927/http://irel.gov.in/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The other plants of the company remain the plant at [[Manavalakurichi]], OSCOM and the Rare Earths Division at [[Aluva]].

The Kollam coast of [[Kerala]] possesses the largest mineral sand deposit within the nation.<ref name="Indian Rare Earths Limited IREL">{{cite web |url=http://www.irel.gov.in/scripts/unit.asp |title=Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113114214/http://www.irel.gov.in/scripts/unit.asp |archive-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This belt, commonly known as the [[Chavara]] deposit after its main locality, covers a total length of 22  kilometres and a width of approximately 8 kilometres along its northern side, in addition to approximately 6 kilometres along its southern side. The Chavara barrier beach portion contains a concentration of heavy minerals above 60% and the Chavara deposit is estimated to contain approximately 127 million tonnes of heavy minerals, with an ilmenite content of 80 million tonnes from a reserve of raw sand encompassing 1400 million tonnes. The deposit is quite rich with regard to ilmenite, rutile and zircon; the ilmenite deposits within the region happen to be of weathered variety, including an approximate [[titanium dioxide]] composition of 60% .<ref name="Indian Rare Earths Limited IREL"/>

=== Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd. (KMML) ===
{{Main|Kerala Minerals and Metals}}
[[Kerala Minerals and Metals|Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd. (KMML)]] is an integrated, [[titanium dioxide]]-manufacturing [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|public sector undertaking]] in Kollam. Its operations comprise mining, [[mineral]] separation and synthetic [[rutile]] and [[pigment]]-production plants. Apart from producing rutile-grade titanium dioxide pigment, utilised within various types of industries, it also produces other products, such as [[ilmenite]], [[rutile]], synthetic rutile, [[zircon]] and [[sillimanite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://echoofindia.com/new-delhi-sail-signs-mou-ksidc-kmml-titanium-project-26904 |title=Sail signs MoU with KSIDC & KMML for titanium project |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170339/http://echoofindia.com/new-delhi-sail-signs-mou-ksidc-kmml-titanium-project-26904 |archive-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref> It is one of the best-performing [[Public sector unit|public sector units]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralabiznews.com/4925/government-honours-best-performing-psus-ceos-for-2011-12 |title=Government honours Best Performing PSUs & CEOs for 2011-12|access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Parvathy Mills ===
{{Main|Parvathy Mills Limited}}
[[Parvathy Mills Limited|Parvathy Mills]] is a [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|public sector undertaking]], maintained under the [[National Textile Corporation|National Textile Development Corporation]] in Kollam. It is situated very close to the heart of the city. It was one of the glorious spinning units in [[India]].{{POV check inline|date=November 2021}} The mill is under the consideration of the [[National Textile Corporation|National Textile Development Corporation]] for a proposed renovation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/fresh-moves-to-revive-parvathy-mills-in-kollam/article3587593.ece |title=Fresh moves to revive Parvathy Mills in Kollam - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article181497.ece?service=print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814212915/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article181497.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2014 |title=Parvathy Mills may get modernised - TNIE |access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> and is additionally placed in the master plan of a project encompassing the entirety of the city, as the city government is planning to build a large-scale garment manufacturing unit via the utilisation of available infrastructural facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.townplanning.kerala.gov.in/pages/ldp/kollam/iddp_v2_klm_ch_39.pdf |title=Town Planning - Kollam |access-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234132/http://www.townplanning.kerala.gov.in/pages/ldp/kollam/iddp_v2_klm_ch_39.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Economy of Kollam| ]]

Kalyan Singh (ruler)

2025-11-13T21:37:23Z

Rajesh Ghosh: created initial biography v1

{{short description|Maharaja of Kishangarh (1798 - 1839)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = Umdai Rajhai Buland Makan [[Maharaja#Compound_and_dynastic_ruler_titles|Maharajadhiraj]]
| image = Maharaja Kalyan Singh (Reigned 1798-1838) LACMA M.85.36.jpg
| alt = Kalyan Singh is depicted seated on an orange carpet with a falcon perched on his gloved right hand. He is engaged in conversation with two nobles.
| caption = Kalyan Singh is depicted seated on an orange carpet with a falcon perched on his gloved right hand. He is engaged in conversation with two nobles.
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| reign = {{circa|1798}} – {{circa|1839}}
| predecessor = Pratap Singh
| successor = [[Mohkam Singh (ruler)|Mohkam Singh]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1794}}
| death_date = {{circa|1841}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kishangarh.svg}} [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
}}
'''Kalyan Singh''' was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] from 1798 until his death in 1839.

== Biography ==
He was born in 1794 to Pratap Singh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=344,346 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja Kalyan Singh of Kishangarh (r. 1798-1839) {{!}} LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/250076 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref> He succeeded his father as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] in 1798.<ref name=":0" /> He was a minor at the time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=754,853 |language=en}}</ref> During his reign, the Kishangarh School of painting continued to flourish.<ref name=":1" /> In 1817, he signed a treaty with the [[East India Company]] and acknowledged their supremacy.<ref name=":1" /> He pursued a policy in contravention of the agreed terms, and that resulted in the loss of support from both his courtiers and subjects.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNUgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha |pages=372–375 |language=en}}</ref> He informed his nobles that he was prepared to relinquish his royal rights and privileges over them, and to absolve them from the obligation of personal service imposed under the old feudal laws, provided they agreed to compensate him financially in return.<ref name=":2" /> His behaviour led to a feud with his nobles.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oVDAAAAYAAJ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India: Karāchi to Kotāyam |date=1908 |publisher=Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers [1972 |pages=311–313 |language=en}}</ref> He appealed to [[Akbar II]] for assistance and proceeded to [[Delhi]] to assume command of the detachment ordered to march in his support.<ref name=":2" /> After arriving in [[Delhi]], he focused more on preserving his dignity than on securing the promised assistance.<ref name=":2" /> After considerable effort, he was finally granted an audience with the [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]].<ref name=":2" /> [[Akbar II|Akbar Shah II]] granted him privilege to wear [[Stocking|stockings]] in his presence.<ref name=":3" /> While he was away, the nobles in his favour assembled troops from [[Bundi State|Bundi]] and other neighbouring states.<ref name=":2" /> Skirmishes took place between these forces and the defiant chiefs, resulting in bloodshed on both sides.<ref name=":2" /> [[East India Company]] held him responsible for the conflict and summoned him to [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] immediately.<ref name=":2" /> He proceeded to [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] at once with the troops he was able to gather in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":2" /> His supporters abandoned his cause, and his troops began to disperse.<ref name=":2" /> When this became known to his defiant chiefs, they assembled a large army and marched towards [[Kishangarh]], laying siege to it.<ref name=":2" /> Their intention was to depose him and place his son, [[Mohkam Singh (ruler)|Mohkam Singh]], on the throne.<ref name=":2" /> Seeing this, he fled to [[Ajmer]] and requested the [[East India Company]] to take [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] on lease.<ref name=":2" /> However, the [[East India Company|Company]] declined his offer.<ref name=":2" /> He took residence at [[Ajmer]], while at [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] the nobles proclaimed his son [[Maharaja]] and were on the verge of capturing the capital.<ref name=":3" /> The political agent then intervened between the two parties and facilitated a settlement.<ref name=":3" /> This settlement, however, did not last long, and he in 1832 abdicated in favour of [[Prithwi Singh|Mohkam Singh]], while retaining his titles.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

