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Kodungallur Sree Kurumba Bhagavathy Temple

2026-05-04T16:20:27Z

Rajeev Menon: adding a place!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Thrissur, Kerala}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Kodungallur Sree Kurumba Bhagavati Temple
| image = Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple-WUS00050.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kodungallur Sree Kurumba Bhagavati Temple
| map_type = India Kerala#India#Asia
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Sree Kurumba Bhagavathy Temple, [[Kodungallur]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.226833|N|76.198425|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]
| location = [[Kodungallur]]
| elevation_m = 32.53
| deity = Bhadrakali (Maha Kali, Durga or Aadi Parashakthi, [[Kannagi]])
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = Before CE. Exact date not known
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Sree Kurumba Bhagavati Temple''' (alternatively '''Sree Kurumba Bhagavati Temple''') is a [[Hindu temple]] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Thrissur District]], [[Kerala state]], India. It is dedicated to the goddess [[Bhadrakali]], a form of [[Kali|Mahakali]] worshipped and significantly revered in Kerala. The goddess is known also by the names ''"Sri Kurumba"'' and ''Kodungallur Amma'' (The Mother of Kodungallur).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=വെബ്‌ഡെസ്ക് |first=ജനം |date=2020-08-10 |title=കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂർ അമ്പലത്തിന്റെ ചരിത്രം |url=https://janamtv.com/80267837/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Janam TV |language=ml-IN}}</ref> This temple is the head of 64 Bhadrakali kavus in [[Malabar district|Malabar]]. This [[Kali|Mahakali]] temple is one of the oldest functioning temples in [[India]]. The [[goddess]] of the temple represents the goddess in her fierce ('ugra') form, facing North, featuring eight hands with various attributes. One is holding the head of the demon king [[Darika|Daruka]], another a sickle-shaped sword, next an anklet, another a bell, among others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂർ താലപ്പൊലിക്ക് തുടക്കം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2026/01/15/thalappoli-festival-sreekurumba-temple.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂർ താലപ്പൊലിക്ക് തുടക്കം |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title=Chanting 'Abusive' Words And Drinking Before Entering: Bizzare Things About Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/drinking-and-abusing-the-deity-at-the-kodungallur-bhagavathy-temple-article-106116083 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Kodungallur-bhagavathy-300x336.jpg|thumb|Kodungallur bhagavathy]]

== History ==
After [[Parashurama|Parasurama]] created Kerala, a demon named Darikan began tormenting him. Unable to endure this, Parasurama prayed to Lord Shiva for assistance in destroying the demon. Following Lord Shiva’s divine instructions, Parasurama constructed a temple and installed the powerful goddess Bhagavathy. It is believed that the deity worshipped there is Parashakti herself. Darikan was ultimately slain by [[Bhadrakali]], who emerged from the three eyes of Lord Shiva.<ref name=":0" />
Nairs of the Kodungallur region and various sub-castes of the Nair community had representations in the association.[citation needed]

The members of the association O.K.A.Y were the administrators of the Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple (now with the Cochin Devaswom Board).[1][2] The meetings of the association used to be held on the first day of every month in front of the Kodungallur Bhagavathy temple (and considered "all matters" pertaining to the subjects who are within their jurisdiction and took appropriate decisions).

Another legend states that the temple dates back to very ancient times and was established for [[Kannagi|Kannaki]] during the [[Sangam period]]. In remembrance of the Sangam people, Sangam games are conducted at the temple during ''Thalapoli'' festival. During the rule of the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Kulasekhara dynasty]], Kodum Kaliyur served as the capital and was an important part of Thiruvanchikulam. Chera king [[Chenkuttuvan|Senguttuvan]], who ruled Kerala from Kodungallur, is believed to have moved Kannaki one furlong south of the present temple site and built a shrine for her. The consecration was carried out through [[Shaktism|Shakta worship]], including the a thousand pots of toddy and sacrifice of thousand chickens. Considering the immense power of the goddess, she was installed at the present temple site along with Lord Shiva facing south, Parashakti facing north, and Bhadrakali facing west. It is believed that Kannaki was installed at Kodungallur about 1,800 years ago.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kodunagallur Bhagavathy Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/religious-sites/kodungallur-bhagavathy-temple |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> It is believed that Kannagi after coming to Kodungallur seeks both salvation and divine union with the goddess Bhadrakali enshrined inside the sanctum sanctorum.<ref name=":4"/> Before coming to Kodungallur, Kannagi gave darshan to the native people in Attukkal, where [[Attukal Bhagavathy Temple]] stands.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/101_Pilgrimages/1DtuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=101 Pilgrimages |date=2006 |publisher=Outlook India Pub. |isbn=978-81-89449-03-2 |pages=547 |language=en}}</ref> It is believed that the women there pacified the angry godess by receiving and giving her Pongala, which is celebrated annually as [[Attukal Pongala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where devotees of maternal divinity converge: Know salient features of Attukal Pongala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/astro/2023/03/06/attukal-pongala-devotees-of-maternal-divinity-converge.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

It is also believed that the [[Adi Sankaracarya]] consecrated five chakras that conceives the power of the temple.<ref name=":1" />

The Chicken sacrifice is banned in the temple from 1978 as per the Kerala Animals and Bird Sacrifices Prohibition Act.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-04-02 |title=2 held for rooster sacrifice at Kodungalloor temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/2-held-for-rooster-sacrifice-at-kodungalloor-temple/article65284359.ece |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Image:Kodungallur-RD-11Nov11.jpg|thumb|right|Lighting the evening lamps at Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]]

==Festivals==
[[File:Kodungallur Thiyya Tara.jpg|thumb|Kodungallur Thiyyar Tara. There are 64 tharas at Kodungallur temple belonging to the 64 Thiyyar tharawads in the [[Malabar district|Malabar]] region, primarily from the [[Kannur]] and [[Kozhikode]] districts.]]

===Bharani festival===
{{Main|Kodungallur Bharani festival}}
[[Image:Kodungallur Bharani.jpg|250px|thumb|right| Kodungallur Bharani festival in Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]]
The Bharani festival lasts from the [[Bharani|Bharani asterism]] in Kumbham to seven days after the Bharani asterism in Meenam. The festival begins with ''Kozhikkallu Modal'', a ritual involving the sacrifice of cocks and the shedding of their blood. Another key event is ''Kavu Theendal'', overseen by the King of Kodungallur, features [[Velichappadu|Vellichapads]] (oracles) running around the temple waving sabres, while their attendants throw objects, including cocks, into the inner quadrangle. The oracles shout bawdy abuse at the goddess, which is believed to be accepted, followed by a purification ceremony the next day.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gouthaman |first=K. J. |title=The Object of Madness: A Sexuo-Cultural Reading of Power in the Kodungallur Bharani Songs |journal=Journal of People’s History and Culture |volume=10 |issue=2 |year=2024 |page=98}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

''Chandanapoti Charthal'' or ''Thrichandanacharthu pooja'' is another, involving smearing the image with [[sandalwood]] paste.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://living.oneindia.in/yoga-spirituality/faith-mysticism/2009/oracles-kodungallur-bhagavathy-bharani-310309.html
|title=Oracles Throng Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple
|work=Oneindia
|access-date=2010-12-05
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001135315/http://living.oneindia.in/yoga-spirituality/faith-mysticism/2009/oracles-kodungallur-bhagavathy-bharani-310309.html
|archive-date=1 October 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/24/stories/2004032405250400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040527175150/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/24/stories/2004032405250400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 May 2004
|title='Kavutheendal' observed at Kodungallur
|access-date=2010-12-05
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=24 March 2004}}</ref>

===Thalappoli festival===
The [[Thalappoli]] festival is celebrated in the month of [[Makaram]] (January–February). The four-day Thalappoli commences from the evening of [[Makar Sankranti|Makara Sankranthi]] with religious rituals. It is accompanied by elephanant procession and ''kathina vedi'' (barrel crackers). On the first Thalapoli day, the [[Malayarayan]] community members reach the temple with ''Irumudi Kettu.'' They will be fasting and will offer turmeric, pepper etc. They will also perform special poojas in the temple. The [[Kudumbi]] community comes to the temple accompanied by musical instruments. They will perform ''Savasini Puja'' at temple. On the third day procession will start from the ''Pathinettarayalam Kovilakam.'' On remaining days, Devaswom Board will be organising Thalapoli.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2013-01-03 |title=Thalappoli fest at Kodungallur temple |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/Jan/14/thalappoli-fest-at-kodungallur-temple-442935.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Administration==
The temple was managed by ''Kodungallur Kovilakam ,'' royal family. The temple administration was taken over by the [[Cochin Devaswom Board]] in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvanchikulam Group Temples - Cochin Devaswom Board |url=https://www.cochindevaswomboard.org/thiruvanchikulam.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=www.cochindevaswomboard.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Kodungalloor Bharani |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1510135087-0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210123456/https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1510135087-0.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2026 |access-date=10 February 2026 |publisher=Kerala Tourism |format=PDF}}</ref>

==See also==

* '''13 Shakteya Temples of Kerala'''
# Mannampurath Kavu, Neeleswaram
# [[Madayi Kavu|Madaayi Kavu(Thiruvarkkattu Kavu)]], Pazhayangadi
# [[Kalarivathukkal Temple|Kalari Vatulkkal Kavu]], Valapattanam
# Mamanikkunnu Kavu, Irikkur
# [[Thiruvancheri Kavu]], Kuthuparamba
# Kaliyam Kavu, Vadakara, Edacheri
# [[Pisharikavu|Pishari Kavu]], Koyilandi, Kollam(Malabar)
# Thiruvalayanaadu Kavu, Kozhikode
# Kodikkunnathu Kavu, Pattambi
# [[Thirumandhamkunnu Temple|Thirumandham kunnu Kavu]], Angadippuram
# Kodungallur Kavu
# Muthoot Kavu, Thiruvalla
# [[Panayannarkavu|Panayannar Kavu]], Mannar, Thiruvalla

* [[Kannaki Amman]]
* [[Shaktism]]
* [[Onnu Kure Áyiram Yogam]]
* [[Muziris]]
* [[108 Shiva Temples]]
* [[Temples of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.kodungallursreekurumbabhagavathytemple.org/ Kodungallur Sree Kurumba Bhagavathi Temple]
{{Commons category|Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Bhagavathi temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples practicing alternatives to animal sacrifice]]

Sankarankoil Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T14:24:35Z

Rajeev Menon: data

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 219
| name = Sankarankoil
| map_image = Constituency-Sankarankovil.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]
| mla = Dr. Thileepan Jaishankar
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 238,082
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Sankarankoil''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes]]. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below. It is a part of [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan="2" | Party
|----
|rowspan=2|1952
|[[Ramasundara Karunalaya Pandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|P. Urkavalan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]] and P. Urkavalan
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[S. M. Abdul Majid Sahib]]
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[P. Durairaj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2"| [[S. Subbiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[P. Durairaj]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[S. Sankaralingam]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[S. Thangavelu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[V. Gopalakrishnan (Sankarankoil MLA)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="4"| [[C. Karuppasamy]]
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| 2012''*''
| [[S. Muthuselvi]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[V. M. Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[E. Raja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Dr. Thileepan Jaishankar
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

* ''By-elections were held on the account of vacancy due to the demise of the sitting MLA.''

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#2012 by-election|2012 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.4}}

{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|27.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|36.81}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Thileepan Jayshankar|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Sangai Ganesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kavitha|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramarajan |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web|title=Sankarankoil Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a219|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,347 |percentage=39.34% |change=+3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. M. Rajalakshmi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,050 |percentage=36.42% |change=-7.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Annadurai |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,682 |percentage=12.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mahendrakumari |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,851 |percentage=7.64% |change=+6.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Prabhu |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,338 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,957 |percentage=1.08% |change=-0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Subramaniam |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=1,941 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,297 |percentage=2.92% |change= -5.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=181,381 |percentage=71.34% |change= -4.62% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=420|percentage=0.23% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 254,243 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. M. Rajalakshmi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,751 |percentage=44.36% |change=-5.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Anbumani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,262 |percentage=36.20% |change=-6.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Sadhan Tirumalaikumar|Dr. T. Sadhan Tirumalaikumar]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,807 |percentage=11.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gunasekaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,242 |percentage=2.39% |change=+1.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amutha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,476 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,258 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,042 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,489 |percentage=8.16% |change= 0.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=177,510 |percentage=75.97% |change= 0.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,672 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2012 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2012: Sankarankovil}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. Muthuselvi]]
|votes = 94,977
|percentage = 59.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = J. Jawahar SuryaKumar
|votes = 26220
|percentage = 16.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[T. Sadhan Tirumalaikumar]]
|votes = 20,678
|percentage = 12.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = K. Muthukumar
|votes = 12,144
|percentage =2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[L. Murugan]]
|votes = 1,633
|percentage =0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 68,757
|percentage = 43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,59,772
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Karuppasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,297 |percentage=49.99% |change=+9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Umamaheswari |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,902 |percentage=42.80% |change=+6.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Lakshmi Nathan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,198 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,917 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Saratha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,862 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subbulakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,210 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gunaseelan |party=Independent politician |votes=895 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kumar Alias |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=815 |percentage=0.56% |change=-7.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,395 |percentage=7.19% |change= 3.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=144,622 |percentage=75.71% |change= 6.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,012 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Karuppasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,603 |percentage=40.33% |change=-3.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thangavelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,161 |percentage=36.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karuppasamy |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=10,015 |percentage=7.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subbulakshmi |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=9,740 |percentage=7.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthukumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,531 |percentage=4.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subbulakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,351 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kanagaraj |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,250 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=817 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,442 |percentage=3.54% |change= -4.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,468 |percentage=69.48% |change= 5.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,575 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Karuppasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,000 |percentage=43.51% |change=+9.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Duraisamy |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=42,738 |percentage=35.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Sadhan Tirumalaikumar|Dr. T. Sadhan Tirumalaikumar]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,610 |percentage=17.25% |change=-10.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vijayaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,548 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,069 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnammal |party=Independent politician |votes=836 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chinnadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=699 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,262 |percentage=7.75% |change= 7.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,500 |percentage=64.40% |change= -4.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,591 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Karuppasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,933 |percentage=33.94% |change=-27.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rasiah @ Raja |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,333 |percentage=33.41% |change=-3.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thangavelu]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,893 |percentage=27.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ilangavi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,009 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Shanmugavelu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,733 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Mariappan |party=Janata Party |votes=696 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=600 |percentage=0.54% |change= -24.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,752 |percentage=69.30% |change= 1.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,541 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -27.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Gopalakrishnan (Sankarankoil Mla)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,620 |percentage=61.88% |change=+38.52 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thangavelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,772 |percentage=36.56% |change=-7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karuppasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=916 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,848 |percentage=25.32% |change= 4.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,043 |percentage=67.41% |change= -6.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,079 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.89% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thangavelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,886 |percentage=43.99% |change=+3.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Marutha Karuppan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,897 |percentage=23.36% |change=-31.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anandaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,628 |percentage=23.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sankaralingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,846 |percentage=6.42% |change=-48.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,045 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,989 |percentage=20.63% |change= 6.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,581 |percentage=73.73% |change= 0.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,593 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sankaralingam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,411 |percentage=54.45% |change=+5.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thangavelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,028 |percentage=40.52% |change=-4.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Madasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,569 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmugaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=582 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,383 |percentage=13.93% |change= 10.27% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,907 |percentage=73.27% |change= 19.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,144 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Durairaj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,818 |percentage=48.87% |change=+15.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Madan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,436 |percentage=45.21% |change=+10.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Minnavadi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,000 |percentage=4.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthiah |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Panneer Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,382 |percentage=3.66% |change= 3.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,107 |percentage=54.23% |change= 1.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,949 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Subbiah]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,569 |percentage=34.26% |change=-27.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ayyadorai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,232 |percentage=33.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmugavel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,491 |percentage=23.01% |change=-15.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. C. Thangappandian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,778 |percentage=21.88% |change=-39.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Sundararaj Naicker |party=Janata Party |votes=7,187 |percentage=11.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Chellachami |party=Janata Party |votes=4,967 |percentage=7.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kovil Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,602 |percentage=4.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pachiappan |party=Independent politician |votes=706 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=337 |percentage=0.54% |change= -23.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,965 |percentage=52.77% |change= -12.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,097 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -27.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Subbiah]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,677 |percentage=61.84% |change=-0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. James
|party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,019 |percentage=38.16% |change=+5.71 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,658 |percentage=23.67% |change= -6.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,696 |percentage=64.93% |change= -6.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,951 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Durairaj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,173 |percentage=62.79% |change=+36.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Urkavalan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,211 |percentage=32.45% |change=-19.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Madaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,482 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chelliah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,336 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,962 |percentage=30.34% |change= 4.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,202 |percentage=70.99% |change= -1.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,463 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. M. Abdul Majid Sahib]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,799 |percentage=52.41% |change=+24.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishnan Servai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,388 |percentage=26.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. M. K. Balasubramaniam Chettiar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=10,391 |percentage=16.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ayyadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=3,001 |percentage=4.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,411 |percentage=26.22% |change= 22.35% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,579 |percentage=72.75% |change= -10.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,446 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 24.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Urkavalan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,397 |percentage=27.80% |change=+3.19 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,771 |percentage=23.93% |change=-0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Adinamilagi |party=Independent politician |votes=21,907 |percentage=15.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Uthaman (Sc) |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=12,374 |percentage=8.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vallathurai |party=Independent politician |votes=10,310 |percentage=7.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=9,937 |percentage=6.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subbiah (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=9,104 |percentage=6.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=6,511 |percentage=4.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,626 |percentage=3.87% |change= -8.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=145,311 |percentage=83.15% |change= -26.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,765 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -9.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankarankoil<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ramasundara Karunalaya Pandian]] |party=Independent politician |votes=56,256 |percentage=36.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sattanatha Karayalar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,603 |percentage=24.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Urkavalan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,967 |percentage=19.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. Sappani |party=Independent politician |votes=11,313 |percentage=7.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sithanatha Kutumban |party=Independent politician |votes=9,683 |percentage=6.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rakkan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,221 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppiah |party=Independent politician |votes=3,766 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,653 |percentage=12.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=152,809 |percentage=110.02% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,896 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|9.18|77.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tenkasi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Roja (2019 TV series)

2026-05-03T18:41:54Z

Rajeev Menon: Put up a details - done

{{Short description|2019 Indian television series}}
{{About||the original Tamil TV series|Roja (2018 TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Roja title 2.jpg
| director = Hariprasad Gattreddy
| caption =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-Camera]]
| editor =
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| creator =
| developer =
| producer = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]
| executive_producer =
| writer = M Anantha Kumar '''Dialogues''' Marpu Srinivas (1-120) Murali Ramesh (121-300)
| starring = [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] Princy B Krishnan Munna [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] Jackie Anil Sailatha
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| network = [[Gemini TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|3|11|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 300
| related =
| num_seasons =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| cinematography =
| screenplay = Shanmugam Shekar Vemuri Sriram Kumar
| company = [[Saregama]]
| creative_director = Prince Immanuel
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|3|27|df=y}}
}}

'''''Roja''''' ({{Translation|''Rose''}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[soap opera]] directed by Hariprasad Gattreddy aired on [[Gemini TV]] from 11 March 2019 to 27 March 2020. It is a remake of Tamil television series [[Roja (Tamil TV series)|of the same name]] on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/telugu-remake-of-roja-to-launch-soon/articleshow/68151974.cms|title=Telugu remake of 'Roja' to launch soon|date=25 February 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> The serial was interrupted by the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]]. The serial initially starred [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]], but she was later replaced by Princy B Krishnan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/princy-loves-telugu-tv-industry|title=Princy loves Telugu TV industry|website=Telangana Today|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> Munna as protagonists and Priyanka in pivotal role. The serial was stopped abruptly due to [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]].

==Plot==
Roja is an optimistic girl who was raised in an orphanage. Due to some unexpected turns of events, she met with her biological father but they both don't know about the reality. On the other hand, the male lead Arun Raj, criminal lawyer hates love and marriage but falls in love with Roja. Now, how it all happens and how Roja comes to know about her biological father.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] / [[Princy B Krishnan]] as Roja Arun / Anu
* [[Munaf "Munna" Rahman]] as Arun Raj: A criminal lawyer
* Priyanka as Priya: fake Anu

===Supporting===
*Jackie as Pratap: Arun, Ashwin and Deepa's father
*Sailatha as Kalpana: Arun, Ashwin and Deepa's mother
*Taruntej as Ashwin: Arun's younger brother
*Shabeena as Pooja
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Annapurna: Arun, Ashwin and Deepa's grandmother
*Nirmala Reddy as London Chamundeswari: Annapurna's elder sister
*Anil as Chandrakanth: Roja's biological father
*Dwarakesh Naidu as Satyamurthy: Roja's foster father and Premalayam Ashramam caretaker
*Gowri as Sakshi
*Gopal Krishna Akella as Naveen: Arun's assistant
*Aditya as Pooja's father
*Durga Devi as Pooja's mother
*Vijay Yadav as Sambhaiah, Sakshi's uncle
*Lavanya as Rajyam: Arun, Ashwin and Deepa's aunt
*Krishna Teja as Bala Krishna: Rajyam's husband
*Nirmala as Sumathi
*Sindhuja as Deepa: Arun's younger sister
*Venu Kshatriya as Vishal
*Srinivas as Chalapathi: Chandrakanth's younger brother
*Srilatha as Triveni: Roja's mother (cameo appearance)

===Former lead===
*[[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] as Roja (replaced by Princy B Krishnan)
*Purna Sai as Santhosh: Roja's friend
*Bramar as Ashwin (replaced by Taruntej)

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Ref.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]'' ''ரோஜா''
| 9 April 2018
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 3 December 2022
| Original
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cast-and-crew-of-tv-serial-roja-rejoice-as-it-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/68892621.cms|title=Cast and crew of TV serial Roja rejoice as it completes 300 episodes|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Sevanthi (TV series)|Sevanthi]]'' ''ಸೇವಂತಿ''
| 25 February 2019
| [[Udaya TV]]
| Ongoing
| rowspan="6"| Remake
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sevanthi-celebrates-a-milestone-600-episodes/articleshow/83278019.cms|title=Sevanthi celebrates a milestone 600 episodes|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Roja'' ''రోజా''
| 11 March 2019
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 27 March 2020
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/telugu-remake-of-roja-to-launch-soon/articleshow/68151974.cms|title=Telugu remake of 'Roja' to launch soon|date=25 February 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Sindoor Ki Keemat]]'' ''सिंदूर की कीमत''
| 18 October 2021
| [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]]
| 29 April 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Newbie Vaibhavi Hankare to play the lead in Gul Khan's next for Dangal|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-newbie-vaibhavi-hankare-to-play-the-lead-in-gul-khans-next-for-dangal/2021/08/12|work=IWMBuzz|date=12 August 2021|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]'' ''കളിവീട്''
| 15 November 2021
| [[Surya TV]]
| 22 September 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-daily-soap-palunku-to-launch-soon-thej-gowda-and-khushi-to-make-their-tv-debut/articleshow/87756247.cms|title=New daily soap 'Palunku' to launch soon; Thej Gowda and Khushi to make their TV debut|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Saathi (TV series)|Saathi]]'' ''সাথী''
| 7 February 2022
| [[Sun Bangla]]
| 3 August 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Actress Anumita Dutta on her upcoming show 'Saathi' and much more|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/actress-anumita-dutta-on-her-upcoming-show-saathi-and-much-more/cid/1847635|work=My Kolkata|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Tharala Tar Mag!]]'' ठरलं तर मग!
| 5 December 2022
| [[Star Pravah]]
| Ongoing
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/dharma-yoddha-garud-fame-amit-bhanushali-returns-to-marathi-tv-after-9-years-with-tharla-tar-mag/articleshow/95638965.cms|title=Dharma Yoddha Garud fame Amit Bhanushali returns to Marathi TV after 9 years with Tharla Tar Mag|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Saregama]]

Rajendra Singh Bisht

2026-05-03T03:29:19Z

Rajeev Menon: Put up biography - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Rajendra Singh, [[President's Tatrakshak Medal|PTM]], [[Tatrakshak Medal|TM]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|6|28|df=y}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Mussoorie]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| image =
| caption =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{Flagicon image|Indian Coast Guard flag.svg|size=23px}} [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| service_years = 1980 - 1 July 2019
| rank = [[File:Indian Coast Guard OF-8 Shoulder.svg|20px]] [[File:Indian Coast Guard OF-8.svg|22px]] [[Director General]]
| commands = Western Region Eastern Region
| unit =
| battles =
| awards = [[President's Tatrakshak Medal]] [[Tatrakshak Medal]]
| spouse = Mrs Urmila Singh
| other_work =
}}

'''Rajendra Singh''', PTM, TM (born 28 June 1959) is a retired [[Indian Coast Guard]] officer who served as the 22nd [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard|Director General]] of the Indian Coast Guard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/m.economictimes.com/news/defence/k-natarajan-takes-over-as-director-general-of-coast-guard/amp_articleshow/70017246.cms?usqp=mq331AQA&amp_js_v=0.1|title=K Natarajan takes over as Director General of Coast Guard|website=m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> He was the first Indian Coast Officer to serve as the Director General of ICG. Prior to him the position of DG ICG was held by [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] ranked officer from the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajendra Singh takes charge as Indian Coast Guard chief|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajendra-singh-takes-charge-as-indian-coast-guard-chief/articleshow/51167708.cms|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Rajendra Singh, PTM, TM {{!}} NDMA, GoI|url=https://ndma.gov.in/about-us/members/Shri-Rajendra-Singh|access-date=2021-12-25|website=ndma.gov.in}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rajendra Singh hails from [[Uttarakhand]] and is born in a Rajput Family. He did his schooling from [[Mussoorie]] and graduation from [[Dehradun]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Coast Guard career==
Rajendra Singh joined the Indian Coast Guard in 1980. He has been one of the pioneers who charted the growth of the organization. As a [[Flag Officer]] he has commanded all the classes of ships in the inventory of the service.

He was trained in the Maritime Search and Rescue (M-SAR) and Maritime Safety with the [[United States Coast Guard]]. He has attended the National Security Course at the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]], Mussoorie. Having served in various capacities both afloat and ashore including in the areas of Operations, Administration, HR and Policy & Plans.
[[File:The Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar addressing the 35th Commanders’ Conference of Indian Coast Guard, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb]]
He was instrumental in consolidation of the administrative framework of the service and laying the foundation for expansion of the organization in a planned manner.

As an [[Inspector General]], he had commanded both Eastern as well as the erstwhile undivided Western Region (which in itself implies having commanded more than 2/3rd of the operational fleet and units of the service). On the Eastern front, he led the ICG efforts in the [[Palk Bay]] at the peak of the ethnic strife, and on the West, he spearheaded the transformation of the service to counter challenges in the Coastal Security by implementing state of art Coastal Security Network.

As the Additional Director General of the Indian Coast Guard, he proficiently handled the conflicting demands in a continually enlarging charter of duties. The onerous responsibility included facilitating the organizational growth in an expeditious manner and providing impetus to achieve a high level of operational effectiveness.

==Awards and distinctions==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
2007 - [[President's Tatrakshak Medal]] (PTM)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Rajendra Singh, PTM, TM {{!}} NDMA, GoI|url=https://ndma.gov.in/about-us/members/Shri-Rajendra-Singh|access-date=2021-12-25|website=ndma.gov.in}}</ref>

1990 - [[Tatrakshak Medal]] (TM)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Rajendra Singh, PTM, TM {{!}} NDMA, GoI|url=https://ndma.gov.in/about-us/members/Shri-Rajendra-Singh|access-date=2021-12-25|website=ndma.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web|title=Director General: Indian Coast Guard|url=http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1545_1_DIRECTORSGENERAL.aspx|website=Indian Coast Guard|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=28 June 2016}}
* {{citation|last1=Hiranandani|first1=Gulab Mohanlal|year=2010|author-link=Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani|title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991–2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=978-1-935501-66-4}}
* {{citation|last1=Sharma|first1=M. D.|year=2008|title=Paramilitary Forces of India|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-708-9}}
* {{citation|last1=Reddy|first1=Krishna|year=2007|title=Tmh General Knowledge Manual|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-061999-9}}
* {{cite news|title=Rajendra Singh is the new Coast Guard chief|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/k8LVnlabNY5mEfoK4dodjL/Rajendra-Singh-is-the-new-Coast-Guard-chief.html|date=27 February 2016}}
* {{cite news|title=Indian Coast Guard Gets New Director General |url=http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/201603031104373006650DGHandingTakingOver27Feb16.pdf|accessdate=27 June 2016|work=Indian Coast Guard}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Harish Bisht]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]]| years = 2016 - 2019}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Krishnaswamy Natarajan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajendra}}
[[Category:Directors General of the Indian Coast Guard]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dehradun district]]
[[Category:People from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

Tejal Shah

2026-05-02T20:28:11Z

Rajeev Menon: new

{{Short description|Indian visual artist (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tejal Shah
| image = Tejal Shah (born 1979) in the video 'Global Feminisms'.png
| caption = At the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in 2007
| native_name = तेजल शाह
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1979}}
| birth_place = [[Bhilai]], Chhattisgarh, India
| alma_mater = [[RMIT University]]
| occupation = Visual artist, curator
}}
'''Tejal Shah''' ({{Langx|hi|तेजल शाह}}; born 1979) is an Indian contemporary visual artist and curator. She works within the mediums of video art, photography, performance, drawing, sound work, and spatial installations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejal Shah: Unbecoming |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/152732/tejal-shahunbecoming/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> Shah explores topics in her work including the LGBTQ+ community, sexuality, gender, disability, and the relationship between humans and nature.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Verghese |first=Anisha |date=2021 |title=Colonisation, Heteronormativity and Ironic Subversions: Tejal Shah and Yuki Kihara |url=https://drainmag.com/colonisation-heteronormativity-and-ironic-subversions-tejal-shah-and-yuki-kihara/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Drain Magazine, Vol. 17 (2) |language=en-US |issn=2469-3022}}</ref> She lives in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Seid |first=Betty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnkOAQAAMAAJ |title=New Narratives: Contemporary Art from India |last2=Pijnappel |first2=Johan |date=2007 |publisher=Mapin Publishing |isbn=978-81-88204-82-3 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2008 |title=Tejal Shah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krYzAQAAIAAJ |magazine=Flash Art (magazine) |language=en |publisher=Giancarlo Politi. |volume=258-260 |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |date=2011-01-30 |title=In India, a Busy Fair and a Spirited Art Scene |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/arts/design/31summit.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Tejal Shah was born in 1979 in [[Bhilai]], Chhattisgarh, India.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-1PAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian summer: la jeune scène artistique indienne : du 7 octobre au 31 décembre 2005 |date=2005 |publisher=Ecole nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris |others=École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris |isbn=978-2-84056-183-5 |pages=245 |language=fr}}</ref> Shah has identified as queer.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfZIAQAAIAAJ&q |title=Art and AsiaPacific, Issues 64-65 |date=2009 |publisher=Fine Arts Press |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref> She has BA degree (2000) in photography from [[RMIT University]] (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology) in Melbourne, Australia; and worked towards a MFA degree from [[Bard College]] but did not graduate.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Tejal Shah |url=https://www.kunstinstituutmelly.nl/en/people/2938-tejal-shah |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Kunstinstituut Melly |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> She was an exchange student and attended the [[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]], from 1999 to 2000.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Gayatri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4o0AQAAIAAJ |title=India: Public Places, Private Spaces : Contemporary Photography and Video Art |last2=Sternberger |first2=Paul Spencer |date=2007 |publisher=Newark Museum |isbn=978-81-85026-82-4 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref>

Her 2006 Hijra Fantasy series of work highlighted the [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]] community (eunuchs, intersex people, and/or transgender people) of Bangalore and Mumbai.<ref name=":2" /> In 2012, for Documenta (13) in Kassel, she created the five-channel video installation "Between the Waves" featuring two women wearing horns and exploring a surreal landscape.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Catling |first=Charlotte Skene |date=2012-09-28 |title=The Art of Protest |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/the-art-of-protest |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Alka |date=30 September 2012 |title=Indian strokes |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120930/spectrum/main2.htm |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

Shah's artwork has been shown widely, including ''[[Global Feminisms]]'' (2007) at [[Brooklyn Museum]] in Brooklyn, New York;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=Dena |date=2008-01-01 |title=Global Feminisms curated by Maura Reilly and Linda NochlinGlobal Feminisms: New Directions in Contemporary Art edited by Maura Reilly and Linda Nochlin |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/521560 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=471–474 |doi=10.1086/521560 |issn=0097-9740|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ehrlich |first=Cheri Eileen |date=2011-12-22 |title=Adolescent girls' responses to feminist artworks in the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art at the Brooklyn Museum |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=07360770&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA274699983&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Visual Arts Research |language=English |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=55–70 |url-access=limited}}</ref> "India: Public Places/Private Spaces" (2008) at [[The Newark Museum of Art|Newark Museum]] in Newark, New Jersey;<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2008-01-04 |title=Art in Review |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/04/arts/design/04gall.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Documenta (13)]] (2012) in Kassel, Germany;<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Roberta |date=2012-06-14 |title=Art Show as Unruly Organism |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/15/arts/design/documenta-13-in-kassel-germany.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and "Everyone Is an Artist: Cosmopolitan Exercises With Joseph Beuys" (2021) at K20 in Düsseldorf, Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodward |first=Daisy |date=2021-03-01 |title=Spring Is Here: Brilliant Things To Do This March |url=https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/13138/brilliant-things-to-do-this-march |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=AnOther |language=en}}</ref> Her work was also part of the group exhibition "Facing India" (2018) at [[Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg]] in [[Wolfsburg]], Germany; other artists included [[Vibha Galhotra]], [[Bharti Kher]], [[Prajakta Potnis]], [[Reena Saini Kallat]], and [[Mithu Sen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-04-13 |title=Reena Saini Kallat has a retrospective at Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/reena-saini-kallat-retrospective-kunstmuseum-wolfsburg/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Architectural Digest India |publisher=Condé Nast |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Shah's work is in public museum collections include at the [[Centre Pompidou]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejal Shah, I Love my India, 2003 |url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/ressources/oeuvre/cX4xA9 |website=Centre Pompidou}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian women artists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm6206218}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Tejal}}

[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhilai]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women curators]]

Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram

2026-05-01T14:16:50Z

Rajeev Menon: created the data more to come - done

{{Short description|Loco shed in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = June 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox railway depot
| name = Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram
| image = A Krishnarajapuram-based WAG-9HC at Bangalore City Railway Station.jpg
| caption = KJM based WAG-9HC rest at KSR Bengaluru
| map_type = India Bengaluru
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.002399|77.692842|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}},
| map_size =
| location = Devasandra, [[Krishnarajapuram]], Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560036, India
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| depotcode = KJM
| type = [[Engine shed]]
| roads =
| rollingstock = [[WDM-3A]], [[WDM-3D]], [[Indian locomotive class WDS-6|WDS-6]], [[WDG-3A]], [[WDP-4]], [[WDP-4D]], [[WDG-4]], [[WAP-5]], [[WAP-7]], [[WAG-9]]
| former_rolling_stock = [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]]
| routes =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1986|df=y}}
| closed = 
| original =
| pregrouping =
| postgrouping =
| image_width =
}}

The '''Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram''' is a [[motive power depot]] performing locomotive maintenance and repair facility for [[diesel locomotive]]s and [[electric locomotive]]s of the [[Indian Railways]], located at [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|'''Krishnarajapuram''']] (KJM) of the [[South Western Railway zone]] in the city of [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. It is one of two diesel loco sheds and only electric loco sheds of the South Western Railway, the other being at [[Hubballi]].

== Livery and markings ==
[[File:KUM DLS Logo.png|thumb|150px|Logo Mark of '''Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram''']]

KJM based locomotives have a standard shed livery. KJM DLS has its own markings and stencils. It is written on loco's body as well as front and back side.

