https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Rajeev067Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-04T21:00:04ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naan_Kanda_Sorgam&diff=519668Naan Kanda Sorgam2026-05-06T03:21:46Z<p>Rajeev067: made first details v1</p>
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<div>{{short description|1960 film directed by C. Pullaiah}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Naan Kanda Sorgam.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[C. Pullayya]]<br />
| writer = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] (dialogues)<br />
| story = [[Dinabandhu Mitra]]<br />
| producer = C. Pullayya<br />
| starring = [[K. A. Thangavelu]]<br />[[Sowcar Janaki]]<br />
| cinematography = Nanjappa<br />P. S. Loganathan<br />
| music = G. Aswathama<br />
| studio = Bharghavi Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1960|8|12}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Naan Kanda Sorgam''''' ({{translation|My Heaven}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film directed and produced by [[C. Pullayya]]. The film stars [[K. A. Thangavelu]] and [[Sowcar Janaki]]. It is a remake of the 1958 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Jamalaye Jibanta Manush]]'', and was simultaneously filmed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Devanthakudu (1960 film)|Devanthakudu]]'' with a largely different cast. The film was released on 12 August 1960 and became a commercial success.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=June 2022}}<br />
Meenakshi is the daughter of Parama Pillai, a [[miser]]ly millionaire. While she is drawn to public service, her father despises the idea. Meenakshi falls in love with Sundar, a theatre artiste who donates earnings to impoverished people. Parama Pillai despises him but, unknown to him, his daughter assists Sundar in his social welfare activities. When Parama Pillai realises this, he forbids Meenakshi to leave the house and even appoints two men to guard her. Sundar disguises himself as a woman and fools the millionaire into appointing him as Meenakshi's tutor. When Parama Pillai arranges Meenakshi's marriage with a rich but older man, Sundar saves her by helping her escape. Parama Pillai finds his daughter and locks her up, beating Sundar to an inch of his life. The rest of the film deals with how [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], [[Vishnu]] and other gods help Meenakshi and Sundar unite.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Sundar<br />
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Meenakshi<br />
* Alwar Kuppuswamy as Parama Pillai<br />
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Parama Pillai's wife<br />
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as [[Yama]]<br />
* [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]] as [[Narada]]<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Naan Kanda Sorgam'' was produced and directed by [[C. Pullayya]] under the banner Bharghavi Films.<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 February 2015 |title=Naan Kanda Sorgam 1960 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-naan-kanda-sorgam-1960/article6868907.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305161936/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-naan-kanda-sorgam-1960/article6868907.ece |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=5 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was remade from the 1958 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Jamalaye Jibanta Manush]]'', itself based on a play by [[Dinabandhu Mitra]], and simultaneously filmed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Devanthakudu (1960 film)|Devanthakudu]]'' with a largely different cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=10 March 2016 |title=Blast from the Past: Devanthakudu (1960) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/starring-nt-ramarao-krishnakumari-kvs-sarma-sv-rangarao-kantharao-k-raghuramaiah-peketi-sivaram-p-hemalatha-mohana/article8336533.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610023635/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/starring-nt-ramarao-krishnakumari-kvs-sarma-sv-rangarao-kantharao-k-raghuramaiah-peketi-sivaram-p-hemalatha-mohana/article8336533.ece |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=26 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] wrote the dialogues. Nanjappa, assisted by P. S. Loganathan, handled the cinematography. Shooting for the film took place at Vijaya-Vauhini Studios. The film featured an ''apsara'' dance sequence choreographed by Gemini Ramamurthi.<ref name="RandorGuy" /><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
G. Aswathama composed the film's music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=First |location=Chennai |pages=202 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film had a dance-drama called "Usha Parinayam" for which [[P. B. Sreenivas]] and [[S. Janaki]] lent their voices.<ref name="RandorGuy" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Kizhavan Vadivodu Kaana Vandhaan" || S. Janaki || rowspan=4|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]|| 03:35<br />
|-<br />
| "Ungal Azhagai Kanden" || rowspan=2|Seerkazhi Govindarajan, S. Janaki] || 03:54<br />
|-<br />
| "Ulagamellam Irundathu Pol" || 03:39<br />
|-<br />
| "Jodhimi Dhim Dhimi Dhimi Enru Aadalum" || P. B. Srinivas || 01:18<br />
|-<br />
| "Thaamarai Kannaa" || rowspan=2|C. S. Jayaraman || rowspan=3|T. K. Sundara Vadhyar || 01:46<br />
|-<br />
| "Vandarai Vaazha Vazhi Kaattum" ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Parama Kirupa Nandana" || V. N. Sundaram ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Ilamai Maaraadha Inbam" || P. Leela, N. L. Ganasaraswathi || rowspan=2|[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 05:31<br />
|-<br />
| "Paar Paar Sambaaru" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan, S. Janaki || 04:36<br />
|-<br />
| "Kanavondru Kanden Sakiye" || P. B. Srinivas, S. Janaki || Parthiban ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Naan Kanda Sorgam'' was released on 12 August 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1960&nbsp;– நான் கண்ட சொர்க்கம்&nbsp;– பார்கவி பிலி. தேவாந்த குடு (தெ) |trans-title=1960&nbsp;– Naan Kanda Sorgam&nbsp;– Bharghavi Fil. Devanthakudu (te) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails27.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170925152821/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails27.asp |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=25 September 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "A hilarious comedy in the best tradition of Tamil genius has been brought to the screen by the plucky Producer-Director C. Pullayya in ''Nan Kanda Swargam''."<ref>{{Cite news |last=N. V. |date=14 August 1960 |title=Nan Kanda Swargam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600814&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=29 June 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' lauded Thangavelu's performance, saying it brought the feel of heaven.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=11 September 1960 |title=நான் கண்ட சொர்க்கம் |url=https://ibb.co/Xx1mVx9 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703063010/https://ibb.co/Xx1mVx9 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta}}</ref> According to historian [[Randor Guy]], the film was a commercial success "mainly because of the unusual story line and [[fantasy]] elements."<ref name="RandorGuy" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1960 films]]<br />
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1960s fantasy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by C. Pullayya]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ashwatthama]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Bengali films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language fantasy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Yama in popular culture]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sealdah%E2%80%93Sabroom_Kanchanjungha_Express&diff=533808Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjungha Express2026-05-03T06:00:02Z<p>Rajeev067: put up new details!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Express train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = ''Sealdah - Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express''<br />
| logo = <br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Kanchanjunga Express]]<br />
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]]<br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|10|09}}<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]<br />
| ridership = <br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} (SDAH)<br />
| stops = 50<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Sabroom}} (SBRM)<br />
| distance = {{convert|1659|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 35h 20m<br />
| frequency = 4 days a week {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}<br />
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved<br />
| seating = No<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = On-board catering <br> E-catering<br />
| observation = [[LHB coach]] (From 28 Nov.2025)<br />
| entertainment = No<br />
| baggage = No<br />
| other facilities = Below the seats<br />
| stock = 4<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = <br />
| trainnumber = 13173/13174<br />
| speed = {{convert|45|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts<br />
| map = [[File:(Sealdah - Agartala) Kanchanjunga Express route map.jpg|300px|(Sealdah–Agartala) Kanchanjunga Express route map]]<br />
| map_state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sealdah - Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express''''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} ([[Kolkata]]) and {{stnlnk|Sabroom}} ([[Tripura ]]) in India via [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Barddhaman]] , [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] , [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] , [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]] , [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]]. It is currently operated with 13173/13174 train numbers on a four-days-a-week basis.<ref>[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1043&did=14757543881916719F7BBA9E9399CA506DDCBF6FFF789.web107 Agartala the capital of Tripura gets direct train to Kolkat]</ref><ref>[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=959&did=14758426980916DD1C714C49DF24F637D9575FC31CE18.web107 KANCHANJUNGHA EXPRESS EXTENDED UPTO AGARTALA ON 4 DAYS A WEEK]</ref> It previously ran between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Agartala railway station|Agartala]], and was later extended to run to [[Sabroom railway station|Sabroom]].<br />
<br />
It is named after the [[Kangchenjunga]] peak of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan Mountains]] of [[Sikkim]] which is visible from [[New Jalpaiguri]], as previously when this train was introduced in the 1960s it was between {{rws|Sealdah}} and [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]].<br />
<br />
== Major halts ==<br />
The important halts of the train are:<br />
<br />
* '''{{stnlnk|Sealdah}}'''<br />
* {{stnlnk|Dakshineswar}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}<br />
* [[Ahmadpur Junction railway station]]<br />
* {{stnlnk|Sainthia Junction}}<br />
* '''{{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}'''<br />
* {{rws|Murarai}}<br />
* {{rws|Pakur}}<br />
* [[New Farakka Junction railway station|New Farakka Junction]]<br />
* '''{{stnlnk|Malda Town}}'''<br />
* {{rws|Samsi}}<br />
* {{rws|Azamnagar Road}}<br />
* [[Barsoi Junction railway station|Barsoi Junction]]<br />
* {{rws|Dalkhola}}<br />
* [[Kishanganj|Kishanganj railway station]]<br />
* {{rws|Aluabari Road Junction}}<br />
* '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]'''<br />
* [[Jalpaiguri Road railway station|Jalpaiguri Road]]<br />
* [[New Maynaguri railway station|New Maynaguri]]<br />
* {{rws|Dhupguri}}<br />
* {{rws|Falakata}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|New Cooch Behar}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|New Alipurduar}}<br />
* [[Kamakhyaguri Railway Station]]<br />
* {{stnlnk|Gossaigaon Hat}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Fakiragram Junction }}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Kokrajhar}}<br />
* [[Basugaon]] <br />
* {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Barpeta Road}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}<br />
* '''{{stnlnk|Guwahati}}'''<br />
* [[Hojai railway station|Hojai]] <br />
* [[Lanka (town)|Lanka]]<br />
*{{stnlnk|Lumding Junction}} (Loco Reversal)<br />
*[[Maibang]]<br />
*{{stnlnk|New Haflong}}<br />
*Bihara<br />
*{{stnlnk|Badarpur Junction}} <br />
*[[Karimganj]]<br />
*{{rws|Dharmanagar}}<br />
*{{rws|Kumarghat}}<br />
*{{rws|Ambassa}}<br />
*{{rws|Agartala}}<br />
*{{rws|Udaipur}} <br />
*[[Belonia, India|Belonia]]<br />
*{{rws|Jolaibari}}<br />
*'''{{stnlnk|Sabroom}}'''<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
since the route fully electrified, this train continue run with [[WDG-4D]] and [[WAP-7]]<br />
<br />
==Accident==<br />
{{main|2024 West Bengal train collision}}<br />
<br />
On 17 June 2024, around 9:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] a goods train collided with Kanchanjunga Express from the rear end resulting in the derailment of three coaches. Ten people lost their lives in the incident while more than 60 people got injured. The cause of collision is currently under investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=Kanchanjunga Express Train Accident Live Updates: Death toll reaches 10, six year old succumbs to injuries |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kanchanjunga-exoress-train-accident-live-updates-bengal-darjeeling-9396945/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Agartala railway station]]<br />
* [[Sealdah railway station]]<br />
* [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchenjunga Express]]<br />
* [[Kanchenjunga Express]]<br />
<br />
==Other trains on the Kolkata–New Jalpaiguri sector==<br />
* 12041/42 [[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express]]<br />
* 22309/10 [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri AC Express]]<br />
* 12377/78 [[Padatik Express]]<br />
* 12343/44 [[Darjeeling Mail]]<br />
* 15959/60 [[Kamrup Express]]<br />
* 13175/76 [[Kanchanjungha Express]]/[[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchanjunga Express]]<br />
* 12345/46 [[Saraighat Express]]<br />
*13125/13126 [[Kolkata–Sairang Express]]<br />
* 13115/13116 [[Sealdah - Jalpaiguri Road Humsafar Express]]<br />
* 15721/22 [[Paharia Express|New Jalpaiguri–Digha Express]]<br />
* 12517/18 [[Kolkata–Guwahati Garib Rath Express]]<br />
* 12525/26 [[Dibrugarh–Kolkata Superfast Express]]<br />
* 13141/42 [[Teesta Torsha Express]]<br />
* 13147/48 [[Uttar Banga Express]]<br />
* 12503/04 [[Bangalore Cantonment–Agartala Humsafar Express]]<br />
* 13181/82 [[Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express]] <br />
* 22511/12 [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express]]<br />
* 15643/44 [[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Howrah)]]<br />
* 12363/64 [[Kolkata–Haldibari Intercity Express]]<br />
* 12509/10 [[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express]]<br />
* 12507/08 [[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express]]<br />
* 12513/14 [[Guwahati–Secunderabad Express]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/52590 15659/Kanchanjunga Express] India Rail Info<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/52591 15660/Kanchanjunga Express] India Rail Info<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Eastern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sealdah-Agartala Kanchenjunga Express}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Agartala]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br />
<br />
{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagirathi_Sethy&diff=490671Bhagirathi Sethy2026-04-23T07:44:18Z<p>Rajeev067: made new stub!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur]]<br />
| term_start = 2009<br />
| term_end = 2014<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| predecessor = Mayadhar Jena<br />
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
| term_end1 = 2019<br />
| term_start1 = 2024<br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bhagirathi Sethy''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Anandapur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anandapur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Anandapur Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/anandapur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Anandapur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/anandapur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917189.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethy, Bhagirathi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pather_Panchali&diff=524755Pather Panchali2026-04-21T12:06:19Z<p>Rajeev067: new first bio initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1955 film by Satyajit Ray}}<br />
{{about|the film|the novel on which it is based|Pather Panchali (novel){{!}}''Pather Panchali'' (novel)}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}<br />
| image = Pather panchali poster in color 1.jpg<br />
| alt = Poster<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Satyajit Ray]]<br />
| screenplay = Satyajit Ray<br />
| based_on = {{based on|{{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]}}|[[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]}}<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Subir Banerjee]]|[[Kanu Banerjee]]|[[Karuna Banerjee]]|[[Uma Dasgupta (Sen)|Uma Dasgupta]]|[[Chunibala Devi]]|[[Tulsi Chakraborty]]}}<br />
| music = [[Ravi Shankar]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Subrata Mitra]]<br />
| editing = [[Dulal Dutta]]<br />
| studio = [[Government of West Bengal]]<br />
| distributor = [[Aurora Film Corporation]] {{small|(1955)}}<br />[[Merchant Ivory Productions]]<br />[[Sony Pictures Classics]] {{small|(1995)}}{{efn|name=distributors|Aurora Film Corporation was the distributor, according to credits shown in the film. MoMA and the distributor Edward Harrison were instrumental in the film's MoMA screening and later US release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?262710 | title=Apu-In-The-Word|last=Sengoopta | first=Chandak|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | date=16 November 2009|access-date=22 April 2014|page=2/5| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424010723/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?262710| archive-date= 24 April 2014}}</ref>{{harv|Bee|Hellczer|McFadden|2013|p=204}} A DVD review in ''dvdbeaver.com'' listed Artificial Eye Entertainment as the distributor of Region 2 and Columbia Tri-Star as the distributor of Region 1 format DVDs.<ref name="dvdbeaver" /><br />
}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1955|8|26|India}}<br />
| runtime = 112–126 minutes{{efn|name=runtimevalues|Different sources identify different running times for the film. A Museum of Modern Art anthology states 112 minutes.{{harv|Bee|Hellczer|McFadden|2013|p=204}} An ''[[LA Weekly]]'' notice states 115 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/movies/pather-panchali-179696/|title=Pather Panchali|work=[[LA Weekly]]|access-date=2 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033918/http://www.laweekly.com/movies/pather-panchali-179696/ |archive-date= 3 December 2013}}</ref> Stuart Jeffries of ''[[The Guardian]]'' states 125 minutes in a 2010 report.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Stuart|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/pather-panchali-ray-arthouse | title= Pather Panchali: No 12 best arthouse film of all time | work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 October 2010| access-date=2 December 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017070224/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/pather-panchali-ray-arthouse |archive-date= 17 October 2013}}</ref> Rovi Hal Erickson of ''The New York Times'' states 126 minutes in a review summary in NYT Critics' Pick.<ref name="erickson nyt" /> In 2005 Doug Pratt states 125 minutes but mentions that most references list the running time at about 10 minutes less than that. {{harv|Pratt|2005|p=908}} The [[British Board of Film Classification]] lists separate running times for film (110 minutes 55 seconds) and video (119 minutes 31 seconds) versions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/pather-panchali-1991| title=Pather Panchali (1957)| publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=21 April 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427164430/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/pather-panchali-1991| archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| budget = {{INR|150,000|link=yes}}{{efn|name=budgetamount|Satyajit Ray wrote in ''My Years with Apu: A Memoir'' (1994) that the budget was {{Indian Rupee|70,000}} {{harv|Ray|1996|p=36}}, and the loan from the government of West Bengal was {{Indian Rupee|70,000}}. {{harv|Ray|1996|p=60}} During an interview in 1970, in reply to the question "How much did the production of ''Pather Panchali'' cost in all, if you count in the value of the rupee today?", Ray said, "In those days it cost a little over {{Indian rupee|150,000}}, whereas an average film now costs twice that much". {{harv|Isaksson|2007|p=40}}}} ($14,700–31,500){{efn|name=exchange|The exchange rate in 1955 was {{INR|4.76}} per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{cite web|last=Antweiler|first=Werner|title=Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1950–2018|url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf|publisher=University of British Columbia|year=2019|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512095429/http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|1 Cr }}<ref name="gross"/> ({{US$|{{To USD|100|IND|year=1960}} million|long=no}})<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''{{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}''' ({{IPA|bn|pɔtʰer pãtʃali|audio=LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-পথের পাঁচালী.wav}}, {{Translation|'''''Song Of The Little Road'''''}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Satyajit Ray]] in his directorial debut. It is an adaptation of [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]'s 1929 Bengali [[Pather Panchali (novel)|novel of the same name]]. The film stars [[Subir Banerjee]], [[Kanu Banerjee]], [[Karuna Banerjee]], [[Uma Dasgupta]], and [[Chunibala Devi]] in leading roles. As the first instalment of ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'', the film depicts the childhood hardships of the protagonist Apu and his elder sister Durga amid the harsh realities of rural poverty. The film is widely acclaimed as a classic of Indian cinema and is regarded as [[List of films voted the best|one of the greatest and most influential films]] in the [[History of film|history of cinema.]]<br />
<br />
The film was shot mainly [[location shooting|on location]], had a [[Low-budget film|limited budget]],{{efn|name=budgetamount|}} featured mostly amateur actors, and was made by an inexperienced crew. Lack of funds led to frequent interruptions in production, which took nearly three years, but the West Bengal government pulled Ray out of debt by buying the film for the equivalent of $60,000, which it turned into a profit of $700,000 by 1980.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Sumit MITRA |date=February 1, 2014 |title=Pather Panchali: Its history, the genius behind it, and Satyajit Ray's style of working|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19800331-pather-panchali-its-history-the-genius-behind-it-and-satyajit-rays-style-of-working-806531-2014-02-01|access-date=2021-07-23|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723101034/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19800331-pather-panchali-its-history-the-genius-behind-it-and-satyajit-rays-style-of-working-806531-2014-02-01|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[sitar]] player [[Ravi Shankar]] composed the film's soundtrack and score using classical Indian [[raga]]s. [[Subrata Mitra]] was in charge of the cinematography while editing was handled by [[Dulal Dutta]]. Following its premiere on 3 May 1955 during an exhibition at New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]], ''Pather Panchali'' was released in Calcutta the same year to an enthusiastic reception. A special screening was attended by the Chief Minister of West Bengal and the Prime Minister of India.<br />
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Critics have praised its realism, humanity, and soul-stirring qualities and Subir Banerjee's performance as Apu (which is widely regarded as one of the best child acting in cinema),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ehrlich |first=David |date=2017-10-09 |title=The Best Child Performances in Movie History — IndieWire Critics Survey |url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/best-child-performances-in-movie-history-1201885206/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> while detractors called the film's slow pace a drawback. Scholars have commented on the film's [[wikt:lyrical|lyrical]] quality and [[Realism (arts)|realism]] (influenced by [[Italian neorealism]]), its portrayal of the poverty and small delights of daily life, and the use of what the author Darius Cooper has termed the "epiphany of wonder", among other themes.<br />
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The tale of Apu's life is continued in the two subsequent installments of Ray's trilogy: ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'', 1956) and ''[[Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'', 1959). {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} is described as a turning point in Indian cinema, as it was among the films that pioneered the [[parallel cinema]] movement, which espoused authenticity and social realism. The first film from independent India to attract major international critical attention, it won India's [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] in 1955, the Best Human Document award at the [[1956 Cannes Film Festival]], and several other awards, establishing Ray as one of the country's most distinguished filmmakers. It is often featured in [[List of films considered the best|lists of the greatest films ever made]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
[[File:Pather Panchali (1955).webm | thumb|The film ''Pather Panchali'' (in Bengali, with subtitles)]]In the late-1910s in Nischindipur, rural [[Bengal]], Harihar Roy earns a meagre living as a ''[[pujari]]'' (priest) but dreams of a better career as a poet and playwright. His wife Sarbajaya cares for their children, Durga and Apu, and Harihar's elderly cousin, Indir Thakrun. Because of their limited resources, Sarbajaya resents having to share her home with the old Indir, who often steals food from their already bare kitchen. Durga is fond of Indir and often gives her fruit stolen from a wealthy neighbour's orchard. One day, the neighbour's wife accuses Durga of stealing a bead necklace (which Durga denies) and blames Sarbajaya for encouraging her tendency to steal.<br />
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As the elder sibling, Durga cares for Apu with motherly affection but spares no opportunity to tease him. Together, they share life's simple joys: sitting quietly under a tree, viewing pictures in a travelling vendor's [[Bioscope show|bioscope]], running after the candy man who passes through, and watching a ''[[Jatra (theatre)|jatra]]'' (folk theatre) performed by an acting troupe. Every evening, they are delighted by the sound of a distant train's whistle.<br />
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Sarbajaya grows increasingly resentful of Indir and becomes more openly hostile, which causes Indir to take temporary refuge in the home of another relative. One day, while Durga and Apu run to catch a glimpse of the train, Indir—who is feeling unwell—goes back home, and the children find she has died upon their return.<br />
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With prospects drying up in the village, Harihar travels to the city to seek a better job. He promises that he will return with money to repair their dilapidated house, but is gone longer than expected. During his absence, the family sinks deeper into poverty, and Sarbajaya grows increasingly desperate and anxious. One day during the [[monsoon]] season, Durga plays in the downpour, catches a cold and develops a high fever. Her condition worsens as a thunderstorm batters the crumbling house with rain and wind, and she dies the next morning.<br />
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Harihar returns home and starts to show Sarbajaya the merchandise he has brought from the city. A silent Sarbajaya breaks down at her husband's feet, and Harihar cries out in grief as he discovers that Durga has died. The family decide to leave their ancestral home for [[Benaras]]. As they pack, Apu finds the necklace Durga had earlier denied stealing; he throws it into a pond. Apu and his parents leave the village on an ox-cart, while a snake is seen slithering into their now barren house.<br />
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==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Kanu Banerjee]] as Harihar Roy<br />
* [[Karuna Banerjee]] as Sarbajaya Roy<br />
* [[Subir Banerjee]] as Apurba "Apu" Roy<br />
* Runki Banerjee as Durga Roy (child)<br />
* [[Uma Dasgupta (Sen)|Uma Dasgupta]] as Durga Roy (teenager)<br />
* [[Chunibala Devi]] as Indir Thakrun, the old aunt<br />
* [[Tulsi Chakraborty]] as Prasanna, the schoolteacher<br />
* Haren Banerjee as Chinibas, the sweets seller<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Novel and title===<br />
{{main|Pather Panchali (novel)}}<br />
<br />
[[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]]'s novel {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]}} is a classic [[bildungsroman]] (a type of [[coming-of-age story]]) in the canon of [[Bengali literature]].{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=277}}{{sfn|Gugelberger|1996|p=173}} It first appeared as a [[serial (literature)|serial]] in a Calcutta periodical in 1928,{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=74}} and was published as a book the following year.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sekhar |first=Saumitra |year=2012 |chapter=Pather Panchali |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pather_Panchali |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401123952/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pather_Panchali |url-status=live}}</ref> The novel depicts a poor family's struggle to survive in their rural ancestral home and the upbringing of Apu, the son of the family. The later part of the novel, where Apu and his parents leave their village and settle in [[Benaras]], formed the basis of ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'', 1956), the second film of the [[Apu trilogy]].{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=75}}<br />
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[[Satyajit Ray]] (2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992), working as a graphic designer for [[Signet Press]], created the illustrations for an abridged edition of the book in 1944.{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=22}}{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=58}} At that time, Ray read the unabridged novel;{{sfn|Ray|2010|pp=22–23}} Signet's owner D. K. Gupta told Ray that the abridged version would make a great film.{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=23}} The idea appealed to Ray, and around 1946–47, when he considered making a film,{{sfn|Isaksson|2007|p=39}} he turned to {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} because of qualities that "made it a great book: its humanism, its lyricism, and its ring of truth".{{sfn|Ray|2005|p=33}} The author's widow permitted Ray to make a film based on the novel; the agreement was in principle only, and no financial arrangement was made.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=77}}<br />
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The [[Bengali language|Bengali]] word ''path'' literally means path, and ''pather'' means "of the path". ''Panchali'' is a type of narrative folk song that used to be performed in Bengal and was the forerunner of another type of folk performance, the ''[[Jatra (Bengal)|jatra]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Panchali |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Panchali |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401132447/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Panchali |url-status=live}}</ref> English translations of the Bengali title include ''Song of the Little Road'',{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=74}} ''The Lament of the Path'',<ref name="erickson nyt">{{cite news|last=Hal Erickson | first=Rovi| url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/37409/Pather-Panchali/overview | title=Pather Panchali (1955) | access-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208171855/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/37409/Pather-Panchali/overview |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013 | archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="timecritic">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863985-1,00.html |title=Cinema: New Picture |date=20 October 1958 |access-date=18 May 2008 |last=Harrison |first=Edward |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207140257/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C863985-1%2C00.html |archive-date= 7 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}{{subscription required}}</ref> ''Song of the Road'',<ref name="crowther">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9806E5D6163DE73ABC4B51DFBF668383649EDE|title=Screen: Exotic Import; Pather Panchali' From India Opens Here |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |date=23 September 1958 |access-date=18 May 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172257/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9806E5D6163DE73ABC4B51DFBF668383649EDE |archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> and ''Song of the Open Road''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/29774292.html?dids=29774292:29774292&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+28%2C+1998&author=JAN+HERMAN%3B+KEVIN+THOMAS&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=THE+ORANGE+SCREEN%3B+A+Peek+at+the+Best%3B+'Pather+Panchali'+and+'October'+represent+pinnacles+of+film+achievement.&pqatl=google |title=The Orange Screen; A Peek at the Best; ''Pather Panchali'' and ''October'' represent pinnacles of film achievement |last=Herman |first=Jan |author2=Thomas, Kevin |date=28 May 1998 |access-date=26 May 2008 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172512/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/421269823.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=May%2028%2C%201998&author=JAN%20HERMAN%3B%20KEVIN%20THOMAS&pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&edition=&startpage=&desc=THE%20ORANGE%20SCREEN%3B%20A%20Peek%20at%20the%20Best%3B%20%27Pather%20Panchali%27%20and%20%27October%27%20represent%20pinnacles%20of%20film%20achievement. |archive-date= 8 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Script===<br />
[[File:Pather Panchali storyboard example by Satyajit Ray.jpg|thumb|A page from the film's storyboard, created by Ray]]<br />
{{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} did not have a script; it was made from Ray's drawings and notes.{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=44}} Ray completed the first draft of the notes during his sea voyage to and from London in 1950.{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=42}} Before [[principal photography]] began, he created a [[storyboard]] dealing with details and continuity.{{sfn|Ray|2010|pp=45–46}} Years later, he donated those drawings and notes to [[Cinémathèque Française]].{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=76}}<br />
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In ''[[Apur Panchali]]'' (the Bengali translation of ''[[My Years with Apu: A Memoir]]'', 1994), Ray wrote that he had omitted many of the novel's characters and that he had rearranged some of its sequences to make the narrative better as cinema.{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=45}} Changes include Indir's death, which occurs early in the novel at a village shrine in the presence of adults, while in the film Apu and Durga find her corpse in the open. The scene of Apu and Durga running to catch a glimpse of the train is not in the novel, in which neither child sees the train, although they try. Durga's fatal fever is attributed to a monsoon downpour in the film, but is unexplained in the novel. The ending of the film—the family's departure from the village—is not the end of the novel.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=75}}<br />
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Ray tried to extract a simple theme from the random sequences of significant and trivial episodes of the {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} novel, while preserving what [[W. Andrew Robinson]] describes as the "loitering impression" it creates.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=75}} According to Ray, "the script had to retain some of the rambling quality of the novel because that in itself contained a clue to the feel of authenticity: life in a poor Bengali village does ramble".{{sfn|Ray|2005|p=33}} For Robinson, Ray's adaptation focuses mainly on Apu and his family, while Bandopadhyay's original featured greater detail about village life in general.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=75–76}}<br />
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===Casting===<br />
Kanu Banerjee (who plays Harihar) was an established [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] actor. Karuna Banerjee (Sarbajaya) was an amateur actress from the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]], and the wife of Ray's friend. Uma Dasgupta, who successfully auditioned for the part of Durga, also had prior theatre experience.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=78–80}}<br />
<br />
For the role of Apu, Ray advertised in newspapers for boys of ages five to seven. None of the candidates who auditioned fulfilled Ray's expectations, but his wife spotted a boy in their neighbourhood, and this boy, Subir Banerjee, was cast as Apu. The surname of three of the main actors and two supporting actors happened to be [[Banerjee]], but they were not related to each other. The hardest role to fill was the wizened old Indir. Ray eventually found Chunibala Devi, a retired stage actress living in Calcutta's Pike-Para Lane, as the ideal candidate.<ref>https://gramnagarbarta.com/public/news/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80--7927</ref><ref>https://www.teachers.gov.bd/blog/details/783215</ref> Several minor roles were played by the villagers of [[Garia|Boral]], where {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was filmed.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=78–80}}<br />
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===Filming===<br />
[[File:Patherpanchali 1.png|thumb|right|Apu and Durga running to catch a glimpse of a train, a famous scene of the film{{sfn|Cousins|2004|pp=237–238}}]]<br />
Shooting started on 27 October 1952.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=78}} Boral, a village near [[Calcutta]], was selected in early 1953 as the main location for principal photography, and night scenes were shot in-studio.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=78}} The technical team included several first-timers, including Ray himself and cinematographer [[Subrata Mitra]], who had never operated a film camera. Art director [[Bansi Chandragupta]] had professional experience, having worked with [[Jean Renoir]] on ''[[The River (1951 film)|The River]]'' (1951). Both Mitra and Chandragupta went on to establish themselves as respected professionals.{{sfn|Ettedgui|1999|pp=48–59}}{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalni|Chatterjee|2003|p=539}}<br />
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Mitra had met Ray on the set of ''The River'', where Mitra was allowed to observe the production, take photographs and make notes about lighting for personal reference. Having become friends, Mitra kept Ray informed about the production and showed his photographs. Ray was impressed enough by them to promise him an assistant's position on {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, and when production neared, invited him to shoot the film. As the 21-year-old Mitra had no prior filmmaking experience, the choice was met with scepticism by those who knew of the production. Mitra himself later speculated that Ray was nervous about working with an established crew.{{sfn|Ettedgui|1999|p=50}}<br />
<br />
Funding was a problem from the outset. No producer was willing to finance the film, as it lacked stars, songs and action scenes.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=77}}{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=51}} On learning of Ray's plan, one producer, Mr Bhattacharya of Kalpana Movies, contacted author [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]'s widow to request the filming rights and get the film made by [[Debaki Bose]], a well-established director. The widow declined as she had already permitted Ray to make the film.{{sfn|Ray|1996|pp=33–34}} The estimated budget for the production was {{Indian Rupee|link=Indian rupee}}70,000 (about US$14,613 in 1955).{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=51}}{{efn|name=exchange|}} One producer, Rana Dutta, gave money to continue shooting, but had to stop after some of his films flopped.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=82}}<br />
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Ray thus had to borrow money to shoot enough footage to persuade prospective producers to finance the whole film.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=77}} To raise funds, he continued to work as a graphic designer, pawned his life insurance policy and sold his collection of gramophone records. Production manager Anil Chowdhury convinced Ray's wife, Bijoya, to pawn her jewels.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=82}} Ray still ran out of money partway through filming, which had to be suspended for nearly a year. Thereafter shooting was done only in intermittent bursts.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=83}} Ray later admitted that the delays had made him tense and that three miracles saved the film: "One, Apu's voice did not break. Two, Durga did not grow up. Three, Indir Thakrun did not die".{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=84}}<br />
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[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], was requested by an influential friend of Ray's mother to help the production.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=83}} The Chief Minister obliged, and government officials saw the footage.{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=77}} The Home Publicity Department of the [[West Bengal government]] assessed the cost of backing the film and sanctioned a loan, given in instalments, allowing Ray to finish production.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=84}}{{efn|name=govtloan| Ray writes that the amount of loan was Rs 70,000. {{harv|Ray|2005|p=77}}}} The government misunderstood the nature of the film, believing it to be a documentary for rural uplift,{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=83}} and recorded the loan as being for "roads improvement", a reference to the film's title.<ref name="filmifunda">{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/calcutta/story_4634530.asp | title=Filmi Funda ''Pather Panchali'' (1955) | newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] | location=India | date=20 April 2005 | access-date=8 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/calcutta/story_4634530.asp | archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Monroe Wheeler]], head of the department of exhibitions and publications at New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA),<ref>{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DC143DF935A2575BC0A96E948260 | title=Monroe Wheeler, Board Member of Modern Museum, Is Dead at 89 | last=McGill | first=Douglas c. | date=16 August 1988 | access-date=13 June 2008 | newspaper=The New York Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208051113/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/16/obituaries/monroe-wheeler-board-member-of-modern-museum-is-dead-at-89.html | archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> who was in Calcutta in 1954, heard about the project and met Ray. He considered the incomplete footage to be of very high quality and encouraged Ray to finish the film so that it could be shown at a MoMA exhibition the following year.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=83}} Six months later, American director [[John Huston]] visited India for some early [[location scouting]] for ''[[The Man Who Would Be King (film)|The Man Who Would Be King]]'' (eventually made in 1975).{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=87}} Wheeler had asked Huston to check the progress of Ray's project.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=86}} Huston saw excerpts of the unfinished film and recognised "the work of a great film-maker".{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=87}} Because of Huston's positive feedback, MoMA helped Ray with additional money.<ref>[[Amitav Ghosh]] in his essay "Satyajit Ray" in {{Harvnb|Khair|2005|pp=3–4}}</ref><br />
<br />
Including the delays and hiatuses in production, it took three years to complete the shooting of {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}.{{sfn|Mehta|1998|p=222}}<br />
<br />
==Influences==<br />
[[File:Ladri di biciclette (film).jpg|thumb|A still from ''Bicycle Thieves'', the film which inspired Ray to become a filmmaker]]<br />
The realist narrative style of {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was influenced by [[Italian neorealism]] and the works of French director [[Jean Renoir]].{{sfn|Ruberto|Wilson|2007|p=16}}{{sfn|Corrigan|White|2012|p=252}} In 1949 Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film ''[[The River (1951 film)|The River]]'' (1951).{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=67}} Ray, a founding member of the [[Calcutta Film Society]] (established in 1947), helped him scout for locations in the countryside.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=67}} When Ray told him about his longstanding wish to film {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, Renoir encouraged him to proceed.{{sfn|Ray|1996|p=17}} In 1950 Ray was sent to London by his employer, the advertising agency D.J. Keymer, to work at their headquarters. During his six months in London, he watched about 100 films.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=71}} Among these, [[Vittorio De Sica]]'s neorealist film ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' (1948) had a profound impact on him. In a 1982 lecture, Ray said that he had come out of the theatre determined to become a filmmaker.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=71}} The film made him believe that it was possible to make realistic cinema that was [[location shooting|shot on location]] with an amateur cast.{{sfn|Ray|1996|p=25}}<br />
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The international success of [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s Japanese film ''[[Rashomon (film)|Rashomon]]'' (1950) and [[Bimal Roy]]'s 1953 Hindi film ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' (which was shot partly on location and was about a peasant family) led Ray to believe that {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} would find an international audience.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=82}} Ray also had more indigenous influences, such as Bengali literature and the native [[Theatre of India|Indian theatrical tradition]], particularly the ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]'' theory of classical [[Sanskrit drama]]. Darius Cooper describes the complicated doctrine of ''rasa'' as "{{nowrap|center[ed]}} predominantly on feelings experienced not only by the characters but also conveyed in a certain artistic way to the spectator".{{sfn|Cooper|2000|pp=1–4}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack of the film was composed by the [[sitar]] player [[Ravi Shankar]], who was at an early stage of his career, having debuted in 1939.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=53}} The background scores feature pieces based on several [[raga]]s of [[Indian classical music]], played mostly on the sitar. The soundtrack, described in a 1995 issue of ''The Village Voice'' as "at once plaintive and exhilarating",<ref>{{cite web | last=Hoberman | first=J | url=http://reocities.com/paris/metro/9384/films/pather_panchali/hoberman.htm | title=The Hunger Artist | work=[[The Village Voice]] | page=51 | date=11 April 1995 | access-date=7 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208173320/http://reocities.com/paris/metro/9384/films/pather_panchali/hoberman.htm | archive-date= 8 December 2013}}</ref> is featured in ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'}}s 2007 list of 50 greatest film soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/mar/18/features.musicmonthly14 | title=The 50 greatest film soundtracks | access-date=12 May 2008 | work=[[The Observer]] | date=18 March 2007 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208173444/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/mar/18/features.musicmonthly14 | archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> It has also been cited as an influence on [[The Beatles]], specifically [[George Harrison]].{{sfn|Leng|2006|pp=48–9}}<br />
<br />
Shankar saw about half the film in a roughly edited version before composing the background score, but he was already familiar with the story.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=87}}{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=92}} According to Robinson, when Ray met Shankar the latter hummed a tune that was folk-based but had "a certain sophistication".{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=87}} This tune, usually played on a bamboo flute, became the main theme for the film. The majority of the score was composed within the duration of a single night, in a session that lasted for about eleven hours.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=87}} Shankar also composed two solo sitar pieces—one based on the raga ''[[Desh (raga)|Desh]]'' (traditionally associated with rain), and one sombre piece based on the raga ''[[Todi (raga)|Todi]]''.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=87–88}} He created a piece based on the raga ''[[Patdeep]]'', played on the [[tar shehnai]], by Dakshina Mohan Tagore to accompany the scene in which Harihar learns of Durga's death.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=88}} The film's cinematographer, Subrata Mitra, performed on the sitar for parts of the soundtrack.{{sfn|Ettedgui|1999|p=49}}<br />
<br />
==Release and reception==<br />
[[File:Publicity still from Pather Panchali.jpg|thumb|A film still featured in the 1955 MoMA exhibition "The Family of Man"]]<br />
Ray and his crew worked long hours on [[post-production]], managing to submit it just in time for Museum of Modern Art's ''Textiles and Ornamental Arts of India'' exhibition of May 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2012/11/13/satyajit-rays-pather-panchali| title=Satyajit Ray's ''Pather Panchali'' | last=Silver | first=Charles | publisher=Museum of Modern Art| work= Inside Out| date=13 November 2012 | access-date=4 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070133/http://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2012/11/13/satyajit-rays-pather-panchali | archive-date= 21 October 2013}}</ref> The film, billed as ''The Story of Apu and Durga'', lacked subtitles. It was one of a series of six evening performances at MoMA, including the US debut of [[sarod]] player [[Ali Akbar Khan]] and the classical dancer [[Shanta Rao]]. {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}{{'}}s MoMA opening on 3 May was well received.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=88}} A film still of Apu having his hair brushed by his sister Durga and mother Sarbojaya was featured in ''[[The Family of Man]]'',<ref name="Throckmorton Gupta Gupta Collective 2015 p. 31">{{cite book | last1=Throckmorton | first1=J. | last2=Gupta | first2=A. | last3=Gupta | first3=L. | last4=Collective | first4=R.M. | last5=Krane | first5=S. | title=Postdate: Photography and Inherited History in India | publisher=University of California Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-520-28569-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 | access-date=1 September 2022 | page=31 | archive-date=1 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901003013/https://books.google.com/books?id=WXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 | url-status=live}}</ref> a 1955 MoMA exhibition.<br />
<br />
{{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} had its domestic premiere at the annual meeting of the Advertising Club of Calcutta; the response there was not positive, and Ray felt "extremely discouraged".{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=89}} Before its theatrical release in Calcutta, Ray designed large posters, including a neon sign showing Apu and Durga running, which was strategically placed in a busy location in the city. {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was released in [[Basusree Cinema, Kolkata|Basusree]], a Calcutta cinema on 26 August 1955 and received a poor initial response. The screenings started filling up within a week or two, buoyed by word of mouth. It opened again at another cinema, where it ran for seven weeks.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=89}} A delay in subtitling led to the postponement of the UK release until December 1957. It went on to achieve great success in the US in 1958, running for eight months at the Fifth Avenue Playhouse in New York.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=105}} It was a record run for the Fifth Avenue cinema.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Rini Bhattacharya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgZTUn00crMC&pg=PA17 |title=Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora |last2=Pandharipande |first2=Rajeshwari V. |date=January 2010 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-889-7 |pages=17 |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508145410/https://books.google.com/books?id=cgZTUn00crMC&pg=PA17 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Bengali government earned a profit of $50,000 from its initial US release,{{sfn|Gooptu|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT274 274]}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Assembly Proceedings; Official Report |journal=Assembly Proceedings; Official Report |date=1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6weAQAAIAAJ |publisher=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] |language=bn |quote=Pather Panchali has not only paid its way so far as production cost is concerned but it has given us some income not only in India but it has earned 50,000 dollars in America and other countries. |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130182601/https://books.google.com/books?id=s6weAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> and decades later the film grossed $402,723 from its 2015 limited release.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pather Panchali (1958) – Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Pather-Panchali |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120033020/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Pather-Panchali |url-status=live}}</ref> The film reportedly grossed an estimated total of {{INR|100 million}} ({{US$|{{To USD|100|IND|year=1960}} million|long=no}}) at the worldwide box office, {{As of|2017|lc=y}}.<ref name="gross">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Bibekananda |title=Conscience of The Race |date=2017 |publisher=[[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting]] |isbn=9788123026619 |page=424 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKo-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT424 |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019202257/https://books.google.com/books?id=EKo-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT424 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In India the film's reception was enthusiastic. ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote: "It is absurd to compare it with any other Indian cinema... {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} is pure cinema".{{sfn|Seton|2003|p=87}} Chief Minister Roy arranged a special screening in Calcutta for Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who came out of the theatre impressed.<ref name="ucscstart">{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/getting_started.html |title=Films of Satyajit Ray: Getting Started |last=Basu |first=Dilip |work=Satyajit Ray Film and Study Collection |publisher=University of California – Santa Cruz |access-date=26 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024456/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/getting_started.html | archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Despite opposition from some within the governments of West Bengal and India because of its depiction of poverty, {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was sent to the [[1956 Cannes Film Festival]] with Nehru's personal approval.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=103}} It was screened towards the end of the festival, coinciding with a party given by the Japanese delegation, and only a small number of critics attended. Although some were initially unenthusiastic at the prospect of yet another Indian [[melodrama]], the film critic [[Arturo Lanocita]] found "the magic horse of poetry... invading the screen".{{sfn|Seton|2003|p=9}} {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was subsequently named Best Human Document at the festival.{{sfn|Seton|2003|p=9}}<br />
<br />
[[Lindsay Anderson]] commented after the Cannes screening that {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} had "the quality of ultimate unforgettable experience".{{sfn|Seton|2003|p=88}} In subsequent years, critics have given positive reviews. A 1958 review in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' described {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} as "perhaps the finest piece of filmed folklore since [[Robert Flaherty]]'s ''[[Nanook of the North]]''".<ref name="timecritic"/> In her 1982 book ''[[5001 Nights at the Movies]]'', [[Pauline Kael]] wrote: "Beautiful, sometimes funny, and full of love, it brought a new vision of India to the screen".{{sfn|Kael|2011|p=569}} [[Basil Wright]] considered it "a new and incontrovertible work of art".{{sfn|Chapman|2003|p=323}}{{efn|name=wrightyear|The comment by Basil Wright appears in James Chapman's 2003 book ''Cinemas of the World: Film and Society from 1895 to the Present''. The year of the comment is not mentioned. {{harv|Chapman|2003|p=323}}}} [[James Berardinelli]] wrote in 1996 that the film "touches the souls and minds of viewers, transcending cultural and linguistic barriers".<ref name=berardinelli>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/movies/p/pather.html |title=Review: Pather Panchali |access-date=31 July 2008 |first=James |last=Berardinelli |author-link=James Berardinelli |year=1996 |publisher=ReelViews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512062926/http://www.reelviews.net/movies/p/pather.html |archive-date=12 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006 [[Philip French]] of ''[[The Observer]]'' called it "one of the greatest pictures ever made".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Observer_review/0,,710163,00.html |title=Pather Panchali |access-date=27 July 2006 |author-link=Philip French |first=Philip |last=French |date=5 May 2002 |work=The Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214030921/http://film.theguardian.com/News_Story/Critic_Review/Observer_review/0%2C%2C710163%2C00.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Twenty years after the release of {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, Akira Kurosawa summarised the effect of the film as overwhelming and lauded its ability "to stir up deep passions".{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=91}}<br />
<br />
The reaction was not uniformly positive. On seeing the film, [[François Truffaut]] is reported to have said: "I don't want to see a movie of peasants eating with their hands".<ref name="filmifunda"/> [[Bosley Crowther]], the most influential critic of ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F6091FFC3E5D0C7B8CDDAA0894D9484D81&scp=1&sq=crowther+influential&st=nyt |title=Bosley Crowther, 27 Years a Critic of Films for Times, is Dead at 75 |last=McFadden |first=Robert D. |date=8 March 1981 |access-date=11 June 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102235945/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/obituaries/bosley-crowther-27-years-a-critic-of-films-for-times-is-dead-at-75.html | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> wrote in 1958, "any picture as loose in structure or as listless in tempo as this one is would barely pass as a 'rough cut' with the editors in Hollywood", even though he praised its gradually emerging poignancy and poetic quality.<ref name="crowther"/> ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' argued in 1959 that its fragmentary nature "contributes to the film's great weakness: its general diffuseness, its inability to command sustained attention. For {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, remarkable as it may be, is something of a chore to sit through".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=165870|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508201916/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=165870|archive-date=8 May 2005 |title=Pather Panchali |last=Quint |first=Peter E. |date=2 November 1959 |access-date=25 May 2008 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}</ref> Early in the 1980s, Ray was criticised by [[Nargis Dutt]], an Indian parliamentarian and former actress, for "exporting poverty".{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=327}} Darius Cooper writes that while many critics celebrated the Apu trilogy "as a eulogy of [[Third World|third-world]] culture, others criticized it for what they took to be its romanticization of such a culture".{{sfn|Cooper|2000|p=2}} Stanley Kauffmann of [[The New Republic]] wrote that "its story is simple almost to the point of banality, it is rewarding if taken as a dramatized documentary".<ref>{{cite book |title=A world on Film|last1=Kauffmann|first1=Stanley |publisher=Delta Books |year=1966 |page=367}}</ref><br />
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As of May 2021, the film has a 97% fresh rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on an aggregate of 69 reviews with an average score of 9.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A film that requires and rewards patience in equal measure, {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} finds director Satyajit Ray delivering a classic with his debut".<ref>{{Rotten Tomatoes|id=pather_panchali |title=Pather Panchali}}</ref> In 2018 the film earned the 15th spot when BBC released the top 100 foreign language films ever,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20181029-the-100-greatest-foreign-language-films|title=The 100 greatest foreign-language films|date=30 October 2018|website=bbc.com|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101011949/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20181029-the-100-greatest-foreign-language-films|url-status=live}}</ref> and filmmaker [[Christopher Nolan]] called it "one of the best films ever made".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dunkirk-christopher-nolan-pather-panchali-india-best-film-director-satyajit-ray-a8288096.html |title=Dunkirk director Christopher Nolan hails India's Pather Panchali as 'one of the best films ever made' |access-date=23 June 2020 |first=Jacob |last=Stolworthy |date=4 April 2018 |work=The Independent |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035333/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dunkirk-christopher-nolan-pather-panchali-india-best-film-director-satyajit-ray-a8288096.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===1990s restoration===<br />
In the 1990s, [[Merchant Ivory Productions]], with assistance from the [[Academy Film Archive]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Preserved Projects|url=http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=satyajit+ray&category=All&collection=All|website=Academy Film Archive|access-date=11 August 2016|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815062125/http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=Satyajit+Ray&category=All&collection=All|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Sony Pictures Classics]], undertook a project to restore the prints. The restored prints, along with several other Ray films, were released in select US theatres.<ref name=berardinelli/> {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} is available in DVD in Region 2 ([[DVD region code]]) [[Phase Alternating Line|PAL]] and Region 1 [[NTSC]] formats. [[Curzon Film|Artificial Eye Entertainment]] is the distributor of Region 2 while [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment|Columbia Tri-Star]] is the distributor of Region 1 format.<ref name="dvdbeaver">{{cite web|last=Tooze|first=Gary |url=http://www.dvdbeaver.com/FILM/dvdcompare/patherpanchali.htm |title=Pather Panchali |publisher=dvdbeaver.com |access-date=12 October 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131211145015/http://www.dvdbeaver.com/FILM/dvdcompare/patherpanchali.htm |archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref>{{efn|name=distributors|}}<br />
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===2015 restoration===<br />
In 2013, the video distribution company [[The Criterion Collection]], in collaboration with the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]' [[Academy Film Archive|Film Archive]], began the restoration of the original negatives of the Apu trilogy, including {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}. These negatives had been severely damaged by a fire in London in 1993, and all film cans and fragments belonging to the Ray films were sent to the Motion Picture Academy for storage, where they lay unseen for two decades.<ref name="restoration">{{cite web|url=http://www.janusfilms.com/aputrilogy/restoration.html |title=The Restoration |publisher=[[Janus Films]] |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711002734/http://janusfilms.com/aputrilogy/restoration.html |archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> It was discovered upon re-examination that, although many parts of the films were indeed destroyed by fire or the effects of age, other parts were salvageable. The materials were shipped to a restoration laboratory in Bologna, Italy: [[L'Immagine Ritrovata]]. Over a thousand hours of labor by hand were expended in restoring and scanning the negatives and, in the end, about 40 percent of the {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} negative was restored.<ref name="restoration"/> For those parts of the negative that were missing or unusable, duplicate negatives and fine-grain masters from various commercial or archival sources were used.<ref name="restoration"/> The Criterion Collection's own lab then spent six months creating the digital version of all three films, at times choosing to preserve the distinctive look of the films even at the cost of retaining some imperfections.<ref name="restoration"/><br />
<br />
On 4 May 2015, the restored {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} premiered at the Museum of Modern Art, a little more than 60 years to the day after the film's world premiere at the same venue.<ref name="glory">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/05/satyajit-ray-pather-panchali-restoration-apu-trilogy |title=Back on the little road: Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali returns in all its glory |newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 May 2015 |last=Hoffman |first=Jordan |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809060442/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/05/satyajit-ray-pather-panchali-restoration-apu-trilogy |archive-date= 9 August 2015}}</ref> Several days later, all three films opened at New York's [[Film Forum]], where they were originally scheduled to run for three weeks. Because of overwhelming public demand—with one writer commenting that "audiences can't seem to get enough"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1184400/5-films-to-see-this-week-54-the-apu-trilogy-and-more |title=5 Films to See This Week: "54", "The Apu Trilogy", and More |author=Hubert, Craig |work=Artinfo |publisher=[[Louise Blouin Media]] |date=22 June 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812151800/http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1184400/5-films-to-see-this-week-54-the-apu-trilogy-and-more |archive-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>—the films were held over at that theater until 30 June. The trilogy was then sent to be exhibited in many other cities throughout the U.S. and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janusfilms.com/aputrilogy/playdates.html |title=Play Dates |publisher=Janus Films |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717075740/http://www.janusfilms.com/aputrilogy/playdates.html |archive-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> The restoration work was widely acclaimed, with commentators calling the look of the restored films "gorgeous",<ref name="glory"/> "pristine"<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/movies/2015/05/satyajit_ray_s_apu_trilogy_restoration_and_re_release_of_pather_panchali.html |title=The Big River |author=Stevens, Dana |date=21 May 2015 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726102654/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/movies/2015/05/satyajit_ray_s_apu_trilogy_restoration_and_re_release_of_pather_panchali.html |archive-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> and "incredible".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/cinematic-poetry-the-restoration-of-the-apu-trilogy |title=Cinematic Poetry: The Restoration of "The Apu Trilogy |author1=Boone, Steven |author2=Tallerico, Brian |date=11 May 2015 |publisher=RogerEbert.com |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712205722/http://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/cinematic-poetry-the-restoration-of-the-apu-trilogy |archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Themes==<br />
Author Andrew Robinson, in the book ''The Apu Trilogy: Satyajit Ray and the Making of an Epic'' (2010), notes that it is challenging to narrate the plot of {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} and the "essence of the film lies in the ebb and flow of its human relationships and in its everyday details and cannot be reduced to a tale of events".{{sfn | Robinson | 2010 | loc=Chapter 5. ''Pather Panchali'': Crtique}} In his 1958 ''New York Times'' review, Crowther writes that {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} delicately illustrates how "poverty does not always nullify love" and how even very poor people can enjoy the little pleasures of their world.<ref name="crowther"/> Marie Seton describes how the film intersperses the depiction of poverty and the delights and pleasures of youth. She represents the bond between Durga and Indir, and their fate, as signifying a philosophical core: that both the young and the old die. Seton writes of the film's "lyrical" qualities, noting especially the imagery immediately before the onset of monsoon.{{sfn|Seton|2003|pp=81–84}} Robinson writes about a peculiar quality of "lyrical happiness" in the film, and states that {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} is "about unsophisticated people shot through with great sophistication, and without a trace of condescension or inflated sentiment".{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=95–96}}<br />
<br />
Darius Cooper discusses the use of different ''rasa'' in the film,{{sfn|Cooper|2000|pages=24–40}} observing Apu's repeated "epiphany of wonder",{{sfn|Cooper|2000|pages=24–26}}{{efn|name=camatkara|Darius Cooper uses the term "epiphany of wonder" to denote the ''rasa'' of ''camatkara''. He quotes [[Abhinavabharati]] by [[Abhinavagupta]] to explain the ''camatkara rasa'': "...&nbsp;''camatkara'' is an uninterrupted (''acchina'') state of immersion (''avesha'') in an enjoyment characterized by the presence of a sensation of inner fullness (''trpti''). It might be said indeed that ''camatkara'' is the action proper to a tasting (''cam'') or enjoying subject, i.e., to a person immersed in the inner movement (''trpti'') of a magical (''adbhuta'') enjoyment". {{harv|Cooper|2000|pages=24–25}} Cooper says that through Apu the "universe is revealed. To Apu is given the dominant quality of ''camatkara'', and it is through this sense of wonder that Apu is made to discover and enjoy not only the world that constantly surrounds him but also that other world created by his ''pratibha'' or imagination".{{harv|Cooper|2000|page=25}}<br />
}} brought about not only by what the boy sees around him, but also when he uses his imagination to create another world.{{sfn|Cooper|2000|page=25}} For Cooper, the immersive experience of the film corresponds to this epiphany of wonder. Stephen Teo uses the scene in which Apu and Durga discover railway tracks as an example of the gradual build-up of epiphany and the resulting immersive experience.{{sfn|Teo|2013|p=49}}<br />
<br />
Sharmishtha Gooptu discusses the idea that the idyllic village life portrayed in {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} represents authentic Bengali village life, which disappeared during the upheavals of [[Partition of India|Partition]] in 1947. She suggests that the film seeks to connect an idealised, pre-partition past with the actual present of partitioned Bengal,{{sfn|Gooptu|2010|p=148}} and that it uses prototypes of rural Bengal to construct an image of the ideal village.{{sfn|Gooptu|2010|p=149}} In contrast to this idealism, Mitali Pati and Suranjan Ganguly point out how Ray used eye-level shots, natural lighting, long takes and other techniques to achieve realism.{{sfn|Pati|Ganguly|1996|page=417}} Mainak Biswas has written that {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} comes very close to the concept of Italian neorealism, as it has several passages with no dramatic development, even though the usual realities of life, such as the changing of seasons or the passing of a day, are concretely filmed.{{sfn|Biswas|2007|pp=87–88}}<br />
<br />
==Accolades==<br />
{{see also|List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray}}<br />
{{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} has won many national and international awards.<ref name=ucscray>{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/awards.html |title=Awards for Satyajit Ray |access-date=18 May 2008 |work= Ray Film and Study Collection |publisher=University of California – Santa Cruz | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131017020808/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/awards.html | archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> At India's [[3rd National Film Awards]] in 1955, it was named [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Bengali Feature Film]].<ref name=nfa>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf|title=3rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=5 December 2013|page=6 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105232134/http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> The next year, it competed for the {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} at Cannes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/1956/allAward.html |title=Awards 1956 : All Awards |work=Festival de Cannes |access-date=5 December 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020106/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/1956/allAward.html |archive-date= 12 December 2013}}</ref> where it won Best Human Document<ref name=ucscray/> and an OCIC Award&nbsp;– Special Mention.{{sfn|Lyden|2009|pp=61–62}} More awards from film festivals across the world followed: the Vatican Award (Rome),{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=366}} the Golden Carabao (Manila),<ref name=ucscray/> and the Diploma of Merit ([[Edinburgh International Film Festival|Edinburgh]]) in 1956;{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=366}} the Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film ([[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]]), the Golden Gate for Best Director and Best Picture ([[San Francisco International Film Festival|San Francisco]]) in 1957;{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=366}} Best Film ([[Vancouver International Film Festival|Vancouver]]), and the Critics' Award for Best Film (Stratford) in 1958.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=366}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/14/archives/indian-film-honored-pather-panchali-wins-prize-at-stratford-ont.html |title=Indian Film Honored; ''Pather Panchali'' Wins Prize at Stratford, Ont., Fete |page=16 |date=14 July 1958 |access-date=24 May 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211201703/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00613FD355A137B93C6A8178CD85F4C8585F9 | archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> It also won several awards for best foreign-language film: at the [[National Board of Review Awards 1958]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1958/ |title= 1958 Award Winners |access-date=24 November 2013|publisher=[[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230651/http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1958/ | archive-date= 2 December 2013}}</ref> at the Afro Arts Theater, New York, 1959;{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=366}} the Kinema Jumpo Award in Japan, 1966;{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=366}} and the [[Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film|Bodil Award]] in Denmark, 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bodilprisen.dk/1969 |title=Awards 1969, Bodil Awards |publisher=Filmmedarbejderforeningen|access-date=7 December 2013|language=da | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030141413/http://www.bodilprisen.dk/1969 | archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> In 1958 it had been nominated for Best Film at the [[11th British Academy Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1958/film/film-and-british-film| title= Film And British Film in 1958|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|access-date=9 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209014039/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1958/film/film-and-british-film| archive-date=9 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Sight & Sound]]'', the [[British Film Institute]]'s (BFI) magazine, has included {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} several times in its Critics' Polls of the greatest-ever films. In 1962, it ranked 11th;<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson | first=Eric |title=''Sight and Sound'' Poll 1962: Critics |url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1962.html |access-date=7 December 2013|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120222024831/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1962.html |archive-date =22 February 2012}}</ref> in 1992, 6th;<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/history/1992.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309164155/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/history/1992.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |title=The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1992 |work=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=20 May 2008}}</ref> and in 2002, 22nd.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002: The rest of the critics' list |work=Sight & Sound |publisher=British Film Institute |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515211647/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=24 April 2009}}</ref> It also topped the British Film Institute's user poll of "Top 10 Indian Films" of all time in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html |title=User Poll: Indian Top 10 |date=2002 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530205427/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html|archive-date=30 May 2008}}</ref> The magazine ranked the film 42nd in its 2012 critics' poll of "Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time | title= The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time | last=Christie | first=Ian|date=1 August 2012|access-date= 8 December 2013|work=Sight & Sound|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012020808/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> and 48th in its 2012 directors' poll.<ref>{{cite web|title=Directors' top 100|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/sightandsoundpoll2012/directors|website=[[Sight & Sound]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|year=2012|access-date=11 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209010504/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/sightandsoundpoll2012/directors|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the most recent 2022 edition of BFI's ''Greatest films of all time'' list the film ranked 35th in the critics poll<ref>{{cite web|title=The Greatest Films of All Time|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/greatest-films-all-time|website=bfi.org}}</ref> and 22nd in the director's poll.<ref>{{cite web|title=Directors' 100 Greatest Films of All Time|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/directors-100-greatest-films-all-time|website=bfi.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali is the only Indian movie in the Sight and Sound's 100 greatest movies of all time list|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/satyajit-rays-pather-panchali-is-the-only-indian-movie-in-sight-and-sounds-100-greatest-movies-of-all-time-list/cid/1902267|website=www.telegraphindia.com|date=6 December 2022}}</ref> In 1998, in a similar critics' poll from Asian film magazine ''[[Cinemaya]]'', {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was ranked the second-greatest film of all time.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The "Sight & Sound" of Canons |first=Donato |last=Totaro |journal=Offscreen Journal |publisher=[[Canada Council]] for the Arts |date=31 January 2003 |url=https://offscreen.com/view/sight_sound?/new_offscreen/canon.html |access-date=19 April 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016212310/http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/canon.html|archive-date= 16 October 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Village Voice]]'' ranked the film at number 12 (tied with ''[[The Godfather]]'') in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list in 1999, based on a poll of critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 |title=Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll |access-date=27 July 2006 |year=1999 |work=The Village Voice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826201343/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 |archive-date=26 August 2007}}</ref> In 2010, [[The Guardian]] ranked the film 12th in its list of 25 greatest [[Art Film|arthouse films]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pather Panchali: No 12 best arthouse film of all time|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/pather-panchali-ray-arthouse|website=theguardian|date=20 October 2010|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017070224/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/pather-panchali-ray-arthouse|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was included in various other all-time lists, including [[Time Out (magazine)|''Time Out'']]{{'}}s "Centenary Top One Hundred Films" in 1995,<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 100 Films (Centenary) from Time Out Film Guide |publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/timeoutC.html |access-date=19 April 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021141741/http://www.filmsite.org/timeoutC.html |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' "Hot 100 Films From the Past" in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hot 100 Films From the Past by ''San Francisco Chronicle'' Film Critics |publisher=Filmsite.org |url=http://www.filmsite.org/sfchron2.html |access-date=19 April 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131021141830/http://www.filmsite.org/sfchron2.html |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> the ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' "100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years" in 1999,<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years by Rolling Stone Magazine |publisher=Filmsite.org|url=http://www.filmsite.org/rstone2.html |access-date=19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021142150/http://www.filmsite.org/rstone2.html | archive-date= 21 October 2013}}</ref> "''The New York Times'' Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made" in 2002,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html |title=The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made |newspaper=The New York Times |year=2002| access-date=7 December 2013 | archive-date=11 December 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131211043539/http://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html}}</ref> the BFI Top Fifty "Must See" Children's Films in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Top Fifty "Must See" Children's Films by the British Film Institute (BFI) |publisher=Filmsite.org|url=http://www.filmsite.org/100kidsfilms2.html |access-date=19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021142148/http://www.filmsite.org/100kidsfilms2.html |archive-date= 21 October 2013}}</ref> and BFI's "Top 10 Indian Films" of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Indian Films |publisher=British Film Institute |year=2002 |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313175723/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/ |archive-date=13 March 2007 |access-date=15 March 2011}}</ref> It was included in [[NDTV]]'s list of "India's 20 greatest films",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/india-s-20-greatest-films-1124/slide/3 | title=India's 20 greatest films | publisher=[[NDTV]] | access-date=3 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121152140/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/india-s-20-greatest-films-1124/slide/3 | archive-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> and in 2013 in [[CNN-IBN]]'s list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-41.html | title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time | publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] | date=17 April 2013 | access-date=3 January 2014| url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104175929/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-41.html| archive-date= 4 January 2014}}</ref> Akira Kurosawa ranked {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} at No. 37 on his ''Top 100 favourite films of all time'' list.<ref>{{cite web|title=From Stanley Kubrick to Martin Scorsese: Akira kurosawa once named his top 100 favourite films of all time|url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/akira-kurosawa-100-favourite-films-list/|website=Far Out|date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Akira Kurosawa's List of His Favourite Movies|url=https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/akira-kurosawas-list-of-his-100-favorite-movies.html|website=Open Culture}}</ref> The Apu trilogy as a whole was included in film critic [[Roger Ebert]]'s list of "100 Great Movies" in 2001<ref>{{cite web|title=The Apu Trilogy (1959) |author-link=Roger Ebert |first=Roger |last=Ebert |work=rogerebert.com |date=4 March 2001 |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20010304%2FREVIEWS08%2F103040301%2F1023 |access-date=19 April 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131021185612/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-apu-trilogy-1959 | archive-date = 21 October 2013}}</ref> and in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s [[Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies|All-Time 100 best movies]] list in 2005.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/the-apu-trilogy-1955-1956-1959/ |title=All-time 100 Movies|last=Schickel | first=Richard |access-date=14 December 2013 |magazine=Time |date=30 January 2010|url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020152934/http://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/the-apu-trilogy-1955-1956-1959/ | archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
{{see also|The Apu Trilogy{{!}}''The Apu Trilogy''}}<br />
[[File:Still from Aparajito.jpg|thumb|Adolescent Apu, as portrayed in the sequel ''Aparajito'']]<br />