He died in 1839 and was succeeded by his son [[Mohkam Singh (ruler)|Mohkam Singh]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfjqAAAAMAAJ |title=Marvels of Kishangarh Paintings: From the Collection of the National Museum, New Delhi |date=2000 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-43-9 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category: 1794 births]]
[[Category: 1839 deaths]]
[[Category: People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category: Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category: Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Kishangarh]]
[[Category: Rathore (clan)]]

Zee Marathi

2025-11-08T16:29:58Z

Rajesh Ghosh: improved article

{{Short description|Indian television channel}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Zee Marathi
| logo = Zee_Marathi_2025.svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2025
| logo_size = 200px
| launch_date = 15 August 1999
| owner = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| country = India
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| sister_channels = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises#Owned channels|List of Zee sister channels]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| former_names = [[Alpha TV Marathi]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.zee5.com/channels/details/zee-marathi/0-9-zeemarathi|Zee Marathi Official Website}}
}}

'''Zee Marathi''' is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] [[general entertainment]] pay television channel owned by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]. The channel was launched on 15 August 1999 and was known as [[Alpha TV Marathi]] until 28 March 2005, when it was renamed as Zee Marathi. It is the first [[Marathi language|Marathi]] GEC channel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/news_analysis/newsletter/291199/zeetv291199.htm |title=Zee TV Ties Up Transponder Deal With AsiaSat |publisher=[[Indian Television]] |access-date=5 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeemarathi.com/zee-marathi-about-us/ |title=Zee Marathi - About Us |publisher=Zee Marathi website |access-date=5 November 2017 |archive-date=5 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105103140/http://www.zeemarathi.com/zee-marathi-about-us/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> A HD version of this channel, Zee Marathi HD, was launched on 20 November 2016.

==Reception==
The channel also has launched some mobile apps like Tumcha Aamcha Jamala, Home Minister, Kisaan Abhiman and Talent app. The channel content could also be viewed on [[ZEE5]] app. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Zee Marathi stopped their all current shows from 27 March 2020 and they reran their old shows during lockdown period. After that from 8 June 2020, they started some short & new lockdown series and from 13 July 2020, they started their original shows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE Entertainment have new delights to bust your lockdown blues |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/zee-entertainment-have-new-delights-to-bust-your-lockdown-blues/1842151 |website=Outlook India |access-date=2021-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wait Ends! New Episodes Of Aggabai Sasubai, Majha Hoshil Na To Go On Air From July 13 |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/the-wait-ends-new-episodes-of-agga-bai-sasubai-maza-hoshil-na-to-go-on-air-from-july-13/amp |website=[[ZEE5]] |access-date=2021-06-01}}</ref>

The channel also arranges some functions like Nakshatranche Dene, Swaratarang, Ganeshotsav, Diwali Dhamaka, etc. It also had launched new magazines from 2017 like Khali Doke Var Pay (Summer Vacation), Sukhakarta ([[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh Utsav]]), Utsav Natyancha ([[Diwali|Diwali Festival]]) and a [[Newspaper]] Zee Marathi Disha. Zee Marathi revamped with new graphics and launched 7 new shows from 23 August 2021 on the occasion of 22nd anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=Zee Marathi marks its 22nd anniversary with 7 new shows |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-marathi-marks-its-22nd-anniversary-with-7-new-shows-210813 |access-date=2021-08-23 |publisher=[[Indian Television]]}}</ref>

==Sister channels==
===Zee Yuva===

'''Zee Yuva''' is a second [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[general entertainment channel|GEC]] by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] which is first youth centric channel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=२२ ऑगस्टपासून 'झी युवा'नव्या पर्वाची मुहूर्तमेढ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/new-marathi-channel-zee-yuva-start-on-22th-augest/323686 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |date=2016-08-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee puts up tough competition in Marathi space with 'Yuva' |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-puts-up-tough-competition-in-marathi-space-with-yuva-160725%3famp |publisher=Indian Television |date=2016-07-25 |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee to launch Zee Yuva in August |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/zee-to-launch-zee-yuva-in-august-65098.html |website=Exchange4media |date=2016-07-05 |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref> It was launched on 22 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=झी युवाच्या मालिकांचे शतकोत्सव उत्साहात साजरे! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/zee-yuva-celebrate-100-episode-of-5-serials/346221 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |date=2017-01-07 |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कलाकारांनी जल्लोषात साजरा केला 'झी युवा दांडिया २०१८' |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/zee-yuva-dandiya-2018-celebrated-artistic-celebration/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=[[Lokmat]] |date=2018-10-17 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झी युवाच्या कलाकारांसोबत 'दिवाळी फराळ पार्टी' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/diwali-faral-party-with-zee-yuva-celebrity/494126 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |date=2019-10-26 |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=mr}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], all shows of channel were stopped on 27 March 2020 and again restarted from 13 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=१३ जुलैपासून झी युवा वाहिनीवर एंटरटेनमेंट 'फुल्ल ऑन' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/coronavirus-full-on-new-episode-on-zee-yuva-at-13th-july-2020/526917 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |date=2020-07-11 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कोरोनाच्या काळात झी युवाच्या क्रेझी फॅनचे अफलातून गिफ्ट! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-yuva-crazy-fan-make-mask-during-pandemic/532670 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |date=2020-08-28 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बालकलाकारांना 'झी युवा'ने दिली स्पेशल भेट... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-yuvas-child-artists-day-out-at-kidzania/496613 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |date=2019-11-14 |language=mr}}</ref>