== Diesel Locomotives==
{| class="wikitable"
! Serial No.
! Locomotive Class
! Horsepower
! Quantity
|-
|1.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-2/3A|WDG-3A]]
|3100
|8
|-
|2.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]]
|3100
|8
|-
|3.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]]
|3300
|4
|-
|4.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4/4D]]
|4000/4500
|103
|-
|5.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4/4D]]
|4000/4500
|26
|-
|6.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDS-6|WDS-6]]
|1400
|4
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Diesel Locomotives Active as of July 2025'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Railway Website Mechanical Department|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/list?list_type=named|title = IRFCA}}</ref>||153
|}

== Electric Locomotives==
{| class="wikitable"
! Serial No.
! Locomotive Class
! Horsepower
! Quantity
|-
|1.
|[[WAP-5]]
|6120
|4
|-
|2.
|[[WAP-7]]
|6350
|91
|-
|3.
|[[WAG-9]]
|6122
|99
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of May 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-Locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>||194
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261,293,532 Diesel Shed (Krishnarajapuram)] South Western Railway
*[https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html Sheds and Workshops] IRFCA
*{{Cite web|title=Karnataka to get its own electric loco shed at Krishnarajapuram|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/may/17/karnataka-to-get-its-own-electric-loco-shed-at-krishnarajapuram-1977943.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The New Indian Express}}
*{{Cite web|date=July 27, 2019|first=Christin Mathew|last=Philip|title=Karnataka's 1st electric loco shed to be ready in 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnatakas-1st-electric-loco-shed-to-be-ready-in-2020/articleshow/70413386.cms|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Times of India}}
*{{Cite news|date=2019-07-31|title=Railway Ministry opens electrification project unit in Bengaluru|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/railway-ministry-opens-electrification-project-unit-in-bengaluru/article28763595.ece|access-date=2021-06-21|issn=0971-751X}}

{{Locomotives Sheds of India}}

[[Category:South Western Railway zone]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 1981]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Diesel and Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram}}

Pendulum (2023 film)

2026-04-25T15:38:23Z

Rajeev Menon: Put up info - done

{{Short description|Indian film directed by Rejin S. Babu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pendulum
| image = Pendulum 2023 Malayalam film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rejin S Babu
| writer = Rejin S. Babu
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Danish K. Asokan
* Lisha Joseph
* Binoj Villya
* Mithuns Money Market
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|

* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
* [[Anumol]]
* [[Prakash Bare]]
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Shobi Thilakan]]
* [[Binoj Villya ]]
}}
| cinematography = Arun Damodaran
| editing = Sooraj E. S.
| music = Jean P. Johnson
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Lights On Cinemas
* Bat Bros International
* Mithuns Money Market
}}
| distributor = Bat Bros International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|06|16|ref1={{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} }}
| runtime = 106 minutes<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pendulum |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/pendulum/movieshow/100986884.cms |access-date=30 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720084806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/pendulum/movieshow/100986884.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Pendulum''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by Rejin S. Babu in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Dr. Mahesh Narayan, who sets out to find answers to some strange experiences during a one-day family trip. The cast also includes [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Anumol]], [[Prakash Bare]], [[Indrans]], [[Shobi Thilakan]], and [[Neena Kurup]] in significant roles.

[[Principal photography]] began in January 2021 in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]. The music was composed by Jean P. Johnson, while the cinematography and editing were handled by Arun Damodaran and Sooraj E. S.

''Pendulum'' was released in theatres on 16 June 2023.

== Plot ==
When two children, Amir and Angel, are talking in a dream, an unknown man calls Angel, and suddenly the dream ends. Years later, Antony finds Amir in his truck's trunk in a warehouse, and Alex Ichayan, the warehouse owner, assures Antony that he will get rid of Amir. The next day, Antony finds that Amir hasn't stepped out of the truck, and Alex asks Antony to drop Amir at his destination. Amir says that he lost his memory while attending Kochu Thressia teacher's class and predicts that the truck will hit a person on the way.

At present, Dr. Mahesh Narayan, his wife Shwetha, and daughter Thanmayi shift from [[Melbourne]] and settle in [[Kerala]]. An old man visits Mahesh in the hospital and requests that he find his missing son. Thinking that he is mentally ill, Mahesh guides him to a psychiatrist. Mahesh goes on a one-day trip to [[Marayur]] with his family. He stops the car near a tea shop and tells Shwetha that he has been there before and feels [[déjà vu]]. Thanmayi accidentally puts the key inside the trunk, and the car gets center locked. The owner of the tea shop invites Mahesh and his family to stay at his house for the day. At night, Mahesh comes out to make a call and sees the old man who visited him in the hospital. He immediately finds himself in Amir and Angel's dream and gets hit by a truck. The next morning, Shwetha and the tea shop owner see Mahesh lying unconscious outside.

Shwetha thinks that Mahesh had a [[panic attack]] and tells her concerns to Dr. Shabnam. Mahesh sees Dr. Jain Joseph and inquires about the old man who visited him. Jain says that Mahesh was sleeping in his chair at that time. Mahesh learns that the truck that hit him was scrapped 15 years ago. Upon Jain's suggestion, Mahesh visits Antony, who tells him about Amir's predictions and that he and his helper Babu couldn't find the person hit by the truck. Jain tells Mahesh to meet John Master, who can give a proper explanation of Mahesh's strange experiences.

John Master explains to Mahesh about [[lucid dreaming]] and how Mahesh reached out as an uninvited guest in a dream space shared between two people. Mahesh tells him about two children that appeared in his dream, and John Master tells him to find them. Mahesh meets Kochu Thressia and learns more about Amir and Angel. Through her help, Mahesh finds Angel, who is currently a librarian. Mahesh explains his strange experiences and says that he was a part of Angel and Amir's dream, which Angel thinks is a cooked-up story.

John Master suspects that something happened in between the two periods in Mahesh's dream and asks him to meet Angel to inquire about any dream signs told by Amir. When Mahesh asks Angel whether she remembers any dream signs, Angel suddenly finds herself in a remote location, and Mahesh tells her that she is in a dream. Angel remembers the day when Amir told his dream signs and sees Mahesh there. Amir's father tells him that somebody was with Angel, and suddenly, Angel and Mahesh wake up from their dreams. The next day, Mahesh tells Angel the exact words that Amir told her. John Master thinks that Angel is hiding something.

Mahesh meets Benny, who worked with Angel's father, Joseph. Benny sends Mahesh an old photo of Angel from her childhood. Mahesh enters a dream and asks Angel to recreate memories of her old bungalow. Mahesh enters the recreated bungalow, sees young Angel lying unconscious, and finds a painting of him. He then finds himself in his first dream, where Amir is talking to Angel. Mahesh tells John Master how he provoked Angel to cause harm to Amir. Mahesh realises that John Master is actually Amir, who tells him that the dream will collapse soon and that they will meet soon. Mahesh wakes up near the tea shop and goes through a time loop. He meets Angel again and learns that she injured Amir because someone made her do it. Mahesh later arrives at the place told by Amir and sees his dead body being carried.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Dr. Mahesh Narayan
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Dr. George Joseph
* [[Anumol]] as Angel
** Angela as young Angel
* Devaki Rajendran as Shwetha
* [[Prakash Bare]] as John Master/Amir
* Binoj Villya as Amir
** Amal Dev as young Amir
* [[Indrans]] as Ismail, Amir's father (old man)
* Shaju Sreedhar as Benny
* [[Biju Sopanam]] as Stephen, tea shop owner
* Aavani as Thanmayi "Thanu"
* [[Shobi Thilakan]] as Antony
* Deepu Navaikulam as Babu
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Alex Isaac
* [[Neena Kurup]] as Dr. Shabnam
* [[Jolly Chirayath]] as Kochu Thressia teacher
* Aseem Ibrahim as Joseph
}}

== Production ==
''Pendulum'' was the directorial debut of Rejin S. Babu, a native of [[Koorkenchery]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Baiju |date=22 June 2023 |title=ബിവേർ ഓഫ് യുവർ ഡ്രീംസ്; 'പെൻഡുലം'; 'ഇൻസെപ്ഷൻ' പോലൊരു മലയാള സിനിമ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/06/22/pendulam-malayalam-movie-dream-within-a-dream.html |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701151643/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/06/22/pendulam-malayalam-movie-dream-within-a-dream.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with an online media, Rejin S. Babu said that he approached numerous actors and told them about the film's story, to which they expressed interest but weren't interested in turning it into a project due to the risk of failure.<ref name=":1" /> After hearing the story and subject, [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] agreed to do the project.<ref name=":1" /> The film is produced by Danish K. Asokan, Lisha Joseph, Binoj Villya and Mithun Girishan under the banners of Lights On Cinemas and Bat Bros International.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Pendulum {{!}} പെൻഡുലം (2023) - Mallu Release {{!}} Watch Malayalam Full Movies |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/09/pendulum-movie.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=Mallu Release |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720084156/https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/09/pendulum-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Arun Damodaran and Sooraj E. S. handled the cinematography and editing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=12 June 2023 |title=Pendulum Trailer: The Vijay Babu-starrer Is About Deep Secrets and Lucid Dreaming |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/pendulum-trailer-the-vijay-babu-starrer-is-about-deep-secrets-and-lucid-dreaming |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Film Companion |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613191310/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/pendulum-trailer-the-vijay-babu-starrer-is-about-deep-secrets-and-lucid-dreaming |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in January 2021 in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title=ഇന്ദ്രൻസും വിജയ് ബാബുവും അനുമോളും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന 'പെൻഡുലം' വരുന്നു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/indrans-vijay-babu-anumol-starrer-pendulum-movie-starts-rolling/articleshow/80230116.cms |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008053924/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/indrans-vijay-babu-anumol-starrer-pendulum-movie-starts-rolling/articleshow/80230116.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] and [[Vagamon]] were the other filming locations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=K. Eapan |first=Lijin |title=ദേജാവും ലൂസിഡ് ഡ്രീമും ഇടം പിടിക്കുന്ന 'പെൻഡുലം'; കണ്ടിന്യൂസ് വാച്ചിംഗ് എക്സ്പീരിയൻസാണ് ആവശ്യം: റെജിൻ എസ് ബാബു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/ |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029112442/https://malayalam.samayam.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nithya |date=30 December 2022 |title='സ്വപ്നം കൊണ്ട് മറ്റൊരു ദുനിയാവ് തീർക്കാനുള്ള മാജിക്'; 'പെൻഡുലം' ട്രെയിലർ എത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vijay-babu-movie-pendulum-official-trailer-rnpg73 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030132245/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vijay-babu-movie-pendulum-official-trailer-rnpg73 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pendulum
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Jean P. Johnson
| released = {{Start date|2023}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=15|s=09}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Saregama]]
}}The songs were composed by Jean P. Johnson and the lyrics were written by Titto P. Thankachen, Sameer Binsi and Lisha Joseph.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2022 |title='Pendulum' trailer: Vijay Babu starrer promises one of its kind psychological thriller in Mollywood |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pendulum-trailer-vijay-babu-starrer-promises-one-of-its-kind-psychological-thriller-in-mollywood/articleshow/96641379.cms |access-date=30 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112201907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pendulum-trailer-vijay-babu-starrer-promises-one-of-its-kind-psychological-thriller-in-mollywood/articleshow/96641379.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| all_music =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Athirukal Marayave
| length1 = 4:32
| lyrics1 = Lisha Joseph
| extra1 = Aravind Dileep Nair, Sadhika KR, Jewel Rose Villya
| title2 = Mayum Kaalangal
| length2 = 4:43
| lyrics2 = Sameer Binsi
| extra2 = Zulfiq
| title3 = Roohin Nizhale
| length3 = 4:54
| lyrics3 = Titto P. Thankachen
| extra3 = [[Najim Arshad]]
}}

== Release ==
''Pendulum'' was released in theatres on 16 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=12 June 2023 |title=Everything Releasing This Week In Theatres (June 12th to 18th) |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/movies-releasing-this-week-june-2023-theatres-the-flash-andy-muschietti-adipurush-prabhas-kriti-sanon-om-raut-bommai-sj-suryah |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Film Companion |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712083740/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/movies-releasing-this-week-june-2023-theatres-the-flash-andy-muschietti-adipurush-prabhas-kriti-sanon-om-raut-bommai-sj-suryah |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2023 |title=Vijay Babu's psychological thriller 'Pendulum' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijay-babus-psychological-thriller-pendulum-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/100868303.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720085158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijay-babus-psychological-thriller-pendulum-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/100868303.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Saina Play]] acquired the digital rights and began streaming it on 8 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Manu |first=Hridyambika |date=7 December 2023 |title=From Adrishya Jalakangal, Pulli, Rajni to Pendulum: Malayalam OTT, theatre releases this week |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/from-adrishya-jalakangal-pulli-rajni-to-pendulum-malayalam-ott-theatre-releases-this-week/1d8f1b220e653 |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208192008/https://www.ottplay.com/news/from-adrishya-jalakangal-pulli-rajni-to-pendulum-malayalam-ott-theatre-releases-this-week/1d8f1b220e653 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=Pendulum Movie OTT : വിജയ് ബാബുവിന്റെ ടൈം ലൂപ്പ് ചിത്രം പെൻഡുലം ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക്; എപ്പോൾ എവിടെ കാണാം? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/pendulum-malayalam-movie-ott-update-vijay-babu-starrer-time-loop-flick-will-start-streaming-saina-play-from-december-8-173120 |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208192006/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/pendulum-malayalam-movie-ott-update-vijay-babu-starrer-time-loop-flick-will-start-streaming-saina-play-from-december-8-173120 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Akhila Menon of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Pendulum'' explores the concepts of lucid dreaming and time travelling, which are new to Malayalam cinema. However, the confused narrative prevents the film from emerging as an interesting watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=11 December 2023 |title=Pendulum review – Vijay Babu and Indrans shine in this confusing film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pendulum-review-vijay-babu-and-indrans-shine-in-this-confusing-film-that-leaves-with-more-questions-than-answers/337108de9d237 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211125019/https://www.ottplay.com/review/pendulum-review-vijay-babu-and-indrans-shine-in-this-confusing-film-that-leaves-with-more-questions-than-answers/337108de9d237 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Time loop films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]
[[Category:Films about dreams]]
[[Category:2020s films about time travel]]

Nikhil Tandon

2026-04-20T00:56:03Z

Rajeev Menon: Put up new article - done

{{Short description|Indian endocrinologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikhil Tandon
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 28 November 1963
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Endocrinologist]]
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Thyroid]] epidemiology, [[diabetes]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]
}}
'''Nikhil Tandon''' is an Indian [[endocrinologist]], medical academic and the head of the department of endocrinology, metabolism and diabetes at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]].<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-11-07/india-s-deadly-diabetes-scourge-cuts-down-millions-rising-to-middle-class | title=Bloomberg | publisher=Bloomberg |year=2015 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="India Medical Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2015/01/26/dr-ambrish-mithal-dr-ashok-seth-to-be-conferred-with-padma-bhushan-award/ | work=India Medical Times | year=2015 | access-date=5 March 2015 | title=Dr Ambrish Mithal, Dr Ashok Seth to be conferred with Padma Bhushan award | India Medical Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423130539/http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2015/01/26/dr-ambrish-mithal-dr-ashok-seth-to-be-conferred-with-padma-bhushan-award/ | archive-date=23 April 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a recipient of [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]], the highest Indian medical award in 2005<ref name="Endocrine Society of India">{{cite web | url=http://www.endocrinesocietyindia.org/?q=node/38 | title=Endocrine Society of India | publisher=Endocrine Society of India |year=2015 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> and was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 2015 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |year=2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Nikhil Tandon was born on 28 November 1963 in Delhi.<ref name="Vidwan">{{cite web | url=http://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/searchr.php?id=43102 | title=Vidwan | publisher=Vidwan |year=2015 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> He secured his master's degree (MD) from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]], obtained his doctoral degree (PhD) from the [[University of Cambridge]] and returned to India in 1993 to join [[AIIMS]] as a member of its faculty.<ref name="Endocrine Society of India" /><ref name="Vidwan" /><ref name="Emory University">{{cite web | url=http://www.ph-leader.emory.edu/people/bio-section-faculty/tandon-nikhil.html | title=Emory University | publisher=Emory University |year=2015 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> He has stayed with AIIMS ever since and is a professor and the head of the department of endocrinology, metabolism and diabetes at the institution.<ref name="Endocrine Society of India" /><ref name="Vidwan" /> He has been the national co-ordinator for ''Action in Diabetes and Vascular Diseases'' (ADVANCE),<ref name="Emory University" /> a study conducted by [[The George Institute for Global Health]], Australia for combating the risks of diabetes and prevent it becoming a global epidemic<ref name="George Institute">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiasnews.net/index.php/sid/368371 | title=George Institute | publisher=George Institute | date=7 June 2008 | access-date=5 March 2015 | archive-date=22 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422174224/http://www.indiasnews.net/index.php/sid/368371 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and has been a member of the steering committee of Center for Cardio-metabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia (CARRS) Trial funded by the [[National Heart Lung and Blood Institute]].<ref name="Emory University" /> He also serves as a member of the faculty of [[Emory University]].<ref name="Emory University" />

Tandon is a former vice-president of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/pastoff.htm | title=NASI | publisher=NASI | year=2015 | access-date=6 March 2015 | archive-date=6 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106200754/http://www.nasi.org.in/pastoff.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> and a president and the incumbent general secretary of the Indian Society for Bone and Mineral Research.<ref name="Indian Society for Bone and Mineral Research">{{cite web | url=http://www.iofbonehealth.org/iof-national-societies/1219 | title=Indian Society for Bone and Mineral Research | publisher=Indian Society for Bone and Mineral Research | year=2015 | access-date=6 March 2015 | archive-date=4 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404092336/http://www.iofbonehealth.org/iof-national-societies/1219 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has served as an executive committee member of the Endocrine Society of India<ref name="Endocrine Society of India" /> and is its president.<ref name="Endocrine Society of India" /><ref name="Emory University" /> He is an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=T | title=NASI Fellow | publisher=NASI | year=2015 | access-date=6 March 2015 | archive-date=26 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132012/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=T%20 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and a fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]<ref name="NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/fellow2013.pdf | title=NAMS | publisher=NAMS |year=2015 | access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> and the [[Royal College of Physicians of London]].<ref name="Endocrine Society of India" /><ref name="Vidwan" /><ref name="Emory University" /> He has been associated with several national and international bodies such as [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], [[Defence Research and Development Organization]], [[Department of Biotechnology]], [[National Institutes of Health]], Institute for International Health and [[British Heart Foundation]] for research on thyroid epidemiology, diabetes and metabolic bone diseases<ref name="Emory University" /> and has participated in many clinical trials.<ref name="Emory University" /><ref name="Clinical Trial">{{cite web | url=http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=5496 | title=Clinical Trial | publisher=CTRI |year=2015 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> His research findings have been published in several national and international journals,<ref name="Vidwan" /><ref name="Emory University" /><ref name="AIIMS Publications">{{cite web | url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/departments/endocrino/endo_nikhil_pub.htm | title=AIIMS Publications of Nikhil Tandon | publisher=AIIMS Publications |year=2015 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Predicting adult metabolic syndrome from childhood body mass index: follow-up of the New Delhi birth cohort.">{{cite journal | pmid=19015213 | title=Predicting adult metabolic syndrome from childhood body mass index: follow-up of the New Delhi birth cohort. | vauthors=Sachdev HP, Osmond C, Fall CH, Lakshmy R, Ramji S, Dey Biswas SK, Prabhakaran D, Tandon N, Reddy KS, Barker DJ, Bhargava SK | journal=Arch Dis Child |date=October 2009 | volume=94 | issue=10 | pages=768–774 | doi=10.1136/adc.2008.140905 | pmc=2749731}}</ref><ref name="Reversible hypogonadism in Bardet-Biedl syndrome">{{cite journal | pmid=19327768 | title=Reversible hypogonadism in Bardet-Biedl syndrome | vauthors=Desai A, Jha O, Iyer V, Dada R, Kumar R, Tandon N | journal=Fertil Steril |date=July 2009 | volume=92 | issue=1 | pages=391.e13–5 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.023| doi-access=free }}</ref> [[PubMed]] listing 454 of them in their online repository.<ref name="PubMed">{{cite journal | title=PubMed Profile |journal = Biochemical Pharmacology|volume = 24|issue = 20|pages = 1903–4|year=2015 |pmid = 20|last1 = Barthel|first1 = W.|last2 = Markwardt|first2 = F.|doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90415-3}}</ref> He has also featured in the news for the [[pituitary tumor]] surgery of the then tallest woman in the world, Siddiqa Parveen.<ref name="ND TV">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-worlds-tallest-woman-finds-new-lease-of-life-at-aiims-549103 | title=ND TV | publisher=ND TV | date=28 January 2014 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>

The [[Medical Council of India]] awarded him [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] in the medical teaching category in 2005.<ref name="Endocrine Society of India" /> The [[Government of India]] followed it up with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 2015.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He lives at the [[Asian Games Village (New Delhi)|Asian Games Village]] in New Delhi.<ref name="Vidwan" />

{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | pmid=19015213 | title=Predicting adult metabolic syndrome from childhood body mass index: follow-up of the New Delhi birth cohort. | vauthors=Sachdev HP, Osmond C, Fall CH, Lakshmy R, Ramji S, Dey Biswas SK, Prabhakaran D, Tandon N, Reddy KS, Barker DJ, Bhargava SK | journal=Arch Dis Child |date=October 2009 | volume=94 | issue=10 | pages=768–774 | doi=10.1136/adc.2008.140905 | pmc=2749731}}
* {{cite journal | pmid=19327768 | title=Reversible hypogonadism in Bardet-Biedl syndrome | vauthors=Desai A, Jha O, Iyer V, Dada R, Kumar R, Tandon N | journal=Fertil Steril |date=July 2009 | volume=92 | issue=1 | pages=391.e13–5 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.023| doi-access=free }}

==External links==
* {{cite journal | title=PubMed Profile |journal = Biochemical Pharmacology|volume = 24|issue = 20|pages = 1903–4|year=2015 |pmid = 20|last1 = Barthel|first1 = W.|last2 = Markwardt|first2 = F.|doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90415-3}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/departments/endocrino/endo_nikhil_pub.htm | title=AIIMS Publications of Nikhil Tandon | publisher=AIIMS Publications |year=2015 | access-date=5 March 2015}}

{{authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Nikhil}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian endocrinologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Emory University faculty]]
[[Category:Emory University people]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
`

Krushna Chandra Mohapatra

2026-04-19T23:32:38Z

Rajeev Menon: adding new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krushna Chandra Mohapatra
| image = Krushna Chandra Mahapatra 2024.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Minister of Housing and Urban Development, Public Enterprise, [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| term_end = present
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 = present
| constituency1 = [[Morada Assembly constituency|Morada]]
| predecessor1 = [[Rajkishore Das]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Ram Chandra Mahapatra
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Politician, businessman
}}

'''Krushna Chandra Mohapatra''' is an Indian politician and Minister of Housing and Urban Development, Public Enterprise in [[Government of Odisha]]. He is a member of the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Morada Assembly constituency|Morada]] assembly constituency of [[Mayurbhanj district]].

He did his Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery passed from Mayurbhanj Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, [[Baripada]] in the year 1997 under [[Utkal University]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=My Neta Profile |url=https://myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1217 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=My Neta |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 12 June 2024, he took oath along with Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] took oath in Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with Chief Ministers of 10 BJP-ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha's first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahapatra, Krushna Chandra}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kunal Shah

2026-04-18T07:25:06Z

Rajeev Menon:

{{undisclosed|date=October 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and angel investor (born 1979)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kunal Shah
| image = Kunal Shah in FreeCharge T-Shirt (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Shah in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|05|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat, India]]
| alma_mater = [[Wilson College, Mumbai]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Freecharge]] and founder and CEO of [[CRED]]
| title =
| spouse = Bhavna Shah
}}

'''Kunal Shah''' (born 20 May 1983) is an Indian [[entrepreneur]] and [[angel investor]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maloo |first=Malvika |date=29 December 2022 |title=Kunal Shah, Aman Gupta, Anupam Mittal among most active angel investors |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/kunal-shah-aman-gupta-anupam-mittal-among-most-active-angel-investors-11672327213544.html |work=[[Livemint]]}}</ref> known as the co-founder of [[Freecharge]] and the founder of [[CRED]], a [[fintech]] company valued as of 2022, at around $6.4 billion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=iyer |first=rahul |date=2024-02-21 |title=Who is Kunal Shah: CRED CEO & A Tech Enthusiast |url=https://www.leaderbiography.com/who-is-kunal-shah/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Leader Biography |language=en}}</ref>

Shah co-founded Freecharge along with Sandeep Tandon in August 2010 as a financial services company that allowed users to pay bills as well as recharge mobile, broadband, [[direct to home]], and metro cards. In 2015, e-commerce company [[Snapdeal]] acquired Freecharge for ₹2800 crore (US$400 million) in cash and stock.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-08 |title=Snapdeal Acquires FreeCharge Online Recharge Service |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/internet/news/snapdeal-acquires-freecharge-online-recharge-service-679075 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kunal Shah was born in Ahmedabad and raised in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-12 |title=The Life Story of Kunal Shah |url=https://vedaon.com/the-life-story-of-kunal-shah/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Vedaon |language=en-US}}</ref> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in Philosophy from [[Wilson College, Mumbai]]. Shah later enrolled in a part-time MBA program at [[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]] (NMIMS) but dropped out within a few months.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In 2010, Kunal co-founded [[Freecharge|FreeCharge]], a digital payments company, with Sandeep Tandon. FreeCharge quickly gained popularity, attracting millions of users. In 2015, [[Snapdeal]] acquired FreeCharge for $400 million.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-08 |title=Snapdeal acquires FreeCharge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/snapdeal-acquires-freecharge/article7081103.ece |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In April 2018, at the age of 35, he founded [[CRED]] with his own capital. CRED is a credit card bill payment platform that rewards users for timely payments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Meet Kunal Shah: The university dropout who founded CRED; know about his lifestyle, journey, and salary |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-meet-kunal-shah-the-university-dropout-who-founded-cred-know-about-his-lifestyle-journey-and-salary-3221341/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

CRED has raised substantial funding from investors including [[DST Global]], [[Sequoia Capital]], and [[Tiger Global Management|Tiger Global]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Cred raises $81 million in series C funding at a post-money valuation of $806 million |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-cred-raises-81-million-in-series-c-funding-at-a-post-money-valuation-of-806-million-2164303/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> In June 2023, CRED raised $140 million at a valuation of $6.4 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-11 |title=CRED secures $140 million funding in its Series F round at a valuation of $6.4 bn {{!}} Startup Story |url=https://startupstorymedia.com/insights-cred-funding-seres-f-round-valuation/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> The company became the official sponsor of the [[Indian Premier League]] from 2020 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-21 |title=JioCinema ropes in 18 sponsors for IPL 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/jiocinema-ropes-in-18-sponsors-for-ipl-2024/articleshow/108670782.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Other ventures and Investments ===
Kunal has invested in over 200 companies including Razorpay, [[Unacademy]], and [[BharatPe|Bharatpe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. |first=Sriram |date=2021-09-23 |title='He is his own ecosystem': Inside Kunal Shah's unique angel investing frenzy |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/he-is-his-own-ecosystem-inside-kunal-shahs-unique-angel-investing-frenzy-7496121.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrivastava |first=Aditi |last2=Shaikh |first2=Shadma |date=2016-08-24 |title=Sachin Bansal, Vijay Shekhar Sharma and Kunal Shah join hands to back Unacademy, along with Blume ventures |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/sachin-bansal-vijay-shekhar-sharma-and-kunal-shah-join-hands-to-back-unacademy-along-with-blume-ventures/articleshow/53834379.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He has served as an advisor to Bennett Coleman and Co. Ltd. ([[Times Group]]) and [[AngelList]]. Kunal is also an Independent Director at Syrma SGS Technology Limited and [[Pine Labs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Mansi |date=2023-09-08 |title=Cred's Kunal Shah has made angel investments in close to 80 fintechs till date |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/creds-kunal-shah-has-made-angel-investments-in-close-to-80-fintechs-till-date-11332911.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHRWorld.com |title=CRED Founder Kunal Shah joins board of Pine Labs - ETHRWorld |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/cred-founder-kunal-shah-joins-board-of-pine-labs/85205855 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=ETHRWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
* Fortune 40 under 40 (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunal Shah - India's Young & Brightest Entrepreneurs in 40 Under 40 2016 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/40under40/kunal-shah?year=2016 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Comeback award - Economic Times (2016)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-03 |title=Comeback Kid of the Year: Kunal Shah of Freecharge |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-economic-times-startup-awards-2016/comeback-kid-of-the-year-kunal-shah-of-freecharge/videoshow/53996737.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Economic Times 40 under 40 (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |url=https://bccl.in/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=bccl.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kunal Shah is married to Bhavna Shah,<ref name=":0" /> who works as a freelance graphic designer. Kunal is known for his active presence on social media platforms, where he often shares insights on various topics including entrepreneurship and consumer behavior.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-18 |title=Watch: Video created by ChatGPT maker OpenAI CEO Sam Altman using CRED CEO Kunal Shah's post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/watch-openai-ceo-sam-altman-creates-video-using-cred-ceo-kunal-shahs-post/articleshow/107785210.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Won't earn you reputation but...'Kunal Shah Of CRED Offers Tips |url=https://news24online.com/trending/wont-earn-you-reputation-but-kunal-shah-of-cred-offers-tips-highlights-importance-beyond-reputation/272185/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Kunal}}
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1983 births]]

Kothagudem Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:16Z

Rajeev Menon: adding pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kothagudem
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (117-Kothagudem highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kothagudem Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
| established = 1978
| electors = 2,18,146
| incumbent_image = Ksambasivarao.jpg
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 117
| loksabha_cons = [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
}}

'''Kothagudem Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of constituencies in [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]. It includes the towns of [[Kothagudem]] and [[Palwancha]] and part of [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency]].

Jalagam Venkat Rao is representing this constituency for the second time. He was elected as his opposition candidate Vanama Venkateshwar Rao from Congress party filed a false affidavit report in the 2018 TS assembly elections. As a result, Jalagam Venkat Rao filed a case in the High court and won it in 2023. As a result, the High court declared Jalagam Venkat Rao as a MLA from this constituency in 2023, just five months before the TS assembly elections.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Kothagudem]]
|-
| [[Palwancha]]
|-
| Sujatanagar
|-
| Chunchupally
|-
| Laxmidevipalli
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
List of Elected Members to Kothagudem Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/kothagudem.html|title=Kothagudem Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Kothagudem, Telangana|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Kasaiah Chekuri
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|rowspan=2|Koneru Nageswara Rao
|{{Full party name with color |Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Vanama Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|Koneru Nageswara Rao
|{{Full party name with color |Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|rowspan=2|[[Vanama Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Vanama Venkateswara Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Kothagudem (Assembly constituency)<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Kothagudem">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Kothagudem |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29117.htm |access-date=16 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116174447/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29117.htm |archive-date=16 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India
|candidate=[[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]|votes=80,336|percentage=42.75|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=[[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]|votes=53,789|percentage=28.62|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Vanama Venkateswara Rao]]|votes=37,555|percentage=19.98|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jana Sena Party|candidate=Lakkineni Surendar Rao|votes=1,945|percentage=1.04|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Yerra Kamesh|votes=1,879|percentage=1.00|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,427|percentage=0.76|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=26,547|percentage=14.13|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,87,920|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Communist Party of India
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kothagudem[https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/telangana/kothagudem-rural-election-result-s29a117/]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate =[[Vanama Venkateswara Rao]]
|votes = 81,118
| percentage = 46.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate =[[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]
| votes = 76,979
| percentage = 44.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = BLF
| candidate = Adavalli Krishna
| votes = 5,520
| percentage = 3.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Essampalli Vamsi Krishna
| votes = 1943
| percentage = 1.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,139
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,73,421
|percentage = 81.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Kothagudem (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]
| votes = 50,688
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = Vanama Venkateshwara Rao
|votes = 34,167
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Koneru Satyanarayana
|votes = 28,363
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,521
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Communist Party of India
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2009]]: Kothagudem (Assembly constituency)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/27/30528/205|title = IndiaVotes | India's largest election database}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party =Communist Party of India
| candidate =[[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
| votes =47,028
| percentage =32.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate =[[Vanama Venkateswara Rao]]
|votes =45,024
| percentage =31.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate =Adavalli Krishna
| votes =38,876
| percentage =27.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,004
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Communist Party of India
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.54|80.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Khammam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Guhla Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:42Z

Rajeev Menon: created basic stub with sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Guhla
| type = SLA
| map_image = Guhla Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_alt =
| region =
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]]
| constituency_no = 15
| established = 
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Devender Hans]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,92,126
}}
'''Guhla''' is one of the 94 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guhla Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/guhla.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ishwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Dilu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Buta Singh
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Amar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Dillu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Amar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Dillu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Phool Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Kulwant Ram Bazigar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || Ishwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Jannayak Janta Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Devender Hans]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Devender Hans]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=64,611 |percentage=48.26% |change={{increase}}23.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kulwant Ram Bazigar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=41,731 |percentage=31.17% |change={{increase}}11.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=12,437 |percentage=9.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=5,768 |percentage=4.31% |change={{decrease}}23.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=4,540 |percentage=3.39% |change={{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Poonam Rani |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,409 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarjeet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,051 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=702 |percentage=0.52% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,880 |percentage=17.09% |change= {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,33,876 |percentage=69.60% |change= {{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,92,126 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jannayak Janta Party |swing= {{increase}}20.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guhla Election and Results 2019, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/guhla.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=36,518 |percentage=27.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Dilu Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,944 |percentage=24.33% |change=-1.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Hans |party=Independent politician |votes=29,473 |percentage=22.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Para Ram Alias Ravi Taranwali |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,203 |percentage=19.20% |change=-8.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar Valmiki |party=Shiromani Akali Dal |votes=3,555 |percentage=2.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh |party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) (Simranjit Singh Mann) |votes=806 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=790 |percentage=0.60% |change=-0.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pinky Bhukal Kamboj |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=737 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,574 |percentage=3.48% |change=1.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,31,282 |percentage=72.85% |change= -8.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,80,209 |change =10.45% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jannayak Janta Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 0.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kulwant Ram Bazigar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,598 |percentage=27.70% |change=26.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dillu Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,158 |percentage=25.86% |change=-2.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buta Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=32,334 |percentage=24.48% |change=-8.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rekha Rani |party=Independent politician |votes=19,946 |percentage=15.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=2,823 |percentage=2.14% |change=-10.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=2,350 |percentage=1.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,079 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalbir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=775 |percentage=0.59% |change=-2.11% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,440 |percentage=1.85% |change=-2.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,32,105 |percentage=80.97% |change= 3.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,160 |change =13.36% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= -5.71% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=37,016 |percentage=33.41% |change=-8.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dillu Ram S/O Fauja Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,763 |percentage=28.67% |change=-22.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kulwant Ram Bazigar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=20,926 |percentage=18.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=13,557 |percentage=12.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,987 |percentage=2.70% |change=1.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghanshyam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,532 |percentage=1.38% |change=-0.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Singh Sathi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=976 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=943 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dillu Ram S/O Sant Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=575 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,253 |percentage=4.74% |change=-4.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,792 |percentage=76.98% |change= 0.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,929 |change =2.47% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -18.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dillu Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,487 |percentage=51.53% |change=11.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buta Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=45,360 |percentage=42.13% |change=-14.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,349 |percentage=2.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdass |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,413 |percentage=1.31% |change=-0.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamel Singh |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=1,333 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buta Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=965 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=706 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,127 |percentage=9.41% |change=-7.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,671 |percentage=76.65% |change= 6.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,40,466 |change =6.88% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= -5.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=51,402 |percentage=56.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilu Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,428 |percentage=40.08% |change=4.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwar Bhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,886 |percentage=2.07% |change=1.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=801 |percentage=0.88% |change=-26.04% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,974 |percentage=16.47% |change=13.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,895 |percentage=69.74% |change= -8.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,421 |change =3.08% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dillu Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,385 |percentage=35.75% |change=-6.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=31,599 |percentage=32.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=25,894 |percentage=26.92% |change=23.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buta Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=835 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Ram |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=793 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tej Pal |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=515 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,786 |percentage=2.90% |change=-1.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,188 |percentage=78.54% |change= 6.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,490 |change =18.28% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= -10.76% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=34,990 |percentage=46.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dillu Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,760 |percentage=42.21% |change=22.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deva Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,832 |percentage=5.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=2,506 |percentage=3.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=1,120 |percentage=1.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,230 |percentage=4.29% |change=-33.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,242 |percentage=72.36% |change= -1.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,790 |change =10.91% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= -11.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Buta Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=40,772 |percentage=57.74% |change=13.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilu Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,145 |percentage=20.03% |change=-16.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,535 |percentage=19.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=849 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dia |party=Independent politician |votes=284 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,627 |percentage=37.71% |change=30.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,610 |percentage=73.66% |change= 3.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,187 |change =23.26% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= 13.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilu Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=23,788 |percentage=43.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,884 |percentage=36.62% |change=29.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram Alias Jogi Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=3,218 |percentage=5.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrit Lal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,697 |percentage=4.97% |change=1.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sodagar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,465 |percentage=4.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Madia |party=Independent politician |votes=696 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Diya |party=Independent politician |votes=589 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swarn Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=482 |percentage=0.89% |change=-57.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Asra |party=Independent politician |votes=474 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,904 |percentage=7.19% |change=-36.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,293 |percentage=70.12% |change= 12.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,848 |change =24.21% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= -14.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Guhla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=20,824 |percentage=57.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,057 |percentage=14.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaga Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,345 |percentage=9.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,534 |percentage=7.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,536 |percentage=4.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrit |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,089 |percentage=3.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Alias Ram Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=537 |percentage=1.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Garibu |party=Independent politician |votes=510 |percentage=1.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,767 |percentage=43.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,940 |percentage=57.38% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,480 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kaithal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|30.04|76.3|display=title}}

[[Category:Kaithal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]

Bakkiyaraj Kannan

2026-04-11T17:18:30Z

Rajeev Menon:

{{Short description|Indian film director (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Bakkiyaraj Kannan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|04|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| education = DFTech(MGR FTIT)
BSc(SRM)
| occupation = Filmmaker
| years_active = 2016–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Asha|2020}}
}}

'''Bakkiyaraj Kannan''' (born 2 April 1987)<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=KollywoodStreet|number=1112954890672791552|title=Wish You Happy Birthday #Remo Director @Bakkiyaraj_k brother 🎉🎊|date=2 April 2019|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> is an Indian film director who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film industry. He has directed two films: ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' (2016) and ''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]'' (2021).