{{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was followed by two films that continued the tale of Apu's life—''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') in 1956 and ''[[Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'') in 1959. Together, the three films constitute the [[Apu trilogy]]. ''Aparajito'' portrays the adolescent Apu, his education in a rural school and a Calcutta college. Its central theme is the poignant relationship between a doting mother and her ambitious young son. ''Apur Sansar'' depicts Apu's adult life, his reaction to his wife's premature death, and his final bonding with his son whom he abandoned as an infant. The sequels also won many national and international awards. Ray did not initially plan to make a trilogy: he decided to make the third film only after being asked about the possibility of a trilogy at the 1957 [[Venice Film Festival]],{{sfn|Wood|1972|p=61}} where ''Aparajito'' won the [[Golden Lion]].{{sfn|Bergan|2006|p=497}} ''[[Apur Panchali]]'' (2014) is a Bengali film directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]], which depicts the real-life story of Subir Bannerjee, the actor who portrayed Apu in {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Parambrata-starts-shooting-for-Apur-Panchali/articleshow/19262757.cms?referral=PM |title=Parambrata starts shooting for ''Apur Panchali'' |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 March 2013 |access-date=7 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227022537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Parambrata-starts-shooting-for-Apur-Panchali/articleshow/19262757.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> ''[[Aparajito (2022 film)|Aparajito]]'', a 2022 Bengali film directed by [[Anik Dutta]], tells the story of the making of {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}.<ref name="Mid-day 2022">{{cite web | title=Finest film on the making of a film | website=Mid-day | date=4 May 2022 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/finest-film-on-the-making-of-a-film-23225634 | last=Shekhar | first=Mayank | access-date=21 August 2022 | archive-date=6 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606022710/https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/finest-film-on-the-making-of-a-film-23225634 | url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Satyajit Ray 1994 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|Commemorative stamp published by India in 1994]]<br />
{{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was the first film made in independent India to receive major critical attention internationally, placing India on the world cinema map.{{sfn|Chapman|2003|p=323}}{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalni|Chatterjee|2003|p=612}} It was one of the first examples of [[Parallel Cinema]], a new tradition of Indian film-making in which authenticity and social realism were key themes,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug15/sunday/head9.htm |title=Sense & Cinema |last=Likhi |first=Abhilaksh |date=15 August 1999 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=18 May 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212051218/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug15/sunday/head9.htm |archive-date= 12 December 2013}}</ref> breaking the rule of the Indian film establishment.{{sfn|Cousins|2004|pp=237–238}}{{sfn|Das Gupta|1980|pp=32–42}} Although {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} was described as a turning point in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/09/05/stories/2004090500210500.htm |title=Ray's eternal song |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 September 2004 |access-date=18 May 2008|url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728191416/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/09/05/stories/2004090500210500.htm |archive-date= 28 July 2013}}</ref> some commentators preferred the view that it refined a "realist textual principle" that was already there.{{sfn|Ruberto|Wilson|2007|p=16}} In 1963 ''Time'' noted that thanks to {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, Satyajit Ray was one of the "hardy little band of inspired pioneers" of a new cinematic movement that was enjoying a good number of imitators worldwide.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870556-1,00.html |title=A Religion of Film |date=20 September 1963 |access-date=18 May 2008 |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214043003/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C870556-1%2C00.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}{{subscription required}}</ref> The film has since been considered as a "global landmark" and "among the essential moviegoing experiences".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-10-30-new-dvd_x.htm |title=New on DVD |last=Clark |first=Mike |work=[[USA Today]] |date=30 October 2003 |access-date=18 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020203259/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-10-30-new-dvd_x.htm |archive-date= 20 October 2012}}</ref> On 2 May 2013, commemorating Ray's birthday, the Indian version of the search engine Google displayed [[Google logo|a doodle]] featuring the train sequence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/google-doodles-pather-panchali-on-satyajit-rays-birthday-361724| title=Google doodles Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali on filmmaker's birth anniversary | last=Saxena | first= Anupam| date=2 May 2013|access-date=14 December 2013|publisher=NDTV| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214173931/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/google-doodles-pather-panchali-on-satyajit-rays-birthday-361724 | archive-date= 14 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/satyajit-rays-92nd-birthday/| title=Satyajit Ray's 92nd Birthday | access-date= 14 December 2013|url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214174127/https://www.google.com/doodles/satyajit-rays-92nd-birthday | archive-date= 14 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
After {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, Ray went on to make 36 more films, including feature films, documentaries and [[short film|shorts]]. He worked on [[screenplay|scripting]], casting, [[Film score|scoring]], [[cinematography]], [[art director|art direction]] and editing, as well as designing his own credit titles and publicity material. He developed a distinctive style of film-making{{sfn|Santas|2002|p=18}} based, as was the case with {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, on visual lyricism and strongly humanistic themes.{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2004|p=32}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/ray/ |title=Satyajit Ray |last=Goristas |first=Helen | date=May 2002|work=[[Senses of Cinema]] |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511074653/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/ray.html |archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref> Thus, Ray established himself as an internationally recognized [[Auteur theory|auteur]] of cinema.{{sfn|Santas|2002|p=18}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin|25em}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Bee |editor1-first=Harriet Schoenhotz |editor2-last=Hellczer |editor2-first=Cassandra |editor3-last=McFadden |editor3-first=Sarah |title=MoMA Highlights: 350 Works from The Museum of Modern Art, New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcdBAQAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=The Museum of Modern Art |isbn=978-0-87070-846-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103152428/http://books.google.com/books?id=AcdBAQAAQBAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Bergan | first = Ronald | year = 2006<br />
| title =Film<br />
| publisher = Dorking Kindersley | isbn =978-1-4053-1280-6}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Biswas|first=Moinak|editor=Ruberto, Laura E. |editor2=Wilson, Kristi M. |title=Italian Neorealism and Global Cinema|year=2007|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=978-0-8143-3324-2|chapter=In the mirror of an alternative globalism: the neorealist encounter in India}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Chapman | first = James | author-link=James Chapman (media historian) | year = 2003 | title = Cinemas of the World: Film and Society from 1895 to the Present | publisher = Reaktion Books | isbn =1-86189-162-8}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Cooper | first = Darius | year = 2000 | title = The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-62980-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/cinemaofsatyajit00coop}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Corrigan |first1=Timothy |last2=White |first2=Patricia |title=The Film Experience: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oztJXky9aJ0C&pg=PA252 |year=2012 |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's |isbn=978-0-312-68170-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627121016/http://books.google.com/books?id=oztJXky9aJ0C&pg=PA252 |archive-date=27 June 2014}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Cousins | first = Mark | author-link = Mark Cousins (film critic) | year = 2004 | title = The Story of Film: A Worldwide History of Film from the Host of the BBC's Scene by Scene | publisher = Thunder's Mouth Press | isbn = 1-56025-612-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560256120}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last=Das Gupta |first=Chidananda |author-link=Chidananda Dasgupta |date=Autumn 1980 |title=New Directions in Indian Cinema |journal=Film Quarterly |volume=34 |issue=1 |page=32 |publisher=University of California Press |issn=0015-1386 |oclc=1569205 |doi=10.1525/fq.1980.34.1.04a00070}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Ettedgui | first = Peter | year = 1999<br />
| title = Cinematography: Screencraft<br />
| publisher = Focal Press | isbn =0-240-80382-5}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last1 = Gokulsing | first1 = K. Moti | last2= Dissanayake | first2= Wimal | year = 2004 | title = Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change | publisher = Trentham Books | isbn = 1-85856-329-1}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Gokulsing|first1=K. Moti|last2=Dissanayake|first2=Wimal|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Gooptu|first=Sharmistha|title=Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzEdHF5UYcMC|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-84334-5|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707042130/https://books.google.com/books?id=pzEdHF5UYcMC|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Gugelberger|first=Georg M.|title=The Real Thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2RmcJm7zgQC|year=1996|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1844-6}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last1 = Gulzar | last2 = Nihalni | first2 = Govind | last3 = Chatterjee | first3 = Saibal | author-link1= Gulzar | author2-link= Govind Nihalani | year = 2003 | chapter= Biographies | title = Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema | publisher = Popular Prakashan | isbn = 81-7991-066-0}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Isaksson |first=Folke |editor=Cardullo, Bert |title=Satyajit Ray: Interviews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQYs4X5d9WAC |year=2007 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-57806-937-8 |chapter=Conversation with Satyajit Ray |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103143738/http://books.google.com/books?id=fQYs4X5d9WAC |archive-date=3 January 2014}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Kael |first=Pauline |author-link=Pauline Kael |title=5001 Nights at the Movies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LzeUZ03vQC&pg=PA569 |year=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=978-1-250-03357-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104151538/http://books.google.com/books?id=w4LzeUZ03vQC&pg=PA569 |archive-date=4 January 2014}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Khair | first = Tabish | author-link = Tabish Khair | year = 2005 | title = Amitav Ghosh: A Critical Companion | publisher = Orient Longman | isbn = 81-7824-113-7}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Lavezzoli | first = Peter | year = 2006 | title = The Dawn of Indian Music in the West | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 0-8264-1815-5}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Leng|first=Simon|title=While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison|year=2006|publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation]]|isbn=1-4234-0609-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRoFPFvI1joC&pg=PA48|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819154150/https://books.google.com/books?id=NRoFPFvI1joC&pg=PA48|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lyden |first=John |title=The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9OJLAZakI4C&pg=PA62 |year=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-44853-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727122357/http://books.google.com/books?id=Q9OJLAZakI4C&pg=PA62 |archive-date=27 July 2014}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Mehta | first = Ved | author-link = Ved Mehta | year = 1998 | title = A Ved Mehta Reader: The Craft of the Essay | chapter = City of Dreadful Night | publisher = Yale University Press | isbn = 0-300-07561-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Pati|first1=Mitali|last2=Ganguly|first2=Suranjan|editor=Natarajan, Nalini |editor2=Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|chapter=Perspectives on Bengali film and literature}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Pratt |first=Douglas |title=Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxmg-LuBTWIC&pg=PA908 |year=2005 |publisher=UNET 2 Corporation |isbn=978-1-932916-01-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103152329/http://books.google.com/books?id=vxmg-LuBTWIC&pg=PA908 |archive-date=3 January 2014}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Apur Panchali|year=2010|publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]]|isbn=978-81-7215-367-0|language=bn}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=Satyajit |title=My Years with Apu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ss2sw8FObM8C |year=1996 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-024780-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103143824/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ss2sw8FObM8C |archive-date=3 January 2014}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Ray | first = Satyajit | year = 2005 | title = Our Films, Their Films | publisher = Orient Longman | isbn = 81-250-1565-5}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Andrew |title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye |url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0 |url-access=registration |year=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06946-6}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Robinson | first=Andrew | title=The Apu Trilogy: Satyajit Ray and the Making of an Epic | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-78672-962-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfbsDwAAQBAJ | access-date=12 September 2022 | archive-date=12 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912013331/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfbsDwAAQBAJ | url-status=live}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last1 = Ruberto | first1 = Laura E. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = Kristi M. | year = 2007 | title = Italian Neorealism and Global Cinema | publisher = Wayne State University Press | isbn = 978-0-8143-3324-2}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Santas | first = Constantine | year = 2002 | title = Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | isbn = 0-8304-1580-7}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Seton|first=Marie|author-link= Marie Seton| title=Portrait of a Director: Satyajit Ray|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-302972-4}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Teo|first=Stephen|title=The Asian Cinema Experience: Styles, Spaces, Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sHZz-XUR2oC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-57146-3|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707042057/https://books.google.com/books?id=2sHZz-XUR2oC|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Wood | first = R | year = 1972 | title = The Apu trilogy | publisher = November Books Ltd | isbn = 0-85631-003-4}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Pather Panchali (1955)}}<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160211222331/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b2b59cc ''Pather Panchali''] at the [[British Film Institute]]{{better source needed|reason=Help request: a live link can be searched for at https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/search/expert - if available, replace the archive URL with the live link. Or if none found, remove this 'better source needed' template. | date=October 2023}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080619060805/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/films/pather.html {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} at Ray Film and Study Collection University of California – Santa Cruz]<br />
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4535-constant-compass-uma-das-gupta-in-pather-panchali ''Constant Compass: Uma Das Gupta in Pather Panchali''] an essay by [[Durga Chew-Bose]] at the [[Criterion Collection]]<br />
<br />
{{Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay}}<br />
{{Satyajit Ray}}<br />
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}<br />
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}<br />
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film}}<br />
<br />
{{featured article}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s coming-of-age drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1955 films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian epic films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi Shankar]]<br />
[[Category:Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:1955 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1955 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1955 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on works by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurramkonda_mandal&diff=501548Gurramkonda mandal2026-04-20T18:30:26Z<p>Rajeev067: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mandal in Annamayya district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gurramkonda mandal<br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pileru revenue division|Pileru]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +05:30<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-point = none<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gurramkonda mandal''' is one of the 25 [[Mandal|mandals]] in [[Annamayya district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Pileru revenue division]]. The mandal used to be a part of [[Chittoor district]] and was made part of the newly formed Annamayya district on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-12 |title=Chittoor farmers losing hope on kharif, sowing dips by 50% |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-farmers-losing-hope-on-kharif-sowing-dips-by-50/article28985524.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
[[Gurramkonda]] is mandal headquarter.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Annamayya district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Annamayya district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warangal_East_Assembly_constituency&diff=545532Warangal East Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:37:28Z<p>Rajeev067: put up entry!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Warangal East<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (106-Warangal East highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Warangal East Assembly constituency within Telangana<br />
| mla = [[Konda Surekha]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| state = [[Telangana]]<br />
| district = [[Warangal district|Warangal]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| electors = 1,98,928<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| constituency_no = 106<br />
| loksabha_cons= [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Warangal East Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]] formed after the 2008 delimitation of the earlier [[Hanamkonda Assembly constituency]]. It is one of 12 constituencies in [[Warangal district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of the two constituencies in the [[Warangal|City of Warangal]] and part of [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
[[Konda Surekha]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is currently representing the constituency.<br />
<br />
==Wards==<br />
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Wards: 8 to 14, 16 to 20 and 22.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| [[Basavaraju Saraiah]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4| [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| [[Konda Surekha]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
| Narender Nannapuneni<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| [[Konda Surekha]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Warangal East}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Konda Surekha]]<br />
| votes = 67,757<br />
| percentage = 39.47<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Errabelli Pradeep Kumar Rao|votes=52,105|percentage=30.35|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Nannapuneni Narendar|votes=42,783|percentage=24.92|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,978|percentage=1.15|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=15,652|percentage=9.12|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,71,687|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Warangal East<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Warangal-East Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-up">{{cite news |title=Warangal-East Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-up MLA List |url=https://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/warangal-east.html |access-date=24 May 2022 |work= |date=2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524181424/https://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/warangal-east.html |archive-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
| candidate = Narendar Nannapuneni<br />
| votes = 83,922<br />
| percentage = 53.94 <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Vaddiraju Ravichandra]] <br />
| votes = 55,140<br />
| percentage = 35.44 <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Satish Kusuma<br />
| votes = 4,729<br />
| percentage = 3.04<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent politician<br />
| candidate = Akula Venkateshwarlu<br />
| votes = 2,759 <br />
| percentage = 1.77<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
| votes = 2,716<br />
| percentage = 1.75<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 28,782<br />
| percentage = 18.50<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 1,55,777 <br />
| percentage = 73.45<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
| loser = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Warangal East<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081345/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=106 Article title]}} Warangal East Results</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
| candidate = [[Konda Surekha]]<br />
| votes = 88,641<br />
| percentage = 59.82<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Basavaraju Saraiah]] <br />
| votes = 33,556<br />
| percentage = 22.65<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Padma Rao <br />
| votes = 11,639<br />
| percentage = 7.85<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 55,085<br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 1,48,180 <br />
| percentage =74.49<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Warangal East<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Indian Election Data and Results | website=IndiaVotes | url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ | access-date=2021-10-17}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party =Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Basavaraju Saraiah]]<br />
| votes =41,952<br />
| percentage =32.66%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
| candidate = Errabelli Pradeep Kumar Rao <br />
|votes =34,697<br />
| percentage =27.01%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
| candidate = Acha Vidya Sagar<br />
| votes =31,477<br />
| percentage =24.50%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 7,255<br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Warangal West Assembly constituency]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}<br />
{{coord|17.971|79.640|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]<br />
[[Category:Warangal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Warangal district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinoj_Varghese&diff=536107Sinoj Varghese2026-04-09T18:59:54Z<p>Rajeev067: put up new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sinoj Varghese<br />
|image = File:Sinoj Varghese at Angamaly IMG 20260211 082144658S.jpg<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years active = 2017–present<br />
| notable_works = [[Angamaly Diaries]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sinoj Varghese''' is an Indian actor who primarily works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. He made his acting debut in 2017 through the film ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=സിനോജ് വർഗ്ഗീസ് |url=https://m3db.com/sinoj-varghese |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=M3DB |language=en}}</ref> directed by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/angamaly-diaries/movie-review/57449113.cms |title=Angamaly Diaries movie review |date=3 March 2017 |access-date=15 February 2026|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Sinoj made his acting debut in 2017 with ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'', where he portrayed the character Kunjootti.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angamaly Diaries Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/angamaly-diaries/cast-crew.html |access-date=15 February 2026 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-21 |title='Katta local' youth from Angamaly Diaries to sizzle in 'Komady Circus'! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/katta-local-youth-from-angamaly-diaries-to-sizzle-in-komady-circus/articleshow/57752475.cms |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Following this, he appeared in several action-oriented films directed by Tinu Pappachan, including ''[[Swathandriam Ardharathriyil]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2018-04-06 |title=Jiiva to star in 'Swathanthryam Ardharathriyil' Tamil remake |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/jiiva-star-swathanthryam-ardharathriyil-tamil-remake-79153 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' (2021).<br />
<br />
Later, he has appeared in comedies and dramas such as ''[[Tsunami (2021 film)|Tsunami]]'' (2021), and ''[[Corona Dhavan]]'' (2023). In 2024, he played roles in films like ''Kadakan'' and ''Gangs of Sukumarakkuruppu''.<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'' || Kunjootti || <ref name="MSIDB">{{cite web |title=Sinoj Varghese Profile |url=https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Sinoj%20Varghese |website=MalayalaSangeetham |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aadu 2]]'' || Note Marti ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Swathandriam Ardharathriyil]]'' || Devassy || <ref name="MSIDB" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''Kadam Kadha'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2019<br />
| ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' || Manja|| <ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Latest and Upcoming Films of Sinoj Varghese |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sinoj-Varghese/movies |website=The Times of India |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ulta (film)|Ulta]]''|| Lambodharan|| <ref name="MSIDB" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Tsunami (2021 film)|Tsunami]]'' || Vasu|| <ref name="MSIDB" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' || Joly|| <ref name="MSIDB" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2022 || ''[[1744 White Alto]]'' || ''Jacob''||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://mabumbe.com/movies/titles/375590/1744-white-alto |title=1744 White Alto (2022) - Trailer, Cast & Reviews - Mabumbe |language=en |access-date=2026-02-15 |via=mabumbe.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aanandam Paramanandam]]'' || Joy || <ref name="RT">{{cite web |title=Sinoj Varghese Movies List |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/sinoj_varghese |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vichithram]]'' || Chandi|| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-06-26 |title=Title poster of 'Vichithram' out; Shine Tom Chacko, Kani Kusruti to lead film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Jun/25/shine-tom-chacko-kani-kusruti-to-lead-vichithram-title-poster-out-2469332.html |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''Kaipola'' || || <ref name="TOI" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Corona Dhavan]]'' || Durbhalan|| <ref name="FBEAT">{{cite web |title=Sinoj Varghese: Biography |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/sinoj-varghese.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Kakkipada'' || Bomber 1|| <ref name="MBUFF">{{cite web |title=Sinoj Varghese on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/sinoj-varghese |access-date=15 February 2026 |website=Moviebuff}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Paathirakkaattu'' || || <ref name="MSIDB" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2024 || ''Kadakan'' || Kuppi Vasu|| <ref name="MSIDB" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''Gangs of Sukumarakkuruppu'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangs of Sukumarakkuruppu Cast & Crew {{!}} Cast Of Gangs of Sukumarakkuruppu Malayalam Movie - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/gangs-of-sukumarakkuruppu/cast-crew.html |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Kuttante Shinigami<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kummattikali'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-28 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja Makes His Malayalam Debut With Kadal Pole Song From Kummatikali |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/yuvan-shankar-raja-makes-his-malayalam-debut-with-kadal-pole-song-from-kummatikali-article-112085583 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2025 || ''Izha'' || Kochusthaad|| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Izha (2025) |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2025/01/izha-movie.html |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Mallu Release {{!}} Watch the Latest Malayalam Movies Web Series Online in HD |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Behindd'' || Suresh||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-04 |title=Behindd look poster with Sonia Aggarwal showcases thriller element |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/behindd-look-poster-with-sonia-aggarwal-showcases-thriller-element/articleshow/104163125.cms |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Sathyathil Sambhavichathu'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathyathil Sambhavichathu {{!}} സത്യത്തിൽ സംഭവിച്ചത് |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2024/06/sathyathil-sambhavichathu-movie.html |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Mallu Release {{!}} Watch the Latest Malayalam Movies Web Series Online in HD |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Athma Saho'' || || <ref name="MSIDB" /><br />
|-<br />
| 2026 || ''[[Derby (2026 film)|Derby]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Sagar Surya and Ameen's Derby gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/04/sagar-surya-and-ameens-derby-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{IMDb name|nm8850247}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese, Sinoj}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=I._S._Inbadurai&diff=503395I. S. Inbadurai2026-04-07T15:20:57Z<p>Rajeev067: New!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = I. S. Inbadurai<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 25 July 2025<br />
| term_end =<br />
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = 23 May 2016<br />
| term_end1 = 3 May 2021<br />
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata1 = {{ubl|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|[[O. Panneerselvam]]|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]}}<br />
| predecessor1 = [[S. Michael Rayappan]]<br />
| successor1 = [[M. Appavu]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|09|28|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = 7-28, South Street, Navaladi, [[Thisayanvilai]], [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<br />
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| occupation = [[Advocate]] <br />
}}<br />
'''I. S. Inbadurai''' is an Indian politician and advocate. He is a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of Parliament]], representing [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India]]. He also served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]] constituency from 23 May 2016 to 3 May 2021 as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |title=15th Assembly Members | publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/15thassembly/members/201_234.html | accessdate=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-05 |title=Radhapuram Assembly seat: Recount of postal votes complete, results not to be declared |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/radhapuram-assembly-seat-recount-postal-votes-complete-results-not-be-declared-110003 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928174545/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/radhapuram-assembly-seat-recount-postal-votes-complete-results-not-be-declared-110003 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=kavitha |date=2021-03-20 |title=DMK takes a cue from Appavu tale; closely monitors postal ballot process |url=https://thefederal.com/tamilnadu-elections-2021/dmk-takes-a-cue-from-appavu-loss-closely-monitors-postal-ballot-process/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Elections contested and positions held==<br />
===Rajya Sabha elections===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elections<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Constituency<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=2|Political party<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Result<br />
|-<br />
||[[2025 Rajya Sabha elections|2025]]|||[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]||[[AIADMK]]||{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Elections<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Assembly<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Constituency<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3 rowspan=2|Political party<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Result<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Vote percentage<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=5|Opposition<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Candidate<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3|Political party<br />
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote percentage<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]||rowspan=2|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]||rowspan=2|[[AIADMK]]||rowspan=2|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|20px]]||rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}}||40.62%||rowspan=2|[[M. Appavu]]||rowspan=2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||rowspan=2|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40.59%<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]||{{Lost}}||40.99%||44.17%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Positions in Parliament of the Republic of India===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"<br />
!rowspan=2|Elections<br />
!rowspan=2|Position<br />
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency<br />
!colspan=3|Term in office<br />
|-<br />
!Assumed office<br />
!Left office<br />
!Time in office<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Rajya Sabha elections|2025]]<br />
|[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|25 July 2025<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|{{age in years and days|2025|07|25}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Positions in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"<br />
!rowspan=2|Elections<br />
!rowspan=2|Position<br />
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency<br />
!colspan=3|Term in office<br />
|-<br />
!Assumed office<br />
!Left office<br />
!Time in office<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]<br />
|23 May 2016<br />
|3 May 2021<br />
|4 years, 345 days<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Inbadurai, I. S.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]<br />
[[Category:1965 births]]<br />
<br />
{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vyjayanthi_Kashi&diff=545145Vyjayanthi Kashi2026-04-02T13:36:08Z<p>Rajeev067: put up new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian dancer}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vyjayanthi Kashi<br />
| image = Vyjayanthi kashi.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Vyjayanthi, performing ''Kuchipudi''<br />
| image_size = 280 px<br />
| birth_name =Vaijayanthi Kashi<br />
| alias =<br />
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|1960|01|01|df=y}} <br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br />
| spouse = [[Vijay Kashi]]<br />
| children = [[Prateeksha Kashi]]'' <small>(Daughter)</small>''<br />
| known for = [[Kuchipudi|Kuchipudi Dancer]]<br />
| movement = [[Kuchipudi|Kuchipudi Dance]]<br />
| occupation = [[Dancer]], [[therapist]], [[choreographer]]<br />
| years_active =<br />
| label_name =<br />
| website = http://www.vyjayanthikashi.com<br />
|relatives = [[Gubbi Veeranna]]<br/>(grandfather)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vyjayanthi Kashi''' (born 1 January 1960) is an Indian classical dancer, a [[kuchipudi]] exponent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.associationsargam.com/vyjayanthi_kashi.htm |title=Vyjayanthi Kashi (Kuchipudi) |publisher=Associationsargam.com |date= |accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vyjayanthikashi.com/ |title=dancing to eternal bliss |publisher=Vyjayanthi Kashi |date= |accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> She is from the family of Dr [[Gubbi Veeranna]] who was an Indian [[theatre director]], one of the pioneers and most prolific contributors to Kannada theatre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/knowhero.htm |title=Gubbi Veeranna |publisher=www.ourkarnataka.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208090445/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/knowhero.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vyjayanthi Kashi is a reputed kuchipudi dancer, a celebrated performer and choreographer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kuchipudikalakar.blogspot.co.at/2011/03/vyjayanthi-kashi.html |title=Reputed Kuchipudi Dancer |publisher=kuchipudikalakar.blogspot.co.at |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref> and artistic director of a dance school [[Shambhavi School of Dance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolofkuchipudi.com |title=Shambhavi School of Dance |publisher=Schoolofkuchipudi.com |date= |accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> where they teaches this traditional dance form kuchipudi. She was also the chairperson of Karnataka Sangeetha Nritya Academy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Karnataka-Sangeeta-Nritya-Academy-chairperson-Vaijayanthi-Kashi-will-interact-with-artists-of-Dakshina-Kannada-Udupi-and-Kasaragod-districts-to-seek-suggestions-at-Suma-Sadana-near-Mallikatte-here-on-June-24-/articleshow/14295899.cms |title=Chair Person |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/vyjayanthi-kashi-wants-steps-for-better-dance-examinations/article3567499.ece |title=Chairperson |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karnatakasangeetanrityaacademy.org/m4.htm |title=Karnataka Sangeetha Nrutya Academy |publisher=Karnatakasangeetanrityaacademy.org |date= |accessdate=25 March 2013 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928060531/http://www.karnatakasangeetanrityaacademy.org/m4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vyjayanthikashi.com/chairperson%20ksna.htm |title=Chairperson |publisher=Vyjayanthikashi.com |date=24 June 2012 |accessdate=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927210304/http://www.vyjayanthikashi.com/chairperson%20ksna.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal information==<br />
<br />
Vyjayanthi Kashi is the daughter of the late J.M. Vishwanth and late G.V. Girijamma. Vyjayanthi Kashi started learning Bharatanatya from Ramanna of Tumkur at the age of six. Eventually, she topped the State with a first rank and also won a golden chain. Initially she was not so interested in dance, so eventually she took theatre where she worked with [[T. S. Nagabharana]] who is an Indian [[film director]], in the [[Kannada film industry]]. She married Vijaya Kashi, a television and theatre artist whom she met while acting in theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/05/02/stories/2009050251971000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928114053/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/05/02/stories/2009050251971000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Interview with |date=2009-05-02|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref> She took up a job in a bank which later she left as she fully dedicated to dance. She has a daughter [[Prateeksha Kashi]], who is also a kuchipudi dancer.<br />
<br />
==Dedication to Kuchipudi==<br />
<br />
Later at a point of time when she felt that this is not what she wants, the same time she met Kuchipudi guru C.R. Acharya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kuchipudinotes.wordpress.com/2011/05/06/the-hindu-reflects-on-c-r-acharya/ |title=c-r-acharya |publisher=kuchipudinotes.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref> who came to the town. In an interview she quoted this became turning pint of her life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/05/02/stories/2009050251971000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928114053/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/05/02/stories/2009050251971000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Interview with |date=2009-05-02|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref> She started dancing Kuchipudi again at the age of 30. Having had her training in [[Indian Classical Dance]] forms [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatnatyam]], Kuchipudi and Temple Ritual Dances from an early age under legendary Gurus like Late Guru C R Acharya, Late Vedantham Prahalada Sarma, Padmashree Vedantham Satyanarayana Sharma, Bharathakala Prapoorarna, Korada Narasimha Rao and others she has proved a DYNAMIC FORCE in KUCHIPUDI.<br />
<br />
Vyjayanthi is celebrated not only for her understanding of the art of Kuchipudi, but also as an actress on television and theatre and her work as a choreographer, dance-educator and dance-therapist.<br />
<br />
===Performances===<br />
Over her extensive career, Vyjayanthi’s work has been featured in several international festivals, including the International Kuchipudi Convention USA, Milap Fest Uk, Oriental Dance Festival Germany, Festival of India in Africa, India Film Festival in Malaga, Appan Dance Festival in Korea, Olympic Festival in Italy, International Kannada Convention at Los Angeles, International Dance & Music Festival in Egypt, Malta, Tunisia, Karmiel Dance Festival in Israel and many more. She has given lecture-demonstration and conducted workshops in many universities in the US, Italy, Germany, Italy, Dubai, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Berlin, Australia, Austria, Spain, Switzerland, and many other countries.<br />
<br />
She also gives duet performances with her Kuchipudi Dancer daughter [[Prateeksha Kashi]]. This mother and daughter are considered as one of the best pair Kuchipudi Dancers from India worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/best-of-dancers-at-nishagandhi-dance-festival/article8188125.ece<br />
|title=Kuchipudi Dancers from India|publisher=www.thehindu.com |date= |accessdate=2014-11-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Lecture Demonstration on "Contribution of Woman to Kuchipudi" at Nayika-Excellence Personified, Bangalore<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/unsung-heroes/article5780869.ece|title=Lecture Demonstration at Nayika, Bangalore |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date= 13 March 2014|accessdate=2014-03-27|last1=R |first1=Shilpa Sebastian }}</ref><br />
* Performance with group of Shambhavi School of Dance at ‘Lok-folk’ festival, Eluru, Andhrapradesh<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/lokfolk-festival-today/article5813151.ece |title=Performance at Eluru, Andhrapradesh |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date= 21 March 2014|accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{gallery<br />
|width=200<br />
|height=200<br />
|File:Vyjayanthi kashi1.jpg|Kashi with her daughter Prateeksha Kashi performing "PARAMPARA"<br />
|File:Vyjayanthi kashi3.jpg|Kashi as "Kubje" and Prateeksha Kashi as "Krishna"<br />
|File:Vyjayanthi kashi2.jpg|Kashi playing the role of "Kubje" who is a devotee of Lord Krishna<br />
|File:Vyjayanthi kashi4.jpg|Kashi- Versatile Kuchipudi Dancer<br />
|File:Natya Shastra Award to Yamini Krishnamurthy.JPG|Vyjayanthi Kashi conferring Natya Shastra Award to Padmabhushan Dr. Yamini Krishnamurthy at Nayika<br />
|File:The Magic of Kuchipudi DVD release.JPG|Kashi at the launch of her daughter, a Kuchipudi Dancer Prateeksha Kashi's dance DVD "The Magic of Kuchipudi" at Nayika<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Key achievements & awards===<br />
<br />
Unfettered by anything but DANCE, today Vyjayanthi Kashi is an iconoclast in the field of dance. She is a dance-bridge between the pristine classical style of Kuchipudi and more contemporary aesthetic. She serves on the Arts and Cultural committee of the Ministry of Tourism and culture, Govt of India. Over her extensive career, Vyjayanthi’s work has been featured in several international festivals.<br />
<br />
To mention a few of her credentials<br />
<br />
* Present Member of Central Sangeet Natak Akademi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/ebgc.php <br />
|title=Member of Central Sangeet Natak Akademy |publisher=sangeetnatak.gov.in |date= |accessdate=14 Nov 2016}}</ref><br />
* Former Chairperson of Karnataka Sangeeta Nrutya Academy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vyjayanthikashi.com/chairperson%20ksna.htm |title=Chairperson |publisher=www.vyjayanthikashi.com |accessdate=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927210304/http://www.vyjayanthikashi.com/chairperson%20ksna.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Karnataka-Sangeeta-Nrutya-Academy-chairperson-Vaijayanthi-Kashi-will-interact-with-artists-of-Dakshina-Kannada-Udupi-and-Kasaragod-districts-to-seek-suggestions-at-Suma-Sadana-near-Mallikatte-here-on-June-24-/articleshow/14295899.cms |title=Chair Person |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/vyjayanthi-kashi-wants-steps-for-better-dance-examinations/article3567499.ece |title=Chairperson |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><br />
* Recipient of the Central Sangeet Natak Akademy Puraskar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=Central Sangeet Natak Akademy Puraskar |publisher=sangeetnatak.gov.in |accessdate=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrindia.net/programmes/dec-jan2010-2011.pdf |title=Central Sangeet Natak Akademy Puraskar |publisher=www.iccrindia.net |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sehernow.in/ananya2011htmls/kuchipudi.html |title=Central Sangeet Natak Akademy Puraskar |publisher=www.sehernow.in|date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><ref>[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]</ref><br />
* Recipient of the Karnataka Rajyothsava Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ananyaculture.in/#!__vyjayanthi-kashi |title=Karnataka Rajyothsava Award |publisher=www.ananyaculture.in |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012 |archive-date=9 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109085312/http://www.ananyaculture.in/#!__vyjayanthi-kashi |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nrityabharati.in/previous_editions/2011/ |title=Karnataka Rajyothsava Award |publisher=nrityabharati.in |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040507/http://nrityabharati.in/previous_editions/2011/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Recipient of Vocational Excellence Award from [[Rotary International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankalakar.com/artistdetails.php?artid=123 |title=Vocational Excellence Award |publisher=www.indiankalakar.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><br />
* Recipient of the Zee [[Astitva]] Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankalakar.com/artistdetails.php?artid=123 |title=Zee Astitva Award |publisher=www.indiankalakar.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><br />
* Top Ranking Artist of Doordarshan the broadcasting media<br />
* Research fellow of Govt. of India in Kuchipudi<br />
* Member of the text book committee of kuchipudi (state govt)<br />
* She is the founder and artistic director Shambhavi School of Dance<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolofkuchipudi.com |title=Shambhavi School of Dance |publisher=Schoolofkuchipudi.com |date= |accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref><br />
* dancejathre India's first ever International dance fair is her brain child<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dancejathre.com/HOME%20PAGE%202012.htm |title=Dance Jathare |publisher=www.dancejathre.com |accessdate=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318203411/http://www.dancejathre.com/HOME%20PAGE%202012.htm |archive-date=18 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev08/rev647.html |title=Dance Jathare |publisher=www.narthaki.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Film, theatre and television==<br />
<br />
Vyjayanthi Kashi is a frequent presenter at international dance conferences and symposia. Her film and television credits include documentaries and interviews on Doordarshan, Sony Television, Zee T V, E-Nadu, Udaya, and Chandana. She is an acclaimed TV actress, being featured in some of the regional TV serials such as Mukta Mukta, [[Manvantara]], Male Billu and more. Presently{{when|date=November 2021}} she is acting in a Kannada serial [[Nannarasi Radhe]] in [[Colors Kannada]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category|Vyjayanthi Kashi}}<br />
{{URL|www.vyjayanthikashi.com|Official Website}}<br />
<br />
===Interviews with TV channels===<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf7xVO92vJ8&list=UUICNQK8V1W7hs4uronSsIDQ&index=4 Glimpses of Interview with Udaya TV]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTKZuRPFpNY Interview with Kasturi Channel]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l58egynTbK0 Interview with SAMAYA TV]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashi, Vyjayanthi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Dancers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]<br />
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2010]]<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly&diff=481313Karnataka Legislative Assembly2026-03-28T14:49:34Z<p>Rajeev067: reworked lead after review for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Lower house of the state legislature of Karnataka}}<br />
{{About|2=the upper house|3=Karnataka Legislative Council}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Karnataka Legislative Assembly<br />
| native_name = {{lang|kn|Karnāṭaka Vidhānasabhe}}<br />
| legislature = [[16th Karnataka Assembly]]<br />
| coa_pic = Seal of Karnataka.svg<br />
| coa_res = 250<br />
| house_type = Lower house<br />
| term_limits = 5 years<br />
| body = Karnataka Legislature<br />
| foundation = {{start date and years ago|1881|df=y|br=y|p=y}}<br />
| preceded_by = [[Mysore state|Mysore Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| leader1 = Thanwar Chand Gehlot<br />
| leader2 = [[U. T. Khader|U. T. Khader Fareed]]<br />
| leader3 = [[Rudrappa Lamani|Rudrappa Manappa Lamani]]<br />
| leader4 = [[Siddaramaiah]]<br />
| leader5 = [[D. K. Shivakumar]]<br />
| leader6 = [[H. K. Patil]]<br />
| leader7 = [[R. Ashoka]]<br />
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor]]<br />
| election1 = 11 July 2021<br />
| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]<br />
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| election2 = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|24 May 2023]]<br />
| leader3_type = [[List of deputy speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]<br />
| party3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| election3 = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|6 July 2023]]<br />
| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] <br /> (Leader of the House)<br />
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| election4 = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|20 May 2023]]<br />
| leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister]]<br>(Deputy Leader of the House)<br />
| party5 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| election5 = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|20 May 2023]]<br />
| leader6_type = [[Government of Karnataka|Minister of Legislative Affairs]]<br />
| party6 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| election6 = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|3 July 2023]]<br />
| leader7_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
| party7 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| election7 = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|17 Nov 2023]]<br />
| leader8_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
| party8 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| leader8 = [[Arvind Bellad]]<br />
| election8 = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|25 December 2023]]<br />
| leader9_type = Chief Whip<br />
| leader9 = <br />
| party9 = <br />
| term_length = 2023 – 2028<br />
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Karnataka Vidhan Sabha March (2025).svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India Karnataka Legislative Assembly Alliance Wise (2025).svg|300px]]|By alliance}}<br />
| political_groups1 = <!--Do not make changes to Party totals without making corresponding changes under section 'Members of Legislative Assembly'--><br />
'''[[Government of Karnataka|Government]] (140)'''<br />
:{{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}}} [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (140)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuNNgX7PumA |title=Darshan Puttannaiah and Puttaswamy Gowda Extend Support To Congress {{!}} Public TV |date=2023-05-13 |work=Public TV |access-date=2024-08-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
:*{{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (136)<br />
:*{{Color box|#FFFF00}} [[Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha|SKP]] (1)<br />
:*{{Color box|CDCDCD}} IND (3)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/840689795375508/ |title=Former BJP MLA ST Somashekhar meets DK Shivakumar, says all 139 Congress MLAs to stay united #Super6 {{!}} Akshita Nandagopal {{!}} India Today |language=en |access-date=2025-12-09 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=BJP MLA Somashekar cross-votes for Congress in Rajya Sabha polls |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/karnataka-bjp-mla-somashekar-cross-votes-for-congress-in-rajya-sabha-polls-cm-siddaramaiah-says-only-possible-in-11709034452548.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=2024-04-05 |title=Estranged BJP MLA Somashekar holds meeting with Congress |url=https://theprint.in/india/estranged-bjp-mla-somashekar-holds-meeting-with-congress/2029497/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
'''Official Opposition (81)'''<br />
:{{colorbox|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (81) <br />
:*{{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (63)<br />
:*{{Color box|Green}} [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] (18)<br />
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Other Opposition]] (1)'''<br />
:*{{Color box|CDCDCD}} IND (1)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=Karnataka BJP expels two MLAs for 6 years over ‘repeated violations’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-bjp-expels-two-mlas-for-6-years-over-repeated-violations-101748333850188.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=BJP expels Karnataka MLA for 6 years over remarks against party, BS Yediyurappa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/bjp-expels-mla-basangouda-patil-yatnal-anti-party-anti-yediyurappa-2699477-2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
'''Vacant (2)'''<br />
:*{{Color box|FFFFFF}} Vacant (2)<br />
| members = '''224'''<br />
| structure1_res = 300px<br />
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]<br />
| first_election1 = [[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|26 March 1952]]<br />
| last_election1 = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|10 May 2023]]<br />
| next_election1 = [[Next Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|May 2028]]<br />
| session_room = Vidhana Souda , Bangalore.jpg<br />
| meeting_place = [[Vidhana Soudha|Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<br />
| session_room2 = Suvarna Vidhana Soudha.jpg<br />
| session_res2 = 250px<br />
| meeting_place2 = [[Suvarna Vidhana Soudha|Suvarna Vidhana Soudha, Belagavi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] (Winter session)<br />
| website = {{URL|https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/assembly.htm|Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}<br />
| footnotes = The Council was established in 1881 for the [[Princely State of Mysore]]. The [[princely state]] was merged with the [[Dominion of India]] and became [[Mysore State]] in 1947; Mysore State was re-organized to its current territorial state in 1956 and renamed as [[Karnataka]] on 1 November 1973.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Karnataka Legislative Assembly''' (formerly the '''Mysore Legislative Assembly''') is the lower house of the [[Karnataka Legislature|bicameral legislature]] of the [[South India|southern Indian]] state of [[Karnataka]]. Karnataka is one of the six states in India where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the ''[[Vidhan Sabha]]'' (lower house) and the ''[[Vidhan Parishad]]'' (upper house).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly|url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/assembly.htm|access-date=2021-12-28|website=kla.kar.nic.in|archive-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224133037/http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/assembly.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bjp-jds-tie-up-regional-party-looking-at-outcome-of-nda-meeting-on-july-18/article67087494.ece |title=BJP-JD(S) tie-up: Regional party looking at outcome of NDA meeting on July 18 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716233737/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bjp-jds-tie-up-regional-party-looking-at-outcome-of-nda-meeting-on-july-18/article67087494.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
There are 224 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and are directly elected through [[Universal suffrage|adult franchise]]. Karnataka is thus divided into [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|224 constituencies]] to elect members to the Assembly, each constituency electing one member. The assembly is elected using the [[plurality voting system|simple plurality]] or "first past the post" electoral system. The elections are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Mysore Representative Assembly was constituted in 1881 by Maharaja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wadiyar X]], the first of its kind in [[Princely state|princely India]]. It formed the Kingdom's sole unicameral legislature until when, in 1907, an upper house was carved out of it to form the [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Mysore Legislative Council]], resulting in the Assembly's functioning as the lower house.<br />
<br />
On 16 December 1949, Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] dissolved the sitting representative and legislative assemblies. A constituent assembly that was constituted in 1947 became the provisional assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]] until elections were held in 1952.<br />
<br />
On Wednesday, 18 June 1952, at 11:00 am, the first session of the newly-formed Mysore Legislative Assembly was held at a conference hall in the old Public Offices building (the [[Attara Kacheri]], the current seat of the [[Karnataka High Court]]) in [[Bangalore]]. The first assembly in Mysore formed under the [[Constitution of India]], it had 99 elected members and one nominated member. In the first sitting of the assembly, V. Venkatappa, the honorary speaker, administered the oath of office to the members (including the then Chief Minister [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]), and then conducted an election to the post of speaker, which was contested by socialist leader Shantaveri Gopalagowda and [[H. Siddaiah]]. With 74 votes, the latter won, and Hanumanthaiah delivered a speech.<br />
<br />
With the formation of Andhra state in 1953, parts of Bellary district from Madras State were added to Mysore state and the strength of the Assembly increased by five members. After the re-organization of the state of Mysore came into being on 1 November 1956 with four districts from the former Bombay state, three districts of Hyderabad state, a district, and taluk of the old Madras state of Coorg, and the princely state of Mysore. The state was renamed Karnataka in 1973.<br />
<br />
The first sitting of the new assembly was held on 19 December 1956 in the newly built [[Vidhana Soudha]]. The strength of the assembly, which was 208 in 1957 increased to 216 in 1967 and to 224 plus a nominated member in 1978.<br />
<br />
As of 2025, the only woman to have held the post of Speaker was [[K. S. Nagarathanamma]], who served from 24 March 1972 to 3 March 1978.<br />
<br />
The Budget Session and the Monsoon Session of the Legislature are held in Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru. The Winter Session of the Legislature is held in [[Suvarna Vidhana Soudha]] in [[Belgaum|Belagavi]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Assembly<br />
!Period<br />
!Chief Minister(s)<br />
!Duration<br />
|-<br />
|[[1st Mysore Legislative Assembly|First Assembly]]<br />
|18 June 1952 – 1 April 1957<br />
|[[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Kadidal Manjappa]], [[S. Nijalingappa]]<br />
|{{ayd|1952|6|18|1957|4|1}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[2nd Mysore Legislative Assembly|Second Assembly]]<br />
|19 April 1957 – 1 March 1962<br />
|[[S. Nijalingappa]], [[B.D. Jatti]]<br />
|{{ayd|1957|4|19|1962|3|1}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[3rd Mysore Legislative Assembly|Third Assembly]]<br />
|15 March 1962 – 28 February 1967<br />
|[[S. R. Kanthi]], [[S. Nijalingappa]]<br />
|{{ayd|1962|3|15|1967|2|28}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[4th Mysore Legislative Assembly|Fourth Assembly]]<br />
|15 March 1967 – 14 April 1971<br />
|[[S. Nijalingappa]], [[Veerendra Patil]]<br />
|{{ayd|1967|3|15|1971|4|14}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[5th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Fifth Assembly]]<br />
|24 March 1972 – 31 December 1977 (Dissolved)<br />
|[[D. Devaraj Urs]]<br />
|{{ayd|1972|3|24|1977|12|31}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[6th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Sixth Assembly]]<br />
|17 March 1978 – 8 June 1983 (Dissolved)<br />
|[[D. Devaraj Urs]], [[R. Gundu Rao]]<br />
|{{ayd|1978|3|17|1983|6|8}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[7th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Seventh Assembly]]<br />
|24 July 1983 – 2 January 1985 (Dissolved)<br />
|[[Ramakrishna Hegde]]<br />
|{{ayd|1983|7|24|1985|1|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[8th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Eighth Assembly]]<br />
|18 March 1985 – 21 April 1989 (Dissolved)<br />
|[[Ramakrishna Hegde]], [[S. R. Bommai]]<br />
|{{ayd|1985|3|18|1989|4|21}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[9th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Ninth Assembly]]<br />
|18 December 1989 – 20 September 1994 (Dissolved)<br />
|[[Veerendra Patil]], [[S.Bangarappa]], [[M. Veerappa Moily]]<br />
|{{ayd|1989|12|18|1994|9|20}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[10th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Tenth Assembly]]<br />
|25 December 1994 – 22 July 1999 (Dissolved)<br />
|[[H.D. Deve Gowda]], [[J. H. Patel]]<br />
|{{ayd|1994|12|25|1999|7|22}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[11th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Eleventh Assembly]]<br />
|25 October 1999 – 28 May 2004<br />
|[[S. M. Krishna]]<br />
|{{ayd|1999|10|25|2004|5|28}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[12th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Twelfth Assembly]]<br />
|28 May 2004 – 19 November 2007 (Dissolved)<br />
|[[Dharam Singh]], [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]]<br />
|{{ayd|2004|5|28|2007|11|19}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[13th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Thirteenth Assembly]]<br />
|30 May 2008 – 5 May 2013<br />
|[[B. S. Yeddyurappa]], [[D.V. Sadananda Gowda]], [[Jagadish Shettar]]<br />
|{{ayd|2008|5|30|2013|5|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Fourteenth Assembly]]<br />
|13 May 2013 – 15 May 2018<br />
|[[Siddaramaiah]]<br />
|{{ayd|2013|5|13|2018|5|15}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[15th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Fifteenth Assembly]]<br />
|16 May 2018 – 13 May 2023<br />
|[[B.S. Yeddyurappa]], [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]], [[Basavaraj Bommai]]<br />
|{{ayd|2018|5|16|2023|5|13}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[16th Karnataka Assembly|Sixteenth Assembly]]<br />
|20 May 2023 – ''Present''<br />
|[[Siddaramaiah]]<br />
|{{ayd|2023|5|20|2026|03|23}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Composition==<br />
{{transcluded section|source=16th Karnataka Assembly}}<br />
{{#Section-h:16th Karnataka Assembly|Composition}}<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{{transcluded section|source=16th Karnataka Assembly}}<br />
{{#Section-h:16th Karnataka Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Vidhana Soudha]]<br />
*[[Government of Karnataka]]<br />
*[[Karnataka Legislative Council]]<br />
*[[List of chief ministers of Karnataka]]<br />
*[[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/karnataka Karnataka Lok Sabha Election 2019 Result Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418085047/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/karnataka |date=18 April 2019 }}<br />
<br />
{{Karnataka elections}}<br />
{{Legislatures of India}}<br />
{{Current Indian assemblies}}<br />
{{Karnataka Legislative Assembly}} <br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
{{Karnataka Cabinets}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Karnataka Legislative Assembly| ]]<br />
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sayyid_Qutb&diff=454304Sayyid Qutb2026-03-26T11:21:44Z<p>Rajeev067: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Egyptian political theorist and revolutionary (1906–1966)}}<br />
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| religion = [[Islam]]<br />
| era = [[Modern era]]<br />
| image = Sayyid Qutb.jpg<br />
| caption = Qutb on trial in 1966{{#tag:ref|Although the photo is from other sources, it is identified on the BBC documentary ''[[The Power of Nightmares]]'' as being the only known photo of Qutb at his trial immediately preceding his execution.|group=Note}}<br />
| alt = <br />
| name = Sayyid Qutb<br />
| native_name = {{lang|ar|سيد قطب}}<br />
| birth_name = Sayyid Ibrahim Husayn Shadhili Qutb<br />
| title = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|10|9|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Musha, Egypt|Mūshā]], [[Asyut Governorate]], [[Khedivate of Egypt]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1966|8|29|1906|10|9|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Cairo]], [[United Arab Republic]]<br />
| nationality = Egyptian<br />
| relatives = [[Muhammad Qutb]] (brother)<br />
| Maddhab = [[Shafi'i]]<br />
| school_tradition = Modern [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]<br />
| main_interests = [[Islam]], [[politics]], [[Quranic exegesis]] ([[tafsir]])<br />
| notable_ideas = [[Jahiliyyah]], Ubudiyya<br />
| works = [[Milestones (book)|''Milestones'']], [[Fi Zilal al-Quran|''In the Shade of the Quran'']]<br />
| influences = ‘[[Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani]], [[Ibn al-Qayyim]], [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], [[Rashid Rida]], [[Hassan al-Banna]], [[Alexis Carrel]], [[Abbās al-Aqqād]], [[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Benjamin |first1=Daniel |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |title=The Age of Sacred Terror |date=2002 |publication-place=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-58836-259-9 |page=62 |quote=It was Sayyid Qutb who fused together the core elements of modern Islamism: the Kharijites’ takfir, ibn Taymiyya’s fatwas and policy prescriptions, Rashid Rida’s salafism, Maududi’s concept of the contemporary jahiliyya and Hassan al-Banna’s political activism.}}</ref> [[Muhammad 'Abduh]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gumus |first=M. Siddik |title=Islam's Reformers |publisher=Hakikat Kitabevi Publications |year=2017 |location=Istanbul |page=183 |quote=Sayyid Qutb... announced his admiration for Ibn Taimiyya and Muhammad ’Abduh in almost all his books.}}</ref> [[Oswald Spengler]], [[Arnold J. Toynbee]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=Qutb had devoured Oswald Spengler's Decline of the West, Arnold Toynbee's A Study of History and T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, which all portrayed the West as degenerate and profane|page=17|title=Leading with Everything to Give|year=2009|publisher=Piquant Editions Limited|first=Simon|last=Walker}}</ref><br />
| influenced = [[Abdullah Azzam]], [[Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi]], [[Anwar al-Awlaki]], [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], [[Mahmoud Ezzat]], [[Mohammed Badie]], [[Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj]], [[Muhammad Qutb]], [[Osama bin Laden]], [[Shukri Mustafa]], [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], [[Ali Khamenei]], [[Abu Ali al-Anbari]]<br />
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Islamism sidebar}}<br />
'''Sayyid Ibrahim Husayn Shadhili Qutb'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|uː|t|ə|b}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/qutb "Qutb"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA|arz|ˈsæjjed ˈʔotˤb|lang}}; {{langx|ar|سيد إبراهيم حسين شاذلي قطب|translit=Sayyid 'Ibrāhīm Ḥusayn Shādhilī Quṭb}}}} (9 October 1906{{Snd}}29 August 1966) was an Egyptian political theorist and revolutionary who was a leading member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<br />
<br />
As the author of 24 published books,<ref>[[John L. Esposito]], ''Islam and Politics'', Syracuse University Press (1998), p. 139</ref> with around 30 unpublished for different reasons (mainly destruction by the state),<ref>Badmas 'Lanre Yusuf, ''Sayyid Quṭb: A Study of His Tafsīr'', The Other Press (2009), p. 89</ref> and at least 581 articles,<ref>Badmas 'Lanre Yusuf, ''Sayyid Quṭb: A Study of His Tafsīr'', The Other Press (2009), p. 85</ref> including novels, literary arts critique and works on education, Qutb is best known in the Muslim world for his work on what he believed to be the social and political role of [[Islam]], particularly in his books ''Social Justice'' and {{Transliteration|ar|[[Ma'alim fi al-Tariq]]}} (''Milestones''). His [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]], {{Transliteration|ar|[[Fi Zilal al-Quran|Fi Zilal al-Qur'an]]}} (''In the Shade of the Qur'an''), is a 30-volume commentary on the [[Quran]].<ref>Sayed Khatab, ''The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb: The Theory of Jahiliyyah'', Routledge (2006), p. 161</ref> Even though most of his observations and criticism were leveled at the [[Muslim world]], Qutb also intensely disapproved of the society and [[culture of the United States]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=America at a Crossroads {{!}} Jihad: The Men and Ideas behind Al Qaeda |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_jihad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307091841/http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_jihad.html |archive-date=7 March 2007 |accessdate=19 October 2022 |work=[[PBS]]}}</ref><ref name="A Lesson in Hate">David Von Drehle, [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-lesson-in-hate-109822568/ A Lesson In Hate] ''Smithsonian Magazine''</ref> which he saw as [[materialism|materialistic]], and obsessed with violence and sexual pleasures.<ref name="beforeUS">{{cite web |title='Qutb: Between Terror And Tragedy' by Hisham Sabrin |url=http://www.disinfo.com/site/displayarticle8626.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235927/http://www.disinfo.com/site/displayarticle8626.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2006-06-17}} quoting Hourani, A. ''Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798–1939.'' Cambridge University Press, 1962. and Mitchell, Richard S. ''The Society of The Muslim Brotherhood''. Oxford University Press, 1969.</ref><br />
He advocated violent, offensive [[jihad]].<ref>Stahl, A.E. "'Offensive Jihad' in Sayyid Qutb's Ideology." International Institute for Counter-Terrorism.</ref><ref name="Qutb, 2003 pp. 63, 69">Qutb, ''Milestones'', (2003) pp. 63, 69</ref><br />
<br />
During most of his life, Qutb's inner circle mainly consisted of influential politicians, intellectuals, poets and literary figures, both of his age and of the preceding generation. By the mid-1940s, many of his writings were included in the curricula of schools, colleges and universities.<ref>''The Political Thoughts of Sayyed Qutb'', Ch. 3, p. 56</ref> In 1966, he was convicted of plotting the [[assassination]] of Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] and was executed by [[hanging]].<br />
<br />
Qutb has been described by followers as a great thinker and [[Shahid|martyr for Islam]],<ref name="islamonline.net">[http://www.islamonline.net/livedialogue/english/Browse.asp?hGuestID=3m245Q Interview with Dr Abdel Moneim Abul Fotouh – Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510151517/http://www.islamonline.net/livedialogue/english/Browse.asp?hGuestID=3m245Q |date=10 May 2008 }} 8 May 2008</ref><ref name="Sayyid Qutb by Ahmed El-Kadi, MD">{{cite web|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/century20/syedQutb.htm|title=Syed Qutb|access-date=26 February 2015|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926022903/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/century20/syedQutb.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> while many Western observers (and some Muslims){{#tag:ref|Writing before 9/11, Islamist British convert to Islam, Hamid Algar, stated: "Sayyid Qutb ... some 28 years after his death is still the most influential ideologue of the Islamic movement in the contemporary Arab world ... Ma'alim fi 'l-Tariq [Milestones] must definitely count among the historic documents of the contemporary Islamic movement."<ref>''Social Justice in Islam'' by Sayyid Qutb, translated by John Hardie, translation revised and introduction by Hamid Algar, Islamic Publications International, 2000, pp. 1, 9, 11</ref>|group=Note}} see him as a key originator of [[Islamism|Islamist]] ideology,<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_5bmzlNx1iAC&dq=qutb+bin+laden&pg=PA18 The Osama Bin Laden I Know]'', Peter L. Bergen] pp. 18–20</ref> and an inspiration for violent Islamist groups such as al-Qaeda. Qutb is widely regarded as one of the most leading Islamist ideologues of the twentieth century.{{#tag:ref|examples of praise for Qutb: "Qutb's importance and influence on fundamentalist movements and contemporary Islamic revival are acknowledged by Westerners and Easterners; he has been long considered one of the most distinguished contemporary fundamentalist thinkers and numerous labels have been bestowed on him:" ...<br />
<br />
*The ideologue of the Ikhwan` - Asaf Hussain<br />
*The most noted advocate of the interpretation of Islam as revolution` - Haddad (? last name)<br />
*An eminent leader of the Brethren` - President Sadat of Misr.<br />
*One of Islam's new crusaders` - Abu al-Hasan al-Nadawi<br />
*A matchless writer` - S. Badrul Hasan<br />
*The only thinker who enjoys purity in intellectual methodology and straightforwardness in action` - Muhammad Barakat<br />
*One of the greatest thinkers of contemporary Islamic thought` - Abbas Muhammad Abd Allah<br />
*The most famous personality in the Muslim world in the second half of the 20th century` - Mahdi Fadl Allah<br />
*The leading ideologue of the Muslim Brotherhood` - Dilip Hiro<br />
*The leading writer and theorist of the Egyptian Brothers after Banna's death.` - Edward Mortimer <ref>{{cite book |title=Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb |author= Ahmad S. Moussalli |publisher=American University of Beirut |date= 1992 |pages=14–15}}</ref>|group=Note}} Strengthened by his status as a [[Shahid|martyr]], Qutb's ideas on ''[[Jahiliyyah|Jahiliyya]]'' ([[pre-Islamic Arabia]]) and his close linking of implementation of [[sharia]] (Islamic Law) with ''[[Tawhid]]'' (Islamic monotheism) has highly influenced contemporary Islamist and [[Jihadism|Jihadist]] movements.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966)|url=https://iep.utm.edu/qutb/#H12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529162620/https://iep.utm.edu/qutb/|archive-date=29 May 2021|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Today, his supporters are identified by their opponents as "[[Qutbism|Qutbists]]"<ref>[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |date=9 June 2007 }} by Dale C. Eikmeier. From ''[[Parameters (journal)|Parameters]]'', Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.</ref> or "Qutbi".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Bmz9y2osH1YC&dq=qutbiyyun&pg=PA175 Pioneers of Islamic revival] By ʻAlī Rāhnamā, p. 175</ref><br />
<br />
==Life and public career==<br />
<br />
===Early life===<br />
Sayyid Ibrahim Husayn Shadhili Qutb was born on 9 October 1906.<ref>James Toth, ''Sayyid Qutb : The Life and Legacy of a Radical Islamic Intellectual'', OUP USA (2013), p. 12</ref> He was raised in the Egyptian village of [[Musha, Egypt|Musha]], located in [[Upper Egypt]]'s [[Asyut Governorate|Asyut Province]]. His father, whose sixth great-grandfather was an [[Indian Muslim]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> was an Upper Egyptian landowner and the administrator of the family estate, but he was also well known for his [[activism|political activism]], holding weekly meetings to discuss the political events and [[Qira'at|Qur'anic recitation]].<ref>{{Citation |url=https://data.bnf.fr/en/12191673/sayyid_qut_b/ |title=Sayyid Qutb Ibrahim Husyen profile}}</ref><ref name=":0">Adnan Musallam, ''From Secularism to Jihad : Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism'', Greenwood Publishing Group (2005), p. 30</ref><ref name=":1">Badmas 'Lanre Yusuf' ''Sayyid Quṭb : A Study of His Tafsīr'', The Other Press (2009), p. 58</ref> At this young age, Sayyid Qutb first learned about melodic recitations of the Qur'an, which would fuel the artistic side of his personality. He eventually [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorized the whole Qur'an]] at 10.<ref>Sayed Khatab, ''The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb : The Theory of Jahiliyyah'', [[Routledge]] (2006), p. 45</ref><br />
<br />
A [[Intellectual giftedness|precocious child]], during these years, he began collecting different types of books, including [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories, [[One Thousand and One Nights|''A Thousand and One Nights'']], and texts on [[astrology]] and [[Magic (supernatural)|magic]] that he would use to help local people with [[Exorcism in Islam|exorcisms]] (''ruqya''.)<ref>John Calvert, ''Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2009), pp. 40–43</ref> In his teens, Qutb was critical of the religious institutions with which he came into contact, holding in contempt the way in which those institutions were used to form public opinion and thoughts. He had a special disdain, however, for schools that specialized in religious studies only, and sought to demonstrate that local schools that held regular academic classes as well as classes in religion were more beneficial to their pupils than religious schools with lopsided curricula. At this time, Qutb developed his bent against the [[imams]] and their traditional approach to education. This confrontation would persist throughout his life.<ref>Khalidy, Saleh. ''Sayyid Qutb: From Birth to Martydom''. Dar Al-Qalam 3rd ed., 1999.</ref><br />
<br />
Qutb moved to [[Cairo]], where between 1929 and 1933 he received an education based on the British style of schooling before starting his career as a teacher in the Ministry of Public Instruction. During his early career, Qutb devoted himself to literature as an author and critic, writing such novels as ''Ashwak'' (''Thorns'') and even helped to elevate Egyptian novelist [[Naguib Mahfouz]] from obscurity. He wrote his very first article in the literary magazine ''al-Balagh'' in 1922, while still a teenager, and his first book, ''Muhimmat al-Sha’ir fi al-Haya wa Shi’r al-Jil al-Hadir'' (The Mission of the Poet in Life and the Poetry of the Present Generation), in 1932, when he was 25, in his last year at [[Dar al-Ulum]].<ref>John Calvert, ''Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2009), p. 67</ref> As a literary critic, he was particularly influenced by ‘[[Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani]] (d. 1078), "in his view one of the few mediaeval [[philologists]] to have concentrated on meaning and [[aesthetic]] value at the expense of form and [[rhetoric]]."<ref>John Calvert, ''Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2009), pp. 106–107</ref> In 1939, he became a functionary in Egypt's Ministry of Education (''wizarat al-ma'arif'').<br />
<br />
In the early 1940s, he encountered the work of [[Nobel Prize]]-winner [[French people|French]] [[eugenicist]] [[Alexis Carrel]], who would have a seminal and lasting influence on his criticism of [[Western culture|Western civilization]], as "instead of liberating man, as the post-[[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] narrative claimed, he believed that Western modernity enmeshed people in spiritually numbing networks of control and discipline, and that rather than building caring communities, it cultivated attitudes of selfish individualism. Qutb regarded Carrel as a rare sort of Western thinker, one who understood that his civilization "depreciated humanity" by honouring the "machine" over the "spirit and soul" (al-nafs wa al-ruh). He saw Carrel's critique, coming as it did from within the enemy camp, as providing his discourse with an added measure of legitimacy."<ref>John Calvert, ''Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2009), pp. 91–92</ref><br />
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From 1948 to 1950, he went to the [[United States]] on a scholarship to study its educational system, spending several months at Colorado State College of Education (now the [[University of Northern Colorado]]) in [[Greeley, Colorado]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calvert |first=John |date=2001-07-01 |title=Sayyid Qutb in America |url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2717461/view |journal=ISIM Newsletter}}</ref> Qutb's first major theoretical work of religious social criticism, ''Al-'adala al-Ijtima'iyya fi-l-Islam'' (''Social Justice in Islam''), was published in 1949, during his time in the West.<br />
<br />
Though Islam gave him much peace and contentment,<ref>Sayyed said about the Qur'an: "Allah has bestowed upon me with the life in the shades of the Qur'an for a period of time, I have tasted, during it, of his grace and beneficence, what I have never tasted at all in my life." ''[[Fi Zilal al-Qur'an]]'', Introduction, 1st Chapter.</ref> he suffered from respiratory and other [[Flareup|health problems throughout his life]] and was known for "his introvertedness, isolation, depression and concern." In appearance, he was "pale with sleepy eyes."<ref>Hamudah, Adil, ''Sayyid Qutb: min al-qarya ila al-mashnaqa'' (Cairo, Ruz al-Yusuf, 1987), pp. 60–61, quoted in Moussalli (1992), p. 35</ref> Qutb never married, in part because of his steadfast religious convictions. While the urban Egyptian society he lived in was becoming more Westernized, Qutb believed the Quran taught women that 'Men are the managers of women's affairs ...'<ref>Shepard, William, ''Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: a translation and critical analysis of Social Justice in Islam'' Leiden, EJ. Brill, 1996, p. 62</ref> Qutb lamented to his readers that he was never able to find a woman of sufficient "moral purity and discretion" and had to reconcile himself to bachelorhood.<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Dan-bat al-tatawwur, Majallat al-Shu'un al-Ijtima'iyya fi al-Islam,'' 1940, pp. 6, 43–46, quoted in Calvert (2000)</ref><br />
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It was clear from his childhood that Qutb valued education, playing the part of a teacher to the women in his village:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"Syed Qutb from a young age would save up his money for a man called Amsaalih, who used to sell books around the local villages. He would have a big collection of books, and another small collection specifically for Syed Qutb. If Syed never had the money, he would tell him that I don't have the money now, so let me borrow it and I'll give it you next time you come around. And Amsaalih would let him do that. At the age of 12, he had his own library collection of 25 books, even though books were really expensive during that time. He would imitate the scholars by reading the books, and then give lectures to the rest of the village. If any women needed any information, they would wait till Syed Qutb came back from school, and ask him to share the knowledge he had to them. In many occasions he would be shy because he was a young man, but in some occasions he would go and teach the knowledge he had to the people who asked him."<ref>''The Lives of Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb'', p. 15</ref></blockquote><br />
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===Two years in the United States===<br />
Time in the [[United States]], pursuing further studies in educational administration, cemented some of Qutb's views. Over two years, he worked and studied at Wilson Teachers' College in Washington, D.C. (one of the precursors to today's [[University of the District of Columbia]]), [[University of Northern Colorado|Colorado State College for Education]] (now the University of Northern Colorado) in [[Greeley, Colorado|Greeley]], and [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/islam-biographies/sayyid-qutb#3404705757|title=Sayyid Qutb &#124; Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=19 October 2022}}</ref> He visited the major cities of the United States and spent time in Europe on his journey home.<br />
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Before his departure from the United States, even though more and more conservative, he still was "[[Western culture|Western]] in so many ways{{snd}}his dress, his love of [[classical music]] and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movies. He had read, in translation, the works of [[Charles Darwin]] and [[Albert Einstein]], [[Lord Byron]] and [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], and had immersed himself in [[French literature]], especially [[Victor Hugo]]".<ref>Wright, Looming Tower, 2006, p. 8</ref><br />
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====Criticisms of American culture and society: "The America that I Have Seen"====<br />