===Zee Talkies===

'''Zee Talkies''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] pay television channel broadcasting [[Marathi cinema|Marathi movies]] by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Talkies celebrates a legacy of 12 glorious years |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-talkies-celebrates-a-legacy-of-12-glorious-years-2230219.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=[[Zee News]] |date=2019-08-27}}</ref> It is the first Marathi movie channel airing old classics and latest Marathi movies 24 hours a day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Talkies original Aaltoon Paltoon creates history! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-talkies-original-aaltoon-paltoon-creates-history-2282980.html/amp |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=[[Zee News]] |date=2020-05-12}}</ref> It was launched on 25 August 2007. A HD version of the channel, Zee Talkies HD, was launched on 15 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee launches Marathi movie channel, Zee Talkies |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/18858_zee-launches-marathi-movie-channel-zee-talkies |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=afaqs |date=2007-08-24}}</ref>

===Zee Chitramandir===

'''Zee Chitramandir''' is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] [[free-to-air|FTA]] television channel.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ZEE launches free-to-air Marathi movie channel |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/zee-launches-free-to-air-marathi-movie-channel/articleshow/81986031.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee launches Marathi movie channel Zee Chitramandir |url=https://www.adgully.com/zee-launches-marathi-movie-channel-zee-chitramandir-102642.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Adgully |date=9 April 2021}}</ref> It broadcasts Marathi movies and reruns old Marathi TV series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE launches second Marathi movie channel Zee Chitramandir |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zee-launches-second-marathi-movie-channel-zee-chitramandir-112199.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref> It is available only to [[DD Free Dish]] users.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE Entertainment launches Marathi movie channel Zee Chitramandir for the Free Dish market |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/zee-entertainment-launches-marathi-movie-channel-zee-chitramandir-for-the-free-dish-market |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Afaqs |date=9 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee launches fourth Marathi channel Zee Chitramandir |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/04/zee-launches-fourth-marathi-channel-zee-chitramandir |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Best Media Info}}</ref> It was launched on 9 April 2021 by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Marathi channel Zee Chitramandir to tap into the Free Dish market |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/new-marathi-channel-zee-chitramandir-to-tap-into-the-free-dish-market-210409 |access-date=2023-05-15 |publisher=Indian Television |date=9 April 2021}}</ref> It is the No.1 channel in Maharashtra and Goa amongst free platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Chitramandir wins the hearts of Maharashtra; Debuts as #1 Free Dish Channel |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/zee-chitramandir-wins-the-hearts-of-maharashtra-debuts-as-1-free-dish-channel/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=India Education Diary |date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719140421/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/zee-chitramandir-wins-the-hearts-of-maharashtra-debuts-as-1-free-dish-channel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Chitramandir debuts as #1 Free Dish Channel |url=https://www.adgully.com/zee-chitramandir-debuts-as-1-free-dish-channel-104460.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Adgully |date=7 June 2021}}</ref>

===Zee Vajwa===

'''Zee Vajwa''' was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] pay television channel broadcasting Marathi music or songs by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi music channel Zee Vajwa to be launched on 17th October |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/marathi-music-channel-zee-vajwa-to-be-launched-on-17th-october |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=afaqs |date=2020-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee launches marathi music channel 'Zee Vajwa' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/zee-launches-marathi-music-channel-zee-vajwa/2083004/lite/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2020-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee strengthens its regional foothold with Zee Vajwa |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/lite/2020/09/zee-strengthens-its-regional-foothold-with-zee-vajwa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716134243/https://bestmediainfo.com/lite/2020/09/zee-strengthens-its-regional-foothold-with-zee-vajwa |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Best Media Info |date=2020-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Vajwa strives to strike a chord with Marathi music lovers |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/music-and-youth/zee-vajwa-bringing-traditional-maharashtrian-culture-and-new-age-music-together-200914%3famp |access-date=2023-07-16 |publisher=Indian Television |date=2020-09-14}}</ref> It was launched on 17 October 2020 and stopped on 31 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कोव्हिड काळात देशात पहिल्यांदाच लाँच होतंय मराठी चॅनेल; म्युझिक चॅनेलची तारीख ठरली |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/zee-coming-up-with-new-marathi-music-channel-first-to-be-launched-during-covid-pandemic-period-economy-of-music-channel-479921.html |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |date=2020-09-15 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झी समूहाच्या नव्या म्युझिक चॅनल 'झी वाजवा'ची घोषणा |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-groups-new-music-channel-zee-wajwa-announced/534680/amp |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |date=2020-09-13 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular Marathi actors come together for the launch of Zee Vajwa |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/popular-marathi-actors-come-together-for-the-launch-of-zee-vajwa-201201%3famp |access-date=2023-07-16 |publisher=Indian Television |date=2020-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Vajwa launches 'Damdaar Shivgarjana' contest on Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/zee-vajwa-launches-damdaar-shivgarjana-contest-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-jayanti-111059.html |access-date=2023-07-16 |date=2021-02-19 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{main|List of programmes broadcast by Zee Marathi}}

==Award functions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Awards
!Ref.
|-
|2000–present
|''[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=झी गौरव पुरस्कारात यांनी मारली बाजी, वाचा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/zee-marathi-gaurav-awards-2019-winners/ |access-date=2020-12-05 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2004–present
|''[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-12 |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/agabai-sasubai-and-ratris-khel-chale-2-receives-maximum-awards-zee-marathi-awards-2019/ |title=या मालिकेने मारली झी मराठी अवॉर्ड्समध्ये बाजी, नुकतीच सुरु झालीये ही मालिका |access-date=2020-12-05 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2013–present
|''Unch Majha Zoka Puraskar''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=स्त्री कर्तृत्वाचा सन्मान 'उंच माझा झोका पुरस्कार' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1534718/zee-marathi-unch-maza-zoka-awards/ |access-date=2020-12-05 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2015–present
|''Zee Natya Gaurav Puraskar''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-14 |title=दिमाखदार सोहोळ्यात संपन्न झाला 'झी नाट्य गौरव पुरस्कार' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-natya-gaurav-puraskar-2020/534751/amp |access-date=2021-07-20 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