== Personal life ==
Kannan married Asha in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2020|title=ரெமோ, சுல்தான் பட இயக்குனர் பாக்யராஜ் கண்ணன் திருமணம்|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2020/10/28050907/Remo-is-married-to-Sultan-film-director-Bhagyaraj.vpf|access-date=6 June 2021|website=Dailythanthi.com|language=ta}}</ref>

== Career ==
When studying S.R.M. College & MGR Movie Television Institute Kannan forayed into films. He began working as an associate director to [[Sundar C]] and [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] for ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012) and ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013).

He made his directional debut with ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2016|title=Sivakarthikeyan - Bhagyaraj Kannan movie next titled as Remo|url=https://www.scooptimes.com/news/sivakarthikeyan-bhagyaraj-kannan-movie-next-titled-remo/2020|access-date=9 June 2021|website=Scooptimes|language=en-US}}</ref> The film stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Keerthy Suresh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=RD Raja signs one more film with Bakkiyaraj Kannan|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rd-raja-signs-one-more-film-with-bakkiyaraj-kannan-news-tamil-qizkjQcfabfih.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831103546/http://www.sify.com/movies/rd-raja-signs-one-more-film-with-bakkiyaraj-kannan-news-tamil-qizkjQcfabfih.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2016|access-date=6 June 2021|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> Which was an commercial success at the box-office. He earned a nomination for the Best Tamil Debut Director at the [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-03|title=SIIMA 2017: NTR, Nayanthara win top honours, Ranbir does a lungi dance|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/siima-2017-ntr-nayanthara-win-top-honours-ranbir-does-a-lungi-dance/story-j2xhmEhOIud4tpUGjQokCK.html|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He also has won [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] for Best Debut Director, for the film.

Kannan's next film as a director was ''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]'' (2021). The film stars [[Karthi]] and [[Rashmika Mandanna]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karthi signs a film with 'Remo' director Bakkiyaraj Kannan!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-signs-a-film-with-remo-director-bakkiyaraj-kannan-news-tamil-tbylmeaafdbig.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124145356/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-signs-a-film-with-remo-director-bakkiyaraj-kannan-news-tamil-tbylmeaafdbig.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2019|access-date=6 June 2021|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> The film opened to mixed to positive reviews, but was a decent hit at the box-office due to the closure of theatres because of COVID 19 pandemi.<.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-03|title='Sulthan' day 1 box office collection report: A career-best for Karthi|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/sulthan-day-1-box-office-collection-report-a-career-best-for-karthi-969830.html|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Sulthan Movie Review: Sulthan is a solidly written, immensely satisfying masala movie|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sulthan/movie-review/81869545.cms|access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref>

On 14 April 2024, it was announced that Kannan would be directing his next film under [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]'s banner, G Squad. Titled ''[[Benz (film)|Benz]]'', it will star [[Raghava Lawrence]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj's new venture with Raghava Lawrence and Bakkiyaraj Kannan titled Benz |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/lokesh-kanagarajs-new-venture-with-raghava-lawrence-and-bakkiyaraj-kannan-titled-benz-101713076324080.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On 30 October 2024, it was confirmed that ''Benz'' would be a part of the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-10-29 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Benz is officially a part of LCU |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/29/raghava-lawrences-benz-is-officially-a-part-of-lcu |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2016
|''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
|Debut as director; also special appearance in the song "Tamilselvi"
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2015|title=Sivakarthikeyan's next film with debut director Bakkiyaraj Kannan has the best names in the business|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/sivakarthikeyans-next-film-with-debut-director-bakkiyaraj-kannan-has-the-best-names-in-the-business.html|access-date=9 June 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Karthi film with Bakkiyaraj Kannan is an action-comedy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-film-with-bakkiyaraj-kannan-is-an-action-comedy/articleshow/68392351.cms|access-date=6 June 2021|website=The Times of India|date=14 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{pending film|[[Benz (film)|Benz]]}}
|Story by Lokesh Kanagaraj and part of the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe|LCU]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-10-29 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Benz is officially a part of LCU |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/29/raghava-lawrences-benz-is-officially-a-part-of-lcu |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| rowspan="2" |''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Debut Director
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|Best Debut Director
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Twitter|id=Bakkiyaraj_k|name=Bakkiyaraj Kannan}}
*{{IMDb name|id=nm8490638/|name=Bakkiyaraj Kannan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannan, Bakkiyaraj}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

Defence Research and Development Service

2026-04-06T05:56:04Z

Rajeev Menon: created basic post from scratch - done

{{Short description|Scientific civil service of India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
|formed=1979
|parent_department=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence of India]]
|preceding1=Defence Science Service
|agency_type=Research and Development Technology Management [[Governmental]] [[Civil Service]]
|employees=7256<ref>{{cite web|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/CSWing/CRDivision/Authorised_strength_Group_%20A.htm|title=AUTHORISED STRENGTH OF CENTRAL CIVIL SERVICES – GROUP'A'|website=Persmin.gov.in|accessdate=23 December 2018}}</ref>
|chief1_name=Sameer V. Kamat<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2021885|newspaper=[[Press Information Bureau]]|title=DRDO Chairperson}}</ref>
}}

'''Defence Research and Development Service (DRDS)''' (Hindi: '''रक्षा अनुसंधान एवं विकास सेवा''') is a Central Group 'A' Civil Service<ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02adm/OMUpdationoflistdated03.04.2017.pdf|title=Subject : Update of list of Central Group 'A' Civil Services|website=Documents.doptcirculars.nic.in|accessdate=23 December 2018}}</ref> of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/drdojsp/act/DRDS/30.%20SRO8_DRDS_08.pdf |title=The Defence Research Development Rules |orig-date=1979 |date=October 2008 |publisher=Defence Research and Development Organisation |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110154400/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/drdojsp/act/DRDS/30.%20SRO8_DRDS_08.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> DRDS scientists are Gazetted (Group A) defence-civilian officers under the Ministry of Defence. They are responsible for developing new technologies and military hardware for the Indian defence and security forces.

==History==
The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) came into existence in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation. DRDS was formed in 1979, and a separate Department of Defence Research and Development was created in 1980, which later on administered DRDO and its 52 laboratories/establishments. A senior DRDS scientist was made the Director General of DRDO, Scientific Adviser to the Raksha Mantri (Defence Minister of India) and ex officio Secretary of the Department of Defence Research and Development.

However in 2015, the post was bifurcated and the senior DRDS scientist held the post of Director General of DRDO and the Secretary of the Department of Defence Research and Development. And a younger and experienced DRDS scientist was made the Scientific Adviser to the Raksha Mantri (SA to RM).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/s-christopher-is-new-director-general-of-drdo-gs-reddy-appointed-scientific-advisor-to-defence-minister/articleshow/47461032.cms|title=S Christopher is new Director General of DRDO; GS Reddy appointed scientific advisor to Defence Minister|date=29 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Further in 2015, the post of Director General, DRDO was renamed as Chairman, DRDO.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=121472|title=Modernisation of DRDO|website=Pib.nic.in|accessdate=23 December 2018}}</ref>

==Recruitment==
DRDS scientists are recruited into DRDO by one of the following means:
* Direct Recruitment through Scientist Entry Test.
* Transfer of officers from other Group A technical civil services, particularly through the [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]].
* Deputation or on Contract of suitable scientists and technologists from other research organisations.
* Absorption in civilian capacity of technical officers from the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

==Training==
Being engaged in defence technology research and development, the DRDS scientists have to be abreast with the latest technologies around the world and are trained at the premier [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology|Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune]]. Since the DRDS scientists also have the responsibility of managing the workforce, establishments and projects of DRDO, they are trained in management at the Institute of Technology Management, Mussoorie. They are also educated and trained at the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], [[Indian Institutes of Management]], and [[Indian Institute of Science]], other civil and defence academies of India as well as at other foreign universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rac.gov.in/content.php?lang=en&id=8|title=Recruitment and Assessment Centre|website=Rac.gov.in}}</ref>

==Functions==
DRDS scientists are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and naval systems.

==Hierarchy==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ Ranks, designations, and positions held by DRDO scientists in their career
|-
! Grade / Scale (Level on Pay Matrix)
! Posting in DRDO
! Position in Government of India
! Position in [[Order of precedence in India]]
! Pay Scale (Basic Pay)
|-

| Apex Scale (Pay Level 17)
| style="text-align:center;" | Secretary, Department of Defence R&D 
Chairman, DRDO
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|23}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade + (Pay Level 16)
| style="text-align:center;" | Distinguished Scientist (DS) 
Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade (Pay Level 15)
| style="text-align:center;" | Scientist 'H' (Outstanding Scientist) 
Director
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 14)
| style="text-align:center;" | Scientist 'G' 
Associate Director
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|26}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Selection Grade (Pay Level 13A)
| style="text-align:center;" | Scientist 'F' 
Additional Director
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|131.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|216.6|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Selection Grade (Pay Level 13)
| style="text-align:center;" | Scientist 'E' 
Additional Director
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 12)
| style="text-align:center;" | Scientist 'D' 
Joint Director (JAG)
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Time Scale (Pay Level 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | Scientist 'C' 
Deputy Director
| style="text-align:center;" | Under Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Time Scale (Pay Level 10)
| style="text-align:center;" | Scientist 'B' 
Assistant Director 
Entry-level
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|k|lk=on}}
|-
|}
DRDO follows the merit-based promotion system for its Group A scientists rather than the seniority-based promotion system which is followed by the other civil services of India. The merit-based promotions ensure that only the exceptionally performing scientists are promoted to higher grades irrespective of their seniority and it is common to see a junior scientist superseding his seniors. In 2014, the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], also called for reforms at the laboratory level and asked to appoint scientists below the age of 35 to head at least five laboratories and / or establishments out of the fifty-two establishments of DRDO.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/need-5-drdo-labs-for-scientists-under-35-pm/|title=Need 5 DRDO labs for scientists under 35: Prime Minister Narendra Modi|date=20 August 2014|website=Indianexpress.com}}</ref> DRDS scientists can apply for service extension beyond the age of superannuation to ensure continuity of highly critical defence projects.

==Notable officers==
* [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] - [[List of Presidents of India|11th President of India]]. Known as the ''"Missile Man of India"'' and the ''"People's President"''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/why-apj-abdul-kalam-was-the-peoples-president/story/1/5270.html|title=Why Abdul Kalam was the 'People's President'|website=Dailyo.in}}</ref> Served as the Director General of DRDO, SA to RM and Secretary, Department of Defence Research and Development from 1992 to 1999. Key architect of India's missile and space programmes. Awarded the three highest civilian honours of India: [[Bharat Ratna]], [[Padma Vibhushan]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] among numerous other accolades from within the country and abroad.
* [[Raja Ramanna]] - "''Father of the India's nuclear program''". Served as the Director General of DRDO, SA to RM and Secretary of Department of Defence R&D, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy, Chairman of [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]], [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]], [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]], President, [[Indian National Science Academy]], Director, [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of State for Defence]] and [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]]. Awarded the Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India.
* [[A. Sivathanu Pillai]] - Founder CEO of [[BrahMos Aerospace]]. Receipient of Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan.
* [[Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan]] - Developed the solid propellant for India's first space rocket launched from Thumba, and the detonation system of India's first nuclear bomb used in [[Operation Smiling Buddha]]. Served at the Ammunition Factory Khadki, and as the first Director of [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) and the [[Armaments Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE). Awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1974. Previously, he served as an [[IOFS]] officer at the Ammunition Factory Khadki.
* [[S. P. Chakravarti]] - Father of Electronics and Telecommunications engineering in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.1982.11452762|title=Prof. S.P. Chakravarti (1904–1981)|first=S. N.|last=Mitra|date=August 1, 1982|journal=IETE Journal of Research|volume=28|issue=8|pages=385–390|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/03772063.1982.11452762|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallick |first=M. C. |date=1989 |title=A Survey of Research and Development in Electronics and Telecommunication in India over a Century (1850-1950) |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol24_4_5_MCMallik.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426140513/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol24_4_5_MCMallik.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date= |website=Indian National Science Academy }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://in.booksc.eu/book/53133498/850b31|title=Prof. S.P. Chakravarti (1904–1981) | Mitra, S.N. | download|website=in.booksc.eu}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During his tenure at DRDO, he was responsible for the founding of three major research laboratories of DRDO, viz., [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]] (LRDE) in Bengaluru, [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory]] (DLRL) in Hyderabad and the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) in Delhi. He served as the first Director of the [[Laser Science and Technology Centre]] (LASTEC) in Delhi.
* [[V. S. R. Arunachalam]] - Served as the Director General of DRDO, SA to RM and Secretary of Department of Defence R&D. Awarded the Padma Vibhushan and Padma Bhushan.
* [[V. K. Aatre]] - Served as the Director General of DRDO, SA to RM and Secretary of Department of Defence R&D. Awarded the Padma Vibhushan and Padma Bhushan.

==See also==
*[[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://rac.gov.in/ Recruitment and Assessment Centre, DRDO]
*[https://diat.ac.in Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune]
*[https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-and-establishments/institute-technology-management-itm Institute of Technology Management, Mussoorie]
*[https://drdo.gov.in/ Defence Research and Development Organisation]
*[https://mod.gov.in/ Ministry of Defence, Government of India]

[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1979]]

1957 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh

2026-04-05T06:20:55Z

Rajeev Menon:

{{Short description|General election in India}}
{{Primary sources|date=August 2022}}
{{For|State Assembly election|1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1957 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Indian general election in Madras, 1951
| previous_year = 1951 Madras state
| next_election = 1962 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh
| next_year = 1962
| election_date = November 1957
| seats_for_election = 43 seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader1 = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| last_election1 = State not exist
| last_election2 = State not exist
| leaders_seat1 = Not-participated
| seats1 = 37
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}37
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{eppt|Communist Party of India|width=110|height=150}}
| leader2 = [[T. Nagi Reddy]]
| leaders_seat2 = Anantapur
| party2 = Communist Party of India
| alliance2 =
| seats2 = 2
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 2
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| map_image = Andhra Pradesh in India (1956-2014).png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}
The [[1957 Indian general election]] polls were held in the [[Andhra Pradesh]] state for its 43 seats. The state was formed then recently in 1956 by combining the erstwhile [[Andhra state]] and Telugu-speaking areas of [[Hyderabad State (1948-1956)|Hyderabad State]]. [[Indian National Congress]] has swept the elections by bagging 37 seats.<ref name="GE1957V1">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India | page=5 | access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="GE1957V2">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_II_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-II | work=Election Commission of India | access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref>

== Detailed Results ==
===Results by Party===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 49,06,044
| 51.47
|
| 43
| 37
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
| colspan="3"|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|PDF]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
| 3,769
| 0.04
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 18,35,800
| 19.26
|
| 39
| 2
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 95,31,373
! 100%
! -
!
! 43
! -
|}

===Constituency Wise Results===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|NoS|No. of Seats}}
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|1
|Boddepalli Rajagopala Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|84,797
|55.34
|Karimi Narayanappala Naidu
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|68,441
|44.66
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,356
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.68
|-
!2
|[[Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram]]
|2
|B. Satyanarayana
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,26,792
|25.65
|Dippala Suri Dora
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|1,24,604
|25.20
|colspan="2"|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|-
!3
|[[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
|1
|Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapathi Raju
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|88,563
|64.75
|Mallavarapu Venkata Krishna Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|27,449
|20.07
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|61,114
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|44.68
|-
!4
|Golugonda
|2
|Missula Suryanarayana Murthy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|84,780
|17.20
|Kankipati Veeranna Padal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|84,738
|17.19
|colspan="2"|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|-
!5
|[[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|1
|D. Satyanarayana Raju
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|colspan="9"|''Won Uncontested''
|-
!6
|[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|2
|B. S. Murthy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,04,319
|27.39
|Mosalakanti Tirumala Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,94,879
|26.13
|colspan="2"|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|-
!7
|[[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narsapur]]
|1
|Uddiraju Ramam
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,34,119
|51.58
|Manganti Bapineedu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|98,654
|37.94
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|35,465
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|13.64
|-
!8
|[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|1
|Kumari Mothey Veda Kumari
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,15,280
|51.16
|Veeramachineni Vimaladevi
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,10,060
|48.84
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,220
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2.32
|-
!9
|Gudivada
|1
|Duggirala Balarama Krishnaiah
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,55,873
|54.86
|Kadiyala Gopala Rao
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,28,253
|45.14
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|27,620
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.72
|-
!10
|[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
|1
|Komarraju Achamamba
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,16,861
|48.74
|Tammina Potha Raju
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,14,773
|47.87
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,088
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.87
|-
!11
|[[Masulipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Masulipatnam]]
|1
|Mandali Venkata Krishna Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,23,242
|47.65
|Yeiamanchilli Nagabhushanam
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|1,15,691
|44.73
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,551
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2.92
|-
!12
|[[Tenali Lok Sabha constituency|Tenali]]
|1
|N. G. Ranga
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,49,811
|55.24
|Naraharisetti Venkataswamy
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|1,21,394
|44.76
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,417
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.48
|-
!13
|[[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|1
|K. Raghuramayya
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,58,160
|59.11
|S. V. L. Narasimham
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|99,205
|37.08
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|58,955
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22.03
|-
!14
|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|1
|Ronda Narapa Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,36,582
|54.95
|Madala Narayana Swamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,11,963
|45.05
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,619
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.90
|-
!15
|Markapur
|1
|Chegireddi Bali Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|90,883
|53.45
|Gujjala Yellamanda Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|72,078
|42.39
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,805
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.06
|-
!16
|[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|2
|B. Anjanappa
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,20,121
|35.40
|Rebala Lakshmi Narasa Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,00,077
|32.17
|colspan="2"|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|-
!17
|[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
|2
|M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,54,817
|63.40
|C. V. L. Narayan
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|71,357
|29.22
|colspan="2"|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|-
!18
|[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|1
|T. N. Viswanath Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|0
|0.00
|S. Hussain Shah
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|0
|0.00
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!19
|[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddapah]]
|1
|V. Rami Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,01,909
|51.58
|Yeddula Eswara Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|95,653
|48.42
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,256
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.16
|-
!20
|[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
|1
|T. Nagi Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|98,976
|50.87
|Paidi Lakshmayya
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|88,175
|45.32
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|10,801
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|5.55
|-
!21
|[[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
|1
|K. V. Ramakrishna Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66,560
|60.69
|K. S. Ragava Charyulu
|{{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|40,072
|36.54
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|26,488
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24.15
|-
!22
|Adoni
|1
|Pendekanti Venkata Subbaiah
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|83,295
|70.63
|Gadilinganna Gowd
|{{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|34,642
|29.37
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|48,653
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|41.26
|-
!23
|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|1
|Osman Ali Khan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|81,621
|79.04
|B. R. Bhima Rao
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|14,342
|13.89
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|67,279
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|65.15
|-
!24
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|2
|J. Rameshwar Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,89,093
|29.23
|Puli Rama Swamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,46,601
|22.66
|colspan="2"|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|-
!25
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|1
|Vinayak Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|77,153
|66.16
|C. Srikishan
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|19,795
|16.97
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|57,358
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|49.19
|-
!26
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
|1
|Ahmed Mohiuddin
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|98,203
|66.69
|S. B. Giri
|{{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|49,055
|33.31
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|49,148
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|33.38
|-
!27
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Vikarabad]]
|1
|Sangam Lakshmi Bai
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|colspan="9"|''Won Uncontested''
|-
!28
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|1
|P. Hanmanth Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,06,511
|56.32
|Maqdum Mohiuddin
|{{Party color cell|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|PDF]]
|82,610
|43.68
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,901
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.64
|-
!29
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|1
|Harish Chandra Heda
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,10,646
|60.21
|G. Raja Ram
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|73,117
|39.79
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|37,529
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20.42
|-
!30
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
|1
|K. Ashanna
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|91,287
|51.67
|C. Madhav Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|85,375
|48.33
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,912
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.34
|-
!31
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|2
|M. R. Krishna
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,58,820
|21.67
|M. Sri Ranga Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,41,680
|19.33
|colspan="2"|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|-
!32
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
|1
|Sadat Ali Khan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,07,249
|53.75
|Prendyala Raghava Rao
|{{Party color cell|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|PDF]]
|92,294
|46.25
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,955
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.50
|-
!33
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahbubabad]]
|1
|E. Madhusudhan Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,03,964
|51.81
|Sarvadevabhatla Ramanadham
|{{Party color cell|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|PDF]]
|96,708
|48.19
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,256
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.62
|-
!34
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|1
|Vittal Rao
|{{Party color cell|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|PDF]]
|1,06,627
|44.27
|Kolipak Kishan Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,01,090
|41.97
|style="background:{{party color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}} ; color:white;"|5,537
|style="background:{{party color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}} ; color:white;"|2.30
|-
!35
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|2
|D. Venkateswar Rao
|{{Party color cell|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|PDF]]
|2,41,512
|28.10
|D. Rajiah
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,12,035
|24.67
|colspan="2"|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/ Website of Election Commission of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303040541/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/stats.php CNN-IBN Lok Sabha Election History]

{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:1957 Indian general election by state or union territory|Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1957 Indian general election|A]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Andhra Pradesh]]

Veer Lachit Sena

2026-04-03T07:47:58Z

Rajeev Menon: pg

{{Short description|Socio political organization}}

'''Veer Lachit Sena''', named after legendry [[General]] [[Lachit Borphukan]], founded in 2010 and becoming notably active since 2019, is an [[Assamese nationalism|Assamese nationalistic]] organization, which tends to fight for indigenous [[Assamese people]] people's right and against the domination of outsider communities. The organization is headed by Shrinkhal Chaliha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Sukrita |title=How an Assam vigilante group long seen in step with Himanta Sarma govt is stepping on its toes now |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/assam-vigilante-group-himanta-sarma-govt-toes-10334457/ |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=30 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zaman |first1=Rokibuz |title=‘Not a single Bihari should be seen’: Inside the Veer Lachit Sena’s war on ‘outsiders’ in Assam |url=https://scroll.in/article/1015245/not-a-single-bihari-should-be-seen-inside-the-veer-lachit-senas-war-on-outsiders-in-assam |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=18 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Activities==

* On August 28, 2022, a local group of the Veer Lachit Sena named Shrinkhal Chaliha threatened Narayan Paul, a Bengali-origin businessman in Sivasagar, with a "hengdang," a traditional sword used by the Ahom kings. Chaliha's threat stemmed from an alleged rent dispute between Paul and an Assamese landlady, despite Paul asserting that the matter was already in court. Undeterred by the possibility of legal repercussions, Chaliha boldly claimed that "jail is my second home," revealing his contempt for the law and escalating the ethnic tensions in the region, where such actions seem increasingly unchecked.{{cn|date=October 2025}}
* The actions of the Veer Lachit Sena, particularly the vandalism of Bengali language banners at Durga Puja pandals in the Brahmaputra Valley in October 2023, have sparked controversy over language and cultural tensions in Assam. The group's aggressive stance against the use of Bengali, despite its status as an official language, reflects broader concerns about the imposition of Assamese identity. Their actions, including confrontations with Puja Committee members, have contributed to heightened regional and ethnic divisions.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

In May 2023, Shrinkhal Chaliha, a member of Lachit Sena, was involved in a confrontation with a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] businessman, reportedly spitting on his face. He was arrested for the incident but later released on bail. Subsequent investigations uncovered his involvement in money laundering activities, leading to further legal scrutiny. Authorities are continuing their probe into Chaliha's criminal connections, with both the initial incident and [[money laundering]] charges now under investigation but authorities didn't take strict action against him.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Controversial Assam leader rearrested for attacking, spitting on bizman |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1076189 |work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Minhajuddin |title=Assam: Bir Lachit Sena leader Shrinkhal Chaliha re-arrested |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-bir-lachit-sena-leader-shrinkhal-chaliha-re-arrested-552377-2023-05-03 |work=[[India Today NE]]}}</ref>

In August 2024, following the circulation of videos, including one featuring Shrinkhal Chaliha of Lachit Sena making [[Racism|racist]] and venomous remarks against the Marwari community, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader Gaurav Somani filed an FIR against him at Dispur Police Station. However, after receiving threats from both [[United Liberation Front of Asom|ULFA]] and Lachit Sena, Somani was compelled to withdraw the FIR.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Withdraw FIR or all outsiders in Assam will face the consequence': ULFA to BJP leader |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/19/withdraw-fir-or-all-outsiders-in-assam-will-face-the-consequence-ulfa-to-bjp-leader |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Cop complaint against Bir Lachit Sena leader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/complaint-against-bir-lachit-sena-leader-for-provoking-animosity/articleshow/112638013.cms |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Assam: FIR Against Bir Lachit Sena Leader for Inciting Communal Enmity |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/assam-fir-against-bir-lachit-sena-leader-for-inciting-communal-enmity |work=[[Pratidin Time]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Assamese nationalism]]

List of countries and dependencies by area

2026-03-23T22:10:46Z

Rajeev Menon: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|none}}
{{Redirect|List of largest countries|the largest countries by population|List of countries and dependencies by population}}
{{Pp|vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Fuller projection with largest countries (wiki).svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Dymaxion map]] of the world with the 30 largest countries and territories by area]]

This is a list of the world's countries and their [[Dependent territory|dependencies]], ranked by total area, including land and water.

This list includes entries that are not limited to those in the [[ISO 3166-1]] standard, which covers [[sovereign state]]s and [[dependent territory|dependent territories]]. All 193 [[member states of the United Nations]] plus the two observer states are given a rank number. [[List of states with limited recognition|Largely unrecognised states]] not in ISO 3166-1 are included in the list in ranked order. The areas of such largely unrecognised [[state (polity)|states]] are in most cases also included in the areas of the more widely recognised states that claim the same territory; see the notes in the "Notes" column for each country for clarification.

Not included in the list are entities such as the [[European Union]]{{efn| The [[European Union]] is a unique [[supranational union]]. It covers a total area of {{cvt|4236351|km2}},<ref name="ciastats">{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area/country-comparison |title = Country Comparisons – Area |date = 6 July 2023 |website = CIA |access-date = 8 July 2023 |archive-date = 4 February 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222711/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area/country-comparison |url-status = dead }}</ref> and would be ranked 7th if it were included (3.0% of world's total land area).}} which do not encompass any non-overlapping preclaimed land.

This list includes three measurements of area:

* '''Total area:''' the sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines.
* '''Land area:''' the aggregate of all land within international boundaries and coastlines, excluding water area.
* '''Inland water area:''' the sum of the surface areas of all inland water bodies (lakes, [[reservoir]]s, and rivers) within international boundaries and coastlines.<ref>{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Definitions and notes: Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/references/definitions-and-notes/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Government of the United States|access-date=3 October 2023|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418002622/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/references/definitions-and-notes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Coastal [[internal waters]] may be included. [[Territorial waters#Territorial sea|Territorial seas]], contiguous zones and [[exclusive economic zone]]s are not included unless otherwise noted.

Total area is taken from the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] unless otherwise noted.<ref>Under "World Summary", see Table 3 and select 'pdf' or 'xls'.{{cite web |url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2022/ |title = Demographic Yearbook – 2022 |date = 2023 |website = unstats.un.org |access-date = 26 December 2023 |archive-date = 22 December 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231222095253/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2022/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Land and water are taken from the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] unless otherwise noted.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL |title = FAOSTAT |website = fao.org |access-date = 3 January 2024 |archive-date = 12 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook|CIA ''World Factbook'']] is most often used when different UN departments disagree.<ref name="ciastats"/> Other sources and details for each entry may be specified in the relevant footnote.

{| style=margin:100
|- style=vertical-align:top
| [[File:Countries by area.svg|center|thumb|upright=4|Countries of the world by area (legend in {{km2}})]]
|}