On his return to Egypt, Qutb in 1951 published "The America that I Have Seen", where he became explicitly critical of things he had observed in the United States, eventually encapsulating the West more generally: its [[Economic materialism|materialism]], [[individual freedom]]s, economic system, "poor" [[haircut]]s,<ref name="A Lesson in Hate"/> superficiality in conversations and friendships,<ref name="On the arts">[http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/said-qutb-on-the-arts-in-america Excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106095348/http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/said-qutb-on-the-arts-in-america |date=6 January 2014 }} from Qutb's article "Amrika allati Ra'aytu" (The America That I Have Seen)</ref> restrictions on [[divorce]], enthusiasm for [[sports]], lack of [[art]]istic feeling,<ref name="On the arts"/> "animal-like" [[Sex segregation and Islam|mixing of the genders]] (which "went on even in churches"),<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', p. 139</ref> and strong support for the new [[Israel|Israeli state]].<ref>Calvert, John (2000), "'The World is an Undutiful Boy!': Sayyid Qutb's American Experience," ''Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations'', Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 87–103:98.</ref> <br />
Qutb noted with disapproval the openly displayed sexuality of American women:<br />
<blockquote>The American girl is well acquainted with her body's seductive capacity. She knows it lies in the face, and in expressive eyes, and thirsty lips. She knows seductiveness lies in the round breasts, the full buttocks, and in the shapely thighs, sleek legs{{emdash}}and she shows all this and does not hide it.<ref name="A Lesson in Hate"/></blockquote><br />
He also commented on the American taste in arts:<br />
<blockquote>The American is primitive in his artistic taste, both in what he enjoys as art and in his own artistic works. "Jazz" music is his music of choice. This is that music that the Negroes invented to satisfy their primitive inclinations, as well as their desire to be noisy on the one hand and to excite bestial tendencies on the other. The American's intoxication in "jazz" music does not reach its full completion until the music is accompanied by singing that is just as coarse and obnoxious as the music itself. Meanwhile, the noise of the instruments and the voices mounts, and it rings in the ears to an unbearable degree ... The agitation of the multitude increases, and the voices of approval mount, and their palms ring out in vehement, continuous applause that all but deafens the ears.<ref name="On the arts"/></blockquote><br />
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===Return to Egypt===<br />
Qutb concluded that major aspects of American life were primitive and "shocking"; he saw Americans as "numb to faith in religion, faith in art, and faith in spiritual values altogether". His experience in the United States formed in part the impetus for his rejection of Western values and his move towards [[Islamism]] upon returning to Egypt. Resigning from the civil service, he joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in the early 1950s<ref>1953 according to Calvert (2000), 1951 according to Kepel (1985)</ref> and became editor-in-chief of the Brothers' weekly ''Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin,'' and later head of its [[propaganda]]<ref>"Upon his return to Egypt, he formally joined the Muslim Brotherhood and became the head of its propaganda (''tabligh'') department." [https://books.google.com/books?id=5-KAZxxE6oIC ''Cultural transitions in the Middle East''] (1994), [[Şerif Mardin]]</ref><ref>"In 1953 he formalized his Islamist leanings by joining the Muslim Brotherhood. He was appointed head of its propaganda department and used his position to try to convince 'Abd al-Nasser and the officers to implement Islamic law in Egypt." [https://books.google.com/books?id=2gAjMuLivlQC ''Islamism: a documentary and reference guide''] (2008), John Calvert</ref> section, as well as an appointed member of the working committee and of its guidance council, the highest branch in the organization.<ref>Moussalli, ''Radical Islamic Fundamentalism'', (1992), pp. 31–32</ref><br />
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===Nasser and Qutb's death===<br />
[[File:Sayed Qotb in jail.jpg|thumb|left|Sayyid Qutb during his years of imprisonment]]<br />
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In July 1952, [[Egypt]]'s pro-Western government was overthrown by the nationalist [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]] headed by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. Both Qutb and the Muslim Brotherhood welcomed the ''[[coup d'état]]'' against the [[Farouk of Egypt|monarchist]] government{{emdash}}which they saw as un-Islamic and subservient to the [[British Empire]]{{emdash}}and enjoyed a close relationship with the movement prior to and immediately following the coup. Nasser would go to the house of Qutb and ask him for ideas about the Revolution. Many members of the Brotherhood expected Nasser to establish an Islamic government. However, the co-operation between the Brotherhood and Free Officers which marked the revolution's success soon soured as it became clear the secular nationalist ideology of [[Nasserism]] was incompatible with the Islamism of the Brotherhood.<br />
<br />
Nasser had secretly set up an organisation that would sufficiently oppose the Muslim Brotherhood once he came to power. This organisation was called "Tahreer" ("Liberation" in Arabic). It was well known that<br />
the Brotherhood were made popular by their extensive social programs in Egypt, and Nasser wanted to be ready once he had taken over. At this time, Qutb did not realize Nasser's alternate plans, and would continue to meet with him, sometimes for 12 hours a day,<ref>''The Life of Syed Qutb, The Revolution Happens'', p. 24</ref> to discuss a post monarchical Egypt. Once Qutb realized that Nasser had taken advantage of the secrecy between the Free Officers and the Brotherhood, he promptly quit. Nasser then tried to persuade Qutb by offering him any position he wanted in Egypt except its Kingship, saying: "We will give you whatever position you want in the government, whether it's the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Arts, etc."<ref>Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb, p. 24</ref><br />
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Qutb refused every offer, having understood the reality of Nasser's plans. Upset that Nasser would not enforce a government based on Islamic ideology, Qutb and other Brotherhood members allegedly plotted to assassinate him in 1954.<ref name=qutbassassin>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/sayyid_qutb.htm|author=Ami Isseroff|title=Sayyid Qutb|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Middle East|date=7 December 2008|access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> The alleged attempt was foiled and Qutb was jailed soon afterwards;<ref name=qutbassassin /> the Egyptian government used the incident to justify a crackdown on various members of the Muslim Brotherhood for their vocal opposition towards the Nasser administration. During his first three years in prison, conditions were bad and Qutb was tortured. In later years he was allowed more mobility, including the opportunity to write.<ref>Berman, ''Terror and Liberalism'', (2003), p. 63</ref> This period saw the composition of his two most important works: a commentary of the [[Qur'an]] ''[[Fi Zilal al-Qur'an]]'' (''In the Shade of the Qur'an''), and a manifesto of political Islam called ''[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq]]'' (''Milestones''). These works represent the final form of Qutb's thought, encompassing his radically anti-secular and [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]] claims based on his interpretations of the Qur'an, Islamic history, and the social and political problems of Egypt. The school of thought he inspired has become known as [[Qutbism]].<br />
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Qutb was let out of prison in May 1964 at the behest of the President of [[Iraq]], [[Abdul Salam Arif]], for only 8 months before being rearrested on August 9, 1965. He was accused of plotting to overthrow the state and subjected to what some consider a [[show trial]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Hasan, S. Badrul, ''Syed Qutb Shaheed'', Islamic Publications International, 2nd ed. 1982</ref> Many of the charges placed against Qutb in court were taken directly from ''Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq'' and he adamantly supported his written statements.<ref name=qutbassassin /> The trial culminated in a death sentence for Qutb and six other members of the Muslim Brotherhood. He was sentenced to death for his part in the conspiracy to assassinate the President<ref name=qutbassassin /> and other Egyptian officials and personalities, though he was not the instigator or leader of the actual plot.<ref>Sivan (1985) p. 93.</ref><ref>Fouad Ajami, "In the Pharaoh's Shadow: Religion and Authority in Egypt," ''Islam in the Political Process,'' editor James P. Piscatori, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 25–26.</ref> On 29 August 1966, he was [[executed by hanging]].<br />
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==Evolution of thought, views and statements==<br />
<br />
===Theological stances===<br />
Qutb held that belief in matters that cannot be seen (or are imperceptible) was an important sign of man's ability to accept knowledge from fields outside of science:<br />
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{{blockquote|The concept of the imperceptible is a decisive factor in distinguishing man from animal. Materialist thinking, ancient as well as modern, has tended to drag man back to an irrational existence, with no room for the spiritual, where everything is determined by sensory means alone. What is peddled as "[[Progress (history)|progressive thought]]" is no more than dismal [[Wikt:regression|regression]].<ref>Fi Dhalal al Qur'an, vol. 1, p. 35</ref>}}<br />
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Simultaneously, he rejected magical beliefs asserted by traditional interpretations of Islamic narratives, such as rejecting the tradition that Surah [[al-Falaq]] was meant to be sent down to break a curse.<ref>Mol, Arnold Yasin. "The Denial of Supernatural Sorcery in Classical and Modern Sunnī Tafsīr of Sūra al-Falaq (113: 4): A Reflection on Underlying Constructions." Al-Bayan: ''Journal of Qur'an and Hadith Studies'' 11.1 (2013): 15–32.</ref><br />
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===Secularism===<br />
{{Main|Secularism}}<br />
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Beginning from 1948, Qutb's ideological orientation would radically shift to an Islamist worldview, when he penned his first [[Islamism|Islamist]] treatise ''al-‘Adāla''. Qutb would later denounce the literary works he published during the 1940s as "un-Islamic".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duvall|first=Nadia|title=Islamist Occidentalism: Sayyid Quṭb and the Western Other|publisher=Gerlach Press|year=2019|isbn=978-3-95994-062-7|location=Berlin|pages=39, 64–65}}</ref><br />
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Different theories have been advanced as to why Qutb turned away from his secularist tendencies towards Islamic sharia. One common explanation is that the conditions he witnessed in prison from 1954 to 1964, including the [[torture]] and [[murder]] of the Muslim Brotherhood members, convinced him that only a government bound by [[Sharia|Islamic law]] could prevent such abuses. Another is that Qutb's experiences in America as a darker-skinned person and the insufficiently anti-Western policies of Nasser demonstrated to him the powerful and dangerous allure of ''[[jahiliyyah]]'' (pre-Islamic ignorance){{emdash}}a threat unimaginable, in Qutb's estimation, to the secular mind.{{Citation needed|date = March 2021}} In the opening of his book ''Milestones'' he presents the following views:<br />
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{{blockquote|"It is necessary for the new leadership to preserve and develop the material fruits of the creative genius of Europe, and also to provide mankind with such high ideals and values as have so far remained undiscovered by mankind, and which will also acquaint humanity with a way of life which is harmonious with human nature, which is positive and constructive, and which is practicable."<ref name="Milestones 1964, page 1">[''Milestones'', 1964, Syed Qutb, p. 1</ref>}}<br />
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{{blockquote|"Democracy in the West has become infertile to such an extent that it is borrowing from the systems of the Eastern bloc, especially in the economic system, under the name of socialism. It is the same with the Eastern bloc. Its social theories, foremost among which is Marxism, in the beginning attracted not only a large number of people from the East but also from the West, as it was a way of life based on a creed. But now Marxism is defeated on the plane of thought, and if it is stated that not a single nation in the world is truly Marxist, it will not be an exaggeration. On the whole this theory conflicts with man's nature and its needs. This ideology prospers only in a degenerate society or in a society which has become cowed as a result of some form of prolonged dictatorship. But now, even under these circumstances, its materialistic economic system is failing, although this was the only foundation on which its structure was based. Russia, which is the leader of the communist countries, is itself suffering from shortages of food. Although during the times of the Tsars Russia used to produce surplus food, it now has to import food from abroad and has to sell its reserves of gold for this purpose. The main reason for this is the failure of the system of [[collective farming]], or, one can say, the failure of a system which is against human nature."<ref name="Milestones 1964, page 1"/>}}<br />
<br />
These experiences would prompt Qutb to adopt a radical stance, of [[Takfir|excommunicating]] the Muslim governments as well as their supporters out of the pale of Islam. These revolutionary ideas published through his 1960s prison writings "''In the Shade of the Qur’an''" and its spin-off, "''Milestones''", would lay the ideological foundations of future Jihadist movements.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Calvert|first=John|title=Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism|publisher=C. Hurst & co. (Publishers) Ltd.|year=2018|isbn=978-1-84904-949-8|location= London|pages=219}}</ref> In ''Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq'' Qutb argues that anything non-Islamic was evil and corrupt, and that following [[sharia]] as a complete system extending into all aspects of life, would bring every kind of benefit to humanity, from personal and social peace, to the "treasures" of the universe.<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', pp. 32, 90</ref><br />
<br />
Qutb's experiences as an Egyptian Muslim{{emdash}}his village childhood, professional career, and activism in the Muslim Brotherhood{{emdash}}left an indelible mark on his theoretical and religious works.{{Citation needed|date = March 2021}} Even Qutb's early, secular writing shows evidence of his later themes. For example, Qutb's autobiography of his childhood ''Tifl min al-Qarya'' (''A Child From the Village'') makes little mention of Islam or political theory and is typically classified as a secular, literary work. However, it is replete with references to village mysticism, superstition, the Qur'an, and incidences of injustice. Qutb's later work developed along similar themes, dealing with Qur'anic exegesis, social justice, and political Islam.<br />
<br />
Qutb's career as a writer also heavily influenced his philosophy. In ''al-Taswiir al-Fanni fil-Quran'' (''Artistic Representation in the Qur'an''), Qutb developed a literary appreciation of the Qur'an and a complementary methodology for interpreting the text. His hermeneutics were applied in his extensive commentary on the Qur'an, ''Fi zilal al-Qur'an'', which served as the foundation for the declarations of ''Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq''.<br />
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Late in his life, Qutb synthesized his personal experiences and intellectual development in ''Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq'', a religious and political manifesto for what he believed was a true Islamic system. It was also in this text that Qutb condemned Muslim governments, such as Abdul Nasser's regime in Egypt, as secular, with their legitimacy based on human (and thus corrupt), rather than divine authority. This work, more than any other, established Qutb as one of the premier Islamists of the 20th century, and perhaps the foremost proponent of Islamist thought in that era. Qutb denounced [[secularism]] as an inherently "oppressive system" since it sabotaged freedom of religion by constraining all religious practice to the private realm; whereas an Islamic state would grant full religious freedom to Muslims by implementing Islamic laws publicly while delegating non-Muslim faiths to the private realm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crone |first=Patricia |title=The Qurʾānic Pagans and Related Matters: Collected Studies in Three Volumes (vol. 1) |publisher=Brill |year=2016 |isbn=978-90-04-31228-9 |location= Leiden, The Netherlands |pages=156, 417–418}}</ref><br />
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Qutb, dissatisfied with the condition of contemporary Islam, identified its benighted state as having two principal causes. The first was that many Muslims were forsaking their faith in the Qur'an, failing to enforce Sharia law. This had led to the virulent spread of a secular culture within Muslim societies, which, with the assistance of the innate and centuries-long Western hatred towards Islam, was a second important cause of the straying of many Muslims from the right path. Qutb asserted that the Islamic world had sunk into a state of ''jahiliyyah''.<ref>Sayed Khatab, ''Hakimiyyah and Jahiliyyah in the Thought of Sayyid Qutb'', Taylor & Francis, [[Middle Eastern Studies]], Vol. 38, No. 3, 2002 p. 162; {{cite journal |last=Khatab |first=Sayed |title='Hakimiyyah' and 'Jahiliyyah' in the Thought of Sayyid Qutb |journal= Middle Eastern Studies |volume= 38|issue= 3|pages= 145–170 |jstor= 4284246 |year=2002|doi=10.1080/714004475 |s2cid=144004347 }}</ref> This led Qutb to advocate in his book ''Milestones'' that the general masses weren't Muslims and that a revolutionary Islamic vanguard should return the ignorant people back to what he considered as pristine Islam:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"Indeed, people are not Muslims, as they proclaim to be, as long as they live the life of ''Jahiliyyah''. If someone wishes to deceive himself or to deceive others by believing that Islam can be brought in line with this ''Jahiliyyah'', it is up to him. But whether this deception is for others, it cannot change anything of the actual reality. This is not Islam, and they are not Muslims. Today the task of the Call is to return these ignorant people to Islam and make them into Muslims all over again".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aaron|first=David|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg602rc.9|title=In Their Own Words: Voices of Jihad – Compilation and Commentary|publisher=Rand Corporation|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8330-4402-0|page=80|jstor=10.7249/mg602rc.9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Qutb|first=Sayyid|url=https://holybooks.com/milestones-by-syed-qutb-shaheed/|title=Milestones|publisher=Islamic Book Service|year=1964|isbn=81-7231-244-X|page=113|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815041345/https://holybooks.com/milestones-by-syed-qutb-shaheed/|archive-date=15 August 2020}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
===Events prompting the move from secularism to Islam===<br />
According to an anonymous work (''The Lives of Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb'' available on Scribd), Qutb was inspired to abandon his secular world view for Islam by how Allah prevented the ship he was traveling in to America from sinking into the ocean.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"His journey started when he studied the Qur'an in a literal way, and he slowly began to understand the principles lined in the religion. Then something happened to him in America to remove his doubts. He says; that while he was going to America, he was on the boat (ferry), and he saw the way the boat he was travelling in{{snd}}was rocking in the huge sea{{snd}}all under the control of Allah without it sinking or capsizing. At that point he realized the power of Allah. He said Iman (belief) entered into his heart due to this. His second scenario was in San Francisco, when he went on top of a mountain, and he could see the whole of creation in front of him, and he realized the beauty and harmony that existed amongst the creation as a whole. He said that, the sweetness of Iman hit him."<ref>''The Lives of Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb'', p. 18</ref></blockquote><br />
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==Political philosophy==<br />
{{Islamism sidebar}}<br />
Qutb's mature political views always centered on Islam{{emdash}}Islam as a complete system of morality, justice and governance, whose sharia laws and principles should be the sole basis of governance and everything else in life{{snd}}though his interpretation of it varied.<br />
<br />
Following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|1952 coup]], he espoused a 'just dictatorship' that would 'grant political liberties to the virtuous alone.'<ref>Sivan, Emmanuel, ''Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics'', Yale University Press, 1985, p. 73</ref><ref>''al-Akhbar'', 8 August 1952</ref> Later he wrote that rule by ''[[sharia]]'' law would require essentially no government at all.<ref name="Irwin">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/01/afghanistan.terrorism3 Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?"] ''[[The Guardian]]'' (1 November 2001).</ref> In an earlier work,<ref>Qutb, ''Social Justice in Islam''</ref> Qutb described military [[jihad]] as defensive, Islam's campaign to protect itself,<ref>Berman, ''Terror and Liberalism'' (2003), p. 98</ref> while later he believed jihad must be offensive.<ref>Stahl, A.E. "'Offensive Jihad' in Sayyid Qutb's Ideology." International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. 24 March 2011.</ref><br />
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On the issue of Islamic governance, Qutb differed with many modernist and reformist Muslims who claimed that democracy was Islamic because the Quranic institution of ''[[Shura]]'' supported elections and democracy. Qutb pointed out that the Shura chapter of the Qur'an was revealed during the Mekkan period, and therefore, it does not deal with the problem of government. It makes no reference to elections and calls only for the ruler to consult some of the ruled, as a particular case of the general rule of ''Shura.''<ref>Sivan, ''Radical Islam'', 1985, p. 73</ref><br />
<br />
Qutb also opposed the then popular ideology of [[Arab nationalism]], having become disillusioned with the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|1952 Nasser Revolution]] after having been exposed to the regime's practices of arbitrary arrest, torture, and deadly violence during his imprisonment. In the introduction to his influential 1964 theological and political manifesto ''Maʿālim fī aṭ Ṭarīq'', Sayyid Qutb declared:<br />
<blockquote>"Mankind today is on the brink of a precipice, not because of the danger of complete [nuclear] annihilation which is hanging over its head – this being just a symptom and not the real disease – but because humanity is devoid of those vital values which are necessary not only for its healthy development but also for its real progress. Even the Western world realises that Western civilization is unable to present any healthy values for the guidance of mankind... It is the same with the Eastern bloc. Its social theories, foremost among which is Marxism ... is defeated on the plane of thought ... It is essential for mankind to have new leadership! At this crucial and bewildering juncture, the turn of [[Islam]] and the [[Ummah|Muslim community]] has arrived – the turn of Islam".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Qutb Shaheed|first=Syed|url=http://www.izharudeen.com/uploads/4/1/2/2/4122615/milestones_www.izharudeen.com.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwig07KHh_rzAhV63jgGHRK0CiQQFnoECBAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0oj_PSVwMadHl4tMWrRl_y|title=Milestones|pages=3–4}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Qutb|first=Sayyid|title=Milestones: Special Edition|publisher=Maktabah Booksellers and Publications|year=2006|isbn=0-9548665-1-7|editor-last=al-Mehri|editor-first=A.B.|location= Birmingham, England|pages=12, 23–24}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Qutb's intense dislike of the West and ethnic nationalism notwithstanding, a number of authors believe he was influenced by European [[fascism]] ([[Roxanne Leslie Euben|Roxanne L. Euben]],<ref name=Euben>{{cite book|first=Roxanne L.|last=Euben|title=Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism |date=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|page=199}}, quoted in The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists, by Khaled Abou El Fadl, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 298</ref> [[Aziz al-Azmeh|Aziz Al-Azmeh]],<ref name=Al-Azmeh>{{cite book|last=Al-Azmeh |first=Aziz|title=Islam and Modernites|date=1996|publisher=Verso Press |location=London|pages=77–101}}, quoted in The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists, by Khaled Abou El Fadl, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 298</ref> [[Khaled Abou El Fadl]]).{{#tag:ref|"In Milestones he [Qutb] attempted to offer a description of the genuine Islamic society and the true Islamic faith, but in reality, Qutb's book did nothing more than attempt to add an Islamic veneer to a thoroughly fascist ideological construct.... Qutb provided a more detailed vision of the idealistic and utopian Islamic state. In this regard, Qutb, unlike Abd al-Wahhab, was influenced by Western thinkers, particularly the German fascist philosopher [[Carl Schmitt]]. Although Qutb does not once mention Schmidt in his works, a careful reading of Milestones on the Road reveals that many of Qutb's ideas, constructs and phrases are clearly adapted from the works of Schmidt."<ref>{{cite book|last= Abou El Fadl |first= Khaled |title= The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists |url= https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl00abou |url-access= registration |publisher= Harper San Francisco |year=2005 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl00abou/page/82 82–3]|isbn= 9780060563394 }}</ref>|group=Note}} Qutb's political philosophy has been described as an attempt to instantiate a complex and multilayer eschatological vision, partly grounded in the counter-hegemonic re-articulation of the traditional ideal of Islamic universalism.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Mura|first = Andrea|year = 2014|title = The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy|journal = Comparative Philosophy|volume = 5|issue = 1|pages = 29–54|issn = 2151-6014|doi = 10.31979/2151-6014(2014).050106|doi-access = free}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Antisemitism===<br />
Qutb was a staunch [[Antisemitism|antisemite]].<ref><br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=78p3KEfMPJgC&q=Sayyid+Qutb+Our+Battle+Against+the+Jews ''The Jew Is Not My Enemy: Unveiling the Myths That Fuel Muslim Anti-Semitism''] by Tarek Fatah, Random House LLC, 2011, pp. 33–34</ref> Influenced by Islamists like [[Rashid Rida]], Qutb embraced anti-Semitic conspiracy theories and believed in the existence of global Jewish conspiracies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McHugo|first=John |title=A Concise History of the Arabs |date=2013 |publication-place=New York|publisher=The New Press |isbn=978-1-59558-950-7 |pages=207–208}}</ref> In 1950, he published a book ''Our Struggle against the Jews'', which forms a central part of today's [[Islam and anti-Semitism|Islamist antisemitism]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=From Sayyid Qutb to Hamas: The Middle East Conflict and the Islamization of Antisemitism|last=Tibi|first=Bassam|author-link=Bassam Tibi|journal=The Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism Working Paper Series|volume=5|issn=1940-6118|isbn=978-0-9819058-9-1|year=2010|publisher=[[Yale University]]|url=http://www.isgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/bassam-tibi-online-working-paper-20101.pdf}}</ref> Blaming the Jews for advocating [[Tanzimat|secularising reforms]] in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] and inciting various turmoils that resulted in its [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|dissolution]], Qutb wrote:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"A Jew was behind the incitement of various kinds of tribal arrogance in the last Caliphate; the (fomenting) of revolutions which began with the removal of the shari‘ah from the legislation and substituting for it ‘The Constitution’ during the period of the Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]; and the ‘hero’ [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Ataturk]]’s ending of the Caliphate. Then behind the subsequent war declared against the first signs of Islamic revival, from every place on the face of the earth ... stood the Jews."<ref>{{Cite book |first1=J. |last1=Halverson | first2=H.L. Jr. | last2=Goodall |first3=S. |last3=Corman |title= Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-10896-7 |location=New York |pages=145–146}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
===View on the harmony of man===<br />
Qutb felt strongly that the world was meant to serve man if understood properly. He wrote:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"Islam teaches that God created the physical world and all its forces for man's own use and benefit. Man is specifically taught and directed to study the world around him, discover its potential and utilize all his environment for his own good and the good of his fellow humans. Any harm that man suffers at the hands of nature is a result only of his ignorance or lack of understanding of it and of the laws governing it. The more man learns about nature, the more peaceful and harmonious his relationship with nature and the environment. Hence, the notion of "conquering nature" can readily be seen as cynical and negative. It is alien to Islamic perceptions and betrays a shameless ignorance of the spirit in which the world has been created and the divine wisdom that underlies it."<ref>''In the Shade of the Qur'an'', Vol. 1, p. 6</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
===Jahiliyyah versus freedom in Islam===<br />
This exposure to [[abuse of power]] crucially contributed to the ideas in Qutb's prison-written Islamic manifesto ''Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq'', where he advocated a political system that is the opposite of [[dictatorship]]{{emdash}}the Sharia, "God's rule on earth".<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', p. 58</ref> Qutb believed that there are only two kinds of societies: Islamic and ''Jahili''. According to Qutb, all the existing Muslim societies are also "jahili societies" since they relegated "the legislative attribute of God to others".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Qutb|first=Sayyid|url=https://holybooks.com/milestones-by-syed-qutb-shaheed/|title=Milestones|publisher=Islamic Book Service|year=1964|isbn=81-7231-244-X|pages=66, 75|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815041345/https://holybooks.com/milestones-by-syed-qutb-shaheed/|archive-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> He further wrote:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The Muslim community has long ago vanished from existence and from observation, and the leadership of mankind has long since passed to other ideologies and other nations, other concepts and other systems."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Qutb|first=Sayyid|url=https://holybooks.com/milestones-by-syed-qutb-shaheed/|title=Milestones|publisher=Islamic Book Service|year=1964|isbn=81-7231-244-X|pages=4–5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815041345/https://holybooks.com/milestones-by-syed-qutb-shaheed/|archive-date=15 August 2020}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Qutb argued:<br />
* Much of the Muslim world approaches the Qur'an as a means to simply acquire culture and information, to participate in academic discussions and enjoyment. This evades the real purpose, for rather, it should be approached as orders to be followed ("what the Almighty Creator had prescribed for him"), as a source of "instruction for obedience and action".<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', p. 21</ref><br />
* Rather than support rule by a pious few, (whether a dictator(s) or democratically elected),{{#tag:ref|"assemblies of men which have absolute power to legislate laws" is un-Islamic as well<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', p. 82</ref>|group=Note}} Qutb believed in what one observer has called "a kind of anarcho-Islam".<ref name="Irwin"/> Since Muslims would need neither judges nor police to obey divine sharia law ("As soon as a command is given, the heads are bowed, and nothing more is required for its implementation except to hear it."),<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', p. 32</ref> there would be no rulers, no "servitude to other men", which is an un-Islamic violation of God's sovereignty (''Hakamiyya'') over all of creation.<ref>[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq#Freedom|Freedom in Milestones]]</ref><ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', pp. 32, 85</ref> <br />
* The way to bring about this freedom was for [[Sayyid Qutb#Vanguardism|a revolutionary vanguard]] to fight ''jahiliyyah'' with a twofold approach: preaching, and using "physical power and jihad" to "abolish" the organizations and authorities of the ''Jahili'' system.<br />
* The vanguard movement would grow with [[Dawah|preaching]] and jihad until it formed a truly Islamic community, then spread throughout the Islamic homeland and finally throughout the entire world, attaining leadership of humanity. While those who had been "defeated by the attacks of the treacherous Orientalists!" might define jihad "narrowly" as defensive, Islamically correct jihad (according to Qutb) was in fact offensive, not defensive.<ref name="Qutb, 2003 pp. 63, 69"/><br />
<br />
Qutb emphasized that this struggle would be anything but easy. True Islam would transform every aspect of society, eliminating everything non-Muslim.<ref>''Milestones'', pp. 130, 134</ref> True Muslims could look forward to lives of "poverty, difficulty, frustration, torment and sacrifice." ''Jahili'' ersatz-Muslims, Jews and Westerners would all fight and conspire against Islam and the elimination of ''jahiliyyah.'' Qutb's revolutionary claims of the Islamic World being upon "''Jahiliyya''" and absence of "pure Islam" in the modern era set him apart from his Islamist predecessors. For mainstream Islamist ideologues like [[Hassan al-Banna|Hasan al Banna]], [[Abul A'la Maududi|Abul A'la Mawdudi]] and [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi|Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]], both society and state were Islamic despite the influence of "''Jahili'' culture" of the West.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Calvert|first=John|title=Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism|publisher=C. Hurst & co. (Publishers) Ltd.|year=2018|isbn=978-1-84904-949-8|location= London|pages=220, 257–258}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Vanguardism===<br />
Qutb's program for a revolutionary vanguard bears some resemblance to [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s [[Vanguardism|conception of revolution]]. According to scholar Ömer Çaha, this was tied to Qutb's "[[Leninism|Leninist]] background". Çaha further suggested that his political project shared values with Leninism as it emphasized [[Collective|collectivity]], [[Centralized government|centralized power]] and [[anticapitalism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Çaha |first1=Ömer |date=2003 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Michael J. |title=Islam and the West. Critical Perspectives on Modernity |location=Lanham |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |pages=44–45 |chapter=The Deficiency of Democracy in the Islamic World |isbn=0742531066}}</ref> Ibrahim Al-Houdaiby, a theorist who was connected to the modern-day Muslim Brotherhood, also stated that ''Milestones'' was "heavily influenced by Lenin’s ''[[What Is To Be Done?|What is to be done]]'', with the clear Islamization of its basic notions".<ref>{{cite web |last=Al-Houdaiby |first=Ibrahim |date=28 August 2008 |title=Four decades after Sayyid Qutb's execution |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2008/08/28/four-decades-after-sayyid-qutbs-execution |website=[[Daily News Egypt]] |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, despite this [[Strategy|strategic]] similarity, Qutb firmly rejected all Western ideologies, [[socialism]] being no exception. For example, he wrote: "Islam ... is the only Divine way of life ... those who deviate from this system and want some other system, whether it be based on nationalism ... class struggle, or similar corrupt theories are truly enemies of mankind!"<ref>''Milestones'', p. 51</ref><br />
<br />
==Criticisms and defense==<br />
Although his work has motivated and mobilized some Muslims,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/milestones/freshlook.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417045424/http://web.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/milestones/freshlook.htm|url-status=dead|title=major architects and 'strategists' of contemporary Islamic revival|archivedate=17 April 2009|accessdate=19 October 2022}}</ref> Qutb also has critics. Following the publication of ''Milestones'' and the aborted plot against the Nasser government, mainstream Muslims took issue with Qutb's contention that "physical power" and jihad had to be used to overthrow governments, attack societies, and the "institutions and traditions" of the Muslim{{snd}}but according to Qutb ''jahili''{{snd}}world.<ref name="Qutbism#Takfir">[[Qutbism#Takfirism]]</ref> The [[ulama]] of [[Al-Azhar University]] school took the unusual step following his death of putting Sayyid Qutb on their index of heresy, declaring him a "deviant" (''munharif'').<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 1986, p. 58</ref><br />
<br />
Moderate Muslims, on the other hand, questioned his understanding of ''sharia,'' i.e. that it is not only perfect and complete, but completely accessible to people and thus the solution to any of their problems.<ref>[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq#Sharia]]</ref><ref>Abou El Fadl, ''The Great Theft'' (2005), p. 1982</ref> Also criticized is his dismissal of not only all non-Muslim culture, but many centuries of Muslim learning, culture and beauty following the first four caliphs as un-Islamic and thus worthless.<ref>Meddeb, ''Malady of Islam'' (2003), p. 104</ref><br />
<br />
Conservative criticism went further, condemning Qutb's Islamist/reformist ideas proposed in his earlier works in the 1950s such as "Social Justice in Islam"{{snd}}like [[social justice]] and redistributive economics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-51.htm |title=Reformer Sayyid Qutb Exposes His Socialistic Ideas |access-date=2015-02-26 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223214453/http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-51.htm |archive-date=23 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-52.htm |title=Reformer Sayyid Qutb Advises That Government Should Confiscate Individual Property |access-date=2015-02-26 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223214505/http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-52.htm |archive-date=23 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-50.htm |title=Reformer Sayyid Qutb Interprets the Zakat of Islam Erroneously |access-date=2015-02-26 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224043106/http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-50.htm |archive-date=24 February 2007}}</ref> banning of slavery,<ref name=slavery>{{cite web|title=Author of Saudi Curriculums Advocates Slavery|url=http://www.arabianews.org/english/article.cfm?qid=132&sid=2|publisher=SIA News|access-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018033802/http://www.arabianews.org/english/article.cfm?qid=132&sid=2|archive-date=18 October 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=fanatic>{{cite web|title=Taming a Neo-Qutubite Fanatic Part 1|url=http://abdurrahman.org/innovation/thequtbisuroori_d.pdf|publisher=salafi publications, abdurrahman.org|access-date=27 May 2014|page=24|quote=Questioner: ... one of the contemporary writers is of the view that this religion, at its inception, was compelled to accept the institution of slavery ... [but] ... that the intent of the Legislator [i.e. God] is to gradually end this institution of slavery. So what is your view on this? <br /> Shaikh Salih alFawzaan: These are words of falsehood (baatil) ... despite that many of the writers and thinkers – and we do not say scholars – repeat these words. Rather we say that they are thinkers (mufakkireen), just as they call them. And it is unfortunate, that they also call them 'Du'at' (callers). And this (type of statement) is found in the tafsir of Sayyid Qutb in Dhilaal ul-Qura'aan. He says 'Islam does not affirm slavery, but it only allowed it to remain out of fear that the people may turn to despotism, that they may disapprove of its abolition since they had been accustomed to it. Hence Islaam has allowed ti to continue out of courtesy to the people.' ... These words are falsehood and (constitute) deviation (ilhaad) ... This is deviation and a false accusation against Islaam. And if it had not been for the excuse of ignorance [because] we excuse them on account of (their) ignorance so we do not say that they are Unbelievers because they are ignorant and are blind followers .... Otherwise, these statements are very dangerous and if a person said them deliberately he would become apostate and leave Islaam. ..." Source: Cassette Recording dated 4/8/1416 and subsequently verified by the Sahikh himself with a few minor alterations to the wording.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527211742/http://abdurrahman.org/innovation/thequtbisuroori_d.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> – as "western" and ''[[bid‘ah]]'' or innovative (innovations to Islam being forbidden). They have accused Qutb of amateur scholarship, overuse of ''[[ijtihad]]'', innovation in ''[[Ijma]]'' (which Qutb felt should not be limited to scholars, but should be conducted by all Muslims<ref>Moussalli, Ahmad S., ''Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb'' by Ahmad S. Moussalli, American University of Beirut, 1992 p. 223</ref>), declaring unlawful what Allah has made lawful,<ref>Cassette: "Sharh Kitaab Masaa’il ul-Jaahiliyyah", 2nd cassette, 2nd side.</ref><ref>Baraa’ah Ulamaa il-Ummah of Isaam bin Sinaanee (a compilation of the sayings of the scholars on the deviations of Sayyid Qutb)</ref> assorted mistakes in ''[[aqeedah]]'' (belief) and ''[[Glossary of Islam#M|manhaj]]'' (methodology).<ref>Abdullaah ad-Dawaish, 'al-Mawrid az-Zalaal fit – Tanbeeh alaa Akhtaa az-Zilaal'</ref> Qutb has also come under fire from the moderate factions of the Muslim Brotherhood represented by scholars such as [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi|Yusuf al-Qaradwi]] who staunchly critiqued Qutb's ideas on ''jahiliyya'' as ''[[Takfiri]]'' extremism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=A. Gergez |first=Fawaz |title=Making the Arab World: Nasser, Qutb, and the Clash That Shaped the Middle East |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-691-16788-6 |location= Princeton, New Jersey |pages=147–148 |chapter=4: The Birth of the Deep State and Modern Radical Islamism}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Defense ===<br />
{{See also|Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Hamoud al-Aqla al-Shu'aybi}}<br />
<br />
In spite of opposition from its moderate factions, the mainstream of Muslim Brotherhood that adheres to Hassan al-Banna's school of thought continues to extoll Qutb as "''al-Shahid al-Hayy''" (the living martyr). The Muslim Brotherhood also has militant [[Qutbism|Qutbist]] factions under its umbrella that continues to popularise Qutb's works like ''Milestones'' that inspire revolutionary action. Although the establishment Banni factions favour gradualist approach to establish [[Islamic state]]s through mainstream political participation, they also strongly defend Qutb's legacy to shore up support from their conservative base. This has also been described as an implicit strategy of covert support to the Qutbist project of immediate "''Jihad bi-l-Sayf'' " (Jihad through the sword) against contemporary regimes; while Muslim Brotherhood focuses on long term [[Islamization]] strategy through education, mobilization and execution. Despite internal tensions within the group, Qutbist ideologues continue to exert inordinate influence in various echelons of the Muslim Brotherhood and have become a vehicle for popularising Qutb's [[Jihadism|Jihadist]] ideas amongst the masses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=A. Gerges |first=Fawaz |title=Making the Arab World: Nasser, Qutb, and the Clash That Shaped the Middle East |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-691-16788-6 |location= Princeton, New Jersey |pages=141–149 |chapter=4: The Birth of the Deep State and Modern Radical Islamism}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Saudi Arabia]]n Islamic scholar [[Hamoud al-Aqla al-Shu'aybi|Hamud ibn Uqla Ash-Shu'aybi]], the leader of the [[Hamoud al-Aqla al-Shu'aybi#Al-Shuebi School|Shu'aybi school]], wrote an influential treatise "''A Word of Truth on Sayyid Qutb''" in defending Sayyid Qutb from his theological opponents. Praising Qutb as a "''[[Mujaddid]]''", ibn Uqla accused Qutb's opponents of having double-standards in their criticism. He extolled Qutb as a martyr who upheld ''Tawhid'' and defended sharia in the face of tyrants. The treatise would become popular amongst contemporary [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi-Jihadist]] movements. Defending Qutb, Ibn Uqla wrote:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"Sayyid (may God have mercy upon him) was considered in his era as a science amongst the knowledge of the people {{sic|wh|o's}} curriculum was to fight the oppressors and declare them as disbelievers. He was also one of the unique preachers who called on people to worship their Lord and who preached the unification of all laws to none other than Allah. He did not bow down under the enemies of Allah and His Prophet, like Jamal Abdel-Nasser and his likes ... no one was happier by his death than those ... The targeting of Sayyid Qutb (may God have mercy upon him) wasn't just due to his personality ... the goal of his stabbing wasn’t his downfall ... what still worries his enemies and their followers is his curriculum (''manhaj'') which they fear will spread amongst the children of the Muslims."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ibn Uqla Ash-Shu'aybi|first=Hamud|date=16 August 2000|title=A Word of Truth on Sayyid Qutb|url=https://adviceforparadise.com/articles/2000/08/16/word-truth-sayyid-qutb/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226164351/https://adviceforparadise.com/articles/2000/08/16/word-truth-sayyid-qutb/|archive-date=26 February 2021|website=Adviceforparadise}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Influential Salafi scholar [[Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani|Muhammad Nasir Al-Din al-Albani]] (d. 1999) would soften his previous critique of Sayyid Qutb, stating:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"Yes, Sayyid Qutb must be refuted, but with composure, and dispassionately ... But that does not mean that we must show him hostility, or forget that he has certain merits. The important thing is that he is a Muslim and an Islamic writer ... who was killed for the sake of ''[[Dawah|da‘wa]]'', and that those who killed him are the enemies of God."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Meijer|first1=Roel|title=Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement|last2=Lacroix|first2=Stéphane|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-933343-1|location=New York|page=72|chapter=Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Alongside notable Islamists like [[Abul A'la Maududi]], [[Hassan al-Banna]], and [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]; Sayyid Qutb is considered one of the most influential Muslim thinkers or activists of the modern era, not only for his ideas but also for what many see as his martyr's death.<ref name="islamonline.net"/><ref name="Sayyid Qutb by Ahmed El-Kadi, MD"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Sivan, Emmanuel, ''Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics'', Yale University, 1985</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22acquired+the+status+of+shahid%22&btnG=&safe=active "Muslim extremism in Egypt: the prophet and pharaoh", p. 59] "... The iniquitous prince, who had usurped God's sovereignty and made himself the object of worship of his subjects, had the Islamicist theoretician hanged on 29 August 1966. Sayyid Qutb thereby acquired the status of shahid, or martyr, in the eyes of his admirers."</ref> Qutb has been designated as ''[[Shahid|Shaheed]]'', or martyr.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdo|first=Geneive|title=No God But God: Egypt and the Triumph of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-19-512540-1|location=New York|page=53}}</ref> To fellow [[militant Islamist]]s across the world, Qutb's execution in a Muslim country symbolised the depths of depravity the governments in Muslim world had sunk into. Within Egypt itself, the martyrdom of Sayyid Qutb give birth to a new generation of militant Islamists calling for the implementation of ''sharia''; such as [[Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj|Abdus Salam Faraj]], [[Omar Abdel-Rahman|'Umar Abdul Rahman]], [[Shukri Mustafa]], etc.<ref name="Qutb 2006 17">{{Cite book|last=Qutb|first=Sayyid|title=Milestones|publisher=Maktabah Booksellers and Publishers|year=2006|isbn=0-9548665-1-7|editor-last=al-Mehri|editor-first=A.B.|location=Birmingham, England|page=17}}</ref> According to authors [[Daniel Benjamin]] and Steven Simon, "it was Sayyid Qutb who fused together the core elements of modern Islamism: the [[Khawarij|Kharijites]]' [[takfir]], [[ibn Taymiyya]]'s [[fatwa]]s and policy prescriptions, [[Rashid Rida]]'s [[Salafism]], Maududi's concept of the contemporary ''jahiliyya'' and Hassan al-Banna's political activism."<ref>''The Age of Sacred Terror'' by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
Qutb's written works are still widely available and have been translated into many Western languages. His best known work is ''Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq'' (''Milestones''), but the majority of Qutb's theory can be found in his Qur'anic commentary ''Fi zilal al-Qur'an'' (''In the Shade of the Quran''). For Qutb, the Qur'an was seen as the final arbiter in all matters relating to faith, while his main goal in writing the book, ''In the Shade of the Qur’an'', was to restore the centrality of faith in the consciousness and imagination of Muslims, and to kindle a cognitive revolution that would bring about a political and social process that will lead to the renewal of the Islamic tradition.<ref>Shahrough Akhavi, ''The Dialectic in Contemporary Egyptian Social Thought: The Scripturalist and Modernist Discourses of Sayyid Qutb and Hasan Hanafi'', Cambridge University Press, [[International Journal of Middle East Studies]], Vol. 29, No. 3, 2007 p. 379; {{cite journal |last=Akhavi |first=Shahrough |title=The Dialectic in Contemporary Egyptian Social Thought: The Scripturalist and Modernist Discourses of Sayyid Qutb and Hasan Hanafi |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=377–401 |jstor=164586 |year=1997|doi=10.1017/S0020743800064825 |s2cid=161798476 |url=https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=poli_facpub }}</ref><br />
<br />
Qutb's theoretical work on Islamic advocacy, social justice and education, has left a significant mark not only on the Muslim Brotherhood, but also Muslim scholars from all backgrounds : like the founder of the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, [[Mustafa al-Siba'i]], as well as the Indonesian Sunni scholar [[Hamka]] and the Iraqi Shia scholar [[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]].<ref>John Calvert, ''Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism'', Oxford University Press (2009), p. 165</ref> [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar|Hekmatyar]], one of the most influential Afghan Islamists, says that he precisely turned Islamist in 1966, after hearing the death of Qutb on radio.<ref>Gilles Dorronsoro, ''Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present'', C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2005), p. 75</ref> [[Ali al-Tamimi]], considered "arguably the first American born activist [[Salafi]] preacher",<ref>Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, ''Salafism in America: History, Evolution, Radicalization'', October 2018, p. 67. Report for the George Washington University Program on Extremism. [https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/Salafism%20in%20America.pdf Link].</ref> has Qutb as one of his main intellectual influences. While [[Qutbism|Qutbist]] works remain popular amongst the Arab youth and political dissidents; the majority of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islamism|Islamists]] currently view Qutb's proposals as outdated, impractical and prone to extremism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdo |first=Geneive |title=No God But God: Egy[t and the Triumph of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-512540-1 |location=New York |page=13}}</ref><br />
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His influence isn't limited to Sunnis either, as the current [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], [[Ali Khamenei]], translated his work into [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>[[Baqer Moin]], ''Khomeini : Life of the Ayatollah'', [[I.B.Tauris]] (1999), p. 246</ref> Having been translated into Persian from the 50s and 60s onward, and for his definitive influence on the [[Islamic revolution of Iran]], a critical conference entitled ''Re-reading and Re-viewing the Views of Sayyid Quṭb'', held in [[Tehran]] during 15–16 February 2015, has been described as "a vivid example of the living legacy of Sayyid Quṭb in today’s Iran."<ref>Yusuf Ünal, "Sayyid Quṭb in Iran: Translating the Islamist Ideologue in the Islamic Republic" in ''Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (November 2016), p. 51</ref><br />
<br />
===Al-Qaeda and Islamic Jihad===<br />
{{See also|Al-Qaeda|Egyptian Islamic Jihad}}<br />
[[File:Anwar al-Awlaki sitting on couch, lightened.jpg|left|thumb|160px|[[Anwar al-Awlaki]]]]<br />
[[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Osama bin Laden]], founder and first leader of [[al-Qaeda]]]]<br />
<br />
Qutb had influence on Islamic insurgent/terror groups in Egypt<ref name="Qutbism#Takfir"/> and elsewhere. His influence on [[al-Qaeda]]<ref name="Irwin" /><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/23/magazine/the-philosopher-of-islamic-terror.html Paul Berman, "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror"], ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'' (23 March 2003).</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Out of the Shadows: Getting ahead of prisoner radicalization |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628211751/http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2011 |accessdate=19 October 2022 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Trevor Stanley |title=The Evolution of Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi |url=http://www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> was felt through his writing,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manne |first=Robert |date=7 November 2016 |title=Sayyid Qutb: Father of Salafi Jihadism, Forerunner of the Islamic State |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133334/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bolechów |first=Bartosz |year=2022 |title=The Islamic State's Worldview as a Radical Terror Management Device |url=http://www.studiapolitologiczne.pl/The-Islamic-State-s-Worldview-nas-a-Radical-Terror-Management-Device,147954,0,2.html |journal=Studia Politologiczne |volume=63 |pages=64–65 |doi=10.33896/SPolit.2022.63.4 |s2cid=248190680 |doi-access=free}}</ref> his followers and especially through his brother, [[Muhammad Qutb]], who moved to [[Saudi Arabia]] following his release from prison in Egypt and became a professor of [[Islamic Studies]] and edited, published and promoted his brother Sayyid's work.<ref>Kepel, ''War for Muslim Minds'', (2004) pp. 174–175</ref><ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), p. 51</ref><br />
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One of Muhammad Qutb's students and later an ardent follower was [[Ayman Zawahiri|Ayman Al-Zawahiri]], who went on to become a member of the [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]]<ref>Sageman, Marc, ''Understanding Terror Networks'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 63</ref> and later a mentor of [[Osama bin Laden]] and the second [[Emir]] of Al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|title=How Did Sayyid Qutb Influence Osama bin Laden?|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> Zawahiri was first introduced to Qutb by his uncle and maternal family patriarch, Mafouz Azzam, who was very close to Qutb throughout his life. Azzam was Qutb's student, then protégé, then personal lawyer and executor of his estate{{emdash}}one of the last people to see Qutb before his execution. According to [[Lawrence Wright]], who interviewed Azzam, "young Ayman al-Zawahiri heard again and again from his beloved uncle Mahfouz about the purity of Qutb's character and the torment he had endured in prison."<ref>Wright, ''Looming Tower'', 2006, pp. 36–37</ref> Zawahiri paid homage to Qutb in his work ''Knights under the Prophet's Banner.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html#footnote_24|title=Sayyid_Qutbs_Milestones|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> Acclaiming Qutb, Al-Zawahiri wrote:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"Sayyid Qutb underscored the importance of ''Tawheed'' (monotheism) in Islam, and that the battle between it and its enemies is at its core an ideological difference over the issue of the oneness of God. It is the issue of who has the power: God and his Shari’ah (Islamic law) or man-made, materialistic laws. Although ... Qutb ... was oppressed and tortured by Nasser’s regime ... (his) influence on young Muslims was paramount. (Sayyid) Qutb’s message was, and still is, to believe in the oneness of God and the supremacy of the divine path. This message fanned the fire of Islamic revolution against the enemies of Islam at home and abroad. The chapters of his revolution are renewing one day after another".<ref name="Qutb 2006 17"/></blockquote><br />
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Osama bin Laden was also acquainted with Sayyid's brother, [[Muhammad Qutb]]. A close college friend of bin Laden's, [[Mohammed Jamal Khalifa]], told Wright, that bin Laden regularly attended weekly public lectures by Muhammad Qutb, at [[King Abdulaziz University]], and that he and bin Laden both "read Sayyid Qutb. He was the one who most affected our generation."<ref>Wright, ''Looming Tower'', 2006, p. 79</ref><br />
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While imprisoned in Yemen, [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] became influenced by the works of Qutb.<ref name="NYT: path to terror">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html?pagewanted=5&hp|title=Imam's Path From Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad|author1=Scott Shane |author2=Souad Mekhennet |author3=Robert F. Worth |name-list-style=amp |date=8 May 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref> He would read 150–200 pages a day of Qutb's works, describing himself during the course of his reading as "so immersed with the author I would feel Sayyid was with me in my cell speaking to me directly."<ref name="NYT: path to terror" /> On the other hand, associate professor of history at Creighton University, [[John Calvert (scholar)|John Calvert]], states that "the al-Qaeda threat" has "monopolized and distorted our understanding" of Qutb's "real contribution to contemporary Islamism."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9pMAgAAQBAJ&dq=Qutb%27s+%22real+contribution+to+contemporary+Islamism.%22&pg=PA7 ''Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism''] By John Calvert</ref><br />
<br />
=== Influence on the 1979 Iranian Revolution ===<br />
Qutb was an important source of influence to Ruhollah Khomeini and other Iranian Shia intellectuals leading up to the 1979 Iranian Revolution. In 1984, the Islamic Republic of Iran under Khomeini honoured Qutb's "martyrdom" by issuing an iconic postage stamp showing him behind bars. Qutb's works were translated by Iranian Islamists into Persian and enjoyed remarkable popularity both before and after the revolution. Prominent figures such as current Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and his brother [[Mohammad Khamenei|Muhammad Ali Khamenei]], [[Ahmad Aram]], [[Hadi Khosroshahi]], etc. translated Qutb's works into Persian.<ref>Unal, Yusuf (November 2016). "Sayyid Quṭb in Iran: Translating the Islamist Ideologue in the Islamic Republic". ''Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies''. Indiana University Press. '''1''' (2): 35–60. {{doi|10.2979/jims.1.2.04}}. {{JSTOR|10.2979/jims.1.2.04}}. {{S2CID|157443230}} .</ref><ref>Calvert, John (2018). ''Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism''. London: C. Hurst & co. (Publishers) ltd. p. 3. {{ISBN|978-1-84904-949-8}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Although interest in Qutb's works had peaked during the years immediately following the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian revolution]], Iranian intellectuals have become gradually opposed to Qutb and his militant ideas over the course of time. One source of criticism has been from the Iranian [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] clergy who considered Qutb's ideas as being Sunni influenced and charged him with heresy due to sectarian reasons. Clerics such as Abū Faḍl Raẓavī Ardakānī, Sayyid Ibrāhīm Mīlānī, [[Morteza Motahhari|Morteza Mutahhiri]], etc. wrote several treatises opposing the ideas of Qutb, his anti-clerical rhetoric and condemned those who spread his works in Iran.<ref>Unal, Yusuf (November 2016). "Sayyid Quṭb in Iran: Translating the Islamist Ideologue in the Islamic Republic". ''Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies''. Indiana University Press. '''1''' (2): 48–50. {{doi|10.2979/jims.1.2.04}}. {{JSTOR|10.2979/jims.1.2.04}}. {{S2CID|157443230}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, a youth organisation named "Kanoon Youth Thought Center" conducted a conference on Qutb's thought in [[Tehran]]. The conference was attended by major religious leaders and intellectuals of the Iranian revolution. Most of the participants expressed negative views on Qutb; considering him as a proponent of extremist ideas. Dr. Ali Akbar Alikhani, associate professor at [[University of Tehran|Tehran University]], argued that the [[Qutbism|Qutbist]] "binary worldview" that divided entire societies into ''[[Jahiliyyah|Jahili]]'' (ignorant) and ''[[Tawhid]]i'' (monotheistic), Qutb's allegedly pessimistic view of justice, etc. generated vicious hatred against [[Kafir|non-Muslims]]; culminating in the brutalities of terrorist groups such as the [[Islamic State]] (IS). Shi'ite scholar Ahmad Rahdar criticised Qutb's call to uncompromising militant action as serving the intellectual basis for [[Jihadism|Jihadist]] groups like Al-Qaeda, IS, etc. Historian [[Musa Najafi]] downplayed the role of Qutb's ideas in Iranian revolution and argued that revolutionary symbolism was inherent in Shi'ite scholarly tradition; which was channeled by Khomeini and his followers. Najafi characterised Qutb as a reactionary and sectarian scholar whose superficial and brisk solutions were always oriented towards mass ''[[Takfir]]'' (excommunication) and religious extremism. Although some non-clerical intellectuals continued attempts to defend him, Sayyid Qutb is viewed negatively amongst contemporary [[Khomeinism|Khomeinist]] scholars in [[Iran]].<ref>Unal, Yusuf (November 2016). "Sayyid Quṭb in Iran: Translating the Islamist Ideologue in the Islamic Republic". ''Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies''. Indiana University Press. '''1''' (2): 50–55. {{doi|10.2979/jims.1.2.04}}. {{JSTOR|10.2979/jims.1.2.04}}. {{S2CID|157443230}}.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Recognition in ''9/11 Commission Report'' ===<br />
Chapter 2 of the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'' (2004), "The Foundation of the New Terrorism," cites Qutb for influencing [[Osama bin Laden]]'s worldview in these terms:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"[Qutb] dismissed Western achievements as entirely material, arguing that 'nothing will satisfy its own conscience and justify its existence.'[n. 12] <br />
<ref>Content of n. 12: Sayyid Qutb, Milestones (American Trust Publications, 1990). Qutb found sin everywhere, even in rural midwestern churches. Qutb's views were best set out in Sayyid Qutb, "The America I Have Seen" (1949), reprinted in Kamal Abdel-Malek, ed., ''America in an Arab Mirror: Images of America in Arabic Travel Literature: An Anthology'' (Palgrave, 2000). [http://www.pdx.edu/sites/www.pdx.edu.sociologyofislam/files/media_assets/The%20America%20I%20Have%20Seen%20Sayyid%20Qutb%20Ustad.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102052508/http://www.pdx.edu/sites/www.pdx.edu.sociologyofislam/files/media_assets/The%20America%20I%20Have%20Seen%20Sayyid%20Qutb%20Ustad.pdf |date=2 January 2015 }} from Portland State University.</ref></blockquote><br />
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<blockquote>"Three basic themes emerge from Qutb's writings. First, he claimed that the world was beset with barbarism, licentiousness, and unbelief (a condition he called jahiliyya, the religious term for the period of ignorance prior to the revelations given to the Prophet Mohammed). Qutb argued that humans can choose only between Islam and jahiliyya. Second, he warned that more people, including Muslims, were attracted to jahiliyya and its material comforts than to his view of Islam; jahiliyya could therefore triumph over Islam. Third, no middle ground exists in what Qutb conceived as a struggle between God and Satan. All Muslim – as he defined them – therefore must take up arms in this fight. Any Muslim who rejects his ideas is just one more nonbeliever worthy of destruction."<ref>[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf The ''9/11 Commission Report''] (2004), Authorized Edition, pp. 50, 466 (n. 12).</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}<br />
'''Literary'''<br />
* ''Mahammat al-Sha'ir fi'l-Hayah wa Shi'r al-Jil al-Hadir'' (The Task of the Poet in Life and the Poetry of the Contemporary Generation), 1932<br />
* ''al-Shati al-Majhul'' (The Unknown Beach), 1935<br />
* ''Naqd Kitab: Mustaqbal al-Thaqafa fi Misr'' (Critique of a Book by [[Taha Husain]]: the Future of Culture in Egypt), 1939<br />
* ''Al-Taswir al-Fanni fi'l-Qu'ran'' (Artistic Imagery in the Qur'an), 1945<br />
* ''Al-Atyaf al-Arba'a'' (The Four Apparitions), 1945<br />
* ''Tifl min al-Qarya'' (A Child from the Village), 1946<br />
* ''Al-Madina al-Mashura'' (The Enchanted City), 1946<br />
* ''Kutub wa Shakhsiyyat'' (Books and Personalities), 1946<br />
* ''Askwak'' (Thorns), 1947<br />
* ''Mashahid al-Qiyama fi'l-Qur'an'' (Aspects of Resurrection in the Qu'ran), 1946<br />
* ''Al-Naqd al-Adabi: Usuluhu wa Manahijuhu'' (Literary Criticism: Its Foundation and Methods'), 1948<br />
* "The America I Have Seen," 1949, reprinted in Kamal Abdel-Malek, ed., 2000, ''America in an Arab Mirror: Images of America in Arabic Travel Literature: An Anthology'', Palgrave. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150102052508/http://www.pdx.edu/sites/www.pdx.edu.sociologyofislam/files/media_assets/The%20America%20I%20Have%20Seen%20Sayyid%20Qutb%20Ustad.pdf PDF] from Portland State University.<br />
<br />
'''Theoretical'''<br />
* ''Al-Adala al-Ijtima'iyya fi'l-Islam'' (Social Justice in Islam), 1949<br />
* ''Ma'rakat al-Islam wa'l-Ra's Maliyya'' (The Battle Between Islam and Capitalism), 1951<br />
* ''Al-Salam al-'Alami wa'l-Islam'' (World Peace and Islam), 1951<br />
* [[Fi zilal al-Qur'an|''Fi Zilal al-Qur'an'']] (In the Shade of the Qur'an), first installment 1954<br />
* ''Dirasat Islamiyya'' (Islamic Studies), 1953<br />
* ''Hadha'l-Din'' (This Religion is Islam), n.d. (after 1954)<br />
* ''Al-Mustaqbal li-hadha'l-Din'' (The Future of This Religion), n.d. (after 1954)<br />
* ''Khasais al-Tasawwur al-Islami wa Muqawamatuhu'' (The Characteristics and Values of Islamic Conduct), 1960<br />
* ''Al-Islam wa Mushkilat al-Hadara'' (Islam and the Problems of Civilization), n.d. (after 1954)<br />
* [[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq|''Ma'alim fi'l-Tariq'']] (Signposts on the Road, or Milestones), 1964<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/MILESTONES.pdf|title=Milestones|last=Qutb|first=Sayyid|website=kalamullah.com|year=1964}}</ref> (Reviewed<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yvonneridley.org/mediaitem.php?id=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704030618/http://www.yvonneridley.org/mediaitem.php?id=1 |archive-date=2007-07-04 |title=Yvonne Ridley's Site|date=4 July 2007|accessdate=19 October 2022}}</ref> by [[Yvonne Ridley]])<br />
* ''Basic Principles of Islamic Worldview''<br />
* ''The Islamic Concept and Its Characteristics''<br />
* ''Islam and Universal Peace''<br />
<br />
'''Co-authored with others'''<br />
* ''Al-Atyaf al-'Arba'ah'' (The Four Ghosts), 1945. Written with his siblings : [[Muhammad Qutb|Muhammad]], Aminah and Hamidah<br />
* ''Rawdah al-Atfal'', n.d. Children's book written with [[Amīnah al-Saʿīd|Amīnah Saʻīd]] (1914–1995), a journalist and feminist, and Yūsuf Murād (1902–1966), a psychoanalyst who popularized [[Freud]] in Egypt and the Arab world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/lie-down-couch-arabic-freud|title=Lie down on a couch with the Arabic Freud|first=Usman|last=Butt|date=10 October 2017|work=[[The New Arab]]|accessdate=19 October 2022}}</ref><br />
* ''Al Jadid fi al-'Arabiyyah'' (The New [Approach to] Arabic Language), n.d. A textbook on [[Arabic language]]<br />
* ''Al Jadid fi al-Mahfuzât'' (The New [Approach to] Arabic Literature), n.d. A textbook on [[Arabic literature]]<br />
{{Portal|Egypt|Islam|Biography|Politics}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}{{reflist|group=Note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
* Valentine, Simon Ross, "Sayyid Qutb: Terrorism & the Origins of Militant Islam", ''American Chronicle'', December 2008.<br />
* {{cite web|title=The Lives of Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/24877498/The-Lives-of-Hasan-Al-Banna-and-Syed-Qutb |publisher=none given |access-date=10 March 2021 }}<br />
* ''From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism'' – Adnan A. Musallam<br />
* ''The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb: The Theory of Jahiliyyah'' (2006) – Sayed Khatab<br />
* ''The Power of Sovereignty: The Political And Ideological Philosophy of Sayyid Qutb'' (2006) – Sayed Khatab<br />
* ''The Political Theory of Sayyid Qutb: A Genealogy of Discourse'' (2004) – Mohamed Soffar<br />
* ''Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb'' – Ahmad S. Moussalli<br />
* {{cite book|author=Abou El Fadl, Khalid| title=The Great Theft|url=https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl00abou|url-access=registration| publisher=Harper San Francisco|year=2005|isbn=978-0-06-056339-4}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Berman, Paul|title=Terror and Liberalism|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorliberalism00berm|url-access=registration| publisher=W.W. Norton|year=2003|isbn=978-0-393-05775-1}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Burke, Jason|title=Al Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/alqaedatruestory0000burk|url-access=registration|publisher=Penguin| year=2004|isbn=978-0-14-101912-3}}<br />
* Calvert, John (2000), "'The World is an Undutiful Boy!': Sayyid Qutb's American Experience," ''Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations'', Vol. II, No.1, pp.&nbsp;87–103:98.<br />
* {{cite book|author=Calvert, John| title=Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism| publisher=Hurst & Co / Columbia University Press|year=2010}}<br />
* Curtis, Adam (2005). ''[[The Power of Nightmares]]: The Rise of the Politics of Fear''. [[BBC]].<br />
* {{cite book|author=Damir-Geilsdorf, Sabine|title=Der islamische Wegbereiter Sayyid Qutb und seine Rezeption|publisher=Würzburg|year=2003}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Haddad, Yvonne Y.|year=1983|title=Voices of the Islamic Revolution|chapter=Sayyid Qutb: ideologue of Islamic revival|editor=Esposito, J.}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Kepel, Gilles|title=The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt|others=Jon Rothschild (trans.)|publisher=Al Saqi|year=1985|isbn=978-0-86356-118-4}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Kepel, Gilles|title=The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West|others=Pascale Ghazaleh (trans.)|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-674-01575-3|url=https://archive.org/details/warformuslimmind00kepe}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Kepel, Gilles|title=Jihad: the trail of political Islam|others=Anthony F. Roberts (trans.)|publisher=Al Saqi|year=2002|isbn=978-0-674-00877-9|url=https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0}}<br />
* March, Andrew F. (2010) "Taking People as They Are: Islam as a 'Realistic Utopia' in the Political Theory of Sayyid Qutb," ''American Political Science Review'', Vol. 104, No. 1.<br />
* {{cite book|author=Meddeb, Abelwahab|title=The Malady of Islam|others=Pierre Joris and Ann Reid (translators)|publisher=Basic Books|year=2003|isbn=978-0-465-04435-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/maladyofislam0000medd}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Moussalli, Ahmad S.|title=Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb|publisher=American University of Beirut|year=1992}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last = Mura|first = Andrea|year = 2014|title = The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy|journal = Comparative Philosophy|volume = 5|issue = 1|pages = 29–54|issn = 2151-6014|doi = 10.31979/2151-6014(2014).050106|doi-access = free}}<br />
* {{cite book|first=Andrea|last=Mura|title=The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Political Thought|url=https://www.routledge.com/products/9781472443892|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|place=London}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Soffar, Mohamed |year=2004|title= The Political Theory of Sayyid Qutb: A Genealogy of Discourse|publisher=Berlin: Verlag Dr. Koester, 1st ed.}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Qutb, Sayyid|title=Milestones|publisher=Kazi Publications|year=2003|isbn=978-1-56744-494-0}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Qutb, Sayyid|title=A Child From the Village|publisher=Syracuse University Press|editor1=J. Calvert|editor2=W. Shepard|others=Calvert, John; Shepard, William (trans.)|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8156-0805-9|url=https://archive.org/details/childfromvillage0000qutb}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Qutb, Sayyid|title=Social justice in Islam|publisher=Islamic Publications International|others=John B. Hardie; revised by Hamid Algar (trans.)|year=2000|isbn=978-1-889999-11-1|url=https://archive.org/details/socialjusticeini00qutb}}<br />
* [[Giedrė Šabasevičiūtė|Šabaseviciute, Giedre]] (2021). ''Sayyid Qutb: An Intellectual Biography''. Syracuse University Press.<br />
* {{cite book|author=Shepard, William E.|title=Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism. A Translation and Critical Analysis of 'Social Justice in Islam'|publisher=Leiden|year=1996}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Sivan, Emmanuel|title=Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1985}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Wright, Lawrence|title=The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11|publisher=Knopf|year=2006|isbn=978-0-375-41486-2|title-link=The Looming Tower|author-link=Lawrence Wright}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* Ahmed Bouzid, [http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30478 ''Man, Society, And Knowledge In The Islamist Discourse Of Sayyid Qutb''] ''Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University'' (April, 1998)<br />
* [[Martin Amis]], [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/10/september11.politicsphilosophyandsociety ''The Age of Horrorism''] ''The Observer'' (10 September 2006)<br />
* [[Paul Berman]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20031005151059/http://members.cox.net/slsturgi3/PhilosopherOfIslamicTerror.htm The Philosopher of Islamic Terror] ''New York Times Magazine'' (23 March 2003).<br />
* Robert Irwin, [https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,584478,00.html Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?] ''The Guardian'' (1 November 2001).<br />
* Daniel Brogan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206155400/http://www.5280.com/issues/2003/0306/feature.php?pageID=269 Al Qaeda's Greeley Roots] ''5280 Magazine'' (June 2003).<br />
* Sayyid Qutb, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100813111858/http://web.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/milestones/hold/index_2.htm Milestones]''.<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070603183745/http://www.islamistwatch.org/texts/qutb/Milestones/ ''Milestones'' (alternate translation)]<br />
* [http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html ''Sayyid Qtub's Milestones'']<br />
* Sayyid Qutb, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20051220161840/http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/tafsir/syed_qutb/ In the Shade of the Qur'an]''. Source 1 ''[http://www.kalamullah.com/shade-of-the-quran.html In the Shade of the Qur'an]''. Source 2<br />
* Sayyid Qetb ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040405071544/http://www.geocities.com/abyassin/Qutb1.html This Religion of Islam]''.<br />
* Hisham Sabrin, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100122043249/http://www.disinfo.com/2010/01/qutb-between-terror-and-tragedy/ Qutb: Between Terror and Tragedy] ''Disinformation.com'' (21 January 2010)<br />
* David Von Drehle, [https://swap.stanford.edu/20090419041809/http%3A//www.smithsonianmag.com/history%2Darchaeology/presence%2Dfeb06.html A Lesson In Hate] ''Smithsonian Magazine''<br />
* [https://patrickpoole.blogspot.com/2005/10/alexis-carrel-and-sayyid-qutb.html Alexis Carrel and Sayyid Qutb]<br />
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1131544 Religion scholar Karen Armstrong discusses Sayyid Qutb] from [[NPR]]'s ''Fresh Air from WHYY'' (17 October 2001).<br />
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1253796 Sayyid Qutb's America] from [[NPR]]'s ''All Things Considered'' (6 May 2003).<br />
* [http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam Religion Reformers In Islam]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030825031001/http://pages.prodigy.net/thomasn528/blog/2003_08_17_newsarcv.html#106125889084239517 Sayyid Qutb's French connection]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070713230602/http://www.muslimedia.com/archives/features99/qutb.htm Remembering Sayyid Qutb, an Islamic intellectual and leader of rare insight and integrity]<br />
* [http://www.almizaanpubs.com/sayyid_qutb.html Major scholars on Sayyid Qutb]{{dead link|date=April 2017}}<br />
* [http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcf.ydjiw6dc17raw.html Biography and Activities of Sayyid Qutb]<br />
<br />
{{IslamismNorthAfrica}}<br />
{{Islamism}}<br />
{{Political philosophy}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qutb, Sayyid}}<br />
[[Category:1906 births]]<br />
[[Category:1966 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-Americanism]]<br />
[[Category:People from Asyut Governorate]]<br />
[[Category:Egyptian anti-imperialists]]<br />
[[Category:Egyptian Sunni Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Egyptian revolutionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Egyptian anti-communists]]<br />
[[Category:Egyptian conspiracy theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Egyptian dissidents]]<br />
[[Category:Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood philosophers]]<br />
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[[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]<br />
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[[Category:Egyptian Qutbists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century executions by Egypt]]<br />
[[Category:Executed revolutionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Egyptian magazine founders]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian philosophers]]<br />
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[[Category:Political prisoners in Egypt]]<br />
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[[Category:Writers about activism and social change]]<br />
[[Category:Quran memorizers]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bhojpuri_films_of_2025&diff=512285List of Bhojpuri films of 20252026-03-25T22:50:03Z<p>Rajeev067: made some data initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
This is a '''list of [[Bhojpuri language]] films released in 2025.'''<br />
<br />
== January–March ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="2" |'''Opening'''<br />
!'''Title'''<br />
!'''Director'''<br />
!'''Cast'''<br />
!Production company<br />
!'''Ref.'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |FEBRUARY<br />
|'''4'''<br />
|''Mere Husband Ki Shadi Hai''<br />
|Manjul Thakur<br />
|<br />
* [[Kajal Raghwani]]<br />
* [[Amrapali Dubey]]<br />
* [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]<br />
|J.R. PRODUCTION HOUSE<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2025-04-29 |title=काजल अग्रवाल और आम्रपाली के बीच फंसे निरहुआ? इस दिन यूट्यूब पर रिलीज होगी 'मेरे हसबैंड की शादी' |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/aamrapali-dubey-dinesh-lal-yadav-kajal-raghwani-new-bhojpuri-movie-mere-husband-ki-shadi-on-youtube-3260952.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|'''21'''<br />
|[[Dansh (2025 film)|''Dansh'']]<br />
|Dheeraj Thakur<br />
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]. Shweta Sen<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-03 |title=खेसारीलाल यादव की फिल्म 'डंस' 21 फरवरी को बिहार-झारखंड में होगी रिलीज |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-the-release-date-of-bhojpuri-superstar-khesari-lal-yadav-film-duns-is-out-9005762.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!MARCH<br />
|'''14'''<br />
|[[Rishtey (2025 film)|''Rishtey'']]<br />
|Premanshu Singh<br />
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]<br />
[[Rati Pandey]]<br />
[[Akanksha Puri]]<br />
|SRK MUSIC PRIVATE LIMITED<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-12 |title=खेसारीलाल यादव की फिल्म 'रिश्ते' 14 मार्च को होगी रिलीज, दिखेगी रिश्तों की कहानी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bhojpuri/story/khesari-lal-yadav-film-rishte-will-be-released-on-pan-india-holi-on-march-14-tmovx-dskc-2188354-2025-03-12 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== April–June ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="2" |'''Opening'''<br />
!'''Title'''<br />
!'''Director'''<br />
!'''Cast'''<br />
!Production company<br />
!'''Ref.'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" |MAY<br />
|'''25'''<br />
|[[Jugal Master|''Jugal Master'']]<br />
|Lal Babu Pandit <br />
|<br />
* [[Raksha Gupta]]<br />
|CAPTAIN VIDEO PVT. LTD<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=सिसोदिया |first=पूजा |date=2025-05-22 |title=बिना ट्रेलर रिलीज के सीधा टीवी पर रिलीज होगी निरहुआ की फिल्म "जुगल मास्टर", जानें कहां देख पाएंगे |url=https://hindi.newsroompost.com/entertainments/nirhuas-film-jugal-master-will-be-released-directly-on-tv-without-releasing-the-trailer/1033823.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=News Room Post |language=hi}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== July- September ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="2" |'''Opening'''<br />
!'''Title'''<br />
!'''Director'''<br />
!'''Cast'''<br />
!Production company<br />
!'''Ref.'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" |AUGUST<br />
|'''30'''<br />
|[[Ye Hai Swarg Hamara|''Ye Hai Swarg Hamara'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
* [[Kunal Singh (actor, born 1955)|Kunal Singh]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=reporter |title=धमाकेदार मनोरंजन: भोजपुरी फिल्म 'ये हैं स्वर्ग हमारा' 30 अगस्त को होगी रिलीज |url=https://samarsaleel.com/banging-entertainment-bhojpuri-film-yeh-hai-will-be-released-on-august-30/491635 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Samar Saleel |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== October- December ==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhojpuri films, 2025}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Bhojpuri films by year]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Bhojpuri-language films|*]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Indian films|*]]<br />
[[Category:2025 in Indian cinema|Bhojpuri]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978_Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=4617481978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election2026-03-25T10:28:47Z<p>Rajeev067: basic improve details to improve readability also and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election<br />
| country = India <br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| vote_type = Popular <!-- default --><br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| previous_election = 1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election<br />
| previous_year = 1972 (Mysore)<br />
| election_date = 1978<br />
| elected_members = <br />
| next_election = 1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election<br />
| next_year = 1983<br />
| seats_for_election= All 224 seats in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| majority_seats = 113<br />
| registered = <br />
| turnout = <br />
<!-- INC(I) --><br />
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Devaraj Urs (cropped).JPG|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=110|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}<br />
| leader1 = [[Devaraj Urs]]<br />
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)<br />
| leader_since1 = <br />
| leaders_seat1 = <br />
| last_election1 = 165<br />
| seats1 = 149<br />
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 16<br />
| popular_vote1 = 5,543,756<br />
| percentage1 = 44.25%<br />
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 7.92%<br />
<!-- Janata Party --><br />
| image2 = <div style="width:100px;"><span style="line-height:100px; vertical-align:center; text-align:center; color:{{party color|Janata Party}}; font-size:50px;"> '''JP'''</span></div><br />
| leader2 = <br />
| party2 = Janata Party<br />
| leader_since2 = <br />
| leaders_seat2 = <br />
| last_election2 = ''Party did not exist''<br />
| seats2 = 59<br />
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 59<br />
| popular_vote2 = 4,754,114<br />
| percentage2 = 37.95%<br />
| swing2 = {{increase}} 37.95%<br />
<!-- map --><br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
<!-- bottom --><br />
| title = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Mysore]]<br />
| before_election = Vacant<br />
| before_party = [[President's rule]]<br />
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]<br />
| after_election = [[D. Devaraj Urs]]<br />
| after_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Karnataka Legislative Assembly constituencies 1978-2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Karnataka Legislative Assembly constituencies (1978–2008)]]<br />
The '''1978 Karnataka State Legislative Assembly election''' was held in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]] to elect 224 members of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. Riding on the popularity of the various social welfare measures initiated by Chief minister [[Devaraj Urs]], the [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Congress-I]] emerged victorious winning 149 seats.<ref name=pdf>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3776-karnataka-1978/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=30 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 1978<ref name=pdf />|sortable=yes}}<br />
!colspan=10|[[File:India Karnataka Legislative Assembly 1978.svg]]<br />
|- align=center<br />
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|<!-- color --><br />