==Plays==
Zee Marathi entered the Marathi Theatre as a presenter in 2018 to encourage this field.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Marathi forays into Marathi Theatre with Hamlet |url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-forays-into-marathi-theatre-with-hamlet.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502193250/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-forays-into-marathi-theatre-with-hamlet.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 May 2018 |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=Essel News Letter}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.zeemarathi.com Zee Marathi website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315054444/http://www.zeemarathi.com/ |date=15 March 2009 }}

{{Marathi language television}}

[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television channels]]
[[Category:Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1999]]
[[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mass media in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Budihal

2025-11-01T12:54:37Z

Rajesh Ghosh: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Sriramapura_(Budihal),_Hosadurga]]

The Muslim Vanishes

2025-10-16T19:30:40Z

Rajesh Ghosh: put up basic post more to come

{{Short description|2022 book by Saeed Naqvi}}{{Infobox book
| author = [[Saeed Naqvi]]
| isbn = 978-9-354-92433-0
| pub_date = January 29, 2022
| genre = Political Science
| language = English
| country = India
| name = The Muslim Vanishes: A Play
| publisher = [[Penguin India|Penguin Random House India Private Limited]]
| pages = 256
| awards = * Tata Literary Live 2022 (book)
* 2022 Atta Galatta-Bangalore Literature Festival Book Prize (cover)
* Oxford Bookstore Book Cover Prize 2023 (cover)
| image = File:The_Muslim_Vanishes.jpg
}}

'''''The Muslim Vanishes: A Play''''' is a book written by [[Saeed Naqvi]] and published by [[Penguin India]] on 29 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Muslim Vanishes |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/the-muslim-vanishes/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> It is also the first-ever Audio Play released by Penguin India Publishers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wahi |first=Kavya |date=2022-12-05 |title=The Muslim Vanishes: Penguin India's first-ever audio play |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/the-muslim-vanishes-penguin-indias-first-ever-audio-play/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> Antra K., the cover designer of the book won the Best Cover Design category at the 2022 Atta Galatta-Bangalore Literature Festival Book Prize<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-21 |title=How to judge a book by its cover |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/talking-point/book-cover-design-oxford-bookstore-book-cover-prize-publishing-next-industry-awards-111713670258266.html |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2022-12-06 |title=Atta Galatta Bangalore Literature Festival announces winners of its annual literary prizes |url=https://scroll.in/article/1039046/atta-galatta-bangalore-literature-festival-announces-winners-of-its-annual-literary-prizes |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Oxford Bookstore]] Book Cover Prize 2023 for the cover of the book.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2022-12-21 |title=The Oxford Bookstore Book Cover Prize reveals its 2023 longlist of 21 books |url=https://scroll.in/article/1040188/the-oxford-bookstore-book-cover-prize-reveals-its-2023-longlist-of-21-books |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Reviews ==
The book has been reviewed by Divya Trivedi of [[Frontline.thehindu.com|Frontline The Hindu]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-06 |title=Book Review: Saeed Naqvi's play 'The Muslim Vanishes' is a fable for our time |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/book-review-saeed-naqvi-play-the-muslim-vanishes-is-a-fable-for-our-time/article38381242.ece |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> Maaz Bin Bilal, an associate professor of [[O. P. Jindal Global University|Jindal School of Liberal Arts and Humanities]], in [[Scroll.in]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilal |first=Maaz Bin |date=2022-04-16 |title='The Muslim Vanishes': A play imagines the implications of a social and economic boycott of Muslims |url=https://scroll.in/article/1021752/the-muslim-vanishes-a-play-imagines-the-implications-of-a-social-and-economic-boycott-of-muslims |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='The Muslim Vanishes': A play imagines the implications of a social and economic boycott of Muslims – JGU Research Blog – O.P. Jindal Global University |url=https://research.jgu.edu.in/the-muslim-vanishes-a-play-imagines-the-implications-of-a-social-and-economic-boycott-of-muslims/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Lamat R Hasan of [[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Lamat R |title=Review: The Muslim Vanishes: A Play by Saeed Naqvi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewthe-muslim-vanishes-a-play-by-saeed-naqvi-101650025026463.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Shah Alam Khan of [[The Indian Express]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=And Then There Were None: Veteran journalist Saeed Naqvi's The Muslim Vanishes imagines India without its Muslim population |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/and-then-there-were-none-veteran-journalist-saeed-naqvi-the-muslim-vanishes-book-review-7861057/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Neville Teller of The Jerusalem Post,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title='The Muslim Vanishes' |url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/article-698506 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref> Zeba Vagh of FeminisminIndia.com,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vagh |first=Zeba |date=2023-07-27 |title=Saeed Naqvi's 'The Muslim Vanishes' Calls For Empathy In Times Of Hate |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2023/07/27/saeed-naqvi-the-muslim-vanishes-review/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> Javed Anis of iChowk.in,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Muslim Vanishes: एक जरूरी नाटक, जो काल्पनिक होते हुये भी सच्चाई के बहुत करीब है! |url=https://www.ichowk.in/politics/the-muslim-vanishes-book-by-veterian-journalist-saeed-naqvi-polemical-literature-but-not-as-theatre-icea/story/1/26859.html |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=www.ichowk.in |language=en}}</ref>