== Countries and dependencies by area ==
For a list of countries by maritime area see: [[Exclusive_economic_zone#Rankings_by_total_maritime_area]]
{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header col2left" {{right}}
! !! style=width:18em | Country / dependency
! style=width:9.7em data-sort-type="number" | Total in {{km2}} (mi2)
! style=width:9.7em data-sort-type="number" | Land in {{km2}} (mi2)
! style=width:7.5em data-sort-type="number" | Inland Water in {{km2}} (mi2)
! data-sort-type="number" | % water !! class="unsortable" |
|-
| {{ntsh|0}} – || '''{{noflag|[[Earth]]}}''' || {{km2 mi2|510072000}} || {{km2 mi2|148940000}} || {{km2 mi2|361132000}} || 70.8 ||
|-
| {{nts|1}} || {{flag|Russia}} || {{km2 mi2|17098246}} || {{km2 mi2|16376870}} || {{km2 mi2|721380}} || 4.2 || {{efn|The largest country in the world, which spans [[List of transcontinental countries#Asia and Europe|two continents]], and most of northern [[Eurasia]]; with about 1/9th of the world's total landmass. Russia's [[European Russia|European portion]] is roughly 4,000,000 {{km2}}, which is around 40% of the total landmass of [[Europe]], making Russia the [[List of European countries by area|largest country]] in Europe; and its [[Siberia|Asian portion]], which covers all of [[North Asia|Northern Asia]], is around 13,100,000 {{km2}}, making Russia the [[List of Asian countries by area|largest country]] in [[Asia]].}}
|-
| {{hs|1vend}} – || {{flag|Antarctica|True South}} || {{km2 mi2|14200000}} || {{km2 mi2|14200000}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|98% of the land area is covered by [[ice]] and [[snow]]. The following countries have [[territorial claims in Antarctica]]: [[Argentine Antarctica|Argentina]] (969,000 {{km2}}), [[Australian Antarctic Territory|Australia]] (5,896,500 {{km2}}), [[Antártica Chilena Province|Chile]] (1,250,000 {{km2}}), [[Adélie Land|France]] (432,000 {{km2}}), [[Ross Dependency|New Zealand]] (450,000 {{km2}}), [[Queen Maud Land|Norway]] (including [[Peter I Island]]) (2,500,000 {{km2}}) and [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]] (1,395,000 {{km2}}), which to some extent overlap. The area from {{coor d Antarctic|90|W}} to {{coor d Antarctic|150|W}} (2,100,000 {{km2}}) is unclaimed territory. These areas normally have no human inhabitants except scientists.}}
|-
| {{nts|2}} || {{flag|Canada}} || {{km2 mi2|9984670}} || {{km2 mi2|9093507}} || {{km2 mi2|891163}} || 8.9 || {{efn|Largest country completely in the [[Western Hemisphere]] by total area (second-largest by land area after the [[United States]]); with the largest surface area of water; largest contiguous country in North America. Total area and water area figures include area covered by freshwater only and do not include internal waters (non-freshwater) of about 1,600,000 {{km2}}, nor territorial waters of 200,000 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2010000/chap/geo/tbl/tbl07-eng.htm |title = Land and freshwater area, by province and territory |author = Statistics Canada |website = www.statcan.gc.ca |access-date = 9 January 2024 |archive-date = 9 December 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231209055601/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2010000/chap/geo/tbl/tbl07-eng.htm |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/marinezones-zonesmarines/index-eng.html|title=Canada's Ocean Estate|author=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|website=www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307062818/https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/marinezones-zonesmarines/index-eng.html|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nowrap| {{nts|3}}}}
| {{flag|China}} || {{km2 mi2|9596960}} || {{km2 mi2|9326410}} || {{km2 mi2|270550}} || 2.8 || {{efn|Largest country entirely in Asia, and second-largest country in the world by land area. Excludes [[Taiwan]], [[Sino-Indian border dispute|disputed territories with India]], and [[South China Sea Islands|disputed islands in the South China Sea]]. Figures for total area and water area also exclude all coastal and territorial waters.<ref name="ciastats"/>}} {{efn|The [[United Nations Statistics Division]], the ''[[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]'', and the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' all rank the United States ahead of China in total area. However, the figures used by each source ''include'' coastal and territorial waters for the United States but ''exclude'' coastal and territorial waters for China. China's coastal and territorial water figures are unknown (no official publication) and thus cannot be added into China's total area figure. But ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' specifies the United States' area excluding coastal and territorial waters as 9,525,067 {{km2}},<ref name="US britan">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/United-States |title=United States |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927011311/https://www.britannica.com/facts/United-States |url-status=live }}</ref> less than the figure given for China's area by any of the three sources. Therefore, while it can be determined that China has a larger area excluding coastal and territorial waters, it is unclear which country has a larger area including coastal and territorial waters.}}
|-
| {{nowrap| {{nts|4}}}}
| {{left}} {{flag|United States}} || {{right}} {{km2 mi2|9525067}} || {{km2 mi2|9147593}} || {{km2 mi2|377424}} || 4.0 || {{efn|Figures are from the U.S. Census and include "inland" water and "Great Lakes" water, but exclude coastal and territorial water.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |title = State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |date = 2010 |website = census.gov |access-date = 20 February 2024}}</ref> [[NOAA]] cites the Great Lakes as an example of internal water,<ref>"Examples of internal waters include rivers, canals, and lakes, including The Great Lakes." {{cite web |url = https://www.noaa.gov/maritime-zones-and-boundaries#internal |title = Maritime Zones and Boundaries |date = 15 February 2024 |website = noaa.gov |access-date = 20 February 2024}}</ref> but the federal government sometimes treats the Great Lakes as "high seas".<ref>"a number of U.S. federal court decisions have treated the Great Lakes as "high seas" for purposes of federal admiralty and maritime jurisdiction as well as for federal criminal jurisdiction." {{cite web |url = https://www.noaa.gov/general-counsel/gc-international-section/great-lakes |title = The Great Lakes |date = 20 March 2023 |website = noaa.gov |access-date = 20 February 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|5}} || {{flag|Brazil}} || {{km2 mi2|8510346}} || {{km2 mi2|8460415}} || {{km2 mi2|55352}} || 0.6 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. Largest country in [[South America]], and largest country in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], even discounting its territory north of the equator.}}
|-
| {{nts|6}} || {{flag|Australia}} || {{km2 mi2|7741220}} || {{km2 mi2|7682300}} || {{km2 mi2|58920}} || 0.8 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. [[Geoscience Australia]] gives an official total of 7,668,287 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories |title = Land areas of States and Territories |website = ga.gov.au |date = 27 June 2014 |access-date = 15 January 2024 |archive-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories |url-status = live }}</ref> Largest country in [[Oceania]]. Figures exclude [[States and territories of Australia#External territories|external territories]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Remote Offshore Territories |url = https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/remote-offshore-territories |website = ga.gov.au |date = 27 June 2014 |access-date = 15 January 2024 |archive-date = 15 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240115161552/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/remote-offshore-territories |url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Australian Antarctic Territory]] (5,896,500 {{km2}}).}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || [[File:Flag_of_the_Australian_Antarctic_Territory_(unofficial).svg|23px|border]] [[Australian Antarctic Territory]] ([[Australia]])|| {{km2 mi2|5896500 }}|| {{km2 mi2|0}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || 0.0 || {{efn| Claimed between 160°E–142°E and 136°E–44°38′E
<ref>{{cite web | title = Australian Antarctic Territory – Australian Antarctic Program | url = https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/australia-in-antarctica/australian-antarctic-territory/ | website = antarctica.gov.au | date = 15 April 2016 | access-date = 16 March 2026 | archive-date = 12 March 2026 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260312070350/https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/australia-in-antarctica/australian-antarctic-territory/ | url-status = live}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|7}} || {{flag|India}} || {{km2 mi2|3287263 }}|| {{km2 mi2|2973190}} || {{km2 mi2|314070}} || 9.6 || {{efn|Includes [[List of territorial disputes#Asia|disputed territories]] claimed by India but not under Indian control.}}
|-
| {{nts|8}} || {{flag|Argentina}} || {{km2 mi2|2780400}} || {{km2 mi2|2736690}} || {{km2 mi2|43710}} || 1.6 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. Largest [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking country and second-largest country in [[South America]]. Excludes claims on [[Argentine Antarctica]] (969,000 {{km2}}), on [[Falkland Islands|Malvinas/Falkland Islands]] (12,173 {{km2}}) and on [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] (3,903 {{km2}}).}}
|-
| {{nts|9}} || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || {{km2 mi2|2724910}} || {{km2 mi2|2699700}} || {{km2 mi2|25202}} || 0.9 || {{efn|Largest [[landlocked country]]. Transcontinental country located in [[Asia]] and [[Europe]].}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Queen Maud Land}} ([[Norway]]) || {{km2 mi2|2700000}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || 0.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|10}} || {{flag|Algeria}} || {{km2 mi2|2381741}} || {{km2 mi2|2381741}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Largest country in [[Africa]]; also largest in the [[Arab world]] and the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. The area of internal waters is officially reported as 0<ref>{{cite report |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: Country Report Algeria |language=fr |url=https://www.fao.org/3/a-az147f.pdf |page=12 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222083508/https://www.fao.org/3/a-az147f.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> even though several [[chott|seasonal lakes]] and permanent [[List of dams and reservoirs#Algeria|reservoirs]] exist in the country.}}
|-
| {{nts|11}} || {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || {{km2 mi2|2344858}} || {{km2 mi2|2267048}} || {{km2 mi2|77810}} || 3.3 || {{efn|Second-largest [[French language|French]]-speaking country. Largest country in [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. Second-largest country in Africa, has the largest French-speaking city ([[Kinshasa]]). Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || ''{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]]'' || {{km2 mi2|2210573}} || {{km2 mi2|2209913}} || {{km2 mi2|660}} || 0.0 || {{efn|Comprising the total areas of [[Greenland]], the [[Faroes]] and mainland [[Denmark]]. Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Greenland}} ([[Denmark]]) || {{km2 mi2|2166086}} || {{km2 mi2|2166086}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Largest [[island]] in the world, largest territory in the [[Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]], and the largest inhabited [[dependent territory|non-sovereign territory]] in the world. A total of 1,755,636 {{km2}} (81%) of the land area is covered by [[ice]]; the ice-free area amounts to 410,450 {{km2}}. Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|12}} || {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || {{km2 mi2|2149690}} || {{km2 mi2|2149690}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|13}} || {{flag|Mexico}} || {{km2 mi2|1964375}} || {{km2 mi2|1943950}} || {{km2 mi2|20425}} || 1.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|14}} || {{flag|Indonesia}} || {{km2 mi2|1904569}} || {{km2 mi2|1811569}} || {{km2 mi2|93000}} || 4.9 || {{efn|Transcontinental country located in [[Asia]] and [[Oceania]]. Largest country in [[Southeast Asia]]. Largest [[island country]] and [[archipelagic state]] in the world by area and population. Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|15}} || {{flag|Sudan}} || {{km2 mi2|1878000}} || {{km2 mi2|1868000}} || {{km2 mi2|10010}} || 0.6 ||
|-
| {{nts|16}} || {{flag|Libya}} || {{km2 mi2|1759540}} || {{km2 mi2|1759540}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|British Antarctic Territory}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|1709400}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || 0.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|17}} || {{flag|Iran}} || {{km2 mi2|1648195}} || {{km2 mi2|1622500}} || {{km2 mi2|25695}} || 1.6 || {{efn|Data are from the CIA<ref name="ciastats"/> The UN lists a figure of 1,628,750 {{km2}}, which refers to land area only.}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || [[Marie Byrd Land]] ([[Terra_nullius|Unclaimed]]) || {{km2 mi2|1610400}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || 0.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|18}} || {{flag|Mongolia}} || {{km2 mi2|1564116}} || {{km2 mi2|1557507}} || {{km2 mi2|6609}} || 0.4 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Argentine Antarctica}} ([[Argentina]])|| {{km2 mi2|1461597}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || 0.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|19}} || {{flag|Peru}} || {{km2 mi2|1285216}} || {{km2 mi2|1279996}} || {{km2 mi2|5220}} || 0.4 ||
|-
| {{nts|20}} || {{flag|Chad}} || {{km2 mi2|1284000}} || {{km2 mi2|1259200}} || {{km2 mi2|24800}} || 1.9 || {{efn|Largest landlocked country in Africa.}}
|-
| {{nts|21}} || {{flag|Niger}} || {{km2 mi2|1267000}} || {{km2 mi2|1266700}} || {{km2 mi2|300}} || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|22}} || {{flag|Angola}} || {{km2 mi2|1246700}} || {{km2 mi2|1246700}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|23}} || {{flag|Mali}} || {{km2 mi2|1240192}} || {{km2 mi2|1220190}} || {{km2 mi2|20000}} || 1.6 ||
|-
| {{nts|24}} || {{flag|South Africa}} || {{km2 mi2|1219090}} || {{km2 mi2|1214470}} || {{km2 mi2|4620}} || 0.4 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|25}} || {{flag|Colombia}} || {{km2 mi2|1138910}} || {{km2 mi2|1038700}} || {{km2 mi2|100210}} || 8.8 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|26}} || {{flag|Ethiopia}} || {{km2 mi2|1104300}} || {{km2 mi2|1096570}} || {{km2 mi2|7730}} || 0.7 || {{efn|Excludes the [[Ilemi Triangle]] (14,000 {{km2}}). Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|27}} || {{flag|Bolivia}} || {{km2 mi2|1098581}} || {{km2 mi2|1083300}} || {{km2 mi2|15280}} || 1.4 ||
|-
| {{nts|28}} || {{flag|Mauritania}} || {{km2 mi2|1030700}} || {{km2 mi2|1030700}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|29}} || {{flag|Egypt}} || {{km2 mi2|1001450}} || {{km2 mi2|995450}} || {{km2 mi2|6000}} || 0.6 || {{efn|Transcontinental country located in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|30}} || {{flag|Tanzania}} || {{km2 mi2|947303}} || {{km2 mi2|885800}} || {{km2 mi2|61500}} || 6.5 ||
|-
| {{nts|31}} || {{flag|Nigeria}} || {{km2 mi2|923768}} || {{km2 mi2|910770}} || {{km2 mi2|13000}} || 1.4 ||
|-
| {{nts|32}} || {{flag|Venezuela}} || {{km2 mi2|912050}} || {{km2 mi2|882050}} || {{km2 mi2|30000}} || 3.3 || {{efn|Excludes claims in [[Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute]] (160,000 {{km2}}). Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|33}} || {{flag|Pakistan}} || {{km2 mi2|882363}} || {{km2 mi2|857143}} || {{km2 mi2|25220}} || 2.9 || {{efn|Data from the CIA<ref name="ciastats"/> has been supplemented with commonly-given figures for disputed areas administered by Pakistan: [[Azad Kashmir]] (13,297 {{km2}})
<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g09bDwAAQBAJ |title = Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |date = 2018 |isbn = 978-1-107-18197-7 |access-date = 18 January 2024 |last1 = Zutshi |first1 = Chitralekha |publisher = Cambridge University Press |archive-date = 18 February 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240218174520/https://books.google.com/books?id=g09bDwAAQBAJ |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] (72,971 {{km2}}),<ref>{{cite web |url = https://unpo.org/article/15483 |title = Gilgit Baltistan: Impact Of Climate Change On Biodiversity |date = 11 February 2013 |website = unpo.org |access-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240118070033/https://unpo.org/article/15483 |url-status = live }}</ref> assumed to be land.}}
|-
| {{nts|34}} || {{flag|Namibia}} || {{km2 mi2|824292}} || {{km2 mi2|823290}} || {{km2 mi2|1002}} || 0.1 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|35}} || {{flag|Mozambique}} || {{km2 mi2|799380}} || {{km2 mi2|786380}} || {{km2 mi2|13000}} || 1.6 ||
|-
| {{nts|36}} || {{flag|Turkey}} || {{km2 mi2|783562}} || {{km2 mi2|769632}} || {{km2 mi2|13930}} || 1.8 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. Transcontinental country located in [[Asia]] and [[Europe]].}}
|-
| {{nts|37}} || {{flag|Chile}} || {{km2 mi2|756102}} || {{km2 mi2|743812}} || {{km2 mi2|12290}} || 1.6 || {{efn|Excludes [[Antártica Chilena Province|claims in Antarctica]]. Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|38}} || {{flag|Zambia}} || {{km2 mi2|752612}} || {{km2 mi2|743390}} || {{km2 mi2|9220}} || 1.2 ||
|-
| {{nts|39}} || {{flag|Myanmar}} || {{km2 mi2|676578}} || {{km2 mi2|653508}} || {{km2 mi2|23070}} || 3.4 ||
|-
| {{nts|40}} || {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{km2 mi2|652864}} || {{km2 mi2|652230}} || {{km2 mi2|630}} || 0.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|41}} || {{flag|South Sudan}} || {{km2 mi2|644329}} || || || || {{efn|Figure is from the CIA<ref name="ciastats"/> and South Sudan's official site.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ssnbss.org/ |title = The National Bureau of Statistics |access-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-date = 4 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240104140223/https://www.ssnbss.org/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The UN Statistics division gives a figure of 658,841, while the UN FAO gives a water area of 1,980 {{km2}} and a land area of only 631,930 {{km2}}. Academic articles give varying totals between 619,000 {{km2}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jordan |first1=L. |title=Applying Thiessen Polygon Catchment Areas and Gridded Population Weights to Estimate Conflict-Driven Population Changes in South Sudan |journal=ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences |date=19 October 2017 |volume=IV-4/W2 |pages=23–30 |doi=10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-4-W2-23-2017 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017ISPAn44W2...23J }}</ref> and 658,842 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |url = https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejar/issue/81751/1410470 |title = The Challenges and Prospects of South Sudan Agriculture |date = 26 December 2023 |journal = Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research |volume = 7 |issue = 2 |pages = 101–108 |access-date = 18 January 2024 |last1 = Kose |first1 = Musa |last2 = Kongas |first2 = Kuyu |archive-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240118201723/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejar/issue/81751/1410470 |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|42}} || {{flag|France}} || {{km2 mi2|643801}} || {{km2 mi2|640427}} || {{km2 mi2|3374}} || 0.5 || {{efn|Figures include [[metropolitan France]] (in Europe) as well as the five [[overseas departments and regions of France|overseas regions]]. This does not include [[New Caledonia]], the five autonomous [[overseas collectivity|overseas collectivities]], and the two uninhabited territories (the [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|French Southern Territories]] and [[Clipperton Island]]). The [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques]] (National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies), gives an area figure of 632,702 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=METRO-1+FE-1+METRO-1 |title = Territory comparator |access-date = 12 January 2024 |archive-date = 13 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240113032154/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=METRO-1+FE-1+METRO-1 |url-status = live }}</ref> Largest country in the European Union.}}
|-
| {{nts|43}} || {{flag|Somalia}} || {{km2 mi2|637657}} || {{km2 mi2|627340}} || {{km2 mi2|10320}} || 1.6 || {{efn|Includes [[Somaliland]].}}
|-
| {{nts|44}} || {{flag|Central African Republic}} || {{km2 mi2|622984}} || {{km2 mi2|622984}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|45}} || {{flag|Ukraine}} || {{km2 mi2|603550}} || {{km2 mi2|579330}} || {{km2 mi2|24220}} || 4.0 || {{efn| Includes [[Crimea]] (26,945 {{km2}}) and other territory annexed by Russia but internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/cities/ |title = Ukraine: Provinces and Major Cities |date = 22 October 2022 |website = City Population |access-date = 29 October 2023}}</ref> 115,440 {{km2}} or 19% [[Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War|occupied by the Russian Federation]] as of 22 July 2025.<ref>[https://www.russiamatters.org/news/russia-ukraine-war-report-card/russia-ukraine-war-report-card-july-23-2025 The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, July 23, 2025]</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|46}} || {{flag|Madagascar}} || {{km2 mi2|587041}} || {{km2 mi2|581540}} || {{km2 mi2|5501}} || 0.9 ||
|-
| {{nts|47}} || {{flag|Botswana}} || {{km2 mi2|582000}} || {{km2 mi2|566730}} || {{km2 mi2|15000}} || 2.6 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|48}} || {{flag|Kenya}} || {{km2 mi2|580367}} || {{km2 mi2|569140}} || {{km2 mi2|11227}} || 1.9 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || ''{{flag|France}} ([[Metropolitan France|metropolitan]])'' || {{km2 mi2|551500}} || {{km2 mi2|549970}} || {{km2 mi2|1530}} || 0.3 || {{efn|[[Metropolitan France]] (the part of [[France]] located in Europe). Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|49}} || {{flag|Thailand}} || {{km2 mi2|513120}} || {{km2 mi2|510890}} || {{km2 mi2|2230}} || 0.4 ||
|-
| {{nts|50}} || {{flag|Spain}} || {{km2 mi2|505370}} || {{km2 mi2|498980}} || {{km2 mi2|6390}} || 1.3 ||
|-
| {{nts|51}} || {{flag|Turkmenistan}} || {{km2 mi2|488100}} || {{km2 mi2|469930}} || {{km2 mi2|18170}} || 3.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|52}} || {{flag|Cameroon}} || {{km2 mi2|475650}} || {{km2 mi2|472710}} || {{km2 mi2|2730}} || 0.6 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|53}} || {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} || {{km2 mi2|462840}} || {{km2 mi2|452860}} || {{km2 mi2|9980}} || 2.2 ||
|-
| {{nts|54}} || {{flag|Yemen}} || {{km2 mi2|455503}} || {{km2 mi2|455503}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn| Figure is from Yemen's Ministry of Water and Environment.<ref name="area">{{cite web|url=https://ye.chm-cbd.net/sites/ye/files/2022-05/NSES.pdf|title=THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 2005-2015 AND NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN 2005-2010|publisher=Republic of Yemen Ministry of Water and Environment Environment Protection Agency}}</ref> May not include territory ceded by Saudi Arabia in the [[Treaty of Jeddah (2000)|Jeddah Treaty]] due to the [[Saudi–Yemen barrier]]. The ''CIA World Factbook'' gives a much larger figure of 527,968 {{km2}}.}}
|-
| {{nts|55}} || {{flag|Sweden}} || {{km2 mi2|450295}} || {{km2 mi2|407284}} || {{km2 mi2|40142}} || 9.0 || {{efn|Data by the World Factbook.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sweden/#geography|title=Sweden|date=16 March 2024|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=16 March 2024|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sweden#geography|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || [[File:Flag_of_the_Ross_Dependency_(unofficial).svg|Flag of the Ross Dependency (unofficial).svg|23px|border]] [[Ross Dependency]] ([[New Zealand]]) || {{km2 mi2|450000}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || 0.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|56}} || {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || {{km2 mi2|447400}} || {{km2 mi2|425400}} || {{km2 mi2|22000}} || 4.9 ||
|-
| {{nts|57}} || {{flag|Morocco}} || {{km2 mi2|446550}} || {{km2 mi2|446300}} || {{km2 mi2|250}} || 0.1 || {{efn|Does not include the disputed [[Western Sahara]], shown separately. If the whole of Western Sahara is included (which Morocco controls approximately two-thirds of), the area would be 710,800 {{km2}} and the rank would be #39.}}
|-
| {{nts|58}} || {{flag|Iraq}} || {{km2 mi2|438317}} || {{km2 mi2|437367}} || {{km2 mi2|950}} || 0.2 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. The UN figure of 435,052 {{km2}} excludes the three autonomous provinces of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].}}
|-
| {{nts|59}} || {{flag|Paraguay}} || {{km2 mi2|406752}} || {{km2 mi2|397300}} || {{km2 mi2|9452}} || 2.3 ||
|-
| {{nts|60}} || {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || {{km2 mi2|390757}} || {{km2 mi2|386850}} || {{km2 mi2|3910}} || 1.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|61}} || {{flag|Norway}} || {{km2 mi2|386224}} || {{km2 mi2|366704}} || {{km2 mi2|19520}} || 5.1 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. The [[Norway|Kingdom of Norway]], including [[Jan Mayen]] and [[Svalbard]], but excluding [[Bouvet Island]] and the [[territorial claims in Antarctica|Antarctic territorial claims]] of ''[[Peter I Island]]'' and ''[[Queen Maud Land]]''.}}
|-
| {{nts|62}} || {{flag|Japan}} || {{km2 mi2|377915}} || {{km2 mi2|364485}} || {{km2 mi2|13430}} || 3.6 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. The [[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]] gives a total of 377,975 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Area Survey by Prefectures, Cities, Towns and Villages in Japan |url=https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO-title.htm |publisher=[[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]] |access-date=8 July 2021 |language=ja |date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101044323/https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO-title.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|63}} || {{flag|Germany}} || {{km2 mi2|357581}} || {{km2 mi2|349390}} || {{km2 mi2|7860}} || 2.2 || {{efn|Before the 1990 [[German reunification]], [[West Germany]] was 248,577 {{km2}} and [[East Germany]] was 108,333 {{km2}}.}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Adélie Land}} ([[France]])|| {{km2 mi2|351000}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|64}} || {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} || {{km2 mi2|342000}} || {{km2 mi2|341500}} || {{km2 mi2|500}} || 0.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|65}} || {{flag|Finland}} || {{km2 mi2|338145}} || {{km2 mi2|303815}} || {{km2 mi2|34330}} || 10.2 || {{efn|Includes [[Åland]] (1,552 {{km2}}). Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|66}} || {{flag|Vietnam}} || {{km2 mi2|331340}} || {{km2 mi2|313429}} || {{km2 mi2|17801}} || 5.4 ||
|-
| {{nts|67}} || {{flag|Malaysia}} || {{km2 mi2|330621}} || {{km2 mi2|329432}} || {{km2 mi2|1190}} || 0.4 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || ''{{flag|Norway}} (mainland)'' || {{km2 mi2|323802}} || {{km2 mi2|304282}} || {{km2 mi2|19520}} || 6.0 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. Excluding [[Bouvet Island]] (49 {{km2}}), [[Jan Mayen]] (377 {{km2}}), and [[Svalbard]] (62,045 {{km2}}), shown separately, and the [[territorial claims in Antarctica|Antarctic territorial claims]] of ''[[Peter I Island]]'' (154 {{km2}}) and ''[[Queen Maud Land]]'' (2,700,000 {{km2}}).}}
|-
| {{nts|68}} || {{flag|Ivory Coast}} || {{km2 mi2|322462}} || {{km2 mi2|318000}} || {{km2 mi2|4460}} || 1.4 ||
|-
| {{nts|69}} || {{flag|Poland}} || {{km2 mi2|312685}} || {{km2 mi2|304255}} || {{km2 mi2|8430}} || 3.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|70}} || {{flag|Oman}} || {{km2 mi2|309500}} || {{km2 mi2|309500}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|71}} || {{flag|Italy}} || {{km2 mi2|302068}} || {{km2 mi2|295717}} || {{km2 mi2|6350}} || 2.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|72}} || {{flag|Philippines}} || {{km2 mi2|300000}} || {{km2 mi2|298170}} || {{km2 mi2|1830}} || 0.6 || {{efn|The UN and CIA agree on the figure of exactly 300 thousand {{km2}}, but some academic sources give a much higher total of 343,448 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |title = "I Want to See a Drowning-Free Philippines": A Qualitative Study of the Current Situation, Key Challenges and Future Recommendations for Drowning Prevention in the Philippines |date = 2021 |journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |doi = 10.3390/ijerph18020381 |doi-access = free |last1 = Guevarra |first1 = Jonathan P. |last2 = Franklin |first2 = Richard C. |last3 = Peden |first3 = Amy E. |volume = 18 |issue = 2 |page = 381 |pmid = 33419053 |pmc = 7825393 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/dlsu-research-congress-proceedings/2013/SEE/SEE-I-007.pdf |title = Land Use Efficiency in Southern Philippines Provinces |date = 2013 |website = dlsu.edu.ph/ |access-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-date = 18 February 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240218174705/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/dlsu-research-congress-proceedings/2013/SEE/SEE-I-007.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|73}} || {{flag|Ecuador}} || {{km2 mi2|283561}} || {{km2 mi2|276841}} || {{km2 mi2|6720}} || 2.4 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook'', which includes the [[Galápagos Islands]] (7,880 {{km2}}).<ref name="ciastats"/> UN figures give a total of 257,215 {{km2}}.}}
|-
| {{nts|74}} || {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || {{km2 mi2|274200}} || {{km2 mi2|273800}} || {{km2 mi2|400}} || 0.2 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|75}} || {{flag|New Zealand}} || {{km2 mi2|268838}} || {{km2 mi2|264537}} || {{km2 mi2|4301}} || 1.6 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. Figures exclude the [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]], and [[Tokelau]], shown separately, as well as the Antarctic claim of [[Ross Dependency]].}}
|-
| {{nts|76}} || {{flag|Gabon}} || {{km2 mi2|267668}} || {{km2 mi2|257670}} || {{km2 mi2|10000}} || 3.7 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Western Sahara}} [[Western Sahara conflict|(disputed)]] || {{km2 mi2|266000}} || {{km2 mi2|266000}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|77}} || {{flag|Guinea}} || {{km2 mi2|245857}} || {{km2 mi2|245717}} || {{km2 mi2|140}} || 0.1 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|78}} || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{km2 mi2|244376}} || {{km2 mi2|242741}} || {{km2 mi2|1635}} || 0.7 || {{efn|Data is from the UK [[Office for National Statistics]] as supplied to the UN.<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about |title=Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK |author= |date=31 May 2024 |website=[[ONS Open Geography Portal|Open Geography Portal]] |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=7 June 2024 }}</ref> Excludes the three [[Crown Dependencies]] (768 {{km2}}) or the 14 [[British Overseas Territories]] (1,742,857 {{km2}}), each shown separately.}}
|-
| {{nts|79}} || {{flag|Uganda}} || {{km2 mi2|241550}} || {{km2 mi2|200520}} || {{km2 mi2|41030}} || 17.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|80}} || {{flag|Ghana}} || {{km2 mi2|238537}} || {{km2 mi2|227533}} || {{km2 mi2|11000}} || 4.6 ||
|-
| {{nts|81}} || {{flag|Romania}} || {{km2 mi2|238398}} || {{km2 mi2|230080}} || {{km2 mi2|8320}} || 3.5 ||
|-
| {{nts|82}} || {{flag|Laos}} || {{km2 mi2|236800}} || {{km2 mi2|230800}} || {{km2 mi2|6000}} || 2.5 || {{efn|Only landlocked country in [[Southeast Asia]].}}
|-
| {{nts|83}} || {{flag|Guyana}} || {{km2 mi2|214969}} || {{km2 mi2|196850}} || {{km2 mi2|18120}} || 8.4 ||
|-
| {{nts|84}} || {{flag|Belarus}} || {{km2 mi2|207600}} || {{km2 mi2|202900}} || {{km2 mi2|4700}} || 2.3 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. Largest [[landlocked country]] in [[Europe]].}}
|-
| {{nts|85}} || {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || {{km2 mi2|199949}} || {{km2 mi2|191800}} || {{km2 mi2|8150}} || 4.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|86}} || {{flag|Senegal}} || {{km2 mi2|196712}} || {{km2 mi2|192530}} || {{km2 mi2|4180}} || 2.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|87}} || {{flag|Syria}} || {{km2 mi2|185180}} || {{km2 mi2|183630}} || {{km2 mi2|1550}} || 0.8 || {{efn|Includes the parts of the [[Golan Heights]] (1,295 {{km2}}) occupied by [[Israel]].}}
|-
| {{nts|88}} || {{flag|Cambodia}} || {{km2 mi2|181035}} || {{km2 mi2|176520}} || {{km2 mi2|4520}} || 2.5 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Somaliland}} || {{km2 mi2|177000}} || || || || {{efn|Somaliland is claimed in whole by [[Somalia]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115069 |title = Somaliland profile |date = 2 January 2024 |website = BBC |access-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-date = 16 December 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201216233149/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115069 |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|89}} || {{flag|Uruguay}} || {{km2 mi2|176215}} || {{km2 mi2|175015}} || {{km2 mi2|1200}} || 0.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|90}} || {{flag|Suriname}} || {{km2 mi2|163820}} || {{km2 mi2|156000}} || {{km2 mi2|7820}} || 4.8 || {{efn|Smallest country in [[South America]].}}
|-
| {{nts|91}} || {{flag|Tunisia}} || {{km2 mi2|163610}} || {{km2 mi2|155360}} || {{km2 mi2|8250}} || 5.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|92}} || {{flag|Portugal}} || {{km2 mi2|156597}} || {{km2 mi2|92225}} || {{km2 mi2|64372}} || 0.7 || {{efn|Area according to the [[Portuguese government]] is 156,597 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|website=Direção-Geral do Território|title=Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal|trans-title=Official Administrative Map of Portugal|language=pt-PT|location= Lisbon|date=February 18, 2026|access-date=February 22, 2026|url=https://www.dgterritorio.gov.pt/atividades/cartografia/cartografia-tematica/caop}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=DGRM|title=Maritime Zones under Portuguese Sovereignty and / or Jurisdiction - DGRM|access-date=February 22, 2026|url=https://www.dgrm.pt/en/am-ec-zonas-maritimas-sob-jurisdicao-ou-soberania-nacional|publisher=Directorate-General for Natural Resources, Safety and Maritime Services|location=Lisbon}}</ref>{{efn|The territory of Portugal includes its land, [[internal waters]], and [[territorial waters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/mar-territorial|title=Lexionário - Mar territorial|language=pt-PT|trans-title=Lexicon — Territorial Sea|website=Diário da República|access-date=February 22, 2026|author=Diário da República|publisher=Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, S. A.|location=Lisbon}}</ref>}}}}
|-
| {{nts|93}} || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || {{km2 mi2|148460}} || {{km2 mi2|130170}} || {{km2 mi2|18290}} || 12.3 || {{efn|Area according to [[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] is 147,570 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/da60336f_6399_4573_b903_6a137aef7805/2022-09-01-08-57-770ed16219162249611768b8dcd9de5d.pdf |title = Bangladesh Selected Statistics |date = 1 July 2022 |website = bbs.gov.bd |access-date = 8 July 2023 |archive-date = 8 July 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230708211142/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/da60336f_6399_4573_b903_6a137aef7805/2022-09-01-08-57-770ed16219162249611768b8dcd9de5d.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|94}} || {{flag|Nepal}} || {{km2 mi2|147181}} || {{km2 mi2|143350}} || {{km2 mi2|3830}} || 2.6 || {{efn|The Government of Nepal gives its area as 147,516 {{km2}}, which includes an additional 335 square kilometers of disputed territory under Indian administration.<ref>{{cite web |title = Government unveils new political map including Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura inside Nepal borders |url = https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/05/20/government-unveils-new-political-map-including-kalapani-lipulekh-and-limpiyadhura-inside-nepal-borders |website = kathmandupost.com |access-date = 20 May 2020 |archive-date = 4 January 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230104090716/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/05/20/government-unveils-new-political-map-including-kalapani-lipulekh-and-limpiyadhura-inside-nepal-borders |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|95}} || {{flag|Tajikistan}} || {{km2 mi2|144100}} || {{km2 mi2|141510}} || {{km2 mi2|2590}} || 1.8 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|England}} || {{km2 mi2|132932}} || {{km2 mi2|130310}} || {{km2 mi2|2622}} || 2.0 || {{efn|England is a constituent country of the [[UK]].<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"></ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|96}} || {{flag|Greece}} || {{km2 mi2|131957}} || {{km2 mi2|128900}} || {{km2 mi2|1310}} || 2.3 ||
|-
| {{nts|97}} || {{flag|Nicaragua}} || {{km2 mi2|130373}} || {{km2 mi2|120340}} || {{km2 mi2|10030}} || 7.7 || {{efn|Largest country in [[Central America]].}}
|-
| {{nts|98}} || {{flag|North Korea}} || {{km2 mi2|120538}} || {{km2 mi2|120410}} || {{km2 mi2|130}} || 0.1 || {{efn|Excludes claim on South Korea.}}
|-
| {{nts|99}} || {{flag|Malawi}} || {{km2 mi2|118484}} || {{km2 mi2|94080}} || {{km2 mi2|24404}} || 20.6 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. The UN Statistics division gives an area of 94,552 {{km2}} which may exclude parts of [[Lake Malawi]] considered integral by some definitions.}}
|-
| {{nts|100}} || {{flag|Eritrea}} || {{km2 mi2|117600}} || {{km2 mi2|101000}} || {{km2 mi2|16600}} || 14.1 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. The UN FAO gives land and water figures of 121041 {{km2}} and 589 {{km2}}, respectively.}}
|-
| {{nts|101}} || {{flag|Benin}} || {{km2 mi2|114763}} || {{km2 mi2|112760}} || {{km2 mi2|2000}} || 1.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|102}} || {{flag|Honduras}} || {{km2 mi2|112492}} || {{km2 mi2|111890}} || {{km2 mi2|600}} || 0.5 ||
|-
| {{nts|103}} || {{flag|Liberia}} || {{km2 mi2|111369}} || {{km2 mi2|96320}} || {{km2 mi2|15049}} || 13.5 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|104}} || {{flag|Bulgaria}} || {{km2 mi2|110879}} || {{km2 mi2|108489}} || {{km2 mi2|2390}} || 2.2 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. Largest country in the [[Balkans]] by continental area within the Balkans.}}
|-
| {{nts|105}} || {{flag|Cuba}} || {{km2 mi2|109884}} || {{km2 mi2|109884}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Largest country in the [[West Indies]]. Official area.}}
|-
| {{nts|106}} || {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{km2 mi2|108889}} || {{km2 mi2|107160}} || {{km2 mi2|1730}} || 1.6 ||
|-
| {{nts|107}} || {{flag|Iceland}} || {{km2 mi2|103000}} || {{km2 mi2|100830}} || {{km2 mi2|2170}} || 2.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|108}} || {{flag|South Korea}} || {{km2 mi2|100432}} || {{km2 mi2|97600}} || {{km2 mi2|2800}} || 2.8 || {{efn|Excludes claim on North Korea.}}
|-
| {{nts|109}} || {{flag|Hungary}} || {{km2 mi2|93025}} || {{km2 mi2|91260}} || {{km2 mi2|1770}} || 1.9 ||
|-
| {{nts|110}} || {{flag|Jordan}} || {{km2 mi2|89318}} || {{km2 mi2|88794}} || {{km2 mi2|524}} || 0.6 ||
|-
| {{nts|111}} || {{flag|Serbia}} || {{km2 mi2|88499}} || {{km2 mi2|88499}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Figures are official and include Serbia's claim on [[Kosovo]]. The 2023 Statistical Yearbook describes its figure as "provisional" and "land area".<ref>{{cite web |url = https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G20232056.pdf |title = Statistical Yearbook 2023 |date = 2023 |website = stat.gov.rs |access-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-date = 5 February 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240205200328/https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G20232056.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> The UN FAO estimates some 900 {{km2}} of water area. The ''CIA World Factbook'' gives separate figures for Serbia (77,474 {{km2}}) and Kosovo (10,877 {{km2}}).<ref name="ciastats"/>}}
|-
| {{nts|112}} || {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || {{km2 mi2|86600}} || {{km2 mi2|82650}} || {{km2 mi2|3950}} || 4.6 || {{efn|Largest country in the [[Caucasus]]. Transcontinental country located in [[Asia]] and [[Europe]].}}
|-
| {{nts|113}} || {{flag|Austria}} || {{km2 mi2|83878}} || {{km2 mi2|82520}} || {{km2 mi2|1359}} || 1.6 ||
|-
| {{nts|114}} || {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || {{km2 mi2|83600}} || {{km2 mi2|82880}} || {{km2 mi2|720}} || 0.9 || {{efn|Total figure is official sum of provinces, land area is official<ref>{{cite web |url = https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |title = Fact sheet |website = u.ae |access-date = 20 January 2024 |archive-date = 18 November 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101755/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |url-status = live }}</ref> and water area is implied, excluding some of the reported 27,625 {{km2}} of "territorial water". The UN replicates the land-only figure while the CIA reports 83,600 {{km2}} of land and no water.<ref name="ciastats"/>}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Scotland}} || {{km2 mi2|80231}} || {{km2 mi2|77901}} || {{km2 mi2|2330}} || 2.9 || {{efn|Scotland is a constituent country of the [[UK]].<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"></ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|115}} || {{flag|Czech Republic}} || {{km2 mi2|78871}} || {{km2 mi2|77187}} || {{km2 mi2|1684}} || 2.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|116}} || {{flag|Panama}} || {{km2 mi2|75320}} || {{km2 mi2|74180}} || {{km2 mi2|1143}} || 1.5 ||
|-
| {{nts|117}} || {{flag|Sierra Leone}} || {{km2 mi2|72300}} || {{km2 mi2|72180}} || {{km2 mi2|120}} || 0.2 ||
|-
| {{nts|118}} || {{flag|Ireland}} || {{km2 mi2|70273}} || {{km2 mi2|68883}} || {{km2 mi2|1390}} || 2.0 || {{efn|The figure shown is for the [[Republic of Ireland]]; the [[Ireland|island of Ireland]] is 84,421 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ie/en/essays/geography.html |title=Geography of Ireland |access-date=15 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124012641/http://www.gov.ie/en/essays/geography.html |archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|119}} || {{flag|Georgia}} || {{km2 mi2|69700}} || {{km2 mi2|69490}} || {{km2 mi2|210}} || 0.3 || {{efn|Transcontinental country located in [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. The figure shown includes [[Abkhazia]] (8,665 {{km2}})<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175030 |title = Abkhazia profile |date = 28 August 2023 |website = BBC |access-date = 13 January 2024 |archive-date = 31 August 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831002827/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175030 |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[South Ossetia]] (3,900 {{km2}}),<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18269210 |title = South Ossetia profile |date = 28 August 2023 |website = BBC |access-date = 13 January 2024 |archive-date = 29 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180729082549/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18269210 |url-status = live }}</ref> both ''[[de facto]]'' independent from Georgia.}}
|-
| {{nts|120}} || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || {{km2 mi2|67240}} || {{km2 mi2|61860}} || {{km2 mi2|3750}} || 5.7 || {{efn|<ref>{{cite web|title=Recalculation of Country Extent|author=Survey Department of Sri Lanka|date=2 August 2024|url=https://survey.gov.lk/sdweb/pdf/latestpost/Recalculation%20of%20Country%20Extent_to%20WEB.pdf}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|121}} || {{flag|Lithuania}} || {{km2 mi2|65286}} || {{km2 mi2|62610}} || {{km2 mi2|2680}} || 4.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|122}} || {{flag|Latvia}} || {{km2 mi2|64594}} || {{km2 mi2|62230}} || {{km2 mi2|2370}} || 3.7 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Svalbard}} ([[Norway]]) || {{km2 mi2|62045}} || {{km2 mi2|62045}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|The UN gives a combined area for Svalbard and [[Jan Mayen]] as 62,422 {{km2}}. The separate figures shown are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.<ref name="ciastats"/>}}
|-
| {{nts|123}} || {{flag|Togo}} || {{km2 mi2|56785}} || {{km2 mi2|54390}} || {{km2 mi2|2400}} || 4.2 ||
|-
| {{nts|124}} || {{flag|Croatia}} || {{km2 mi2|56594}} || {{km2 mi2|55974}} || {{km2 mi2|620}} || 1.1 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|125}} || {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || {{km2 mi2|51209}} || {{km2 mi2|51200}} || {{km2 mi2|10}} || 0.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|126}} || {{flag|Costa Rica}} || {{km2 mi2|51180}} || {{km2 mi2|51140}} || {{km2 mi2|40}} || 0.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|127}} || {{flag|Slovakia}} || {{km2 mi2|49035}} || {{km2 mi2|48080}} || {{km2 mi2|950}} || 1.9 ||
|-
| {{nts|128}} || {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || {{km2 mi2|48670}} || {{km2 mi2|48320}} || {{km2 mi2|350}} || 0.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|129}} || {{flag|Estonia}} || {{km2 mi2|45339}} || {{km2 mi2|42388}} || {{km2 mi2|2840}} || 6.3 ||
|-
| {{nts|130}} || {{flag|Denmark}} || {{km2 mi2|42947}} || {{km2 mi2|42434}} || {{km2 mi2|660}} || 1.5 || {{efn|Includes [[Denmark|Denmark proper]] only, but excludes the [[autonomous administrative division|autonomous territories]] in the [[Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]], shown separately.}}
|-
| {{nts|131}} || {{flag|Netherlands}} || {{km2 mi2|41865}} || {{km2 mi2|33893}} || {{km2 mi2|7650}} || 19.0 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''<ref name="ciastats"/> and are for Netherlands proper, which includes the [[Caribbean Netherlands]]. May include coastal water. Excludes [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]. The [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] totals to 42,201 {{km2}}.}}
|-
| {{nts|132}} || {{flag|Switzerland}} || {{km2 mi2|41291}} || {{km2 mi2|39510}} || {{km2 mi2|1781}} || 4.3 ||
|-
| {{nts|133}} || {{flag|Bhutan}} || {{km2 mi2|38394}} || {{km2 mi2|38140}} || {{km2 mi2|250}} || 0.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|134}} || {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} || {{km2 mi2|36125}} || {{km2 mi2|28120}} || {{km2 mi2|8010}} || 22.2 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Taiwan}} || {{km2 mi2|35980}} || {{km2 mi2|32260}} || {{km2 mi2|3720}} || 10.3 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. Excludes claim on [[mainland China]]. Taiwan's official figure is 36,197 {{km2}} of land area.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_1.php |title = Natural Taiwan |website = taiwan.gov.tw |access-date = 19 January 2024 |archive-date = 13 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240113054855/https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_1.php |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|135}} || {{flag|Moldova}} || {{km2 mi2|33847}} || {{km2 mi2|32970}} || {{km2 mi2|880}} || 2.6 || {{efn|The figure shown includes the area of [[Transnistria]] (4,163 {{km2}}), which is ''[[de facto]]'' independent from Moldova.}}
|-
| {{nts|136}} || {{flag|Belgium}} || {{km2 mi2|30528}} || {{km2 mi2|30280}} || {{km2 mi2|250}} || 0.8 ||
|-
| {{nts|137}} || {{flag|Lesotho}} || {{km2 mi2|30355}} || {{km2 mi2|30355}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|138}} || {{flag|Armenia}} || {{km2 mi2|29743}} || {{km2 mi2|28470}} || {{km2 mi2|1270}} || 4.3 ||
|-
| {{nts|139}} || {{flag|Solomon Islands}} || {{km2 mi2|28896}} || {{km2 mi2|27990}} || {{km2 mi2|910}} || 3.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|140}} || {{flag|Albania}} || {{km2 mi2|28748}} || {{km2 mi2|27400}} || {{km2 mi2|330}} || 1.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|141}} || {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || {{km2 mi2|28051}} || {{km2 mi2|28051}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|142}} || {{flag|Burundi}} || {{km2 mi2|27834}} || {{km2 mi2|25680}} || {{km2 mi2|2150}} || 7.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|143}} || {{flag|Haiti}} || {{km2 mi2|27750}} || {{km2 mi2|27560}} || {{km2 mi2|190}} || 0.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|144}} || {{flag|Rwanda}} || {{km2 mi2|26338}} || {{km2 mi2|24670}} || {{km2 mi2|1670}} || 6.3 ||
|-
| {{nts|145}} || {{flag|North Macedonia}} || {{km2 mi2|25713}} || {{km2 mi2|25220}} || {{km2 mi2|490}} || 1.9 ||
|-
| {{nts|146}} || {{flag|Djibouti}} || {{km2 mi2|23200}} || {{km2 mi2|23180}} || {{km2 mi2|20}} || 0.1 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|147}} || {{flag|Belize}} || {{km2 mi2|22965}} || {{km2 mi2|22810}} || {{km2 mi2|160}} || 0.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|148}} || {{flag|Israel}} || {{km2 mi2|21937}} || {{km2 mi2|21497}} || {{km2 mi2|440}} || 2.1 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. The UN/[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] figure of 22,072 {{km2}} includes the [[Golan Heights]] (1,200 {{km2}}) and [[East Jerusalem]] (70 {{km2}}), which are not internationally recognised as part of Israel.}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Wales}} || {{km2 mi2|21218}} || {{km2 mi2|20737}} || {{km2 mi2|481}} || 2.3 || {{efn|Wales is a constituent country of the [[UK]].<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"></ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|149}} || {{flag|El Salvador}} || {{km2 mi2|21041}} || {{km2 mi2|20720}} || {{km2 mi2|320}} || 1.5 || {{efn|Smallest country on the [[Americas|American continent]].}}
|-
| {{nts|150}} || {{flag|Slovenia}} || {{km2 mi2|20273}} || {{km2 mi2|20151}} || {{km2 mi2|122}} || 0.6 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|New Caledonia|FLNKS}} ([[France]]) || {{km2 mi2|18575}} || {{km2 mi2|18275}} || {{km2 mi2|300}} || 1.6 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|151}} || {{flag|Fiji}} || {{km2 mi2|18272}} || {{km2 mi2|18272}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|152}} || {{flag|Kuwait}} || {{km2 mi2|17818}} || {{km2 mi2|17818}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|153}} || {{flag|Eswatini}} || {{km2 mi2|17363}} || {{km2 mi2|17200}} || {{km2 mi2|160}} || 0.9 ||
|-
| {{nts|154}} || {{flag|East Timor}} || {{km2 mi2|14874}} || {{km2 mi2|14874}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Northern Ireland}} || {{km2 mi2|14330}} || {{km2 mi2|13547}} || {{km2 mi2|783}} || 5.5 || {{efn|Northern Ireland is a constituent country of the [[UK]].<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"></ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|155}} || {{flag|Bahamas}} || {{km2 mi2|13880}} || {{km2 mi2|10010}} || {{km2 mi2|3870}} || 27.8 ||
|-
| {{nts|156}} || {{flag|Montenegro}} || {{km2 mi2|13812}} || {{km2 mi2|13452}} || {{km2 mi2|360}} || 2.6 ||
|-
| {{nts|157}} || {{flag|Vanuatu}} || {{km2 mi2|12189}} || {{km2 mi2|12189}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Falkland Islands}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|12173}} || {{km2 mi2|12173}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|158}} || {{flag|Qatar}} || {{km2 mi2|11586}} || {{km2 mi2|11586}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|159}} || {{flag|The Gambia}}|| {{km2 mi2|11295}} || {{km2 mi2|10120}} || {{km2 mi2|1180}} || 10.4 || {{efn|Smallest country in continental [[Africa]].}}
|-
| {{nts|160}} || {{flag|Jamaica}} || {{km2 mi2|10991}} || {{km2 mi2|10830}} || {{km2 mi2|160}} || 1.5 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Kosovo}} || {{km2 mi2|10887}} || {{km2 mi2|10887}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|161}} || {{flag|Lebanon}} || {{km2 mi2|10452}} || {{km2 mi2|10230}} || {{km2 mi2|220}} || 2.1 ||
|-
| {{nts|162}} || {{flag|Cyprus}} || {{km2 mi2|9251}} || {{km2 mi2|9241}} || {{km2 mi2|10}} || 0.1 || {{efn|Includes the largely unrecognized but ''[[de facto]]'' independent [[Northern Cyprus]] (3,355 {{km2}}), the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN buffer zone]] (346 {{km2}}) and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] (254 {{km2}}).<ref name="ciastats"/>}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Puerto Rico}} ([[US]]) || {{km2 mi2|9100}} || {{km2 mi2|8868}} || 232 (89) || 2.5 || <ref name= "Geography">{{Cite web |url= https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |title= State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |website= United States Census Bureau |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Abkhazia}} || {{km2 mi2|8665}} || || || || {{efn|Abkhazia is claimed in whole by [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and has [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|limited international recognition]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175030 |title = Abkhazia profile |website = BBC |date = 28 August 2023 |access-date = 3 January 2024 |archive-date = 31 August 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831002827/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175030 |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|French Southern Territories}} ([[France]]) || {{km2 mi2|7747}} || {{km2 mi2|7668}} || {{km2 mi2|80}} || 1.0 || {{efn|Excludes claim on [[Adélie Land]] in Antarctica. Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|163}} || {{flag|Palestine}} || {{km2 mi2|6020}} || {{km2 mi2|6025}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|The ''CIA World Factbook'' gives the areas of the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]] separately as 5,860 {{km2}} and 360 {{km2}} respectively. The figure for the West Bank includes [[East Jerusalem]] and [[Green Line (Israel)|Jerusalem No Man's Land]], but excludes [[Mount Scopus]].<ref name="ciastats"/> The UN source differs by 200 {{km2}} and may exclude the area of the Dead Sea pertaining to the West Bank.}}
|-
| {{nts|164}} || {{flag|Brunei}} || {{km2 mi2|5765}} || {{km2 mi2|5270}} || {{km2 mi2|500}} || 8.7 ||
|-
| {{nts|165}} || {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} || {{km2 mi2|5127}} || {{km2 mi2|5131}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|French Polynesia}} ([[France]]) || {{km2 mi2|4167}} || {{km2 mi2|3827}} || {{km2 mi2|340}} || 8.2 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Transnistria}} || {{km2 mi2|4163}} || || || || {{efn|Transnistria is claimed in whole by [[Moldova]], and has [[International recognition of Transnistria|limited international recognition]]}}
|-
| {{nts|166}} || {{flag|Cape Verde}} || {{km2 mi2|4033}} || {{km2 mi2|4033}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|3903}} || {{km2 mi2|3903}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|South Ossetia}} || {{km2 mi2|3900}} || || || || {{efn|South Ossetia is claimed in whole by [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18269210 |title = South Ossetia profile |date = 28 August 2023 |website = BBC |access-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-date = 29 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180729082549/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18269210 |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Northern Cyprus}} || {{km2 mi2|3355}} || || || || {{efn|Academic articles most frequently give the figure shown,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kliot |first1=N. |last2=Mansfield |first2=Y. |title=The political landscape of partition |journal=Political Geography |date=August 1997 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=495–521 |doi=10.1016/S0962-6298(96)00020-0 }}</ref> while an official brochure gives 3,248 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://mfa.gov.ct.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/brosuren.pdf |title = Facts on the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |website = mfa.gov.ct.tr |access-date = 16 January 2024 |archive-date = 16 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240116204943/https://mfa.gov.ct.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/brosuren.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is a [[self-declared]] state recognised only by [[Turkey]].}}
|-
| {{nts|167}} || {{flag|Samoa}} || {{km2 mi2|2842}} || {{km2 mi2|2780}} || {{km2 mi2|10}} || 0.4 ||
|-
| {{nts|168}} || {{flag|Luxembourg}} || {{km2 mi2|2586}} || {{km2 mi2|2574}} || {{km2 mi2|16}} || 0.6 ||
|-
| {{nts|169}} || {{flag|Mauritius}} || {{km2 mi2|2096}} || {{km2 mi2|2086}} || {{km2 mi2|10}} || 0.5 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. The UN figure of 1,969 {{km2}} excludes the [[Agaléga|Agaléga Islands]] and [[St. Brandon|Saint Brandon]] (Cargados Carajos).}}
|-
| {{nts|170}} || {{flag|Comoros}} || {{km2 mi2|1861}} || {{km2 mi2|1861}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|All figures are from the UN FAO. The CIA<ref name="ciastats"/> and the UN Statistics department give an area of 2,235 {{km2}}, which includes [[Mayotte]] (374 {{km2}}), an [[overseas departments and regions of France|overseas department and region]] of [[French Fifth Republic|France]].}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Åland}} ([[Finland]]) || {{km2 mi2|1581}} || {{km2 mi2|1553}} || {{km2 mi2|28}} || 1.8 || {{efn|[[Åland]] is an autonomous region of [[Finland]], and thus is a part of the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.norden.org/en/information/about-aland |title = About Åland |website = norden.org |access-date = 3 January 2024 |archive-date = 1 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220301194904/https://www.norden.org/en/information/about-aland |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Faroe Islands}} ([[Danish Realm|Denmark]]) || {{km2 mi2|1393}} || {{km2 mi2|1393}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Hong Kong}} ([[China]]) || {{km2 mi2|1114}} || {{km2 mi2|1050}} || {{km2 mi2|60}} || 5.4 || {{efn|UN figures are given, including only land and internal water. Official figures include "sea area" of 1,640 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.landsd.gov.hk/en/resources/mapping-information/hk-geographic-data.html|title=Lands Department – Hong Kong Geographic Data|website=www.landsd.gov.hk|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331083925/https://www.landsd.gov.hk/en/resources/mapping-information/hk-geographic-data.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|171}} || {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} || {{km2 mi2|964}} || {{km2 mi2|964}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|948}} || {{km2 mi2|948}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|172}} || {{flag|Kiribati}} || {{km2 mi2|811}} || {{km2 mi2|811}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''. The UN figure of 726 {{km2}} excludes 84 {{km2}} of uninhabited islands.}}
|-
| {{nts|173}} || {{flag|Bahrain}} || {{km2 mi2|778}} || {{km2 mi2|778}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Due to ongoing extensive land reclamation, Bahrain's total land area is variable and depends on the source and year of publication, typically ranging from 740 {{km2}} to 780 {{km2}} during the 2010s and 2020s. The ''CIA World Factbook'' reports a figure of 760 {{km2}} excluding territorial waters,<ref name="ciastats"/> the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] lists 778 {{km2}}, the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|UN FAO]] gives 790 {{km2}} excluding territorial waters, while Bahrain's official figure is 786.5 {{km2}}, also excluding territorial waters.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/wcm/connect/bnp_en/about%20the%20kingdom/about%20bahrain/related%20topics/facts%20and%20figures |title = Facts & Figures |website = data.gov.bh |access-date = 3 January 2024 |archive-date = 3 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240103190112/https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/wcm/connect/bnp_en/about%20the%20kingdom/about%20bahrain/related%20topics/facts%20and%20figures |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|174}} || {{flag|Dominica}} || {{km2 mi2|750}} || {{km2 mi2|750}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|175}} || {{flag|Tonga}} || {{km2 mi2|747}} || {{km2 mi2|720}} || {{km2 mi2|30}} || 4.0 ||
|-
| {{nts|176}} || {{flag|Singapore}} || {{km2 mi2|745}} || {{km2 mi2|735}} || {{km2 mi2|10}} || 1.4 || {{efn|Due to ongoing extensive land reclamation, Singapore's total land area is variable and depends on the source and year of publication, typically ranging from 740 {{km2}} to 770 {{km2}} during the 2010s and 2020s. The most recent figures are sourced from the [[Singapore Department of Statistics]], which operates under the [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)|Ministry of Trade and Industry]] of the [[Government of Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Environment – Latest Data |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=11 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211210300/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|177}} || {{flag|Micronesia}} || {{km2 mi2|702}} || {{km2 mi2|700|3}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|178}} || {{flag|Saint Lucia}} || {{km2 mi2|616}} || {{km2 mi2|610}} || {{km2 mi2|10}} || 1.6 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Isle of Man}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|572}} || {{km2 mi2|570}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Guam}} ([[US]]) || {{km2 mi2|541}} || {{km2 mi2|540}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|179}} || {{flag|Andorra}} || {{km2 mi2|468}} || {{km2 mi2|468}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|[[European microstates|European microstate]].}}
|-
| {{nts|180}} || {{flag|Palau}} || {{km2 mi2|459}} || {{km2 mi2|459}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}} ([[US]]) || {{km2 mi2|457}} || {{km2 mi2|457}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|181}} || {{flag|Seychelles}} || {{km2 mi2|457}} || {{km2 mi2|457}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Smallest country in [[Africa]].}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Curaçao}} ([[Netherlands]]) || {{km2 mi2|444}} || {{km2 mi2|444}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Data are from official statistics.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/question-and-answer/what-are-the-different-parts-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |title = What are the different parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands? |website = government.nl |date = 12 September 2017 |access-date = 16 January 2024 |archive-date = 4 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240104032847/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/question-and-answer/what-are-the-different-parts-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status = live }}</ref> |name="neth"}}
|-
| {{nts|182}} || {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} || {{km2 mi2|442}} || {{km2 mi2|442}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|183}} || {{flag|Barbados}} || {{km2 mi2|431}} || {{km2 mi2|431}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} ([[Australia]]) || {{km2 mi2|412}} || {{km2 mi2|412}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|394}} || {{km2 mi2|394}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Comprising [[Saint Helena]] (122 {{km2}}), [[Ascension Island]] (88 {{km2}}), and [[Tristan da Cunha]] (184 {{km2}}). Data are from the ''CIA World Factbook''.}}
|-
| {{nts|184}} || {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} || {{km2 mi2|389}} || {{km2 mi2|389}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Jan Mayen}} ([[Norway]]) || {{km2 mi2|377}} || {{km2 mi2|377}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}} ([[US]]) || {{km2 mi2|347}} || {{km2 mi2|347}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|185}} || {{flag|Grenada}} || {{km2 mi2|345}} || {{km2 mi2|340}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|186}} || {{flag|Malta}} || {{km2 mi2|315}} || {{km2 mi2|315}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|[[European microstates|European microstate]]. Smallest [[European Union]] member state.}}
|-
| {{nts|187}} || {{flag|Maldives}} || {{km2 mi2|300|3}} || {{km2 mi2|300|3}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Smallest country in [[Asia]].}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Bonaire}} ([[Netherlands]]) || {{km2 mi2|288}} || {{km2 mi2|288}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="neth"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Cayman Islands}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|264}} || {{km2 mi2|264}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|188}} || {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} || {{km2 mi2|261}} || {{km2 mi2|261}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Smallest country in the [[Americas]] and the [[Western Hemisphere]].}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Niue}} || {{km2 mi2|260}} || {{km2 mi2|260}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Niue, in [[associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]], has [[foreign relations of Niue|limited international recognition]]}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|254}} || || || || {{efn|Comprises Akrotiri ({{km2|123}}) and Dhekelia ({{km2|131}}),<ref name="ciastats"/> together making up 3% of the island of [[Cyprus]].}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|local}} ([[France]]) || {{km2 mi2|242}} || {{km2 mi2|230}} || {{km2 mi2|10}} || 4.2 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Cook Islands}} || {{km2 mi2|236}} || {{km2 mi2|236}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|The Cook Islands, in [[associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]], has [[foreign relations of the Cook Islands|limited international recognition]]}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|American Samoa}} ([[US]]) || {{km2 mi2|199}} || {{km2 mi2|199}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|189}} || {{flag|Marshall Islands}} || {{km2 mi2|181}} || {{km2 mi2|180}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Aruba}} ([[Netherlands]]) || {{km2 mi2|180}} || {{km2 mi2|180}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="neth"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Easter Island}} ([[Chile]]) || {{km2 mi2|163}} || {{km2 mi2|163}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Various sources give figures between 161 {{km2}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glückler |first1=Johannes |last2=Herrigel |first2=Gary |last3=Handke |first3=Michael |title=Knowledge for Governance |series=Knowledge and Space |date=2020 |volume=15 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7 |isbn=978-3-030-47149-1 |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/46785 }}{{pn|date=January 2026}}</ref> and 166 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mieth |first1=Andreas |last2=Bork |first2=Hans-Rudolf |title=History, origin and extent of soil erosion on Easter Island (Rapa Nui) |journal=CATENA |date=October 2005 |volume=63 |issue=2–3 |pages=244–260 |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2005.06.011 |bibcode=2005Caten..63..244M }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|190}} || {{flag|Liechtenstein}} || {{km2 mi2|160}} || {{km2 mi2|160}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|[[European microstates|European microstate]].}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Peter I Island}} ([[Norway]]) || {{km2 mi2|154}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || {{km2 mi2|0}} || 0.0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|British Virgin Islands}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|151}} || {{km2 mi2|151}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Wallis and Futuna|local}} ([[France]]) || {{km2 mi2|142}} || {{km2 mi2|142}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Christmas Island}} ([[Australia]]) || {{km2 mi2|135}} || {{km2 mi2|135}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Jersey}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|116}} || {{km2 mi2|116}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Montserrat}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|103}} || {{km2 mi2|100}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Anguilla}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|91}} || {{km2 mi2|91}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|78}} || {{km2 mi2|78}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{nts|191}} || {{flag|San Marino}} || {{km2 mi2|61}} || {{km2 mi2|61}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|[[European microstates|European microstate]].}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|60|2}} || {{km2 mi2|60|2}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Bermuda}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|54}} || {{km2 mi2|54}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{Flagicon image|Local flag of the Collectivity of Saint Martin.svg}} [[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]] ([[France]]) || {{km2 mi2|53}} || {{km2 mi2|53}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Bouvet Island}} ([[Norway]]) || {{km2 mi2|49}} || {{km2 mi2|49}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|47}} || {{km2 mi2|47}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|The figure shown is from the CIA Factbook, and includes [[Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)|Henderson]], [[Ducie Island|Ducie]], and [[Oeno Island]].<ref name="ciastats"/> The UN figure is 5 {{km2}}, and only includes area for Pitcairn island itself, the only inhabited island in the group.}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Norfolk Island}} ([[Australia]]) || {{km2 mi2|36}} || {{km2 mi2|36}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Sint Maarten}} ([[Netherlands]]) || {{km2 mi2|34}} || {{km2 mi2|34}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="neth"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|United States Minor Outlying Islands|name=U.S. Minor Outlying Islands}} ([[US]]) || {{km2 mi2|34}} || {{km2 mi2|34}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Includes CIA figures of Wake Island,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/wake-island/ |title = Wake Island |date = 17 January 2024 |website = cia.gov |access-date = 19 January 2024 |archive-date = 20 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210120170347/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/wake-island/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Navassa Island<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/navassa-island/ |title = Navassa Island |date = 17 January 2024 |website = cia.gov |access-date = 19 January 2024 |archive-date = 27 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210127010047/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/navassa-island/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> and all of the [[United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges]].<ref name="USPI NWR">{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states-pacific-island-wildlife-refuges/ |title = United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges |date = 22 December 2022 |website = cia.gov |access-date = 19 January 2024 |archive-date = 8 April 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220408014336/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states-pacific-island-wildlife-refuges/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> May exclude some lagoon water or classify lagoon water as land.}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Macau}} ([[China]]) || {{km2 mi2|33}} || {{km2 mi2|33}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|192}} || {{flag|Tuvalu}} || {{km2 mi2|25}} || {{km2 mi2|25}} || 0 || 0 || <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://spccfpstore1.blob.core.windows.net/digitallibrary-docs/files/f6/f63bae1b56af7cbcc4b51f8568ce4985.pdf?sv=2015-12-11&sr=b&sig=RRqqoeJ0R%2FrDqckPotySlFcUX1UYLrD%2FbrTMfyGNh40%3D&se=2025-10-03T10%3A38%3A37Z&sp=r&rscc=public%2C%20max-age%3D864000%2C%20max-stale%3D86400&rsct=application%2Fpdf&rscd=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22Tuvalu_2022_Census_Report.pdf%22 |title=Tuvalu 2022 census on population and housing: analytical report |date=March 2025 |publisher=Pacific Community |isbn=978-982-00-1617-0 |location=Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia}}</ref>
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Saint Barthélemy|local}} ([[France]]) || {{km2 mi2|22}} || {{km2 mi2|20}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{nts|193}} || {{flag|Nauru}} || {{km2 mi2|21}} || {{km2 mi2|20}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Smallest [[island country]], and smallest country that is not a [[city-state]].}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Sint Eustatius}} ([[Netherlands]]) || {{km2 mi2|21}} || || || || {{efn|name="neth"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || [[File:Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Island.svg|Flag_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Island|23px|border]] [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] ([[Australia]]) || {{km2 mi2|14}} || {{km2 mi2|14}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Saba}} ([[Netherlands]]) || {{km2 mi2|13}} || || || || {{efn|name="neth"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Tokelau}} ([[New Zealand]]) || {{km2 mi2|12}} || {{km2 mi2|12}} || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Gibraltar}} ([[UK]]) || {{km2 mi2|6.8|2|d}} || {{km2 mi2|6.8|2|d}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|Land figure is official<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/key-indicators |title = Key indicators |website = gibraltar.gov.gi |access-date = 9 July 2023 |archive-date = 6 March 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230306051806/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/key-indicators |url-status = live }}</ref> while the CIA states zero water area.<ref name="ciastats"/>}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Clipperton Island}} ([[France]]) || {{km2 mi2|6|2|d}} || {{km2 mi2|2|2|d}} || {{km2 mi2|4|2|d}} || 66.7 || {{efn|The ''CIA World Factbook'' gives a total area of 6 {{km2}} and no water, but ''Britannica'' gives a land area of 2 {{km2}}<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Clipperton-Island |title = Clipperton Island |date = 27 September 2023 |website = britannica.com |access-date = 9 January 2024 |archive-date = 4 May 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220504205134/https://www.britannica.com/place/Clipperton-Island |url-status = live }}</ref> and ''Coral Reefs'' has given a water area of 4 {{km2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Charpy |first1=L. |last2=Rodier |first2=M. |last3=Couté |first3=A. |last4=Perrette-Gallet |first4=C. |last5=Bley-Loëz |first5=C. |title=Clipperton, a possible future for atoll lagoons |journal=Coral Reefs |date=September 2010 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=771–783 |doi=10.1007/s00338-010-0627-0 |bibcode=2010CorRe..29..771C }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Ashmore and Cartier Islands}} ([[Australia]]) || {{km2 mi2|5|2|d}} || {{km2 mi2|5|2|d}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|name="ciadata"}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || {{flag|Coral Sea Islands}} ([[Australia]]) || {{km2 mi2|3|2|d}} || {{km2 mi2|3|2|d}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|The ''CIA World Factbook'' gives an estimate of less than 3 {{km2}}.<ref name="ciastats"/> The territory comprises many low atolls and reefs, spanning some 780,000 {{km2}} of territorial water.}}
|-
| {{hs|end}} – || ''{{flagicon image|Flag.svg}} [[Spratly Islands]] ([[Spratly Islands dispute|disputed]])'' || {{km2 mi2|2|2|d}} || {{km2 mi2|2|2|d}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>"Natural land area in the Spratly Islands does not exceed 2 {{km2}}" {{cite book |last1=Carmen |first1=Ma. |last2=Ablan-Lagman |first2=A. |title=World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation |chapter=The Spratly Islands |date=2019 |pages=583–591 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100853-9.00026-9 |isbn=978-0-08-100853-9 }}</ref>
|-
| {{nts|194}} || {{flag|Monaco}} || {{km2 mi2|2|2|d}} || {{km2 mi2|2|2|d}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|[[European microstates|European microstate]]. Smallest [[United Nations]] member state.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://monacodc.org/monacohome.html |title = Key Facts About Monaco |date = 2020 |website = Embassy of Monaco in Washington DC |access-date = 28 October 2023 |archive-date = 8 November 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231108002054/https://monacodc.org/monacohome.html |url-status = live }}</ref>}}
|-
| {{nts|195}} || {{flag|Vatican City}} || {{km2 mi2|0.49|2|d}} || {{km2 mi2|0.49|2|d}} || 0 || 0 || {{efn|[[European microstates|European microstate]]. Smallest country in the world. The [[:it:Calendario Atlante De Agostini|De Agostini Atlas Calendar]] listed the area of Vatican City as 0.44 {{km2}} in its 1930 edition<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JqlIZ70Jn9gC&q=vaticano De Agostini Atlas Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016055707/https://books.google.com/books?id=JqlIZ70Jn9gC&q=vaticano |date=16 October 2022 }}, 1930, p. 99. {{in lang|it}}</ref> but corrected it to 0.49 {{km2}} in its 1945–46 edition.<ref name=agostini1945>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpJXsBX_6uUC&q=vaticano De Agostini Atlas Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016055707/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpJXsBX_6uUC&q=vaticano |date=16 October 2022 }}, 1945–46, p. 128. {{in lang|it}}</ref> The figure of 0.44 {{km2}} is still widely cited by many sources despite its inaccuracy.}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Countries}}
* [[List of countries and dependencies by population density]]
* [[List of countries and dependencies by population]]
* [[List of largest cities]]
* [[List of largest empires]]
* [[Lists of political and geographic subdivisions by total area]]
* [[List of sovereign states]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (area)]]
* regional lists:
**[[List of African countries by area]]
**[[List of Asian countries by area]]
**[[List of European countries by area]]
**[[List of North American countries by area]]
**[[List of South American countries by area]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-the-total-areas-of-the-worlds-countries-dependencies-and-territories-2130540 ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'': List of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories by total area]
* https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/largest-countries-in-the-world
* https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260114155034/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area/country-comparison/ cia.gov]