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party<br><br />
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Contestants<br><br />
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats won<br><br />
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change<br><br />
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of votes<br><br />
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Vote share<br />
|- style="background: #90EE90;"<br />
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]||214||149||{{decrease}} 16||5,543,756||44.25%|{{decrease}} 7.92%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}<br />
|align="left"|[[Janata Party]]||222||59||{{increase}} 59||4,754,114||37.95%|{{increase}} 37.95%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]||6||3||{{steady}}||148,567||1.19%|{{increase}} 0.20%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br />
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]||212||2||{{decrease}} 22||1,001,553||7.99%|{{decrease}} 18.23%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India}}<br />
|align="left"|[[Republican Party of India]]||3||1||{{increase}} 1||22,443||0.18%|{{increase}} 0.18%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||||10||{{decrease}} 10||940,677||7.51%|''N/A''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|align="left"|'''Total'''||||'''224'''||||''' '''||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Elected members==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!S. No.<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Reserved for<br/>([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
| [[Aurad Assembly constituency|Aurad]] || None || Manik Rao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| [[Bhalki Assembly constituency|Bhalki]] || None || [[Bheemanna Khandre|Bhimanna Shivalingappa Kandre]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| [[Hulsoor Assembly constituency|Hulsoor]] || SC || Madanlal Badeappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| [[Bidar Assembly constituency|Bidar]] || None || Veershetty Moglappa Kusnoor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| [[Humnabad Assembly constituency|Humnabad]] || None || Baswaraj Hawgappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| [[Basavakalyan Assembly constituency|Basavakalyan]] || None || Bapu Rao Hulsoorker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| [[Chincholi Assembly constituency|Chincholi]] || None || Devendrappa Ghalappa Jamadar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| [[Kamalapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Kamalapur]] || SC || Govind P. Vadeyaraj || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
| [[Aland Assembly constituency|Aland]] || None || Anna Rao Bhem Rao Patil Kotalli || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
| [[Gulbarga Assembly constituency|Gulbarga]] || None || Qamarul Islam || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
| [[Shahabad Assembly constituency|Shahabad]] || SC || Sharnappa Fakeerappa Bhairy || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
| [[Afzalpur Assembly constituency|Afzalpur]] || None || M. Y. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
| [[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur]] || None || Prabhakar R. Telkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
| [[Sedam Assembly constituency|Sedam]] || None || Sher Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
| [[Jevargi Assembly constituency|Jevargi]] || None || [[N. Dharam Singh|Dharam Singh Narayan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
| [[Gurmitkal Assembly constituency|Gurmitkal]] || SC || [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
| [[Yadgir Assembly constituency|Yadgir]] || None || Sharanappa Nagappa Kalburgi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
| [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]] || None || Shivanna Sawoor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
| [[Shorapur Assembly constituency|Shorapur]] || None || Raja Kumar Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
| [[Devadurga Assembly constituency|Devadurga]] || SC || B. Shivanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
| [[Raichur Assembly constituency|Raichur]] || None || Nazeer Ahmad Siddiqui || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
| [[Kalmala Assembly constituency|Kalmala]] || None || Sudhendra Rao Kasbe || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
| [[Manvi Assembly constituency|Manvi]] || None || R. Ambanna Naik Dorai Hanamappa Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
| [[Lingsugur Assembly constituency|Lingsugur]] || None || Baswaraj Appagouda Timmangouda Anwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
| [[Sindhanur Assembly constituency|Sindhnoor]] || None || Narayanappa Hanumanthappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
| [[Kushtagi Assembly constituency|Kushtagi]] || None || M. Ganganna Bheemappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
| [[Yelburga Assembly constituency|Yelburga]] || None || Shrilingraj Shivashankar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
| [[Kanakagiri Assembly constituency|Kanakagiri]] || None || M. Nagappa Mukappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
| [[Gangawati Assembly constituency|Gangawati]] || None || C. Yadave Rao Shesha Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
| [[Koppal Assembly constituency|Koppal]] || None || Veeranna Pampanna Mudgal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
| [[Siruguppa Assembly constituency|Siruguppa]] || None || Ramaiah B. E. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
| [[Kurugodu Assembly constituency|Kurugodu]] || None || Ramappa M. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
| [[Bellary Assembly constituency|Bellary]] || None || Bhasker Naidu K. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
| [[Hospet Assembly constituency|Hospet]] || None || K. Gudusaheb || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
| [[Sandur Assembly constituency|Sandur]] || None || C. Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
| [[Kudligi Assembly constituency|Kudligi]] || None || T. Somappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
| [[Kottur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Kottur]] || None || M. M. J. Sadyojatha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
| [[Hoovina Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hoovina Hadagali]] || None || Karibasavanagoud Kogali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
| [[Harapanahalli Assembly constituency|Harapanahalli]] || SC || D. Narayanadas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
| [[Harihar Assembly constituency|Harihar]] || None || P. Basavana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
| [[Davanagere Assembly constituency|Davanagere]] || None || Pampapathi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
| [[Mayakonda Assembly constituency|Mayakonda]] || None || Nagamma C. Keshavamurty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
| [[Bharamasagara Assembly constituency|Bharamasagara]] || SC || T. Chowdiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
| [[Chitradurga Assembly constituency|Chitradurga]] || None || V. Masiyappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
| [[Jagalur Assembly constituency|Jagalur]] || None || G. H. Aswatha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
| [[Molakalmuru Assembly constituency|Molakalmuru]] || None || Patil Papanaik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
| [[Challakere Assembly constituency|Challakere]] || None || N. Jayanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
| [[Hiriyur Assembly constituency|Hiriyur]] || SC || K. H. Ranganath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|49<br />
| [[Holalkere Assembly constituency|Holalkere]] || None || K. H. Siddaramanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|50<br />
| [[Hosadurga Assembly constituency|Hosadurga]] || None || K. Venkataramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|51<br />
| [[Pavagada Assembly constituency|Pavagada]] || SC || Nagappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|52<br />
| [[Sira Assembly constituency|Sira]] || None || S. Lingaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|53<br />
| [[Kallambella Assembly constituency|Kalambella]] || None || [[T. B. Jayachandra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|54<br />
| [[Bellavi Assembly constituency|Bellavi]] || None || G.s.shivananjappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|55<br />
| [[Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Madhugiri]] || SC || Gangahamumaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|56<br />
| [[Koratagere Assembly constituency|Koratagere]] || None || Muddaramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|57<br />
| [[Tumkur City Assembly constituency|Tumkur]] || None || Nazeer Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|58<br />
| [[Kunigal Assembly constituency|Kunigal]] || None || Andanaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|59<br />
| [[Huliyurdurga Assembly constituency|Huliyurdurga]] || None || D. T. Mayanna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|60<br />
| [[Gubbi Assembly constituency|Gubbi]] || None || Gatti Chandrashekar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|61<br />
| [[Turuvekere Assembly constituency|Turuvekere]] || None || K. H. Ramakrishnaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|62<br />
| [[Tiptur Assembly constituency|Tiptur]] || None || V. l. Shivappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|63<br />
| [[Chikkanayakanahalli Assembly constituency|Chikkanayakanahalli]] || None || N. Basavaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|64<br />
| [[Gauribidanur Assembly constituency|Gauribidanur]] || None || Papaiah B.N.K || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|65<br />
| [[Chikballapur Assembly constituency|Chikballapur]] || SC || Renuka Rajendran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|66<br />
| [[Sidlaghatta Assembly constituency|Sidlaghatta]] || None || S. Munishamapra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|67<br />
| [[Bagepalli Assembly constituency|Bagepalli]] || None || S. Muni Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|68<br />
| [[Chintamani Assembly constituency|Chintamani]] || None || Chowdareddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|69<br />
| [[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivasapur]] || None || [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|70<br />
| [[Mulbagal Assembly constituency|Mulbagal]] || None || J. M. Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|71<br />
| [[Kolar Gold Field Assembly constituency|Kolar Gold Field]] || SC || C. M. Arumugham || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|72<br />
| [[Bethamangala Assembly constituency|Bethamangala]] || SC || C.venkateshappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|73<br />
| [[Kolar Assembly constituency|Kolar]] || None || M.abdul Latheef || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|74<br />
| [[Vemagal Assembly constituency|Vemagal]] || None || S.govinda Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|75<br />
| [[Malur Assembly constituency|Malur]] || None || P. N .Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|76<br />
| [[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleshwaram]] || None || P. Ramdev || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|77<br />
| [[Rajaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajaji Nagar]] || None || Mallur Ananda Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|78<br />
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]] || None || K. Lakshman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|79<br />
| [[Chickpet Assembly constituency|Chickpet]] || None || A. Lakshmisagar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|80<br />
| [[Binnypet Assembly constituency|Binnypet]] || None || I. P. D. Salappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|81<br />
| [[Chamrajpet Assembly constituency|Chamrajpet]] || None || Premila S. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|82<br />
| [[Basavanagudi Assembly constituency|Basavanagudi]] || None || [[T. R. Shamanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|83<br />
| [[Jayanagar Assembly constituency|Jayanagar]] || None || Chandrashekar M. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|84<br />
| [[Shanti Nagar Assembly constituency|Shanti Nagar]] || SC || Ranganathan P. K. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|85<br />
| [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]] || None || [[C. M. Ibrahim|Ibrahim C. M.]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|86<br />
| [[Bharathinagar Assembly constituency|Bharathinagar]] || None || Michel B. Fernandes || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|87<br />
| [[Jayamahal Assembly constituency|Jayamahal]] || None || [[Jeevaraj Alva]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|88<br />
| [[Yelahanka Assembly constituency|Yelahanka]] || SC || B. Basavalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|89<br />
| [[Uttarahalli Assembly constituency|Uttarahalli]] || None || [[M. V. Rajasekharan]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|90<br />
| [[Varthur Assembly constituency|Varthur]] || None || B. V. Ramachandra Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|91<br />
| [[Kanakapura Assembly constituency|Kanakapura]] || None || Appaji C. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|92<br />
| [[Sathanur Assembly constituency|Sathanur]] || None || Shivalinge Gowda K. L. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|93<br />
| [[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]] || None || D. T. Ramu|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|94<br />
| [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]] || None || A.k. Abdul Samad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|95<br />
| [[Magadi Assembly constituency|Magadi]] || None || Bettaswamy Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|96<br />
| [[Nelamangala Assembly constituency|Nelamangala]] || SC || K. Prabhakar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|96<br />
| [[Doddaballapur Assembly constituency|Doddaballapur]] || None || G. Ramegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|98<br />
| [[Devanahalli Assembly constituency|Devanahalli]] || SC || B. N. Bache Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|99<br />
| [[Hosakote Assembly constituency|Hosakote]] || None || B. N. Bache Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|100<br />
| [[Anekal Assembly constituency|Anekal]] || None || H. T. Krishnappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|101<br />
| [[Nagamangala Assembly constituency|Nagamangala]] || None || M. Manchegowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|102<br />
| [[Maddur Assembly constituency|Maddur]] || None || G. Made Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|103<br />
| [[Kirugavalu Assembly constituency|Kiragavalu]] || SC || K. L. Mariswami || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|104<br />
| [[Malavalli Assembly constituency|Malavalli]] || None || M. S. Athmanada || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|105<br />
| [[Mandya Assembly constituency|Mandya]] || None || H. D. Chowdaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|106<br />
| [[Keragodu Assembly constituency|Keragodu]] || None || M. Srinivas || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|107<br />
| [[Shrirangapattana Assembly constituency|Shrirangapattana]] || None || K. Rajagopal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|108<br />
| [[Pandavapura Assembly constituency|Pandavapura]] || None || S. M. Lingappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|109<br />
| [[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency|Krishnarajpete]] || None || Rajugowda G. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|110<br />
| [[Hanur Assembly constituency|Hanur]] || SC || Siddamadaiah M. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|111<br />
| [[Kollegal Assembly constituency|Kollegal]] || None || Madegowda K. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|112<br />
| [[Bannur Assembly constituency|Banur]] || SC || Venkataramana P. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|113<br />
| [[T. Narasipur Assembly constituency|T. Narasipur]] || None || H. Gangadharan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|114<br />
| [[Krishnaraja Assembly constituency|Krishnaraja]] || None || K. Puttaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|115<br />
| [[Chamaraja Assembly constituency|Chamaraja]] || None || Azez Sait || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|116<br />
| [[Narasimharaja Assembly constituency|Narasimharaja]] || None || D. Jayadevaraja Urs || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|117<br />
| [[Chamundeshwari Assembly constituency|Chamundeshwari]] || None || K. B. Shivaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|118<br />
| [[Nanjangud Assembly constituency|Nanjangud]] || SC || M. Madaiah (Ramasamundra) || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|119<br />
| [[Santhemarahalli Assembly constituency|Santhemarahalli]] || None || M. C. Basappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|120<br />
| [[Chamarajanagar Assembly constituency|Chamarajanagar]] || None || H. K. Shivarudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|121<br />
| [[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupet]] || SC || Susheela Cheluvaraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|122<br />
| [[Heggadadevankote Assembly constituency|Heggadadevankote]] || None || [[Devaraj Urs]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|123<br />
| [[Hunsur Assembly constituency|Hunsur]] || None || Viswanatha H. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|124<br />
| [[Krishnarajanagara Assembly constituency|Krishnarajanagara]] || None || Kala Marigowda K. S. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|125<br />
| [[Periyapatna Assembly constituency|Periyapatna]] || SC || Y. Ramakrishna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|126<br />
| [[Virajpet Assembly constituency|Virajpet]] || ST || G. K. Subhaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|127<br />
| [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]] || None || [[M. C. Nanaiah|Merianda C. Nanaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|128<br />
| [[Somwarpet Assembly constituency|Somwarpet]] || None || [[R. Gundu Rao]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|129<br />
| [[Belur Assembly constituency|Belur]] || SC || Lakshmanaiah B. H. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|130<br />
| [[Arsikere Assembly constituency|Arsikere]] || None || D. B. Gangadharappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|131<br />
| [[Gandasi Assembly constituency|Gandasi]] || None || Haranahalli Ramaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|132<br />
| [[Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency|Shravanabelagola]] || None || H. C. Srikantaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|133<br />
| [[Holenarasipur Assembly constituency|Holenarasipur]] || None || [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|134<br />
| [[Arkalgud Assembly constituency|Arkalgud]] || None || Mallappa K. B. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|135<br />
| [[Hassan Assembly constituency|Hassan]] || None || Hanumegowda K. H. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|136<br />
| [[Sakleshpur Assembly constituency|Sakleshpur]] || None || Somappa J. D. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|137<br />
| [[Sullia Assembly constituency|Sullia]] || SC || A. Ramachandra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|138<br />
| [[Puttur Assembly constituency|Puttur]] || None || K. Rama Bhat || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|139<br />
| [[Vittal Assembly constituency|Vittla]] || None || B. V. Kakkilaya || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|140<br />
| [[Belthangady Assembly constituency|Belthangady]] || None || Gangadhar K. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|141<br />
| [[Bantval Assembly constituency|Bantval]] || None || B. A. Mohideen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|142<br />
| [[Mangalore City South Assembly constituency|Mangalore]] || None || P. F. Rodrigues || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|143<br />
| [[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Ullal]] || None || U. T. Fareed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|144<br />
| [[Mangalore City North Assembly constituency|Surathkal]] || None || Subbayya Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|145<br />
| [[Kapu Assembly constituency|Kapu]] || None || B. Bhasker Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|146<br />
| [[Udupi Assembly constituency|Udupi]] || None || M. Manorama Madhwaraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|147<br />
| [[Brahmavar Assembly constituency|Brahmavar]] || None || Ananda Kunda Hegde || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|148<br />
| [[Kundapura Assembly constituency|Kundapura]] || None || Kaup Sanjiva Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|149<br />
| [[Byndoor Assembly constituency|Byndoor]] || None || Gopalrishna Kodgi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|150<br />
| [[Karkala Assembly constituency|Karkala]] || None || [[M. Veerappa Moily]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|151<br />
| [[Moodabidri Assembly constituency|Moodabidri]] || None || Damodar Mulky || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|152<br />
| [[Sringeri Assembly constituency|Sringeri]] || None || B. Ramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|153<br />
| [[Mudigere Assembly constituency|Mudigere]] || SC || [[Motamma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|154<br />
| [[Chikmagalur Assembly constituency|Chikmagalur]] || None || C. A. Chandre Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|155<br />
| [[Birur Assembly constituency|Birur]] || None || M. Mallappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|156<br />
| [[Kadur Assembly constituency|Kadur]] || None || K. M. Thammaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|157<br />
| [[Tarikere Assembly constituency|Tarikere]] || None || H. M. Mallikarjunappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|158<br />
| [[Channagiri Assembly constituency|Channagiri]] || None || [[J. H. Patel]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|159<br />
| [[Holehonnur Assembly constituency|Holehonnur]] || SC || G. Basavanappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|160<br />
| [[Bhadravati Assembly constituency|Bhadravati]] || None || G. Rajashekar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|161<br />
| [[Honnali Assembly constituency|Honnali]] || None || H. B. Kadasiddappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|162<br />
| [[Shimoga Assembly constituency|Shimoga]] || None || K. H. Srinivasa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|163<br />
| [[Tirthahalli Assembly constituency|Tirthahalli]] || None || Kadilal Divakara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|164<br />
| [[Hosanagar Assembly constituency|Hosanagar]] || None || S. M. Sheeranally Chandrasekhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|165<br />
| [[Sagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Sagar]] || None || L. T. Thimmappa Hegade || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|166<br />
| [[Sorab Assembly constituency|Sorab]] || None || [[S. Bangarappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|167<br />
| [[Shikaripura Assembly constituency|Shikaripura]] || None || K. Yenkatappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|168<br />
| [[Sirsi Assembly constituency|Sirsi]] (SC) || SC || Borkar Umakant Buddu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|169<br />
| [[Bhatkal Assembly constituency|Bhatkal]] || None || Siddiq Mohamed Yahya Bin Umer || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|170<br />
| [[Kumta Assembly constituency|Kumta]] || None || Naik Seetaram Vasudev || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|171<br />
| [[Ankola Assembly constituency|Ankola]] || None || Anasuya Gajanan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|172<br />
| [[Karwar Assembly constituency|Karwar]] || None || Waingankar Dattatraya Vithu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|173<br />
| [[Haliyal Assembly constituency|Haliyal]] || None || Ghadi Virupaksh Mallappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|174<br />
| [[Dharwad Rural Assembly constituency|Dharwad Rural]] || None || Madiman Sumati Bhalachandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|175<br />
| [[Dharwad Assembly constituency|Dharwad]] || None || Bhavurao Deshpande || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|176<br />
| [[Hubli City Assembly constituency|Hubli City]] || None || Jartardhar Mahadevsa Govindsa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|177<br />
| [[Hubli Rural Assembly constituency|Hubli Rural]] || None || [[S. R. Bommai|Bommai Somappa Rayappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|178<br />
| [[Kalghatgi Assembly constituency|Kalghatgi]] || None || Patil Fakiragouda Shivangouda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|179<br />
| [[Kundgol Assembly constituency|Kundgol]] || None || Katagi Mahadevappa Shivappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|180<br />
| [[Shiggaon Assembly constituency|Shiggaon]] || None || Nadaf Mahammadkhasheemsab Mardansab || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|181<br />
| [[Hangal Assembly constituency|Hangal]] || None || Tahasildar Manohar Hanamantappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|182<br />
| [[Hirekerur Assembly constituency|Hirekerur]] || None || Gubbi Shankararao Basalingappagouda || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|183<br />
| [[Ranibennur Assembly constituency|Ranibennur]] || None || Nalawagal Somalingappa Hanumantappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|184<br />
| [[Byadgi Assembly constituency|Byadgi]] || SC || Malagi Mariyappa Mudakappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|185<br />
| [[Haveri Assembly constituency|Haveri]] || None || Taware Fakirappa Shiddappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|186<br />
| [[Shirahatti Assembly constituency|Shirahatti]] || None || Upanal Gulappa Fakirappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|187<br />
| [[Mundargi Assembly constituency|Mundargi]] || None || Bhavi Vasantappa Basappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|188<br />
| [[Gadag Assembly constituency|Gadag]] || None || Muttinpendimath Chanaveerayya Shantayya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|189<br />
| [[Ron Assembly constituency|Ron]] || None || Muthikatti Veerabhadrappa Adiveppa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|190<br />
| [[Nargund Assembly constituency|Nargund]] || None || B. R. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|191<br />
| [[Navalgund Assembly constituency|Navalgund]] || None || Patil Shankaragouda Virupakshagouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|192<br />
| [[Ramdurg Assembly constituency|Ramdurg]] || None || Patil Ramanagouda Shivashiddanagouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|193<br />
| [[Parasgad Assembly constituency|Parasgad]] || None || Takked Gudanshah Khanashah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|194<br />
| [[Bailhongal Assembly constituency|Bailhongal]] || None || Balekundargi Ramlingappa Chanabasappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|195<br />
| [[Kittur Assembly constituency|Kittur]] || None || Arawalli Patil Parvatgouda Basangouda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|196<br />
| [[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Khanapur]] || None || Sirdesai Nilkanthrao Bhagawantrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|197<br />
| [[Belagavi City Assembly constituency|Belgaum]] || None || Sayanak Balwant Bhimrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|198<br />
| [[Uchagaon Assembly constituency|Uchagaon]] || None || Pawashe Prabhakar Anapa || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|199<br />
| [[Hire Bagewadi Assembly constituency|Hire Bagewadi]] || None || Ashtekar Govind Laxman || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|200<br />
| [[Gokak Assembly constituency|Gokak]] || ST || Nail Laxman Siddappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|201<br />
| [[Arabhavi Assembly constituency|Arabhavi]] || None || Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|202<br />
| [[Hukkeri Assembly constituency|Hukkeri]] || None || Mahajanshetti Shivoyogi Shivaligappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|203<br />
| [[Sankeshwar Assembly constituency|Sankeshwar]] || None || Patil Malhargouda Shankargouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|204<br />
| [[Nippani Assembly constituency|Nippani]] || None || Chavan Balavant Gopal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|205<br />
| [[Sadalga Assembly constituency|Sadalga]] || None || Bedage Anna Balaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|206<br />
| [[Chikkodi Assembly constituency|Chikkodi]]|| SC || Hegre Parashuram Padmanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|207<br />
| [[Raibag Assembly constituency|Raibag]] || SC || Nadoni Rama Shidling || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|208<br />
| [[Kagwad Assembly constituency|Kagwad]] || None || Jakanur Annarao Balappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|209<br />
| [[Athani Assembly constituency|Athani]] || None || Pawar Desai Shidharaj Alias Dhairyasheelarao Bhojaraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|210<br />
| [[Jamkhandi Assembly constituency|Jamkhandi]] || None || Pattar Venkappa Veerappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|211<br />
| [[Bilgi Assembly constituency|Bilgi]] || None || Patil Siddanagouda Somanagouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|212<br />
| [[Mudhol Assembly constituency|Mudhol]] || SC || Hadimani Alias Kale Jayawant Kalasappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|213<br />
| [[Bagalkot Assembly constituency|Bagalkot]] || None || Kalligudda Parappa Karabasappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|214<br />
| [[Badami Assembly constituency|Badami]] || None || Chimmanakatti Balappa Bhimappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|215<br />
| [[Guledgud Assembly constituency|Guledgud]] || None || Janali Basanagonda Veeranagouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|216<br />
| [[Hungund Assembly constituency|Hungund]] || None || Kavashetti Shankarappa Sugurappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|217<br />
| [[Muddebihal Assembly constituency|Muddebihal]] || None || Deshmukh Jagadev Rao Sanganabasappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|218<br />
| [[Huvina Hippargi Assembly constituency|Huvina Hipparagi]] || None || Patil Basangouda Somanagouda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|219<br />
| [[Basavana Bagevadi Assembly constituency|Basavana Bagevadi]] || None || Patil Basanagouda Somanagouda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|220<br />
| [[Tikota Assembly constituency|Tikota]] || None || Patil Badugouda Bapugouda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|221<br />
| [[Bijapur Assembly constituency|Bijapur]] || None || Bakshi Sayyad Habibuddin Shamanasaheb || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|222<br />
| [[Ballolli Assembly constituency|Ballolli]] || SC || Arakeri Siddharth Sangappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|223<br />
| [[Indi Assembly constituency|Indi]] || None || Kallur Raveashiddappa Ramagondappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|224<br />
| [[Sindagi Assembly constituency|Sindagi]] || None || Bekinalkar Maibubsaheb Hasansanheb || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Karnataka elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1978 State Assembly elections in India|Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:1970s in Karnataka]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banu_Bakr&diff=453346Banu Bakr2026-03-21T15:20:30Z<p>Rajeev067: general corrected information for accuracy and corrected details based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Arabian tribe belonging to the Rabi'ah branch}}<br />
{{More citations needed<br />
| date = July 2016<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox tribe<br />
| name = Banu Bakr<br>بنو بكر<br />
| type = [[Rabi'a ibn Nizar|Rabi'aite]] Arab tribe<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| nisba =<br />
| location = [[Ancient Arabia]]<br />
| descended = Bakr bin Wael bin Qasit bin Hinb bin Afsa bin Du'mi bin Jadila bin Asad bin [[Rabi'a ibn Nizar]]<br />
| parent_tribe = [[Rabi'a ibn Nizar]]<br />
| branches = <br />
**[[Banu Hanifa]]<br />
**Banu 'Ijl<br />
**[[Banu Shayban]]<br />
**Banu Dhuhl<br />
**Banu Qais<br />
**Banu Taym al-Lat<br />
**Banu Zimman<br />
**Banu Yashkur<br />
| religion = [[Islam]]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Pre_Islamic_Arabian_Tribes_(Harold_Dixon).svg|thumb|387x387px|Map of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in 600 AD, showing the various Arab tribes and their areas of settlement. The [[Lakhmid kingdom|Lakhmids]] (yellow) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Sasanian Empire]], while the [[Ghassanids]] (red) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Roman Empire]] A map published by the British academic Harold Dixon during [[World War I]], showing the presence of the Arab tribes in [[West Asia]], 1914]]<br />
The '''Banu Bakr bin Wa'il''' ({{langx|ar|بنو بكر بن وائل}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|Banū Bakr ibn Wā'il}}''), or simply '''Banu Bakr''', today known as '''Bani Bakr''' is an [[Arabian]] tribe belonging to the large [[Rabi'ah]], a branch of [[Adnanite]] tribe. It is registered as one of the oldest and most ancient Arab gatherings. The tribe is reputed to have engaged in many of the [[List of wars and battles in pre-Islamic Arabia|major wars of pre-Islamic Arabia]], including the [[Basus War]] and the [[First Battle of Kulab]]. They also defeated the [[Sasanian Empire]] at the [[Battle of Dhi Qar]].<br />
<br />
The Banu Bakr tribe along with their cousins Taghlib are under the name Bani Bakr. Most of them today live in Arabia in Najd, north Hejaz, north of the Arabian peninsula and a small amount across the rest of the Middle East.<br />
<br />
The pre-Islamic poet [[Tarafah]] was a Bakri.<br />
<br />
== The Man ==<br />
Bakr Bin Wael was the oldest son for Wael from his Bakry wife. They come from a lineage of an Arab clan that named their first born sons Bakr in reference to their ancestor Bakr the Patriarch. Since young age, Wael and his brothers, set their sons to be desert warriors. Due to his fine and master characteristics, Wael put his son Bakr in charge of the clan. Bakr was a sleek horseman yet strong enough to travel long distances. As Bakr got older, he was able to form a fighting force along with his family members and other Arabs into a nomadic federation just as Wael advised. Bakr himself started a war clan along with [[Anizah]] and [[Banu Hanifa]] and few other Arab tribes.<br />
They seized the waterways and fought for their cattle's grazeland.<br />
They produced dairy and exported wool.<br />
They put up traveler caravans and did well at trade and transportation across Arabia; especially between [[Hejaz]] and [[Mesopotamia]]. Basically they stationed near [[Hafar al-Batin]] and used that region as a permanent camp ground. Later on in life, as the clan grew larger in numbers, they became known as Banu Bakr bin Wael since he started his own dynasty in Iraq; disengaging from the father tribe in [[Hejaz]] and its sheikhdom authority [[Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat]].<br />
<br />
== Homelands ==<br />
Banu Bakr's original lands were in [[Najd]], in central Arabia, but most of the tribe's bedouin sections migrated northwards before Islam after winning the [[Battle of Dhi Qar]] against the [[Sasanian Empire]], and settled in the area of [[Upper Mesopotamia]], on the upper [[Euphrates]]. Later on they pushed against the Persians eastward and managed to conquer the [[Tigris]] banks as well; where they gained a foothold of the whole Mesopotamia territory. It won't be long before they headed northwards and reached the Anatolian Valley and the Caucasus. That's where the region of [[Diyar Bakr]], and later the city of [[Diyarbakır]] in southern [[Turkey]] take their names from; Banu Bakr. Old sources mentioned that their cattle grazed in [[Bakuriani]] during the warm summer seasons as well. <br />
<br />
<ref>Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger. 1995. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 3 Southern Europe. Routledge. P 190.</ref><ref>Canard, M., Cahen, Cl., Yinanç, Mükrimin H., and Sourdel-Thomine, J. ‘[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/diyar-bakr-COM_0173 Diyār Bakr]’. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Ed. P. Bearman et al. Brill Reference Online. Web. 16 Nov. 2019. Accessed on 16 November 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
The tribe is distinct from their distant cousins [[Bani Bakr ibn Abd Manat]] of [[Tihamah]], who lived in the [[Hejaz]] and the costal area and had important interactions with Prophet [[Muhammad]].<br />
<br />
The nomadic tribe converted to Sunni Islam during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras in the 8th century. They had feud with many Shia tribes of southern Iraq, especially over the water ways, which went on until the [[Siege of Baghdad]]. In late 1257, as the Mongolian army marched towards Baghdad, Banu Bakr, just like the rest of Sunni Arab tribes, has had already retreated southwest towards inner Arabia along the first exiting caravan. They had a few months head up on the Mongolian attack thus surviving the entire war while on the move. They were never able to recover their losses from the Mongolian blow by [[Hulegu Khan]] which dried up their lands thus driving them along with their cattle out of Mesopotamia. Most of them ended up resettling in the [[Hauran]] region where they reside until this day.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Bakry===<br />
The Bakry concept belongs to those who were born to the Bakr tribe. The legend Bakr comes from [[Pre-Islamic Arabia]]. It is a lineage of Arab nomads who descend from one man, Bakr the Patriarch, that birthed off his own dynasty. Thus, they're referred to as the Bakr Clan; Banu Bakr (sons of Bakr)).<br />
<br />
===Muhammad's era===<br />
<br />
During the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's era the Banu Bakr tribe was involved in various military conflicts. They had tens of militant factions that roamed the Middle East. Through intentional polygamy, they grew quickly in numbers. They put their youngsters into war. They were swift and fit due to their background. All together, they established vital trade routes and succeeded at holding their grounds. Using their Arabian stallions and Damascusian steel swords, they became important for traveling caravans and provided paid security services for the protection of goods and camel cargo. Desert bandits along with lion and hyena attacks were a problem at the time. But their competition over road control caused feuds with other pagan, Jewish, and Nazarene Arab tribes. Severe horror stories come out of those wars. They had lost a high number of men in battles so their young took to the fight. At some point, it became common to hear of the Banu Bakr boys and young men attacking first due to their bedouin and firm nature. They engaged in retaliatory wars attacks for decades at a time. They were usually led by another young man or simply followed the instructions of their tribal men or women. The [[Basus War]] was triggered by the poem of one of their women. Although a wise group of people, prophet Muhammad referred to their actions as Ungodly and heretical.<br />
<br />
===Post Muhammad===<br />
Banu Bakr accepted Islam as the law of the land and went on with the rest of Arabs on the Islamic conquest; rather, they were some of the first ones to adventure into attacking neighboring hostile nations. They joined the Islamic armies of Caliph [[Omar]] and attacked the Roman and Persian Empires relentlessly. The Bakry Horsemen and cavalry were the guides and headed the marching armies in the conquest of the Levant. That proved well for them as they coveted most of the war booty after battle victories. <br />
Eventually, they were admitted into the [[Ottoman Empire]] and fought for the [[Ottoman dynasty]] and served as the officer class until World War one. Some of them went up to mainland Turkey while most stayed back south in the Arab lands. Later on, many traveled to Europe and the Americas as well.<br />
<br />
==Branches==<br />
The following are some of the related and sub-tribes of Bakr ibn Wa'il in the pre-Islamic and early-Islamic eras:<br />
* [[Adnan]]ite, [[Hejaz]] or "Northwestern Arabian" (Northern Arabian Red Sea coast)<br />
** [[Rabi`ah]] (ربيعة), migrated northwards and eastwards from [[Hejaz]], for example to [[Diyar Rabi'a]] in [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia]]<br />
***Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat, the ancient base in Jeddah, Hejaz, and Tihamah. <br />
*** Bani Shahr, Tehama and Hejaz.<br />
*** Bakr ibn Wa'il, [[Al-Yamama]], bedouin sections migrated before Islam to [[Diyar Bakr]] in Al-Jazira. Today in [[Hauran]] and [[Jordan valley]] (direct lineage of Bakr Bin Wael). Were an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army brigade until the 1900s.<br />
*** Banu Bakr [[Hadhramaut]], the [[Yafa'a]] area faction. Now independent from Sanaa's authority.<br />
*** [[Banu Hanifa]] - mostly sedentary, were the principal tribe of [[Al-Yamama]].<br />
*** [[Banu Shayban]] - mostly [[nomadic]] (''[[bedouin]]''), led the [[Battle of Dhi Qar]] against the [[Sassanid]] [[Persia]]ns in southern [[Iraq]] prior to [[Islam]]. The jurist [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] claimed descent from this tribe.<br />
*** [[Banu Qays ibn Tha'labah]] - Capital section of [[Riyadh]]. They were bedouin and sedentary. Now the inhabitants of the town of [[Manfuha]]. The pre-Islamic poets [[al-A'sha]] and [[Tarafah]] were among its members.<br />
**** [[Banu Yashkur]] - bedouin and sedentary, inhabitants of [[Al-Yamama]]. [[Al-Harith ibn Hillizah]], one of the purported authors of the [[Seven Hanged Poems]] of pre-[[Islamic]] [[Arabia]], was a member of Yashkur. Now in Al Hafuf and [Dammam].<br />
**** [[Banu 'Ajal|Banu 'Ijl]] - mostly [[bedouin]], located in [[Al-Yamama]] and the southern borders of [[Mesopotamia]].<br />
**** [[Ghablama]] - mostly [[bedouin]], located in [[Kirkuk]] and the southern borders of [[Mesopotamia]].<br />
*** [[Banu Dhuhal]] in Mecca <br />
*** [[Abdul Qays]] in Mecca<br />
*** [[Anazzah]] northern Saudi Arabia towards the Syrian desert and eastern [[Jordan]].<br />
In eastern [[Najd]]:<br />
* [[Taghlib ibn Wa'il]], migrated northwards to the Jazirah plain in northern Mesopotamia in the 6th century.<br />
* [[Anz ibn Wa'il]]<br />
* [[al-Nammir ibn Qasit]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Historical Arab tribes}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakr}}<br />
[[Category:Banu Bakr| ]]<br />
[[Category:Tribes of Arabia]]<br />
[[Category:Tribes of Saudi Arabia]]<br />
[[Category:Rabi`ah|Bakr]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reporters_(Indian_TV_series)&diff=530344Reporters (Indian TV series)2026-03-19T16:19:35Z<p>Rajeev067: new initial stub needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Reporters (Indian TV series).jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| genre = [[Newsroom]] [[television drama|drama]]<br />
| creator = Rose Audio Visuals Pvt. Ltd.<br />
| based_on = <br />
| writer = Sammeer Arora <br> Satyam Tripathi<br />
| creative_director = Sheetal Kolvalkar<br />
| starring = [[Kritika Kamra]] <br> [[Rajeev Khandelwal]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 132<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| director = [[Goldie Behl]]<br />
| producer = [[Goldie Behl]] <br> Shrishti Arya<br />
| location = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = <br />
| company = Rose Audio Visuals Pvt. Ltd.<br />
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|04|13}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|10|19}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Reporters''''' is an Indian [[newsroom]] [[television drama|drama]] television series very loosely based on ''[[The Newsroom (American TV series)|The Newsroom]]'' that premiered on 13 April 2015 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. The show stars [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Kabir and [[Kritika Kamra]] as Ananya.<ref name="IECast">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rajeev-khandelwal-and-kritika-kamra-turn-reporters/|title=Rajeev Khandelwal and Kritika Kamra turn 'Reporters'|date=14 April 2015|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Producer Shristi Arya stated that after meeting a reporter she was inspired to make a show based on journalists' life.<ref name="SAinterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/dnait/report-my-shows-are-bold-in-thought-says-reporters-producer-shristi-arya-2076957|title=My shows are bold in thought, says 'Reporters' producer Shristi Arya|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=13 April 2015}}</ref> The character of Kabir ([[Rajeev Khandelwal]]) is based on [[Rajdeep Sardesai]] and [[Arnab Goswami]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-character-in-reporters-is-an-amalgamation-of-rajdeep-sardesai-and-arnab-goswami-rajeev-khandelwal-2077117|title=My character in 'Reporters' is an amalgamation of Rajdeep Sardesai and Arnab Goswami: Rajeev Khandelwal|date=13 April 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot summary==<br />
Reporters is a story in a newsroom backdrop of journalists Ananya Kashyap ([[Kritika Kamra]]) and Kabir Sharma ( [[Rajeev Khandelwal]]). Ananya is a junior reporter at KKN, the news channel she works for run by Malvika (Megha Chatterjee), the daughter of KL Prasad, the owner of KKN and his friend and partner Khalid ([[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]]). Kabir, after working for Delhi Kranti Newspaper, joins KKN as the Editor-in-Chief. Kabir's special news bulletins at 9 pm brings the show to number one in the ratings. Ananya also puts up her share in KKN's success due to her bright thinking and potential to be a good journalist.<br />
<br />
Ananya carries an article that had been written many years ago by Kabir in which Kabir defends her father, Sudhir Kashyap, against accusations made about pharmaceutical company corruption. Because of Kabir, Ananya decided to become a journalist. Ananya and her family are still in the hope that someday they'll meet her father, who had suddenly disappeared after he was released on bail. After the success of KKN's achievement of number one in ratings, Ananya gets a call from a farmer-turned-gunman, Baghi Madhavnath, for an interview, which she wants to do, despite the dangers. Kabir also accompanies her, as this interview can be very useful for their channel (and he secretly also wants to protect her even though they both hate each other). They are abducted by Madhavnath and his gang. After a few episodes, the duo escape thanks to Kabir's quick thinking and skills and escape from the kidnappers, who chase them into the jungle. During the jungle episodes, Ananya and Kabir share a good time with each other. Later, she tells Kabir about her father's story, making Kabir realize that she is the daughter of Sudhir Kashyap. But Kabir deliberately enacts that he doesn't remember her father. The run and chase drama finally ends.<br />
<br />
The police finally capture Baghi Madhavnath and his accomplices, and Ananya and Kabir make it to KKN Studio, where they do a joint interview on one of Madhavnath's henchmen who helped them escape from the jungle, after realising how wrong he was about them. Kabir and Ananya finally become friends, with both falling in love with each other without even realising. Ananya also ask for Kabir's help to find the real culprits behind conspiracy against her father. Later Kabir returns Ananya her father's wallet stating that her father committed suicide. Knowing about her father's demise, Ananya's best friend Ronnie ([[Puru Chibber]]) who secretly loves Ananya consoles her and her family in their grief. Seeing this Kabir turns jealous and drinks alcohol who had quit drinking long back.<br />
<br />
In the same intoxicated condition, he reads the news bulletin and returns to Ananya's home and seeing Ronnie again with her family, he drives back home. While driving back, he gets into an accident. When Kabir is in hospital, Ananya spots Kabir having good time with Tarini, about whom world talks about being his mistress, but are actually very good friends. This leads to a misunderstanding between Kabir and Ananya and their fights and misunderstandings continue for a while. At the same time, Ronnie proposes Ananya and Ananya politely says no to him stating she just considered him as her best friend. This upsets Ronnie and he stops talking to Ananya. Taking advantage of these situations, Malvika plots to remove Ananya from KKN offering her a job in Mumbai with a higher raise and the post of senior reporter through her friend on Mumbai's news channel. Wanting to stay away from Kabir and their fights and also stop upsetting Ronnie, Ananya decides to grab the job and resigns from KKN. Knowing this, Ronnie resolves his issues with Ananya and they become friends again but this doesn't stop Ananya from leaving KKN. Knowing how much Kabir and Ananya actually love each other, their colleague, Trisha, insists Ananya to visit KKN office before she boards her flight to receive a farewell and plans to reunite Kabir and Ananya by lying to her about farewell party, as there wasn't anyone supposed to be in office as everyone had gone for a summit which Kabir didn't attend. Kabir and Ananya being alone in office. Kabir proposes to Ananya and opens his heart in front of her, after which they share a kiss.<br />
<br />
Ananya and Kabir finally realize their love for each other and are brought together, and romantic instances start to take place. But then Malvika is not happy about this. She steals the video chip about arms and ammunition smuggling and makes Kabir believe that it was lost due to Ananya's carelessness. Kabir shouts at Ananya in front of everybody in the office. Kabir goes to drop Ananya and after a brief altercation, she fumes out of the car. During the office hours the [[Cold War|cold war]] continues between the two. To apologize to her, on the insistence of Tarini, Kabir goes to her house and ends up telling Ananya's mother about their relationship, who is now upset. But when Kabir explains to her about them, she agrees happily. Kabir asks Ananya out on a dinner date and they spend a wonderful and a romantic night together. Meanwhile, at KKN he's offered to be a 2% shareholder but with a 3-year lock-in period.<br />
<br />
Kabir accepts it after Ananya urges him to and Khalid is relieved. The new Business-Head shows up after the merger deal is closed and everyone is stunned to see that it's Shreya ([[Ankita Bhargava]]), Ex-Mrs. Kabir Sharma. Kabir sees through all the trickery and accuses Khalid and KL of conspiring against him to force him to stay. Shreya claims to have joined for purely professional reasons. Although in the beginning, Shreya is sweet and polite, especially with Ananya, Kabir doesn't believe her. Disturbed by her presence, Kabir decides to tell Ananya truth about his married life with Shreya. Kabir reveals that he had initially written about a scam at Shreya's office to which Shreya tries to resolve this matter cleverly and challenging her friends that she would make Kabir bow down to her, who is all about his self-respect and principles. Shreya belonged to a rich family and Kabir at that time didn't even own a home and stayed on rent. They both keep meeting again and again regarding work and fall in love and get hitched. Soon after, Shreya starts showing her true colors from time to time, insulting Kabir in front of her friends about his poor financial status. One day, he gets to know about her challenge while at a party with Shreya and her friends. Devastated, he lands on Tarini's doorstep, who is his intern and a good friend. But in a flow of emotions, they both end up spending the whole night together, crossing all limits of marriage, which puts Kabir under guilt for cheating on Shreya, and he confesses to her. Seeking this opportunity which she was waiting for, Shreya divorces Kabir for being unfaithful to her and defames him and Tarini. Kabir feels responsible for destroying Tarini's life and career and starts supporting her (by making her his stringer) and her younger brother Anurag for their living. Ananya very maturely understands Kabir's side and accepts his love and promises to be with him forever. Meanwhile, Shreya also narrates their marriage story to Ananya's mother but altering few details and keeping Kabir at fault and poisoning her mind that Kabir was always hesitant to commit to her. To which Ananya's mother questions Kabir and asks him to get engaged with Ananya if he truly loves her, which he accepts. It is revealed that Shreya is lonely, so she comes back to India to again continue her lost relationship with Kabir. But by this time, Kabir had moved on with Ananya. Shreya teams up with Maanav luring him for the position of Co-Editor-in-chief.<br />
<br />
Just a day before their engagement, a bomb scare incident occurs in which a bomb jacket is tied to Ananya and is aired live on the news channel. Seeing Kabir standing strong by her side even in time of death, Ananya's mother realizes her mistake of not trusting Kabir. After the bomb is defused, the next day, Ananya and Kabir get engaged with the happy consent of her mother. Hreya also lands up in their engagement from realizing that Ananya is Sudhir Kashyap's daughter and knows the truth about her father. Soon, Malvika resigns (for personal development).<br />
<br />
It is later revealed that RG was responsible for Ananya's father's death and, abir all the while, knew the truth about Ananya's father's death, to which she broke her engagement with Kabir. Kabir had hidden this truth, fearing for the life of his brother Rajveer's son, who had once been kidnapped by the RG, forcing Kabir to unfollow this case. RG and Shreya team up to kill Ananya and Kabir. In all this conspiracy, Ronnie gets killed instead and Maanav realizes that this game is way more dangerous and gets scared. It is later revealed, after an investigation by Kabir, his colleagues and his stringer, that Shreya suffers from split bipolar disorder and is still on medication, which is revealed to the world, and Shreya is fired from KKN. With the help of Maanav, Kabir gets a sting operation done on Shreya and RG and the truth is revealed to the world about the conspiracy against Sudhir Kashyap and served justice. Finally, Kabir and Ananya accept their love for each other and lead a happy life.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
;Main<br />
{{div col}}<br />
*[[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Kabir Sharma<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rajeev-Khandelwal-Was-not-sceptical-about-kissing-scene-on-Reporters/articleshow/46848921.cms|title=Rajeev Khandelwal: Was not sceptical about kissing scene on 'Reporters'|work=The Times of India|date=8 April 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rajeev-Khandelwal-I-dont-relish-success-if-I-havent-earned-it/articleshow/46796478.cms|title=Rajeev Khandelwal: I don't relish success if I haven't earned it|work=The Times of India|date=4 April 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><br />
*[[Kritika Kamra]] as Ananya Kashyap<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kritika-Kamra-I-dont-enjoy-saas-bahu-dramas/articleshow/48493925.cms|title=Kritika Kamra: I don't enjoy saas-bahu dramas|work=The Times of India|accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kritika-Kamra-Im-not-a-damsel-in-distress-but-a-strong-opinionated-woman/articleshow/46876562.cms|title=Kritika Kamra: I'm not a damsel in distress, but a strong, opinionated woman|work=The Times of India|date=13 April 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><br />
*[[Ankita Bhargava]] as Shreya Bhagat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankita-to-play-Rajeev-Khandelwals-ex-wife/articleshow/47864953.cms|title=Ankita to play Rajeev Khandelwal's ex-wife|work=The Times of India|date=30 June 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankita-Bhargava-enters-Reporters/articleshow/48111723.cms|title=Ankita Bhargava enters 'Reporters'|work=The Times of India|date=17 July 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><br />
*[[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Khalid<br />
*[[Sunny Hinduja]] as Manav Gupta<br />
*Parvinder Singh Prince as Sunny Gill<br />
*Aakash Pandey as Tinu Sharma<br />
*Nikhil Sabharwal as Rohan Singhania<br />
*Megha Chatterjee as Malvika Prasad<br />
*Shivangi Verma as Richa Lakhani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ripudaman-Handas-girlfriend-in-Sony-TVs-Reporters/articleshow/46971141.cms|title=Ripudaman Handa's girlfriend in Sony TV's 'Reporters'|work=The Times of India|date=2 June 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><br />
*[[Divyangana Jain]] as Baby Malhotra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-07-04/Divyangana-Jain-makes-an-entry-on-Reporters-161177|title=Divyangana Jain Makes An Entry On Reporters|work=The Hans India|date=4 July 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><br />
{{div col end}}<br />
;Recurring<br />
{{div col}}<br />
*[[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]] as Mrs. Kashyap, Ananya's mother<br />
*[[Alam Khan (actor)|Alam Khan]] as Armaan Kashyap <br />
* Shivani Manchanda as Ritu Sharma <br />
*[[Alefia Kapadia]] as Tarini<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Alefia-Kapadia-to-be-seen-in-Reporters/articleshow/46987869.cms|title=Alefia Kapadia to be seen in 'Reporters'|work=The Times of India|date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=8 May 2015}}</ref> <br />
*Khushboo Purohit as Trisha Rajput<br />
*[[Puru Chibber]] as Ronnie Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/puru-chibber-bags-new-tv-show/|title=Puru Chibber bags new TV show|date=17 March 2015|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/ive-become-good-friends-with-kritika-kamra-puru-chibbar_1611404.html|title=I've become good friends with Kritika Kamra: Puru Chibbar|work=Zee News|accessdate=23 April 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921222119/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/ive-become-good-friends-with-kritika-kamra-puru-chibbar_1611404.html|archivedate=21 September 2016}}</ref><br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Rajyasree Sen of [[Firstpost|Fir]], [[Firstpost|tpost]] reviewed negatively saying, "Instead of pretending to be "hard-hitting", maybe it would, be wiser for TV producers to stick to what they're good at – to emoenal ftoly dramas that strike a deadly balance between [[sexism]] and over-acting."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/reporters-review-someone-send-rajeev-khandelwals-serial-dvds-newsroom-2197016.html|title=Reporters Review: Someone send Rajeev Khandelwal's serial DVDs of the Newsroom|date=15 April 2015|author=Rajyasree Sen|work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> [[Daily News and Analysis]] rated it 3/5 and summarized it as, "Definitely a change from the routine fare on TV, but needs to focus more on news gathering rather than breaking news."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-reporters-review-the-desi-newsroom-2078851|title='Reporters' Review: The desi newsroom|date=20 April 2015}}</ref> [[Indian Express]] rated 2/5 saying, "Reporters is all rattling bones with no flesh to sink one's teeth into."<ref>{{cite web|title=Sony TV's 'Reporters' is all rattling bones with no flesh to sink one's teeth into|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/out-of-the-box-break-in-news/|date=24 April 2015|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.setindia.com/in-en/shows/reporters Official Website]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzufeTFnhupxCJuvZRLyN8a-rlZ_J9nO7 YouTube]<br />
<br />
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Rose Audio Visuals]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia_MotorWorks&diff=472933Asia MotorWorks2026-03-17T13:51:39Z<p>Rajeev067: adjust section per standard format and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian automotive company}}<br />
{{for|the defunct South Korean automotive manufacturer|Asia Motors}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Asia Motor Works Limited <br />
| logo = Asia MotorWorks logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age|2002}}<br />
| founder = Anirudh Bhuwalka<br />
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amwasia.com/contact-amw |title=Contact AMW &#124; Asia Motor Works |publisher=Amwasia.com |accessdate=2011-03-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129001722/http://www.amwasia.com/contact-amw |archivedate=29 January 2011 }}</ref><br />
| key_people = Anirudh Bhuwalka {{Small|([[Chief executive officer|MD & CEO]])}}<br />
| industry = [[Automotive]] and auto-components<br />
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[Commercial Vehicles]]|Auto Components|Road Safety Solutions|[[Forgings]]}}<br />
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|10|b}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/anirudh-bhuwalka-asia-motorworks/1/15488.html|title=Asia MotorWorks make a mark with a well-thought strategy|date=26 May 2011 }}</ref><br />
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.amwmotors.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Asia Motor Works Ltd''' (AMW) is an Indian automotive company that manufactures commercial vehicles, auto components, fully built vehicles and forged components. Founded in 2002, AMW has won Commercial Vehicle (CV) of the year 2008 from NDTV Profit Car and Bike Awards<ref>{{cite web|author=NULL |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/asia-motorworks-wins-truckthe-year-award_321186.html |title=Asia MotorWorks wins Truck of The Year Award |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref> & "CV Innovation of the Year" for 2010 from CV Magazine & Zee Business News.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhrabusiness.com/NewsDesc.aspx?NewsId=Asia-MotorWorks-wins-CV-innovation-award.html |title=Asia MotorWorks wins CV innovation award :: Andhra Business : Growing with AP |publisher=Andhra Business |date=10 March 2010 |accessdate=2011-03-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707141121/http://www.andhrabusiness.com/NewsDesc.aspx?NewsId=Asia-MotorWorks-wins-CV-innovation-award.html |archivedate=7 July 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Operations==<br />
[[File:AMW Motors Trucks.jpg|thumb|AMW 2518]]<br />
AMW's product range covers a range of heavy-duty applications in mining, construction, power, petroleum, roads and highways, other infrastructure projects and general cargo transportation.<br />
<br />
AMW trucks design are based on the 1983&ndash;1996 Japanese [[Fuso (company)|Mitsubishi Fuso]] The Great.<br />
<br />
The company's manufacturing facility in [[Bhuj]], Western India is spread over 2 million sq. meters and produces vehicles for a range of civilian and defence applications. AMW has invested over Rs 20 billion in the plant and has a capacity to produce 50,000 vehicles a year. In addition AMW makes tipper bodies, trailers and other fully built vehicles at their plant.<br />
<br />
The manufacturing includes assembly, axles and drivelines, frame shop and automated cab painting facilities.<br />
<br />
AMW's vehicles are exported to the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] nations including Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar<br />
<br />
==Components==<br />
AMW manufactures components for the automotive and general engineering industries. AMW's capacity of 15 million wheel rims makes it the largest single location plant in Asia.<ref>[http://www.amwasia.com/company/components Auto Components | Auto Components Manufacturer – AMW<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130033018/http://www.amwasia.com/company/components |date=30 January 2012 }}</ref> The company supplies pressed metal components to the world's auto and white goods manufacturers. AMW has over 1500 touch points across India.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*''Amwasia.com'', the defunct official site of AsiaMotor Works, links to ''amwmotors.com'' and [https://website.informer.com/amwmotors.com expired on 5 February 2020].<br />
*[https://jobbuzz.timesjobs.com/review/asia-motor-works-ltd/sr-gm/current-status-of-amw-motors-ltd?reviewid=519580 Current Status of AMW Motors Ltd] discussing legal and financial bailout.<br />
*[http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/anirudh-bhuwalka-asia-motorworks/1/15488.html Business Today article on Anirudh Bhuwalka and AMW]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091228140657/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/12/23/stories/2009122351590200.htm/ AMW news from ''The Hindu'']<br />
<br />
{{Automotive industry in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:2002 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
<br />
{{Motorvehicle-company-stub}}<br />
{{India-company-stub}}</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nawab_Cafe&diff=521316Nawab Cafe2026-03-17T07:22:47Z<p>Rajeev067: made basic post from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu film by Pramod Harsha}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Nawab Cafe<br />
| image = Nawab Cafe.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Pramod Harsha<br />
| story = <br />
| producer = Radha V Papudippu<br />
| writer = Pramod Harsha<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| starring = {{plain list|<br />
* [[Shiva Kandukuri]]<br />
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]]<br />
* Teju Ashwini<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]<br />
| cinematography = Kranthi Varla<br />
| editing = Pavan Narava<br />
| studio = Harshika Productions<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|20}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| country = India<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Nawab Cafe''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Pramod Harsha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-20 |title=Nawab Cafe Movie Review: Disappointing Drama |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/nawab-cafe-movie-review-disappointing-drama-477551 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Shiva Kandukuri]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]] and Teju Ashwini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawab Cafe OTT release date: When, where to stream Rajeev Kanakala starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nawab-cafe-ott-release-date-when-where-to-stream-rajeev-kanakala-starrer/f25660d4ed341 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was released on 20 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-10 |title=Shiva Kandukuri's Chai Wala changes title to 'Nawab Cafe' |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/shiva-kandukuris-chai-wala-changes-title-to-nawab-cafe |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{No plot|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Shiva Kandukuri]] as Raja<br />
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Ranganatham, Raja's father<br />
* Teju Ashwini as Sakhi<br />
* [[Rajkumar Kasireddy]]<br />
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Kumar<br />
* Vadlamani Srinivas<br />
* [[Mani Chandana]] as Raja's mother<br />
* Gemini Suresh<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The background score and songs were composed by [[Prashanth R Vihari]].<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| total_length = <br />
| all_lyrics = Suresh Banisetti<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Sakhire<br />
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]<br />
| length1 = 3:03<br />
| title2 = Chai Wala<br />
| extra2 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]<br />
| length2 = 3:13<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release and reception==<br />
Originally titled ''Chai Wala'', it was later changed to ''Nawab Cafe'' due to objections from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-10 |title=Chaiwala film title renamed Nawab Cafe |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/10/chaiwala-film-title-renamed-nawab-cafe |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 20 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-20 |title=Nawab Cafe Review: 'నవాబ్ కేఫ్' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. ఛాయ్ వాలా స్టోరీ ఎలా ఉంది? మెప్పించిందా..? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/nawab-cafe-movie-review-in-telugu-starrer-rajeev-kanakala-and-shiva-kandukuri-1748918.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave a rating of 3/5 and called it "wholesome family entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-02-20 |title=Nawab Cafe: A youth entertainer with emotion and values |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nawab-cafe-a-youth-entertainer-with-emotion-and-values-1050359 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228220627/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nawab-cafe-a-youth-entertainer-with-emotion-and-values-1050359 |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 citing the weak direction, poor screenplay and artificial performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-02-21 |title=Nawab Cafe Movie Review: The taste is far from satisfying in this artificial film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Feb/21/telugureview2026feb20nawab-cafe-movie-review-the-taste-is-far-from-satisfying-in-this-artificial-film |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226003212/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Feb/21/telugureview2026feb20nawab-cafe-movie-review-the-taste-is-far-from-satisfying-in-this-artificial-film |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|37996604|Nawab Cafe}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2026 films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Prashanth R Vihari]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMI_Records&diff=549341EMI Records2026-03-16T22:05:21Z<p>Rajeev067: made new details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|British record label}}<br />
{{hatnote|This article is about the record label. Not to be confused with its former parent company, [[EMI]]. For the former Japanese label of this name, see [[EMI Records Japan]]. For the former Philippine label of this name, see [[PolyEast Records]].}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox record label <!-- See Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Music --><br />
| bgcolor = #000000<br />
| name = {{color|white|EMI Records}}<br />
| image = [[File:EMI Records logo (2020).svg|150px]]<br />
| parent = {{ubl|[[Universal Music Group]] (UMG) (2012–present)|'''Previously'''<br>[[EMI]] (1973–1979, 1996–2012)|[[Thorn EMI]] (1979–1996)|[[Warner Music Group]] (WMG) (2013–present; back catalogue)}}<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1973|1|1}} (original)<br>{{Start date and age|df=yes|2014|04|01}} (Japan relaunch)<br>{{Start date and age|df=yes|2014|06|30}} (Taiwan relaunch)<br>{{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|6|16}} (Europe relaunch)<br>{{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|6|19}} (Malaysia relaunch as [[EMI Music Malaysia]])<br>{{start date and age|February 2024}} (Philippines relaunch)<ref name="EMIPH1">{{cite web|url=https://www.universalmusic.com/universal-music-group-philippines-announces-re-launch-of-emi-records-philippines/|title=Universal Music Group Philippines announces re-launch of EMI Records Philippines|date=February 5, 2024|publisher=[[Universal Music Group]]|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="EMIPH2">{{cite web|url=https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/emi-records-philippines-relaunch-2024-umg-universal-music-group-philippines-hale-dionela-chndtr-gracenote-the-voice-kids|title=Universal Music Group Philippines announces relaunch of EMI Records Philippines with Hale, Dionela, CHNDTR, Gracenote, and more|author=Bodegon-Hikino, Kara|date=February 6, 2024|website=Bandwagon Asia|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><br />
| defunct = {{End date and age|df=yes|2013|03}} (original)<br />
| founder = <!-- name of founders, separate with commas or <br /> --><br />
| status = <br />
| distributor = {{ubl|[[List of Universal Music Group labels#Island EMI Label Group|Island EMI Label Group]] {{small|(in the United Kingdom)}}|[[List of Universal Music Group labels#Interscope Capitol Labels Group|Interscope Capitol Labels Group]]/[[List of Universal Music Group labels#Republic Corps|Republic]] {{small|(in the United States)}}|[[Universal Music Japan]] {{small|(in Japan)}}|[[Universal Music Taiwan]] {{small|(in Taiwan)}}|[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Malaysia]] {{small|(in Malaysia)}}|[[UMG Philippines]] {{small|(in the Philippines)}}|[[Universal Music Group]] {{small|(outside the UK, US and selected territories)}}|[[Virgin Music Group]] {{small|([[Virgin Records]]' British catalogue and repertoire only)}}}}<br />
| genre = Various<br />
| country = [[United Kingdom]]<br />
| location = {{ubl|[[London]], UK (European division)|[[Tokyo]], Japan (Japanese division)}}<br />
| website = {{URL|https://emirecords.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''EMI Records''' (formerly '''EMI Records Ltd.''') is a British multinational [[record label]] owned by [[Universal Music Group]]. It was originally founded as a British flagship label by the music company [[EMI]] in 1972, and launched in January 1973 as the successor to its [[Columbia Graphophone Company|Columbia]] and [[Parlophone]] record labels. The label was later launched worldwide.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 |title=Billboard |access-date=28 May 2015|date=23 December 1972}}</ref> It has a branch in India called EMI Records India, run by director [[Mohit Suri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170609-emi-records-indias-artist-yash-narvekar |title=EMI Records India's artist Yash Narvekar is ready to take on Bollywood |publisher=radioandmusic.com}}</ref> In 2014, [[Universal Music Japan]] revived the label in Japan as the successor to [[EMI Records Japan]]. In June 2020, Universal revived the label as the successor to [[Virgin EMI]], with [[Virgin Records]] now operating as an imprint of EMI Records.<ref name=musicweek>{{cite web |url=https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/virgin-emi-rebrands-as-emi-rebecca-allen-appointed-as-label-president/080102 |title=Virgin EMI rebrands as EMI, Rebecca Allen appointed as label president |author=Mark Sutherland |date=16 June 2020 |website=Music Week}}</ref> In February 2024, [[UMG Philippines]] relaunched EMI as a successor to [[PolyEast Records|the former EMI Philippines label]] after 22 years.<ref name="EMIPH1" /><ref name="EMIPH2" /><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:EMI Records.svg|thumb|right|150px|Logo used from 1973 to 2010.]]<br />
An EMI Records Ltd. legal entity was created in 1956 as the record manufacturing and distribution arm of EMI in the UK. It oversaw EMI's various labels, including [[Gramophone Company|The Gramophone Co. Ltd.]], [[Columbia Graphophone Company]], and [[Parlophone]] Co. Ltd.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=Billboard|access-date=28 May 2015|date=29 April 1957}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 1965, the standalone EMI Record labels were extracted from E.M.I. Records Ltd. and folded into The Gramophone Company Ltd. On 1 July 1973, The Gramophone Co. Ltd. was renamed EMI Records Ltd. At the same time, E.M.I. Records Ltd. was wound down and its activities were absorbed into EMI Records Ltd.<ref name="Filing History">{{cite web|title=PARLOPHONE RECORDS LIMITED – Filing history (free information from Companies House)|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00068172/filing-history|publisher=Companies House, Government of the United Kingdom}}</ref><br />
<br />
Earlier, on 1 January 1973, all of The Gramophone Company Ltd. pop labels (Columbia, Parlophone, Harvest, Sovereign and Regal) had been rebranded as EMI. EMI Records then signed new music artists that became worldwide successes: [[Kraftwerk]], [[Renaissance (band)|Renaissance]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Olivia Newton-John]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Kate Bush]], [[Sheena Easton]], and [[Pink Floyd]] (though some of these acts were on different labels in the US, not EMI's [[Capitol Records]]). In 1978, EMI launched [[EMI America Records]] as its second label in the United States after Capitol, and in 1988, EMI America later merged with sister label [[Manhattan Records]], founded in 1984,<ref name="New Grove">{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Gary|editor1-last=Kernfeld|editor1-first=Barry|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz|date=2002|publisher=Grove's Dictionaries Inc.|location=New York|isbn=1-56159-284-6|page=172|volume=2|edition=2nd}}</ref> becoming EMI Manhattan Records and eventually EMI Records USA when Capitol absorbed it in 1989. In June 1997, the EMI Records USA division was folded into [[Virgin Records]] and Capitol.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bloomberg News |first= |date=1997-06-21 |title=EMI shutting 2 New York-based record labels |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/21/business/emi-shutting-2-new-york-based-record-labels.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 1979, EMI Ltd. merged with [[Thorn Electrical Industries]] to become Thorn EMI,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3670516/EMI-A-giant-at-war-with-itself.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3670516/EMI-A-giant-at-war-with-itself.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=EMI: a giant at war with itself|work=The Telegraph|date=18 January 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> whose shareholders voted on 16 August 1996 in favour of demerging Thorn from EMI again. The recorded music division became EMI Group plc, and the electronics and rentals divisions were divested as Thorn plc.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/vote-solid-for-thorn-demerger-1310081.html |title=Vote solid for Thorn demerger |work=Independent |date=17 August 1996}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, EMI Records opened a [[country music]] division, EMI Records Nashville, which includes on its roster [[Troy Olsen]], [[Alan Jackson]], [[Kelleigh Bannen]], and [[Eric Church]]. EMI Records Nashville is a sister label to the [[Capitol Records|Capitol Nashville]] unit of [[Universal Music Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicrow.com/2010/03/capitol-announces-emi-nashville/|title=Capitol Announces EMI Records Nashville|work=MusicRow – Nashville's Music Industry Publication – News, Songs From Music City|date=12 March 2010|access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Australia's most prolific artist, [[Slim Dusty]], signed with the Columbia Graphophone Co. for [[Regal Zonophone Records]] in 1946 and remained with EMI until his death in 2003, selling over seven million records for the label in Australia by 2007.<br />
<br />
[[Virgin EMI Records]] retained use of the EMI branding after Universal Music Group's acquisition of EMI in September 2012, but it is otherwise unrelated to the old label which was defunct and renamed Parlophone Records in 2013 and is now part of [[Warner Music Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/label/563997-Parlophone-Records-Ltd|title=Parlophone Records Ltd.|publisher=discogs}}</ref> EMI Christian Music Group was renamed [[Capitol Christian Music Group]]. [[EMI Classics]] was sold to Warner Music Group in February 2013. After EU regulatory approval, EMI Classics was absorbed into [[Warner Classics]] in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emiclassics.com/various_artists/news/716|title=Deutsche Grammophon|website=Emiclassics.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2013, [[EMI Music Japan]] became defunct following Universal's acquisition of EMI. The company's successor was [[EMI Records Japan]], a sublabel of [[Universal Music Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ユニバーサル ミュージック、EMIミュージックを買収|url=https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000083545|access-date=5 January 2022|website=BARKS| date=October 2012 |language=ja}}</ref> In February 2014, Universal Japan did a label reorganization, with more than half of the former [[EMI Records Japan]] artists being transferred to Nayutawave Records. Later that year, the two sublabels were combined and rebranded as EMI Records. Since 2018, Takeshi Okada has been the managing director of Universal Japan's EMI Records label.<ref>{{Cite web|title=名門「EMI Records」のトップに34歳が抜擢。業界の行先を訊く {{!}} CINRA|url=https://www.cinra.net/article/interview-gyoukairetsuden-vol14-okadatakeshi|access-date=5 January 2022|website=www.cinra.net|language=ja}}</ref> In 2020, the label launched an official YouTube channel, six years after the label was formed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ユニバーサル ミュージックEMI Records所属アーティストで繋ぐ、TikTokリレーがスタート！YouTubeでは過去ライブ映像も一挙公開！ {{!}} 最新ニュース {{!}} Fanplus Music|url=https://music.fanplus.co.jp/news/202004151226e0a4f|access-date=5 January 2022|website=music.fanplus.co.jp}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 June 2020, Universal rebranded Virgin EMI Records as EMI Records and named Rebecca Allen (former president of UMG's Decca label) as the label's president.<ref name=musicweek/><br />
<br />
In September 2020, Universal launched [[Motown]] UK, under EMI Records.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9448361/motown-records-launches-u-k-company|title=Motown Records Launches U.K. Company|author=Lars Brandle|date=14 September 2020|magazine=Billboard}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2023, EMI launched EMI North, based in [[Leeds]], becoming the "first major to open a physical space outside of London".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Homewood|first=Ben|date=27 January 2023|title=EMI launches Leeds-based EMI North, helmed by Clive Cawley|url=https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/emi-launches-leeds-based-emi-north-helmed-by-clive-cawley/087316|access-date=28 February 2023|website=[[Music Week]]}}</ref> In July 2023, Universal Japan announced a new imprint label, Holo-n, which will operate under their EMI Records division in partnership with [[Hololive Production]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-08 |title=ユニバーサル ミュージックとホロライブプロダクションが共同レーベル「holo-n」設立 |trans-title=Universal Music and Hololive Production Establish Joint Label "Holo-n" |url=https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000236760 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=BARKS |language=ja}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2024, [[UMG Philippines]] relaunched EMI Records as a successor to the former EMI Philippines label, now known as [[PolyEast Records]].<ref name="EMIPH1" /><ref name="EMIPH2" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Abbey Road Studios]]<br />
*[[List of record labels]]<br />
*[[List of EMI Records artists]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{Official website|https://emirecords.com/}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.universal-music.co.jp/|name=Official website (Japan)}}<br />
* {{YouTube|id=|channel=UCzNJEO9BvWbf07vL5caIKrg}}<br />
* {{YouTube|EMI Records (Japan)|channel=UCcuijrCs22iiS27d4avHR6A}}<br />
{{Universal Music Group}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:EMI Records]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:2020 establishments in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Record labels established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:Record labels disestablished in 2013]]<br />
[[Category:Record labels established in 2020]]<br />
[[Category:2014 establishments in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Pop record labels]]<br />
[[Category:Electronic music record labels]]<br />
[[Category:Rock record labels]]<br />
[[Category:EMI]]<br />
[[Category:British jazz record labels]]<br />
[[Category:Labels distributed by Universal Music Group]]<br />
[[Category:Universal Music Group]]<br />
[[Category:Universal Music Japan]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenlam_Industries&diff=501217Greenlam Industries2026-03-14T23:22:31Z<p>Rajeev067: made initial info v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian manufacturing company}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Greenlam Industries<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{Plainlist|<br />
* {{BSE|538979}}<br />
*{{NSE|GREENLAM}}<br />
}}<br />
| industry = [[Building material]]<br />
| location_country = [[India]]<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = Saurabh Mittal (Managing Director & CEO), Parul Mittal (Director)<br />
| products = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Decorative laminate|Laminates]]<br />
* Restroom Cubicles<br />
* [[Wood veneer|Veneers]]<br />
* [[Wood flooring|Wooden Floors]]<br />
* [[Door|Wooden Doors]]<br />
* [[Plywood]]<br />
*[[Particle Board]]<br />
}}<br />
| parent = Greenlam Industries Limited<br />
| subsid = *Greenlam Limited<br />
*Greenlam America Inc.<br />
*Greenlam Asia Pacific (Thailand) Co. Ltd.<br />
*Greenlam Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.<br />
*Greenlam Decolan SA<br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.greenlamindustries.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Greenlam Industries Ltd.''' is a surfacing and substrate products manufacturer based in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam Industries expects 15% revenue growth in FY24 - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/greenlam-industries-q3-earnings-revenue-growth-share-price-margins-18979071.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |date=5 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam to invest Rs 950 cr over 2-3 years; to enter plywood, particleboard business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/paper-/-wood-/-glass/-plastic/-marbles/greenlam-to-invest-rs-950-cr-over-2-3-years-to-enter-plywood-particleboard-business/articleshow/88261738.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=13 December 2021}}</ref> The company provides [[laminates]], [[Plywood]], exterior & interior clads, [[Wood veneer|decorative veneers]], [[Chip-board|particle board]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenlam Industries Begins Commercial Production of Chipboard |url=https://www.angelone.in/news/greenlam-industries-begins-commercial-production-of-chipboard |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.angelone.in |language=en}}</ref> and [[Wood flooring|engineered wooden floors]] & doors for residential and commercial spaces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam's Plywood unit at Tindivanam goes on stream |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/greenlams-plywood-unit-at-tindivanam-goes-on-stream/article66950402.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plywood companies to benefit from rise in capacity and lower input costs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/capacity-expansion-lower-input-costs-drive-optimism-among-plywood-makers-despite-muted-q1-show/articleshow/103217510.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> The company was founded in 1993 and is based in New Delhi, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=The future of facades: Top four design trends for 2024 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/life-style/home-and-decor/2024/May/06/the-future-of-facades-top-four-design-trends-for-2024 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |date=6 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Greenlam Industries is listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) and the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE).<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam |url=https://www.nseindia.com/get-quotes/equity?symbol=GREENLAM |website=NSE India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam Industries |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/greenlam-industries-ltd/grnlamind/538979/disclosures-insider-trading-1992/ |website=BSE India}}</ref><ref name='ET'>{{cite web |title=Greenlam Industries gets listed on NSE, BSE |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/greenlam-industries-gets-listed-on-nse-bse/articleshow/46434587.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=2 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1992, Greenlam Industries set up the first laminate unit at Behror and started the commercial production and export of laminates. In 2002 it started the commercial production of decorative veneers. From 2005 to 2008, Greenlam set up overseas subsidiaries in Singapore and the US.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam Industries Ltd Summary: Latest Updates and Details |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/greenlam-industries-ltd/summary |website=India Infoline |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite web |title=Greenlam Industries: Innovating the World of Laminates |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/greenlam-industries-innovating-the-world-of-laminates |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, Greenlam started the commercial production of the second laminate unit at Nalagarh. In 2012, the company set up a subsidiary in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam Industries commences commercial production at expanded facility in Nalagarh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/greenlam-industries-commences-commercial-production-at-expanded-facility-in-nalagarh-119091101040_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, Greenlam was demerged into a separate entity and listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) and the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE).<ref name='ET'/><br />