It is reviewed by Sudhanva Deshpande of [[The Hindu]] who said, "''The Muslim Vanishes'' works brilliantly as polemical literature but, sadly, not as theatre."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Sudhanva |date=2022-03-26 |title=Sudhanva Deshpande reviews Saeed Naqvi's 'The Muslim Vanishes' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/sudhanva-deshpande-reviews-saeed-naqvis-the-muslim-vanishes/article65236970.ece |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Tata Literature Live Award 2022<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2022-10-28 |title=Tata Literature Live announces longlists across categories for its 2022 literary awards |url=https://scroll.in/article/1036070/tata-literature-live-announces-longlists-across-categories-for-its-2022-literary-awards |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==
{{Google books|title=The Muslim Vanishes|1=LKdYEAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Muslim+Vanishes&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20Muslim%20Vanishes&f=false}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muslim Vanishes}}
[[Category:2022 plays]]
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]

Olavanna

2025-10-10T17:51:42Z

Rajesh Ghosh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Olavanna
| native_name = Grama panchayath
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village|
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.27|N|75.87|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 21.43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 68432
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 673019
| registration_plate = KL-85
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:School Pantheerankavu.jpg|thumbnail|Kailamadom School, Pantheeramkavu]]
'''Olavanna''' is a [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] in [[Kozhikode district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]]. Olavanna is the most populous panchayat in Kerala. It is located 10 km from Kozhikode City. Olavanna panchayat shares the border with Kozhikode corporation and Perumanna panchayat. Pantheerankavu is the largest city in the panchayat. The nearest railway station is about 10 kilometres away and the nearest airport is [[Kozhikode International Airport]]. HiLite Mall is located in Palazhi Junction.

Olavanna is a part of the Kozhikode urban area master plan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Master Plan {{!}} Kozhikode Municipal Corporation"|url=https://kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/master-plan|access-date=2021-05-20|website=kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Historical populations|state=expanded
|title= olavanna panchayath population

|1981| 34004
|1991| 44398
|2001| 55417
|2011| 68432
|footnote= Source: [[Census of India]]
}}

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Olavanna had a population of 30,927. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Olavanna has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 80%. In Olavanna, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kozhikode district}}
{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]

{{Kozhikode-geo-stub}}

V. Aravindakshan

2025-10-09T13:45:50Z

Rajesh Ghosh: put up initial post from scratch

{{short description|Indian writer and translator}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = V. Aravindakshan
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Kodungallor]], [[Cochin Kingdom]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|12|26|1930|10|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = writer, translator, marxist thinker, lecturer, journalist
| language = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| alma_mater =
| nationality = Indian
| spouse =
| children =
| notableworks =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]] [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|Kerala Sahitya Akademi lifetime achievement award]]
| yearsactive =
| native_name =
}}

'''V. Aravindakshan''' (17 October 1930 – 26 December 2015) was an Indian writer, [[Marxism|marxist thinker]], lecturer and journalist from [[Kerala]]. In 1999, he won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=അക്ഷരാര്‍ഥത്തില്‍ ചിന്തയുടെ കൊടുങ്കാറ്റിനെക്കുറിച്ചുതന്നെ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/books/general-news/364722 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> He was the first to translate many Marxist classics into [[Malayalam]]. In 2002, [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|Kerala Sahithya Academy]] honoured him with a lifetime achievement award. In addition to many independent works, Aravindakshan has translated more than twenty literature works into Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-27 |title=Marxist scholar V. Aravindakshan dead |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/marxist-scholar-v-aravindakshan-dead/article8036101.ece |access-date=2023-03-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Life==
Aravindakshan was born in [[Kodungallur]] in [[Thrissur]] district as the son of Narayana Menon and Vellapilil Kunjilakshmiamma. He graduated from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]], [[Ernakulam]] and became an activist of the [[Students' Federation of India|Student Federation of India]] in the college. When the Communist Party was banned, he became a messenger for leaders in hiding. After graduation, he worked for some time in New Age newspaper in [[Delhi]]. Aravindakshan also translated and published many stories and novels in the newspaper Mangalodaya. After completing his graduation in English literature, he entered the field of journalism and served as the co-editor of Navajeevan daily from 1958 to 1965 .Then he served as an English teacher at Thrissur St. Thomas College and [[Sree Kerala Varma College|Kerala Varma College]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-28 |title=Tributes paid to V Aravindakshan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/n/articleshow/50348509.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He served for four years as the jury chairman of the Swati Award instituted by Kerala Government for the best music talent. He has traveled across many parts of Kerala as a translator for the speeches of national leaders like [[B. T. Ranadive|BT Ranadive]] and [[Jyoti Basu]]. Aravindakshan died on 26 December 2015 in Thrissur due to old age related problems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=പ്രൊഫ. വി അരവിന്ദാക്ഷന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-26-12-2015/526590 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==

* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]] 1999 for his work ''Sahithyam, Samskaram, Samooham''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |date=2015-12-27 |title=പ്രഫ. വി. അരവിന്ദാക്ഷന്‍ നിര്യാതനായി {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/2015/dec/27/168011 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contribution]] 2002<ref name=":0" />
* [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award|Abudhabi Shakthi Award]]<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:V. Aravindakshan}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Translators from Malayalam]]

Rock Garden of Chandigarh

2025-10-08T00:54:12Z

Rajesh Ghosh:

{{Short description|Sculpture garden in Chandigarh, India}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox park
| name = Rock Garden
| image = Chandigarh Rock Garden 4.jpg
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.752|76.807|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:landmark}}
| area = 160,000 sq.m.
| created = 1957-1976
| visitation_num = 1.5 million
}}

The '''Rock Garden of Chandigarh''' is a [[sculpture garden]] in [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]. It is also known as '''Nek Chand Saini's Rock Garden of Nathupur ''' after its founder [[Nek Chand Saini]], a government official who started building the garden secretly in his spare time in 1957. It has spread over an area of {{convert|40|acre|ha}}, and is completely built from industrial, home waste, and discarded items.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books? id=3CdgUwZBNwIC&pg=PA321&dq=Rock+Garden,+Chandigarh&as_brr=0#PPA319,M1 Nek Chand Rock Garden] ''Sublime Spaces and Visionary Worlds: Built Environments of Vernacular Artists'', by Leslie Umberger, Erika Lee Doss, [[Ruth DeYoung Kohler|Ruth DeYoung Kohler II]], Lisa Stone. Published by Princeton Architectural Press, 2007. {{ISBN|1-56898-728-5}}. Page 319-Page 322.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Night-tourism-to-light-up-rocks/articleshow/14539915.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126225232/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-01/chandigarh/32494297_1_night-tourism-feasibility-study-prominent-tourist-destinations |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-01-26 |title=Night tourism to light up 'rocks' |date=2012-07-01 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2012-10-30}}</ref>