{{Geography country lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Countries and dependencies by area, List of}}
[[Category:Water by country| ]]
[[Category:Lists by area]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by geography|Area]]
[[Category:Geography-related lists]]
[[Category:International rankings|Area]]

List of Malayalam-language television channels

2026-03-20T12:58:42Z

Rajeev Menon: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{main|Television in India|Lists of television stations in India}}
{{more citations needed |date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Indian television topics}}
This is a list of satellite television channels in [[Malayalam language]] (spoken in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] and the Union territory of [[Lakshadweep]]) broadcasting at least throughout [[Kerala state]] and in [[Middle East|Middle East Countries]]. Besides these, there exist a number of local channels concentrating in a particular area or town in the region.

==List of channels==
===State owned channels===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|[[DD Malayalam]]
|[[File:DD Malayalam 2025 logo.png|76x76px]]
|1985
|rowspan="3" {{Yes|FTA}}
|rowspan="3" {{no}}
|[[Doordarshan]]
|rowspan="3"|[[State-owned enterprise|State owned]]
|-
|2
|[[Kite Victers]]
|[[File:Victers TV Logo.jpg|79x79px]]
|2005
|rowspan="2"|[[KITE Kerala|KITE]]
|-
|3
|[[Kite Victers#KITE VICTERS PLUS|Kite Victers Plus]]
|[[File:VICTERSPLUS - 2023-01-28T115110.460.png|84x84px]]
|2021
|}

===General entertainment===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|[[File:Asianet 2023 logo.png|67x67px]]
|1993
|rowspan="2" {{No|Pay}}
|rowspan="2" {{yes}}
|[[JioStar]]
|1{{sup|st}} [[Malayalam]] GEC in SD and HD
|-
|2
|[[Sun Surya]]
|
|1998
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Kairali TV]]
|[[File:Kairali TV.svg|67x67px]]
|2000
|rowspan="3" {{Yes|FTA}}
|rowspan="5" {{no}}
|[[Kairali TV Network]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Jeevan TV]]
|[[File:JeevanTV.jpg|68x68px]]
|2002
|Jeevan Telecasting Corporation
|
|-
|5
|[[Amrita TV]]
|[[File:Amrita TV.svg|74x74px]]
|rowspan="2"|2005
|Amrita Enterprises
|
|-
|6
|[[Asianet (TV channel)#Asianet Plus|Asianet Plus]]
|[[File:Asianet Plus Logo.jpg|65x65px]]
|{{No|Pay}}
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|7
|Kerala Vision
|[[File:Kerala Vision TV Logo.png|80x80px]]
|2010
|rowspan="4" {{Yes|FTA}}
|Kerala Communicators Cable Limited
|
|-
|8
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|[[File:Mazhavil Manorama TV Logo.jpg|72x72px]]
|2011
|{{yes}}
|Malayala Manorama
|
|-
|9
|[[Kaumudy TV]]
|[[File:Kaumudy TV Logo.jpg|77x77px]]
|2013
|rowspan="3" {{no}}
|Kerala Kaumudi
|
|-
|10
|Sakhi
|
|2014
|Sakhi Media LLC
|
|-
|11
|[[Flowers TV]]
|
|2015
|rowspan="2" {{No|Pay}}
|Insight Media City
|
|-
|12
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|[[File:Zee Keralam 2025.svg|92x92px]]
|2018
|{{Yes}}
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|}

===Movies===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|[[Sun Surya|Sun Surya Movies]]
|
|2004
|{{No|Pay}}
|rowspan="2" {{no}}
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|2
|Kairali We
|[[File:Kairali WE TV Logo.png|72x72px]]
|2007
|{{Yes|FTA}}
|[[Kairali TV Network]]
|Kairali Movies rebranding soon
|-
|3
|[[Asianet (TV channel)#Asianet Movies|Asianet Movies]]
|[[File:Asianet Movies.png|65x65px]]
|2012
|{{No|Pay}}
|{{yes}}
|[[JioStar]]
|
|}

===Music===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|Raj Musix Malayalam
|[[File:Raj Musix Makayalam TV Logo.png|69x69px]]
|2007
|rowspan="2" {{Yes|FTA}}
|rowspan="3" {{no}}
|[[Raj Television Network]]
|
|-
|2
|[[Kappa TV]]
|[[File:Kappa tv Channel Logo.png|74x74px]]
|2013
|Mathrubhumi Group
|
|-
|3
|[[Surya Music|Sun Surya Music]]
|
|2014
|{{No|Pay}}
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|}

===Comedy===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|[[Surya Comedy Channel|Sun Surya Comedy]]
|
|2017
|{{No|Pay}}
|{{no}}
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|}

===Kids===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|[[Kochu TV]]
|
|2011
|{{No|Pay}}
|{{no}}
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|}

===Infotainment===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|[[Safari TV]]
|[[File:Safari logo new 25-07-2015.png|85x85px]]
|2013
|{{Yes|FTA}}
|{{no}}
|Safari Multimedia
|
|}

===Devonation===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|[[Shalom (TV channel)|Shalom TV]]
|
|2005
|rowspan="8" {{Yes|FTA}}
|rowspan="8" {{no}}
|Shalom Communications
|
|-
|2
|Powervision
|
|2006
|Value Vision Broadcasting
|
|-
|3
|Goodness TV
|
|2010
|Goodness Media
|
|-
|4
|[[Harvest TV]]
|
|2011
|
|
|-
|5
|Darshana TV
|
|2012
|Sathyadhara Communications
|
|-
|6
|Shekinah TV
|
|2019
|Shekinah Communications
|
|}

===Shopping===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|Malayalam Naaptol
|
|
|{{Yes|FTA}}
|{{no}}
|Naaptol
|
|}

===News===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | #
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Logo
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | FTA/pay
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | HD version
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|1
|[[24 News]]
|[[File:TwentyFour News logo.png|81x81px]]
|2018
|rowspan="10" {{Yes|FTA}}
|rowspan="13" {{no}}
| Insight Media City
|
|-
|2
|[[Asianet News]]
|[[File:Asianet News New logo.jpg|89x89px]]
|2001
|[[Jupiter Entertainment Ventures]]
|
|-
|3
|Kairali News
|
|2005
|[[Kairali TV Network]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Manorama News]]
|
|2006
|Malayala Manorama
|
|-
|5
|[[JaiHind TV]]
|[[File: Jaihind TV Logo.jpg|76x76px]]
|2007
|Bharath Broadcasting Network
|
|-
|6
|Raj News Malayalam
|
|2011
|[[Raj Television Network]]
|
|-
|7
|[[Reporter TV]]
|[[File:Reporter TV 2023.jpg|84x84px]]
|2011, Revamped on 1 July 2023
|Reporter Broadcasting Company Private Limited (RBC)
|
|-
|8
|[[Mathrubhumi News]]
|[[File:Mathrubhumi News logo.png|75x75px]]
|rowspan="2"|2013
|Mathrubhumi Group
|
|-
|9
|[[Media One TV]]
|[[File:Media One Logo.png|77x77px]]
|Madhyamam Broadcasting
|
|-
|10
|[[Janam TV]]
|[[File:Janam TV logo.png|85x85px]]
|2015
|Janam Multimedia
|
|-
|11
|[[News18 Kerala]]
|[[File:News18 Kerala.png|91x91px]]
|2016
|{{No|Pay}}
|[[TV18]]
|
|-
|12
|News Malayalam 24×7
|
|2024
|{{Yes|FTA}}
|Splus Media
|
|-
|13
|Big TV Malayalam
|
|2026
|{{Yes|FTA}}
|Big TV News Network
|
|}

==Malayalam HD channels==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Name
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Video
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Audio
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Owner
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Launch date
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Note
|-
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet HD]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Full HD]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|rowspan="2"|[[JioStar]]
|14 August 2015
|First HD channel in Malayalam
|-
|[[Asianet (TV channel)#Asianet Movies|Asianet Movies HD]]
|15 March 2023
|
|-
|[[Mazhavil Manorama|Mazhavil Manorama HD]]
|[[Video scaler|Upscaled]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Malayala Manorama Group
|14 August 2015
|
|-
|[[Surya TV|Surya TV HD]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|16 March 2017
|
|-
|[[Zee Keralam|Zee Keralam HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[5.1 Dolby Digital Surround|5.1]]
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|26 November 2018
|
|}

==Malayalam audio feeds==
Some Indian channels (mainly English) are telecasting with multiple audio feeds, including Malayalam.