<br />
In 2019, the company acquired Greenlam Decolan SA in Switzerland and Incorporated Greenlam South Limited (GSL).<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam acquires Europe-based Decolan SA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/greenlam-acquires-europe-based-decolan-sa/articleshow/69343574.cms |website=The Times of India |date=15 May 2019}}</ref> From 2016 to 2021 The company Commissioned multiple brownfield laminate capacities and acquired 74.91% equity share capital of HG Industries Limited (formerly Himalaya Granites Limited).<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam Industries Limited |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/greenlam-industries-limited/article7681882.ece |website=BusinessLine |language=en |date=23 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, Greenlam issued first listed non-convertible debentures and raised Rs. 99 cr. In the same year, the company acquired the laminate plant in Prantij, Gujarat, and raised Rs. 195 cr. via a preferential issue of equity shares.<ref name='BT'/><br />
<br />
In 2023, Greenlam Industries commenced enhanced capacity of the laminate unit in Prantij, Commenced a greenfield plywood unit at Tindivanam, and Commenced a greenfield laminate unit at Naidupeta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam Industries launches its exclusive display centre in Kupwara |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/uncategorized/greenlam-industries-launches-its-exclusive-display-centre-in-kupwara/ |website=Greater Kashmir |date=23 April 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognitions==<br />
*Largest Exporter in the category of Decorative Laminates 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/business/greenlam-industries-limited-awarded-as-the-largest-exporter-in-the-category-of-decorative-laminates-for-the-14th-consecutive-year/1625499 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref><br />
*Excellence award as highest exporter of Decorative Laminates for the years 2022 and 2023 from The Plastic Export Promotion Council (sponsored by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce & Industry]], Department of Commerce, [[Government of India]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenlam Industries receives export excellence award |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/greenlam-industries-receives-export-excellence-award-124060800328_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Building materials companies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1992]]<br />
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1992]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Bazar_(community_development_block)&diff=473448Mohammad Bazar (community development block)2026-03-11T10:34:31Z<p>Rajeev067: refined formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other uses|Mohammad Bazar (disambiguation){{!}}Mohammad Bazar}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
|official_name = Mohammad Bazar<br />
|other_name =<br />
|native_name = <br />
|nickname = <br />
|settlement_type = Community development block<br />
|motto =<br />
|image_skyline =<br />
|imagesize = <br />
|image_caption = <br />
|image_flag = <br />
|flag_size =<br />
|image_seal = <br />
|seal_size =<br />
|image_map = File:Mohammad Bazar in Birbhum (West Bengal).svg<br />
|mapsize = <br />
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal<br />
|pushpin_map = <br />
|pushpin_label_position =right<br />
|pushpin_mapsize=<br />
|pushpin_map_caption =<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]] <br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]<br />
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency<br />
|subdivision_name3 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]<br />
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency<br />
|subdivision_name4 = [[Sainthia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sainthia]], [[Rampurhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampurhat]]<br />
|leader_title =<br />
|leader_name =<br />
|established_title = <br />
|established_date = <br />
|area_magnitude = <br />
|unit_pref = Metric <br />
|area_footnotes =<br />
|area_total_km2 = 315.64<br />
|area_land_km2 = <br />
|population_as_of = 2011<br />
|population_footnotes =<br />
|population_note =<br />
|population_total = 164,570<br />
|population_density_km2 = auto<br />
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br />
|utc_offset = +5.30<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|23|59|31|N|87|34|19|E|display=inline}}<br />
|elevation_footnotes = <br />
|elevation_m = <br />
|elevation_ft = <br />
|postal_code_type = PIN<br />
|postal_code = 731127<br />
|area_code = <br />
|blank_name = Literacy Rate<br />
|blank_info = 65.18 per cent<br />
|website = http://birbhum.nic.in/<br />
|footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mohammad Bazar''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Suri Sadar subdivision]] of [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Birbhum district is physiographically a part of the ancient [[Rarh region]]. The western portion of the district is basically an extension of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The area has mostly loose reddish [[laterite|lateritic]] low fertility soil. In the east, the flood plains of the major rivers, such as the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]], [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] and [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]], have soft [[alluvium|alluvial]] soil. The forest cover is only 3.5% of the total district. Although coal is found in the district and [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] has a capacity of 2,010 MW, the economic condition of Birbhum is dominated by agriculture.<ref name=land>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Page 15: Physiography, Page 21: Tenancy, Agriculture | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> From 1977 onwards major[[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In Birbhum district, 19,968 hectares of vested agricultural land has been distributed amongst 161,515 beneficiaries, till 2011. However, more than 38% of the operational land holding is marginal or less than 1 acre.<ref name=land/> The proportion of agricultural labourers amongst total workers in Birbhum district is 45.9%, the highest amongst all districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 17 : District Highlights – 2011 census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> Culturally rich Birbhum, with such traditional landmarks as [[Jaydev Kenduli]] and [[Nanoor|Chandidas Nanoor]], is home to [[Visva-Bharati University]] at [[Santiniketan]], having close association with two Nobel laureates – [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Amartya Sen]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Pages 102-105: Bolpur-Satiniketan, Visva Bharati | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography== <br />
[[File:Birbhum district map.svg|400px|thumb|left|Map of Birbhum district showing CD blocks and municipal areas. Click on the map to view larger map.]]<br />
<br />
Mohammad Bazar is located at {{coord|23.992|N|87.572|E|format=dms|}}.<br />
<br />
Mohammad Bazar CD Block is partly in the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, one of the four sub-micro physiographic regions occupying the area between Brahmani River in the north and Mayurakshi River in the south. This block extends into Bakrehswar Upland, another sub-micro physiographic region.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mohammad Bazar CD Block is bounded by [[Rampurhat I]] CD Block on the north, [[Mayureswar I]] and [[Sainthia (community development block)|Sainthia]] CD Blocks on the east, [[Suri I]] and [[Suri II]] CD Blocks on the south and [[Ranishwar]] CD Block, in Dumka district of Jharkhand, on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/birbhum.html |title = Tehsil Map of Birbhum |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Deucha Barrage across the [[Dwarka River|Dwarka]] has a capacity of {{convert|1,400 |acre-ft|m3|order=flip|lk=out}},<ref>{{cite web | url =http://wbplan.gov.in/htm/HumanDev/docs/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-5.pdf | title =Poverty and Vulnerability | work =5.3 Vulnerability due to flood, page: 112 | access-date =8 February 2018 | publisher =Human Development Report: Birbhum | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100807000051/http://wbplan.gov.in/htm/humandev/docs/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-5.pdf | archive-date =7 August 2010 | url-status =dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Mohammad Bazar CD Block has an area of 315.64&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 12 [[gram panchayat]]s, 86 gram sansads (village councils), 158 [[mouza]]s and 138 inhabited villages. [[Mohammad Bazar, Birbhum#Police station|Mohammad Bazar]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf|title = District Statistical Handbook 2008 Birbhum |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 December 2017}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Patel Nagar]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 December 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Mohammad Bazar block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: [[Angar Garia|Angargoria]], Bharkata, Bhutura (Seharakuri), Charicha, [[Deucha]], [[Gonpur]], [[Hingla|Hinglow]], Kapista, [[Mohammad Bazar, Birbhum|Mohammad Bazar]], Puranagram, Rampur and Sekedda.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Birbhum - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
===Population===<br />
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Mohammad Bazar CD Block had a total population of 164,570, all of which were rural. There were 83,590 (51%) males and 80,980 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 23,346. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 43,814 (26.62%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 31,152 (18.93%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 6 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per 2001 census, Mohammad Bazar block had a total population of 139,478, out of which 71,430 were males and 68,048 were females. Mohammad Bazar block registered a population growth of 19.91 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Birbhum district was 17.88 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Birbhum District (8) |access-date=2011-10-10 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040904/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Mohammad Bazar CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Hatgachha (5,557), Haridaspur (4,494), Sonthsal (4,687), Dighalgram (6,284), Baluti (4,304) and Angar Garia (4,232).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
Other villages in Mohammad Bazar CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Mohammad Bazar, Birbhum|Mohammad Bazar]] (3,090), Bhutura (416), [[Deucha]] (1,772), Kapishta (1,401), Sekeddaha (3,016), Rampur (930), [[Hingla]] (721), Puranagram (1,924) and Ganpur (2,706).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
===Literacy===<br />
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Mohammad Bazar CD Block was 92,045 (65.18% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 51,892 (72.26% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 40,153 (57.85% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.41%.<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br />
<br />
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Birbhum district|collapsible=y}}<br />
<br />
===Language and religion===<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion in Mohammad Bazar CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/><br />
|titlebar=#FCD116<br />
|left1=<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|67.15}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|31.29}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.77}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|0.60}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.19}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 110,506 and formed 67.15% of the population in Mohammad Bazar CD Block. Muslims numbered 51,487 and formed 31.29% of the population. Christians numbered 1,266 and formed 0.77% of the population. Others numbered 1,311 and formed 0.80% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The proportion of Hindus in Birbhum district has declined from 72.2% in 1961 to 62.3% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in Birbhum district has increased from 27.6% to 37.1% during the same period. Christians formed 0.3% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 47: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Languages in Mohammad Bazar CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 78.28 |color1 = orchid<br />
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 17.01 |color2 = darkturquoise<br />
|label3 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value3 = 3.51 |color3 = tomato<br />
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.20 |color4 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 78.28% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 17.01% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 3.51% [[Khortha language|Khortha]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rural poverty==<br />
As per the BPL household survey carried out in 2005, the proportion of [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] households in Mohammad Bazar CD Block was 35.3%, against 42.3% in Birbhum district. In six CD Blocks – Murarai II, Nalhati II, Rampurhat II, Rampurhat I, Suri II and Murarai I – the proportion of BPL families was more than 50%. In three CD Blocks – Rajnagar, Suri I and Labhpur – the proportion of BPL families was less than 30%. The other ten CD Blocks in Birbhum district were placed in between. According to the district Human Development Report, Birbhum, “Although there is no indication that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with higher share of agricultural labourer, there is a clear pattern that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with disadvantaged population in general and Muslim population in particular.” (The disadvantaged population includes SCs, STs and Muslims.)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum |work = Table 4.5 + Analytical Text: Number and percentage of BPL households, 2005, page 83-85 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 28 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf |archive-date = 11 June 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
===Livelihood===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption= '''Livelihood<br/>in Mohammad Bazar CD Block'''<br />
|value1 = 15.43<br />
|label1 = Cultivators<br />
|value2 = 44.89<br />
|label2 = Agricultural labourers<br />
|value3 = 2.44<br />
|label3 = Household industries<br />
|value4 = 37.24 <br />
|label4 = Other Workers}}<br />
<br />
In Mohammad Bazar CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 9,692 and formed 15.43%, agricultural labourers numbered 28,197 and formed 44.89%, household industry workers numbered 1,534 and formed 2.44% and other workers numbered 23,393 and formed 37.24%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref> Total workers numbered 62,816 and formed 38.17% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 101,754 and formed 61.83% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref></small><br />
<br />
===Infrastructure===<br />
There are 138 inhabited villages in Mohammad Bazar CD Block, as per District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 136 villages (98.55%) have drinking water supply. 29 villages (21.01%) have post offices. 132 villages (95.65%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 35 villages (25.36%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 61 villages (44.20%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 8 villages (5.8%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (5.07%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 80 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Agriculture===<br />
Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2004–05 (the agricultural labourer data is for 2001), persons engaged in agriculture in Mohammad Bazar CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 4,069 (8.25%), patta (document) holders 15,274 (30.96%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4,005 (8.12%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 4,675 (9.48%) and agricultural labourers 21,311 (43.20%).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Table 4A1: Population Features of Farmers in the blocks of Birbhum for the year 2004-05| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Birbhum is a predominantly paddy cultivation-based agricultural district. The area under paddy cultivation in 2010-11 was 249,000 hectares of land. Paddy is grown in do, suna and sali classes of land. There is double to triple cropping system for paddy cultivation. Other crops grown in Birbhum are gram, masuri, peas, wheat, linseed, khesari, til, sugarcane and occasionally cotton. 192,470 hectares of cultivable land is under irrigation by different sources, such as canals, tanks, river lift irrigation and different types of tubewells. In 2009–10, 158,380 hectares were irrigated by canal water. There are such major irrigation projects as Mayurakshi and Hijli. Other rivers such as Ajoy, Brahmani, Kuskurni, Dwaraka, Hingla and Kopai are also helpful for irrigation in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 21-22: Agriculture, Irrigation | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.5: Expansion of economic opportunities, Page 95| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013–14, there were 38 fertiliser depots, 3 seed stores and 43 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Mohammad Bazar CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Birbhum | work = 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 July 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013–14, Mohammad Bazar CD block produced 2,962 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 1,017 hectares, 3,937 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,189 hectares, 3,243 tonnes of wheat from 1,025 hectares, 47,212 tonnes of potatoes from 1,810 hectares and 2,460 tonnes of sugar cane from 34 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Mohammad Bazar CD block was 10,961 hectares, out of which 5,385 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 4,195 hectares by tank water, 875 hectares by river lift irrigation, 171 hectares by deep tube wells, 262 hectares by shallow tube wells, 23 hectares by open dug wells and 50 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
===Banking===<br />
In 2013–14, Mohammad Bazar CD block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
===Coal===<br />
The [[Deucha Pachami coal block]] in [[Birbhum Coalfield]] has been allotted jointly to West Bengal (share: 28%), Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam. A new company Bengal Birbhum Coalfields Limited has been formed to mine the new block. The block now has estimated reserves of 2 billion tonnes, but inferred reserves could stretch up to 20 billion tonnes. According to newspaper reports, the block is spread across an area of 1,230 hectares with a 70–80 m thick basalt rock covering the coal seam and it would be difficult to mine the coal. However, the area where it is located is non-agricultural waste land.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/birbhum-coal-a-possible-game-changer-for-bengal-115110600385_1.html | title= Birbhum Coal: A possible game-changer for Bengal |publisher= Business Standard, 9 November 2015 | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/indias-largest-coal-mine-coming-up-at-birbhum-mamata/article7946612.ece#! | title= India’s largest coal mine coming up at Birbhum: Mamata |publisher= The Hindu, 4 December 2015 | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151029/jsp/business/story_50177.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151029153534/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151029/jsp/business/story_50177.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = October 29, 2015| title= Lead role for Bengal in new company to mine Birbhum coal|publisher= The Telegraph, 29 October 2015 | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other sectors===<br />
According to the district Human Development Report, 2009, Birbhum is one of the most backward districts of West Bengal in terms of industrial development. Of the new industrial projects set-up in West Bengal between 1991 and 2005, only 1.23% came to Birbhum. [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] is the only large-scale industry in the district and employs about 5,000 people. There are 4 medium-scale industries and 4,748 registered small-scale industries.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.4: Opportunities in Industries, Page 93| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The proportion of workers engaged in agriculture in Birbhum has been decreasing. According to the district Human Development Report, “more people are now engaged in non-agricultural activities, such as fishing, retail sales, vegetable vending, selling milk, and so on. As all these activities are at the lower end of the spectrum of marketable skills, it remains doubtful if these activities generate enough return for their family’s sustenance.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.2: Structure of Employment, Page 78| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br />
Birbhum district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Mohammad Bazar CD block has 3 ferry services and 6 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 11&nbsp;km from the CD block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
[[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] passes through this block and [[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|SH 11]], which runs from Mohammad Bazar to Ranaghat, originates from Mohammad Bazar.<ref>Google maps</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
In 2013–14, Mohammad Bazar CD block had 126 primary schools with 12,702 students, 18 middle schools with 242 students, 10 high schools with 6,012 students and 8 higher secondary schools with 8,963 students. Mohammad Bazar CD Block had 3 technical/ professional institutions with 848 students and 363 institutions for special and non-formal education with 11,647 students.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
As per the 2011 census, in Mohammad Bazar CD Block, amongst the 138 inhabited villages, 24 villages did not have a school, 51 villages had more than 1 primary school, 45 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 22 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. 15 villages had senior secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 936-937, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, Page 933, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
In 2014, Mohammad Bazar CD block had 1 rural hospital, 4 primary health centres and 1 medical facility run by other department/ PSU of state government with total 64 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 25 family welfare subcentres. 1,652 patients were treated indoor and 89,826 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
As per 2011 census, in Mohammad Bazar CD Block, 1 village had a community health centre, 7 villages had primary health centres, 22 villages had primary health subcentres, 6 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 3 villages had veterinary hospitals, 18 villages had medicine shops and out of the 138 inhabited villages 73 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 933-34, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mohammad Bazar Rural Hospital at PO Pattelnagar has 30 beds. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Bharkata (10 beds), Puranogram (6 beds), Rampur (10 beds) and Sakeddah (PO Dighalgram) (6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 26 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Birbhum topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Birbhum district]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secretary_(1938_film)&diff=463188The Secretary (1938 film)2026-03-07T07:06:20Z<p>Rajeev067: refined lead based on references and corrected details based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1938 Hindi-language Indian comedy film by Chaturbhuj Doshi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Secretary<br>सचिव<br />
| image = <br />
<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Chaturbhuj Doshi]]<br />
| producer = [[Chandulal Shah]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Noor Mohammed Charlie]]|Madhuri|[[Trilok Kapoor]]|Wahidan Bai}}<br />
| music = [[Gyan Dutt]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| distributor =<br />
| studio = [[Ranjit Studios]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1938}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Secretary''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1938|1938]] [[Hindi]]-language Indian comedy film directed by [[Chaturbhuj Doshi]]. The film was produced by [[Chandulal Shah]] under the [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Pictures]] banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/secretary-movie-cast-crew/730|title=Secretary|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> The music was provided by [[Gyan Dutt]] with lyrics by Pyare Lal Santoshi.<ref name=Muvyz>{{cite web|title=Secretary (1938)|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/td376676/songs/#tabs|website=muvyz.com|publisher=Muvyz, Inc|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> The main cast was [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]], [[Trilok Kapoor]], Madhuri, Kalyani Das, Waheedan Bai and Rajkumari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film310462.htm|title=Secretary|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film is about an heiress, played by Madhuri, who falls in love with her father's secretary played by Trilok Kapoor.<ref>Sanjit Narwekar ''Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy'' 8129126257 2012 "His first film The Secretary (1938) was a riotous comedy about a rich heiress (Madhuri), who falls in love with her father's secretary (Trilok Kapoor). She inherits her father's business after remember that while they do so, they establish a standard ..."</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Madhuri<br />
* [[Trilok Kapoor]]<br />
* Charlie<br />
* Kalyani<br />
* Wahidan Bai<br />
* Rajkumari<br />
<br />
==Debut direction==<br />
According to Narwekar, ''Secretary'' was the first film Doshi directed after having worked for Ranjit Studios as a scriptwriter since 1929.<ref name="Narwekar2012">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62|accessdate=8 December 2014|date=12 December 2012|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=978-81-291-2625-2|pages=62–}}</ref> However, as cited by ''Filmindia'' and Rajadhyaksha and Willemen, this was reportedly his second film, with ''Gorakh Aaya'' which was also made the same year, being his first.<ref name=Filmindia>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Studio Close-ups|journal=Filmindia|date=April 1938|volume=3|issue=12|pages=58|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia19373803unse#page/n317/mode/2up|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA95|accessdate=8 December 2014|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=1994–}}</ref> The film was a bilingual being made in Hindi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. Doshi, thus laid the groundwork for Gujarati film production<ref name=IBN>{{cite web|last1=Vats|first1=Rohit|title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The founding fathers of motion pictures|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-founding-fathers-of-motion-pictures/375863-8-66.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141208142354/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-founding-fathers-of-motion-pictures/375863-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2014|website=innlive.in.com|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> along with his other films like ''[[Gunsundari (1948 film)|Gunsundari]]'' (1948).<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| "Kyun Tune Ki Nadani"<br />
| Wahidan Bai<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Nahin Nahin Kholoon Ghunghat Pat Saiyan"<br />
| Wahidan Bai<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Kahan Chhupa Hai Chitchor"<br />
| Kalyani Das<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| "Karoongi Aaj Piya Sang"<br />
| Rajkumari<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| "Kaun Raahe Tu Jaaye Musafir"<br />
| Kalyani Das<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| "Chalte Jaana, Chalte Jaana"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| "Jodi Bani Nirali Babu"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| "Saj Lun Baanke Gahnwa"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| "Bhaiya Kisan Jab Aave"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| "Hai Teer Ya Nashtar"<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id =0214104 |title =Secretary }}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Secretary (1938 film), The}}<br />
[[Category:1938 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:1938 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1938 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Gyan Dutt]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Chaturbhuj Doshi]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1930s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Andhra_Pradesh&diff=469817List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh2026-03-06T09:19:51Z<p>Rajeev067: improve information after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
The [[Rajya Sabha]] (meaning the "Council of States") is the Upper House of the Parliament of India. [[Andhra Pradesh]] elects 11 seats and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Andhra Pradesh. After formation of Telangana State in 2014, 7 seats were allotted to Telangana, and 11 seats to Andhra Pradesh. The number of seats, allocated to the party, are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections in within the state legislatures are held using [[Single transferable vote]] with [[proportional representation]].<br />
<br />
==Current members==<br />
'''Keys:'''<br />
{{Party legend|YSR Congress Party|7}}<br />
{{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|2}}<br />
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!No<br />
! style="width:200px" | Name<ref name="members">{{cite web|title=Statewise List|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref><br />
!colspan="2"| Party affiliation<br />
!Alliance<br />
!Date of <br />Appointment{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}<br />
!Date of <br />Retirement{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Y. V. Subba Reddy]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=7}}<br />
| rowspan="7" |Others '''(7)'''<br />
|02-Apr-2024<br />
|01-Apr-2030<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Golla Baburao]]<br />
|02-Apr-2024<br />
|01-Apr-2030<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Meda Raghunath Reddy]]<br />
|02-Apr-2024<br />
|01-Apr-2030<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]<br />
|22-Jun-2020<br />
|21-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Parimal Nathwani]]<br />
|22-Jun-2020<br />
|21-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Alla Ayodhya Rami Reddy]]<br />
|22-Jun-2020<br />
|21-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[S. Niranjan Reddy]]<br />
|22-Jun-2022<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Beeda Masthan Rao]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[National Democratic Alliance]] '''(4)'''<br />
|13-Dec-2024<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Sana Satish|Sana Sathish Babu]]<br />
|13-Dec-2024<br />
|21-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[R. Krishnaiah]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|13-Dec-2024<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[P. Venkata Satyanarayana]]<br />
|29-Mar-2025<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Chronological List of all Rajya Sabha members ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Portrait<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! Term start<br />
! Term end<br />
! Term(s)<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|[[P. Venkata Satyanarayana|Paka Venkata Satyanarayana]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|29-Mar-2025<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|1<br />
|*<br />
|-<br />
|[[R. Krishnaiah]]<br />
| [[File:R._Krishnaiah.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|13-Dec-2024<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|2<br />
|*<br />
|-<br />
|[[Beeda Masthan Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|13-Dec-2024<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|2<br />
|*<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sana Satish|Sana Sathish Babu]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|13-Dec-2024<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|2<br />
|*<br />
|- <br />
|[[Y. V. Subba Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2024<br />
|02-Apr-2030<br />
|1<br />
|*<br />
|-<br />
| [[Meda Raghunath Reddy|Meda Raghunadha Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2024<br />
|02-Apr-2030<br />
|1<br />
|*<br />
|-<br />
|[[Golla Babu Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2024<br />
|02-Apr-2030<br />
|1<br />
|*<br />
|-<br />
|[[V. Vijayasai Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:Venumbaka_Vijaya_Sai_Reddy.jpeg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2022<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|2<br />
|Resigned for MP seat on Jan 25th 2025<br />
|-<br />
|[[R. Krishnaiah]]<br />
| [[File:R._Krishnaiah.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2022<br />
|24-Sep-2024<br />
|1<br />
|Resigned for MP seat on Sep 24th 2024<br />
|- <br />
|[[S. Niranjan Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:YSRCP_Rajya_Sabha_Niranjan_Reddy.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2022<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|1<br />
|*<br />
|-<br />
|[[Beeda Masthan Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2022<br />
|21-Jun-2028<br />
|1<br />
|Resigned for MP seat on Aug 29th 2024<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alla Ayodhya Rami Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2020<br />
|21-Jun-2026<br />
|1<br />
|*<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mopidevi Venkataramana]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2020<br />
|21-Jun-2026<br />
|1<br />
|Resigned for MP seat on Aug 29th 2024<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]<br />
| [[File:Pilli_Subhash_Chandra_Bose.png|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2020<br />
|21-Jun-2026<br />
|1<br />
|* <br />
|-<br />
|[[Parimal Nathwani]]<br />
| [[File:Shri_Parimal_Nathwaniji.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2020<br />
|21-Jun-2026<br />
|1<br />
|*<br />
|-<br />
|[[C. M. Ramesh]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2018<br />
|02-Apr-2024<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kanakamedala Ravindra Kumar]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2018<br />
|02-Apr-2024<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy]]<br />
| <br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2018<br />
|02-Apr-2024<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[T G Venkatesh]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2016<br />
|21-Jun-2022<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sujana Chowdary]]<br />
| [[File:Set1-3_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2016<br />
|21-Jun-2022<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Suresh Prabhu]]<br />
| [[File:Suresh_Prabhu_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2016<br />
|21-Jun-2022<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[V. Vijayasai Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:Venumbaka_Vijaya_Sai_Reddy.jpeg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2016<br />
|21-Jun-2022<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]<br />
| [[File:Smt._Nirmala_Sitharaman_Hon'ble_Finance_Minister_of_India.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|26-Jun-2014<br />
|17-Jun-2016<br />
|1<br />
|bye - death of [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[T. Subbarami Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:T.Subbarami_Reddy.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2014<br />
|09-Apr-2020<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mohd. Ali Khan]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2014<br />
|09-Apr-2020<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[K. V. P. Ramachandra Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2014<br />
|09-Apr-2020<br />
|2<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|RS member from Telangana]] 1-Jun-2014 onwards<br />
|-<br />
|[[Garikapati Mohan Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|10-Apr-2014<br />
|09-Apr-2020<br />
|1<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|RS member from Telangana]] 1-Jun-2014 onwards<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thota Seetharama Lakshmi]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|10-Apr-2014<br />
|09-Apr-2020<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[K. Keshava Rao]]<br />
| [[File:K.Keshav_Rao_DSC_9164_CROPPED.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}<br />
|10-Apr-2014<br />
|09-Apr-2020<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chiranjeevi]]<br />
| [[File:Chiranjeevi_at_Amitabh_Bachchan's_70th_birthday_celebration_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2012<br />
|02-Apr-2018<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Renuka Chowdary]]<br />
| [[File:Renuka_Chowdhury_in_2008_(cropped).png|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2012<br />
|02-Apr-2018<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rapolu Ananda Bhaskar]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2012<br />
|02-Apr-2018<br />
|1<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|RS member from Telangana]] 1-Jun-2014 onwards<br />
|-<br />
|[[Palvai Govardhan Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:Palvai_Govardhan_Reddy.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2012<br />
|9-Jun-2017<br />
|1<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|RS member from Telangana]] 1-Jun-2014 onwards<br />
|-<br />
|[[C. M. Ramesh]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2012<br />
|02-Apr-2018<br />
|2<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|RS member from Telangana]] 1-Jun-2014 onwards<br />
|-<br />
|[[Devender Goud]]<br />
| [[File:Devender_Goud.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2012<br />
|02-Apr-2018<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jairam Ramesh]]<br />
| [[File:Jairam_Ramesh.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|22-Jun-2010<br />
|21-Jun-2016<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:N._Janardhana_Reddy_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|22-Jun-2010<br />
|09-May-2014<br />
|3<br />
|death<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jesudasu Seelam]]<br />
| [[File:Jesudasu_Seelam_in_June_2013_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|22-Jun-2010<br />
|21-Jun-2016<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[V. Hanumantha Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|22-Jun-2010<br />
|21-Jun-2016<br />
|3<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|RS member from Telangana]] 1-Jun-2014 onwards<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gundu Sudha Rani]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2010<br />
|21-Jun-2016<br />
|1<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|RS member from Telangana]] 1-Jun-2014 onwards<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sujana Chowdary]]<br />
| [[File:Set1-3_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2010<br />
|21-Jun-2016<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:N._Janardhana_Reddy_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|01-Apr-2009<br />
|21-Jun-2010<br />
|3<br />
|bye - resignation of [[C. Ramachandraiah]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[K. V. P. Ramachandra Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2008<br />
|09-Apr-2014<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mohd. Ali Khan]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2008<br />
|09-Apr-2014<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[T. Subbarami Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:T.Subbarami_Reddy.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2008<br />
|09-Apr-2014<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nandi Yellaiah]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2008<br />
|14-Mar-2014<br />
|2<br />
|nominated to [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-12 |title=Nandi Yellaiah among 3 nominated to Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nandi-yellaiah-among-3-nominated-to-council/article5682051.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[T. Ratna Bai]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2008<br />
|14-Mar-2014<br />
|1<br />
|nominated to [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nandamuri Harikrishna]]<br />
| [[File:Nandamuri-Harikrishna.webp|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|10-Apr-2008<br />
|22-Aug-2013<br />
|1<br />
|resigned<br />
|-<br />
|[[G. Sanjeeva Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:Dr._G_Sanjeeva_Reddy.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2006<br />
|02-Apr-2012<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]<br />
| [[File:Dasari_Narayan_Rao_2005_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2006<br />
|02-Apr-2012<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[K. Keshava Rao]]<br />
| [[File:K.Keshav_Rao_DSC_9164_CROPPED.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2006<br />
|02-Apr-2012<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raashid Alvi]]<br />
| [[File:Raashid_Alvi,_in_Malappuram,_Kerela.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2006<br />
|02-Apr-2012<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Syed Azeez Pasha]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|03-Apr-2006<br />
|02-Apr-2012<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[M. V. Mysura Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2006<br />
|02-Apr-2012<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jairam Ramesh]]<br />
| [[File:Jairam_Ramesh.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|22-Jun-2004<br />
|21-Jun-2010<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[V. Hanumantha Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|22-Jun-2004<br />
|21-Jun-2010<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gireesh Kumar Sanghi]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|22-Jun-2004<br />
|21-Jun-2010<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jesudasu Seelam]]<br />
| [[File:Jesudasu_Seelam_in_June_2013_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|22-Jun-2004<br />
|21-Jun-2010<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Penumalli Madhu]]<br />
| [[File:Penumalli-Madhu.png|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|22-Jun-2004<br />
|21-Jun-2010<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[C. Ramachandraiah]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|22-Jun-2004<br />
|22-Jan-2009<br />
|2<br />
|resigned<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raashid Alvi]]<br />
| [[File:Raashid_Alvi,_in_Malappuram,_Kerela.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|22-Jun-2004<br />
|02-Apr-2006<br />
|1<br />
|bye - death of K. M. Khan<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sudarshan Akarapu]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|10-Apr-2002<br />
|09-Apr-2008<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[S. M. Laljan Basha]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|10-Apr-2002<br />
|09-Apr-2008<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[N. P. Durga]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|10-Apr-2002<br />
|09-Apr-2008<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:Ravula_Chandrasekhar_Reddy.png|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|10-Apr-2002<br />
|09-Apr-2008<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[T. Subbarami Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:T.Subbarami_Reddy.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2002<br />
|09-Apr-2008<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nandi Yellaiah]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|10-Apr-2002<br />
|09-Apr-2008<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Alladi P Rajkumar<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2000<br />
|02-Apr-2006<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Kambhampati Rama Mohana Rao<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2000<br />
|02-Apr-2006<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ramamuni Reddy Sirigi Reddy<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2000<br />
|02-Apr-2006<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vanga Geetha]]<br />
| [[File:Vanga_Geetha_Lok_Sabha_MP_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|03-Apr-2000<br />
|02-Apr-2006<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]<br />
| [[File:Dasari_Narayan_Rao_2005_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2000<br />
|02-Apr-2006<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K. M. Khan<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|03-Apr-2000<br />
|16-Oct-2003<br />
|2<br />
|death<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1998<br />
| 02-Apr-2004 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| P. Prabhakar Reddy<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1998 <br />
| 02-Apr-2004 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[C. Ramachandraiah]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1998 <br />
| 02-Apr-2004 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Rumandla Ramchandraiah <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1998 <br />
| 02-Apr-2004 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dasari Nagabhushana Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1998 <br />
| 02-Apr-2004 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yadlapati Venkatarao]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1998 <br />
| 02-Apr-2004 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[C. Narayana Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:CNREDDY.JPG|75px]]<br />
|bgcolor=#000000|<br />
|[[Nominated|NOM]]<br />
| 27-Aug-1997 <br />
| 26-Aug-2003 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[S. Jaipal Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:Jaipal_Sudini_Reddy_-_Kolkata_2004-11-10_03212_Cropped.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}} <br />
| 29-Sep-1997 <br />
| 02-Mar-1998 <br />
| 2 <br />
| By-election due to the death of N. Giri Prasad in 1997. Elected to Lok Sabha in 1998 from [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]], resigned on 2 March 1988 but term ends on 2 April 1988<br />
|-<br />
| [[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1996 <br />
| 09-Apr-2002 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaya Prada]] <br />
| [[File:Jaya_Prada_graces_Perfect_Pati_TV_serial_launch_(03).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1996 <br />
| 09-Apr-2002<br />
|1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[K M Saifullah]] <br />
| [[File:Saifullah1.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 10/04/1996 <br />
| 09/04/2002 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| S Ramachandra Reddy<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 10/04/1996 <br />
| 09/04/2002 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad]] <br />
| [[File:Yarlagadda_Lakshmi_Prasad_at_2nd_world_telugu_writers'_conference_324.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1996 <br />
| 09-Apr-2002 <br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Y. Radhakrishnamurthy]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} <br />
| 10-Apr-1996 <br />
| 09-Apr-2002 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mohan Babu]]<br />
| [[File:Mohan_Babu_Manchu.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 18-Apr-1995<br />
| 02-Apr-2000<br />
| 1 <br />
| By-election due to the death of Majji Tulasi Das<br />
|-<br />
|Alladi P. Rajkumar<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1994 <br />
| 02-Apr-2000 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yerra Narayanaswamy]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1994 <br />
| 21-Oct-1999 <br />
| 1 <br />
| Resigned<br />
|-<br />
| T. Venkatram Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 31/01/1994 <br />
| 02/04/2000 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kishore Chandra Deo]] <br />
| [[File:Minister_of_Tribal_Affairs_and_Panchayati_Raj_V._Kishore_Chandra_Deo_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1994 <br />
| 02-Apr-2000 <br />
| 1 <br />
| Central Minister<br />
|-<br />
| Majji Tulasi Das <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1994 <br />
| 21-Sep-1994<br />
| 1 <br />
| Died on 21 September 1994<br />
|-<br />
| K. M. Khan <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1994 <br />
| 02-Apr-2000 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| N. Giri Prasad <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1992 <br />
| 24-May-1997<br />
| 1 <br />
| dead 24/05/1997<br />
|-<br />
| A. S. Chowdary<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1992 <br />
| 02-Apr-1998 <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[G. Prathap Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1992 <br />
| 02-Apr-1998 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| V. Hanumantha Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03/04/1992 <br />
| 02/04/1998 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| V Rajeshwar Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1992 <br />
| 02-Apr-1998 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:Jaipal_Sudini_Reddy_-_Kolkata_2004-11-10_03212_Cropped.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}} <br />
| 10-Apr-1990 <br />
| 09-Apr-1996 <br />
| 2 <br />
| Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha from 1991 to 1992<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pragada Kotaiah]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1990 <br />
| 26-Nov-1995 <br />
| 1 <br />
| Died on 26 November 1995<br />
|-<br />
| [[M. M. Hashim]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}} <br />
| 10-Apr-1990 <br />
| 09-Apr-1996 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[R. K. Dhawan]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 10/04/1990 <br />
| 09/04/1996 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mentay Padmanabham]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 13-Sep-1989<br />
| 02-Apr-1994<br />
| 1<br />
| By-election due to the death of L. Narsingh Naik<br />
|-<br />
| L. Narsingh Naik <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1988 <br />
| 12-Jan-1989 <br />
| 1 <br />
| Died on 12 January 1989<br />
|-<br />
| Dr. [[Yelamanchili Sivaji]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03/04/1988 <br />
| 02/04/1994 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narreddy Tulasi Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1988 <br />
| 02-Apr-1994 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dronamraju Satyanarayana]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1988 <br />
| 02-Apr-2000 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moturu Hanumantha Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1988 <br />
| 02-Apr-1994 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Mohd. Khaleelur Rahman<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 05-Oct-1987 <br />
| 02-Apr-1994<br />
| 2<br />
| By-election due to the death of K. L. N. Prasad<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rao Gopal Rao]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1986<br />
| 02-Apr-1992 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Talari Manohar]] <br />
| [[File:TManohar.JPG|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03/04/1986 <br />
| 02/04/1992 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Dr. G. Vijaya Mohan Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1986 <br />
| 02-Apr-1992 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kalvala Prabhakar Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1986 <br />
| 02-Apr-1992 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Renuka Chowdary]]<br />
| [[File:Renuka_Chowdhury_in_2008_(cropped).png|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 03/04/1986 <br />
| 02/04/1998<ref name="term-apr1998">{{cite web|title=Biennial Elections to the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) to fill the seats of members retiring in April, 1998 and Bye-election to fill one casual vacancy|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/cp19980303.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref><br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Prof C. Lakshmanna <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1984 <br />
| 09-Apr-1990<br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Puttapaga Radhakrishna<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1984 <br />
| 09-Apr-1990 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Yalla Sesi Bhushana Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1984 <br />
| 09-Apr-1990 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[P. Upendra]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 10/04/1984<br />
| 09/04/1996<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy_portrait.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1984<br />
| 09-Apr-1990<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| S. B. Ramesh Babu <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1982 <br />
| 02-Apr-1988 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Y. Adinarayana Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1982 <br />
| 02-Apr-1988 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Barry Ramachandra Rao|Prof. B. Ramachandra Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1982 <br />
| 02-Apr-1988 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| P. Babul Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Party}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1982<br />
| 02-Apr-1988<br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1982 <br />
| 02-Apr-1988 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Meka Rangaiah Appa Rao]] <br />
| [[File:M.R._Apparao.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}} <br />
| 20-Mar-1981 <br />
| 02-Apr-1982 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[T. Chandrasekhar Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 16/09/1981 <br />
| 02/04/1996 <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| K. V. R. S. Balasubba Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 20-Mar-1981 <br />
| 09-Apr-1984 <br />
| 1 <br />
| By-election due to the resignation of [[T. Anjaiah]] in 1981<br />
|-<br />
| Syed Rahmat Ali <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1980 <br />
| 02-Apr-1986 <br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| B. Krishna Mohan <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1980 <br />
| 02-Apr-1986 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| G. Swamy Naik <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1980 <br />
| 02-Apr-1992 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Roda Mistry]]<br />
| [[File:RodaHMistry.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1980 <br />
| 02-Apr-1986 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| A. S. Chowdary<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1980 <br />
| 02-Apr-1986 <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy_portrait.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Party}} <br />
| 10-Apr-1978 <br />
| 09-Apr-1984 <br />
| 2<br />
| Governor<br />
|-<br />
| Ghouse Mohiuddin Shaikh <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10/04/1978 <br />
| 09/04/1984 <br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chadalavada Venkatrao]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10/04/1978 <br />
| 09/04/1984 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[T. Anjaiah]] <br />
| [[File:Tanguturi_Anjaiah.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1978 <br />
| 19-Feb-1981<br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Buddha Priya Maurya]] <br />
| [[File:Buddha_Priya_Maurya_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1978 <br />
| 09-Apr-1984 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| N. P. Chengalraya Naidu <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1978 <br />
| 09-Apr-1984 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[N G Ranga]] <br />
| [[File:NG_Ranga_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 18/07/1977 <br />
| 02/04/1980 <br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Mohammad Rahamathulla<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1976 <br />
| 02-Apr-1982 <br />
| 1 <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Palavalasa Rajasekharam]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1976 <br />
| 02-Apr-1982 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| M Y Saleem <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03/04/1974 <br />
| 02/04/1980 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| R. Narasimha Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Party}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1974 <br />
| 02-Apr-1980 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[V. C. Kesava Rao]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1974 <br />
| 02-Apr-1986 <br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1974 <br />
| 20-Mar-1977<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kota Punnaiah]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1972 <br />
| 09-Apr-1978 <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kasim Ali Abid<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1972 <br />
| 09-Apr-1978<br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nuthalapati Joseph]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 30-Mar-1972 <br />
| 02-Apr-1974 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:N._Janardhana_Reddy_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1972 <br />
| 09-Apr-1978 <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Rathnabai Sreenivasa Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Party}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1972 <br />
| 09-Apr-1978 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| A. S. Chowdary<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1972 <br />
| 09-Apr-1978 <br />
| 3 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bezawada Papi Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Party}}<br />
| 10-Apr-1972 <br />
| 09-Apr-1978 <br />
|1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Todal Basar <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 27/05/1972 <br />
| 26/05/1978 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| M. R. Krishna<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 19-Jul-1972 <br />
| 02-Apr-1982 <br />
| 2 <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|[[K. L. N. Prasad]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1970<br />
| 16-Jul-1987<br />
| 3 <br />
| Died on 16 July 1987<br />
|-<br />
| V. B. Raju<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1970 <br />
| 02-Apr-1982 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Venigalla Satyanarayana]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03/04/1970 <br />
| 02/04/1982 <br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Gaddam Narayana Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1970 <br />
| 02-Apr-1976 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Katragadda Srinivasa Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1970 <br />
| 02-Apr-1976 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[M Anandam]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| 11-Mar-1969 <br />
| 02-Apr-1980 <br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Marri Chenna Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:DrMChannaReddy_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 27-Mar-1967 <br />
| 26-Nov-1968 <br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| M. Srinivasa Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1968 <br />
| 02-Apr-1974 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Jagarlamudi Chandramouli <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Swatantra Party}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1968 <br />
| 02-Apr-1974 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Sanda Narayanappa <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1968 <br />
| 02-Apr-1974 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[M H Samuel]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03/04/1968 <br />
| 02/04/1974 <br />
| 3 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yasoda Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 23/03/1967 <br />
| 02/04/1972 <br />
| 2 <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| J. C. Nagi Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1966 <br />
| 02-Apr-1972 <br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| M. V. Bhadram <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1966 <br />
| 02-Apr-1972 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J H Subbiah <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}<br />
| 03/04/1966 <br />
| 02/04/1972<br />
| 2<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| K. P. Mallikarjunudu <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1966 <br />
| 02-Apr-1972 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:NeelamSanjeevaReddy_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1966 <br />
| 24-Feb-1967<br />
| 3<br />
| Elected to Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Y. Adinarayana Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1964 <br />
| 02-Apr-1970 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]] <br />
| [[File:Damodaram_Sanjivayya_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03/04/1964 <br />
| 02/04/1976 <br />
| 2 <br />
|Central Minister<br />
|-<br />
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:NeelamSanjeevaReddy_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 20-Nov-1964 <br />
| 02-Apr-1966 <br />
| 3 <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Yella Reddy<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} <br />
| 03/04/1964 <br />
| 02/04/1970 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mary Naidu | M. L. Mary Naidu]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1964 <br />
| 02-Apr-1970 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[V. C. Kesava Rao]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03/04/1962 <br />
| 02/04/1968 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:K._V._Raghunatha_Reddy_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1962 <br />
| 02-Apr-1980 <br />
| 3<br />
| Central Minister & Governor<br />
|-<br />
| Kasu Vengala Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1962 <br />
| 02-Apr-1968 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chodagam Ammanna Raja|C. Ammanna Raja]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1962 <br />
| 02-Apr-1968 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| P. K. Kumaran<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1962 <br />
| 02-Apr-1968 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nookala Narotham Reddy|N. Narotham Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:N.Narothama_Reddy.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1962 <br />
| 02-Apr-1968<br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]<br />
| [[File:Burgula_Ramakrishna_Rao,_1952_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 21-Jun-1962 <br />
| 02-Apr-1966 <br />
| 1 <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|[[Kota Punnaiah]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1960 <br />
| 02-Apr-1972<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|D. Ramanuja Rao<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 16-Jun-1960 <br />
| 02-Apr-1962 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J. C. Nagi Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1960 <br />
| 16-Sep-1964 <br />
| 2 <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|K. L. Narasimha Rao<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1960 <br />
| 02-Apr-1966 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narla Venkateswara Rao]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Apr-1958 <br />
| 02-Apr-1970 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| S Channa Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03/04/1958 <br />
| 02/04/1964 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Narsing Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03/04/1958 <br />
| 02/04/1964 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Smt [[Yudvir Seeta]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03/04/1958 <br />
| 02/04/1970 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:Bezawada_Gopal_Reddy_(cropped).png|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 18-Aug-1958 <br />
| 27-Feb-1962 <br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| A. Chakradhar <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Independent (politician)}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1958 <br />
| 02-Apr-1964 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[M H Samuel]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 18/04/1957 <br />
| 02/04/1964 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nookala Narotham Reddy|N. Narotham Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:N.Narothama_Reddy.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 02-Apr-1956 <br />
| 15-Mar-1960<br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yasoda Reddy]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 15/02/1956 <br />
| 02/04/1962 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| V K Dhage <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} <br />
| 03/04/1956 <br />
| 02/04/1960 <br />
| 1 <br />
| HY state<br />
|-<br />
| Janardhan Rao Desai <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} <br />
| 03/04/1956 <br />
| 02/04/1962 <br />
| 1 <br />
| Mysore State<br />
|-<br />
| T J M Wilson<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 07/07/1955 <br />
| 02/04/1958 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| B V Gurumoorthy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 15/02/1954 <br />
| 02/04/1956 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Akbar Ali Khan (politician)|Akbar Ali Khan]]<br />
| [[File:Photo_Akbar_Ali_Khan.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1954 <br />
| 02-Apr-1972 <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Shaik Galib<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1954 <br />
| 12-Jul-1958 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| V Prasad Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| 03/04/1954 <br />
| 02/04/1960 <br />
| 1 <br />
| HY state<br />
|-<br />
| J V K Vallabh Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} <br />
| 03/04/1954 <br />
| 02/04/1960 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Adduru Balarami Reddy <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 30-Nov-1953 <br />
| 09-Mar-1962 <br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Alluri Satyanarayana Raju]] <br />
| [[File:Alluri_satyanarayana_raju.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 19-Nov-1953 <br />
| 02-Apr-1960 <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[V Venkataramana]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| 30/11/1953 <br />
| 02/04/1962 <br />
| 2 <br />
|[https://sansad.in/rs/members]<br />
|- <br />
| [[N. Prasad Rao|Nandury Durga Mallikarjuna Prasada Rao]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} <br />
| 30-Nov-1953 <br />
| 02-Apr-1956 <br />
| 1 <br />
| bye 1953<br />
|-<br />
| D Italia Dinshaw<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} <br />
| 03/04/1952 <br />
| 02/04/1956 <br />
| 1 <br />
| HY 52-56<br />
|-<br />
| B S Venkat Rao <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} <br />
| 03/04/1952 <br />
| 02/04/1954 <br />
| 1 <br />
| dea 04/11/1953 HY state<br />
|-<br />
| [[Osman Sobani]] <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} <br />
| 03/04/1952 <br />
| 02/04/1954 <br />
| 1 <br />
| HY state<br />
|-<br />
|J H Subbiah<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}<br />
|03/04/1952 <br />
| 02/04/1954 <br />
| 1<br />
| HY state<br />
|-<br />
| Puranmal S Lahoti <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03/04/1952 <br />
| 02/04/1956<br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| K Narayanappa <br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03/04/1952 <br />
| 02/04/1954 <br />
| 1 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]<br />
| [[File:NeelamSanjeevaReddy_(cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 22-Aug-1952 <br />
| 15-Sep-1953<br />
| 3<br />
| Madras State, Resigned to become Deputy Chief Minister of newly formed Andhra State<br />
|-<br />
|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]<br />
| [[File:Sundaraiah-Puchalapalli.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} <br />
| 03/04/1952 <br />
| 21/03/1955 <br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raj Bahadur Gour|Dr. Raj Bahadur Gour]]<br />
| [[File:Dr-Raj-Bahadur-Gour.png|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} <br />
| 03-Apr-1952<br />
| 02-Apr-1962 <br />
| 2 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Makineni Basavapunnaiah]]<br />
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|75px]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} <br />
| 03/04/1952 <br />
| 02/04/1966 <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Rajya Sabha members of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
*[http://rajyasabha.nic.in Rajya Sabha]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419165814/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/StatewiseList.asp State wise list]<br />
<br />
{{Rajya Sabha}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha|Andhra]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh| ]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of people from Andhra Pradesh]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Dolphin_(India)&diff=526960Project Dolphin (India)2026-03-04T13:37:23Z<p>Rajeev067: new basic data first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Dolphin conservation programme in India (2021-present)}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Project Dolphin<br />
| logo = Project Dolphin (India) official logo.png<br />
| formed = {{Start date and age|2020}}<br />
| parent_department = [[Wildlife Institute of India]], [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]<br />
| website = {{url|https://riverdolphin.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Wildlife of India}}<br />
'''Project Dolphin''' is a [[wildlife conservation]] movement initiated in India to protect the [[River dolphin|riverine]] and [[oceanic dolphin]]s. The project was initiated in 2020 by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] of the [[Government of India]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
After demands were made by wildlife activists for a project to save dolphins in India, [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced the launch of Project Dolphin during the [[Independence Day (India)|74th independence day]] celebrations on 15 August 2020.<ref name="PS">{{cite press release |date=15 August 2020 |title=The Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi addressed the Nation from the ramparts of the Red Fort on the 74th Independence Day |work=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1646044 |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> The project launched as an [[Government of India|Indian government]] initiative to conserve both [[River dolphin|riverine]] and [[oceanic dolphin]] species.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=153834&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=2|title=India’s Wildlife Conservation Milestones|work=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]]|date=3 March 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2019| title=Explained: Why India needs a Project Dolphin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-india-needs-a-project-dolphin-6167304/ |access-date=13 March 2023 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Harikishan |date=5 September 2020 |title=Project Dolphin: Why is it important to save a declining river species? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/project-dolphin-why-it-is-important-to-save-a-declining-river-species-6583544/ |access-date=13 March 2023 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref> The project is under the purview of the [[Wildlife Institute of India]], an autonomous body of the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Project – Project Dolphin |url=https://riverdolphin.in/about-the-project/ |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=Project Dolphin}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Activities and goals ==<br />
India's dolphins are at risk of extinction due to a variety of factors, namely: stranding in canal systems, constructions of waterways, unchecked fishing activity using nylon nets, noise pollution from ships, amidst other factors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Joshi |first=Prajakta |date=25 January 2023 |title=Will India lose its rare Dolphins in silence? |url=https://www.indiejournal.in/article/will-india-lose-it-s-rare-dolphins-in-silence |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=IndieJournal}}</ref> Project Dolphin involves a status monitoring of the species and their potential threats, in order to develop and implement a conservation action plan for protecting dolphins and the aquatic habitat. The project will provide financial support for conservation and anti-poaching activities. The project will also engage with local fishermen and other river/ocean dependent population to help improve the livelihood through other means.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tandon |first=Aditi |date=3 August 2022 |title=Involvement of fishing communities, transboundary cooperation could help mitigate threats to the Ganges river dolphin |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2022/08/involvement-of-fishing-communities-transboundary-cooperation-could-help-mitigate-threats-to-ganges-river-dolphin/ |access-date=13 March 2023| work=Mongabay}}</ref> It also aims to create employment opportunities and leverage the same for tourism.<ref name="PS"/><br />
<br />
As a part of the project, October 5th has been designated as "National Dolphin Day" by the environment ministry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Perinchery |first=Aathira |date=31 March 2022 |title=Why India’s New National Dolphin Day Is a Sham |url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/why-indias-new-national-dolphin-day-is-a-sham/ |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=The Wire Science}}</ref> As a part of the project, a dolphin breeding center for the [[Ganges river dolphin|Gangetic river dolphin]] is planned in the Bengal region in the stretch of the [[Ganges]] river between [[Farakka]] and [[Gangasagar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakraborti |first=Suman |date=10 March 2023 |title=On the cards, a dolphin breeding hub in Bengal |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/on-the-cards-a-dolphin-breeding-hub-in-bengal/articleshow/98529182.cms |access-date=13 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Indus river dolphin]]<br />
* [[Makara]]<br />
* [[Project Cheetah]]<br />
* [[Project Elephant]]<br />
* [[Project Tiger]]<br />
* [[South Asian river dolphin]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Projects established in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]<br />
[[Category:Conservation projects]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian river dolphins]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Land_Foundation_for_Relief_and_Development&diff=470060Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development2026-03-01T02:56:19Z<p>Rajeev067: enhanced layout after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Islamic charity in the United States}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Holy Land Foundation<br />for Relief and Development<br />
| logo = [[Image:Holy Land Foundation.jpg]]<br />
| type = Defunct<br />
| foundation = 1989<br />
| defunct = 2001<br />
| location = [[Richardson, Texas]], U.S.<br />
| key_people = [[Mousa Abu Marzook]] <br />[[Ghassan Elashi]]<br />
| homepage = [https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.hlf.org hlf.org]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development''' ('''HLF'''; {{Langx|ar|مؤسسة الأرض المقدسة للإغاثة والتنمية|Muʾassasat al-ʾArḍ al-Muqaddasa li-l-ʾIghātha wa-t-Tanmiya}}), originally known as '''Occupied Land Fund''' ({{langx|ar|صندوق الأرض المحتلة|Ṣundūq al-ʾArḍ al-Muḥtalla|label=none}}), was an [[Islam]]ic [[charitable organization|charity]] in the United States. <br />
<br />
Headquartered in [[Richardson, Texas]], and run by [[Palestinian-Americans]], the organization's stated mission was to "find and implement practical solutions for human suffering through humanitarian programs that impact the lives of the disadvantaged, disinherited, and displaced peoples suffering from man-made and natural disasters."<ref name="usblock">{{cite web |date=November 20, 2008 |title=Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons |url=http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/sdn/t11sdn.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109195856/http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/sdn/t11sdn.pdf |archive-date=November 9, 2008 |access-date=November 24, 2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Solving the Necessity Conundrum: What the Drug War Can Teach Us About Due Process for U.S. Charities in the Fight Against International Terrorist Financing |url=https://www.icnl.org/resources/research/ijnl/solving-the-necessity-conundrum-what-the-drug-war-can-teach-us-about-due-process-for-u-s-charities-in-the-fight-against-international-terrorist-financing |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=ICNL |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/19990221194319/http://www.hlf.org/contactus.htm Contact Us]." Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2001, the U.S. designated HLF a [[United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|terrorist organization]], seized its assets, and closed the organization. At the time it was the largest Muslim charitable organization in the United States. It had been under [[FBI]] surveillance since 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2008/november/hlf112508|title=FBI — Holy Land Foundation Convictions}}</ref><ref name="ca5.uscourts.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C09/09-10560-CR0.wpd.pdf|title=Revised January 13, 2012 "The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" United States of America vs Mohammad El-Mezain; Ghassan Elashi; Shukri Abu Bakr; Mufid Abdulqader; Abdulrahman Odeh; Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, also known as HLF. " No. 09-10560, Filed December 7, 2011, pg. 7}}</ref> In 2004, a federal grand jury in [[Dallas]], Texas, charged HLF and five former officers and employees with providing material support to [[Hamas]] and related offenses. The government's assertion was that HLF distributed charity through local [[zakat]] (charity) committees located in the [[West Bank]] that paid stipends to the families of [[Palestinian suicide attacks|Palestinian suicide bombers]] and Hamas prisoners; that Hamas controlled those zakat committees; that by distributing charity through Hamas-controlled committees, HLF helped Hamas build a [[grassroots]] support amongst the [[Palestinian people]]; and that these charity front organizations served a dual purpose of laundering the money for all of Hamas's activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C09/09-10560-CR0.wpd.pdf|title=Revised January 13, 2012 "The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" United States of America vs Mohammad El-Mezain; Ghassan Elashi; Shukri Abu Bakr; Mufid Abdulqader; Abdulrahman Odeh; Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, also known as HLF. " No. 09-10560, Filed December 7, 2011, pg. 8}}</ref><br />
<br />
Simultaneously, in November 2004, U.S. [[Magistrate Judge|magistrate judge]] Arlander Keys ruled that HLF, along with the [[Islamic Association of Palestine]] (IAP), were liable for the 1996 killing of 17-year-old American citizen David Boim in Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-11-11-0411110231-story.html|title=3 Islamic fundraisers held liable in terror death|last=Cohen|first=Laurie|date=November 11, 2004 |website=chicagotribune.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The first criminal trial, in 2007, ended in the partial [[acquittal]] of one defendant and a [[hung jury]] on all other charges. At a retrial in 2008, the jury found all defendants guilty on all counts. The 2008 trial of the charity leaders was the "largest terrorism financing prosecution in American history".<ref>[[Agence France-Presse]][https://web.archive.org/web/20110529023526/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jQhamE6J-SM-obuNztsdmJD9imHQ November 24, 2008]</ref> In 2009, the founders of the organization were given sentences of between 15 and 65 years in prison for "funnelling $12 million to Hamas".<ref>[https://jta.org/news/article/2009/05/28/1005480/holy-land-founders-get-life-sentences#When:10:32:00Z "Holy Land founders get life sentences."] ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]]''. May 28, 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
The trial has been criticised by some NGOs, including [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name=":2" /> Civil rights attorney Emily Ratner wrote that the use of anonymous and hearsay evidence by the prosecutors was "constitutionally questionable" at best.<ref name="br">{{cite web |last=Bridge Initiative Team |title=Factsheet: Holy Land Foundation |url=https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-holy-land-foundation/ |website=Bridge: A Georgetown University Initiative |publisher=Georgetown University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211123943/https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-holy-land-foundation/ |archive-date=11 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name="er">{{cite web |last1=Ratner |first1=Emily |title=Anonymous Accusers in the Holy Land: Subverting the Right of Confrontation in the United States' Largest Terrorism-Financing Trial |url=http://law.loyno.edu/sites/law.loyno.edu/files/Ratner.formatted.pdf |website=Loyola University New Orleans}}</ref> Families of the men charged, known as the Holy Land Five, have demanded their release.<ref name="middleeasteye.net">{{Cite web |title=Holy Land Five: Rights groups, families demand release over 'miscarriage of justice' |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/holy-land-five-rights-groups-families-demand-release-over-miscarriage-justice |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Early history (1988–1993) ===<br />
In 1988, Shukri Abu Baker established a tax-exempt charity, called the Occupied Land Fund, based in [[Indiana]]. The following year the charity raised $300,000. Two years later the OLF was incorporated by Baker, [[Ghassan Elashi]], and Mohammad el-Mezain in California and renamed the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development.<ref>Peled. p. 51</ref> In 1992, the HLF relocated to Richardson, Texas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C09/09-10560-CR0.wpd.pdf|title=Revised January 13, 2012 "The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" United States of America vs Mohammad El-Mezain; Ghassan Elashi; Shukri Abu Bakr; Mufid Abdulqader; Abdulrahman Odeh; Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, also known as HLF. " No. 09-10560, Filed December 7, 2011, pg. 9}}</ref> It had offices in California, New Jersey, and Illinois, and individual representatives scattered throughout the US, the [[West Bank]], and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<br />
<br />
[[Mousa Abu Marzook]], a political leader of [[Hamas]] and long time US resident, donated $210,000 to HLF in the early 1992. The donation was made before Hamas became a [[United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Designated Terrorist Organization]].<ref>[[Miko Peled|Peled, Miko]] (2018) ''Injustice. The Story of the Holy Land Foundation Five''. Just World Books. {{ISBN|978-1-68257-085-2}}. p. 133</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-1996-06-13/html/CREC-1996-06-13-pt1-PgE1081-4.htm|title=Congressional Record, Volume 142, Issue 87 (Thursday, June 13, 1996) |website=www.govinfo.gov|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> During this time, the US government alleged that Marzook led Baker, el-Mezain, and Elashi to create other Hamas-supporting organizations in the United States, including media entity [[Islamic Association of Palestine]], and the [[United Association for Studies and Research]] (UASR).<ref name=":0" /> Abu Baker was reported having been on IAP's board. The 1992 donation was fully disclosed on the HLF's tax returns. Marzook was deported from the US to Jordan in 1997. He was [[indict]]ed on August 20, 2004, by a US federal [[grand jury]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=#571: 08-20-04 CHICAGO AND WASHINGTON, D.C., AREA MEN AMONG THREE INDICTED IN RACKETEERING CONSPIRACY IN U.S. TO FINANCE HAMAS TERROR ABROAD |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2004/August/04_crm_571.htm |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.justice.gov}}</ref> He and two other individuals were charged with a 15-year conspiracy to raise funds for terrorist attacks against [[Israel]]. Neither HLF nor any HLF officer was charged in the Chicago indictment.<br />
<br />
=== Federal scrutiny (1994–2001) ===<br />
Before the designation of HLF as a terrorist organization, the government had been surveilling the organization pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ("FISA") as well as several individuals due to suspect activity.<ref name="ca5.uscourts.gov" /> In 1993, one month after the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]], Baker and Elashi participated in a public meeting in Philadelphia secretly recorded by the FBI. During this meeting, participants discussed their opposition to the Oslo Accords and their support of Hamas. Baker instructed that "if anyone should inquire about the purpose of the meeting, participants should explain that it was a 'joint workshop' between HLF and the IAP."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Revised January 13, 2012 "The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" United States of America vs Mohammad El-Mezain; Ghassan Elashi; Shukri Abu Bakr; Mufid Abdulqader; Abdulrahman Odeh; Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, also known as HLF. " No. 09-10560, Filed December 7, 2011, pg. 11 |url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C09/09-10560-CR0.wpd.pdf}}</ref> He also stated that participants should not refer to "samah" or Hamas spelled backwards explicitly, mentioning that it would be better for participants to obscure the meaning by saying "Sister Samah".<ref name=":1" /> Following this meeting, in 1994 the government searched the houses of two unindicted co-conspirators, Ismail Elbarasse and Abdelhaleen Masan Ashqar, where they found numerous documents labeling HLF as a fundraising arm for Hamas.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In 1994, the [[Anti-Defamation League]] and the [[American Jewish Congress]] launched a campaign demanding that the [[IRS]] revoke the HLF's tax-exempt status; the campaign was supported by [[Charles Schumer]], [[Nita Lowey]] and [[Eliot Spitzer]].<ref>Peled. p. 56</ref> Further government scrutiny and action was encouraged by the [[Cabinet of Israel|Israeli government]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Mike Allen |author2=Steven Mufson |date=2001-12-05 |title=U.S. Seizes Assets of 3 Islamic Groups |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/12/05/us-seizes-assets-of-3-islamic-groups/ad196eda-0bfc-4259-84f6-89d4ee60b888/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}}</ref> <br />