== Description ==
The Rock Garden sits near [[Sukhna Lake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2081192.ece? |title=Working wealth out of waste|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 June 2011 }}</ref> It consists of man-made interlinked [[waterfall]]s and many other sculptures that have been made of scrap and other kinds of waste ([[bottle]]s, glasses, bangles, [[tile]]s, [[ceramic]] pots, [[sink]]s, electrical waste, broken [[pipe (fluid conveyance)|pipe]]s, etc.) which are placed in walled [[Trail|paths]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH9x2myWx-cC&q=rock+garden+chandigarh&pg=PA38 |title=Chandigarh, the City Beautiful: Environmental Profile of a Modern Indian City|isbn=9788170247906|last1=Bhatnagar|first1=V. S.|year=1996|publisher=APH }}</ref>[[File:Chand2.jpg|thumb|The garden is most famous for its sculptures made from recycled ceramic]]In his spare time, Nek Chand started collecting materials from demolition sites around the city. He recycled these materials into his own vision of the divine kingdom of Sukrani, choosing a gorge in a forest near [[Sukhna Lake]] for his work. The gorge had been designated as a land conservancy, a forest buffer established in 1902 that nothing could be built on. Chand's work was illegal, but he was able to hide it for 18 years before it was discovered by the authorities in 1976. By this time, it had grown into a {{convert|12|acre|ha|adj=on}} complex of interlinked courtyards, each filled with hundreds of pottery-covered [[concrete]] sculptures of dancers, musicians, and animals.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=B7T4T1oK_-IC&q=rock+garden+chandigarh&pg=PA126|title=Picturing South Asian Culture in English: Textual and Visual Representations|isbn=9780954446307|last1=Shakur|first1=Tasleem|last2=d'Souza|first2=Karen|year=2003|publisher=Open House Press }}</ref>

When Chand left the country on a lecture tour in 1990, the city withdrew its funding, and vandals attacked the park. The Rock Garden Society took over the administration and upkeep of this unique visionary environment.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&q=rock+garden+chandigarh&pg=PA56|title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India, Volume 1|isbn=9788178350172|last1=Sajnani|first1=Manohar|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051223033427/http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/offthemap/html/travelogue_artist_3.htm?true "The Rock Garden, Chandigarh, India," PBS Independent Lens, Off the Map]</ref>

The garden is visited by 3,000-4,000 people daily.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Ramkrishan |date=2017-12-17 |title=Rock Garden witnesses record footfall |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/rock-garden-witnesses-record-footfall-515073/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nek Chand Foundation |url=https://nekchand.org/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=P |title=Chandigarh and Nek Chand: The Creation of a Cultural Landscape |date=2012}}</ref>
=== History and Motivations ===
The Rock Garden of Chandigarh, created by Nek Chand Saini, is a remarkable showcase of individual creativity and resourcefulness. Saini, a public works inspector, began this project clandestinely in 1957. During a period of rapid modernization in post-independence India, he collected discarded materials from demolition sites, turning waste into art. The garden initially started in a 5-acre forested area and was later expanded.

=== Construction and Statistics ===
Construction of the Rock Garden commenced in 1957 and continued secretly for nearly two decades before being discovered by authorities in 1975. At the time of its discovery, the garden had expanded to 12 acres. Recognizing its cultural and artistic value, local authorities decided to support and fund its continuation. Although exact details of the initial costs and labor are sparse, it is known that Saini worked almost alone in the beginning. Today, the Rock Garden spans 40 acres and features over 5,000 sculptures crafted from recycled materials like broken ceramics, glass bangles, neon tubes, and industrial debris.

=== Major Transformations and Cultural Significance ===
Since its official recognition, the Rock Garden has undergone significant transformations. It was opened to the public and expanded with new sections, including open-air theaters, pavilions, and artificial waterfalls. These additions have enriched the visitor experience and established the garden as a major cultural and tourist landmark.

The Rock Garden is acclaimed for its pioneering role in the environmental art and recycling movement. It demonstrates how art can transform urban spaces and engage communities. Saini's vision and creativity have created a space that not only offers aesthetic pleasure but also promotes sustainability and resource reuse.

=== Current State of Conservation and Challenges ===
Maintained by the Nek Chand Foundation and local authorities, the Rock Garden faces challenges such as natural wear and tear of the recycled materials and the harsh climate of Chandigarh, which accelerates the deterioration of the artworks. The large number of visitors also necessitates protective measures to prevent damage.

=== Dolls Museum ===
There is also a Dolls Museum inside Rock Garden. It was inaugurated by UT Administrator [[V.P. Singh Badnore]] to mark the second death anniversary of its founder Nek Chand. The museum comprises 200 rag dolls made from waste cloth. The dolls were made by Nek Chand in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/doll-museum-opens-in-memory-of-nek-chand/articleshow/59120534.cms|title=Rock Garden of Chandigarh: Doll museum opens in memory of Nek Chand | Chandigarh News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 June 2017 }}</ref>

== Partial demolition ==
In 2025, a part of the outer wall of the Rock Garden was demolished by the Chandigarh administration to make way for a road and parking space.<ref>{{Cite web |title=So sorry, Nek Chand: Citizens after Chandigarh's Rock Garden outer wall demolished |date=24 February 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/chandigarh/story/citizens-reacts-after-chandigarhs-rock-garden-outer-wall-demolished-video-2684407-2025-02-24}}</ref> The action was condemned by the general public and several protests were organised to address their concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protests erupt over Chandigarh administration's decision to demolish parts of world-famous Rock Garden |date=23 February 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Feb/23/protests-erupt-over-chandigarh-administrations-decision-to-demolish-parts-of-world-famous-rock-garden}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:RockGardenEntrance.jpg|Entrance
Image:Rock Garden Memory Stone, Chandigarh, India.jpg|Dedication day memorial, 7 July 1988.
Image:RockGarden.jpg|Rock Garden, Chandigarh, India
Image:Dancing girls at Rock Garden, Chandigarh.jpg|Dancing girls at Rock Garden, Chandigarh.
Image:Decorated wall at Rock Garden, Chandigarh.jpg|Decorated wall at Rock Garden.
</gallery>
[[File:Rock Garden in Chandigarh - A book by Dr SS Bhatti.jpg|thumb|Rock Garden in Chandigarh - A book by Dr SS Bhatti.]]
==See also==
{{Portal|Gardens}}
* [[List of single-artist museums]]
* [[Japanese Garden, Chandigarh]]