''(Last Updated on 26/02/2025)''

*[[Discovery Channel India | Discovery Channel]]
*[[Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Kids]]
*[[Nickelodeon]]
*[[Nickelodeon Sonic]]
*[[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo Tv]]
*[[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]]
*[[Gubbare (TV channel)|Gubbare Tv]]
*[[Sony Yay]]
*Sony Sports Ten 1
*[[Sony Sports Ten 5]]
*[[Star Sports 1]]
*[[Star Sports 3]]
*Star Sports Select 1

==Upcoming channels==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:gold" | Name
!style="background-color:gold" | Genre
!style="background-color:gold" | Launching date
!style="background-color:gold" | SD/HD availability
!style="background-color:gold" | Owner
!style="background-color:gold" | Note
|-
|M5 News
|rowspan="4"| TBA
| rowspan="3" |News
| rowspan="3" |SD
|Bizz News Private Limited
|
|-
|NDTV Malayalam
|[[NDTV]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Malayalam News]]
|[[Essel Group]]
|Launched on 25 January 2022 on digital platforms
|-
|[[Surya Movies|Surya Movies HD]]
|Movie
|HD
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|}

==Cable TV channels==
These channels do not have [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|MIB]] permission for satellite [[Telecommunications link#Direction|up-linking]] or [[Telecommunications link#Direction|down-linking]]. They are available only on cable tv networks, not on any DTH platforms.

*ACV
*ACV+
*ACV News
*ACV Movies
*ACV Utsav
*ACV Utsav Plus
*Asianet Teleshop
*Jukebox
*Medley
*Rosebowl
*ComX TV
*ADN Gold
*KV Talkies
*KV Beasts
*Kerala Vision News

==International channels==
These channels mainly for Malayali people residing outside India. These channels have permission to Uplink from India, but no downlink permission from India.

*[[Asianet Middle East]] - GEC from [[Disney Star]]
*Butterfly TV - GEC started by Gulf Malayalees, first Indian channel to launch in Qatar
*[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV USA]] - GEC from Insight Media City
*[[Mazhavil Manorama|Mazhavil Manorama International]] - GEC from Malayala Manorama (MM) TV Ltd
*[[Media One TV|Media One Gulf]] - GEC from Madhyamam Broadcasting Ltd
*[[Kairali TV|Kairali Arabia]] - GEC from Malayalam Communications Limited
*UBL HD<ref>[https://www.ubltv.com/ UBL HD]</ref> - GEC from United Arab Emirates, available through E-Vision and online
*NTV HD<ref>[http://www.ntvuae.tv/ NTV HD]</ref> - GEC from United Arab Emirates, available through E-Vision
*Anand TV

==Defunct channels==

*Asianet Global - ''later rebranded as [[Asianet News]].''
*[[Indiavision]] - Malayalam news channel from Indiavision Satellite Communications.
*Kairali People TV - ''Later rebranded as Kairali News.''
*Kiran TV - replaced by Surya Movies
** Surya Movies - rebranded as Sun Surya Movies
*Surya Action - replaced by Surya Comedy
** Surya Comedy - rebranded as Sun Surya Comedy
*[[Surya TV]] - rebranded as [[Sun Surya]]
*[[Surya Music]] - rebranded as Sun Surya Music
*[[TV New]] - Malayalam news channel from the Kerala Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI)
*[[Yes Indiavision]] - youth entertainment channel from Indiavision
*MiddleEast Entertainment Television (ME TV)
*Bharath TV - GEC from Bharatheeya Cable Vision Ltd
*Prabhatham News 3D - Claimed as First 3D News channel in India.[Fake]
*SS Entertainment
*Today TV
*Dakshin TV - a movie channel.
*[[Mangalam TV]] - a news channel.
*Yogi TV Malayalam
*[[Athmeeya Yathra]] - spiritual channel.

==See also==
*[[List of Malayalam-language radio stations]]
*[[List of Tamil language television channels]]
*[[List of Telugu language television channels]]
*[[List of Kannada language television channels]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://victers.kite.kerala.gov.in/|title=Victers|website=victers.kite.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralavisionchannel.com/|title=INDEX|website=NoNameHello}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gyanayogimalayalamtv.in/ |title=Home - Yogitv |access-date=15 November 2019 |archive-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916040718/http://gyanayogimalayalamtv.in/ }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goodnesstv.in/|title=Goodness TV, Top Devotional Chanel|website=goodnesstv.in}}</ref>
<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajtvnet.in/Raj_Net/Tv_Channel.aspx|title=Raj Tv|website=www.rajtvnet.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/in/Raj-Musix-Malayalam.html|title=Raj Musix Malayalam - LyngSat|website=www.lyngsat.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/in/Sakhi-TV.html|title=Sakhi TV - LyngSat|website=www.lyngsat.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harvesttv.in/|title=Main Home}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shekinahchannel.tv/|title=Shekinah Tv|website=shekinahchannel.tv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/in/Shekinah-TV.html|title=Shekinah TV - LyngSat|website=www.lyngsat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/in/Raj-News-Malayalam.html|title=Raj News Malayalam - LyngSat|website=www.lyngsat.com}}</ref>

{{Malayalam journalism}}
{{Television in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Language Television Channels, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of television channels by language]]
[[Category:Lists of television channels in India]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language mass media|Television]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television channels| ]]
[[Category:Malayalam-related lists|television channels]]

List of national animals

2026-03-16T10:25:45Z

Rajeev Menon: improved layout also and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}


'''National animals''' are important symbols that represent a [[country]]'s cultural identity, heritage, and natural environment. National [[animal]]s are typically chosen for qualities, such as strength, courage, or resilience, and they reflect the values or historical, mythological and cultural significance of a [[nation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Jintao |last2=Ilsinger |first2=Gregor |date=September 2023 |title=Political animals in the Modern World: An Investigation of the National Animal Symbol |journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=195–215 |doi=10.1111/sena.12396 |issn=1473-8481|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hammerschlag |first=Neil |last2=Gallagher |first2=Austin J. |date=August 2017 |title=Extinction Risk and Conservation of the Earth's National Animal Symbols |url=http://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/67/8/744/3845080/Extinction-Risk-and-Conservation-of-the-Earths |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=67 |issue=8 |pages=744–749 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix054 |issn=0006-3568}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Recognition of a national animal is typically formalized through legislation or an official document by which the community or collectivity operates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=Enrique |date=November 2020 |title=Gender Perspectives on National and Nation-State Animal Symbolism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1097184X20965457 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Sage Journals |language=en |doi=10.1177/1097184X20965457}}</ref>

The use of national animals goes back to ancient [[totemism]]. According to [[Émile Durkheim]], totemism involves the veneration of a totemic animal as sacred, which also serves to organize social structures within the clan. Members of the clan are believed to embody the attributes of their totemic animal. Animals are typically chosen over plants or rocks because of the natural relationship between humans and animals, especially in economic life. Some of these dynamics persist in the concept of national animals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Zhu |first=Jintao |date=2021 |title=The Modern Totem: An Overview of the National Animal On its Role in Forming National Identity |url=https://pisigmaalpha.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PSA-Fall-2021.pdf#page=20 |journal=[[Pi Sigma Alpha]] |volume=2 |issue=21 |pages=22}}</ref>

National animals can be determined through both [[bottom-up and top-down approaches]], that is, can be created, imported, or inherited. The characteristics of the national animal are altered to portray the self-perception of the nation. They symbolize and uphold the ideal shared values of the country's population.<ref name=":0" /> The country's other national symbols, such as the coat of arms and currency, usually bear the national animal.<ref name=":1" />

==National animals==
{{Compact TOC|name=no|primary=no|o=|r=|w=|x=|y=}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:18%;" | Country
! style="width:32%;" | Name of animal
! style="width:25%;" | [[Scientific name]]{{efn|commonly known as the [[Latin|Latin name]]}}
! class="unsortable" | Picture
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | [[Reference|Ref.]]
|- id="A"
|{{ALG}} || [[Fennec fox]] (''national animal'') ||''Vulpes zerda'' || [[File:Fennec_Fox_Vulpes_zerda.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/blog/the-fennec-fox-algeria-s-national-animal|title=The Fennec Fox: Algeria's National Animal|publisher=algeria.com|access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{ATG}} || [[European fallow deer]] (''national animal'')||''Dama dama'' || [[File:Fallow_deer_in_field_(cropped).jpg|175px|center]]
||<ref name="aggov">{{cite web|url=https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=27|title=Our National Symbols
|publisher = ab.gov.ag|access-date=10 October 2020|author=Government of Antigua and Barbuda |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220703225045/https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=27 |archive-date=3 July 2022
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Magnificent frigatebird|Frigate]] (''national bird'')||''Fregata magnificens'' || [[File:Fregata_magnificens_Islas_Galápagos.jpg|175px|center]]
||<ref name="aggov" />
|-
|[[Hawksbill sea turtle|Hawksbill turtle]] (''national sea creature'')||''Eretmochelys imbricata'' || [[File:Hawksbill Turtle.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="aggov" />
|-
|{{ARG}}
|[[Rufous hornero]] (''national bird'')
|''Furnarius rufus''
|[[File:Rufous_hornero_(Red_ovenbird)(Furnarius_rufus).JPG|175px|center]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Furnarius rufus (Hornero, Casero, Caserito, Albañil, Hornerillo, Alonsito (Argentina), Joao-de-barro (Brasil), Alonso García (Paraguay), Tiluchi (Bolivia), Obirog, Ogaraití (guaraní) - Rufous Hornero) | SIB, Parques Nacionales, Argentina |url=https://sib.gob.ar/especies/furnarius-rufus |website=Sistema de Información de Biodiversidad}}</ref>
|-
|{{AZE}}
|[[Karabakh horse]] (''national horse'')
|''Equus caballus''
|[[File:Qarabaq ati.jpg|175px|center]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2020|title=Qarabağ atı|url=https://www.agro.gov.az/az/heyvandarliq/atciliq/qarabag-ati}}</ref>
|- id="B"
| rowspan="2" |{{BHS}} || [[Blue marlin]] (''national fish'')||''Makaira nigricans'' || [[File:Atlantic blue marlin.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="bsgov">{{cite web|url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/portal/public/About%20The%20Bahamas/National%20Symbols/!ut/p/b1/vVTJlpswEPyWfMAMLRBIHDE7RiwGbPDFD2PGGMY22HiBrw9ZDkney-SSRH3SU3VXq6olbs2l3PqU3w_7vD-cT_n7l_1a2ghgMkXBlJkiSGAngasExOJ9JE6A7AMAhm_5po-ZPh37hqqAjXRsCaEmQATcikvjjJe1q7037OVbm_SWckb7AVXezrCtdHcxUpWE2f4MRoNoScwYNic_FpxzLFxZnuCaJC1_q8bby_MQqfl7496u41EfBFjE1gsj_oXCph-6l-RubImp6BrcnbGdFZqmLBGW06I4O2NER03Pt88QVbtyD2TVuYNWLm2vz6PCfjcgOlyaaqnSm_5MsrolotgbVLx2of5dA_jNUuBPGjrc-rA9vj6K4yu8IgERxCOCCSGyKCJpkmj9YYU5_wfAFxe-Aj5oMZsA5IcK8RImo0BZRCgE6iEu5lLAm6geWntsxkU9LoIIMM_iDFCcjDFxE2-rA9utUKzjJ9IS8ABGpiO3byrH661gt1wkM0XVHeMi_Ero87E8EapImifiNBj4XxOaok8njUgcKCIPpo_-N6HwXyU1Ax_--Q1_Ghoc_n0Pf3opVJaQSCiWqQQYU8It6wwTjdoPzY43UVsyzJ7XWdisrD1jbdgPfDfTo5t99lKBluCsdfXJ5Ok3gQolhZayIlo1DWMPdy4MA85pM_eE84INzrEzto65aKWDsVUPD20_Ik31NKeMq95FvXCRQu94nft9YEimY71tCT1Zz6Er69mz7Os6zGSxy-prt1IudRWkreVq94ew7dXuAPnpropRdlqsLXpZO0dHFUDfNYWgVnU_k3fMRWlxv1niW7C3rh6pe86zzseSa4_J3RUd_c37MfCnz_GJs-Y!/dl4/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|title=Official Website for the Government of The Bahamas|publisher=bahamas.gov.bs|access-date=10 October 2020|author=Government of The Bahamas}}</ref>
|-
|[[American flamingo|Flamingo]] (''national bird'')||''Phoenicopterus ruber'' || [[File:American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber).JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref name="bsgov" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{BAN}} ||[[Bengal tiger]] (''national animal'') ||''Panthera tigris tigris'' || [[File:Panthera tigris tigris.jpg|175px|center]] ||rowspan='3' |<ref name="visitbangladesh.gov.bd">{{cite web|title=National Symbols|work=Bangladesh Tourism Board|location=Bangladesh|publisher=Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism|url=http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|access-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040953/http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|archive-date=28 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Oriental magpie-robin|Magpie robin]] (''national bird'')||''Copsychus saularis'' || [[File:Magpie robin.jpg|175px|center]]
|-
|[[Ilish]] (''national fish'')||''Tenualosa ilisha'' || [[File:Ilish.JPG|175px|center]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{BLZ}} || [[Baird's tapir]] (''national animal'')||''Tapirus bairdii'' || [[File:Central American Tapir-Belize20.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Symbols – Government of Belize Press Office |url=https://www.pressoffice.gov.bz/national-animals/ |access-date=22 June 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Keel-billed toucan]] (''national bird'')||''Ramphastos sulfuratus'' || [[File:Ramphastos sulfuratus -Belize Zoo-6a-2c.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belize.gov.bz/index.php/component/content/article/26-about-belize/115-the-national-symbols|title=The National Symbols|publisher=Government of Belize|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183407/http://www.belize.gov.bz/index.php/component/content/article/26-about-belize/115-the-national-symbols|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{BWA}}||[[Plains zebra]] (''national animal'') ||''Equus quagga''|| [[File:Equus quagga burchellii - Etosha, 2014.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Symbols – Embassy and Permanent Mission of Botswana in Switzerland |url=https://botswanamission.ch/national-symbols/ |access-date=22 June 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{BRA}} || [[Rufous-bellied thrush]] (''national bird'')||''Turdus rufiventris'' || [[File:Turdus-rufiventris.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://washington.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/national_symbols.xml|title=Embassy of Brazil in Washington|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref>
|- id="C"
| rowspan="4" |{{CAM}} || [[Kouprey]] (''national mammal'') ||''Bos sauveli'' ||[[File:Saen Monourom Mondul Kiri Cambodia crop.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="cambodia">{{cite web |url=http://www.forestry.gov.kh/Documents/ROYAL-DECREE-ENG.pdf |title=Forestry.gov.kh |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630215053/http://www.forestry.gov.kh/Documents/ROYAL-DECREE-ENG.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
|-
|[[Giant ibis]] (''national bird'') ||''Pseudibis gigantea'' ||[[File:ThaumantibisGiganteaGronvold.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="cambodia"/> 
|-
|[[Northern river terrapin]] (''national reptile'') ||''Batagur baska'' || [[File:Batagur baska.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="cambodia"/> 
|-
|[[Giant barb]] (''national fish'') ||''Catlocarpio siamensis'' || [[File:Giant Barb.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="cambodia"/> 
|-
|rowspan="2" |{{CAN}} || [[North American beaver]] (''national animal'')||''Castor canadensis'' || [[File:American Beaver.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="canada">{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-symbols-canada.html |title=Official symbols of Canada
|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-17/page-1.html |title=National Symbol of Canada Act |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Canadian horse]] (''national horse'') ||''Equus ferus caballus'' || [[File:Cheval_canadien_au_trot_3372.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="canada"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2002_11/FullText.html |title=National Horse of Canada Act|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{COL}} || [[Andean condor]] (''national bird'')||''Vultur gryphus'' || [[File:Colca-condor-c03.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National symbols and other information of interest {{!}} Cancillería |url=https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/en/national-symbols-and-other-information-interest |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.cancilleria.gov.co}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |{{CRC}} ||[[Yigüirro]] (''national bird'')||''Turdus grayi'' || [[File:Turdus grayi Garita, Alajuela Costa Rica-10.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="costa rica">{{Cite web |title=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica |url=https://www.presidencia.go.cr/costa-rica/simbolos-nacionales/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328205035/https://www.presidencia.go.cr/costa-rica/simbolos-nacionales/ |archive-date=March 28, 2020 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|[[White-tailed deer]] (''national animal'') ||''Odocoileus virginianus'' ||[[File:Odocoileus virginianus Goose Island SP Texas 2024.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="costa rica"/>
|-
|[[West Indian manatee]] (''national aquatic animal'') ||''Trichechus manatus'' || [[File:Manatee with calf.PD - colour corrected.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="costa rica"/>
|-
|[[Two-toed sloth]] (''national animal'') || ''[[Choloepus hoffmanni]]''||[[File:Choloepus hoffmanni 353441834.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="sloths">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 August 2021 |title=¡Perezoso es oficialmente símbolo nacional! |url=https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2021/08/perezoso-es-oficialmente-simbolo-nacional/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917233037/https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2021/08/perezoso-es-oficialmente-simbolo-nacional/ |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|[[Three-toed sloth]] (''national animal'') ||''[[Bradypus variegatus]]''||[[File:Bicho-preguiça 3.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="sloths"/>
|-
|{{CUB}} || [[Cuban trogon]] (''national bird'') ||''Priotelus temnurus'' || [[File:Priotelus temnurus -Camaguey, Camaguey Province, Cuba-8.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=AMPP Yaguajay Communicator |title=El Tocororo, Ave Nacional de Cuba, the most beautiful in the country |work=Portal del ciudadano de Yaguajay |url=https://www.yaguajay.gob.cu/actualidad/noticias/7690-el-tocororo-ave-nacional-de-cuba-la-mas-bella-del-pais}}</ref>
|- id="D"
| rowspan="3" |{{DEN}} || [[Red squirrel]] (''national mammal'') ||''Sciurus vulgaris'' ||[[File:Red Squirrel 1c.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="naturDK">{{cite web |url=https://naturstyrelsen.dk/om-os/kontakt/faq/nationalplanter-og-dyr/ |title=Nationalplanter og -dyr |publisher=Naturstyrelsen, Danish Ministry of the Environment |access-date=28 December 2019 |language=da |trans-title=Nationalplants and -animals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228230242/https://naturstyrelsen.dk/om-os/kontakt/faq/nationalplanter-og-dyr/ |archive-date=28 December 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Mute swan]] (''national bird'')||''Cygnus olor'' || [[File:Cygnus olor 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="naturDK" />
|-
|[[Small tortoiseshell]] (''national butterfly'')||''Aglais urticae'' || [[File:Aglais urticae LC0310.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="naturDK" />
|-
|{{DMA}} ||[[Sisserou parrot]] (''national bird'')||''Amazona imperalis'' ||[[File:Amazona imperialis Mitchell 2.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Bird - Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica |url=https://dominica.gov.dm/about-dominica/national-symbols/national-bird |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=dominica.gov.dm}}</ref>
|-
|{{SLV}} || [[Turquoise-browed motmot]] (''national bird'') || ''Eumomota superciliosa'' || [[File:Motmot1.jpg#/media/File:Motmot1.jpg|175px|link=File:Motmot1.jpg|center]] ||<ref>{{cite journal|language=es|url=http://www.diariooficial.gob.sv/diarios/do-1999/11-noviembre/19-11-1999.pdf|title=Decreto Legislativo No 735 del 21 de octubre de 1999|journal=Diario Oficial|publisher=[[Imprenta Nacional de El Salvador]]|location=San Salvador|issue=216|volume=345|page=6|date=19 November 1999|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |{{Flag|Estonia}} || [[Wolf]] (''national animal'') || ''Canis lupus'' || [[File:Loup gris (Canis lupus ).jpg|Loup_gris_(Canis_lupus_)|175px|center]]|| <ref name="est"> {{Cite web |title= State Insignia |url=https://www.eesti.ee/en/republic-of-estonia/republic-of-estonia/state-insignia |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=eesti.ee }}</ref>
|-
|[[Barn swallow]] (''national bird'') || ''Hirundo rustica'' || [[File:Barn swallow in Montezuma (14460).jpg|Barn_swallow_in_Montezuma_(150)|175px|center]]|| <ref name="est" />
|-
|[[Baltic herring]] (''national fish'')|| ''Clupea harengus membras''|| [[File:Silakka.jpg|Silakka|175px|center]]|| <ref name="est" />
|-
|[[Swallowtail butterfly|Swallowtail]] (''national butterfly'') || ''Papilio machaon''|| [[File:Papilio machaon Mitterbach 01.jpg|Papilio_machaon_Mitterbach_01|175px|center]]|| <ref name="est" />
|- id="F"
| rowspan="4" |{{FIN}} || [[Brown bear]] (''national animal'') || ''Ursus arctos'' || [[File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref name="fin">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-25 |title=Iconic Finnish nature symbols stand out |url=https://finland.fi/life-society/iconic-finnish-nature-symbols-stand-out/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=this is Finland }}</ref>
|-
|[[Whooper swan]] (''national bird'') || ''Cygnus cygnus'' || [[File:Cygnus cygnus Singschwan.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref name="fin" />
|-
|[[European perch]] (''national fish'')|| ''Perca fluviatilis'' || [[File:Perca fluviatilis2.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref name="fin" />
|-
| [[Seven-spot ladybird]] (''national insect'')|| ''Coccinella septempunctata''|| [[File:7-Spotted-Ladybug-Coccinella-septempunctata-sq1.jpg|175px|center]]
|<ref name="fin" />
|-
|{{GRN}} || [[Grenada dove]] (''national bird'') || ''Leptotila wellsi'' ||[[File:Ece310767-fig-0001-m.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Symbols |url=https://www.gov.gd/index.php/national-symbols |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Government of Grenada {{!}} Web Portal}}</ref>
|-
|{{GUA}} || [[Resplendent quetzal]] (''national bird'') ||''Pharomachrus mocinno'' ||[[File:Pharomachrus mocinno Monteverde 05.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2020 |title=05 de septiembre, Día del Quetzal, Ave Nacional |url=https://conap.gob.gt/05-de-septiembre-dia-del-quetzal-ave-nacional/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=CONAP |language=es}}</ref>
|- id="H"
| rowspan="2" | {{HON}} || [[White-tailed deer]] (''national animal'')||''Odocoileus virginianus'' ||[[File:White-tailed deer.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="HON">{{Cite web |title=MiAmbiente+ participa en la 6ta Liberación de Guacamayas en Valle de Copán |url=http://www.miambiente.gob.hn/blog/view/miambiente-participa-en-la-6ta-liberacion-de-guacamayas-en-valle-de-copan}}</ref>
|-
|[[Scarlet macaw]] (''national bird'') || ''Ara macao'' || [[File:Ara macao - two at Lowry Park Zoo.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Latvia Symbols" />
|- id="I"
| rowspan="4" | {{IND}} || [[Bengal tiger]] (''national animal'') ||''Panthera tigris tigris''|| [[File:Panthera tigris tigris.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=11|title=National Animal -National Symbols - Know India: National Portal of India|publisher=National Portal of India|access-date=23 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122081716/http://www.knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=11|archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian peafowl]] (''national bird'')||''Pavo cristatus'' ||[[File:Carnavalesco.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=3|title=National Bird -National Symbols - Know India: National Portal of India|publisher=National Portal of India|access-date=23 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115003741/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=3|archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ganges river dolphin]] (''national aquatic animal'') ||''Platanista gangetica''||[[File:Ganges River Dolphin cropped.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="National Portal of India">{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=8|title=National Aquatic Animal -National Symbols - Know India: National Portal of India|publisher=National Portal of India|access-date=23 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122081831/http://www.knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=8|archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian elephant]] (''national heritage animal'') ||''Elephas maximus indicus'' ||[[File:IndianElephant.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/news/4777-elephant-declared-national-heritage-animal-in-india.html |title=Elephant declared National Heritage Animal in India |year=2010 |publisher=Breaking News Online (India) |access-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825162711/http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/news/4777-elephant-declared-national-heritage-animal-in-india.html |archive-date=25 August 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{INA}} || [[Komodo dragon]] (''national animal'') ||''Varanus komodoensis''||[[File:Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Keppres No.4/1993">{{cite act |type= Presidential Decrees |index= 4 |date= 1993 |legislature= Government of the Republic of Indonesia |title= Keputusan Presiden (KEPPRES) tentang Satwa dan Bunga Nasional |page= 1-4 |url= https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/61884/keppres-no-4-tahun-1993 |trans-title= Presidential Decrees Number 4 of 1993 |language= id | access-date = 13 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Javan hawk-eagle]] (''national bird'') ||''Nisaetus bartelsi''||[[File:ELANG JAWA.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Keppres No.4/1993"/>
|-
| [[Asian arowana]] (''national fish'') || ''Scleropages formosus''||[[File:Rwana.jpg|center|175x175px]]||<ref name="Keppres No.4/1993"/>
|-
|{{JAM}} || [[Red-billed streamertail]] (''national bird'') ||''Trochilus polytmus'' ||[[File:Red-billed Streamertail 2506104129.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="jamsym">{{cite web
|url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html
|title=National Symbols of Jamaica
|publisher=jis.gov.jm
|access-date=2 December 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619153047/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html
|archive-date=19 June 2006
}}</ref>
|- id="L"
| rowspan="2" |{{LAT}} || [[White wagtail]] (''national bird'') ||''Motacilla alba'' ||[[File:White-Wagtail.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Latvia Symbols">{{cite web|website=Latvia.eu|url=http://www.latvia.eu/key-facts/symbols|title=Symbols|access-date=12 April 2016|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007033419/http://www.latvia.eu/key-facts/symbols|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Adalia bipunctata|Two-spotted ladybird]] (''national insect'') ||''Adalia bipunctata''||[[File:Coccinellidae - Adalia bipunctata.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Latvia Symbols" />
|-
| {{LBN}}||[[Striped hyena]] (''national animal'')|| ''Hyaena hyaena''
| [[File:Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) - cropped.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |script-title=ar:جمعية الأرض: لحماية وانقاذ الضبع المخطط في لبنان |trans-title=Earth Association: To protect and save the striped hyena in Lebanon |url=https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA/610487/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=19 October 2025 |publisher=[[National News Agency (Lebanon)|National News Agency]] |language=ar}}</ref>
|-
| {{LTU}}||[[White stork]] (''national bird'')|| ''Ciconia ciconia''
| [[File:White stork (Ciconia ciconia) standing.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vstt.lrv.lt/en/news/the-number-of-storks-is-not-decreasing-in-the-zuvintas-biosphere-reserve|title=The number of storks is not decreasing in the Žuvintas biosphere reserve | State Service for Protected Areas under the Ministry of Environment}}</ref>
|-
|{{MYS}}
|[[Malayan tiger]] (''national animal'')
|''Panthera tigris''
|[[File:MalayanTiger PantheraTigrisJacksoni.jpg|175px|center]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nameless Story |url=https://wwf.panda.org/projects/connect2tigers/nameless_story/#:~:text=The%20Malayan%20tiger%20is%20the,many%20of%20their%20wild%20tigers.}}</ref>
|- id="M"
| rowspan="2" | {{MGL}}|| [[Saker falcon]] (''national bird'') || ''Falco cherrug'' || [[File:Falco cherrug (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|175px|center]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia names falcon as national bird |url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?206522/Mongolia-names-falcon-as-national-bird |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=wwf.panda.org }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saker Falcon, A National Bird of Mongolia |url=http://www.birdmongolia.com/bird-blog/saker-falcon-a-national-bird-of-mongolia |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=Birds Mongolia |language=mn}}</ref> 
|-
|[[Gobi bear]] (''national animal'')
|''Ursus arctos gobiensis''
|[[File:Ursus arctos gobiensis.jpg|center|175x175px]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=МАЗААЛАЙ БААВГАЙГ ҮНДЭСНИЙ БАХАРХАЛТ АМЬТНААР ЗАРЛАХ ТУХАЙ |url=https://legalinfo.mn/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Эрх зүйн мэдээллийн нэгдсэн систем |language=mn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Nepal}}
|[[Cow in Hinduism|Cow]] (''national animal'')
|''Bos indicus''
|[[File:The Cow Worship.jpg|175px|center]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |first3=Government of Nepal |others=Article 9 (B) |title=Constitution of Nepal, 2072 |url=https://lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[Himalayan monal]] (''national bird'')
|''Lophophorus impejanus''
|[[File:Lophophorus impejanus Zoo DU 2.jpg|175px|center]]
|- id="N"
| {{NIC}} || [[Turquoise-browed motmot]] (''national bird'') || ''Eumomota superciliosa'' || [[File:Turquoise-browed_Motmot_(16423222357).jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{cite journal|language=es|url=http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/($All)/F4908C9676104D7806257A31005E210E?OpenDocument|title=Ley No. 795 que declara al guardabarranco, ave nacional de Nicaragua|location=Managua|publisher=La Gaceta|journal=Diario Oficial|issue=118|date=25 June 2012|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{PRK}} ||[[Pungsan dog]] (''national dog'') ||''Canis familiaris'' ||[[File:Poongsandogs.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Kang">{{cite magazine|magazine=Korea Pictorial|date=2015|issue=4|pages=26–27|title=Symbols of Korea|last=Kang|first=Su Jong|author-mask=Kang Su-jong|url=http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/periodic/korea/detail.php?kind=korea&&name=2015/04/04.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192431/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/periodic/korea/detail.php?kind=korea&&name=2015%2F04%2F04.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|issn=1727-9208}}</ref>
|-
|[[Korean magpie]] (''national bird'') || ''Pica serica'' ||[[File:Korean magpie in Daejeon (side profile).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="kimmie">{{cite web |last1=Song |first1=Kong Yo |date=18 November 2023 |title=The Magpie-the National Bird of the DPRK |url=http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/research/articles/eb7ef0469ad23a2c5782e8770da04529?cp=11 |website=[[Kim Il Sung University]] |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |{{PAK}}||[[Markhor]] (''national animal'')||''Capra falconeri''||[[File:Markhor Schraubenziege Capra falconeri Zoo Augsburg-02.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html|title=National Symbols of Pakistan|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=23 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128073024/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html|archive-date=28 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indus river dolphin]] (''national aquatic mammal'')||''Platanista minor''||[[File:A-Platanista-gangetica-showing-the-body-shape-and-especially-the-head-with-a-long-beak.png|175px|center]]||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan" />
|-
|[[Chukar partridge|Chukar]] (''national bird'') ||''Alectoris chukar'' ||[[File:Alectoris-chukar-001.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan" />
|-
|[[Mugger crocodile]] (''national reptile'') ||''Crocodylus palustris'' || [[File:PK Kirthar NP asv2020-02 img25.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan" />
|-
|[[Shaheen falcon]] (''heritage bird'') || ''Falco peregrinus peregrinator'' ||[[File:جير شاهين.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="nationalsymbol">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalheritage.gov.pk/nationalsymbols.html |title=National Symbols of Pakistan |publisher=Government of Pakistan |access-date=23 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827084404/http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/nationalsymbols.html |archive-date=27 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Snow leopard]] (''national predator'') ||''Panthera uncia''||[[File:Snow Leopard 1 (4693059450).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan" />
|-
|{{PAN}} || [[Harpy eagle]] (''national bird'') ||''Harpia harpyja'' ||[[File:Harpia harpyja 001 800.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prensa |title=Panamá posee la población más grande de Águilas Harpías de Centroamérica – MiAmbiente |date=10 April 2021 |url=https://www.miambiente.gob.pa/panama-posee-la-poblacion-mas-grande-de-aguilas-harpias-de-centroamerica/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
| |{{PER}}
|[[Andean cock-of-the-rock]] (''national bird'') || ''Rupicola peruviana''||[[File:Rupicola peruviana (male) -San Diego Zoo-8a.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado - SERNANP |url=https://old.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/contenido.jsp?ID=647 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=old.sernanp.gob.pe}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{PHL}}
|[[Carabao]] (''national animal'')
|''Bubalus bubalis''
|[[File:Water buffaloes of Cambodia.jpg|center|frameless|175x175px]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rey |first=Maestro Valle |date=2020-12-11 |title=Carabao {{!}} About The National Animal Of The Philippines |url=https://philnews.ph/2020/12/11/carabao-about-the-national-animal-of-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=PhilNews |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Philippine eagle]] (''national bird'')||''Pithecophaga jefferyi''||[[File:Sir Arny(Philippine Eagle).jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="phsymeagle">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/07/04/proclamation-no-615-s-1995/ |title=Proclamation No. 615, s. 1995 |date=4 July 1995 |publisher=gov.ph|access-date=12 August 2012}}</ref>
|- id="Q"
|{{QAT}} || [[Arabian oryx]] (''national animal'') ||''Oryx leucoryx'' || [[File:Arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabian Oryx |url=https://www.visitqatar.qa/intl-en/things-to-do/get-inspired/wildlife/arabian-oryx |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=www.visitqatar.qa }}</ref>
|- id="S"
|{{SKN}} || [[Brown pelican]] (''national bird'') || ''Pelecanus occidentalis'' ||[[File:Brown Pelican21K.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=National Symbols {{!}} Gov.Kn |url=https://www.gov.kn/skn-national-symbols/ |access-date=2023-03-23 }}</ref>
|-
|{{LCA}} || [[Saint Lucia amazon]] (''national bird'')||''Amazona versicolor'' ||[[File:Amazona versicolor -St Lucia-5a.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Saint Lucia Parrot (Amazona versicolor) |url=https://archive.stlucia.gov.lc/saint_lucia/the_saint_lucia_parrot_amazona_versicolor.htm |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=archive.stlucia.gov.lc}}</ref>
|-
|{{VCT}} || [[Saint Vincent amazon]] (''national bird'')||''Amazona guildingii'' ||[[File:Amazona guildingii -Botanical Gardens -Kingstown -Saint Vincent-8a-4c.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.vc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Itemid=134|title=The National Bird|publisher=foreign.gov.vc|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515010728/http://www.foreign.gov.vc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Itemid=134|archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{KSA}} || [[Arabian camel]] (''national animal'') ||''Camelus dromedarius'' || [[File:Camel in Al Ula 2023.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/stories/camels-in-saudi|title=Camel culture: The history of Saudi's national animal|publisher=visitsaudi.com|access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{RSA}} || [[Springbok]] (''national animal'') ||''Antidorcas marsupialis'' ||[[File:Springbok.JPG|175px|center]] |||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National animal {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/national-symbols/national-animal |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref>
|-
|[[Blue crane]] (''national bird'')||''Anthropoides paradiseus'' ||[[File:Anthropoides paradiseus -Etosha National Park, Namibia-8.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National bird {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/national-symbols/national-bird |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref>
|-
|[[Galjoen]] (''national fish'') ||''Dichistius capensis'' ||[[File:Dichistius capensis.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National fish {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/national-symbols/national-fish#:~:text=Galjoen%20-%20Coracinus%20capensis,is%20known%20to%20every%20angler. |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref>
|-
| {{SRI}} || [[Sri Lankan junglefowl]] (''national bird'') ||''Gallus lafayettii'' ||[[File:Thimindu 2009 09 04 Yala Sri Lanka Junglefowl 1.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.lk/gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&lang=en|website=Government of Sri Lanka Official Web Portal|title=Sri Lanka National Bird|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314120902/http://www.gov.lk/gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&lang=en|archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|- id="T"
|{{TAN}} || [[Giraffe]] (''national animal'')|| ''Giraffa'' sp.||[[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/260|title=National Symbols: National Animal|website=tanzania.go.tz|publisher=Tanzania Government Portal|access-date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118195350/http://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/260|archive-date=18 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="FoleyFoley2014">{{cite book|first1=Charles|last1=Foley|first2=Lara|last2=Foley|first3=Alex|last3=Lobora|first4=Daniela|last4=De Luca|first5=Maurus|last5=Msuha|first6=Tim R.B.|last6=Davenport|first7=Sarah M.|last7=Durant|title=A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dt6QAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179|date=8 June 2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5280-2|pages=179–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda |last=Knappert |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Knappert |year=1987 |publisher=Vikas Pub. |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-0-7069-2822-8 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ncwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22national+animal+of+Tanzania%22 |access-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{THA}}
|[[Asian elephant]] (''national animal'') ||''Elephas maximus'' ||[[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2544/D/099/1.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125101256/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2544/D/099/1.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2012|title=The government gazette about National symbols of Thailand|journal=Royal Thai Government Gazette|date=11 December 2001|volume=118|issue=99D|pages=1}}</ref>
|-
|[[Siamese fighting fish]] (''national aquatic animal'') ||''Betta splendens'' ||[[File:Male Betta -34245661920.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1624026/siamese-fighting-fish-confirmed-as-national-aquatic-animal |title=Siamese fighting fish confirmed as national aquatic animal |newspaper=Bangkok Post |date=5 February 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/thailand-makes-siamese-fighting-fish-national-aquatic-animal-119020500774_1.html |title=Thailand makes Siamese fighting fish national aquatic animal |last=AFP |date=5 February 2019 |website=Business Standard India |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{UGA}} || [[Grey crowned crane]] (''national bird'')|| ''Balearica regulorum'' ||[[File:Balearica_regulorum_001.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gou.go.ug/about-uganda/sector/national-symbols|title=National Symbols|website=www.gou.go.ug|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109114536/https://www.gou.go.ug/about-uganda/sector/national-symbols|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{UAE}} || [[Saker falcon]] (''national bird'')||''Falco cherrug'' ||[[File:Falco cherrug (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=Discover all about Falconry |url=https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/falconry-experiences |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Visit Dubai |publisher=Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism |quote=the UAE is the premier world centre for falconry – the falcon is, after all, the country's national bird}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arabian oryx]] (''national animal'')||''Oryx leucoryx'' ||[[File:Arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Arabia's Wildlife Centre |url=https://www.visitsharjah.com/en/activities/wildlife/arabias-wildlife-centre/ |website=Visit Sharjah |publisher=Sharjah Commerce & Tourism Development Authority |quote=Located in Sharjah Desert Park, Arabia's Wildlife Centre hosts several animals, including the Arabian Oryx, the UAE's national animal, and the Arabian leopard, the region's famous big cat.}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{USA}} || [[Bald eagle]] (''national bird'')||''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' ||[[File:Haliaeetus leucocephalus.jpeg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite journal |title=The American Bald Eagle |url=https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/celebrate/eagle.pdf |journal=United States Department of Veterans Affairs}}</ref>
|-
|[[American bison]] (''national mammal'')||''Bison bison'' ||[[File:American bison k5680-1.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bison Bellows: America's New National Mammal (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/bison-bellows-5-12-16.htm |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=www.nps.gov }}</ref>
|- id="Z"
|{{ZIM}} || [[Bateleur]] (''national bird'')|| ''Terathopius ecaudatus'' || [[File:Bataleur - Kruger National park (37161617713).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Bird |url=https://www.zim.gov.zw/index.php/en/my-government/government-ministries/national-symbols/464-zimbabwe-bird |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=Official Government of Zimbabwe Web Portal}}</ref>
|}
{{Compact TOC|name=no|primary=no|o=|r=|w=|x=|y=}}