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In February 1995, the HLF and several other US Muslim organizations held a meeting with senior [[US Treasury Department]] officials asking for guidelines on how to avoid making inappropriate transactions with designated terrorist organizations. Those attending included the Chief of the International Programs Division, John Robert McBrien, the head of the [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]], Richard Newcomb, the head of the Licensing Division, Stephen Pinter, and the senior attorney in the Treasury Department's Chief Council's office, Serena Moe. The guidelines requested were finally released in 2002.<ref>Peled. pp. 72, 73</ref><br />
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During the mid-1990s, HLF distributed publications that stated HLF raised money for "widows, orphans, the homeless, and 'families of martyrs." In addition, the group lauded the fact that it was the "first to aid the 413 suspected Hamas activists whom Israel deported to Lebanon in 1992."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-1996-06-13/html/CREC-1996-06-13-pt1-PgE1081-4.htm |title=Congressional Record, Volume 142, Issue 87 (Thursday, June 13, 1996) |website=www.govinfo.gov|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> HLF also listed [[Islamic University of Gaza]]—also founded by Marzook—as one recipient of its aid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-29 |title=Moussa Abu Marzouk |url=https://ecfr.eu/special/mapping_palestinian_politics/moussa_abu_marzouk/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> In response to allegations that HLF provided funds to a religious school run by Jamil Hamami, who publicly identified as a senior Hamas leader, Baker argued that the school was well respected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-1996-06-13/html/CREC-1996-06-13-pt1-PgE1081-4.htm|title=Congressional Record, Volume 142, Issue 87 (Thursday, June 13, 1996)|website=www.govinfo.gov|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hamas admits to some confusion in its ranks |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/hamas-admits-to-some-confusion-in-its-ranks-1.33392 |access-date=2019-10-03 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 2000, HLF raised over $13 million, making it the largest [[Muslim]] charity in the United States at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#08-1046: Federal Jury in Dallas Convicts Holy Land Foundation and Its Leaders for Providing Material Support to Hamas Terrorist Organization (2008-11-24) |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2008/November/08-nsd-1046.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.justice.gov}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Terrorism designation (2001–2008) ===<br />
On December 4, 2001, under [[Executive Order 13224]] issued by President [[George W. Bush|Bush]], the Holy Land Foundation was designated a Domestic Terror Organization and closed down.<ref>Peled. p. 84</ref> Following HLF's designation as a terrorist organization, the assets of the organization were frozen by the [[FBI]] and Treasury agents. <br />
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According to the [[United States Department of Treasury]], HLF was making donations to Hamas run charities, ("[[zakat]] committees") and to schools "that served Hamas's ends by encouraging children to become [[suicide bomber]]s and to recruit suicide bombers by offering support to their families".<ref name="13224-e">{{cite web |title=Additional Background Information on Charities Designated Under Executive Order 13224 |url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/designationsum-.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602150934/http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/designationsum-.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-02 |access-date=2014-10-16 |publisher=Ustreas.gov}}</ref> While Treasury officials conceded that a "substantial amount" of the money raised went to worthy causes, they insisted that Holy Land's primary purpose had been to subsidize Hamas. Treasury officials had found that HLF provided the following amounts to "zakat" charities from 1992 to 2001: $366,584 to the Tulkarem Zakat Committee; $1,674,954 to the [[Islamic Charitable Society]] of Hebron ("ICS Hebron"); $475,715 to the Nablus Zakat Committee; $554,500 to the Jenin Zakat Committee; $494,252 to the Ramallah Zakat Committee; and $295,187 to the Qalqilia Zakat Committee. The Treasury argued that these charities were affiliated and controlled by Hamas despite functioning under the Israeli Military Administration. In addition, HLF sent $485,468 to the Islamic Science and Culture Committee from May 1991 until the committee was closed in 1996. Between 1992 and 2001 the HLF received $56 million in donations, and during 1995–2001 $12.4 million was spent outside the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revised January 13, 2012 "The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" United States of America vs Mohammad El-Mezain; Ghassan Elashi; Shukri Abu Bakr; Mufid Abdulqader; Abdulrahman Odeh; Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, also known as HLF. " No. 09-10560, Filed December 7, 2011, pg. 10 |url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C09/09-10560-CR0.wpd.pdf}}</ref> Repeated appeals to the courts by HLF to have the freeze lifted failed.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development v. Ashcroft|vol=219|reporter=F. Supp. 2d|opinion=57|court=D.D.C.|date=2002), aff'd, 333 F.3d 156 (D.C. Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1218 (2004}}</ref><br />
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On July 27, 2004, a federal [[grand jury]] in [[Dallas, Texas]], returned a 42-count indictment against the Holy Land Foundation.<ref name="ashcroft">{{cite web |author=Attorney General John Ashcroft |date=July 27, 2004 |title=Prepared Remarks re: Holy Land Foundation Indictment |url=http://www.justice.gov/archive/ag/speeches/2004/72704ag.htm |access-date=November 24, 2008 |publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref><ref>Peled. p. 91</ref> Charges included: [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]], [[Providing material support for terrorism|providing material support]] to a [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|foreign terrorist organization]], [[tax evasion]], and [[money laundering]]. The indictment alleged that the Holy Land Foundation provided more than $12.4 million to individuals and organizations linked to Hamas from 1995 to 2001, when their assets were frozen. The indictment also named specific officers of the Holy Land Foundation: President Shukri Abu Baker; Chairman [[Ghassan Elashi]]; and Executive Director Haitham Maghawri, and four others: Mohammad el-Mezain, Akram Mishal, [[Mufid Abdulqader]], and Abdulraham Odeh. Five of the seven were arrested. Maghawri and Mishal have not been found, and are considered [[fugitive]]s.<br />
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In December 2004, a federal judge in Chicago ruled that the Holy Land Foundation (along with the [[Islamic Association of Palestine]] and the [[Quranic Literacy Institute]]) was liable in a $156 million lawsuit for aiding and abetting the militant group Hamas in the death of David Boim, a 17-year-old U.S. citizen murdered by members of Hamas while visiting Israel in 1996.<ref><br />
{{cite news |date=December 8, 2004 |title=Hamas victim's family get $156m |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4080499.stm |access-date=November 24, 2008 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> This decision was the first time U.S. citizens or organizations were held liable under a 1990 federal law that permitted victims of terrorism to sue for civil damages.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} In 2007, this decision was reversed by the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago and sent back to the trial court.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-12-29 |title=U.S. court overturns $156 mln award in terror case |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economy/us-court-overturns-156-mln-award-in-terror-case-idUSN29512171/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In December 2005, the European Union froze its European assets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-01-07 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107142924/http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |archive-date=January 7, 2006 }}</ref><br />
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On July 3, 2007, [[Muslim Legal Fund of America]] agreed to fund the defense of the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development against allegations by the government that the charity provided "material support" for terror groups by providing basic necessities (i.e. food, clothing, shelter, etc.) for Palestinians under the Israeli occupation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.mlfa.org/mlfa-funds-defense-of-hlf-largest-american-muslim-charity/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614083936/https://www.mlfa.org/mlfa-funds-defense-of-hlf-largest-american-muslim-charity/ |archive-date=2021-06-14 |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=www.mlfa.org}}</ref><br />
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In October 2008, the [[United States Department of the Treasury]]'s [[Office of Foreign Asset Control]] designated HLF a [[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]].<ref name="usblock" /><br />
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In 2008, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals reheard the Boim lawsuit en banc.<ref name="Rowe">{{cite web |last=Rowe |first=Laura B. |title=Ending Terrorism with Civil Remedies: Boim v. Holy Land Foundation and the Proper Framework of Liability |url=http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Academic%20Programs/7CR/v4-2/rowe.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017084809/http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Academic%20Programs/7CR/v4-2/rowe.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-17 |access-date=2013-09-21 |publisher=Seventh Circuit Review vol 4 Iss. 3 spring 2008}}</ref> On November 3, 2008, the 7th Circuit upheld the $156 million award, agreeing that "those who donate funds to a known terrorist group are responsible under U.S. law for the group's actions – even if the donors contend that they only intended to support the group's 'humanitarian' activities."<ref>{{cite web |title=Boim v Holy Land Foundation |url=http://www.wlf.org/litigating/case_detail.asp?id=552 |publisher=Washington Legal Foundation}}</ref><br />
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=== Related groups ===<br />
Ghassan Elashi, HLF chairman, was also vice president of [[InfoCom Corporation]] of Richardson, Texas, indicted along with Hamas' Marzook.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Senior Leader of Hamas and Texas Computer Company Indicted for Conspiracy to Violate U.S. Ban on Financial Dealings with Terrorists |publisher=United States Department of Justice |date=December 18, 2002 |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2002/December/02_crm_734.htm |access-date=November 24, 2008}}</ref> InfoCom, an Internet company, shared personnel, office space, and board members with the HLF. The two organizations were formed in California around the same time, and the [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|Washington Institute]] has argued that both received [[seed money]] from Hamas leader Marzook.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matthew A. Levitt |date=August 1, 2002 |title=Hearing on 'The Role of Charities and NGOs in the Financing of Terrorist Activities' |url=http://banking.senate.gov/02_08hrg/080102/levitt.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081125172939/http://banking.senate.gov/02_08hrg/080102/levitt.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2008 |access-date=November 24, 2008}}</ref> InfoCom also maintained the web sites for HLF and [[Islamic Association of Palestine|IAP]] (Islamic Association of Palestine).<ref>{{cite web |date=December 18, 2002 |title=Fact Sheet on the Elashi Brothers and InfoCom |url=http://siteintelgroup.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=news1902&Category=news&Subcategory=0 |publisher=SITE Intelligence Group |access-date=November 24, 2008}}{{dead link|date=November 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><br />
<br />
== 2007 trial ==<br />
The first HLF criminal trial began on July 23, 2007, at the Earl Cabell Federal Building in [[Dallas, Texas]]. On October 22, 2007, Judge [[A. Joe Fish|Joe Fish]] declared a [[mistrial (law)|mistrial]] because the jurors were deadlocked.<br />
<br />
=== Testimony and evidence ===<br />
During the 2007 trial, the lawyers representing the foundation alleged that the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] fabricated quotes and modified transcripts.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-feb-25-na-holyland25-story.html | work=The Los Angeles Times | title=Charity's lawyers say quotes were fabricated | first=Greg | last=Krikorian | date=February 25, 2007}}</ref> The defendants attempted to motion for evidence collected under the [[Classified Information Procedures Act]] (CIPA) as unconstitutional, although Judge Fish denied this request on February 27, 2007.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-txnd-3_04-cr-00240/pdf/USCOURTS-txnd-3_04-cr-00240-2.pdf|title=United States District Court – Northern District of Texas Dallas Division, "United States of America, Plaintiff, vs. Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development (01), Shukri Abu Baker (02) Mohammad El-Mezain (03) Ghassan Elashi (04) Mufid Abdulqader (07), and Abdulraham Odeh (08), Defendants. Criminal Action No. 3:04-CR-240-G, Filed February 27, 2007}}</ref> The defendants argued that they themselves needed access to each classified intercepts to find exculpatory information and that the summaries provided were inaccurate. <br />
<br />
Judge Fish noted that the court was already aware that not every intercept was summarized by the government nor was every intercepted collected listened to by the government. Fish claimed that the defendants' access was already sufficient since they had personal access to all the declassified summaries of the FISA intercepts and to the four lines of FISA intercepts that were fully declassified. Their attorneys who possessed security clearances could also access all FISA intercepts the government produced. Judge Fish mentioned that if this was insufficient then the parties could use the summaries of intercepts and other criteria – such as the phone numbers involved in the communications – to identify specific relevant intercepts in order to ask the government to review and declassify the identified intercepts.<ref name="auto1"/> Judge Fish criticized the defendants for seeking to declare the whole of CIPA as unconstitutional rather than utilize the pathway to declassification already laid out for them on December 8, 2006. In response to the mistranslated summaries, Judge Fish noted that unless the defendants found more than the one example provided amongst the declassified summaries that are significantly inaccurate or misleading, they could not provide that the presented inaccuracies were widespread rather than an isolated incident. Judge Fish again mentioned that the defendants could use the aforementioned pathway for declassification of FISA evidence and stated that the defendants could request relief if they found widespread issues related to misleading summaries, although "it is highly unlikely that such appropriate relief would include a declaration that CIPA is unconstitutional."<ref name="auto1"/><br />
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On July 5, 2007, Judge Fish again denied the defendants request to prevent the government from introducing or relying upon any communications from lines that the defendants could not access and prohibit the government from using forty-five transcripts of conversations that the defendants never received in summary form.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-txnd-3_04-cr-00240/pdf/USCOURTS-txnd-3_04-cr-00240-11.pdf|title=United States District Court – Northern District of Texas Dallas Division, "United States of America, Plaintiff, vs. Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development (01), Shukri Abu Baker (02) Mohammad El-Mezain (03) Ghassan Elashi (04) Mufid Abdulqader (07), and Abdulraham Odeh (08), Defendants." Criminal Action No. 3:04-CR-240-G. July 5, 2007.}}</ref> Judge Fish denied the request stating that the "forty-five intercepts constitute less than twenty-three percent of the intercepts the government intends to use at trial" and that the government offered starting in August 2005 to seek declassification of any intercepts the defendants would request. Judge Fish criticized the defendants' lawyers as having "drag their feet" and "having refused to seek declassification of specific documents for at least eighteen months after the government offered its assistance, the defendants now wish to place blame on the government for their own failure to seek declassification of documents in preparation for trial." Of the government's 200 transcripts designated for use at trial, the defendants had access to full transcripts for 50 of the intercepts, and access to 105 declassified summaries of additional intercepts. They roughly had access to 155 of 200 or 77.5% of the intercepts the government planned to use at trial.<ref name="auto"/><br />
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Critics pointed out erroneous evidence produced during the trial. For example, over defence objection, the government called two anonymous witnesses: an Israeli Security Agency (ISA) employee who was known to the jurors and the defense as "Avi" and an [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli Defense Forces]] officer who was known to the jurors and the defense as "Major Lior". The defense lawyers were not permitted to know the names of these witnesses.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Holy Land Five|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2016/10/holy-land-foundation-hamas-161004083025906.html|access-date=8 October 2016|agency=Aljazeera|publisher=Aljazeera|date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=After Israel's Designation of Human Rights Groups as "Terrorists," Biden Should Release Palestinian-Americans Imprisoned Over Similar Claims |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/11/after-israels-designation-human-rights-groups-terrorists-biden-should-release |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> The government cited legal restrictions and safety concerns to protect Avi's identity, of which the motion for protective measures was granted his testimony was based on "much of the material that has previously been provided to the defense... as well as some of the documentation seized from the Holy Land Foundation's offices." However, the government was ordered to provide the defendants with all ''"tangible'' underlying facts and data, not previously produced, upon which the ISA agent relies in reaching his opinion."<ref name="govinfo.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-txnd-3_04-cr-00240/pdf/USCOURTS-txnd-3_04-cr-00240-15.pdf|title=United States District Court – Northern District of Texas Dallas Division, "United States of America, Plaintiff, vs. Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development (01), Shukri Abu Baker (02) Mohammad El-Mezain (03) Ghassan Elashi (04) Mufid Abdulqader (07), and Abdulraham Odeh (08), Defendants." Criminal Action No. 3:04-CR-240-G. Filed July 16, 2007.}}</ref> Other expert testimony included Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Johns Hopkins University lecturer, and former intelligence research specialist at the FBI Matthew Levitt, Col. Jonathen Fighel, and acting unit chief for the FBI's cryptanalysis and racketeering records unit Daniel B. Olsen. Olsen's testimony focused on Hamas' financial infrastructure, including their financial records and affiliated zakat committees. Levitt's testimony focused on Hamas' origins, leaders and prominent members, and structure.<ref name="govinfo.gov"/><br />
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The government did not allege that HLF paid directly for suicide bombings, but instead that the foundation supported terrorism by sending more than $12 million to charitable groups, known as zakat or charity committees, which provide social goods and services. The prosecution said the committees were controlled by Hamas, and contributed to terrorism by helping Hamas spread its ideology, recruit supporters, and provide a front for laundering money and soliciting donations.<ref name="Eaton" /> Some of these charitable committees were still receiving US funding through the USAID program as late as 2006. Although none of the zakat committees were included on the Treasury Department list of designated terrorist organizations, the government alleged that HLF knew these charities were controlled by Hamas and acted as a branch of Hamas within the United States. Avi testified that the zakat committees were controlled by Hamas starting in 1991. Moreover, conversations captured from the Philadelphia meeting in 1993 had Hamas leader Muin Shabib discussing the zakat committees relationship to Hamas. Another 1991 letter addressed to Baker used similar language implying Hamas control of the zakat charities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C09/09-10560-CR0.wpd.pdf|title=Revised January 13, 2012 "The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" United States of America vs Mohammad El-Mezain; Ghassan Elashi; Shukri Abu Bakr; Mufid Abdulqader; Abdulrahman Odeh; Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, also known as HLF. " No. 09-10560, Filed December 7, 2011, pg. 13–14}}</ref> This evidence established HLF's relationship with Hamas prior to 1995. Following Hamas' designation, financial documents and testimony showed that HLF provided funds to the same Hamas-controlled zakat committees as prior to the designation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C09/09-10560-CR0.wpd.pdf|title=Revised January 13, 2012 "The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" United States of America vs Mohammad El-Mezain; Ghassan Elashi; Shukri Abu Bakr; Mufid Abdulqader; Abdulrahman Odeh; Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, also known as HLF. " No. 09-10560, Filed December 7, 2011, pg. 14}}</ref> Evidence seized in an Israeli raid from the zakat committees buttressed this claim, as video recordings showed school ceremonies and other events that promoted Hamas ideology, such as teaching children plays about suicide bombings, as well as the connections of multiple Hamas leaders to the zakat committees.<ref name="ca5.uscourts.gov"/><br />
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Other evidence included seizures from HLF's offices in Texas, New Jersey, Illinois, California, wire taps, financial documents, evidence seized by the Israeli military from the zakat committees and from the Palestinian Authorities' headquarters in Ramallah. Video recordings showed the defendants appearing at HLF fundraising events attended by Hamas leaders and explicitly soliciting donations following praising Hamas. One video that implicated HLF leaders was surprisingly found buried in the backyard of Falls Church resident Marcial Peredo whose home was formerly occupied by Fawaz Mushtaha who played in the same band as one of the defendants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C09/09-10560-CR0.wpd.pdf|title=Revised January 13, 2012 "The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" United States of America vs Mohammad El-Mezain; Ghassan Elashi; Shukri Abu Bakr; Mufid Abdulqader; Abdulrahman Odeh; Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, also known as HLF. " No. 09-10560, Filed December 7, 2011, pg. 13}}</ref> Peredo was in the process of landscaping his yard when he discovered a buried box of old data tapes, as well as charred cell phones, money, maps, and tape containers in the built-in outdoor grill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keranews.org/post/holy-land-trials-third-witness|title=Holy Land Trial's Third Witness|website=www.keranews.org|date=26 July 2007|language=en|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> Additional evidence included Marzook's personal connections to the defendants, including telephone calls to El-Mezain and Baker, and listing some of the defendants' contact information in his personal book. There were also numerous financial transactions between the defendants and Marzook and Marzook's wife Nadia who is also the cousin of Elashi.<br />
<br />
=== Mistrial ===<br />
After 19 days of deliberations, the 2007 jury was unable to come to a definitive conclusion and the case ended in a mistrial. While 200 charges were filed against the defendants, the jurors had acquitted on some counts and were deadlocked on charges ranging from [[tax violation]]s to providing material support for terrorists. El-Mezain was acquitted of all but one of the 32 charges against him, with the jury deadlocking on a single count of conspiracy. One juror mentioned that the panel found little evidence against three defendants and was split on charges against Baker and Elashi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/23/us/23charity.html|title=U.S. Prosecution of Muslim Group Ends in Mistrial|last=Eaton|first=Leslie|date=2007-10-23|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-03|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported: "The decision today is 'a stunning setback for the government, there's no other way of looking at it,' said Matthew D. Orwig, a partner at [[Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal]] who was, until recently, [[United States Attorney]] for the Eastern District of Texas. 'This is a message, a two-by-four in the middle of the forehead,' Orwig said. 'If this doesn't get their attention, they are just in complete denial,' he said of Justice Department officials, who he said may not have recognized how difficult such cases are to prosecute."<ref name="Eaton">{{cite news<br />
| last = Eaton<br />
| first = Leslie<br />
| title = No Convictions in Trial Against Muslim Charity<br />
| work = The New York Times<br />
| date = October 22, 2007<br />
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/us/22cnd-holyland.htm <br />
| access-date = November 24, 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Experts found the jury's inability to come to a definitive conclusion to be evidence of weakness in the government's ability to provide clear enough evidence against the charity. The ''[[LA Times]]'' reported that [[Georgetown University]] law professor David Cole said: "If the government can shut them down and then not convince a jury the group is guilty of any wrongdoing, then there is something wrong with the process".<ref name="LATimes">[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/1376920411.html?dids=1376920411:1376920411&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT "Weak case seen in failed trial of charity; Muslim relief group was shut based on charges that ended in mistrial."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018064805/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/1376920411.html?dids=1376920411:1376920411&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |date=2012-10-18 }}, by Greg Krikorian, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', November 4, 2007, p. A22.</ref> "The whole case was based on assumptions that were based on suspicions", said juror Scroggins, who added: "If they had been a Christian or Jewish group, I don't think [prosecutors] would have brought charges against them."<ref name=LATimes/><br />
<br />
== 2008 retrial and convictions ==<br />
The HLF retrial began on August 18, 2008. The prosecution again presented the two anonymous Israeli witnesses, "Avi" and "Major Lior".<ref>{{cite web|title=Judgement No. 09-10560|url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C09/09-10560-CR0.wpd.pdf|publisher=United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit}}</ref> In an effort to strengthen its unsuccessful presentation at the first trial, the prosecution added testimony from former National Security Council staff member Steven Simon, from Treasury Department official Robert McBrien, and from Mohamed Shorbagi, who had pleaded guilty to charges unrelated to HLF and was cooperating with the prosecution. The prosecution also placed into evidence documents that, according to "Major Lior", the IDF had recovered from the Palestinian Authority headquarters in Ramallah during an IDF operation in 2002 known as "[[Operation Defensive Shield]]".<ref name="LRB-2015-01">[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n02/francis-fitzgibbon/low-hanging-fruit Low-Hanging Fruit – Francis FitzGibbon on the show trial of the Holy Land Foundation] (January 2015), ''[[London Review of Books]]''</ref><br />
<br />
On November 24, 2008, the government obtained [[guilty verdict]]s on all counts against HLF and the five individual defendants in the retrial. HLF was found guilty of giving more than $12 million to support Hamas. The charges on which the jury found the defendants guilty included conspiracy to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization, providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization, and conspiracy to commit money laundering.<br />
<br />
"Today's verdicts are important milestones in America's efforts against financiers of terrorism," Patrick Rowan, assistant attorney general for national security, said after the trial. "This prosecution demonstrates our resolve to ensure that humanitarian relief efforts are not used as a mechanism to disguise and enable support for terrorist groups."<br />
<br />
The five convicted individuals were [[Ghassan Elashi]], former CEO Shukri Abu-Baker, [[Mufid Abdulqader]], Abdulrahman Odeh, and Mohammad El-Mezain. <br />
* Abu-Baker was sentenced to 65 years.<br />
* Elashi, also a member of the founding Board of Directors of the Texas branch of the [[Council on American-Islamic Relations]] (CAIR), was sentenced to 65 years.<br />
* Mufid Abdulqader was sentenced to 20 years.<br />
* Abdelrahman Odeh was sentenced to 15 years.<br />
* El-Mezain, former endowments director, sentenced to 15 years.<br />
<br />
Because of the potential lengthy sentences for the [[criminal conviction]]s, the individual defendants were remanded into custody without [[bail]] pending any appeal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guilty Verdicts in Holy Land Foundation Retrial |work=CBS 11 / TXA 21 Dallas Fort-Worth |date=November 24, 2008 |url=http://cbs11tv.com/local/holy.land.retrial.2.872727.html |access-date=November 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210132823/http://cbs11tv.com/local/holy.land.retrial.2.872727.html |archive-date=December 10, 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Post-conviction ==<br />
A 2011 [[NPR]] report claimed some of the people associated with this group were imprisoned in a highly restrictive [[Communication Management Unit]].<ref name=npr2/><br />
<br />
The defendants appealed their convictions and sentences to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. On December 7, 2011, the court of appeals affirmed the convictions and sentences.<ref>{{cite court<br />
|litigants=United States v. El-Mezain<br />
|vol=664<br />
|reporter=F.3d<br />
|opinion=467<br />
|court=5th Cir.<br />
|date=2011), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 525 2012<br />
}}</ref> The court found that the trial court had erred in admitting each of the additional items of evidence on which the prosecution relied in the second trial (the Simon testimony, the McBrien testimony, the Shorbagi testimony, and the documents recovered from the Palestinian Authority headquarters).<ref>Id. at 496, 499–501, 512, 516.</ref> But the court of appeals found that the errors in admitting this evidence were harmless (i.e., that the errors did not affect the outcome of the trial).<ref>Id. at 525–535.</ref><br />
<br />
The defendants petitioned the court of appeals for rehearing. They contended that the four erroneously admitted items of evidence were the key differences between the first trial, where the jury did not return a single guilty verdict, and the second trial, where the jury returned guilty verdicts on every count.<ref>United States v. El-Mezain, No. 09-10560, Appellants' Joint Petition for Rehearing En Banc (filed Jan. 4, 2012).</ref> The court of appeals denied the petition for rehearing without comment.<ref>United States v. El-Mezain, No. 09-10560, Order Denying Petition for Rehearing (Feb. 17, 2012).</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2012, Elashi, Baker, Abdulqader, and Odeh filed a petition for writ of [[certiorari]] with the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]], challenging their convictions on [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sixth Amendment]] grounds and thereby requesting that the high court review their convictions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/11-1390.htm |title=''Elashi v. United States'' Docket|publisher=U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/elashi-v-united-states|title= Cases in the Pipeline, ''Elashi v. United States''|publisher=scotusblog.com}}</ref> The defendants asserted that the prosecution's use of two anonymous witnesses during their trial was impermissible as a matter of law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/11-1390-Elashi-v.-U.S.-Petition.pdf|title=Defendants' Petition for Certiorari, ''Elashi v. United States'', May 21, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
On October 29, 2012, the United States Supreme Court denied the petition for writ of certiorari.<ref>Elashi v. United States, No. 11-1390, 133 S. Ct. 525 (2012)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/11-1390.htm|title=Search – Supreme Court of the United States|website=www.supremecourt.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |url=https://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/10/30/3110666/supreme-court-denies-appeal-of-holy-land-foundation-convictions |title=Supreme Court denies appeal of Holy Land Foundation convictions |publisher=Jta.org |date=2012-10-30 |access-date=2014-06-04 |archive-date=2012-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102205336/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/10/30/3110666/supreme-court-denies-appeal-of-holy-land-foundation-convictions |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
On December 12, 2024, [[Mufid Abdulqader]] was released from [[Federal Correctional Institution, Seagoville|Seagoville, Texas Federal Correctional Institution]] after 16 years of imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/yaakub_ira/p/DDe49e7Rs3k/}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Criticism of the trial ===<br />
British barrister Francis FitzGibbon QC has called the second trial a "show trial" which relied on "untested and untestable evidence", hearsay evidence, prejudicial evidence, and the showing to the jury of additional material which was not part of the evidence at all. These add up to "patent failings and abuses in the legal process".<ref name="LRB-2015-01" /> FitzGibbon also doubts the strength of the prosecution's case because, among other reasons, the [[United States Agency for International Development]] funded the same zakat committees named in the indictment of the HLF, and continued to do so for three years after it had shut down the HLF.<ref name="LRB-2015-01" /><br />
<br />
In 2018, [[Miko Peled]] published the book ''Injustice: The Story of the Holy Land Foundation Five'', in which he catalogs the trial of the criminalization and dismantling of the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, leading to the arrest and jailing of Foundation President Shukri Abu Baker, Chairman [[Ghassan Elashi]], Mohammad el-Mezain, [[Mufid Abdulqader]] and Abdulraham Odeh. According to Peled, "the American justice [...] can convict a hundred innocents for one who is guilty".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/08/05/holy-land-foundation-trial-palestine-israel/|title=The Unjust Prosecution of the Holy Land Foundation Five|first=Charles|last=Glass|website=The Intercept|date=5 August 2018}}</ref> Peled also argued that none of the recipients of aid were family members of suicide bombers and questions why Hamas continued to flourish since the foundation shut down.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
Civil rights attorney Emily Ratner wrote that the use of anonymous and hearsay evidence by the prosecutors was "constitutionally questionable" at best.<ref name="br" /><ref name="er" /> Additionally, much of the evidence used to convict the Holy Land Foundation was "secret evidence" which the defense was unable to read or even know who made it.<ref name="br" /><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/crsj/vol20/iss1/7/|title = The Holy Land Foundation Case: The Collapse of American Justice|journal = Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice|date = September 2013|volume = 20|issue = 1|page = 45|last1 = Nancy|first1 = Hollander}}</ref> According to [[Marjorie Cohn]], professor emerita of the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, the trial was a "grave miscarriage of justice" and "capitalized on post-9/11 Islamophobic hysteria" in order to convict the Holy Land Five. [[Pulitzer Prize]] journalist [[Chris Hedges]] describes it as "one of the most egregious cases of injustice committed to date against Muslim leaders in the United States."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://justworldbooks.com/books/injustice/|title = Injustice|publisher = Just World Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bethlehem.edu/2021/11/11/the-struggle-for-a-democratic-state-in-historic-palestine/|title = The Struggle for a Democratic State in Historic Palestine – Bethlehem University| date=11 November 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Human Rights Watch]] has condemned the trial as it was based on hearsay evidence and called on the [[Biden administration]] to release all 5 accused.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Ongoing legal efforts ===<br />
On November 24, 2022, [[Within Our Lifetime]], the Coalition for Civil Freedoms and the [[Samidoun]] Prisoner Network launched a campaign to release the Holy Land Five.<ref name="middleeasteye.net"/><br />
<br />
=== Prosecution response ===<br />
Levitt has claimed in response that the [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] did not properly vet recipients.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Better Late than Never |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/better-late-than-never-keeping-usaid-funds-out-of-terrorist-hands |access-date=2019-10-03 |website=www.washingtoninstitute.org |language=en}}</ref> Until June 2006, USAID lacked important background identifier information on individuals such as date of birth and full names. According to a Government Accountability Office report, USAID lacked even a procedure to verify the accuracy of individual's names. In March 2006, the USAID mission to Tel Aviv eliminated a requirement to periodically reevaluate partners resulting in a lack of scrutiny for organizations later tied to terrorists. Finally, USAID did not vet recipients that received funds under $25,000 from 2001 to 2003 and under $100,000 post 2003 until 2006 when the threshold returned to $25,000.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
=== Civil Litigation and Appeal ===<br />
Following the closure of the HLF offices, Shukri Baker and Ghassan Elashi lodged a civil case to unfreeze HLF assists and reverse the designation of the HLF as a Terrorist Organization.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} {{When|date=July 2025}}The case was held before Judge [[Gladys Kessler]], a [[Bill Clinton]] appointment. The Executive Order was based on an "administrative record" explaining the reasons behind the decision to designate the HLF as a terrorist organization. The report claimed that the HLF was a front for Hamas. <br />
<br />
The report contained a number of documents including one that claimed Shukri Baker was a member of Hamas. None of the statements quoted were taken under oath. The key claim was a list of 70–80 orphans who had received support from the HLF and that they were children of Hamas fighters. Baker and Elashi's lawyers analysed the list and found that only three of the fathers were involved in armed resistance. They had been killed preparing a bomb. They also noted that the list contained children of 11 men killed by Hamas for collaborating with the Israeli secret services. Another document contained a statement from a former manager of the HLF Jerusalem office which the lawyers were able to prove was a fabrication.<ref>Peled. pp. 102, 103</ref><br />
<br />
Before the case could proceed and be presented to a jury Judge Kessler dismissed the case and ordered that all evidence submitted be struck from the record. This decision was appealed. The [[Circuit court#Federal courts of appeals|Circuit Court of Appeals]] found that Judge Kessler had been mistaken in dismissing the case but that since this was a special case involving national security they would let the decision stand. The appellants were denied permission to appeal to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].<ref>Peled. pp. 105, 106</ref><br />
<br />
In 2003 the HLF's lawyers learnt that there was a criminal investigation underway. Their lawyer, John Boyd, later said they regretted filing the civil case since it led the Government to abandon the original charges which had been so effectively refuted and create a completely new case.<ref>Peled. pp. 102, 107</ref><br />
<br />
=== Cultural Discourse ===<br />
On February 22, 2022, Nida Abu Baker, the daughter of Shukri Abu Baker released a two part documentary - titled ''The'' ''Holy Land 5 -'' directed by Mohammad Omar. It discusses the controversy regarding the trial and history of the Holy Land Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Land 5 Film Screening – Massachusetts Peace Action |url=https://masspeaceaction.org/event/holy-land-5-film-screening/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=masspeaceaction.org |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Portal|Palestine|Islam}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|2|refs=<br />
<ref name=npr2><br />
[https://www.npr.org/2011/03/03/134227726/data-graphics-population-of-the-communications-management-units Data & Graphics: Population Of The Communications Management Units], Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, [[NPR]], March 3, 2011, retrieved 2024-11-25 from npr.org<br />
</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.hlf.org Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development] (Archive)<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict legal issues]]<br />
[[Category:History of Hamas]]<br />
[[Category:Charities based in Texas]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations based in North America designated as terrorist]]<br />
[[Category:Funding of terrorism]]<br />
[[Category:Richardson, Texas]]<br />
[[Category:Covert organizations]]<br />
[[Category:2000s trials]]<br />
[[Category:Union of Good]]<br />
[[Category:Palestinian-American history]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign charities operating in Palestine]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 1989]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2001]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]<br />
[[Category:Israel–United States relations]]<br />
[[Category:Palestine–United States relations]]<br />
[[Category:Political controversies in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Controversies in Texas]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American trials]]<br />
[[Category:1989 establishments in Texas]]<br />
[[Category:2001 disestablishments in Texas]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakhisarai_Junction_railway_station&diff=447887Lakhisarai Junction railway station2026-02-26T06:32:17Z<p>Rajeev067: page updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Lakhisarai, Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]]<br />{{font color|blue|LAKHISARAI JUNCTION}}<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] Station<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = [[Lakhisarai]], [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]], [[Bihar]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|10|18|N|86|5|38|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|53|m|ft}}<br />
| owned = <br />
| operator = <br />
| line = [[Howrah–New Delhi main line]]<br/>[[Asansol–Patna section]]<br/>[[Gaya–Kiul line]]<br/>[[Barauni]]–[[Luckeesarai]] Section<br />
| platform = 5<br />
| tracks = 6<br />
| other = [[Kiul Junction]]<br />[[Patna Junction]]<br />[[Barauni Junction]]<br />[[Gaya Junction]]<br />
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| accessible = <br />
| status = Functioning<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = LKR<br />
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Danapur}}<br />
}}<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|1864}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = No<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| former = East Indian Railway<br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| map_locator = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| entrances = <br />
| baggage_check = <br />
}}<br />
{{Howrah–Delhi main line|collapse=y}}<br />
<br />
'''Lakhisarai Junction''' also called ''Luckeesarai Junction'' station code LKR, is one of the major railway junctions in [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]. Lakhisarai is connected to [[metropolitan area]]s of India, by the [[Howrah–Delhi main line|Delhi–Kolkata Main Line]] via Mugalsarai–Patna route which runs along the historic [[Grand Trunk Road]].<br />
<br />
== Line and locations ==<br />
Lakhisarai Junction located on the bank of [[Kiul River]] serves the headquarters of [[Lakhisarai district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Railways and roads are the main means of transport in the region. The district headquarters has the presence of Danapur division's main line along with [[Sahibganj loop]] loop line.<ref name=official>{{cite web|title=About District|url=http://lakhisarai.bih.nic.in/AboutDistrict.htm#Transport|publisher=Official District website|accessdate=15 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410053206/http://lakhisarai.bih.nic.in/AboutDistrict.htm#Transport|archivedate=10 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=brandbihar>{{cite web|title=Lakhisarai|url=http://www.brandbihar.com/english/districts/lakhisarai/lakhisarai.html|work=Overview|publisher=BrandBihar|accessdate=15 April 2012}}</ref> The main line crosses the Kiul River between {{stnlnk|Kiul Junction}} and Lakhisarai Junction.<ref name="O'malley2007">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'malley|title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers : Monghyr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONw8apR5mVYC&pg=PR5|accessdate=18 April 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-135-7|pages=5–}}</ref> The [[Asansol–Gaya section#Branch lines from Gaya|Kiul–Nawada–Gaya]] branch line also starts from the Kiul Junction near to Lakhisarai.<ref name="organic bihar">{{cite web|title=EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |url=http://www.organicbihar.com/about_munger.html |publisher=organicbihar |accessdate=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025174520/http://www.organicbihar.com/about_munger.html |archivedate=25 October 2010 }}</ref> Lakhisarai has a religious importance as it is the place where [[Mahavira]], [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], achieved [[Kevala Jnana]]. The Lakhisarai railway station is in [[Howrah–Delhi main line|Howrah–Patna–Mughalsarai main line]]. Most of the [[Patna]], Barauni-bound express trains coming from Howrah, [[Sealdah]], [[Ranchi]], [[Tatanagar]] stop here.<br />
<br />
== Facilities ==<br />
The major facilities available are waiting rooms, computerized reservation facility, reservation counter, vehicle parking.<ref name=computerized_list>{{cite web|title=List of Locations (Irrespective Of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |publisher=Official website of the [[Indian Railways]] |accessdate=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |archivedate= 3 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name=waitingroom>{{cite news|title=Rlys wants waiting rooms, retiring rooms vacated|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-25/patna/29702695_1_danapur-division-railway-premises-railway-quarters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-25/patna/29702695_1_danapur-division-railway-premises-railway-quarters|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2011|accessdate=17 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 June 2011}}</ref> The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. The station also has STD/ISD/PCO telephone booth, toilets, tea stall and book stall. Automatic ticket vending machines have been installed to reduce the queue for train tickets on the station.<ref name=toi_model>{{cite news|title=8 more stations to be made models|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/8-more-stations-to-be-made-models/articleshow/9606303.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-12/patna/27114696_1_terminal-station-passengers-amenities-year-danapur|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=17 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 May 2002}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Platform ==<br />
There are five platforms. The platforms are interconnected with [[foot overbridge]].<ref name=fob>{{cite news|title=Plan to improve passenger amenities|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-10/patna/27863618_1_passenger-amenities-danapur-division-railways-plan|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104072506/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-10/patna/27863618_1_passenger-amenities-danapur-division-railways-plan|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|accessdate=17 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2005}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Connections==<br />
The nearest airports to Lakhisarai Station are:<br />
#[[Gaya Airport]] {{Convert|141|km}}<br />
#[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] {{Convert|126|km}}<br />
#[[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] {{Convert|247|km}}<br />
#[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IndiaRailInfo|595}}<br />
* [http://lakhisarai.bih.nic.in/ Official website of the Lakhisarai district]<br />
<br />
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1864]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Lakhisarai district]]<br />
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Danapur railway division]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Public_School,_Rohini&diff=496076Delhi Public School, Rohini2026-02-22T16:19:07Z<p>Rajeev067: made first stub basic info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=June 2012}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Delhi Public School Rohini<br />
| native_name =<br />
| latin_name = <br />
| logo = <br />
| seal_image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = Service Before Self<br />
| motto_translation = Concordia Discors<br />
| location = <br />
| address = Sector-24 Phase-III<br />
| region = <br />
| city = [[Rohini Sub City|Rohini]]<br />
| state = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| province = <br />
| postal_code = 110085<br />
| zipcode = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.7263132|77.0870760998211|region:IN-DL_type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br />
| schooltype = <br />
| fundingtype = <br />
| type = Private school<br />
| religious_affiliation = <br />
| denomination = <br />
| patron = <br />
| established = {{Start date|1995|07|03|df=y}}<br />
| founded = <br />
| opened = <br />
| founder = June Fernandes<br />
| gender = Boys & Girls<br />
| principal = Kanika Sachdeva Govi<br />
| headmistress = <br />
| enrolment = <br />
| avg_class_size = 38<br />
| houses = Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Sabarmati, Kaveri, Ganga, Narmada<br />
| enrollment = 2,562<br />
| language = English, Hindi, French, German, Japanese<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.dpsrohini.com}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Delhi Public School Rohini''' ('''DPS Rohini''') is a school located in [[Rohini Sub City|Rohini]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]. The school was established on 3 July 1995 under the aegis of the [[Delhi Public School Society]]. The school began with 250 students in borrowed premises off DPS Mathura Road, with eight teachers and June Fernandes as the founder head mistress. The current principal is Kanika Sachdeva Govi. It has about 2500 students.<br />
<br />
Every year, Delhi Public School Rohini has sent its outgoing pupils to several institutions of repute, ranging from IIT's, BITS Pilani, AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences), [[Sri Ram College of Commerce|SRCC]] in India to [[Stanford University]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]], University of California, University of Illinois, University of Texas and Sarah Lawrence College, USA, University of Nottingham, UK and other institutions.<br />
<br />
The school is rated 4.4 out of 5 as per Rating and Reviews available on SchoolMyKids.com.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/school/india/delhi-public-school-rohini-delhi-north-delhi-delhi-india-s10011254/|title=Delhi Public School, Rohini, Rohini, Delhi {{!}} CBSE {{!}} Day School {{!}} Admission, Fee Structure, Curriculum, Rating & Reviews and Facilities {{!}} SchoolMyKids|work=SchoolMyKids - Find A Great Future for your Kids|access-date=23 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The school has a multimedia lab, canteen, two libraries, computer labs, physics, chemistry and biology labs. The school has installed Senses smart class, as well as a higher-order thinking skills lab called THOTS. Apart from all the usual sports like [[football (soccer)|football]], [[badminton]], [[basketball]] etc. The school also conducts an annual [[NASA]] trip and several exchange programmes from countries like [[Germany]] and [[France]]. It has its own cabinet system in both senior and junior schools, a MUN society called 'DPSRMUN',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dpsrmun.org/ |title=DPSR Mun |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723003038/http://www.dpsrmun.org/ |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a computer club called 'XINO', a Maths club called "Vortex", a Quizzing club called 'Infinity', a Commerce Club called 'BIZECO' and a Newspaper club called 'Folio'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bizeco.comeze.com/ |title=Home &#124; Bizeco |access-date=2 October 2015 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103538/http://www.bizeco.comeze.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dpspinjore.com/delhi-public-school-rohini.htm |title=Delhi Public School, ROHINI |date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Delhi Public School, PINJORE }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of schools in Delhi]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{Official website|http://www.dpsrohini.com/}}<br />
<br />
{{DPS Society aegis}}<br />
{{Schools in Delhi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Schools in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]<br />
[[Category:1995 establishments in Delhi]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagesh_Banell&diff=519902Nagesh Banell2026-02-19T21:03:34Z<p>Rajeev067: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nagesh Banell<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_place = [[Konidela, Kurnool district| Konidela]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]<br />
| yearsactive = 2012{{ndash}}present<br />
| notable_works = <br />
| spouse = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nagesh Banell''' is an Indian [[Indian cinematographers|cinematographer]] who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-12 |title=An eye on the lens: Nagesh Banell |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/An-eye-on-the-lens-Nagesh-Banell/article15894303.ece?ref=sliderNews |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His debut feature film was ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' (2016) and later worked in films such as [[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|''Pressure Cooker'']] (2020) and ''[[Masooda]]'' (2022).<br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
Nagesh Banell was born in [[Konidela, Kurnool district|Konidela]] village of [[Kurnool district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. He began his career in short films and worked in [[Rana Daggubati]]'s production company Spirit Media. He has also worked on the [[digital intermediate]] and other post-production processes for various films. He had associated with filmmaker [[Tharun Bhascker]] for four or five short films including ''Sainma'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-03 |title=There is lot of work for technicians in the industry: Nagesh Banell {{!}} klapboardpost |url=https://www.klapboardpost.com/there-is-lot-of-work-for-technicians-in-the-industry-nagesh-banell/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.klapboardpost.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although [[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (2016 film)|''Jayammu Nischayammu Raa'']] (2016) was his first signed film, his immediate next signed film ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' (2016) was released first, thus making his debut feature film. He was next hired for ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' (2017), he shot beard and Italy portions which has around 01H30M in the released film. Later came out of the project due to creative differences and replaced with [[Raj Thota]]. He received wide recognition for the 2022 supernatural horror film ''[[Masooda]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-11-30 |title='Every horror movie need not be dark and brooding': Telugu horror movie 'Masooda' Cinematographer Nagesh Banell |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-nagesh-banell-talks-about-telugu-horror-movie-masooda/article66204121.ece |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''Junun''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Short film<br />
|{{fact|date=April 2025}}<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''Sainma''<br />
|{{fact|date=April 2025}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2016<br />
|''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''<br />
|Debut feature film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (2016 film)|''Jayammu Nischayammu Raa'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |2017<br />
|''[[Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Arjun Reddy]]''<br />
|Shot 40% of the film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''1947 Two Soldiers''<br />
|Short film; Nominated{{Ndash}}Calcutta International Cult Films Festival Best Cinematographer<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=CICFF |title=CICFF Film Festival Results |url=https://hlc-cicff.com/results/2020-golden-fox-award-nominees |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=hlc-cicff.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|''Pressure Cooker'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2021<br />
|[[Akshara (film)|''Akshara'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Merise Merise''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishwak Sen unveils the trailer of Dinesh Tej's Merise Merise; film to hit theatres on August 6 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vishwak-sen-unveils-the-trailer-of-dinesh-tejs-merise-merise-film-to-hit-theatres-on-august-6/cb72729c6117 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Anubhavinchu Raja]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Masooda]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|''[[Honey (2026 film)|Honey]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{TableTBA}}<br />
|''King Jackie Queen''<br />
|Filming<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-02-20 |title=Dheekshith Shetty's next titled King Jackie Queen |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Feb/20/dheekshith-shettys-next-titled-king-jackie-queen-52227.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Network<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|[[Aha Naa Pellanta (TV series)|''Aha Naa Pellanta'']]<br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=6538292}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagesh, Banell}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:Cinematographers from Andhra Pradesh]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chauta_Bazaar&diff=469356Chauta Bazaar2026-02-19T17:05:27Z<p>Rajeev067: basic enhance intro based on references and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Market in Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{moresources|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
'''Chauta Bazaar''' is one of the oldest market of [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Chauta-Bazaar-gets-a-new-look/articleshow/27487299.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Chauta Bazaar gets a new look|date=16 December 2013|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> Chauta Bazaar's history dates back to early 1700s. The present-day Mota Mandir in Chauta was known as [[Vaishnao Haveli]]. There were shops surrounding the Haveli where the women visiting the temple would go shopping for utensils, clothes, cosmetics, groceries and other day-to-day household goods. All the shops were owned by the [[List of Nagpur Metro stations|Vaishnao]] traders.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of tourist attractions in Surat]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
[http://www.chautabazar.shop/ Website Chauta bazaar]{{Surat topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Economy of Surat]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Surat]]<br />
[[Category:Retail markets in India]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Review_of_Books&diff=460342London Review of Books2026-02-15T21:38:28Z<p>Rajeev067: cleaned up page as per guidelines and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British journal of literary reviews}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}<br />
{{Infobox magazine<br />
| title = London Review of Books<br />
| image_file = Lrb17aug2006vol28no16.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| image_caption =<br />
| publisher = Reneé Doegar<br />
| circulation = 73,378 (ABC: 2024)<br />
| frequency = 24 per year<br />
| language = English<br />
| category = [[Literature]], [[history]], [[idea]]s<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Dugdale|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/20/hilary-mantel-london-review-of-books|title=Hilary Mantel: not the first LRB controversy|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 February 2013|access-date=20 February 2013}}</ref><br />
| editor = Jean McNicol, Alice Spawls<br />
| editor_title = Editor<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|1979}}<br />
| firstdate =<br />
| country = United Kingdom<br />
| based = [[Bloomsbury]], [[London]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.lrb.co.uk/}}<br />
| issn = 0260-9592<br />
}}<br />
The '''''London Review of Books''''' ('''''LRB''''') is a British [[literary magazine]] published semimonthly that features articles and essays on [[fiction]] and [[non-fiction]] subjects, which are usually structured as [[book review]]s.<ref name="eday">{{Cite news |last=Day |first=Elizabeth |date=2014-03-09 |title=Is the LRB the best magazine in the world? |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/09/london-review-books-lrb-best-magazines-world-mary-kay-wilmers |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The ''London Review of Books'' was founded in 1979,<ref name=eday/> when publication of ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' was suspended during the year-long [[Lockout (industry)|lock-out]] at ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name=lrb_about>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/about|title=About the LRB}}</ref> Its founding editors were [[Karl Miller]], then professor of English at [[University College London]]; [[Mary-Kay Wilmers]], formerly an editor at ''The Times Literary Supplement''; and [[Susannah Clapp]], a former editor at [[Jonathan Cape]]. For its first six months, it appeared as an insert in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''.<ref>{{cite news|first=William|last=Grimes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/books/a-whitney-ellsworth-new-york-review-publisher-dies-at-75.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss|title=A. Whitney Ellsworth, First Publisher of New York Review, Dies at 75|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 June 2011|access-date=20 June 2011}}</ref> It became an independent publication in May 1980. Its political stance has been described by [[Alan Bennett]], a prominent contributor, as "consistently radical".<ref>[[Alan Bennett|Bennett, Alan]], July 1996, in the Foreword to Jane Hindle (editor), ''London Review of Books: An Anthology'', Verso, 1996. {{ISBN|1-85984-860-5}}: "The LRB has maintained a consistently radical stance on politics and social affairs."</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike ''The Times Literary Supplement'' (TLS), the majority of the articles the ''LRB'' publishes (usually fifteen per issue) are long essays. Some articles in each issue are not based on books, while several short articles discuss film or exhibitions. Political and social essays are frequent. The magazine is headquartered in [[Bloomsbury]], London.<ref name=eday/><br />
<br />
Wilmers took over as editor in 1992 and remained as editor for almost 30 years.<ref name="FloodJan21">{{cite news |last1=Flood |first1=Alison |title=London Review of Books editor Mary-Kay Wilmers steps down after 30 years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jan/29/london-review-of-books-editor-mary-kay-wilmers-steps-down-after-30-years |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=30 January 2021 |date=29 January 2021}}</ref> She was succeeded by Jean McNicol and Alice Spawls in 2021.<ref name="FloodJan21"/> Average circulation per issue for January to December 2023 was 74,743.<ref>{{Cite web |title=London Review of Books - ABC - Delivering a valued stamp of trust - ABC UK |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/product/6558 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=www.abc.org.uk}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In January 2010, ''The Times'' wrote that the ''London Review'' was £27M in debt to the Wilmers' family trust, although the trust had "no intention of the lender seeking repayment of the loan in the near future".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brooks |first1=Richard |title=London Review of Books £27m in the red – but it isn't counting |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/england/london-travel/london-review-of-books-pound27m-in-the-red-but-it-isnt-counting-nvkr90btl9c |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Times]] |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200226201627/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/london-review-of-books-pound27m-in-the-red-but-it-isnt-counting-nvkr90btl9c |archive-date=26 February 2020 |date=24 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The '''London Review Bookshop''' opened in Bloomsbury in May 2003, and the Cake Shop next door in November 2007 (closed September 2024). The bookshop is used as a venue for author presentations and discussions.<ref name="lrb_about" /><br />
<br />
In 2011, when [[Pankaj Mishra]] criticised [[Niall Ferguson]]'s book ''Civilisation: The West and the Rest'' in the ''LRB'', Ferguson threatened to sue for libel.<ref>{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Harris|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/04/niall-ferguson-apologises-gay-keynes|title=Niall Ferguson apologises for anti-gay remarks towards John Maynard Keynes|newspaper=The Observer|date=4 May 2013|access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Pankaj|last=Mishra|author-link=Pankaj Mishra|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n21/pankaj-mishra/watch-this-man|title=Watch this man|journal=London Review of Books|date=3 November 2011|volume=33|issue=21|access-date=3 November 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, the [[Hebrew Writers Association in Israel]] openly published a protest response to the letter of support for Gaza that was published in the journal, and called writers and artists around the world to support the freeing of the kidnapped.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Israeli writers condemn London Review of Books for condemning Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/culture/article-771248 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|first=Hannah |last=Brown |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2024, ''A Hitch in Time: Reflections Ready for Reconsideration'', an anthology of [[Christopher Hitchens]]{{'s}} writings between 1983 and 2002 for ''The London Review of Books'', was published.<ref name = "NYT-20240101">{{cite news |last=Gardner |first=Dwight |title=Want to Feel, Intellectually, Like Someone Is Rotating Your Tires? - This bracing anthology of Christopher Hitchens's work for The London Review of Books is just the ticket. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/01/books/review/hitch-in-time-christopher-hitchens.html |date=1 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240101164006/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/01/books/review/hitch-in-time-christopher-hitchens.html |archivedate=1 January 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 }} (Updated 17 January 2024)</ref><br />
<br />
==Contributors==<br />
Contributors have included:<br />
{{Columns-list|colwidth=14em|<br />
* [[Tariq Ali]]<br />
* [[Martin Amis]]<br />
* [[Benedict Anderson]]<br />
* [[Perry Anderson]]<br />
* [[Neal Ascherson]]<br />
* [[John Ashbery]]<br />
* [[Andrew Bacevich]]<br />
* [[Julian Barnes]]<br />
* [[Mary Beard (classicist)|Mary Beard]]<br />
* [[Alan Bennett]]<br />
* [[Tony Blair]]<br />
* [[Anita Brookner]]<br />
* [[Gordon Brown]]<br />
* [[Anne Carson]]<br />
* [[Angela Carter]]<br />
* [[Terry Castle]]<br />
* [[Stanley Cavell]]<br />
* [[Bruce Chatwin]]<br />
* [[T. J. Clark (art historian)|T. J. Clark]]<br />
* [[Tom Clark (poet)|Tom Clark]]<br />
* [[Patrick Cockburn]]<br />
* [[Stefan Collini]]<br />
* [[Jenny Diski]]<br />
* [[Terry Eagleton]]<br />
* [[William Empson]]<br />
* [[Paul Farmer]]<br />
* [[Penelope Fitzgerald]]<br />
* [[Jerry Fodor]]<br />
* [[Paul Foot (journalist)|Paul Foot]]<br />
* [[Dawn Foster]]<br />
* [[Martha Gellhorn]]<br />
* [[Stephen Greenblatt]]<br />
* [[Mark Greif]]<br />
* [[Nigel Hamilton (author)|Nigel Hamilton]]<br />
* [[Jeremy Harding]]<br />
* [[Tony Harrison]]<br />
* [[Seymour Hersh]]<br />
* [[Rosemary Hill]]<br />
* [[David Hirson]]<br />
* [[Christopher Hitchens]]<br />
* [[Eric Hobsbawm]]<br />
* [[Michael Ignatieff]]<br />
* [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]<br />
* [[Tony Judt]]<br />
* [[Fredric Jameson]]<br />
* [[Frank Kermode]]<br />
* [[Colin Kidd]]<br />
* [[India Knight]]<br />
* [[Kevin Kopelson]]<br />
* [[John Lanchester]]<br />
* [[Ben Lerner]]<br />
* [[Patricia Lockwood]]<br />
* [[Tom Lowenstein]]<br />
* [[Colin MacCabe]]<br />
* [[Alasdair MacIntyre]]<br />
* [[Donald Angus MacKenzie|Donald MacKenzie]]<br />
* [[Hilary Mantel]]<br />
* [[Adam Mars-Jones]]<br />
* [[Wyatt Mason]]<br />
* [[Ian McEwan]]<br />
* [[Colin McGinn]]<br />
* [[James Meek (writer)|James Meek]]<br />
* [[Paul Mendez]]<br />
* [[Hugh Miles (journalist)|Hugh Miles]]<br />
* [[Ed Miliband]]<br />
* [[Pankaj Mishra]]<br />
* [[Blake Morrison]]<br />
* [[Tom Nairn]]<br />
* [[Glen Newey]]<br />
* [[Martha Nussbaum]]<br />
* [[Andrew O'Hagan]]<br />
* [[Tom Paulin]]<br />
* [[Nicholas Penny]]<br />
* [[Adam Phillips (psychologist)|Adam Phillips]]<br />
* [[Hilary Putnam]]<br />
* [[Christopher Ricks]]<br />
* [[Richard Rorty]]<br />
* [[Jacqueline Rose]]<br />
* [[David Runciman]]<br />
* [[Salman Rushdie]]<br />
* [[Lorna Sage]]<br />
* [[Edward Said]]<br />
* [[Raphael Samuel]]<br />
* [[Stephen Sedley]]<br />
* [[Tom Shippey]]<br />
* [[Elaine Showalter]]<br />
* [[Iain Sinclair]]<br />
* [[Quentin Skinner]]<br />
* [[Susan Sontag]]<br />
* [[Amia Srinivasan]]<br />
* [[Galen Strawson]]<br />
* [[Ernest Sackville Turner]]<br />
* [[Colm Tóibín]]<br />
* [[Marina Warner]]<br />
* [[Bernard Williams]]<br />
* [[James Wood (critic)|James Wood]]<br />
* [[Slavoj Žižek]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Literary criticism]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.lrb.co.uk/}}<br />
* [https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/ London Review Bookshop]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Book review magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Literary magazines published in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Magazines established in 1979]]<br />
[[Category:Magazines published in London]]<br />
[[Category:Political magazines published in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:The New York Review of Books]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Lambton&diff=545766William Lambton2026-02-12T06:19:35Z<p>Rajeev067: put up new data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British geographer (1753–1823)}}<br />
{{About||the member of parliament for County Durham|William Lambton (1640–1724)|the member of parliament for City of Durham|William Henry Lambton|the British general|William Lambton (British Army officer)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = William Lambton<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] <br />
| image = Lambton_RAS.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Lambton in 1822, oil painting by [[William Havell]] in the Royal Asiatic Society<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 1753 <!--{{Birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Birth-date and age|Month DD, YYYY}} --><br />
| birth_place = Crosby Grange<br />
| death_date = January 1823 <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> (aged 70) <br />
| death_place = [[Hinganghat]]<br />
| signature = William_Lambton_signature.jpg<br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Engineer, surveyor<br />
| known_for = Founding Superintendent of the [[Great Trigonometric Survey]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Lieutenant-Colonel '''William Lambton''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} ({{circa}} 1753 – 20 or 26<ref name=odnb>{{Cite ODNB|id=15948|title=Lambton, William (1753x69–1823)|first=Elizabeth |last=Baigent}}</ref> January 1823<ref name=markham>{{cite book|author=Markham, Clements R. |year=1871| title= Memoir on the Indian Surveys.|publisher= Trubner & Co. |url=https://archive.org/stream/memoironindiansu00mark#page/44/mode/2up|pages=44–57 }}</ref>) was a British [[soldier]], [[Surveyor (surveying)|surveyor]], and [[geographer]] who began a [[Triangulation (surveying)|triangulation survey]] in 1800-1802 that was later called the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] of [[India]]. His initial survey was to measure the length of a degree of an arc of the meridian so as to establish the shape of the Earth and support a larger scale trigonometrical survey across the width of the peninsula of India between [[Madras]] and [[Mangalore]]. After [[Triangulation|triangulating]] across the peninsula, he continued surveys northwards for more than twenty years. He died during the course of the surveys in [[central India]] and is buried at [[Hinganghat]] in [[Wardha]] district of [[Maharashtra]]. He was succeeded by his assistant [[George Everest]].<br />
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==Life==<br />
[[File:Ramsden_Great_Theodolite.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Great theodolite|Great Theodolite]] by [[Jesse Ramsden]], similar to the one made by William Cary that was used by Lambton in the early surveys.]]<br />
Lambton was born around 1753 (1756 according to some sources<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275388/page/n499/mode/1up |title=Mysore Gazetteer. Volume II. Part IV. |year=1930 |editor=Rao, C. Hayavadana |edition=2 |place=Bangalore |chapter=Roll of honour}}</ref>) at Crosby Grange, near [[Northallerton]], in [[North Yorkshire]], the son of a farmer. He was extremely reserved about the details of his family. Even the year of birth is speculated on the basis of an incident he recounted of a dinner in [[Madikeri]] in 1803 hosted by [[Chikka Virarajendra|Veer Rajender Wadeer]], the ruler of the province of [[Coorg]]. The Coorg [[Raja]] made all present declare their age and Lambton is said to have mentioned his as fifty.<ref name=bio /> For many years he spent a substantial portion of his salary to support his parents, from which it has been suggested that he came from humble origins.<ref>Markham notes from his name that he was probably from the county of Durham and it is known that he spent early life at Darlington.</ref> He often mentioned a mathematics teacher at school by the name of Emerson. His skill in [[mathematics]] earned him a place in a [[grammar school]] at Northallerton, and he studied under Dr. [[Charles Hutton]].{{sfn|Chichester|1892}} He also studied at Newcastle-on-Tyne.<br />
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On 28 March 1781, Lambton was appointed [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] in [[Lord Fauconberg]]'s regiment of foot, and transferred to the [[33rd Regiment of Foot]] under [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] to the Cape in 1796 and later to Bengal and Madras (1798). His ability at surveying led to work on measuring land for settlers in America. He spent most of his earning to support his parents. With his regiment he took part in the [[American War of Independence]] and was taken prisoner at [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]]. Observing a [[solar eclipse]] through the telescope of a [[theodolite]] without darkened glasses led to the burning of the retina of his left eye. After this accident he obtained with the help of his friends, especially Sir Brook Watson, an appointment as barrack-master in [[New Brunswick]] with a salary of 400 pounds per year. He had considerable leisure during which he was able to lay, in his words, "''...the foundation of that knowledge, which was one day to bring him to the notice of the world''." He was appointed barrack master in [[Nova Scotia]] and he spent many years studying mathematics on his own.<ref name=markham/> In 1795 the [[Duke of York]] ordered that all civilian officers should be struck off from the regiments. Lambton then joined the 33rd at [[Calcutta]] after 13 years away from regimental duties. The 33rd Regiment was commanded by Sir [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] at Calcutta.<ref name=markham/>[[File:Lambton_Everest_C_India.jpg|thumb|left|Triangulation map in [[central India]] signed by Lambton and Everest]]<br />
In 1796, Lambton was promoted to Lieutenant and posted with his regiment to [[India]], under the command of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Colonel Arthur Wellesley]]. He took part in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799. He was a [[brigade major]] during the [[Battle of Seringapatam|Siege of Seringapatam]] where he led the left column after the fall of his superiors. He was also able to demonstrate his skills in navigating by the stars during the campaign and had prevented a critical error when General [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|Baird]] was headed in the wrong direction while attempting to get around Tipu's camp at night.<ref>{{cite book| title=The Life of General, The Right Honourable Sir David Baird, Bart. Volume 1| year=1832| publisher=Richard Bentley| place=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifegeneralrigh00hookgoog#page/n212/mode/2up|pages=189–190}}</ref> After the capture of [[Mysore]], Lambton proposed to Wellesley that the territory be surveyed, using the new techniques of [[geodesy]] employed by [[William Roy]] in [[Great Britain]]. Lambton's proposal to conduct the survey was nearly blocked by Major [[James Rennell|James Rennel]], who declared that it was not needed since Colonel [[Colin Mackenzie]] was already undertaking a similar survey.<br />
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[[File:GTS_1892.jpg|thumb|Lambton's area of work]]<br />
Lambton's proposal was however examined by [[Nevil Maskelyne]], [[Astronomer Royal]] and a relative of [[Robert Clive|Lord Clive]]. Maskelyne saw the scientific value of the survey and pointed out to Rennel that he had been misinformed and gave his support to the project.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Anonymous|title=Colonel Lambton's Survey of India|page=312| journal=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia|volume=5| year=1831}}</ref> Just around the time that Lambton got his survey approved by Lord Clive, he happened to hear of some instruments being carried back from [[China]] by astronomer Dr. [[James Dinwiddie (astronomer)|James Dinwiddie]]. A set of instruments had been sent to China along with Dr. Dinwiddie but the [[Chinese emperor|Chinese Emperor]] had not shown interest and the equipment was returned. Lambton was able to examine the instruments when Dinwiddie broke journey at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]]. The instruments included a [[zenith sector]] (an upward pointing telescope with measuring instruments) of {{Convert|5|ft|m}} radius, a [[Chain (unit)#Engineer's chain (Ramsden's chain)|Ramsden chain]], [[Level (instrument)|leveling instrument]], and a [[Chronometer watch|chronometer]]. Lambton also ordered an altitude and azimuth circle with a theodolite. The equipment arrived in 1801. Although a baseline was measured in [[Bangalore]] between October and December 1800,<ref name="bangalore" /> this appears to have been rejected (it was not connected to the triangulations<ref name="earthshape" />) and another baseline was made in 1804 (using better equipment and on better terrain) to compare with the [[Madras]] baseline, whose measurement began on 10 April 1802 from [[St. Thomas Mount]] and was completed with {{Convert|7.5|mi|km}} measured by 22 May 1802. They then triangulated their way to Bangalore where the 1804 baseline was measured by [[Jean Baptiste François Joseph de Warren|John Warren]] to check the survey accuracy (also examining the errors introduced by [[refraction]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Warren, John|year=1809|title=An account of the experiments made in the Mysore Country in the war of 1804 to investigate the effects of Terrestrial Refraction|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29572617|journal=Transactions of the Asiatic Society|volume=9|pages=1–23}}</ref>).<ref name="bio">{{Cite journal|author=Warren, John|journal=Gleanings in Science| volume=15| year=1830| title=Biographical Sketch of the late Col. Lambton, Superintendent of the Trigonometrical Survey of India.|pages=73–82|url=https://archive.org/stream/GleaningsInScience2/Gleanings_in_Science%202#page/n105/mode/1up}}</ref> The triangulation extended west to end at Mangalore. In 1806 he began his [[latitude|latitudinal]] measurement {{Convert|100|mi|km}} northwards from [[Bangalore]], where the British territory ended. He then surveyed southwards to [[Cape Comorin]]. Lambton then recommenced the survey northwards until his death. He died at [[Hinganghat]], and the exact date of death is not known but is either 20th as recorded by most contemporary newspapers or 26 January 1823.{{sfn|Chichester|1892}}<ref name="odnb" /> A memorial was erected by the Resident of [[Nagpur]], [[Richard Jenkins (MP)|Richard Jenkins]].<ref name="markham" /><br />
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Lambton had three acknowledged children through an Indian mistress named Kumerboo. One of them was also named William Lambton while another possibly died in infancy. He had another daughter and son through another woman Frances, possibly a Franco-Indian or [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]]. A William Lambton junior joined the Survey in 1815.<ref>Keay:68-70.</ref><br />
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==Surveys==<br />
[[File:GTS_Peninsula_Asiatic_Researches.jpg|thumb|left|The first triangulations across the peninsula|587x587px]]<br />
Around the time that Lambton proposed a triangulation survey of the peninsula of India, Colonel Colin Mackenzie had already begun a [[Topographical surveys|topographical survey]] of the Mysore region. Mackenzie was later designated as the [[Surveyor general|Surveyor General]]. Lambton, with his support from Lord Clive, however, did not have to report to Mackenzie and it has been suggested that Mackenzie felt undermined. Their correspondence however showed cordial relations being maintained.<ref>{{cite book|pages=159–160| title=Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843| author=Edney, Matthew H.| year=2009| publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> The triangulation survey was officially given the name of Great Trigonometrical Survey only in 1818.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.dli.gov.in/data_copy/upload/INSA/INSA_1/20005b5b_22.pdf| author=Roy, Rama Deb| title= The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in a historical perspective | journal=Indian Journal of History of Science| volume=21| issue=1| year=1986| pages=22–32}}</ref> Lambton essentially followed a system established in [[England]] by General Roy for the [[Principal Triangulation of Great Britain]]. Lambton's initial aim was to measure the [[Meridian arc|arc of a meridian]] so as to establish the [[shape of the Earth]]. Lambton did not wish to assume any specific theoretical shape and preferred to make exact measurements. In the earliest surveys conducted in Bangalore he noted:<ref name=bangalore>{{cite journal|journal=Asiatic Researches|volume=7|year=1803|pages=312–335 | title=An account of a method for extending a geographical survey across the peninsula of India| author=Lambton, Brigade Major|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29423815}}</ref><ref name=peninsula>{{cite journal|title= An account of the Trigonometrical Operations in crossing the peninsula of India, and connecting Fort St. George with Mangalore| author=Lambton, William| pages=290–384|url=https://archive.org/stream/asiaticresearche10asia#page/n307/mode/2up| journal=Asiatic Researches; or Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal for Inquiring into the History and Antiquities|year=1811}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|But should the earth prove to be neither an ellipsoid, nor a figure generated by any particular curve, of known properties, but a figure whose meridional section is bounded by no law of curvature, then we can obtain nothing until we have an actual measurement, to be applied as has been already mentioned.}}<br />
[[File:Ramsden_zenith_sector.jpg|thumb|Ramsden's [[Zenith sector|Zenith Sector]] used for determining latitude|259x259px]]<br />
The Bangalore baseline of 1800 made use of a chain laid in long [[coffer]]s supported on pickets and the heads were aligned using a telescope. The ground chosen was not appropriate and this early baseline measurement had to be dropped.<ref name=bio /> The equipment needed for careful survey arrived only in 1801. The subsequent baselines including were made more carefully with the use of a [[Ramsden surveying instruments#Chains and rods|Ramsden's chain]] specially calibrated for tropical temperatures, consisting of 40 links of {{Convert|2.5|ft|m}} each and measuring {{Convert|100|ft|m}} at {{Convert|62|F|C}}, and a boning telescope (a small, low-magnification telescope used for aligning the tops of survey poles).<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=1870 |title= The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India|volume=3|magazine= Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine|location= New York|publisher= [[David Van Nostrand]]|page=300}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|bone, v.3}}</ref> He took special precautions to account for the expansion of the chain under the Indian weather; and repeated measurements with rotations of the telescope of the Zenith sector so as to account for [[collimation]] errors in determining the latitude (the elevation of the pole star directly provides the latitude but owing to errors related to determining the horizon and from refraction, the preferred method in surveying was to use well known stars located closer to the zenith, such as [[Aldebaran]] for India, whose declination from the [[Pole star|pole-star]] had been pre-established). Lambton's assistant [[Jean Baptiste François Joseph de Warren|John Warren]] investigated the effect of refraction on errors in calculating the latitudes.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Warren, John| title=An account of experiments made in the Mysore country, in the year 1804, to investigate the effects of terrestrial refraction| url=https://archive.org/stream/asiaticresearche09asia#page/n11/mode/2up|pages=1–15| year=1809| journal=Asiatic Researches|volume=9}}</ref><ref name=bangalore /><br />