==Further reading==
* ''Nek Chand's outsider art: the rock garden of Chandigarh'', by Lucienne Peiry, John Maizels, Philippe Lespinasse, Nek Chand. Published by Flammarion, 2006. {{ISBN|2-08-030518-2}}.
* ''The Collection, the Ruin and the Theatre: Architecture, sculpture and landscape in Nek Chand's Rock Garden'', by [[Soumyen Bandyopadhyay]] and Iain Jackson. Liverpool University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|1-84631-120-9}}.
* ''Sublime Spaces and Visionary Worlds: Built Environments of Vernacular Artists'', by Leslie Umberger (author), [[Erika Doss]] (contributor), Ruth Kohler (contributor), Lisa Stone (contributor).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rock Garden, Chandigarh}}
* [http://www.nekchand.com/ Nekchand Foundation website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615193457/http://www.nekchand.com/ |date=15 June 2011 }}
* [https://chandigarhexplore.com/rock-garden/ Rock Garden]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Visionary environments]]
[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Parks in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in India]]
[[Category:Rock gardens in India|Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Rakesh Manpat

2025-09-06T14:51:42Z

Rajesh Ghosh: added some page basic info

{{short description|Indian sport shooter}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Rakesh Manpat
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|5|7}}
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| alma_mater = [[Jain University]], [[Bengaluru]]
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport | Men's [[Shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[2016 Intershoot]]}}
{{Medal|Gold| [[2016 Intershoot|2016 Netherlands]][[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]|DAY 3}}
{{Medal|Silver| [[2016 Intershoot|2016 Netherlands]][[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]|DAY 1}}
{{Medal|Gold| [[2016 Intershoot|2016 Netherlands]][[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]|Team DAY 2}}{{Medal|Comp|[[National Shooting Championship]]}}
{{Medal|Gold | [[2013 National Shooting Championship|2013 New Delhi]]|[[2013 National Shooting Championship#Shooting|50m Rifle Prone individual]]}}
{{Medal|Silver | [[2010 Senior National Championship|2010 Germany]]|[[2010 Senior National Championship#Shooting|10m Air Rifle individual]]}}
}}
'''Rakesh Manpat''' is an Indian [[shooting sports|shooter]] from Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/shooting/shooting-interview-with-rakesh-manpat|title=Shooting: Interview with Rakesh Manpat|date=2010-11-17|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> He completed his education from [[Jain University]] where he was in the junior division of NCC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/Rakesh-Manpat.htm|title=Rakesh Manpat (Shooter)-Jain University - Bangalore|author=Jain University - Engineering|publisher=|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210202135/http://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/Rakesh-Manpat.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006, at 16, he became a Junior state champion, winning all gold medals. Rakesh Manpat was ranked third behind [[Gagan Narang]] and [[Abhinav Bindra]] at the Common Wealth Games Trials 2010.<ref name="RakeshManpat">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/rakesh-wins-free-rifle-prone-gold/article5483749.ece.html|title=Rakesh wins free rifle prone gold - The Hindu|accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/after-good-show-in-cwg-shooting-trials-manpat-aims-higher/637463|title=After good show in CWG shooting trials, Manpat aims higher - Indian Express|author=Indian Express}}</ref>

At the 2010 World Championships at [[Zagreb]], Rakesh Manpat represented India in all three rifle events. In the 50 Meter 3 positions event, he scored a 1160 and set a Junior Indian National Record, ranking 5th in the world. He also won a Junior International Silver medal in [[Suhl]], [[Germany]].

He won a bronze as a Senior at 55th Nationals Championships, a silver at 56th National Championships and finally a gold at the 57th National Shooting Championship in the men's free rifle prone category.

In 2016, he won a gold medal in the 3rd match of 39th [[InterShoot]] International Shooting Competition in the [[Netherlands]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianshooting.com/mstories/rakesh-manpat-beats-abhinav-bindra-for-gold/#sthash.2LCNt7mS.dpuf|title=Rakesh Manpat pips Abhinav Bindra for gold|author=Administrator|work=Indian Shooting}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/shooting/rakesh-manpat-i-just-won-over-my-own-jinx/article8210082.ece|title=Rakesh Manpat: I just won over my own jinx}}</ref> ahead of two Olympic and World Champions.

He founded the Elite Shooting Academy in 2017 and has been mentoring some of the finest rifle shooters in India. Notably two Women National Champions, [[Apurvi Chandela]] 2016 Olympian, World ranked #1 & [[Meghana Sajjanar]] world Ranked #15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eliteshooting.org/|title=Home - ELITE SHOOTING ACADEMY|website=eliteshooting.org|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>

==Early life and background==

Rakesh was born to father Late Manpat Krishna Murthy and mother Narsimha Srinivas Vijaya in [[Bangalore]] on 7 May 1991. He graduated with a [[Bachelor's degree]] in Business Administration from [[Jain University]] and is pursuing post-graduation. He began shooting in 2005 after being introduced to it by his brother Rajesh Manpat, also a Senior National Medallist in Rifle shooting. He then became the Junior State Champion and was selected to join the Junior Indian Team. Since 2009, he has been playing for the Senior Indian Team.

== Awards and recognition ==

* 2010 – [[Young Achievers Award]] by [[Brigade Group]].
* 2011 – [[Karnataka Olympic Association Award]].
* 2012 – [[Eklavya award]] by [[Chief Minister]] of [[Karnataka]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manpat, Rakesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Bhumika Arora

2025-07-30T05:53:23Z

Rajesh Ghosh: Put up the entry w/ infobox!