==See also==
{{portal|Animals|Lists}}
* [[List of animals representing first-level administrative country subdivisions]]
* [[List of national birds]]
* [[Animals as heraldic charges]]
* [[List of national flowers]]
* [[National personification]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}
{{National symbols}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of National Animals}}
[[Category:Lists of national symbols|Animal]]
[[Category:Lists of animals by country| ]]

Srinivasa Murthy (voice actor)

2026-03-15T04:50:57Z

Rajeev Menon: new

{{Short description|Indian dubbing artist (1972–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srinivasa Murthy
| image = Srinivasa Murthy.jpg
| caption = Murthy in 2017
| birth_date = 9 May 1972
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|1|27|1972|5|9|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Voice actor|Dubbing artist]]
| father = A. V. N. Murthy
| awards = [[Nandi Award]]
}}

'''A. Srinivasa Murthy''' (9 May 1972 – 27 January 2023) was an Indian [[Voice acting|dubbing artist]], who primarily worked in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Dubbing artist Srinivasa Murthy passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dubbing-artist-srinivasa-murthy-passes-away-8407502/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Over a career spanning nearly three decades, he provided voices for over 3,000 films, dubbing for prominent Indian and international actors in Telugu versions of their films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Popular dubbing artist Srinivasa Murthy dies of a Heart attack today |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/popular-dubbing-artist-srinivasa-murthy-dies-of-a-heart-attack-today-779449 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Murthy lent his voice to actors, including [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Ajith Kumar|Ajith]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], and [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in multiple films and was particularly known for dubbing [[Suriya]]’s character in the [[Singam (film series)|''Singam'']] film series.<ref name=":4" /> He was recognized for his versatility in adapting to a wide range of characters and tones. In 1998, he received a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for his dubbing work in the film ''[[Sivayya]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Dubbing artist Srinivasa Murthy passes away. Suriya condoles his demise |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dubbing-artist-srinivasa-murthy-passes-away-suriya-condoles-his-demise-2327181-2023-01-27 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
A. Srinivasa Murthy was the son of A. V. N. Murthy, a [[playback singer]] and dubbing artist.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-27 |title=Popular Telugu dubbing artist A Srinivasa Murthy passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/popular-telugu-dubbing-artist-a-srinivasa-murthy-passes-away/articleshow/97367932.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work= [[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Murthy began his career as a model at the age of three and continued until he was fifteen. Encouraged by his father, he transitioned to [[voice-over]]s for radio and television commercials.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Dubbing artist Srinivasa Murthy passes away |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/today/srinivasamurthy-nomore.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, Murthy entered the film-dubbing industry with the guidance of writer Sri Ramakrishna, initially dubbing for supporting roles. His first notable work was in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s [[Thiruda Thiruda|''Donga Donga'']] (1993), where he dubbed for actor [[Prashanth]]. He subsequently dubbed for [[Suniel Shetty|Sunil Shetty]] in ''[[Anth]]'' (1994) and [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] in ''[[Omkaram]]'' (1997).<ref name=":5" />

Murthy became a key figure in Tamil films dubbed into Telugu, lending his voice to actors including [[Vineeth]] and [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]. Over the years, he provided dubbing for most-prominent Tamil actors in Telugu cinema, with the exceptions of [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name=":5" /> His notable contributions included dubbing for [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] in [[Mudhalvan|''Oke Okkadu'']] (1999); [[Suriya]] in the [[Singam (film series)|''Singam'']] series, [[Ghajini (2005 film)|''Ghajini'']] (2005), and [[24 (2016 film)|''24'']] (2016); [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in ''[[Anniyan|Aparichithudu]]'' (2005); [[Ajith Kumar]] in [[Mankatha|''Gambler'']] (2011), [[Vivegam|''Vivekam'']] (2017), and ''[[Viswasam]]'' (2019).<ref name=":3" /> He also dubbed for [[Mohanlal]] in ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' (2016); and [[Jayaram]] in ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (2020).<ref name=":0" />

In addition to [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]], Murthy dubbed for [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] actors including [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Salman Khan]], and [[Hrithik Roshan]], including the ''[[Krrish]]'' series.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2023 |title=Dubbing artist Srinivasa Murthy passes away, Hrithik Roshan, Suriya pay tributes |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/popular-dubbing-artist-srinivasa-murthy-dies-hrithik-roshan-suriya-pay-homage-6936319.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He also contributed to [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films dubbed in Telugu, lending his voice to [[Daniel Craig]] in [[James Bond]] films and to the character [[Shere Khan]] in Disney's [[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|''The Jungle Book'']] (2016).<ref name=":5" />

Murthy was known for his ability to adapt to a wide range of roles, dubbing for heroes, villains, and supporting characters with equal ease.<ref name=":1" /> He was recognized for his versatility in handling varying vocal pitches and tones, which established him as a prominent dubbing artist in the Telugu film industry.<ref name=":5" />

In addition to his dubbing work, Murthy appeared in a few Telugu films in character roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-01-27 |title=Veteran dubbing artist Srinivasa Murthy passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Jan/27/veteran-dubbing-artist-srinivasa-murthy-passes-away-39328.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Over his career, he dubbed for more than 3,000 films. He received several accolades, including the [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] in 1998 for his work dubbing Rajasekhar's role in ''[[Sivayya]]''.<ref name=":2" /> His final contribution as a dubbing artist was for [[R. Madhavan]]’s ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'' (2022).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=Dubbing Artist Srinivasa Murthy Passes Away; Suriya, Hrithik Roshan Pay Condolence |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/dubbing-artist-srinivasa-murthy-passes-away-suriya-hrithik-roshan-pay-condolence-1578474 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Srinivasa Murthy died on 27 January 2023 at his residence in Chennai following [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name=":1" /> He had previously undergone [[bypass surgery]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Srinivasa Murthy: ‘సింగం’ డబ్బింగ్‌ ఆర్టిస్ట్ శ్రీనివాసమూర్తి కన్నుమూత |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/dubbing-artist-srinivasa-murthy-is-nomore/articleshow/97367717.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=te}}</ref> He was survived by his son, who, at Murthy's death, resided in [[France]], and a daughter.<ref name=":4" />

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Voiced for
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
!Ref
|-
|1993
|[[Thiruda Thiruda|''Donga Donga'']]
|[[Prashanth]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":5" />
|-
|1994
|''[[Anth]]''
|[[Suniel Shetty|Sunil Shetty]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
|''[[Omkaram]]''
|[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|[[Pelli (film)|''Pelli'']]
|[[Vadde Naveen]]
|Telugu
|
|<ref name=":12">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=398p3m01p7c |title=Pelli Telugu Full Movie |last= |publisher=[[Geetha Arts]] |access-date=2024-12-18 |via=YouTube}} Credits occur from 0:00 to 1:56.</ref>
|-
|1998 || ''[[A (1998 Kannada film)|A]]'' || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] || Telugu (dubbed) ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999 || ''[[Mudhalvan|Oke Okkadu]]'' || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] || Telugu (dubbed) ||
|
|-
|''[[Upendra (film)|Upendra]]'' || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain|Premanuragam]]''
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000 || ''[[Alai Payuthey|Sakhi]]'' || [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]|| Telugu (dubbed) ||
|
|-
|''[[Sivayya]]''|| [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] ||Telugu ||
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2001
|''[[Raa (film)|Raa]]''|| [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] ||Telugu||
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Seshu]]''|| [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] ||Telugu||
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Bhoot (film)|12 Va Anthasthu]]''
|[[Ajay Devgan]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2005||''[[Anniyan|Aparichithudu]]''||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]||Telugu (dubbed)||
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=28 January 2023 |title=Chiyaan Vikram, Suriya remember dubbing artist Srinivasa Murthy, express grief over his untimely demise |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chiyaan-vikram-suriya-remember-dubbing-artist-srinivasa-murthy-express-grief-over-his-untimely-demise/207d4c1928932 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ghajini (2005 film)|''Ghajini'']]
| [[Suriya]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]''
| [[Suriya]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|
|-
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]||Tamil||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006 || ''[[Krrish]]'' || [[Hrithik Roshan]]|| Telugu (dubbed) ||
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' || [[Hrithik Roshan]] || Telugu (dubbed) ||
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008 || ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' || [[Robert Downey Jr.]]|| Telugu (dubbed) ||
|
|-
|''[[The Dark Knight]]''||[[Christian Bale]]
[[Heath Ledger]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
Tamil (dubbed)
| for Bale in Telugu and Ledger in Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Kuruvi]]''|| [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]]||Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010||''[[Singam|Yamudu]]''|| [[Suriya]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||Telugu dubbed of ''Singam''
|
|-
| ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' || [[Robert Downey Jr.]] || Telugu (dubbed) ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011||''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]''|| [[Peter Cullen]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|''[[Mankatha|Gambler]]''|| [[Ajith Kumar]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012||''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]''|| [[Robert Downey Jr.]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]''|| [[Christian Bale]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|''[[Skyfall]]''|| [[Daniel Craig]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013||''[[Singam II|Yamudu 2]]''|| [[Suriya]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|''[[Iron Man 3]]''|| [[Robert Downey Jr.]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|''[[The Wolverine (film)|The Wolverine]]''|| [[Hugh Jackman]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|''[[Krrish 3]]''
| [[Hrithik Roshan]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014||''[[Transformers: Age of Extinction]]''|| [[Peter Cullen]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
| ''[[Bang Bang!]]''|| [[Hrithik Roshan]] || Telugu (dubbed) ||
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''|| [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] ||Tamil||
|
|-
|2015||''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''|| [[Robert Downey Jr.]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
|[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|''The Jungle Book'']]
|[[Shere Khan]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|''[[Captain America: Civil War]]''|| [[Robert Downey Jr.]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
| ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''|| [[Suriya]] || Telugu (dubbed) ||
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|''[[Janatha Garage]]''|| [[Mohanlal]] ||Telugu ||
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|''[[Kaabil]]''
|[[Hrithik Roshan]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|''[[Si3 (film)|Yamudu 3]]''|| [[Suriya]] || Telugu (dubbed) ||
|
|-
|''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]''|| [[Robert Downey Jr. ]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|[[Vivegam|''Vivekam'']]
|[[Ajith Kumar]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018||''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''|| [[Robert Downey Jr.]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
| ''[[Saamy Square|Saamy]]''|| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] || Telugu (dubbed) ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019||''[[Viswasam]]''|| [[Ajith Kumar]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''|| [[Robert Downey Jr.]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]''|| [[Robert Downey Jr.]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|
|-
|2020 || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''|| [[Jayaram]] || Telugu ||also for Tamil dubbed version
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2021||''[[Mookuthi Amman]]''|| [[Ajay Ghosh]] ||Tamil ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''|| [[Sanjay Dutt]] ||Tamil (dubbed)||
|
|-
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''|| [[R. Madhavan]] ||Telugu (dubbed)||
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023 || ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]'' ||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] || Tamil (dubbed) ||
|
|-
|''[[Varisu]]''
|[[R. Sarathkumar]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|
|-
|''[[Thunivu]]''
| [[Ajith Kumar]]
|Telugu (dubbed)
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Clarify|reason=needs "IMDb name" link|date=November 2025}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Srinivasa}}
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from organ failure in India]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

Flag officer

2026-03-07T01:07:31Z

Rajeev Menon: slightly improved formatting to improve readability and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Senior military officer entitled to fly a flag of rank}}
{{Military ranks}}

A '''flag officer''' is a [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned officer]] in a nation's [[armed forces]] senior enough to be entitled to fly a [[flag]] to mark the position from which that officer exercises command.

Different countries use the term "flag officer" in different ways:

* In many countries, such as the [[United States]], a flag officer is a senior officer of the [[navy]], specifically one holding any of the [[admiral]] ranks; the term may or may not include the [[Military rank|rank]] of [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutory Framework for Congressional Management of DOD General and Flag Officers |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R44389 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>
* In some countries, such as [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], the designation may apply in all [[armed forces]], not just in the navy. This means generals can also be considered flag officers.
* In most Arab armies, [[Liwa (Arabic) | ''liwa'']] (Arabic: لواء), which can be translated as "flag officer", is a specific rank, equivalent to a [[major general]]. However, [[Ensign (rank)| "ensign"]] is debatably a more exact literal translation of the word. In principle, a ''liwa'' commands several units called "flags" or "ensigns" (i.e. brigades, also called ''liwa'').
* Russian navies refer to the approximate equivalent of a British Royal Navy flag officer as a {{lang | ru | flagman}} (флагман).<ref>
[https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD флагман]
</ref> Before the formation of the [[Soviet Navy]] in 1918, the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] also had officers with the function of a {{lang | ru | flag-ofitser}} (флаг-офицер), subordinate to a {{lang | ru | flagman}} and especially charged with adjutant duties and signals.<ref>
[https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%942/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3 Флаг-офице́р состоящий при флагмане, для сигналов и в виде адъютанта.]
</ref>

==General usage==
The generic title of flag officer is used in many modern navies and [[coast guard]]s to denote those who hold the rank of [[rear admiral]] or its equivalent and above, also called "flag ranks". In some navies, this also includes the rank of [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]]. Flag officer corresponds to the generic terms [[General|general officer]], used by land and some air forces to describe all grades of generals, and [[air officer]], used by other air forces to describe all grades of [[air marshals]] and [[air commodores]].

A flag officer sometimes is a [[junior officer]], called a [[flag lieutenant]] or [[flag adjutant]], attached as a personal [[adjutant]] or [[aide-de-camp]].

==Canada==
In the [[Canadian Armed Forces]], a flag officer ([[French language|French]]: ''officier général'', "general officer") is an [[admiral]], [[vice admiral]], [[rear admiral]], or [[Commodore_(Canada)|commodore]], the naval equivalent of a [[general officer]] of the army or air force. It is a somewhat counterintuitive usage of the term, as only flag officers in command of commands or formations actually have their own flags (technically, a commodore has only a [[broad pennant]], not a flag), and army and air force generals in command of commands or formations also have their own flags, but are not called flag officers. Base commanders, usually full [[colonel]]s, have a pennant that flies from the mast or flagpole on the base, when resident, or on vehicles that carry them.<ref>Canada – National Defence: A-AD-200-000/AG-000 The Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces, Chapter 14, Section 3.</ref>

A flag officer's rank is denoted by a wide strip of gold braid on the cuff of the service dress tunic, one to four gold [[maple leaves]] over a crossed sword and baton, all beneath a royal crown, on [[epaulette]]s and [[Shoulder mark|shoulder board]]s; and two rows of gold oak leaves on the peak of the service cap.<ref>Canada - National Defence: "[http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/acf-apfc/Insig/navy-marine-eng.asp#gen/ Navy Rank and Appointment Insignia: Navy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814055417/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/acf-apfc/Insig/navy-marine-eng.asp |date=2011-08-14 }}"</ref> Since the [[unification of the Canadian Forces]] in 1968, a flag officer's dress tunic had a single broad stripe on the sleeve and epaulettes.

In May 2010, the naval uniform dark dress tunic was adjusted—exterior epaulettes were removed, reverting to the sleeve ring and [[executive curl]]-rank insignia used by most navies. [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]]s' uniforms display a broad stripe, and each succeeding rank receives an additional sleeve ring. There are no epaulettes on the exterior of the tunic, but they are still worn on the uniform shirt underneath.<ref>Note: The referenced website, above, has not yet been updated to reflect the change as of July 9, 2010.</ref>

==India==
{{see also|Indian Armed Forces rank flags}}
In the [[Indian Armed Forces]], it is applied to [[Brigadier (India)|brigadier]]s, [[Major general (India)|major general]]s, [[Lieutenant general (India)|lieutenant general]]s and [[General (India)|general]]s in the [[Indian Army|Army]]; [[Commodore (India)|commodores]], [[Rear admiral (India)|rear admiral]]s, [[Vice Admiral (India)|vice admiral]]s and [[Admiral (India)|admiral]]s in the [[Indian Navy|Navy]]; and [[Air commodore (India)|air commodore]]s, [[Air vice marshal (India)|air vice marshal]]s, [[Air marshal (India)|air marshal]]s and [[Air chief marshal (India)|air chief marshal]]s in the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]. Each of these flag officers is designated with a specific flag. India's honorary ranks ([[five star rank]]s) are [[Field marshal (India)|field marshal]] in the Army, [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] in the Air Force and [[admiral of the fleet]] in the Navy. A similar equivalence is applied to senior police officers of rank [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General (DIG)]], [[Inspector general|Inspector General (IG)]], [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General (ADG)]] and [[Director general of police|Director General (DG)]].

==United Kingdom==
In the United Kingdom, the term is used for only the [[Royal Navy]], with there being a more specific distinction between a "flag officer" and an "officer of flag rank". Formerly, all officers promoted to flag rank were considered to be "flag officers".<ref>See e.g.''King's Regulations and Admiralty Instructions Volume I 1913.'', §192</ref> The term is still widely used to refer to any officer of flag rank. Present usage is that [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|rear admirals]] and above are officers of flag rank, but only those officers who are authorised to fly a flag are formally called "flag officers" and have different flags for different ranks of [[Admiral (United Kingdom)|admiral]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/-/media/royal-navy-responsive/documents/reference-library/brd2/brd_2_book.pdf?la=en-gb&hash=F885CC19F9BA23B8BE3A9E1DE0E25CA8 |title=BRd 2 THE QUEEN'S REGULATIONS FOR THE ROYAL NAVY Version 5 |author= |date=1 April 2017 |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |publisher=UK Defence Council |access-date=9 November 2020 |quote=Flag Officer. An officer of the rank of Rear-Admiral or above. |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109072148/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/-/media/royal-navy-responsive/documents/reference-library/brd2/brd_2_book.pdf?la=en-gb&hash=F885CC19F9BA23B8BE3A9E1DE0E25CA8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Of the 39 officers of flag rank in the Royal Navy in 2006, very few were "flag officers" with entitlement to fly a flag. For example, a [[Commander-in-Chief Fleet]] flies an admiral's flag whether ashore or afloat and is a "flag officer". The chief of staff (support), a rear admiral, is not entitled to fly a flag and is an "officer of flag rank" rather than a "flag officer". [[List of fleets and major commands of the Royal Navy]] lists most admirals who were "flag officers". A flag officer's junior officer is often known as "Flags".{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Flag Officers in the Royal Navy are considered as Rear-Admirals and above.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/-/media/royal-navy-responsive/documents/reference-library/brd2/brd_2_book.pdf?la=en-gb&hash=F885CC19F9BA23B8BE3A9E1DE0E25CA8 |title=BRd 2 THE QUEEN'S REGULATIONS FOR THE ROYAL NAVY Version 5 |author= |date=1 April 2017 |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |publisher=UK Defence Council |access-date=9 November 2020 |quote=Flag Officer. An officer of the rank of Rear-Admiral or above. |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109072148/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/-/media/royal-navy-responsive/documents/reference-library/brd2/brd_2_book.pdf?la=en-gb&hash=F885CC19F9BA23B8BE3A9E1DE0E25CA8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Equivalent ranks in the [[British Army]] and [[Royal Marines]] are called [[general officer]]s rather than flag officers, and those in the [[Royal Air Force]] (as well as the rank of [[air commodore]]) are called [[air officer]]s, although all are entitled to fly flags of rank.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==United States==

{{Overly detailed|section|date=February 2026}}
{{See also|Admiral (United States)#History}}

Captain was the highest rank in the [[United States Navy]] from its beginning in 1775 until 1857. The early US republic felt that the title Admiral was "too royal" for a country without a king.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insignia: The Way You Tell Who's Who in the Military |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/529004/insignia-way-you-tell-whos-who-military |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=DVIDS |language=en}}</ref> By 1852, the Navy had the ranks of Captain, Senior Captain and Commander-in-Chief of a Squadron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniform Regulations, 1852 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/1852.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401034045/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/1852.html |archive-date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.history.navy.mil |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

From at least the early 1800s, commodores flew broad pennants as a sign of their command, an early example of this was [[William Bainbridge|Commodore William Bainbridge]] who flew one from his command the [[USS President (1800)|USS President]] in 1808 [https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bainbridge-i.html]. These pennants were usually swallow-tailed and blue after the tradition of the British Royal Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Broad pennant {{!}} Royal Museums Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-902 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.rmg.co.uk}}</ref>

In 1857, [[United States Congress|Congress]] created the temporary rank of flag officer, which was bestowed on senior Navy [[Captain (United States O-6)|captains]] who were assigned to lead a squadron of vessels in addition to command of their own ship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/w/naval-traditions-names-of-rank/officer/navy-captain.html|title=Naval History and Heritage Command - Navy Captain|website=History.navy.mil|date=13 May 2014|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023223349/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/w/naval-traditions-names-of-rank/officer/navy-captain.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This temporary usage gave way to the permanent ranks of commodore and rear admiral in 1862. The 1857 regulations allowed for a solid color rectangular flag to indicate a flag officer - blue represented the senior flag officer, red for the next most senior if two or more were present and white the third most senior.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Flag Officers of the U.S. Navy |url=https://www.seaflags.us/personal/fo.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.seaflags.us}}</ref> Otherwise a flag officer flew a blue flag and this would continue for Commodores until 1865.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |US Navy Flag Officer Flags 1857-1865<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy Flag Officer Senior 1857.png|upright=0.4|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy Flag Officer 1st Subordinate 1857.png|upright=0.4|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy Flag Officer 2nd Subordinate 1857.png|upright=0.4|center|frameless|border]]
|-
|{{Center|US Navy Senior Flag Officer (later Commodore) 1857-1865}}
|{{Center|US Navy First Subordinate Flag Officer (later Commodore) 1857-1865}}
|{{Center|US Navy Second Most Subordinate Flag Officer (later Commodore) 1857-1865}}
|}

Arguably the most famous naval figure of the US Civil War, [[David Farragut]], was one of the first Flag Officers and in 1862 after capturing New Orleans, Congress made him a [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=David G. Farragut |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/david-g-farragut |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=American Battlefield Trust |language=en}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Mobile Bay]] he was made a [[Vice admiral (United States)|Vice Admiral]] and finally after the war ended a full [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]].

In 1865, the Navy regulations specified the flags of Vice and Rear Admirals. A Vice admiral was to have a blue flag with three white stars arranged in an equilateral triangle and a Rear admiral will have two stars arranged vertically. A Commodore's broad pennant will hold one white star on a blue pennant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1865 |title=Regulations for the Government of the United States Navy. |url=https://archive.org/details/regulationsforg05statgoog/page/n248/mode/2up?q=flag |website=The Internet Archive}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |US Navy Flag Officer's Flags 1865 Regulations
|-
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy vice admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy rear admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy Commodore.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Vice Admiral's Flag 1865 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Rear Admiral's Flag 1865 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Commodore's Broad Pennant 1865 Navy Regulations}}
|}
From 1865 until 1915, no officer was promoted to Admiral except in special circumstances. The Congress felt that the rank of Admiral was a reward for gallantry in battle and not something the country should enshrine permanently.<ref name="USCongRec_48_H7126">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTFCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7126 |title=Congressional Record: Containing the Proceedings and Debates of the Sixty-Second Congress, Second Session |date=May 24, 1912 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |volume=XLVIII |place=Washington, D.C. |page=7126 |via=Google Books}}</ref> After the Civil War, there were only two men promoted to Admiral - [[George Dewey]] in 1899 and [[David Porter (naval officer)|David Porter]] in 1870.

For a brief time, between 1870 and 1876, the Navy dropped the easy to recognize system of stars on flags, for the more complex flags of 13 stripes (resembling the [[first Navy Jack]]) and stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Langley |first=Harold D. |date=2003 |title=Military Collector & Historian |url=https://www.flagcollection.com/itemdetails-print.php?CollectionItem_ID=3226 |website=Zaricor Flag Collection}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |US Navy Flag Officer's Flags 1870
|-
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy Admiral At The Main 1870.png|upright=0.4|thumb|Flag of a United States Navy Admiral At The Main 1870]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy vice admiral 1870.png|upright=0.4|thumb|Flag of a United States Navy Vice Admiral 1870]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy rear admiral 1870.png|upright=0.4|thumb|Flag of a United States Navy Rear Admiral 1870]]
|[[File:Broad Pennant of a United States Navy Commodore 1870.png|upright=0.4|thumb|Broad Pennant of a US Navy Commodore 1870]]
|}
The 1876 Signal Book showed that there were four stars in a diamond shape on an Admiral's flag (for Porter) as well as red and white flags for both Rear Admirals and Commodores to indicate subordinates as with the previous Flag Officer flags of 1857.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=United States. Navy Department. Bureau of Navigation |url=http://archive.org/details/generalsignalboo00unit |title=General signal book of the Navy of the United States of America |date=1876 |publisher=Washington : Govt. Print. Off |others=Phillips Library at The Peabody Essex Museum}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |US Navy Flag Officer's Flags 1876 Regulations<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy vice admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy rear admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy Commodore.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Admiral's Flag 1876 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Vice Admiral's Flag 1876 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Rear Admiral's Flag 1876 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Commodore's Broad Pennant 1876 Navy Regulations}}
|-
|
|
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy rear admiral 1st subordinate 1876.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy Commodore 1876 v2.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|
|
|{{Center|Rear Admiral First Subordinate's Flag 1876 Regulations}}
|{{Center|Commodore First Subordinate's Broad Pennant 1876 Regulations}}
|-
|
|
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy rear admiral (non-executive).svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy Commodore 1876 v3.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|
|
|{{Center|Rear Admiral Second Subordinate's Flag 1876 Regulations}}
|{{Center|Commodore Second Subordinate's Broad Pennant 1876 Regulations}}
|}
In 1903, the War Department first authorized flags for US Army general officers. The first flags were "boat flags" for when army officers visited navy ships. By 1923, these flags were expanded so that they were also for use on automobiles and field or office flags. Line officers were to have a scarlet flag with one to four stars based on rank. Staff officers flags would be in the colors of their branch with one or two stars and their branch insignia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier General |url=https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=16174&CategoryId=9355&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services&ps=24&p=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603090428/https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=16174&CategoryId=9355&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services&ps=24&p=0 |archive-date=2025-06-03 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=tioh.army.mil |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |US Army General Officers Field / Office Flags 1923
|-
|[[File:Flag of a United States Army brigadier general.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Army major general.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Army lieutenant general.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Army general.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Brigadier General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Major General's Flag 1926}}
|{{Center|Lieutenant General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|General's Flag 1923}}
|-
|[[File:US Army AG Corps 2 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army Air Corps 1 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army Chemical 1 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army Coast Arty 2 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Adjutant Generals Corps Major General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Air Corps Brigadier General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Chemical Corps Brigadier General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Coastal Artillery Corps Major General's Flag 1923}}
|-
|[[File:US Army Engineer 1 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army Finance 2 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army General Staff 2 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army IG 1 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Engineer Corps Brigadier General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Finance Corps Major General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|General Staff Corps Major General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Inspector General Corps Brigadier General's Flag 1923}}
|-
|[[File:US Army Insular Affairs 2 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army JAG 1 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army Militia Bureau 2 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army Medical 1 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Bureau of Insular Affairs Major General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Judge Advocate Corps Brigadier General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Militia Bureau Major General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Medical Department Brigadier General's Flag 1923}}
|-
|
|[[File:US Army QM 1 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:US Army Signal Corps 2 Star 1923.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|
|-
|
|{{Center|Quartermaster Corps Brigadier General's Flag 1923}}
|{{Center|Signal Corps Major General's Flag 1923}}
|
|}
In the 1920s, the Marine Corps first gave a flag to their commandant who was, at the time a major general.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Corps - Major General (U.S.) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us%5Emc2s.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Flags of the U.S. Marine Corps |url=https://www.seaflags.us/usmc/marine.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.seaflags.us}}</ref> In 1942 it was redesigned to reflect that their commandant was now a lieutenant general<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Myers |date=2022-03-19 |title=18th Commandant of USMC Artifact Tour |url=https://myersjackson.com/18th-commandant-of-usmc-artifact-tour/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Myers Jackson, High Quality Real Estate Broker & Auctioneer |language=en-US}}</ref> and again in 1945 when their commandant was a full general.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Corps - Commandant (U.S.) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us%5Emccos.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> The 1945 design would last until at least the early Cold War era when it would be replaced by the current design.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At Auction: Vintage 1978 Official Flag of the Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps, Gen. Louis H. Wilson Jr. Era, DPSC Contract |url=https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/vintage-1978-official-flag-of-the-commandant-of-t-622367-c-ad9468bb8b |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=invaluable.com |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |Flag Officer flags of the Commandant of the Marine Corps
|-
|[[File:Flag of a United States Marine Corps Commandant Major General 1920.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Marine Corps Commandant Lieutenant General 1942.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps 1944.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Flag of the Commandant of the Marine Corps 1920s}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Commandant of the Marine Corps 1942}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Commandant of the Marine Corps 1945}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Commandant of the Marine Corps, Present Day}}
|}
In 1934, the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|US Coast & Geodetic Survey]] created a new director's flag with a white triangle representing the C&GS and two white stars representing a Rear Admiral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=A proud tradition: The evolution of NOAA’s flags {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/heritage/stories/proud-tradition-evolution-of-noaas-flags |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}</ref> In 1936, [[Raymond Stanton Patton|Raymond Patton]] became the first Director of the C&GS that was a Rear Admiral. In 1965, the C&GS made [[Henry Arnold Karo|Henry A. Karo]] the first Vice Admiral as the organization became the [[Environmental Science Services Administration Corps]]. Finally, in 1985, the NOAA Corps like the other services split their Rear Admirals into a 2-star and 1-star version (Rear Admiral Lower Half).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |US NOAA Corps Flag Officer flags
|-
|[[File:NOAA Vice Admiral Flag.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:NOAA Rear Admiral (upper half) Flag.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:NOAA Rear Admiral (lower half) Flag.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|NOAA Corps Vice Admiral's Flag 1965}}
|{{Center|NOAA Corps Rear Admiral's Flag 1934}}
|{{Center|NOAA Corps Rear Admiral Lower Half's Flag 1985}}
|}
In 1940, the Navy dropped the red and white subordinate flags for Rear Admirals and Commodores.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Flag Officers of the U.S. Navy |url=https://www.seaflags.us/personal/fo.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.seaflags.us}}</ref> And in 1944 when the Navy created the rank of Fleet Admiral, they also authorized a new blue flag with five white stars arranged in a pentagon shape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flag Tells Story of the Stars |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nnam/education/articles/history-up-close/flag-tells-story-of-the-stars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401135020/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nnam/education/articles/history-up-close/flag-tells-story-of-the-stars.html |archive-date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.history.navy.mil |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The most recent change was in 1948, when the Chief of Naval Operations created white flags for non-line officers such as medical, supply, chaplains, engineers, etc. The new flags would be for ranks of Rear Admiral (Lower Half) through Admiral. [[Commodore (United States)#World War II and the Cold War|Commodore rank]] was retired in 1948 as was any future promotions to [[Fleet admiral (United States)|Fleet Admiral]]. Both Rear Admiral (Lower Half) and Rear Admirals used a two-star flag.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |US Navy Flag Officer's Flags 1948 Regulations<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy fleet admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy vice admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy rear admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy rear admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Fleet Admiral Flag (still in use in 1948) but no further promotions were authorized.}}
|{{Center|Admiral's Flag 1948 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Vice Admiral's Flag 1948 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Rear Admiral's Flag 1948 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Rear Admiral (Lower Half) Flag 1948 Navy Regulations}}
|-
|
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy admiral (non-executive).svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy vice admiral (non-executive).svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy rear admiral (non-executive).svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy rear admiral (non-executive).svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|
|{{Center|Admiral's Flag Restricted Line Officer / Staff Officer 1948 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Vice Admiral's Flag Restricted Line Officer / Staff Officer 1948 Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Rear Admiral's Flag 1948 Restricted Line Officer / Staff Officer Navy Regulations}}
|{{Center|Rear Admiral (Lower Half) Flag Restricted Line Officer / Staff Officer 1948 Navy Regulations}}
|}
Near the end of World War II, the Army and the Navy created five-star [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]] and [[Fleet admiral (United States)|Fleet Admiral]] ranks. This was mainly to keep the American commanders from being "outranked" by British Field Marshalls and Admirals of the Fleet. The rank was authorized by Congress in 1944 and made "permanent" in 1946. General [[Henry H. Arnold]] was made [[General of the Air Force]] in 1947 having already been a General of the Army since 1944. The flags are no longer in use since the death of [[Omar Bradley|General Omar Bradley]] in 1981.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |5-Star Flag Officer Flags
|-
|[[File:Flag of a U.S. General of the Army.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Navy fleet admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a General of the Air Force of the United States.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|General of the Army Flag 1944}}
|{{Center|Admiral of the Fleet Flag 1944}}
|{{Center|General of the Air Force Flag 1947}}
|}
At about the same time, the US Coast Guard was also developing new flags for their Admirals. The USCG had expanded greatly during World War II and was in the post-war was allowed a full admiral for its [[Commandant of the Coast Guard|commandant]]. Before the war, there are no reliable records as to whether the few Rear Admirals the USCG had were allowed flag officer flags or not. In 1945, the Coast Guard took the flags of the US Navy's admirals and added a white version of their official seal over crossed anchors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Coast Guard Flags |url=https://www.seaflags.us/uscg/uscg.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.seaflags.us}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |US Coast Guard Flag Officer's Flags 1945
|-
|[[File:Flag of a United States Coast Guard admiral.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Coast Guard vice admiral.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Coast Guard rear admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Coast Guard rear admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|US Coast Guard Commandant's Flag 1945 }}
|{{Center|US Coast Guard Vice Commandant's Flag 1945 }}
|{{Center|US Coast Guard Rear Admiral's Flag 1945 }}
|{{Center|US Coast Guard Rear Admiral (Lower Half) Flag 1945 }}
|}
In 1947, the US Air Force changed from the flags of the Army Air Force to the white on blue flags that they still use today and the first officer to get one was Harry "Hap" Arnold who was the General of the Air Force a five-star general.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flag, General of the Air Force, H.H. Arnold {{!}} National Air and Space Museum |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/flag-general-of-the-air-force-hh-arnold/nasm_A19800475000# |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=airandspace.si.edu}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="5" |US Air Force General Officer Flags 1947
|-
|[[File:Flag of a General of the Air Force of the United States.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Air Force general.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Air Force lieutenant general.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Air Force major general.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Air Force brigadier general.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Air Force General of the Air Force Flag 1947}}
|{{Center|Air Force General Flag 1947}}
|{{Center|Air Force Lieutenant General Flag 1947}}
|{{Center|Air Force Major General Flag 1947}}
|{{Center|Air Force Brigadier General Flag 1947}}
|}
In 1975, the National Guard Bureau gave its Chief (a major general at the time) a positional color flag. It would not contain any stars like most flag officer's flags.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Historical-Publications/Annual-Reports/FileId/134563/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250315231917/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Historical-Publications/Annual-Reports/FileId/134563/ |archive-date=2025-03-15 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.nationalguard.mil}}</ref> The colors dark blue and ultramarine blue are to represent the Army and the Air Force, which make up the Guard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard Bureau (U.S.) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us%5Echng.html |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> The two gold arrowheads are "flight devices" representing the Air Guard. In 1998, the Bureau added the two scrolls. In 2008, the Guard would get the final version of the Chief's flag with four stars added and the flight devices removed. In 2012, the Vice Chief<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of the Vice Chief, National Guard Bureau |url=https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9354&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116210304/https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9354&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=tioh.army.mil |language=en}}</ref> would get a three star version of the flag that resembled the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army's pattern and in 2024, that flag would get its fourth star.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="5" |National Guard Chief and Vice Chief Flags 1975-present
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Chief of the National Guard Bureau (1975).png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Chief of the National Guard Bureau (1998).png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the National Guard Bureau.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau (2024).png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|Flag of the Chief of the National Guard Bureau 1975–1998
|Flag of the Chief of the National Guard Bureau 1998–2008
|Flag of the Chief of the National Guard Bureau 2008–present
|Flag of the Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau 2012–2024
|Flag of the Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau 2024–present
|}
In 1979, the US Coast Guard created a flag for the Commandant and the Vice Commandant that were similar to the Chief of Naval Operations and Vice Chief of Naval Operations. In 1985, both the Navy and the USCG changed Rear Admiral Lower Half to one star to match the O-7 Brigadier General ranks of the other services.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Coast Guard Flags |url=https://www.seaflags.us/uscg/uscg.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.seaflags.us}}</ref> In 2016, the USCG made the first Vice Commandant full admiral and thus a four-star Vice Commandant flag.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Admiral Charles D. Michel |url=https://www.history.uscg.mil/Browse-by-Topic/Notable-People/All/Article/1778350/admiral-charles-d-michel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708090543/https://www.history.uscg.mil/Browse-by-Topic/Notable-People/All/Article/1778350/admiral-charles-d-michel/ |archive-date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=United States Coast Guard |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="6" |US Coast Guard Flag Officer's Flags 1979-present<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Coast Guard admiral.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Coast Guard vice admiral.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of a United States Coast Guard rear admiral.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:USCG Rear Admiral Flag (Lower Half).svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|USCG Commandant's Flag 1979}}
|{{Center|USCG Vice Commandant's Flag 1979}}
|{{Center|US Coast Guard Admiral's Flag 1985 }}
|{{Center|US Coast Guard Vice Admiral's Flag 1985 }}
|{{Center|US Coast Guard Rear Admiral's Flag 1985 }}
|{{Center|US Coast Guard Rear Admiral Lower Half's Flag 1985}}
|}
The term "flag officer" is still in use today, explicitly defined as an officer of the U.S. Navy or Coast Guard serving in or having the grade of admiral, vice admiral, rear admiral, or rear admiral (lower half),<ref name="code">{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/101- |title=§101 of Title 10, US Code on law.cornell.edu |access-date=2017-05-09 |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324122438/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/101 |url-status=live }}</ref> equivalent to general officers of an army.