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The main survey instrument from 1802 for the primary triangles was a [[Great theodolite|Great Theodolite]] made by [[William Cary (instrument maker)|William Cary]]. This was very similar to the instruments used in France and Britain for previous trigonometrical surveys. It had a horizontal circle that was {{Convert|36|in|cm}} and the readings were taken using a microscope. The vertical graduated circle was {{Convert|18|in|cm}} in diameter.<ref name=earthshape>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/ahistorydetermi00buttgoog#page/n124/mode/2up|pages=112–120| title=A history of the determination of the figure of the earth from Arc measurements| author=Butterfield, Arthur D. | year=1906| publisher=The Davis Press}}</ref> It weighed about half a ton and needed twelve men to carry it. Lambton measured all three angles of triangles in several cases to establish the [[spherical excess]] (angles of triangles on a sphere sum up greater than 180°). When the survey was carried out from Madras to Bangalore, Lambton was able to compare the Bangalore baseline of 1804 with the calculated measurements and the difference was about {{Convert|3.5|in|cm}}.<ref name=peninsula /><br />
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==Honours==<br />
Lambton was made a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (9 January 1817)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=1727 | title=Lists of Royal Society Fellows |access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> and a corresponding member of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1817. A narrow ridge above the Bhavani valley along the [[Nilgiris]] is named after him, as Lambton's Peak Range.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers. The Nilgiris| year=1908| publisher=Government Press|place=Madras| author=Francis, W.|page=5| url =https://archive.org/stream/NilgirisFrancis/Untitled#page/n15/mode/2up/}}</ref> A commemorative bust was placed at St. Thomas Mount, [[Chennai]], India in 2003.<ref>[https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/remembering-a-master-cartographer-lambton/ Extract from ''The Hindu''. 18 September 2003]</ref><br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
* John Keay. 2000. ''The Great Arc''. London: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-00-257062-9}}.<br />
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Lambton, William |first=Henry Manners|last= Chichester|volume=32}}<br />
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==External links ==<br />
* [http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/33130 Trigonometrical survey of India (Expenses and summary report to House of Commons)]<br />
* [https://warper.wmflabs.org/mosaics/13 Overlay of Lambton's triangulations in peninsular India]<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lambton, William}}<br />
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[[Category:1750s births]]<br />
[[Category:1823 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Yorkshire]]<br />
[[Category:33rd Regiment of Foot officers]]<br />
[[Category:British surveyors]]<br />
[[Category:British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War]]<br />
[[Category:British military personnel of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]<br />
[[Category:English geographers]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:People from Northallerton]]<br />
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunny_Varkey&diff=538392Sunny Varkey2026-02-12T03:03:43Z<p>Rajeev067: put up a info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and businessman}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sunny Varkey<br />
| image = Sunny Varkey 2015.jpg<br />
| caption = Varkey in 2015<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|04|09|df=yes}}<ref name="International Indian"/><br />
| birth_place = [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
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| resting_place = <br />
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| other_names = <br />
| known_for = [[GEMS Education]]<br> [[Varkey Foundation]]<br />
| education = <br />
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| employer = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Entrepreneur|Educationist|Philanthropist}}<br />
| title = <br />
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| party = <br />
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| children = 2<br />
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}}<br />
'''Sunny Varkey''' (born 9 April 1957)<ref name="International Indian">McNicholas, Mona Parikh; Raj, Frank. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190817003247/http://www.theinternationalindian.com/pdfs/15.5.pdf "Sunny Varkey: Profit & Excellence In Education Go Hand In Hand"]}}. ''The International Indian''. 2008: Issue 5, Volume 15.5. pp. 56–60.</ref><ref>[https://opengovuk.com/company/07774287 "The Varkey Foundation"]. ''OpenGovUK.com''. [[Companies House]]. Retrieved 16 August 2019</ref> is an Indian education entrepreneur and philanthropist based in [[Dubai]]. He is the founder and executive chairman of the global advisory and educational management firm [[GEMS Education]], which is the largest operator of private kindergarten-to-grade-12 schools in the world, with a network of over 80 schools in over a dozen countries.<ref name=forbespro>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/sunny-varkey/ Sunny Varkey] – Profile at ''[[Forbes]]''.</ref><ref name=list>[http://www.gemseducation.com/our-schools/list-of-our-schools List of Our Schools]. ''GEMSeducation.com''.</ref><br />
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He is also the chairman of the umbrella business organisation the Varkey Group, and the founder and trustee of the philanthropic [[Varkey Foundation]]. As of 2012, Varkey is also a [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]].<ref name=goodwill>[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/goodwill-ambassadors/sunny-varkey/ Goodwill Ambassadors – Sunny Varkey]. ''UNESCO.org''. Retrieved 13 September 2017.</ref> And in June 2015, Varkey committed to [[The Giving Pledge]], vowing to donate at least half of his money to philanthropic causes over his lifetime. He is the first education entrepreneur to join the pledge.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-32965771|title=Education entrepreneur joins Gates giving pledge|last=Coughlan|first=Sean|date=2015-06-02|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-04-20|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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According to Forbes, Varkey is one of India's richest billionaires with a net worth of $3.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/|title=India's 100 Richest|newspaper=Forbes|accessdate=7 November 2024 | date=9 October 2024}}</ref><br />
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==Early life and education==<br />
Varkey was born in [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] in 1957.<ref name="International Indian"/> His father, K. S. Varkey, and mother, Mariamma, were [[Saint Thomas Christians|Kerala Syrian Christian]]s, and educators.<ref name=woodward /><ref name=hamdan>Hamdan, Sara. [http://issuu.com/global-citizen/docs/global-citizen-09 "Building an Education Empire"]. ''Global Citizen''. July/August 2012.</ref> The family moved to [[Dubai]] in 1959, when the emirate was still very undeveloped.<ref name=education>[http://www.nriinternet.com/MIDDLE%20EAST/Dubai/Sunny_Varkey/4_Education_profit%20.htm "Education for profit in the Arab world"]. United Arab Emirates: ''NRI Internet''. 7 December 2004.</ref> His father worked for the British Bank of the Middle East (now called [[HSBC Bank Middle East]]), and both of his parents taught English to local Arabs, including members of the royal family.<ref name=hamdan /><ref name=bhatia /><ref name=peschardt>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NT5_ppglB90 ''Peschardt's Business People'' – Segment: Sunny Varkey]. ''[[Peschardt's People]]''. [[BBC TV]]. 9 April 2010.</ref><br />
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At the age of four, Sunny was sent back to Kerala to attend Infant Jesus Anglo-Indian Boys' School, a Catholic [[boarding school]] in [[Kollam]] city.<ref>[http://www.ijhss.org/school.php "PRODUCING INTELLECTUAL ELITES BY PROVIDING JOYFUL LEARNING EXPERIENCE"]. 24 July 2015.</ref><ref name=kerr>Kerr, Simeon. [https://www.ft.com/content/3eee5a58-d755-11e2-8279-00144feab7de "School rooms for everyone"]. ''[[Financial Times]]''. 18 June 2013.</ref> When he was 11 years old, he sold fruit on the side of the road to make a little extra money.<ref name=hamdan /> He and his elder sister returned to Dubai in 1970,<ref name=hui /><ref name=guttenplan /> and Sunny completed his [[O-Levels]] at [[St. Mary's Catholic High School, Dubai, UAE|St. Mary's Catholic High School]].<ref name=bhatia /><ref name=hui>Hui, Kok Xing. [http://www.todayonline.com/daily-focus/people/st-regis-perspectives/grad-school-hard-knocks?singlepage=true "Grad of the school of hard knocks"]. ''[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]]''. 14 September 2013.</ref> He pursued his [[A-Levels]] at [[Bembridge School]] in the UK for a year,<ref name=bhatia>Bhatia, Asha. [http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/early-days-of-varkey-schools-it-was-a-management-challenge-1.410266 "Early days of Varkey schools: it was a management challenge"]. ''[[Gulf News]]''. 9 March 2001.</ref><ref name=et2012>Vijayakumar, Sanjay. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130301065355/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-06/news/33650158_1_sunny-varkey-everonn-dubai "Sunny Varkey banks on Centum Learning to revive India business"]. ''[[The Economic Times]]''. 6 September 2012.</ref> and completed his A-Levels in Dubai at the [[British Council]].<ref name=hui /><br />
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==Career==<br />
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===GEMS Education===<br />
Varkey's parents founded [[Our Own English High School]] in Dubai in 1968.<ref name=education /><ref name=guttenplan>Guttenplan, D. D. [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/world/europe/entrepreneur-seeks-to-offer-high-quality-education-at-fraction-of-cost.html?_r=0 "Entrepreneur Seeks to Offer High-Quality Education at Fraction of Cost"]. ''[[New York Times]]''. 26 May 2013.</ref> Varkey returned to Dubai in 1977,<ref name=bhatia /> and his employment included work at [[Standard Chartered]] bank,<ref name="International Indian"/> opening a small trading company and a maintenance company, becoming part owner of the Dubai Plaza Hotel, and entering the healthcare industry.<ref name=woodward>Woodward, Will. [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/dec/13/schools.newschools "Business class"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 12 December 2005.</ref><ref name=hamdan /><ref name=education /><ref name=bhatia /><ref name=kerr /><br />
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When in 1980 local authorities insisted that his parents' Our Own English High School be housed in a purpose-built facility, Varkey took over the operation of the school, which had under 400 students at the time.<ref name=hamdan /> He dropped his other businesses, expanded the school, and added new schools as well.<ref name=bhatia /><ref name=kerr /><ref name=hui /> The education situation in Dubai was ripe for expansion, since local schools were only for native Arabs, and the children of the ever-increasing number of expats needed education of their own.<ref name=hui /><ref name=guttenplan /> Varkey opened Indian, Pakistani, and British schools,<ref name=guttenplan /> and offered education under the different curricula: Indian ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]), U.S., British, and later [[International Baccalaureate]].<ref name=et2012 /><ref name=lewis>Lewis, Kathryn. [https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/education/the-man-who-built-an-education-empire-1.530164/ "The man who built an education empire"]. ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]''. 13 September 2008.</ref><ref name=sharif>Sharif, Arif. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-27/world-s-biggest-private-school-operator-gems-seeks-1-billion.html "World’s Biggest Private School Operator GEMS Seeks $1 Billion"]. ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]''. 27 March 2013.</ref><br />
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In 2000, Varkey established [[GEMS Education|Global Education Management Systems]] (GEMS), an advisory and educational management firm, in advance of his worldwide overseas expansion.<ref name=et2004>Zachariahs, Candice. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140812200701/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-09-24/news/27383963_1_global-education-management-systems-varkey-group-sunny-varkey "The McSchool revolution"]. ''[[The Economic Times]]''. 24 September 2004.</ref> In 2003, he began opening GEMS schools in England and elsewhere.<ref name=woodward /><ref name=frills>[http://nriinternet.com/MIDDLE%20EAST/Dubai/Sunny_Varkey/3_No-Frills%20.htm "No-Frills Public Schools: {{sic|Indepe|ndants'|nolink=y}} Day"]. ''NRI Internet''. 22 January 2005.</ref><br />
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===Varkey Foundation===<br />
In December 2010, Varkey consolidated and structured his various donations and charitable initiatives by creating the [[Varkey Foundation]] (initially the Varkey GEMS Foundation) as the philanthropic arm of GEMS. The foundation intends to impact 100 impoverished children for every child enrolled at GEMS schools, via enrolment and education-access initiatives, worldwide teacher training programs, advocacy campaigns, and physical projects such as building classrooms, schools, and learning centres.<ref name=hamdan /><ref>[https://www.varkeygemsfoundation.org/projects Varkey Foundation – Projects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109012526/https://www.varkeygemsfoundation.org/projects |date=9 November 2014 }}. ''VarkeyFoundation.org''.</ref><ref>[http://www.gemseducation.com/why-a-gems-education/schools-for-good/ "Schools for good"]. ''GEMSeducation.com''. Retrieved 8 June 2015.</ref> [[Bill Clinton]] launched the foundation.<ref name=hamdan /><ref name=kerr /><ref>George, Joseph. [http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/bill-clinton-launches-varkey-gems-foundation-2010-12-13-1.328657 "Bill Clinton launches Varkey GEMS Foundation"]. ''[[Emirates 24/7]]''. 13 December 2010.</ref><br />
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[[File:MacriconSunnyVarkey.jpg|thumb|Argentine president [[Mauricio Macri]] met with Varkey (third from left) at the [[World Economic Forum]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2016 |title=President Macri begins activities in Davos |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/207105/president-macri-begins-activities-in-davos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122093555/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/207105/president-macri-begins-activities-in-davos |archive-date=22 January 2016 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=Buenos Aires Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 January 2016 |title=Macri steps onto Davos stage |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/207023/macri-steps-onto-davos-stage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120195239/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/207023/macri-steps-onto-davos-stage |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=Buenos Aires Herald}}</ref>]]<br />
In March 2011, the foundation partnered with [[UNESCO]] for [[girls' education]] in Lesotho and [[Kenya]], and donated $1,000,000 to the effort.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/eri/cp/factsheets_ed/ke_EDFactSheet.pdf "UNESCO Global Partnership for Girls’ and Women’s Education – One Year On"]. [[UNESCO]]. May 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/partners-donors/the-actions/education/education-to-bolster-girls-and-womens-education-and-teacher-training/ "UNESCO partners with GEMS Education to bolster Girls’ and women’s education and teacher training"]. [[UNESCO]] – Partners & Donors.</ref> In September 2011, a further $1 million was pledged with UNESCO to train 10,000 school principals in India, Ghana, and Kenya.<ref name=hamdan /><ref>Anderson, Jenny. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/world/unesco-in-partnership-to-train-school-principals-in-3-nations.html?_r=0 "Unesco in Partnership to Train School Principals in 3 Nations"]. ''[[New York Times]]''. 22 September 2011.</ref> In 2014, the foundation's Teacher Training Programme committed to train 250,000 teachers within 10 years in under-served communities across the world.<ref>[http://www.zawya.com/story/Dubai_Cares_partners_with_Varkey_GEMS_Foundation_to_train_and_develop_teachers_across_the_developing_world-ZAWYA20140316130416/ "Dubai Cares partners with Varkey GEMS Foundation to train and develop teachers across the developing world"]. ''[[Zawya]]''. 16 March 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, the Varkey Foundation helped launch the annual Global Education and Skills Forum, in partnership with UNESCO and the U.A.E. Ministry of Education.<ref>Buller, Alice. [http://gulfbusiness.com/2013/07/full-excusive-interview-gems-chairman-sunny-varkey-talks-profits-and-philanthropy "Exclusive Interview: GEMS Chairman Sunny Varkey Talks Profits And Philanthropy"]. ''[[Gulf Business]]''. 3 July 2013.</ref> Bill Clinton gave the inaugural keynote address.<ref>Prois, Jessica. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/bill-clinton-global-education-and-skills-forum_n_2883435.html "Bill Clinton: Educating Underserved Girls Is 'Deeply Human Drama' Of This Century"]. ''[[Huffington Post]]''. 15 March 2013.</ref> At the second annual forum in March 2014, Varkey announced the [[Global Teacher Prize]], a $1 million award to an exceptional teacher who has made an outstanding contribution to the profession, to be presented at the third annual GESF in 2015.<ref>Shapiro, Jordan. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2014/03/22/now-theres-a-davos-of-education-and-a-1-million-nobel-prize-for-teachers/ "Now There's A Davos Of Education And A $1 Million 'Nobel Prize' For Teachers"]. ''[[Forbes]]''. 22 March 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
===Varkey Group===<br />
Varkey Group is the umbrella organisation covering GEMS Education and Varkey's other businesses, including healthcare and, previously, construction.<ref>[http://www.mediclinic.ae/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=334 "Mediclinic to Acquire Remaining Interests in EHL"]. ''Mediclinic.ae''. 27 August 2012.</ref> Varkey founded the company in 1979, and it is based in Dubai, with additional offices in the UK, U.S., and India.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140406051423/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=22932875 Varkey Group Limited] – Company Overview at ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1984 Varkey founded Welcare, a healthcare consultancy and management venture which developed a number of hospitals and clinics.<ref name=kerr /><ref name=ehl>[http://fmc-oman.com/PageContent.aspx?pageid=547&groupid=1 EHL Management Services]. First Medical Centre.</ref> A controlling interest in Emirates Healthcare, the Varkey Group's umbrella company which held Welcare, was purchased by [[Mediclinic International]] in 2012.<ref name=kerr /><ref name=ehl /><ref>Kahn, Tamar. [http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/health/2012/08/27/mediclinic-to-buy-out-dubai-minorities "Mediclinic to buy out Dubai minorities"]. ''[[Business Day (South Africa)|Business Day]]''. 27 August 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2009/01/27/government-of-india-honours-sunny-varkey-with-padmashri-award/ "Government of India Honours Sunny Varkey with Padmashri Award"]. ''Dubai Chronicle''. 27 January 2009.</ref> The sale of his healthcare sector allowed Varkey to focus on education and educational philanthropy.<ref name=hamdan /><ref name=kerr /><ref>[http://www.meed.com/varkey-group-exits-hospital-business-to-focus-on-education/3148520.article "Varkey Group exits hospital business to focus on education"]. ''[[MEED]]''. 28 August 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
==Honors==<br />
*Global Indian Business Award (2007)<ref>[http://www.gagrp.com/gibsp.pdf "At the Summit"]. ''Prestige''. March 2008.</ref><br />
*CEO Middle East Award – Corporate Social Responsibility (2007)<ref>[http://www.arabianbusiness.com/photos/ceo-middle-east-awards-2007-94966.html?img=1 "CEO Middle East Awards 2007"]. ''[[Arabian Business]]''. 24 October 2007.</ref><br />
*Outstanding Asian Businessman of the Year (2007)<ref>[http://www.tradearabia.com/news/EDU_135465.html "Varkey named outstanding Asian businessman"]. ''[[Trade Arabia]]''. 9 December 2007.</ref><br />
*[[Rajiv Gandhi]] Award for Eminent Educationist (2008)<ref>[http://www.tradearabia.com/news/EDU_148641.html "GEMS chairman receives top award"]. ''[[Trade Arabia]]''. 1 September 2008.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20140409024612/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/saif-lara-dutta-get-rajiv-gandhi-award/article1-332009.aspx "Saif, Lara Dutta get Rajiv Gandhi award"]. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. 18 August 2008.</ref><br />
*[[Padma Shri]] Award (2009)<ref>[http://www.albawaba.com/news/indian-president-presents-padma-shri-award-sunny-varkey-founder-chairman-gems-education "Indian President presents Padma Shri Award to Sunny Varkey, Founder & Chairman of GEMS Education"]. ''[[Al Bawaba]]''. 31 March 2009.</ref><br />
*Honorary Order – Public Recognition award from the Government of Russia (2011)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwCHMmKKXbEC&pg=PT51 "Government of Russia honors Sunny Varkey, Chairman of GEMS Education"]. ''India Empire''. March 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.zawya.com/story/Government20Russia20Sunny20_20of20Education-ZAWYA20110221060907/ "Government of Russia honors Sunny Varkey – Chairman of GEMS Education"]. ''[[Zawya]]''. 21 February 2011.</ref><br />
*Middle East Excellence CEO of the Year – Knowledge Development and Education Partnership (2012)<ref>[http://www.meawards.com/awardsgallery2.asp?gallery_Id=45 9th Middle East CEO of the Year Awards, April 4, 2012]. Middle East Excellence Awards.</ref><br />
*[[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]] (2012)<ref name=goodwill /><ref>[http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2012/05/01/sunny_varkey_as_goodwill_ambassador_of_unesco/in2-583251 "Sunny Varkey as Goodwill Ambassador of UNESCO"]. ''[[Vatican Radio]]''. 5 January 2012.</ref><br />
*Education Business Leader of the Year, ''Gulf Business'' Industry Awards (2012)<ref>Churchill, Neil. [http://gulfbusiness.com/2012/09/gulf-business-awards-winners/#.U0S6Nflr4yo "REVEALED: The Gulf Business Industry Awards Winners 2012"]. ''Gulf Business''. 25 September 2012.</ref><br />
*Honorary Doctorate, [[Heriot-Watt University]] (2012)<ref>[http://mid-east.info/sunny-varkey-receives-heriot-watt-honorary-degree-in-presence-of-his-highness-sheikh-nahyan-mabarak-al-nahayan-2118/ "Sunny Varkey Receives Heriot-Watt Honorary Degree in presence of His Highness Sheikh Nahyan Mabarak Al Nahayan"]. ''Mid East Information''. 22 November 2012.</ref><br />
*Entrepreneur of the Year, [[The Asian Awards]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/asian-awards-2018-recognition-glamour|title= Asian Awards 2018: Recognition with Lots of Glitz and Glamour|date= 29 April 2018|publisher=Desiblitz}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Varkey lives in [[Dubai]]. He is married and has two sons, Dino and Jay, who have taken leadership roles in [[GEMS Education]], allowing him to focus on his philanthropic foundation.<ref name=kerr /><ref name=block>Rai, Saritha. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/saritharai/2014/04/02/chalk-a-block/ "Billionaire Education Entrepreneur Varkey Takes His Dubai School Chain Worldwide"]. ''[[Forbes]]''. 2 April 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.gemseducation.com/MENASA/parents/contents.php?pageid=21 Members of the Board: Dino Varkey]. ''GEMSeducation.com''.</ref><ref>[http://www.gemseducation.com/MENASA/parents/contents.php?pageid=22 Members of the Board: Jay Varkey]. ''GEMSeducation.com''.</ref> Varkey's sister, Susan Mathews, runs pre-schools, and his wife and mother have both offered advice on the GEMS family business.<ref name=davidson>Davidson, Sean. [http://www.emirates247.com/eb247/economy/uae-economy/the-bottom-line-is-vital-losses-are-not-an-option-2009-04-11-1.96595 "The bottom line is vital. Losses are not an option"]. ''[[Emirates 24/7]]''. 11 April 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sunnyvarkey.com/ Official site]<br />
*[https://archive.today/20140329003059/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=29601859&privcapId=22581048 Sunny Varkey] – Profile at ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''<br />
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}<br />
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[[Category:Businesspeople of Indian descent]]<br />
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[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Arab Emirates]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of educational institutions]]<br />
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:GEMS Education schools]]<br />
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[[Category:UNESCO goodwill ambassadors]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neera_Desai&diff=457490Neera Desai2026-02-09T04:53:10Z<p>Rajeev067: added content to improve readability based on references</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Neera Desai<br />
| image = Neera Desai photograph.jpg<br />
| alt = Indian woman<br />
| caption = Neera Desai<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1925}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2009|06|25|1925|01|01}}<br />
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]<br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Academic<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = Women's Studies frontrunner, <br/>academician, social activist.<br />
| notable_works = <br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Akshay Ramanlal Desai]]|1947}}<br />
| children = [[Mihir Desai]]<br />
| module={{Infobox academic<br />
| child = yes<br />
| doctoral_advisor = I. P. Desai<br />
| thesis_title=Gujarati Society in Nineteenth Century: an Analysis of Social Change<br />
| thesis_year=1965<br />
| thesis_url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/58547}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Neera Desai''' (1925 — 25 June 2009) was one of the leaders of [[Women's Studies]] in [[India]] and was noted for her contributions as a professor, researcher, academician, political activist, and social worker.<ref name=IAWS1>{{cite web|title=Neera Desai (1925 – 2009)|url=http://www.iaws.org/neera-desai-1925-2009/|publisher=Indian Association for Women's Studies | accessdate=15 November 2018}}</ref> She founded the first of its kind Research Centre for Women's Studies and the Centre for Rural Development in 1974. She joined the [[SNDT Women's University]] in 1954 and was a part of various governing bodies as a professor and the Head of Department of Sociology (post-graduate).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Neera Desai (1925-2009): Pioneer of Women's Studies in India|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=5 June 2015|volume=50|issue=23|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2009/28/commentary/neera-desai-1925-2009-pioneer-womens-studies-india.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Desai was born in 1925 to a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family that was involved in and supported the [[Indian Independence Movement]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} Desai herself joined the freedom movement at an early age as a schoolgirl when she became a part of the Vanar Sena (Monkey Brigade), founded by [[Indira Gandhi]] which helped the underground circulation of political messages and banned publications.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indira Gandhi: Biography, Family, Early days in Politics, Criticisms & Awards|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/government-politics/indira-gandhi.html|newspaper=Who-Is-Who|date=3 February 2018 }}</ref> Neera did her primary education at the Fellowship School, a co-educational institution which was founded on Theosophist ideology. She joined [[Elphinstone College]] in 1942, but soon gave up formal education to take part in the freedom movement after [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s initiation of the [[Quit India Resolution]]. Neera married [[Akshay Ramanlal Desai]], a fellow sociologist, in 1947.<ref name="Foremothers">{{cite journal|last1=Forbes|first1=Geraldine|last2=Thakkar|first2=Usha|title=Foremothers: Neera Desai (b. 1925)|journal=Gender & History|date=1 August 2005|volume=17|issue=2|pages=492–501|doi=10.1111/j.0953-5233.2006.00390.x|s2cid=145019470 |language=en|issn=1468-0424}}</ref> Eventually completing her studies, Desai concluded her postgraduate studies shortly post Indian independence. Her M.A. thesis focused on Women in Modern India (analysis of women in the Bhakti Movement), which was later published in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Association for Women's Studies (IAWS) • Special Issue • December 2009, Volume II, No.5}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Professional timeline==<br />
Desai's professional works focused on improving [[gender studies]], bringing in practical experience into academic life through many policy recommendations, harboring and propagating an understanding the links of the civil society and educational curriculum. Listed below is short and by no way complete timeline of some of the positions she held during her career.<ref name=IAWS1 /><br />
* 1954 – Joined SNDT<br />
* 1965 – Completed her PhD in Sociology<br />
* 1972 – Appointed as a member of the Social Task Force of the Committee on the Status of Women in India<br />
* 1975 – Founded the Research Unit for Women's Studies<br />
* 1982 – Was one of the founding members of Indian Association for Women's Studies (IAWS)<br />
* 1987 – Became a member of the National Commission on Self Employed Women and Women in the Informal Sector<br />
* 1988 – Became one of the founding members of SPARROW (Sound and Picture Archives for Research on Women)<br />
<br />
==Notable works==<br />
Desai has written in both English and Gujarati at the intersection of [[sociology]], [[history]], and [[women's studies]].<ref name = "Foremothers"/> Her books include: <br />
* Neera Desai, ''Woman in Modern India'' (1957; repr. Bombay: Vora & Co, 1977)<br />
* Neera Desai, ''The Making of a Feminist'', Indian Journal of Gender Studies 2 (1995)<br />
* Neera Desai, ''Traversing through Gendered Spaces: Insights from Women's Narratives'', in Sujata Patel and Krishna Raj (eds), Thinking Social Science in India: Essays in Honour of Alice Thorner (New Delhi: Sage, 2002). Another version was published in Gujarati in 1997.<br />
* N. Desai and S. Gogate, '''Teaching of Sociology through the Regional Language'''<br />
* Neera Desai, ''Women and the Bhakti Movement'', in Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (eds), Women and Culture (Bombay: Research Centre for Women's Studies, SNDT Women's University, 1994).<br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Desai died on 25 June 2009 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Patel2009">{{cite journal |last=Patel |first=Vibhuti |date=11 July 2009 |title=Neera Desai (1925-2009): Pioneer of Women's Studies in India |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/28/commentary/neera-desai-1925-2009-pioneer-womens-studies-india.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |issue=28 |page=11 |issn=0012-9976 |eissn=2349-8846}}{{Subscription required}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Neera}}<br />
[[Category:1925 births]]<br />
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[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian sociologists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women sociologists]]<br />
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siddaganga_Matha&diff=453784Siddaganga Matha2026-02-07T09:12:05Z<p>Rajeev067: quick enhance details for clarity further and added references after review</p>
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<div>{{short description|Lingayata monastery in Tumkur, Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox monastery<br />
| name = Siddaganga Matha<br />
| image = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| image_style =<br />
| perrow =2/2<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| image1 = Basavanna.png<br />
| caption1 = Basavanna<br />
| image2 = Shivakumara Swami.png<br />
| caption2 = Shivakumar Swami<br />
| image3 = Sree Shivakumara Swamiji Dr Abdul Kalam.png<br />
| caption3 =<small> Shivakumara Swami with Abdul Kalam</small><br />
| image4 = The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting Sri Shivakumar Swamy ji, during his visit to the Siddaganga Mutt, at Tumkur, in Karnataka on September 24, 2014.jpg<br />
| caption4 =<small> Shivakumar Swami with Narendra Modi</small><br />
}}<br />
{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1185|frame-width=270|frame-height=350|frame-lat=15.04|frame-long=76.40|stroke-width=3|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|13.321745|N|77.148596|E}}|marker-size2=medium|text=Siddaganga Matha}}<br />
| denomination = [[Lingayatism]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.321745|N|77.148596|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Tumkur]]<br />
| founder = Shree Haradanahalli Gosala Siddeshwara Swamigalu<br />
| people = Shree Siddalinga Swami (head)<br />
| website ={{url|siddagangamath.org}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
{{Lingayatism}}<br />
''' Siddaganga Matha ''' also known as '''Siddaganga Kshetra''', is a [[Lingayatism|Lingayata]] monastery, with an attached educational institution. The matha was established by Sri Haradanahalli Gosala Siddeshwara Swamigalu in the 15th century at a village near [[Tumkur]] in the [[Karnataka]] state of [[India]].<br />
Sree Siddaganga Math is surrounded by hillocks. Some of the well knowns are: Ramagiri (or Ramalinga) Hills, Siddaganga Hills. These hillocks have number of caves with Shivalinga in them, and the caves have also become the places of research in Shaiva history. The famous Shivagange Hills is also located near Sree Siddaganga Math.<br />
<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 1562300 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com|title=Yahoomaps India|accessdate=2008-12-18}} Siddaganga Matha, Tumkur, Karnataka</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://travelxing.com/sree-siddaganga-mutt/|title=Siddaganga Mutt Overview|author=|first=|date=|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=}}</ref><br />
The 44th [[Kannada Sahithya Sammelana]] was held in 1963 in Siddaganga, under the presidency of [[R. S. Mugali]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Tumkur]]<br />
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://Tumkur.nic.in/<br />
*[https://travelxing.com/chikkanna-swamy-temple/ Chikkanna Swamy Temple, Gulur Website]<br />
* [https://siddagangamath.org/siddaganga/publication.html Publication: Siddaganga Monthly Magazine & Books]<br />
<br />
{{Settlements in Tumkur district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Tumakuru district]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bimal_Dutt&diff=491723Bimal Dutt2026-02-06T06:06:32Z<p>Rajeev067: made new entry first draft</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker, film director and editor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bimal Dutt<br />
| native_name = <br />
| alias = <br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = 1924<br />
| birth_place = [[Orisha]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|03|04|1924|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = Bandra, Bombay. [[India]]<br />
| father = <br />
| mother = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = filmmaker<br />
| spouse = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
''' Bimal Dutt''' (1924 – 4 March 1996) was an Indian filmmaker, film director, writer and editor, who directed all-time classics like ''[[Kasturi (1980 film)|Kasturi]]'' (1980), and ''[[Protimurti]]''. He also wrote stories and screenplays.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.cinestaan.com/people/bimal-dutt-70945 |title= Bimal Dutt |website= cinestaan.com }}</ref><ref name="British Film Institute - Films, TV and people - Bimal Dutt">{{cite web |title=British Film Institute - Films, TV and people - Bimal Dutt |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba5386af7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317104642/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba5386af7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Dutt died on March 4, 1996, at his Mumbai residence.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name| 0244887 }}<br />
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[[Category:1924 births]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:1996 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=MFK_Award_for_Favourite_Comedian&diff=514060MFK Award for Favourite Comedian2026-02-03T06:55:24Z<p>Rajeev067: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film award}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]] for Favourite Comedian<br />
| image = <br />
|image_size = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| caption = <br />
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Comic Role<br />
| presenter = ''[[Zee Talkies]]''<br />
| country = India<br />
| year = [[Siddhartha Jadhav]], <br> ''[[De Dhakka]]'' (2009) <br />
| holder = Aroh Welankar <br> ''[[Rege]]'' (2014)<br />
| website = <br />
|image size=180px}}<br />
'''Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? Award for Favourite Comedian''' is given by [[Zee Talkies]] as part of its annual [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]] ceremony for [[Marathi language|Marathi]] films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=M. M. W. |date=2009-09-19 |title='Maharashtracha Favorite Kon?' |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/maharashtracha-favorite-kon-2010.php |access-date=2023-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Supriya Pilgaonkar during Maharashtracha Favourite Kon Awards 2013, held at Grand Hyatt, in Mumbai, on December 1, 2013. |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/yearendershow/26735469.cms |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Although this awards started in 2009, but has not been awarded since 2015.<br />
<br />
== Superlatives ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Superlatives<br />
!Director<br />
!Record<br />
|-<br />
|Actor with most awards<br />
|[[Makarand Anaspure]]<br>[[Siddhartha Jadhav|Siddharth Jadhav]]<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Actor with most nominations<br />
| rowspan="2" |Makarand Anaspure {{small|(2009-2013)}}<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Actor with most consecutive nominations<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Actor with most nominations without ever winning<br />
|[[Bharat Jadhav]]<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|Eldest winner<br />
|[[Ashok Saraf]] {{small|(2010)}}<br />
|63<br />
|-<br />
|Youngest winner<br />
|Aroh Welankar {{small|(2014)}}<br />
|25<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Winners and nominees==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"<br />
!scope="col" style="width:5%; text-align:center;"| Year<br />
!scope="col" style="width:10%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners<br />
!scope="col" style="width:13%;text-align:center;"| Actor<br />
!scope="col" style="width:13%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)<br />
!scope="col" style="width:19%;text-align:center;"| Film<br />
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"|Ref.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 2009<br />
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Siddhartha Jadhav.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Siddhartha Jadhav]] †'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Dhanajirao'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[De Dhakka]]'''''<br />
| rowspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nirmiti Sawant]]<br />
|Laxmibai<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Sasu Numbari Jawai Dus Numbari]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makarand Anaspure]]<br />
| Tukaram<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Ashok Saraf.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Ashok Saraf]] †'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Dadasaheb Dandage'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ek Daav Dhobi Pachhad]]'''''<br />
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? 2010 TV Serial - Watch Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? 2010 Online All Episodes (1-1) on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2010/0-6-4z587374 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Makarand Anaspure]]<br />
| Narayan Wagh<br />
| ''Gallit Gondhal, Dillit Mujra''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Siddhartha Jadhav]]<br />
| Hanmiya<br />
| ''Huppa Huiyya''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Makarand Anaspure.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Makarand Anaspure]] †'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Rajwardhan'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Guldasta (2011 film)|Guldasta]]''''' <br />
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? 2011 TV Serial 19th November 2011 Full Episode 1 Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2011/0-6-4z587384/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2011/0-1-6z587386 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ashok Saraf]]<br />
| Advocate Manohar Barshinge<br />
| ''[[Ideachi Kalpana]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bharat Jadhav]]<br />
| Madhav Bhatt<br />
| ''Mast Challay Aamcha''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Makarand Anaspure.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Pushkar Shrotri|Makarand Anaspure]]''' '''†'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Vishwasrao Dhoke'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Teen Bayka Fajiti Aika]]'''''<br />
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? 2012 TV Serial 9th December 2012 Full Episode 1 Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2012/0-6-4z587392/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2012/0-1-6z587394 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ankush Chaudhari]]<br />
| Sandy/ Suhas/ Subhaan/ Avinash<br />
| ''[[Zhakaas]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bharat Jadhav]]<br />
| Harya<br />
| ''[[Yedyanchi Jatra]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)|Sachin Pilgaonkar]]<br />
| Shashi Phaterphekar<br />
| ''[[Teecha Baap Tyacha Baap]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vijay Patkar]]<br />
|<br />
|''Lau Ka Laath''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Siddhartha Jadhav.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Siddhartha Jadhav|Siddharth Jadhav]] †'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Adimanav'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | [[Kho-Kho (2013 film)|''Kho Kho'']]<br />
| rowspan="5" |<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bharat Jadhav]]<br />
| Kishan<br />
| [[No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey|''No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahe'']]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pushkar Shrotri|Pushkar Shotri]]<br />
| Dhananjay<br />
| ''Sanshay Kallol''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Prathamesh Parab]]<br />
| Vishu<br />
|''[[Balak-Palak|Balak Palak]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makarand Anaspure]]<br />
| Popat Jhadbuke<br />
|''Pipani''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014<br />
| style="text-align:center" |<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Aroh Welankar †'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Anirudha Rege'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Rege]]'''''<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra awards]]<br />
[[Category:Awards established in 2010]]<br />
[[Category:MFK awards]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._32_Squadron_IAF&diff=467954No. 32 Squadron IAF2026-01-29T00:58:46Z<p>Rajeev067: adjust references further and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
|unit_name= No. 32 Squadron<br />
|image=<br />
|caption=<br />
|dates= 15 October 1963 - December 2016<br />
|country={{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]<br />
|allegiance=<br />
|branch={{air force|India}}<br />
|type=<br />
|role=[[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]]<br />
|size=<br />
|command_structure=<br />
|garrison=[[Jodhpur Air Force Station|Jodhpur AFS]]<br />
|garrison_label=<br />
|nickname="Thunderbirds"<br />
|patron=<br />
|motto=''Mahavegashya Dhundvrataha''<br>Fast in speed, Fast in determination<br />
|colors=<br />
|colors_label=<br />
|march=<br />
|mascot=<br />
|equipment=<br />
|equipment_label=<br />
|battles=<br />
|anniversaries=<br />
|decorations=<br />
|battle_honours=<br />
|disbanded=<br />
<!-- Commanders --><br />
|commander1=<br />
|commander1_label=<br />
|commander2=<br />
|commander2_label=<br />
|commander3=<br />
|commander3_label=<br />
|notable_commanders=<br />
<!-- Insignia --><br />
|identification_symbol=<br />
|identification_symbol_label=<br />
|identification_symbol_2=<br />
|identification_symbol_2_label=<br />
<!-- Aircraft --><br />
|aircraft_attack=<br />
|aircraft_bomber=<br />
|aircraft_electronic=<br />
|aircraft_fighter=[[MiG-21|MiG-21 Bison]]<br />
|aircraft_recon=<br />
|aircraft_trainer=<br />
|aircraft_transport=<br />
}}<br />
'''No. 32 Squadron (Thunderbirds)''' is a fighter squadron of [[Indian Air Force]]. It was equipped with [[MiG-21|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21Bison]] and was based at [[Jodhpur Air Force Station]] as part of [[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]].<ref name=BRakshak>{{cite web|title=Squadrons and Helicopter Units|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=9 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209134909/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The squadron was number plated in December 2016.<ref name="dc_061021"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The squadron was formed with the Mystere IV on 15 Oct 1963 at Air Force Station Adampur. This squadron later operated the Vampire (1965) aircraft followed by the Sukhoi-7 (1969), the MiG-21 Bis (1984) and is currently operating the Mig-21Bison (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/presidents-standards-awarded-to-iafs-220-sqn-and-32-sqn-at-halwara/|title = President's Standards awarded to IAF's 220 SQN and 32 SQN at Halwara}}</ref><br />
<br />
The squadron had received Presidential standard in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/a-salute-to-32-and-220-squadrons/story-mMgxuLiK1lh8cRNLcL0hmJ.html|title=A salute to 32 and 220 squadrons|publisher=Indian Express|first=Mandeep Singh|last=Bajwa|date=2013-12-01|access-date=2021-06-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
The squadron was number plated on an unspecified date. Currently, only 4 MiG-21 Bison squadron remains in service.<ref name="dc_061021">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061021/iaf-to-get-35-fighter-squadrons-in-next-10-years-but-needs-42-air-ch.html|title=IAF to get 35 fighter squadrons in next 10 years, but needs 42: Air chief|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=2021-10-06}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Assignments===<br />
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br />
<br />
==Aircraft==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! Aircraft !! From !! To !! Air Base<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dassault Mystère IV]] || 15 October 1963 || February 1969 ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/32+Sqn|title=No. 32 Squadron|publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sukhoi Su-7|Sukhoi Su-7 BMK]] || February 1969 || February 1984 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[MiG-21|MiG-21 bis]] || February 1984 || February 2003 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[MiG-21|MiG-21 Bison]] || February 2003 || N/A || [[Jodhpur Airport|AFS Jodhpur]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Air Force}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|032]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1963]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2016]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{india-mil-stub}}</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umberghar&diff=542527Umberghar2026-01-27T08:26:30Z<p>Rajeev067: put up post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Umberghar<br />
| official_name = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Umberghar<br />
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17|57|52|N|73|23|50|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = Ratnagiri<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = Somewhere in the year 1500<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Group Gram Panchayat<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = Above 1000 people<br />
| population_as_of = Above 500 people<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = Konkani<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Other<br />
| demographics1_info2 = Marathi, Urdu, Hindi, English.<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 415706<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 02358<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dapoli]]<br />
| footnotes = Created by Abdul Waheed Dabir, Edited by Affan Dabir<br />
}}<br />
'''Umberghar''' is a small village located near the Vashisthi River ([[Dabhol]] Khadi) in [[Ratnagiri district]] in the state of Maharashtra in India. It is 256&nbsp;km away from the state capital of [[Mumbai]].<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Zilla Parishad Full Primary Urdu School Umberghar.jpg|thumb|Zilla Parishad Full Primary Urdu School Umberghar]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Umberghar New Jetty.jpg|thumb|Umberghar New Jetty]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Umberghar Pakhti.jpg|thumb|Umberghar Pakhti]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Umberghar Aamboro.jpg|thumb|Umberghar Aamboro]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Umberghar valley.jpg|thumb|Umberghar valley]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
District Census Handbook [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2732_PART_B_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf] (PDF)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{wikivoyage inline|Dapoli}}<br />
{{Ratnagiri district topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ratnagiri district]]<br />
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit%C4%81b_al-%E1%B8%A4ash%C4%81%CA%BEish&diff=510142Kitāb al-Ḥashāʾish2026-01-19T05:47:55Z<p>Rajeev067: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Medieval Arabic pharmacological and botanical book}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Kitāb al-Ḥashāʾish<br />
| title_orig = كتاب الحشائش<br />
| translator = <br /> Istifan ibn Basil (trad.)<br/>[[Hunayn ibn Ishaq|Ḥunayn ibn Isḥaq]] (rev.)<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| author = Based on ''[[De materia medica|De Materia Medica]]'' by [[Dioscorides|Pedanius Dioscorides]]<br />
| illustrator =<br />
| country = [[Abbasid Caliphate]]<br />
| language = [[Arabic]]<br />
| subject = [[Materia medica]]; [[Pharmacology]]; [[Botany]]<br />
| pages =<br />
| genre = Scientific treatise<br />
| publisher =<br />
| pub_date = 9th century<br />
| english_pub_date=<br />
| media_type = Manuscript<br />
| isbn =<br />
| oclc =<br />
| dewey =<br />
| release_number =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kitāb al-Ḥashāʾish''' (Arabic: كتاب الحشائش, Book of Medicinal Plants) is a medieval [[Arabic]] [[Pharmacology|pharmacological]] and [[Botany|botanical]] book that deals with [[medicinal plants]], minerals, and animal-derived substances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Double folio from a Kitab-i hasha'ish (The book of herbs) - National Museum of Asian Art |url=https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm:fsg_F1998.82/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[National Museum of Asian Art]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Levey |first=Martin |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004661738 |title=Early Arabic Pharmacology |date=1973-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-66173-8}}</ref> The work forms part of the Islamic scientific tradition of [[materia medica]] and reflects the transmission, translation, and expansion of Greco-Roman medical knowledge in the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islamic world]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pickstone |first=John V. |date=1989 |title=Some Manchester sources for the history of sciences, technology and medicine, with special reference to the John Rylands University Library of Manchester |url=https://doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.71.2.6 |journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=141–158 |doi=10.7227/bjrl.71.2.6 |issn=2054-9326|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Dols |first=Michael W. |title=Manfred Ullmann, Islamic Medicine. Islamic Surveys Series 11. Edinburgh University Press, 1978. xiv, 138 pp., illus. £4.50. |date=1979-01-01 |work=Clio Medica : Acta Academiae Internationalis Historiae Medicinae, Vol. 14 |pages=147–148 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004418264_043 |access-date=2026-01-02 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-41826-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=J. H. |date=1988 |title=John M. Riddle, Dioscorides on pharmacy and medicine, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1985, 8vo, pp. xxvii, 298, illus. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s002572730004789x |journal=Medical History |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.1017/s002572730004789x |issn=0025-7273|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is based on [[De materia medica]] which was written by [[Pedanius Dioscorides]], a Greek physician in the [[Roman army]]. It was widely read for more than 1,500 years until supplanted by revised [[herbal]]s in the [[Renaissance]], making it one of the longest-lasting of all [[natural history]] and [[pharmacology]] books.<br />
<br />
The manuscript copy of Kitāb al-Ḥashāʾish are preserved in the [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=In Bihar, 19th-century library holds India's treasure trove of Arabic manuscripts |url=https://arab.news/mkknz |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KITAB AL-HASHA'ISH |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6255742 |website=christies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library (Bankipur) {{!}} Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation |url=http://www.al-furqan.com/world_library_details/id/244000?lang=en |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Al-Furqan |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Medical works of the medieval Islamic world]]<br />
[[Category:Scientific works of al-Andalus]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Arabic-language books]]<br />
[[Category:1000 books]]<br />
[[Category:Encyclopedias in Arabic]]<br />
[[Category:Encyclopedias of medicine]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reshma_(Tamil_actress)&diff=530359Reshma (Tamil actress)2026-01-18T18:41:38Z<p>Rajeev067: new initial info needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress (died 2021)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Reshma<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| birthname = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|42|2021|6|21|noage=1}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2021|6|21|42|df=y}}<br />
| other_names = Shanthi<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| spouse = [[Hamsavardhan]]<br />
| children = 3<br />
| parents = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Reshma''' (1978/1979 – 21 June 2021) was an Indian actress who appeared in the [[Tamil cinema]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Born as Shanthi, she adopted the stage name of Reshma and made her debut with ''[[Kizhakku Mugam]]'' (1996) alongside [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]. The success of the film meant she was signed on to appear in [[Kalanjiyam]]'s ''[[Poomani (film)|Poomani]]'' (1996), and also briefly shot for ''Nandha'' featuring [[Ramki]], which did not get completed.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} Another film titled ''Aththai Ponnu'' alongside [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] was also shelved during shoot in 1997.<ref name="indolink">{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |title=A-Z (I) |publisher=indolink.com |access-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331005748/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |archive-date=31 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
Reshma also signed on to play the title role in ''Vennila'' to appear alongside [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] and Amar Siddique.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianmasala.com/index.php?dir=kiss&gal=4&pic=reshma1.jpg&name=Reshma&desc=Enjoying+kiss+with+Ajith+in+%27Vennila%27 |title=Reshma : Enjoying kiss with Ajith in 'Vennila' |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204310/http://www.indianmasala.com/index.php?dir=kiss&gal=4&pic=reshma1.jpg&name=Reshma&desc=Enjoying+kiss+with+Ajith+in+%27Vennila%27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Though the film began production works in 1996, it was duly delayed due to financial problems with the film finally releasing with the title ''[[Ennai Thalatta Varuvala]]'' in March 2003.<ref name="ajithfans">{{cite web |url=http://www.ajithfans.com/ennai-thalatta-varuvala/ |title=Ennai Thalatta Varuvala - Ajithfans - Actor Ajith Kumar E-Fans Association |publisher=ajithfans.com |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203012256/http://www.ajithfans.com/ennai-thalatta-varuvala/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Reshma married actor [[Hamsavardhan]], her co-star from ''[[Vadagupatti Maapillai]]'' (2001). The couple had two sons and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2021/06/21223208/2750830/Actor-hamsavardhan-wife-passed-away.vpf?fbclid=IwAR2TdD_Uvv62JsGr-HRprekjpbUYMLt7KnBzxlTupkycuN0Rk7skT5710eM |title=நடிகர் ஹம்சவர்தனின் மனைவி காலமானார் |date=21 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204209/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2021/06/21223208/2750830/Actor-hamsavardhan-wife-passed-away.vpf?fbclid=IwAR2TdD_Uvv62JsGr-HRprekjpbUYMLt7KnBzxlTupkycuN0Rk7skT5710eM |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Reshma died aged 42 on 21 June 2021, following complications caused by [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=திரையுலகில் அடுத்த சோகம் - நடிகர் ஹம்சவர்தன் மனைவி காலமானார் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/manorama/detail.asp?id=97224 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518161259/https://www.dinamalar.com/manorama/detail.asp?id=97224 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class=unsortable| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''[[Kizhakku Mugam]]'' || Poongodi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''[[Poomani (film)|Poomani]]'' || Pottu || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || ''Anna Andre Nammanna'' || Rukku || [[Kannada]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || ''Killikurishile Kudumbamela'' || Rose Mary || Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''Amar Akbar Anthony'' || Swathi || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''[[Ulta Palta (1998 film)|Ulta Palta]]'' || Swathi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || ''Drona'' || Radha || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || ''[[Maravathe Kanmaniye]]'' || Rasathi || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Nee Enthan Vaanam]]'' || Meenu || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''Jee Boomba'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''Poli Bhava'' || || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Hagalu Vesha]]'' || Seetha || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''[[Vadagupatti Maapillai]]'' || Vadivu (Jeena) || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''Sravu'' || Kasthuri || [[Malayalam]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''[[Nagaravadhu]]'' || || Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Ennai Thalatta Varuvala]]'' || Vennila || Tamil ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! TV Series !! Role !! Language !! class=unsortable| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2001-2002 || ''[[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]]'' || Sowmya Vijay || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || TV Serial (Replaced by Sri Durga)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reshma}}<br />
[[Category:1970s births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Place of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th_Armoured_Regiment_(India)&diff=46456712th Armoured Regiment (India)2026-01-16T07:41:32Z<p>Rajeev067: update section additionally and corrected details for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Army regiment}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = 12th Armoured Regiment IAAC<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| dates = 1984 – present<br />
| country = {{flag icon|India}} [[India]] 1984-Present<br />
| allegiance = India<br />
| branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]<br />
| type = [[Armour]]<br />
| role = <br />
| size = Regiment<br />
| command_structure = <br />
| equipment = [[T-90]]<br />
<!-- Commanders --><br />
| Past Commanders = <br />
| ceremonial_chief = <br />
| colonel_of_the_regiment = Lieutenant General Mohit Malhotra<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref><br />
| notable_commanders = <!-- Insignia --><br />
| identification_symbol = 12 Armd Regt<br />
| identification_symbol_label = Abbreviation<br />
<!-- Culture and history --><br />
| nickname = ''Barasinghas''<br />
| patron = <br />
| motto = ''Sahauryamev Jeevanam'' (Life with Valour)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url= http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2010/nov01-10/h6.htm|title=Sainik Samachar Nov 2010| date=2010-11-01|accessdate=2020-10-31}}</ref><br />
| colors = <br />
| march = <br />
| mascot = <br />
| battles = <br />
| anniversaries = <br />
| decorations = <br />
| battle_honours = <br />
}}<br />
The '''12th Armoured Regiment''' is an [[armoured regiment]] which is part of the [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] of the '''[[Indian Army]]'''.<ref name="Nath2009">{{cite book|last=Nath|first=Ashok|title=Izzat: historical records and iconography of Indian cavalry regiments, 1750-2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGQeQwAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India|isbn=978-81-902097-7-9|pages=560–561}}</ref> <br />
The regiment was raised as an all-[[Caste in India|class]] regiment on 1 October 1984 by Lt Col L.R. Vaid at [[Kapurthala]] with [[Vijayanta]] tanks.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The regiment was subsequently converted to [[T-90]] tanks.<ref name="Nath2009"/><ref name="auto"/> The regiment has served in Operation Trident, Operation Rakshak I and Operation Rakshak II.<ref name="Nath2009"/><br />
<br />
The regiment has adopted the nickname ''Barasinghas'' (meaning 12-point stag), and representing the [[Barasingha]], or swamp deer (''Rucervus duvaucelii''), a deer species [[endemic]] to India. This was inspired by the statue of a barasingha stag in full cry in the palace of the Maharaja of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]. Each of the tines of the antlers is said to symbolise one of the 12 tank troops of the regiment.<ref name="Nath2009"/><br />
<br />
The Regiment had the honour of participating in the annual [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] in 2004 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/26rday.htm|title=12 Armd Regt in Republic Day Parade in rediff.com|date=2005-01-26|accessdate=2020-10-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Regiment was presented the ‘[[President's Colour Award|President's Standards]]’ at [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina]] on 19 October 2010 by the then President of India, Mrs [[Prathiba Patil]].<ref name=" Presidents-Standards">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/presidential-standards-to-five-army-t-90-regiments/695545|title=12 Armoured Regiment - Presidents-Standards |date=2010-10-01|accessdate=2020-10-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
The regiment was awarded GOC-in-C, [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]] ''Unit Citation'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/PRODefRjsthn/status/976029091496452097|title=Sapta Shakti Command Investiture Ceremony for the award of 'Unit Citations' to units, for professional excellence in various fields, was held at Jaipur Military Station today. 14 Units were awarded these Citations by Lt General Cherish Mathson, GOC-in-C, South Western Command.|date=2018-03-20|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Regimental Insignia==<br />
The cap badge of the unit has crossed lances and pennons, with the numeral 12 at the crossing, with the regimental motto inscribed on a scroll below in [[Devanagari]] script. The cap badge is in silver plate for officers and nickel plate for other ranks.<ref name="Nath2009"/> The motto of the regiment is "Shauryamev Jeevnam" which means 'life with valour'.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Indian Army Armoured Corps |state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Armoured and cavalry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1984]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-mil-stub}}</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=RJ_Joed_Almeida&diff=527785RJ Joed Almeida2026-01-14T18:29:16Z<p>Rajeev067: new the info initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian radio personality}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = RJ Joed Almeida<br />
| image = RJ Joed Almeida 2024.jpg<br />
| caption = Almeida at [[Fatorda Stadium]] in 2024<br />
| birth_name = Joed Almeida<br />
| birth_date = 12 September <br />
| birth_place = [[Salcete]], Goa, India<br />
| years_active =<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Radio jockey|emcee}}<br />
| title = Co-founder of The Music Mafia (TMM)<br />
| website = {{URL|https://facebook.com/joed.almeida.50}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox presenter<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| show = ''The Drive with Joed''<br />
| timeslot = 5:00 p.m; Monday-Friday<br />
| country = India<br />
| station = [[Indigo 91.9 FM]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Joed Almeida''', known professionally as '''RJ Joed Almeida''', is an Indian [[radio personality]], [[emcee]], and former banker who hosts ''The Drive with Joed'' on the [[Indigo 91.9 FM]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karun |first=Nina |date=2022-05-13 |title=The Drive With Joed |url=https://indigomusic.com/on-air/on-air-rjs/the-drive-with-joed-almeida |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=indigomusic.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601123334/https://indigomusic.com/on-air/on-air-rjs/the-drive-with-joed-almeida |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Almeida made the decision to leave his banking career behind and pursue a new path as a radio jockey for [[Indigo 91.9 FM]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xaxti youth live in a different Goan era |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Goa-Social/Xaxti-youth-live-in-a-different-Goan-era/92155 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133139/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Goa-Social/Xaxti-youth-live-in-a-different-Goan-era/92155 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite facing initial setbacks, including two unsuccessful attempts, Almeida persevered during a six-month internship and eventually secured the position of a [[radio jockey]]. This career shift brought him joy as he found fulfillment in connecting with the younger generation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Yet again, "All we hear is…… |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Yet-again-%E2%80%9CAll-we-hear-is%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6/200898 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133147/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Yet-again-%E2%80%9CAll-we-hear-is%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6/200898 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2013, Almeida served as the [[Compere (host)|compere]] for an event initiated by Team Goa for a Cause. This collective comprised [[Zumba]] fitness instructors from [[Goa]] who united with the objective of encouraging individuals to engage in dance as a means to promote fitness and support charitable causes. The event specifically aimed to generate funds for the [[2013 North India floods|Uttarakhand flood]] victims and raise awareness about [[breast cancer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2013-10-18 |title=Zumba fitness events to raise awareness – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2013/10/18/magazines/kuriocity/planet-j-zumba-fitness-events-raise-awareness/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133210/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2013/10/18/magazines/kuriocity/planet-j-zumba-fitness-events-raise-awareness/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 23 August 2015, Almeida assumed the role of co-host for the Sol de Gao live music performance festival held in [[Nerul, Goa|Nerul]]. The festival, which featured personalities such as former Miss India World [[Natasha Suri]], RJ Ayesha Barretto, Newton D'Souza, and Sandra da Cunha, provided a platform for live musical performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-08-23 |title=The Dark Carnival, a day long musical fete – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/08/23/magazines/buzz/the-dark-carnival-a-day-long-musical-fete/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133206/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/08/23/magazines/buzz/the-dark-carnival-a-day-long-musical-fete/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 27 August 2015, Almeida took on the responsibility of hosting the [[WWF-India]]'s Wild Wisdom Quiz at the [[Goa Science Centre]]. The quiz, organized in accordance with the theme "International Year of the Soil" as declared by the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-07-17 |title=WWF, India's Wild Wisdom Quiz comes to Goa! – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/07/17/magazines/kuriocity/wwfindias-wild-wisdom-quiz-comes-to-goa/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133210/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/07/17/magazines/kuriocity/wwfindias-wild-wisdom-quiz-comes-to-goa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2015, a collaborative effort was initiated by Almeida and musician Varun Carvalho, known as 'Turn the Tide', with the aim of raising awareness among children about the importance of conserving water bodies and safeguarding Goa from potential encroachment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The fight goes on, the good fight, the Xaxtikar's fight |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Perspective/The-fight-goes-on-the-good-fight-the-Xaxtikar%E2%80%99s-fight/93442 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133148/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Perspective/The-fight-goes-on-the-good-fight-the-Xaxtikar%E2%80%99s-fight/93442 |url-status=live }}</ref> Almeida, together with Carvalho, Elvis Lobo, and Mukesh Ghatwal, organized a special program at [[The King's School, Goa|The King's School]] in [[Margao]], located in [[South Goa]], to promote their cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varun Carvalho begins to 'Turn the Tide' in schools across Xaxti |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Goa-Social/Varun-Carvalho-begins-to-%E2%80%98Turn-the-Tide%E2%80%99-in-schools-across-Xaxti/93718 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133139/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Goa-Social/Varun-Carvalho-begins-to-%E2%80%98Turn-the-Tide%E2%80%99-in-schools-across-Xaxti/93718 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 April 2016, an annual cultural event known as the [[World Konkani Day]]-Il took place at the Ravindra Bhavan in Margao. This event was organized by Almeida and Stanley Marchon, who are both members of The Music Mafia, an organization established by Almeida, Sidharth Yaji,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Konkani with music |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=113725 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133149/http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=113725 |url-status=live }}</ref> and his school friend Marchon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The grand Konkani celebrations |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-grand-Konkani-celebrations/100746 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2017, Almeida along with The Music Mafia and Ravindra Bhavan, Margao hosted the third edition of World Konkani Day (WKD). This annual event aimed to celebrate and honor the Konkani culture, with a particular focus on engaging the youth and preserving the Konkani heritage. The festival attracted an audience of over 2,500 individuals each year, largely composed of young people who actively participate in the WKD festivities. Almeida emphasized the integral role of youth in the event and acknowledged their contribution to the success of WKD.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
In September 2023, [[All India Radio|All India Radio-Panaji]] devised a comprehensive programming schedule for the introduction of [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani-Panaji]], a newly merged FM channel slated to replace the existing [[AIR FM Rainbow|FM Rainbow]] brand commencing from 1 October. The impending transition evoked a sense of dismay among both the radio hosts and the loyal listeners. Almeida, who had grown up avidly tuning in to FM Rainbow, voiced his apprehension regarding the programming changes, expressing concern that the distinctive essence of this iconic channel would be compromised. He emphasized the need for proactive measures to address this issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FM Rainbow's iconic English & Konkani programming slashed in new 'Akashvani Panaji' schedule |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/FM-Rainbow%E2%80%99s-iconic-English-Konkani-programming-slashed-in-new-%E2%80%98Akashvani-Panaji%E2%80%99-schedule/210474 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Joed Almeida was born on 12 September.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D' Silva |first=John |author-link=John D'Silva |date=12 September 2022 |title=Joed Almeida Wish you a very very HAPPY BIRTHDAY and many more Happy Returns of the Day |url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2330696863745051&id=100004142791721&mibextid=CDWPTG |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Facebook |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133739/https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2330696863745051&id=100004142791721&mibextid=CDWPTG |url-status=live }}</ref> He hails from [[Salcete]] in [[South Goa]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Almeida expressed admiration for [[Kaoma]]'s popular song "[[Lambada (song)|Lambada]]," considering it a highly anticipated and nostalgic experience. He believes it would be a significant event for music enthusiasts and encourages them not to miss it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put your Hands Up for the Lambada! |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Put-your-Hands-Up-for-the-Lambada/101295 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133720/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Put-your-Hands-Up-for-the-Lambada/101295 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Almeida is a fan of [[Tina Turner]], whom he describes as an extraordinary figure with an immense presence, exemplifying true stardom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Queen of rock n roll lives in the heart of her fans |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-Queen-of-rock-n-roll-lives-in-the-heart-of-her-fans/205436 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605043746/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-Queen-of-rock-n-roll-lives-in-the-heart-of-her-fans/205436 |url-status=live }}</ref> Speaking to ''[[O Heraldo]]'', Almeida discussed fellow [[Goan]] players [[Bryce Miranda]] and [[Princeton Rebello]] as potential replacements for [[Sunil Chettri]] in the [[India national football team|national squad]]. He emphasized the importance of giving young talents adequate time and opportunities within the national team to make a lasting impact, asserting that their progress and contributions will develop over time as they gain more experience on the field.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A local boy perhaps |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-local-boy-perhaps/181326 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133717/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-local-boy-perhaps/181326 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Religious beliefs===<br />
Prior to going on air, Almeida silently prays. He gauges his listenership by the requests and interactions he receives through various social media platforms. Almeida curates his playlists to include a blend of [[contemporary music]] and beloved classics.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Music videos ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Song<br />
!Artist <br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|"Golden Peace"<br />
|The Pilar Music Academy<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singing in one voice from across the world for peace |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Singing-in-one-voice-from-across-the-world-for-peace/210885 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133725/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Singing-in-one-voice-from-across-the-world-for-peace/210885 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Almeida, RJ Joed}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kammattam&diff=508017Kammattam2026-01-13T03:08:48Z<p>Rajeev067: New!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Kammattam.jpeg<br />
| caption =<br />
| genre = Crime thriller<br />
| based_on = Real incident in Thrissur<br />
| writer = Shihabudeen k <br />
| director = Shan Thulasidharan<br />
| starring = [[Sudev Nair]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes= 6 <!-- update if confirmed --><br />
| camera = Multi-camera<br />
| runtime = 14 — 28 minutes<br />
| network = [[ZEE5]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|09|04|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = <!--Only insert start date after the first episode has aired. present --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kammattam''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam-language]] [[crime thriller]] [[streaming television]] series directed by Shan Thulasidharan and starring [[Sudev Nair]] in the lead role.<ref name="HTrelease">{{cite web |title=Kammattam: Here's when, where to watch Sudev Nair starrer Malayalam web series |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kammattam-heres-when-where-to-watch-sudev-nair-starrer-malayalam-web-series-ottplay-101754811374858.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="News18release">{{cite web |title=Kammattam OTT Release: When and where to watch Malayalam series |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/kammattam-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-malayalam-series-9523578.html |website=News18 |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> The series is produced for [[ZEE5]] and is based on real events involving a large-scale financial scam in Thrissur.<ref name="OTTreal">{{cite web |title=Director Shan Thulasidharan: Kammattam is based on a real incident that took place in Thrissur |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/director-shan-thulasidharan-kammattam-is-based-on-a-real-incident-that-took-place-in-thrissur-but-exclusive/486138c478633 |website=OTTplay |date=21 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The series revolves around a shocking financial scam that unfolds in Thrissur. Sudev Nair plays the lead investigator who attempts to unravel the conspiracy and expose the truth behind the bank-linked crime.<ref name="CinemaExpressTrailer">{{cite web |title=Kammattam trailer: Sudev Nair and team try to unravel a financial scam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/22/kammattam-trailer-sudev-nair-and-team-try-to-unravel-a-financial-scam |website=Cinema Express |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="OTTtrailer">{{cite web |title=Kammattam trailer of Sudev Nair's web series depicts a major crime linked to a bank scam |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kammattam-trailer-of-sudev-nairs-web-series-depicts-a-major-crime-linked-to-a-bank-scam/4c2a5973a3368 |website=OTTplay |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Inspector Antonio George<br />
*[[Jeo Baby]] as Samuel Oomen<br />
*Akhil Kavalayoor as Sharath<br />
*Sreerekha as Merikutty<br />
*Arun Sol as Francis<br />
*Jordi Poonjar as Perinad Pappan<br />
*[[Ajay Vasudev]] as Shaji<br />
*Jinse Bhaskar as Ayyappadas<br />
*Khalfan as Ebin Samuel<br />
*Jicky Madathil as Esther<br />
*B. Sunil Kumar as Praveen<br />
*Ramya Sukumaran as Teena<br />
*Raji R. Menon as Shyni<br />
*Rekha Mathew as Kunjumol<br />
*Sajan K. Mathew as [[Advocate|Adv]]. Jayaprakash<br />
*Manoj Kana as Raghuthaman<br />
*R. V. Vasudevan as [[Forensic science|Forensic]] [[Surgeon]]<br />
*Anil as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]]<br />
*[[Anoop Krishnan]] as [[Sequence homology|Ortho Doctor]]<br />
*Police Officers<br />
**Arun Viswam <br />
**Sugunan N. P.<br />
**Vaishak S.<br />
**Ratheesh S. G.<br />
**Sumesh Janaki<br />
**Unni Pazhookkara<br />
**Rafi<br />
**Vidheeshitha M. P.<br />
*Sudheep Karat as Vijayanpillai<br />
*Rakesh as Esther’s boyfriend<br />
*Babu Joy as Sasikumar<br />
*Femshad as Jameskutty<br />
*Vipin Prakash as Registrar<br />
*Ajayghosh as Satheesh<br />
*Kashinath as Mobile Shop Owner<br />
*Nikhil as Vibeesh<br />
*Sujith Yeshu as Sajeevan<br />
*Vinod Ernakulam as Photo Frame Guy<br />
*Archana Jayakrishnan as Car Driving Lady<br />
*Manooj Poonjaar as Kunjumol’s Neighbor<br />
<br />
=== Cameo appearance ===<br />
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as [[Judge]]<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Director Shan Thulasidharan revealed that ''Kammattam'' was inspired by a true financial scam that took place in Thrissur.<ref name="OTTreal" /> The series was shot across 40 locations within just 11 days, a record pace for a Malayalam web series.<ref name="HTrisk">{{cite web |title=40 locations, 11 days: Kammattam director Shan Thulasidharan on huge risk they took |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/40-locations-11-days-kammattam-director-shan-thulasidharan-on-huge-risk-they-took-to-film-malayalam-series-ottplay-101755245225420-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=25 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="HRInterview">{{cite web |title=How Kammattam, a Malayalam mini-series, was completed in just 11 days |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/how-kammattam-a-malayalam-mini-series-was-completed-in-just-11-days-zee5-jeo-baby |website=Hollywood Reporter India |date=21 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In interviews, the director mentioned that the team deliberately took risks in terms of fast-paced filming to maintain authenticity and realism.<ref name="OnmanoramaInterview">{{cite web |title=Director Shan Thulasidharan on Kammattam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2025/08/16/director-shan-thulasidharan-kammattam-web-series-zee5-sudev-nair.html |website=Onmanorama |date=16 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Kammattam'' premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 5 September 2025.<ref name="OTTdelay">{{cite web |title=Kammattam OTT release date: Sudev Nair's web series will begin streaming later than planned |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kammattam-ott-release-date-sudev-nairs-web-series-will-begin-streaming-later-than-planned-deets-here/6b3819393025 |website=OTTplay |date=23 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> The series was initially scheduled for 29 August but was postponed by a week.<ref name="HMTV">{{cite web |title=Malayalam crime thriller series Kammattam, based on true events, to stream on Zee5 from August 29 |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/malayalam-crime-thriller-series-kammattam-based-on-true-events-to-stream-on-zee5-from-august-29-132232 |website=HMTV |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pinkvilla">{{cite web |title=Kammattam OTT release: When and where to watch Sudev Nair starrer Malayalam web series online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kammattam-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sudev-nair-starrer-malayalam-web-series-online-1395973 |website=Pinkvilla |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series has been described as ZEE5’s first Malayalam crime thriller series.<ref name="ETV">{{cite web |title=First Malayalam crime thriller series in ZEE5 named Kammattam will be released soon |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!entertainment/first-malayalam-crime-thriller-series-in-zee5-named-kammattam-will-be-release-soon-kerala-news-kls25080801323 |website=ETV Bharat |date=8 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="News18Malayalam">{{cite web |title=Kammattam crime thriller web series on Zee5 |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/kammattam-crime-thriller-web-series-on-zee5-mm-ws-l-737206.html |website=News18 Malayalam |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
{{Episode table |background=#9C958E |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |aux1= |airdate= |overallT=No. |titleT=Title |directorT=Directed by |writerT=Written by |aux1T=Time |airdateT=Release date |episodes={{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=1<br />
|Title=Conspiracy<br />
|ShortSummary=<br />
|Aux1=28 min<br />
|DirectedBy=Shan Thulasidharan<br />
|WrittenBy=Sanjith RS; Sudheesh Sugunanandhan; Jose Thomas Polackal<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|09|04|df=y}}<br />
|LineColor=9C958E<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=2<br />
|Title=Pursuit<br />
|ShortSummary=<br />
|Aux1=22 min<br />
|DirectedBy=Shan Thulasidharan<br />
|WrittenBy=Sanjith RS; Sudheesh Sugunanandhan; Jose Thomas Polackal<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|09|04|df=y}}<br />
|LineColor=9C958E<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=3<br />
|Title=Forgery<br />
|ShortSummary=<br />
|Aux1=14 min<br />
|DirectedBy=Shan Thulasidharan<br />
|WrittenBy=Sanjith RS; Sudheesh Sugunanandhan; Jose Thomas Polackal<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|09|04|df=y}}<br />
|LineColor=9C958E<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=4<br />
|Title=Exposure<br />
|ShortSummary=<br />
|Aux1=16 min<br />
|DirectedBy=Shan Thulasidharan<br />
|WrittenBy=Sanjith RS; Sudheesh Sugunanandhan; Jose Thomas Polackal<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|09|04|df=y}}<br />
|LineColor=9C958E<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=5<br />
|Title=Vengeance<br />
|ShortSummary=<br />
|Aux1=15 min<br />
|DirectedBy=Shan Thulasidharan<br />
|WrittenBy=Sanjith RS; Sudheesh Sugunanandhan; Jose Thomas Polackal<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|09|04|df=y}}<br />
|LineColor=9C958E<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=6<br />
|Title=Unraveled<br />
|ShortSummary=<br />
|Aux1=20 min<br />
|DirectedBy=Shan Thulasidharan<br />
|WrittenBy=Sanjith RS; Sudheesh Sugunanandhan; Jose Thomas Polackal<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|09|04|df=y}}<br />
|LineColor=9C958E<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Kammattam'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Performances and technical aspects were praised, while its rushed pacing and writing drew criticism. <br />
<br />