{{short description|Indian fashion model|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Bhumika Arora
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|22|2014|4|1}}<ref name="modelscom"/>
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref name="modelscom">{{cite web|url=https://models.com/newfaces/modeloftheweek/35660|title=Bhumika Arora – NEWfaces|publisher=}}</ref>
| occupation = {{flat list|
* Fashion Model
}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| height = 5 ft 11 in
| haircolor = Black
| eyecolor = Brown
| agency = [[The Society Management]] (New York) [[Elite Model Management]] (Paris, Milan, London, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Copenhagen) MP Stockholm (Stockholm) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://models.com/models/bhumika-arora | title=Bhumika Arora - Model }}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Bhumika Arora''' is an Indian fashion model. Bhumika was the February 2016 cover model and named the next Indian Supermodel by [[Vogue India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/cover-story-bhumika-arora-february-2016/|title=How Bhumika Arora achieved the ultimate fashion dream|work=VOGUE India|date=28 January 2016|access-date=31 January 2016|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003204/https://www.vogue.in/content/cover-story-bhumika-arora-february-2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bhumika has appeared in editorials for [[Vogue (magazine)|American Vogue]], [[Vogue (British magazine)|British Vogue]], [[Vogue India]], [[Vogue Paris]], [[Teen Vogue]], [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] USA, [[Marie Claire]] Italia, [[i-D Magazine]], [[LOVE (magazine)|Love Magazine]], [[L'Officiel]] India, [[Interview (magazine)|Interview Germany]] and UmnO Magazine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Bhumika Arora - Model|url = http://models.com/models/bhumika-arora/10|website = MODELS.com|access-date = 2016-01-31}}</ref><ref name="asimod">{{cite web|url=http://asianmodelsblog.blogspot.in/|title=ASIAN MODELS BLOG|author=Asi Mod|publisher=}}</ref> She walked her first international runway show in Paris for [[Dries Van Noten]]'s fall/winter 2014/2015 collection.<ref name="raya.smith">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-making-of-a-runway-model-1425512543|title=The Making of a Runway Model - WSJ|author=Ray A. Smith|date=5 March 2015|work=WSJ}}</ref> However, her breakout season was the Fall 2015 shows when she debuted at the New York Fashion Week walking for [[Alexander Wang (designer)|Alexander Wang]]. Three days later, she walked for [[Vera Wang]] and Vogue.com singled her out as No. 3 in its "7 Things We Loved Today".<ref name="raya.smith"/> Following her debut at New York Fashion Week, Bhumika debuted at the London Fashion Week that season walking for [[DAKS|Daks]], [[Gareth Pugh]], [[Jonathan Saunders]], Preen and [[Simone Rocha]] before heading to Milan, where she walked in the [[Fendi]] show, walking for [[Karl Lagerfeld]].

In between Fall 2015 and Fall 2016 season, Bhumika walked for major brands and designers such as [[Hermes]], [[Chanel]], [[Fendi]], [[Versace]], [[Jean Paul Gaultier]], [[Kenzo (brand)|Kenzo]], [[Dries Van Noten]], [[Missoni]], [[DSquared2]], [[Manish Arora]], [[Ferragamo]], [[Etro]], [[Roberto Cavalli]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], [[Viktor & Rolf]], [[Anna Sui]], [[Alexander Wang (designer)|Alexander Wang]], [[Emilio Pucci]], [[Vera Wang]], [[Bottega Veneta]], [[Stella McCartney]], [[Alberta Ferretti]], [[Max Mara]], [[3.1 Phillip Lim]], [[BCBG Max Azria]], [[Gareth Pugh]], [[H&M]], Koché, Léa Peckre, [[Ports 1961]], [[Brandon Maxwell]], [[Derek Lam]], [[Prabal Gurung]], [[Fenty x Puma]] and [[Pierre Balmain|Balmain]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="asimod"/> She notably fell twice during the finale of the H&M Fall/Winter 2016-2017 Ready-to-Wear fashion show.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLeh29JfPtg Video on YouTube, with two angles of view]</ref>

She also walked for [[Karl Lagerfeld]] at [[Chanel]]'s Cruise 2016/2017 show in Cuba which was staged at the iconic [[Paseo del Prado]], a colonial boulevard, in Havana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BFAPYaXg3y9/ | title=The Society Management on Instagram: "#Resort2017 @chanelofficial #societysquad @barborapodzimkova @lindseywixson @paulinehoarau @josephine_letutour @molllsbair @bhumika_arora04 @antoninapetkovic @alecia_morais @louiseparker @laurenjdg }}</ref> She appeared in a short film, shot by [[Nick Knight (photographer)|Nick Knight]] for [[Dazed|Dazed & Confused]] in celebration of NikeLab & [[Olivier Rousteing]]'s collaboration alongside the designer himself, football star [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] and a host of other models.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/N7lnqyJ5uEg Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200302104917/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7lnqyJ5uEg Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7lnqyJ5uEg| title = NikeLab x Olivier Rousteing Fashion Film:Nick Knight/Robbie Spencer/Dazed&Confused/Cristiano Ronaldo | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bhumika Aurora studied a Bachelor of Business Administration from Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elle.in/fashion/bhumika-arora-international-model/|title=Meet Bhumika Arora, India's newest supermodel|last=Team|first=ELLE India|website=Elle India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-18}}</ref> Bhumika made her international debut aged 26 for Dries Van Noten in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elleuk.com/fashion/articles/a31052/bhumika-arora-august-2016/|title=Get To Know Model Bhumika Arora|date=2016-07-06|work=ELLE UK|access-date=2018-02-18|language=en}}</ref> However, she is notable for her 2015 Fall/Winter fashion season where she was an Alexander Wang semi-exclusive, walking a total of 25 shows for Fall/Winter 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f52/bhumika-arora-248207-12.html|title=Bhumika Arora - Page 12 - the Fashion Spot|website=forums.thefashionspot.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219031212/http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f52/bhumika-arora-248207-12.html|archive-date=19 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/meet-the-newest-indian-supermodel-bhumika-arora/story-oNsBXjKjiHpeHtVyqWGG3N.html|title=Meet the newest Indian supermodel, Bhumika Arora|date=2015-05-08|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-02-18|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Bhumika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:The Society Management models]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]