''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the series 1.5 out of 5, describing it as "unpolished" with underwhelming visuals and flawed writing. The review argued that the series "never truly manages to make use of its premise and ends up as yet another inflated crime thriller that tries too hard to appear sleek," though Jeo Baby’s performance as Samuel was highlighted as a positive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kammattam review: Sudev Nair-led series tries to lure us with clickbait tactics but stumbles aimlessly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kammattam-review-sudev-nair-led-series-tries-to-lure-us-with-clickbait-tactics-but-stumbles-aimlessly-10236792/ |website=The Indian Express |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Bhawana Tanmayi of ''Moneycontrol'' wrote that "''Kammattam'' has all it needs to be a good movie: a strong central case, a talented ensemble, and inspiration from real-life crime. But it doesn't stand out in Malayalam's already great criminal thriller scene because the tale is rushed and not very deep. Fans of the genre will like it once, but it doesn't live up to the standards set by its predecessors."<ref name="MC">{{cite web |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |date=4 September 2025 |title=Kammattam review: Sudev Nair’s crime thriller has a solid plot with storytelling that could have been better |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/kammattam-review-sudev-nair-s-crime-thriller-has-a-solid-plot-with-storytelling-that-could-have-been-better-article-13520840.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Shilpa Nair Anand of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "''Kammattam'' is interesting, the series has all the elements of a thriller, and it works, largely. But there is something lacking, is it the pace or rather the quickness of it? You could probably still watch it for Sudev Nair’s performance, at the very least."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2025-09-04 |title=‘Kammattam’ review: Sudev Nair shines in Zee5’s first Malayalam original series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kammattam-review-sudev-nair-shines-in-zee5s-first-malayalam-original-series/article70010975.ece |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
<br />
''[[Firstpost]]'' remarked that the series "scores due to its performances" and appreciated its technical finesse, but observed that it could have delved deeper into the complexities of its central crime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kammattam web series review: ZEE5’s first original in Malayalam scores due to its performances |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kammattam-web-series-review-zee5s-first-original-in-malayalam-scores-due-to-its-performances-13931686.html |website=Firstpost |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
''[[The Times of India]]'' described it as "a fair police drama that’s worth a one-time watch," commending its cinematography and mystery setup, while noting that the narrative became confusing towards the end due to an overload of villains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kammattam review: A fair police drama that’s worth a one-time watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/kammattam-review-a-fair-police-drama-thats-worth-a-one-time-watch/articleshow/123703112.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the series 2.5 out of 5, describing it as brisk and watchable but "abrupt." The review appreciated Sudev Nair and Jeo Baby’s performances but noted that the rushed 11-day shoot may have compromised narrative cohesion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kammattam review: Sudev Nair’s thriller series takes up a twisted case but does not quite crack it |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kammattam-review-sudev-nairs-thriller-series-takes-up-a-twisted-case-but-does-not-quite-crack-it/00d336950b191 |website=OTTplay |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Trisha Bhattacharya of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' wrote that "despite a promising setup, the series doesn’t quite stick the landing. One of the most noticeable flaws is the camerawork—certain zoom-ins and angles feel abrupt and out of place, pulling the viewer out of the moment instead of drawing them in. These visual choices feel more distracting than deliberate."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=2025-09-04 |title=Kammattam review: Sudev Nair delivers a steady performance in a thriller that blends mystery with intrigue |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/kammattam-review-sudev-nair-delivers-a-steady-performance-in-a-thriller-that-blends-mystery-with-intrigue-11756927258479.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "''Kammattam'' could have benefited a lot from a minimal mood, depth for its characters and the patience to give their story the sprawl it demands."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kammattam' Series Review: Solid Source Material, Mid Storytelling |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/kammattam-series-review-shan-thulasidharan-show-has-solid-source-material-but-mid-storytelling |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
''[[Filmfare]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 stars, calling it "a taut, watchable crime procedural" with an effective central performance by Sudev Nair and strong production design. However, it also noted that the series sacrificed emotional resonance and moral exploration due to its fast pacing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kammattam Review: A taut crime canvas with a human pulse |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/kammattam-review-a-taut-crime-canvas-with-a-human-pulse-77427.html |website=Filmfare |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/kammattam/0-6-4z5802905 Official ZEE5 page] <br />
* {{IMDb title|tt37534689}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]<br />
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television miniseries]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seksaria&diff=450050Seksaria2026-01-12T18:45:29Z<p>Rajeev067: Article updated with improved flow</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Family in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Tone|date=July 2016}}<br />
<br />
The '''Seksarias''' are an [[industrialist]] family in [[India]]. It is a well recognised and respected family name in the [[Marwar]]i [[Agrawal]] community in India. The Govindram Seksaria family originally came from the district called [[Sheikhsar|Sekhsar]] in [[Rajasthan]], India, hence they chose the family name "Seksaria". <br />
<br />
In the early 20th century they were considered as stalwarts in industries like [[textile]]s, [[mining]], [[printing]], [[filmmaking|movie production]], [[steel]] and [[stock|equity]] markets. An iconic figure in the family, [[Govindram Seksaria]], was referred to as The Cotton King. The New York Cotton Exchange has erected a [[ziggurat]] in his honor inside the office building. Another well known industrialist in the family was Makhanlal Gordhandas Seksaria.<br />
<br />
For many Indian industrialist families, the Nationalization Act had brought about significant changes. However, the Seksaria tradition is still carried on by the current generation of family torchbearers and the family residence ([[haveli]]) in the Rajasthani village of [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Navalgarh]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Narotam Sekhsaria]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://seksaria.org Seksaria website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814234543/http://seksaria.org/ |date=14 August 2011 }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Hindustani origin]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]<br />
[[Category:Marwari people]]<br />
[[Category:Aggarwal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{india-stub}}</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowthulapudi_mandal&diff=530957Rowthulapudi mandal2026-01-11T23:15:39Z<p>Rajeev067: new basic data more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Rowthulapudi mandal<br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]]<br /> AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref><br />
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rowthulapudi Mandal''' is one of the 21 mandals in [[Kakinada district|Kakinada District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4891-rowthulapudi-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages & Towns in Rowthulapudi Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> there are 38 villages.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Rowthulapudi mandal has total population of 55,236 as per the Census 2011 out of which 28,050 are males while 27,186 are females. The average Sex Ratio of Rowthulapudi Mandal is 969. The total literacy rate of Rowthulapudi Mandal is 51.11%. The male literacy rate is 50.2% and the female literacy rate is 40.4%.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/rowthulapudi-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4891|title=Rowthulapudi Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Towns and villages ==<br />
<br />
=== Villages ===<br />
<br />
#[[A. Mallavaram]]<br />
#[[Balarampuram (Rowthulapudi Mandal)|Balarampuram]]<br />
#[[Bapabhupalapatnam]]<br />
#[[Billavaka]]<br />
#[[Chakirevulapalem]]<br />
#[[Challeru]]<br />
#[[D.Pydipala]]<br />
#[[Dabbadi]]<br />
#[[Dhara Jagannadhapuram]]<br />
#[[Diguva Sivada]]<br />
#[[Diguvadarapalle]]<br />
#[[Gangavaram (Rowthulapudi Mandal)|Gangavaram]]<br />
#[[Gidajam]]<br />
#[[Ginnelaram]]<br />
#[[Gummaregula]]<br />
#[[Jaldam]]<br />
#[[Koduru, East Godavari District|Koduru]]<br />
#[[Kothuru, East Godavari District|Kothuru]]<br />
#[[Latchireddipalem]]<br />
#[[Meraka Chamavaram]]<br />
#[[Mulagapudi]]<br />
#[[Namagiri Narendrapatnam]]<br />
#[[Pallapu Chamavaram]]<br />
#[[Parupaka]]<br />
#[[Pedduru]]<br />
#[[R.Venkatapuram (Rowthulapudi Mandal)|R.Venkatapuram]]<br />
#[[Raghavapatnam]]<br />
#[[Rajavaram (Rowthulapudi Mandal)|Rajavaram]]<br />
#[[Ramakrishnapuram (Rowthulapudi Mandal)|Ramakrishnapuram]]<br />
#[[Routhulapudi|Rowthulapudi]]<br />
#[[Santha Pydipala]]<br />
#[[Sarlanka]]<br />
#[[Satyavaram (Rowthulapudi Mandal)|Satyavaram]]<br />
#[[Srungadhara Agraharam]]<br />
#[[Srungavaram]]<br />
#[[Tirupatammapeta]]<br />
#[[Uppampalem]]<br />
#[[Venkatanagaram (Rowthulapudi Mandal)|Venakatanagaram]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kakinada district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Kakinada district]]<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enlighten_Media_Group&diff=498541Enlighten Media Group2026-01-05T16:19:03Z<p>Rajeev067: made first article basic info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian private organization}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{MI|<br />
{{notability|1=General|date=August 2011}}<br />
{{more citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{advert|date=April 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Enlighten Company<br />
| logo = New Enlighten Logo Black.jpg<br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| caption =<br />
| type =<br />
| genre = World Cinema<br />
| fate =<br />
| predecessor =<br />
| successor =<br />
| foundation = 2008<br />
| founder = Pranav Ashar<br />
| defunct = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| location_city = Mumbai<br />
| location_country = India<br />
| location =<br />
| locations =<br />
| area_served =<br />
| key_people = Pranav Ashar<br />
| industry = Technology and design<br />
| products = DVDs, posters<br />
| services = Film society<br />
| revenue =<br />
| operating_income =<br />
| net_income =<br />
| assets =<br />
| equity =<br />
| owner =<br />
| num_employees =<br />
| parent =<br />
| divisions =<br />
| subsid =<br />
| traded_as =<br />
| homepage = <!-- {{URL|enlighten.co.in}} --><br />
| footnotes =<br />
| intl =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Enlighten Company''' is an Indian private organization founded in 2008<ref>https://www.enlighten.co.in/</ref> working towards the promotion of [[World cinema|World Cinema]] in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. Founded by Pranav Ashar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/UzgrwbmDQRMl6YkuPKoBBJ/Reality-check.html|website=livemint.com|title=Reality check|date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> in 2006, the group operates through two related but legally distinct operations: a [[Film society|Film Society]] structured as a [[non-profit organization]] and a [[DVD]] label structured as a [[private limited company]].<ref name=standard/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 2006, Pranav Ashar, then an 18-year-old student at [[University of Mumbai]], decided to start a [[film society]] that would show film classics on the big screen. He was particularly passionate about world cinema and was actively involved with the [[Mithibai College]] Film Society. He saw starting a broader film society as a way to share his passion with more like-minded individuals. Thus, Enlighten Film Society started with two screens at [[Cinemax]], which the owners graciously allowed them to use for a nominal fee early on a Sunday morning.<br />
<br />
In 2008, Enlighten sensed that the market was ripe for a DVD label focused on introducing world cinema to India. They tested the market with nine titles in 2008, leveraging their contacts from the film society and building their own distribution capability to get it done right (instead of tying up with an existing player in the market). After improving upon this effort and ultimately meeting with success, they increased the number of titles in 2009 and even further in 2010.<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
In 2013, Enlighten Film Society had 10,000 members across the country and has recently been certified as India's largest film society by [[Federation of Film Societies of India]].<ref name=standard>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/passion-for-cinema-111042400011_1.html|title=Passion for cinema|website=business-standard.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
They charge the members a fixed annual amount to be a member of our film society. In return, members get a card that entitles them to gain entrance to any of their weekly [[film screening]]s, at which they showcase a carefully chosen eclectic blend of the finest in world cinema. The screenings are announced in advance via newspaper ads, SMS, [[email]], and the Enlighten [[website]]. Members can come as often as they wish, up to the maximum possible of 50 screenings per year.<br />
<br />
Additionally, they also organize exclusive events and talks with [[Indian cinema]] celebrities like [[Anurag Kashyap (director)|Anurag Kashyap]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and [[Shabana Azmi]].<ref name=standard/> The company has been organizing the Naya Cinema film festival since 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/nkJYBCCTo0E70hMjEAVnWK/Naya-Cinema-is-old-wine-that-still-tastes-good.html|title=Naya Cinema is old wine that still tastes good|date=19 Nov 2012|website=livemint.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prominent film personalities who have spoken at Enlighten screenings include [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Sudhir Mishra]], [[Ketan Mehta]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Sriram Raghavan]], Amitabh Bachchan, [[Siddiq Barmak]], [[Sujoy Ghosh]], [[Mrinal Sen]], [[Tapan Sinha]], Shabana Azmi, [[Vivek Agnihotri]], and [[Farhan Akhtar]]. They have also hosted various award-winning filmmakers from countries like Italy, France, Germany, Russia, Iran, China, Indonesia, the US, Turkey, and Argentina.<br />
<br />
Another first by Enlighten Film Society was the establishment of the World Cinema Day, celebrated on 13 April every year.<br />
Today, Taj Enlighten Film Society operates in 5 theatre screens across 4 Indian cities: [[Mumbai]] (2 screens), [[Delhi]] (1 screen), [[Bangalore]] (1 screen), and [[Surat]] (1 screen). They will soon be expanding to other major cities like [[Kolkata]], [[Pune]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Chennai]]. They also manage programming for numerous smaller film societies across India, many of whom are more niche in nature or at smaller venues. Currently they manage programming for 37 such film societies across India and by the end of the calendar year they plan to help and collaborate with 150 film societies, possibly re-branding some of these under the "Enlighten" name.<br />
<br />
===Enlighten Award===<br />
Enlighten Film Society confers the prestigious Enlighten Award to leading talents of Indian Cinema. [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Shabana Azmi]] are some of the recipients of this honour.<br />
<br />
==Enlighten Films DVD label==<br />
In 2008, Enlighten launched a DVD label focused on world cinema. Enlighten tested the market in a low risk way with nine classic titles from the 1930s and 1940s. They currently have a library of about 150 titles, including not just films but also certain [[TV serial]]s (e.g. [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s [[Fauji (TV series)|Fauji]]) under the label 'The Golden Age of [[Television]]'.<br />
<br />
Enlighten have built their own distribution capability rather than tying up with an existing player in the market. They have expanded distribution across all of India, selling directly to [[retail chain]]s and relying on regional distributors to reach non-chain [[retailer]]s.<br />
<br />
==Enlighten Film posters==<br />
In the bid to expand into other complementary film-related areas, Enlighten intends to venture into the distribution of [[film poster]]s. Enlighten has assembled the largest [[library]] of posters in India, and we will start selling copies of these posters via retailers in 2011.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://enlighten.co.in/ Enlighten Media Group]<br />
* [https://cineoo.com/ Cineoo]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miyapadavu&diff=517988Miyapadavu2026-01-04T09:41:36Z<p>Rajeev067: made the post from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Kerala State, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
[[File:Miyapadavu Ariel View.jpg|thumb|]]<br />
'''Miyapadavu''' is a small village of Meenja Panchayath of Manjeshwar taluk [[Kasaragod district]], Kerala state, India.<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
Miyapadavu is located east of Hosangadi junction in [[Maheshwar|Majeshwar]]. It is 7.5 kilometers away from Hosangadi junction.<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Miyapadavu can be accessed by bus from [[Uppala]], Hosangadi/[[Manjeshwar]] towns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dioceseofmangalore.com/parishes1/m/1164-miyapadavu|title = Miyapadavu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alldistancebetween.com/in/distance-between/kasaragod-miyapadavu-b9c186f56bfb40ee6eaa6b1dd06b803e/|title = Distance between Kasaragod and Miyapadavu}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Image gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Miyapadavu. Ayyappa temple.jpg|Ayyappa Temple<br />
File:Miyapadavu school.jpg|Primary School<br />
<br />
File:Miyapadavu Junction.jpg|Miyapadavu Junction<br />
File:Miyapadavu Mosque.jpg|Noor Masjidh<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Kasaragod district}}<br />
{{coord|12.7145|74.9529|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Kasaragod district]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=4582651989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election2026-01-01T09:37:18Z<p>Rajeev067: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election<br />
| country = India<br />
| flag_year = Default<br />
| type = Legislative<br />
| vote_type = Popular <!-- default --><br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| previous_election = 1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election<br />
| previous_year = 1985<br />
| next_election = 1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election<br />
| next_year = 1991<br />
| election_date = ''22 November 1989''<br />
| seats_for_election = All 425 seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| majority_seats = 213<br />
| registered = {{formatnum:79560897}}<br />
| turnout = 51.43%<br />
<br />
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Shri.Mulayam Singh Yadav, addressing at the National Development Council, New Delhi on December 9, 2006 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=06}} <br />
| colour1 = <br />
| leader1 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]<br />
| party1 = Janata Dal<br />
| alliance1 = <br />
| leader_since1 = 1988<br />
| leaders_seat1 = [[Jaswantnagar Assembly constituency|Jaswantnagar]]<br />
| last_election1 = ''New''<br />
| seats_before1 = <br />
| seats1 = 208<br />
| seat_change1 = ''New''<br />
| popular_vote1 = 11,571,462<br />
| percentage1 = 29.71%<br />
| swing1 = ''New''<br />
<br />
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=10}} <br />
| colour2 = <br />
| leader2 = [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]<br />
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]]<br />
| alliance2 = <!-- presidential --><br />
| leader_since2 = 1988<br />
| leaders_seat2 = [[Haldwani Assembly constituency]]<br />
| last_election2 = 269<ref name=election1985/><br />
| seats_before2 = <br />
| seats2 = 94<br />
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 175<br />
| popular_vote2 = 10,866,428<br />
| percentage2 = 27.90%<br />
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 11.35 [[Percentage Point|pp]]<br />
<br />
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalyan Singh 2.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}<br />
| leader3 = [[Kalyan Singh]]<br />
| leader_since3 = <br />
| leaders_seat3 = [[Atrauli Assembly constituency|Atrauli]]<br />
| last_election3 = 16<ref name=election1985/><br />
| seats_before3 = <br />
| seats_needed3 = <br />
| seats3 = 57<br />
| seats_after3 = <br />
| seat_change3 = {{Increase}} 41<br />
| popular_vote3 = 4,522,867<br />
| percentage3 = 11.61%<br />
| swing3 = {{Increase}} 1.78 [[Percentage Point|pp]]<br />
<br />
| party4 = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| image4 = {{eppt|Bahujan Samaj Party|height=80|width=80}}<br />
| leader4 = [[Kanshi Ram]]<br />
| leader_since4 = <br />
| leaders_seat4 = <br />
| last_election4 = ''New''<br />
| seats_before4 = <br />
| seats_needed4 = <br />
| seats4 = 13<br />
| seats_after4 = <br />
| seat_change4 = ''New''<br />
| popular_vote4 = 3,664,417<br />
| percentage4 = 9.41%<br />
| swing4 = ''New''<br />
<br />
| party5 = Communist Party of India<br />
| image5 = {{eppt|Communist Party of India|height=80|width=80}}<br />
| leader5 = <br />
| leader_since5 = <br />
| leaders_seat5 = <br />
| last_election5 = 6<ref name=election1985/><br />
| seats_before5 = <br />
| seats_needed5 = <br />
| seats5 = 6<br />
| seats_after5 = <br />
| seat_change5 = {{Steady}}<br />
| popular_vote5 = 606,885<br />
| percentage5 = 1.56%<br />
| swing5 = {{Decrease}}1.48 [[percentage point|pp]]<br />
<br />
| party6 = [[Lok Dal |Lok Dal (B)]]<br />
| image6 = {{eppt|Lok Dal|height=80|width=80}}<br />
| leader6 = <br />
| leader_since6 = <br />
| leaders_seat6 = <br />
| last_election6 = ''New''<br />
| seats_before6 = <br />
| seats_needed6 = <br />
| seats6 = 2<br />
| seats_after6 = <br />
| seat_change6 = ''New''<br />
| popular_vote6 = 464,555<br />
| percentage6 = 1.19%<br />
| swing6 = ''New''<br />
<br />
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]<br />
| before_election = [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]<br />
| before_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]]<br />
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]<br />
| after_election = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]<br />
| after_party = [[Janata Dal|JD]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Elections to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] were held in November 1989, to elect members of the 425 constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The [[Janata Dal]] won the most seats as well as the popular vote and its leader, [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] was appointed as the new [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/politics/state-mulayam-singh-yadav-sworn-as-cm-of-up-in-1989-as-rld-chief-ajit-singh-was-set-to-be-sm-19782607.html |title=उत्तर प्रदेश ने भी 1989 में देखा था महाराष्ट्र जैसा सत्ता का चरखा दांव, मुलायम सिंह बने थे सीएम |language=hi |trans-title=Uttar Pradesh had also seen the spinning wheel of power like Maharashtra in 1989, Mulayam Singh became the CM |date=24 November 2019 |author=Dharmendra Pandey |access-date= 7 November 2021 |publisher=[[Jagran]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/maharashtra-political-crisis-a-repeat-of-up-1989-in-a-way-11574579466243.html |title=Maharashtra political crisis: A repeat of UP 1989, in a way |date=24 November 2019 |agency=IANS |access-date= 7 November 2021 |publisher=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mulayam Singh Yadav Biography in Hindi: About Family, Political life, Age, Photos, Videos|url=https://www.patrika.com/topic/mulayam-singh-yadav/|access-date=18 November 2020|website=Patrika News|language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the passing of ''The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976'', the number of constituencies in Uttar Pradesh was set as 425.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| caption = Voteshare by party<br />
| label1 =[[Janata Dal]]<br />
| value1 = 29.71<br />
| color1 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}<br />
| label2 =[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (Indira)]]<br />
| value2 = 27.90<br />
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| label3 =[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| value3 = 11.61<br />
| color3 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| label4 =[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
| value4 = 9.41<br />
| color4 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
| label5 =[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
| value5 = 1.56<br />
| color5 = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| label6 = Lok Dal (B)<br />
| value6 = 1.19<br />
| color6 = {{party color|Lok Dal}}<br />
| label7 =Others<br />
| value7 = 3.16<br />
| color7 = #808080<br />
| label8 =[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />
| value8 = 15.46<br />
| color8 = {{party color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election results<br />
|image=[[File:India Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1989.svg]]<br />
|party1=[[Janata Dal]]|votes1=11571462|seats1=208|sc1=New<br />
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=10866428|seats2=94|sc2=–175<br />
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=4522867|seats3=57|sc3=+41<br />
|party4=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes4=3664417|seats4=13|sc4=+13<br />
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=606885|seats5=6|sc5=0<br />
|party6=Lok Dal (B)|votes6=464555|seats6=2|sc6=New<br />
|party7=Janata Party (JP)|votes7=289154|seats7=1|sc7=New<br />
|party8=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes8=142763|seats8=2|sc8=0<br />
|party9=Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes9=71763|seats9=1|sc9=New<br />
|party10=[[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes10=68943|seats10=1|sc10=+1<br />
|party11=Other Parties|votes11=655972|seats11=0|sc11=<br />
|party21=Independents|votes21=6020921|seats21=40|sc21=+17<br />
|total_sc=0<br />
|invalid=1971832<br />
|electorate=79560897<br />
|source=ECI<ref name=election1989>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 1989 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=election1985>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Elected members==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Reserved for<br/>([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| Uttarkashi || SC || Barfiya Lal Junwantha || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tehri || None || Balbeer Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Deoprayag || None || Mantri Prasad Naithani || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lansdowne || None || Bharat Singh Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pauri || None || Narendra Singh Bhandari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Karanprayag || None || Shivanand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Badrikedar || None || Kunwar Singh Negi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Didihat || None || [[Kashi Singh Airy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pithoragarh || None || [[Mahendra Singh Mahra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Almora || None || Saraswati Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bageshwar || SC || Gopalram Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ranikhet || None || Jaswant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nainital || None || K. S. Taragi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khatima || SC || Yash Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Haldwani || None || [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kashipur || None || Karan Chandra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Seohara || None || Ashok Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dhampur || None || Surendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Afzalgarh || None || Suleman || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nagina || SC || Rameshwari || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nazibabad || SC || Valdeva Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bijnor || None || Sukhveer Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chandpur || None || Tejpal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kanth || None || Chandra Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Amroha || None || Mohammad Hayat || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hasanpur || None || Rifaquat Husain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gangeshwari || SC || Jag Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sambhal || None || Shafiqurrehman Warq || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bahjoi || None || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chandausi || SC || Karan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kundarki || None || Chandra Vijay Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Moradabad West || None || Sharmendra Tayagi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Moradabad || None || Shami (shamim) Ahmad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Moradabad Rural || None || Mohd. Rizwanul Haq || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Thakurdwara || None || Mohammadulla Khan || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Suartanda || None || Shiv Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rampur || None || [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bilaspur || None || Anil Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shahabad || SC || Banshidhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bisauli || None || Yogendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gunnour || None || Pushpa Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sahaswan || None || Mirmazhar Ali Alias Nanhey Mian || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bilsi || SC || Daulat Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Budaun || None || Krishna Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Usehat || None || [[Bhagwan Singh Shakya]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Binawar || None || Ram Sewak Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dataganj || None || Santosh Kumari Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aonla || None || Shyam Bihari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sunha || None || Sarvaj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Faridpur || SC || Siyaram Sagar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bareilly Cantonment || None || Praveen Singh Eran || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bareilly City || None || Dinesh Johri || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nawabganj || None || Gedanlal Gangwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhojipura || None || Narendra Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kaber || None || Bhupendra Nath || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Baheri || None || Manzoor || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pilibhit || None || Riyaaz Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barkhera || SC || Sannu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bisalpur || None || Harish Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Puranpur || None || Har Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Powayan || SC || [[Chetram|Chet Ram]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nigohi || None || Ahibaran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tilhar || None || Surendra Vikram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jalalabad || None || Ram Murti Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dadraul || None || Ram Autar Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shahjahanpur || None || Suresh Kumar Khanna || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mohammadi || SC || Chhotey Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Haiderabad || SC || Ram Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Paila || None || Chheda Lal Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]] || None || [[Zafar Ali Naqvi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Srinagar || None || Kamal Ahmad Rizvi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nighasan || None || Nirvendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dhaurehara || None || Sarswati Pratap Sing || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Behta || None || Mukhtar Anis || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Biswan || None || Padma Seth || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mahmoodabad || None || Raja Mohammad Amir Mohammad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sidhauli || SC || Shyam Lal Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Laharpur || None || Chandrakali Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sitapur || None || Rajendra Kumar Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hargaon || SC || Daulatram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Misrikh || None || Om Prakash Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Machhrehta || SC || Virendra Kumar Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Beniganj || SC || Ram Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sandila || None || Surendra Kumar Dubey || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ahirori || SC || Parmai Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hardoi || None || Naresh Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bawan || SC || Vipin Bihari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pihani || None || Ashok Bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shahabad || None || Ram Autar Dixit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bilgram || None || Ganga Bhakt Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mallawan || None || Dharmaga || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bangarmau || None || Ashok Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Safipur || SC || Sunder Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Unnao || None || Manohar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hadha || None || Sachchidanand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhagwant Nagar || None || Devki Nandan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Purwa || None || Hradya Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hasanganj || SC || Mast Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Malihabad || SC || Jagdish Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mahana || None || Vinod Kumar Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lucknow East || None || Ravidas Mehrotra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lucknow West || None || Ram Kumar Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lucknow Central || None || Basant Lal Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lucknow Cantonment || None || Premwati Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sarojini Nagar || None || Sharda Pratap Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mohanlalganj || SC || Sant Baksh Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bachhrawan || SC || Shivdarshan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tiloi || None || Hazi Mohd. Wasim || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rae Bareli || None || Ashok Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sataon || None || Kamal Nayan Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sareni || None || Indresh Vikram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dalmau || None || Har Narayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Salon || SC || Shiv Balak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kunda || None || Niaz Hasan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bihar || SC || Babu Lal Saroj || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rampurkhas || None || Pramod Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Garwara || None || Arun Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pratapgarh || None || Sangam Lal Shukl || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Birapur || None || Jai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Patti || None || Ram Lakhan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Amethi || None || Haricharan Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gauriganj || None || Rajpati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jagdishpur || SC || Ram Sewak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Isauli || None || Indra Bhadra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sultanpur || None || Muid Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jaisinghpur || None || Surya Bhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chanda || None || Ashok Kumar Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kadipur || SC || Jai Raj Gautam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Katehari || None || Ravindra Nath Tewari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Akbarpur || None || Akbar Husain Babar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jalalpur || None || Ramlakhan Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jahangirganj || SC || Arun || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tanda || None || Gopi Nath Verma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ayodhya || None || Jai Shankar Pande || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bikapur || None || Sant Shri Ramdivedi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Milkipur || None || Brij Bhusan Mani Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sohawal || SC || Audhesh Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rudauli || None || Pradeep Kumar Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dariyabad || SC || Rajiv Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siddhaur || None || Ratan Lal Alias Deena || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Haidergarh || None || Sunder Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Masauli || None || Beni Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nawabganj || None || Ram Chandra Bakhtha Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fatehpur || SC || Hardev Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ramnagar || None || Shiv Karan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kaiserganj || None || Ram Tej || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal (B)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fakharpur || None || Bhayankar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mahsi || None || Indra Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nanpara || None || Devta Din || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Charda || SC || Devi Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhinga || None || Chandramani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bahraich || None || Dharmpal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ikauna || SC || Vishnu Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gainsari || None || Aqbal Hasan Alias Aqbal Husain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tulsipur || None || Rizwan Zaheer Alias Rizzu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Balrampur || None || Hanumant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Utraula || None || Samiulla || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sadullah Nagar || None || Dashrath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mankapur || SC || Ram Vishnu Azad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mujehna || None || Rampal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gonda || None || Raghuraj Prasad Upadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Katra Bazar || None || Murli Dhar Muneem || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Colonelganj || None || Ajai Pratap Singh Alias Lalla Bhaiya || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dixir || SC || Ramapati Shastri || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Harraiya || None || Surender Pratap Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Captainganj || None || Krishan Kinkar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nagar East || SC || Ram Karan Arya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Basti || None || Rajmani Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ramnagar || None || Ram Lalit || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Domariaganj || None || Prem Prakash Alias Jippi Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Itwa || None || Mata Prasad Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shohratgarh || None || Kamal Sahni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Naugarh || None || Mohammad Sayed Bhramar || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal (B)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bansi || None || Jai Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khesraha || None || Diwakar Vikram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Menhdawal || None || Chander Shekhar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khalilabad || None || Ram Asray Paswan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hainsarbazar || SC || Sri Ram Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bansgaon || SC || Mithai Lal Shastri || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dhuriapar || SC || Markandey Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chillupar || None || Hari Shankar Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kauriram || None || Gauri Devi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mundera Bazar || SC || Sharda Devi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pipraich || None || Kedar Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gorakhpur || None || Shiv Pratap Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Maniram || None || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sahjanwa || None || Sharda Prasad Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Paniara || None || Ganpat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pharenda || None || Shyam Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Luxmipur || None || Amar Mani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siswa || None || Jagdish Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Maharajganj || SC || Keshav Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shyamdeurwa || None || Janardan Prasad Ojha || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Naurangia || SC || Purnvasi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ramkola || None || Madan Govind Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hata || SC || Kripa Shankar Arya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Padrauna || None || Asgar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Seorahi || None || Qasim || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fazilnagar || None || Vishwanath || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kasia || None || Brahma Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gauri Bazar || None || Laljhari || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rudrapur || None || Bhukti Nath || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Deoria || None || Ram Chhabila || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhatpar Rani || None || Harivansh Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Salempur || None || Suresh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barhaj || None || Swami Nath || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nathupur || None || Amresh Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ghosi || None || Subhash || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sagri || None || Panchanan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gopalpur || None || Gomti || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Azamgarh || None || Durga Prasad Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nizamabad || None || Ram Bachan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Atraulia || None || Balram Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Phulpur || None || Ramakant || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Saraimir || SC || Dayaram Bhaskar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mehnagar || SC || Deep Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lalganj || None || Shree Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mubarakpur || None || Yashwant || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Muhammadabad Gohna || SC || Faujdar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mau || None || Mobin || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rasra || SC || Ram Bachan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siar || None || Sharda Nand Anchal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chilkahar || None || Ramgovind Chaudhari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sikanderpur || None || Rajbhari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (JP)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bansdih || None || Vijai Laxmi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Doaba || None || Bhola Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ballia || None || Vikramditya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kopachit || None || Gauri Shankar Baiya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Zahoorabad || None || Virender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mohammadabad || None || Afzaal Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dildarnagar || None || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Zamania || None || Ravinder Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ghazipur || None || Khursheed || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jakhania || SC || Rajnath Sonkar (shastri) || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sadat || SC || Ramdhani || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Saidpur || None || Rajeet || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dhanapur || None || Daya Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chandauli || SC || Chhannu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chakiya || SC || Satya Prakash Sonkra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mughalsarai || None || Ganji Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Varanasi Cantonment || None || Shatrudra Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Varanasi South || None || Shyam Dev Rai Choudhary (dada) || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Varanasi North || None || Amarnath Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chiraigaon || None || Chander Shekhar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kolasla || None || Udail || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gangapur || None || Raj Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aurai || None || Nihala Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gyanpur || None || Ramrati Wind || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhadohi || SC || Mool Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barsathi || None || Paras Nath Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mariahu || None || Savitri Devi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kerakat || SC || Raj Pati || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bayalsi || None || Uma Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jaunpur || None || Arjun Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rari || None || Arun Kumar Singh 'muna' || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shahganj || SC || Deep Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khutahan || None || Lalta Prasad Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Garwara || None || Rai Luxmi Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Machhlishahr || None || Jwala Prasad Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dudhi || SC || Vijay Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Robertsganj || SC || Tirath Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rajgarh || None || Gulab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chunar || None || Yadunath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Majhwa || None || Rudra Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mirzapur || None || Sarjeet Singh Dang || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chhanbey || SC || Kali Charan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Meja || SC || Vishram Das || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Karchana || None || Kunwar Revati Raman Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bara || None || Ram Dular Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jhusi || None || Mahender Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Handia || None || Rakesh Dhar Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pratappur || None || Rajender Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Soraon || None || Bhola Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nawabganj || None || Nazam Uddin || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Allahabad North || None || Anugrah Narayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Allahabad South || None || Keshari Nath Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Allahabad West || None || Atik Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chail || SC || Shailender Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Manjhanpur || SC || Ishwar Sharan Vidharthi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sirathu || SC || Radhey Shyam Bhartiya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khaga || None || Veer Abhimanyu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kishunpur || SC || Jageshwar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Haswa || None || Uma Kant Bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fatehpur || None || Syed Liyaqat Husain || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jahanabad || None || Naresh Chandra Uttam || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bindki || None || Achal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aryanagar || None || Reshma Arif || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sisamau || SC || Shiv Kumar Baria || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Generalganj || None || Virendra Nath Dexit || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kanpur Cantonment || None || Ganesh Dixit || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Govind Nagar || None || Bal Chandra Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kalyanpur || None || Bhoodhar Narain Misra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sarsaul || None || Jaohari Lal Trivedi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ghatampur || None || Agnihotri Ram Asrey || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhognipur || SC || Pyare Lal Snakhar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rajpur || None || Ram Swarup Varma || {{Full party name with color|Shoshit Samaj Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sarvankhera || None || Prabhu Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chaubepur || None || Hari Kishan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bilhaur || SC || Motilal Dehalvi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Derapur || None || [[Bhagwandin Kushwaha]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Auraiya || None || Ravinder Singh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ajitmal || SC || Munshi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lakhna || SC || Gaya Prasad Verma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Etawah || None || Sukhda Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jaswantnagar || None || Mulayam Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bharthana || None || Maharaj Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bidhuna || None || Dhaniram Verma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kannauj || SC || Kaliyan Singh Dohare || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Umarda || None || Ram Baksh Verma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chhibramau || None || Kaptan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kamalganj || None || Anwar Mohammad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Farrukhabad || None || Vimal Prasad Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kaimganj || None || Fakirey Lal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mohammdabad || None || Suresh Chander Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Manikpur || SC || Siya Dulari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Karwi || None || Ram Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Baberu || None || Devkumar Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tindwari || None || Chander Bhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Banda || None || Jamuna Prasad Bose || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Naraini || None || Surender Pal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hamirpur || None || Ashok Kumar Chandel || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Maudaha || None || Yuvraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rath || None || Rajender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Charkhari || SC || Kashi Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mahoba || None || Babu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mehroni || None || Devender Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lalitpur || None || Arvind Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jhansi || None || Ravindra Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Babina || SC || Ratan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mauranipur || None || Pragi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Garautha || None || Raanjit Singh Jubev || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Konch || SC || Chain Sukh Bharti || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Orai || None || Akbar Ali || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kalpi || None || Ch. Shanker Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Madhogarh || None || Shiv Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhongara || None || Shivraj Singh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kishni || SC || Rameshwar Dayal Balmiki || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Karhal || None || Babu Ram Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shikohabad || None || Rakesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jasrana || None || Raghunath Singh Verma Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ghiror || None || Jagmohan Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mainpuri || None || Indal Singh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aliganj || None || Laturi Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Patiyali || None || Devender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sakeet || None || Virender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Soron || None || Omkar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kasganj || None || Goverdhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Etah || None || Atar Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nidhauli Kalan || None || Anil Kumar Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jalesar || SC || Madhav || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Firozabad || None || Raghubar Dayal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bah || None || Aridaman Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fatehabad || None || Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tundla || SC || Om Prakash Diwakar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Etmadpur || SC || Chandra Bhan Maurya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dayalbagh || None || Vijay Singh Rana || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Agra Cantonment || None || Hardwar Dube || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Agra East || None || Satya Prakash Vikal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Agra West || SC || Kishan Gopal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kheragarh || None || Mandleshwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fatehpur Sikri || None || Badan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Goverdhan || SC || Gyanendra Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mathura || None || Ravi Kant Garg || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chhata || None || Kishori Shyam || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mat || None || Shyam Sunder Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gokul || None || Sardar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sadabad || None || Mustemand Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hathras || None || Ram Saran Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sasni || SC || Ramesh Karan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sikandara Rao || None || Suresh Pratap Gandhi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gangiri || None || Babu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Atrauli || None || Kalyan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aligarh || None || Krashan Kumar Navaman || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Koil || SC || Ram Prasad Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Iglas || None || Vijendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barauli || None || Surendra Singh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khair || None || Jagvir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jewar || SC || Aidal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khurja || None || Ravindra Raghav Alias Pappan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Debai || None || Nem Pal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Anupshahr || None || Hoshiyar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siana || None || Imtiaz Mohammad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Agota || None || Kiran Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bulandshahr || None || Dharam Pal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shikarpur || SC || Ganga Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sikandrabad || None || Narendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dadri || None || Mahendra Singh Bhati || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ghaziabad || None || Surendra Kumar Alias Munni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Muradnagar || None || Raj Pal Tyagi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Modinagar || None || Sukhbir Singh Gahlot || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hapur || SC || Gajraj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Garhmukteshwar || None || Akhatar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kithore || None || Parwez Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hastinapur || SC || Jhaggad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sardhana || None || Amar Pal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Meerut Cantonment || None || Pramatma Sharan Mittal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Meerut || None || Lakshmi Kant Vajpai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kharkhauda || None || Parbhu Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siwalkhas || SC || Charan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khekra || None || Richhpal Singh Bansal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Baghpat || None || Sahab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barnawa || None || Bhopal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chhaprauli || None || Narender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kandhla || None || Virender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khatauli || None || Dharamveer Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jansath || SC || Mahaveer || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Morna || None || Anir Alam Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Muzaffarnagar || None || Somansh Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Charthawal || SC || G. S. Vinod || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Baghra || None || Harender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kairana || None || Rajeshwar Bansal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Thana Bhawan || None || Nakli Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nakur || None || Kanwarpal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sarsawa || None || Ram Sharan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nagal || SC || Harphool Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Deoband || None || Mahavir Singh Rana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Harora || SC || Bimla Rakesh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Saharanpur || None || Virender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Muzaffarabad || None || Mohammad Aslam Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Roorkee || None || Ram Singh Saini || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lhaksar || None || Kazi Mohd. Mohiuddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hardwar || None || Virender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mussoorie || None || Ranjit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dehra Dun || None || Harbhansh Kapur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chakrata || ST || Gulab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1989 State Assembly elections in India|Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1980s in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:November 1989 in India]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proahaetulla&diff=526937Proahaetulla2025-12-18T04:06:07Z<p>Rajeev067: new new pg nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Genus of snakes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| name = Keeled vine snake<br />
| fossil_range = [[Oligocene]]-[[Holocene]], {{Fossil range|26.57|0|ref=<ref name="Mallik2019"/>}}<br />
| image = ProahaetullaAntiqua.png<br />
| display_parents = 2<br />
| genus = Proahaetulla<br />
| parent_authority = Mallik, Achyuthan, Ganesh, Pal, Vijayakumar & Shanker, 2019<br />
| species = antiqua<br />
| authority = Mallik, Achyuthan, Ganesh, Pal, Vijayakumar & Shanker, 2019<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Proahaetulla''''' is a [[monotypic]] [[genus]] of vine [[snake]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]]. It contains only one [[species]], the '''keeled vine snake''' ('''''Proahaetulla antiqua'''''), which is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]]. Its natural habitat is [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests|montane rainforests of southern Western Ghats]].<ref name="Mallik2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Mallik |first1=Ashok Kumar |last2=Achyuthan |first2=N. Srikanthan |last3=Ganesh |first3=Sumaithangi R. |last4=Pal |first4=Saunak P. |last5=Vijayakumar |first5=S. P. |last6=Shanker |first6=Kartik |date=27 July 2019 |title=Discovery of a deeply divergent new lineage of vine snake (Colubridae: Ahaetuliinae: ''Proahaetulla'' gen. nov.) from the southern Western Ghats of Peninsular India with a revised key for Ahaetuliinae |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=7 |article-number=e0218851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0218851 |pmid=31314800 |pmc=6636718 |issn=1932-6203 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1418851M |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Discovery==<br />
The species was first discovered in 2011, when an individual was found in the [[Pothigai|Agasthyamalai Hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. It was initially thought to be a new species of ''[[Ahaetulla]]'', as it looked very similar to the species ''[[Ahaetulla dispar]]''.<ref name="ResearchMatters">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-24|title=Researchers discover a new species of vine snake from the Western Ghats that dates back 26 million years|url=https://researchmatters.in/news/researchers-discover-new-species-vine-snake-western-ghats-dates-back-26-million-years|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Research Matters|language=en}}</ref> However, genetic analyses found it to be deeply divergent from any member in the genus ''Ahaetulla'', so it was classified in its own genus. Both the genus and species were ultimately [[scientific description|described]] in 2019.<ref name="Mallik2019"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The [[genus]] name ''Proahaetulla'' indicates the early divergence from ''[[Ahaetulla]]''. The [[species]] name ''antiqua'' is [[Latin]] for "antique" or "old", referencing the relatively old evolutionary divergence of the [[taxon]].<ref name="Mallik2019"/><br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
''Proahaetulla'' is considered to be the [[sister taxon]] to the genus ''[[Ahaetulla]]'', which it diverged from an estimated 26.57 million years ago, during the mid-[[Oligocene]].<ref name="Mallik2019"/> Due to its age, ''Proahaetulla'' may be one of the oldest monotypic lineages of snakes to still persist in the Western Ghats. ''Proahaetulla'' is also the first deeply divergent snake genus to be described from the Western Ghats in over a century; numerous Indian snake species have had new genera created to reclassify them from the genera they were originally classified in, but ''Proahaetulla'' is completely new, possibly having never been encountered by science prior to its description as a new genus and species.<ref name="Mallik2019"/><ref name="ResearchMatters"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/india-adds-a-new-snake-to-the-list|title=India adds a new snake to the list|website=Cosmos Magazine|date=August 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/indian-researchers-discover-a-new-species-of-vine-snakes-in-western-ghats-1564417683310.html|title=Indian researchers discover a new species of vine snakes in Western Ghats|last=Choudhary|first=Srishti|date=2019-07-29|website=www.livemint.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Proahaetulla'' belongs to the vine snake [[subfamily]] [[Ahaetuliinae]], and its relationships to many of the other species within Ahaetuliinae can be shown in the [[cladogram]] below, with possibly [[paraphyletic]] species noted:<ref name="Mallik2019"/><br />
{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%<br />
|label1=[[Ahaetuliinae]]<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|label1=sharp-nosed snakes<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|label1=''[[Ahaetulla]]''<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Ahaetulla prasina]]'' (paraphyletic)<br />
|2=''[[Ahaetulla fasciolata]]'' }}<br />
|2=''[[Ahaetulla prasina]]'' (paraphyletic) }}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Ahaetulla prasina]]'' (paraphyletic)<br />
|2=''[[Ahaetulla mycterizans]]'' }} }}<br />
|2=''[[Ahaetulla prasina]]'' (paraphyletic) }}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Ahaetulla anomala]]''<br />
|2=''[[Ahaetulla pulverulenta]]'' }}<br />
|2=''[[Ahaetulla nasuta]]'' (paraphyletic) }}<br />
|2=''[[Ahaetulla nasuta]]'' (paraphyletic) }}<br />
|2=''[[Ahaetulla fronticincta]]'' }} }}<br />
|2='''''Proahaetulla antiqua''''' }}<br />
|label2=''[[Dryophiops]]''<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Dryophiops rubescens]]''<br />
|2=''[[Dryophiops philippina]]'' }} }}<br />
|label2=broad-nosed snakes<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|label1=''[[Dendrelaphis]]''<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Dendrelaphis marenae]]''<br />
|2=''[[Dendrelaphis haasi]]'' }}<br />
|2=''[[Dendrelaphis pictus]]'' }}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Dendrelaphis ngansonensis]]''<br />
|2=''[[Dendrelaphis cyanochloris]]'' }}<br />
|2=''[[Dendrelaphis striatus]]'' }} }}<br />
|2=''[[Dendrelaphis formosus]]'' }}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Dendrelaphis tristis]]''<br />
|2=''[[Dendrelaphis subocularis]]'' }}<br />
|2=''[[Dendrelaphis schokari]]'' }}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Dendrelaphis fuliginosus]]''<br />
|2=''[[Dendrelaphis caudolineatus]]'' }} }} }}<br />
|label2=''[[Chrysopelea]]''<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Chrysopelea paradisi]]''<br />
|2=''[[Chrysopelea ornata]]'' }}<br />
|2=''[[Chrysopelea pelias]]'' }}<br />
|2=''[[Chrysopelea taprobanica]]'' }} }} }} }}<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
''Proahaetulla antiqua'' is bright green, with a lighter green or creamish yellow belly, and a creamish yellow [[ventral]] stripe. The [[holotype]] had a total body length of {{convert|111.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with a very slender and partially laterally compressed body. It has a fine-pointed snout and near-[[binocular vision]], with horizontally elliptical [[pupil]]s in its eyes. It is very similar in appearance to ''[[Ahaetulla dispar]]''.<ref name="Mallik2019"/><br />
<br />
==Distribution and habitat==<br />
It is a diurnal and arboreal species found in the high elevation [[rainforest]]s of the far south of the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="Mallik2019"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q95106010|from2=Q84156843}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ahaetuliinae]]<br />
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Snakes of India]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2019]]<br />
[[Category:Monotypic snake genera]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitin_Chandra&diff=522289Nitin Chandra2025-12-08T10:37:24Z<p>Rajeev067: new basic pg w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film director, producer and screenwriter}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
'''Nitin Chandra''' is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter who mainly works in [[Bhojpuri cinema]] and [[Maithili Cinema|Maithili cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-22 |title=Nitin Chandra gets candid about promoting local regions through films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nitin-chandra-gets-candid-about-promoting-local-regions-through-films/articleshow/68989887.cms |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
He is the elder brother of actress [[Nitu Chandra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2012-09-11 |title=Timing relief for Deswa |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111212/jsp/bihar/story_14868289.jsp |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911094233/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111212/jsp/bihar/story_14868289.jsp |archive-date=2012-09-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhojpuri film industry killing both cinema, language: Nitin Chandra |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bhojpuri-film-industry-killing-both-cinema-language-nitin-chandra-114061500535_1.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}<br />
Chandra has directed movies [[Deswa]], [[Mithila Makhaan]] etc. His [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri Film]] [[Deswa]] was premiered at [[International Film Festival of India]] in 2011. His recent film [[Jackson Halt]] released in 2023.<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
He is the recipient of [[National Film Awards]] for his [[Maithili language]] film [[Mithila Makhaan]] in 2016.<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
! scope="col" |Year<br />
! scope="col" |Title<br />
!Director<br />
!Screenwriter<br />
!Language<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
|Unknown<br />
|''Boya Ped Babool Ka''<br />
|Yes<br />
| -<br />
|[[Hindi]]<br />
|Documentary Film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''Bring Back Bhar''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Hindi]]<br />
|Documentary Film <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''A day in the life of Jhumpaa''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
|Silent Short Film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''[[Deswa]]''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
|Screened at IFFI, Goa<br />
| <ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|''[[Mithila Makhaan]]''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Maithili language|Maithili]] <br />
|Won the National Film Award<br />
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-28 |title=Neetu Chandra's 'Mithila Makhaan' wins 'Best Maithili Film' National Award! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Neetu-Chandras-Mithila-Makhaan-wins-Best-Maithili-Film-National-Award/articleshow/51614931.cms |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''The Suspect''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
|Short Film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''Kill Your Mother Tongue''<br />
|Yes<br />
| -<br />
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]/[[Hindi]]<br />
|Youtube Video<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Diwali''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
|Short Film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''Ladki''<br />
|Yes<br />
|No<br />
|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
|Short Film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''Aawa Bihar''<br />
|Yes<br />
| -<br />
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]/[[Hindi]]<br />
|Ad Film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''Threat''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
|Short Film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Bihar Wala web series''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Hindi]]<br />
|YoutubeVideo<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Jackson Halt]]''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Maithili language|Maithili]] <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''Bida''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
|Short Film. Dubbed in [[Hindi]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Kariyathi (Film)|Kariyatthi]]''<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTExMTEyMDI0MDAzMjM= |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|[[Chhath (Film)|Chhath]]<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
|Screened at [[IFFI]], Goa<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFFI 2025: National Awardee Nitin Chandra's Bhojpuri film 'Chhath' to screen in Indian Panorama section|url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=213313|website=Babushahi.com|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|nm6455554}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Nitin}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Maithili-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Rajeev067https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vai._Mu._Kothainayaki_Ammal&diff=543316Vai. Mu. Kothainayaki Ammal2025-10-19T13:27:45Z<p>Rajeev067: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Tamil writer}}<br />
{{Refimprove|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Vaithamanithi Mudumbai Kothainayaki Ammal<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| pseudonym = <br />
| birthname = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|12|1|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Neervalur]], [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Kanchipuram district]],<br/>[[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1960|2|20|1901|12|1|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India<br />
| occupation = novelist, writer, publisher, singer, composer, [[social activist]]<br />
| nationality = <br />
| genre = detective fiction, society and culture<br />
| movement = <br />
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Parthasarathy|1907}}}}<br />
| website = <br />
| citizenship = Indian<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vaithamanithi Mudumbai Kothainayaki Ammal''' (1 December 1901 – 20 February 1960), commonly known as Vai Mu Ko,<ref name=":0"/> was an Indian writer, novelist, and journalist who was the first woman to occupy the editorial board of a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language magazine. She wrote 115 books and published the monthly Tamil magazine ''Jaganmohini''.<br />
<br />
Kothainayaki was the first female writer in Tamil to write a detective novel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/played-many-parts/article7330498.ece|title=Played many parts|last=Guy|first=Randor|date=2015-06-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mohanasundaram1951/article2097254.ece|title=Mohanasundaram1951|last=Guy|first=Randor|date=2011-06-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was interested in a variety of topics and excelled in fields like public speaking, social service, music composition, and fiction writing. Kothainayaki was also a feminist and a freedom fighter.<ref name=":0">Randor Guy (10 January 2002). "[http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/10/stories/2002011000110300.htm An icon in her time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041123124949/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/10/stories/2002011000110300.htm |date=23 November 2004 }}". The Hindu.</ref> She was hailed as the "Queen of Fictions" by contemporary authors.{{Citation needed lead|date=November 2018}} However, Kothainayaki was not well recognized in books about the history of Tamil literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/10/stories/2002011000110300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021008061613/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/10/stories/2002011000110300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-10-08|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=An icon in her time|date=2002-01-10|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
Kothainayaki was born on 1 December 1901 to a devout [[Vaishnava|Vaishnavite]] couple -- Pattammal and N. S. Venkatachary<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=2016-03-04 |title=Much more than a storyteller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/much-more-than-a-storyteller/article8310572.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307045303/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/much-more-than-a-storyteller/article8310572.ece |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=2018-11-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |df=dmy-all}}</ref>-- in [[Neervalur]] (a village near [[Kanchipuram]] in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]). She was named ''Kothai'' after the poet-saint [[Andal]]. Her mother died when she was one year old and thereafter she was raised by various relatives.<ref>Meenakshi Mukherjee (2002). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPJ7jqVSl34C&dq=Kothainayaki+Ammal&pg=PA90 Early Novels in India]". Sahiyta Akademi.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Child marriage]] being then customary, 5<sup>1/2</sup> year-old Kothainayaki was married to a nine-year-old named Parthasarathy in 1907.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Geeta |date=2018-07-25 |title=Women changemakers of Madras |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/women-changemakers-of-madras/article24510221.ece |access-date=2024-12-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her husband's family used the prefix of Vai Mu with their name, and Kothainayaki assumed this practice. The prefix Vai referred to the family deity of Vaithamaanidhi, while Mu referred to [[Mudumbai]], their ancestral village.<br />
<br />
Kothainayaki had no formal schooling and she could not read or write at the time of her marriage. Parthasarathy was insistent that Kothainayaki should be educated. She learnt the [[Telugu language]] from her mother-in-law.<br />
<br />
===Her literary service===<br />
Even though Kothainayaki could not read or write, she often used to sing verses from ''[[Tiruvaymoli|Thiruvaimozhi]]'' at home. This helped her to become proficient in the [[Tamil language]]. Kothainayaki was fond of telling stories to small children. Parthasarathy admired her story telling skills and took her to see dramas and plays; these became the seed for her future career as a playwright.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/10/stories/2002011000110300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021008061613/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/10/stories/2002011000110300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-10-08|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=An icon in her time|date=2002-01-10|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
She was a supporter of women's emancipation and societal reforms and this kindled her desire to become a writer. Since she could not write, she dictated her stories to her friend, Pattammal. Kothainayaki's first play, ''Indira Mohana'', was published by Noble Press in 1924. She received rave reviews for her play in ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' (Tamil), and ''[[New India (newspaper)|New India]]''. The success of her first play spurred Kothainayaki to continue her literary journey. She learned to read and write, thanks to her friend Pattammal. Kothainayaki tried her hand at directing plays and succeeded in her venture. Many of her plays had social reform themes and were staged a number of times. Amongst them, ''Arunodayam'', ''Vatsa Kumar,'' and ''Dayanidhi'' caught the attention of the public. Kothainayaki also published several short stories, three plays, and also other two books.<br />
<br />
===As a magazine editor===<br />
After the success of ''Indira Mohana'', Kothainayaki wrote her first novel ''Vaidehi'' which was serialised in the magazine ''Jaganmohini''. On the advice of author Vaduvar Doraiswami Iyengar, Kothainayaki had taken over as editor of ''Jaganmohini,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/feminine-prowess-in-lyric-writing/article8651417.ece|title=Feminine prowess in lyric writing|last=Krishnan|first=Lalithaa|date=2016-05-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="auto1" />'' in 1925. As this magazine became popular among its readers, Kothainayaki introduced several changes and published the latest works of celebrated writers. Soon ''Jaganmohini'' became one of the best selling magazines of that era. Kothainayaki wrote about her views on social issues like [[Hindu-Muslim unity]], women's emancipation,<ref name="auto1"/> patriotism, [[Alcohol prohibition in India|prohibition]], and widow remarriage in her novels serialised in the magazine. Kothainayaki wrote 115 novels during her literary career and in 1937 she established a printing press.<br />
<br />
===As a public speaker===<br />
Kothainayaki's skill at public speaking came to be well known through her participation in political meetings. She interspersed her speeches with short stories to entertain the audience. Kothainayaki was a front line speaker for the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). Leaders like [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[S. Satyamurti]], and [[K. Kamaraj]] regularly asked her to participate in public meetings.<br />
<br />
===As a classical music singer===<br />
Kothainayaki was a talented singer of classical [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-doyenne-remembered/article15401109.ece|title=A doyenne remembered|date=2008-12-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121223303/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-doyenne-remembered/article15401109.ece|archivedate=21 November 2018}}</ref> Her mellifluous voice, diction, and knowledge of music and its nuances contributed to her success as a singer. When she sang patriotic songs at INC meetings, she pulled large crowds. Kothainayaki paved the way for celebrated singer [[D. K. Pattammal]] to give public performances.<ref>Amanda Weidman (2006). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=fMg7aKE8RNgC&dq=Ms.+D.K.+Pattammal+%2B+Kothainayaki&pg=PA149 Singing the Classical, Voicing the Modern: The Postcolonial Politics of South India]". Duke University Press.</ref> Mahakavi Bharathiar was also a fan of Kothainayaki's singing.<ref>Bharat Bhash (2006). "[http://www.bharatbhasha.com/ebooks.php/139784 The Great Tamil Poet Subramanya Bharathiar]".</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2018}} Kothainayaki regularly sang for [[All India Radio]] and released several gramophone records.<br />
<br />
Kothainayaki also a composed classical music. The book titled ''Isai Margam'' contains some of her compositions. [[Subramania Bharati]] composed his song "Aduvome, Pallu Paduvome" for Kothainayaki and, later, D. K. Pattammal became a star by singing it.<br />
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===As a freedom fighter===<br />
Through [[Annie Besant|Anne Besant]], Kothainayaki befriended social worker [[Ambujammal|Ambujammmal]]. She met [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturbai]] in 1925. This meeting greatly impacted her. Impressed by the simplicity of Gandhi's life, and his powerful oration, Kothainayaki renounced interest in luxurious living and started wearing only khadi [[sari|saris]], discarding her silk dresses and gold and diamond jewellery. She plunged into social service activities with Ambujam Ammal, Rukmany Lakshmipathy and Vasumathi Ramaswamy. Responding to the Mahatma's call in 1931, she participated in the ''[[satyagraha]]'' agitation against toddy and liquor shops and was arrested by the police. Kothainayaki received a six month prison sentence which was increased to eight months when she refused to pay the fine that was imposed on her by the court. In 1932, she was jailed for participation in the agitation against the Lodhi Commission and the stir for the boycott of foreign clothes.<br />
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While serving her sentences in prison,<ref name="auto"/> Kothainayaki continued to write novels. These novels contained the true life stories of other prisoners. Her husband managed the magazine ''Jaganmohini'' during her imprisonment.<br />
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===In the service of world of cinema===<br />
Kothainayaki was a member of Film Censor Board for ten years. She used to go to cinema halls, incognito, to check whether the scenes censored by the board had been reintroduced and were being screened. After finding such a film, she directed that the it be sent to the board for fresh certification.<br />
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Her novels were made into films. The more notable among the films were ''[[Anaadhai Penn|Anadhai Penn]]'' (1938, [[Jupiter Pictures]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%2010/otherstories.html|title=Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai|website=madrasmusings.com|access-date=2018-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028050046/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%2010/otherstories.html|archive-date=28 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/straight-from-savile-row/article8533760.ece|title=Straight from Savile Row|last=Guy|first=Randor|date=2016-04-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and ''Dayanidhi'' which was retitled as ''[[Chitthi]]'' (1966)'', [[Rajmohan]] and [[Nalinasekaran]]''. Posthumously, she won the Award as the Best (Cinema) Story Writer, for ''Chiththi, Rajmohan and Nalinasekaran''.<br />
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===In public and social service===<br />
Kothainayaki was good in [[midwifery]]. She would help women irrespective of caste or creed and free of cost. After [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi's assassination in 1948]], she commemorated his memory by started an association called Mahatmaji Seva Sangam to help poor and orphaned children. When the government gave her ten acres of land in recognition of her public service spirit and patriotism, she gave the ten acres to Sri [[Vinoba Bhave]] for his [[Bhoodan Movement]].<br />
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===Her last days===<br />
When her only son, Srinivasan, suddenly died in 1956, Kothainayaki was greatly upset and could not come to terms with it. She lost interest in life and did not care for her health properly. She was diagnosed with lung tuberculosis. Kothainayaki died on 20 February 1960 at the [[Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai|Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]). <br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{YouTube|FfgTaLokj6g|Cholluvom Vaishnavan Yaarena Kelir}} - A rare recording of a song sung by Kothainayagi Ammal. This is the Tamil-language version of [[Vaishnava Jana To]]. This translation was done by Sangu Subramaniam<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ammal, Kothainayaki}}<br />
[[Category:1901 births]]<br />
[[Category:1960 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil writers]]</div>Rajeev067