In the United States [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], and [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], the term "flag officer" generally is applied to all general officers authorized to fly their own [[Flags of the United States Armed Forces#Personal flags|command flags]]—i.e., [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]], or pay grade O-7, and above.<ref name="GENERAL AND FLAG OFFICER AUTHORIZATIONS FOR THE ACTIVE AND RESERVE COMPONENTS: A COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS">{{cite web|last1=Offenhauer|first1=Priscilla|title=General and flag officer authorizations for the active and reserve components: A comparative and historical analysis |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/CNGR_General-Flag-Officer-Authorizations.pdf |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |date=December 2007|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807062743/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/CNGR_General-Flag-Officer-Authorizations.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Kapp, Lawrence. [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R44389.pdf General and Flag Officers in the U.S. Armed Forces: Background and Considerations for Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611145129/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R44389.pdf |date=2016-06-11 }}, Congressional Research Service, February 18, 2016.</ref> As a matter of law, [[Title 10 of the United States Code]] makes a distinction between general officers and flag officers (general officer for the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force; flag officer for the Navy and Coast Guard).<ref name=code/> Non-naval officers usually fly their flags from their headquarters, vessels, or vehicles, typically for only the most senior officer present.<ref>[http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r840_10.pdf Army Regulation 840-10, Flags, Guidons, Streamers, Tabards, and Automobile and Aircraft Plates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607221710/http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r840_10.pdf |date=2010-06-07 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Flags_Guidons/GeneralOfficerFlags.htm Department of the Army Institute of Heraldry website on General Officer Flags] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614035611/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Flags_Guidons/GeneralOfficerFlags.htm |date=2008-06-14 }}</ref>

In the United States, all flag and general officers must be nominated by the [[President of the United States|President]] and confirmed by the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Each subsequent promotion requires renomination and re-approval. For the Navy, each flag officer assignment is usually limited to a maximum of two years, followed by either [[Up or out|reassignment, reassignment and promotion, or retirement]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://doni.daps.dla.mil/Directives/01000%20Military%20Personnel%20Support/01-300%20Assignment%20and%20Distribution%20Services/1300.15A.PDF |title=Chief of Naval Operations. Navy Military Personnel Assignment Policy |date=2006 |page=6 |access-date=2013-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224112019/https://doni.daps.dla.mil/Directives/01000%20Military%20Personnel%20Support/01-300%20Assignment%20and%20Distribution%20Services/1300.15A.PDF |archive-date=2013-02-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The chiefs of the various US military services have their own flags. The US Army was the first to develop a special flag for the Chief of Staff of the US Army in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of the Chief of Staff, United States Army |url=https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=16159&CategoryId=9353&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services&ps=24&p=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603090807/https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=16159&CategoryId=9353&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services&ps=24&p=0 |archive-date=2025-06-03 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=tioh.army.mil |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The Navy created a flag for the Chief of Naval Operations in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flag Officers of the U.S. Navy |url=https://www.seaflags.us/personal/fo.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.seaflags.us}}</ref> The Air Force redesigned their Chief of Staff's flag in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Force - Secretary of the Air Force (U.S.) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us%5Esecaf.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> The Coast Guard Commandant received a new design (similar to the CNO) in 1979.<ref name=":3" /> And the Space Force Chief of Space Operations got a flag quickly in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Force (U.S.) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us%5Esf.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="5" |Flags of the Service Chief Flag Officers of the United States
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the United States Chief of Naval Operations.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Chief of Space Operations.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Flag of the Chief of Staff US Army 1917}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Chief of Naval Operations 1964}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Chief of Staff of the US Air Force 1977}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Commandant of the US Coast Guard 1979}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Chief of Space Operations 2020}}
|}
The Flag of the Chief of Staff of the US Army began when Major General [[Hugh L. Scott]] was the CSA, as he and his immediate successor were 2-star generals, the flag has two stars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/125177 |title=The National geographic magazine |last2=Society (U.S.) |first2=National Geographic |date=1917 |publisher=National Geographic Society |volume=v.32:no.1-6 (1917) |location=Washington}}</ref> The flag would not get a third star until 1923 under Lt. Gen. [[John J. Pershing]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army - Lieutenant General (U.S.) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us%5Ear3s.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> The final design would happen under Gen. [[Charles Pelot Summerall|Charles Summerall]] in 1927.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Historical Flags of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1917).png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1923).png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Flag of the Chief of Staff US Army 1917–1922}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Chief of Staff US Army 1923–1927}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Chief of Staff US Army 1927–present}}
|}
Beginning in 1949 with the US Army,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Positional Colors for Military Officials Headquarters Department of the Army |url=https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=16160&CategoryId=9353&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services&ps=24&p=0 |access-date=August 1, 2025 |website=US Army Institute of Heraldry}}</ref> their deputies (or vice chiefs) began to also get a distinctive flag of office. In 2015, the USCG had its first full admiral Vice Commandant.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |Flags of the Vice Service Chief Flag Officers of the United States
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the United States Vice Chief of Naval Operations.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard.png|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Vice Chief of Space Operations.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff US Army 1949}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Vice Chief of Naval Operations 1970}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the US Air Force 1977}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Vice Commandant of the US Coast Guard 2015}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Vice Chief of Space Operations 2020}}
|}
The first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Omar Bradley, had a special flag created for the CJCS in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2019 |title=The Joint Staff |url=https://www.facebook.com/TheJointStaff/posts/otd-in-1950-the-official-flag-for-the-chairman-of-the-joint-chiefs-of-staff-was-/2049908435088923/ |website=Facebook}}</ref> The CJCS' deputy would get a flag in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Chiefs of Staff |url=https://www.seaflags.us/personal/jcs.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.seaflags.us}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Flags of the Joint Chiefs of Staff flag officers
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|[[File:Flag of the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.4]]
|-
|{{Center|Flag of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1950}}
|{{Center|Flag of the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1986}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001018180251/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us%5Eranks.html Compared US Armed Forces Flag Officer Personal Rank Flags]

{{Military ranks by country}}
{{Star officer ranks}}
{{Highest Military Ranks}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flags|Officer]]
[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Military terminology]]

1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-06T20:11:20Z

Rajeev Menon: created basic post basic info

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1985
| election_date = 6 and 8 June 1991
| next_election = 1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1996
| seats_for_election = 126 seats in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 64
| registered = {{formatnum:11892170}}
| turnout = 74.67%
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hiteswar Saikia with Shankar Dayal Sharma (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=10}}
| leader1 = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 66
| seats_before1 = 26
| popular_vote1 = 29.35%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}40

| party2 = Asom Gana Parishad
| image2 =
{{CSS image crop|Image=The former Chief Minister of Assam, Shri Prafulla Kumar Mahanta calling on the Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (Independent Charge), Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on July 20, 2017 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 19
| seats_before2 = 92
| popular_vote2 = 17.93%
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}73


| title = [[Chief Minister of Assam|CM]]
| before_party =
| before_election = [[President's Rule]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
}}
Elections to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] were held in June 1991 to elect members of 126 constituencies in [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Assam gears up for second phase |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/609438293 |access-date=30 June 2024 |date=June 7, 1991|id={{ProQuest|609438293}} }}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote and a majority of seats and [[Hiteswar Saikia]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Assam]] for [[Second Saikia Ministry|his second term]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/19960515-hiteswar-saikia-loved-politics-without-caring-for-his-life-833189-1996-05-15 |title=Hiteswar Saikia loved politics, without caring for his life |date=15 May 1996 |author=Ruben Banerjee |access-date= 10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly |access-date= 13 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513013923/http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=13 May 2006}}</ref> The number of constituencies was set as 126, by the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name="delimitation1976">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= December 9, 2020}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Asom Gana Parishad]] was a constituent member of the [[Third Front (India)|Third Front]] [[Union Cabinet of India|Union]] [[Government of India]] formed in [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]. However, the Assam state executive headed by the Asom Gana Parishad was subsequently dismissed by the Government of India. [[President's rule]] was imposed in the state and the [[Indian Army]] was tasked with executing [[Operation Bajrang]] against the [[United Liberation Front of Assam]].

The elections were fought amidst tense ethnic and sectarian relations. An unnamed legislator associated with the Asom Gana Parishad declared before the elections that:<ref name="rashtriyasahara">{{Cite book|title=Rashtriya Sahara Vol. 2|chapter=Hiteswar Saikia: preparing for a countdown|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Rashtriya_Sahara/ihtuAAAAMAAJ?hl|author=Prabha|year=1991|page=54|publisher=Sahara India}}</ref>

<blockquote>The electorate in Assam will, however, keep a sharp eye on [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]'s stand on the foreigners issue — so far its silence over this vexed problem was understandable. The stigma of fouling up the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. As a consequence thereof, they cannot talk of scrapping the part of the Assam accord. But the issue cannot be left hanging either. The immigrant vote bank is a treasure chest for any political party. The AGP can ill afford to disregard it. It is here that the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] factor once again comes to the fore. The BJP has made the problem even more complex. It has sought to divide the immigrants into two clear cut sections strictly on religious grounds. The non-Muslims immigrating into India which mainly includes the [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]] and of course the [[Chakma people|Chakmas]], are termed as refugees and are to be given shelter here. On the other hand, the [[Miya people|Muslim immigrants]] are deemed as aliens and are to be detected and deported. This typical stand of the BJP makes little sense and in all likelihood it fails to make any impact on the electorate in Assam. However, there is another face of it. Reports of fundamentalism gaining ground in Assam and in the forthcoming hustings forces of [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] groups and those subscribing to [[Hindutva]] might play dominant roles. Though examples of anything communal making impact on the Assamese are rare, the time has come for the law enforcing authorities to expect the best but prepare for the worst. Prospects of the BJP improving the position in the [[Barak Valley]] are bright. There, of course, the question of the Bengali Hindus asserting their right for the sake of their identity is at stake. The [[Nepalis]] as well as the Chakmas coming to India in search of greener pastures, have added another dimensions to this festering problem. The peculiar stand of the government of Assam vis-à-vis the infiltration issue is diabolic to say the least. While the [[North-East India|surrounding states]] have pushed the Chakmas out of their borders, all of them have taken refuge in Assam. Steps have been taken to deport them in batches to [[Bangladesh]], but still many of them remain. Some of them even refuse to return to Bangladesh for fear of persecution from the illegal settlers there. Unless things are really sorted out in Bangladesh and also in [[Nepal]] the foreigners issue will surely remain a potential area for the political parties to make fresh forays. To sum up, the Assembly elections in Assam will be one of the most explosive ones in recent years. The strength of the opposition parties vis-à-vis the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress (I)]] will mark a new point in the state politics. Even the viability of the regional parties will be on test. Though the Left parties are trying to form a united front against the Congress but nothing concrete has yet emanated.<ref name="rashtriyasahara"/></blockquote>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 1991.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=2455302|seats1=66|sc1={{increase}}41
|party2=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes2=1499911|seats2=19|sc2=New
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=548271|seats3=10|sc3=New
|party4=[[Natun Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes4=456209|seats4=5|sc4=New
|party5=[[Janata Dal]]|votes5=398623|seats5=1|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes6=321926|seats6=2|sc6=0
|party7=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes7=206541|seats7=4|sc7={{increase}}4
|party8=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]|votes8=133280|seats8=4|sc8=New
|party20=Others|votes20=553683|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=1791086|seats21=15|sc21={{decrease}}77
|total_sc=0
|invalid=502807
|electorate=11892170
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4003-assam-1991/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[Ratabari Assembly constituency|Ratabari]]|| SC || [[Ram Payare Rabidas]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharkandi]]|| None || [[Madhusudan Tewari]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]]|| None || [[Mission Ranjan Das]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]|| None || [[Pranab Kumar Nath]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Badarpur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarpur]]|| None || Abu Saleh Najmuddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]|| None || [[Chittendra Nath Mazumder]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra]]|| None || [[Gautam Roy]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Algapur Assembly constituency|Algapur]]|| None || Sahidul Alam Chodhary || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]|| None || [[Samarendra Nath Sen]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]|| None || [[Badrinarayan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai]]|| SC || [[Parimal Suklabaidya]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]|| None || Jagannath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]|| None || [[Dinesh Prasad Goala]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]]|| None || Abdul Matin Mazumdar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[Katigorah Assembly constituency|Katigora]]|| None || [[Kali Ranjan Deb]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]|| ST || [[Gobinda Chandra Langthasa]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan]]|| ST || [[Monsing Rongpi]] || {{Full party name with color|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
|-
| [[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]]|| ST || Babu Rongpi || {{Full party name with color|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
|-
| [[Diphu Assembly constituency|Diphu]]|| ST || Dipendra Rongpi || {{Full party name with color|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
|-
| [[Baithalangso Assembly constituency|Baithalangso]]|| ST || Holiram Terang || {{Full party name with color|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
|-
| [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]|| None || [[Zahirul Islam (politician)|Zahirul Islam]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Salmara South Assembly constituency|Salmara South]]|| None || Dewan Joynal Abedin || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]|| None || [[Dhruba Kumar Sen]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Gauripur Assembly constituency|Gauripur]]|| None || Md. Mohidul Haque || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Golakganj Assembly constituency|Golakganj]]|| None || Alauddin Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Bilasipara West Assembly constituency|Bilasipara West]]|| None || Giasuddin Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]|| None || Anowar Hussin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]|| None || Tajendra Narzary || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Kokrajhar West]]|| ST || Parameswar Brahma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Kokrajhar East]]|| ST || [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli]]|| ST || Khiren Borgoyary || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]|| None || [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]|| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]]|| None || Kamal Brahma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri North]]|| None || Bhupen Roy || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South]]|| SC || [[Chandan Kumar Sarkar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnai]]|| ST || Jagat Patgiri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Goalpara East Assembly constituency|Goalpara East]]|| None || Ratneshwar Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Goalpara West Assembly constituency|Goalpara West]]|| None || Nazmul Hoque || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]|| None || Afzalur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Sorbhog]]|| None || Samsul Hoque || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhabanipur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhabanipur]]|| None || Milan Boro || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency|Patacharkuchi]]|| None || Krishna Kanta Lahkar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]]|| None || Ismail Hussain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jania Assembly constituency|Jania]]|| None || Asahaque Ali || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Baghbar Assembly constituency|Baghbar]]|| None || Dildar Rezza || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sarukhetri Assembly constituency|Sarukhetri]]|| None || Nizamuddin Khan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]]|| None || Liakat Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Boko Assembly constituency|Boko]]|| SC || Gopinath Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Chaygaon]]|| None || Kamala Kalita || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]|| None || Jatin Mali || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]|| None || [[Bhrigu Phukan|Bhrigu Kumar Phukan]]|| {{Full party name with color|Natun Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]|| None || [[Atul Bora]]|| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]|| None || Chitta Ranjan Patowari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gauhati West Assembly constituency|Gauhati West]]|| None || Ramendra Narayan Kalita || {{Full party name with color|Natun Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo]]|| None || Badan Baruah || {{Full party name with color|Natun Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]|| None || Hiteswar Deka || {{Full party name with color|Natun Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]]|| None || [[Thaneswar Baro]] || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]]|| None || Derhagra Musha || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]]|| None || [[Nagen Sarma]]|| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Barkhetry Assembly constituency|Barkhetry]]|| None || [[Bhumidhar Barman]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]]|| None || [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Barama Assembly constituency|Barama]]|| ST || Pani Ram Rabha || {{Full party name with color|Natun Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Chapaguri Assembly constituency|Chapaguri]]|| ST || Suren Swargiary || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]]|| None || Karendra Basumatari || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Kalaigaon Assembly constituency|Kalaigaon]]|| None || Jew Ram Boro || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar]]|| None || Zoii Nath Sarmah || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Mangaldoi Assembly constituency|Mangaldoi]]|| SC || Nakul Chandra Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]|| None || [[Anwara Taimur]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri]]|| ST || Jaman Singh Brahma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Majbat Assembly constituency|Majbat]]|| None || Silvius Condpan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]]|| None || Hiranya Bora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]]|| None || Rudra Parajuli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]]|| None || Bijit Saikia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rangapara Assembly constituency|Rangapara]]|| None || [[Golok Rajbanshi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sootea Assembly constituency|Sootea]]|| None || Kushal Sahu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]|| None || Nurjamal Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]]|| None || Barnabash Tantee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gohpur Assembly constituency|Gohpur]]|| None || Kosheswar Barua || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jagiroad Assembly constituency|Jagiroad]]|| SC || Bubul Das || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Marigaon Assembly constituency|Marigaon]]|| None || Munin Mahanta || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Laharighat Assembly constituency|Laharighat]]|| None || Samsul Huda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Raha Assembly constituency|Raha]]|| SC || Gahin Chandra Das || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Dhing Assembly constituency|Dhing]]|| None || Muzibar Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Batadroba Assembly constituency|Batadroba]]|| None || Goutom Bora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]]|| None || Rashidul Haque || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nowgong Assembly constituency|Nowgong]]|| None || Mukut Sarma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]|| None || [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]|| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]|| None || [[Nurul Hussain]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]]|| None || Boloram Nag || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]|| None || Abdul Jalil Ragibi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]|| None || [[Ardhendu Kumar Dey]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]]|| None || Debesh Ch. Chaakroborty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]]|| None || Bhupen Bhuyan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]|| None || [[Binod Gowal]]|| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]|| None || [[Nagen Neog]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Khumtai Assembly constituency|Khumtai]]|| None || [[Jiba Kanta Gogoi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dergaon Assembly constituency|Dergaon]]|| SC || Hem Prakash Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]|| None || [[Hitendra Nath Goswami]]|| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli]]|| ST || Padmeswar Doley || {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Titabar Assembly constituency|Titabar]]|| None || Mahendra Bora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]|| None || [[Rupam Kurmi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Teok Assembly constituency|Teok]]|| None || [[Renupoma Rajkhowa|Renu Poma Rajkhowa]]|| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Amguri Assembly constituency|Amguri]]|| None || [[Anjan Dutta]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]|| None || [[Hiteswar Saikia|Hiteshwar Saikia]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mahmara Assembly constituency|Mahmara]]|| None || Lakhi Prasad Borgohain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]|| None || [[Sarat Barkotoky]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]]|| None || [[Devanand Konwar|Devananda Konwar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]]|| None || [[Promode Gogoi|Promod Gogoi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bihpuria]]|| None || Borgaram Deori || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]]|| None || Moni Kumar Subba || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]|| None || Indra Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency|Dhakuakhana]]|| ST || [[Bharat Narah|Bharat Chandra Narah]]|| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji]]|| ST || [[Dilip Kumar Saikia]]|| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[Jonai Assembly constituency|Jonai]]|| ST || Gomeswar Pegu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]]|| None || Joy Chandra Nagbanshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]|| None || [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi|Keshab Gogoi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lahowal Assembly constituency|Lahowal]]|| None || [[Haren Bhumij]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Duliajan Assembly constituency|Duliajan]]|| None || Aniya Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tingkhong Assembly constituency|Tingkhong]]|| None || [[Prithibi Majhi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Naharkatia Assembly constituency|Naharkatia]]|| None || Sasha Kamal Handique || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[Chabua Assembly constituency|Chabua]]|| None || Upendra Sanatan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]|| None || Shio Sambhu Ojha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Digboi]]|| None || [[Rameswar Dhanowar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Margherita Assembly constituency|Margherita]]|| None || Kulbahadur Chetri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Doom Dooma Assembly constituency|Doom Dooma]]|| None || [[Dileswar Tanti]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sadiya Assembly constituency|Sadiya]]|| None || Debendra Nath Baruah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1991 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assam elections}}

[[Category:1991 State Assembly elections in India|Assam]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Assam]]
[[Category:1990s in Assam]]
[[Category:June 1991 in India]]

Goan literature

2026-03-05T14:28:27Z

Rajeev Menon: created basic page with sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Verification|date=March 2023}}{{External links|date=March 2023}}{{See|Poets in (and from) Goa|List of fiction writers from Goa, India}}
'''Goan literature''' is the [[literature]] pertaining to the state of [[Goa]], India.
[[File:Broadways_Goan_literature.jpg | thumb|Goan Literature]]
Goa has a population of around 1.4 million and an area of 3,700 sq. kilometres (1,430 sq. miles). For a small region, it has a significant amount of publication activity, possibly in part because its people write in a number of languages—perhaps as many as 13—and also because of the large expatriate and diaspora population of [[Goans]] settled across the globe.

Among its most noted writers are [[Laxmanrao Sardessai]] (1904–1986) and [[R. V. Pandit]] (1917–1990), both of whom wrote poetry and prose in Marathi, Konkani, and Portuguese; [[Shenoi Goembab]] (1877–1946), whose Konkani writing helped to establish Konkani as a modern literary language; [[Ravindra Kelekar]] (1925–2010), who wrote some of the twentieth century's foremost Konkani literature; and [[Pundalik Naik]] (born 1952), whose 1977 novel ''Acchev'' was the first Konkani novel to be translated into English.

== History ==
{{see|Goan Catholic literature}}
[[File:India Goa goabooks.jpg|frame|right|Books from Goa.]]

Goa was the first place in [[Asia]] to have a [[printing press]], which was brought by the [[Jesuits]] in 1556.<ref>[[Anant Priolkar|A.K. Priolkar]], ''The Printing Press in India: Its Beginnings and Early Development being a quatercentenary commemoration study of the advent of printing in India in 1556'', (Bombay: Marathi Samshodhana Mandala, 1958).</ref> Nearly all of Goan literature before that time is known to have been destroyed by the Portuguese during the imposition of Inquisition. Goa's [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonial rulers]] can hardly be credited with meticulous record-keeping of Goan literature. Thus, Goa has had a long love affair with the written and printed word, although growth has been slow, and punctuated by problems like linguistic breaks and [[censorship]].

In 1886, Tipografia Rangel, one of the pioneers in widescale publishing was founded.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pereira |first=Andrew |date=28 September 2014 |title=Etching its name on the pages of history | Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Etching-its-name-on-the-pages-of-history/articleshow/43656243.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Prior to this the only existing presses were those of the government and individual family presses existing to print the political newspapers. Tipografia Rangel was among the leaders in providing print media and promoting literature to a larger section of society in Goa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pereira |first=Andrew |date=28 September 2014 |title=Etching its name on the pages of history | Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Etching-its-name-on-the-pages-of-history/articleshow/43656243.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[File:Dr_Jaime_Portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Jaime Valfredo Rangel]], Director of Tipografia Rangel]]

[[Peter Nazareth]] points out that Goans have written in thirteen languages, of which the chief are [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], English and Portuguese. Nazareth describes Goans as 'cultural brokers':

<blockquote>Goans mediate between cultures, Goans live between different cultures, Goans are travellers from one part of the world to another. This, in my opinion, happened when [[Eastern world|East]] and [[Western World|West]] met in Goans under pressure with the Portuguese conquest. Since that time, our usefulness to the world, wherever we are, is that we can understand different cultures and help people from different cultures understand one another. The disadvantage is that if we don't work on it, we may end up not knowing who we are.</blockquote>

Literary writing in Goa began to take shape under Portuguese rule and influence, associated with Portugal's mid-nineteenth-century [[Regeneration (Portugal)|Regeneration]], which saw the reintroduction of the press to Goa, along with expanded Portuguese education. A spate of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese-language]] publications, 'such as ''A Biblioteca de Goa'' (1839), ''O Enciclopédico'' (1841–1842), ''O Compilador'' (1843–1847), ''O Gabinete Literário das Fontainhas'' (1846–1848), ''A revista Ilustrativa'' (1857–1866) and ''O Arquivo Portugués Oriental'' (1857–1866)', along with [[Júlio Gonçalves|Júlio Gonçalves's]] ''Ilustraçao Goana'' (1864–1866), while often short-lived, provided new fora not only for the circulation of European literature (whether originally in Portuguese or in translation), but provided growing opportunities for Goans to publish literary and scholarly writing.<ref>Paul Melo e Castro. ''Lengthening Shadows''. 2 vols. Saligão, India: Goa, 1556, 2016. I pp. 9–10 (quoting p. 9).</ref>

The first novel published by a Goan was ''Os Brahmanes'' (''The Brahmans'') by [[Francisco Luis Gomes]], published in 1866.<ref>Ben Antao, 'Goan Literature in English', ''Muse India'', 64 (November–December 2015), {{cite web |url=http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4273 |title=Welcome to Muse India |access-date=2015-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010241/http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4273 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}.</ref>

Later in the nineteenth century, vernacular writing began to emerge in strength, for example in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], the widely spoken local vernacular. The Goan writer [[Shenoi Goembab]] (1877–1946) was foundational to developing modern [[Konkani literature]].<ref>Kiran Budkuley, 'Modern Konkani Classics', ''Muse India'', 64 (November–December 2015), {{cite web |url=http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4272 |title=Welcome to Muse India |access-date=2015-12-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190536/http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4272 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}.</ref> An official language of the region since 1987,<ref>Goanet Reader: Puzzle wrapped in an enigma, understanding Konkani in Goa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724132146/http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2006-June/thread&post_id=044809].</ref> Konkani is now studied in schools. Konkani literature emerged alongside the rapid growth of [[Marathi literature]], in which the Goan [[R. V. Pandit]] was a notable exponent. S. M. Tadkodkar, who was conferred [[PhD]] degree by [[Goa University]] for his exhaustive research work on [[Anant Priolkar|Anant Kaakaba Priolkar]], contends that while the [[Kannada|Kannadd]] language of Karnataka province was dominating the Goan culture, Marathi language and culture was embraced by Goans. Now, Marathi has embraced the Goans and would not leave them, willingly. Maximum literature is published in Marathi. There are 8 Marathi dailies published from Goa. Prominent among them are ''[http://epaper.dainikgomantak.com/flashclient/client_panel.aspx#currPage=1 Dianik Gomantak]'', ''[https://epaper.tarunbharat.com/3082391/Tarun-Bharat-Goa/4-05-2021#page/1/1 Tarun Bharat]'', ''[http://epaper.lokmat.com/main-editions/Goa%20Main/-1/1 Lokamat]'', ''Navaprabha'', ''Pudhari'', ''[https://goadoot.in/ Goadoot]''. The Marathi daily ''Lokmat'' has the highest circulation (50000+) among all dailies.

In the late nineteenth century, extensive contacts with and migration to British-ruled India also encouraged [[English language|English-language]] Goan writing, with early exponents including [[Joseph Furtado]]. Edward D'Lima, who has done his [[PhD]] on the Goan writer [[Armando Menezes]], argues that Goan writing in English goes back to the late nineteenth century, when Goans were migrating out of this Portuguese-controlled colony in favour of jobs in the growing English-speaking British-ruled colonial world. English is probably the most influential literary language in Goa: 'a surge of creativity has erupted in Goan literature in English since 2000 in fiction and nonfiction, drama and poetry'.<ref>Ben Antao, 'Goan Literature in English', ''Muse India'', 64 (November–December 2015), {{cite web |url=http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4273 |title=Welcome to Muse India |access-date=2015-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010241/http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4273 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}.</ref>

==Goan writers==
Besides English, Konkani and Marathi, Goans, particularly those of the past generation, have contributed significantly to writings in Portuguese.
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Dates
!Principal language(s)
!Principal forms
!Notes
|-
|[[Ben Antao]]
|1935-
|English
|fiction and non-fiction
|
|-
|[[Walfrido Antão]]
|1950s-1980s
|Portuguese
|short stories
|
|-
|Carmo Azavedo
|
|Portuguese
|
|Noted for ''From the Tip of the Pen'' (''Ao Bico da Pena'').
|-
|[[Alexandre Moniz Barbosa]]
|
|English
|
|
|-
|Silviano C. Barbosa
|
|English
|prose fiction
|His novel ''The Sixth Night'' takes you from a typically legendary life in Portuguese Goa in the 1950s all the way to Toronto, Canada.
|-
|[[Adeodato Barreto]]
|1905-37
|Portuguese
|poetry
|
|-
|Floriano Barreto
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Uday Bhembre|Uday Bhembré]]
|
|Konkani
|short stories, plays
|
|-
|Alfredo Bragança
|
|Portuguese
|poetry
|
|-
|[[Luís de Menezes Bragança]]
|1878–1938
|Portuguese
|journalism
|
|-
|José Rangel
|1930–2004
|Portuguese
|Poetry
|Also proprietor of one of Goa's most prolific printing press and publishing houses Tipografia Rangel.

|-
|Mário da Silva Coelho
|
|Portuguese
|poetry
|
|-
|[[José da Silva Coelho]]
|1889–1944
|Portuguese
|short stories
|Goa's most prolific Portuguese-language fiction-writer.
|-
|Alvaro da Costa
|
|Portuguese
|journalism
|
|-
|[[Suneeta Peres Da Costa]]
|1976-
|English
|fiction
|An Australian writer of Goan ancestry, noted for her novel ''Homework''.
|-
|Amadeo Prazeres da Costa
|
|Portuguese
|journalism
|
|-
|[[Francisco João "GIP" da Costa]]
|1859–1900
|Portuguese
|short stories
|
|-
|[[Orlando Costa]]
|1929–2006
|Portuguese
|poetry and novels
|
|-
|[[Maria Aurora Couto]]
|
|English
|prose fiction and criticism
|
|-
|Joao da Veiga Coutinho
|1918–2015
|English
|
|Noted for ''A Kind of Absence: Life in the Shadows of History''.
|-
|[[Nandita da Cunha]]
|
|English
|prose fiction
|
|-
|[[Ananta Rau Sar Dessai]]
|1910
|Portuguese, Marathi
|poetry and radio theatre
|Goa's pre-eminent Portuguese writer in the mid-twentieth century.
|-
|[[Vimala Devi]] (pseudonym of Teresa de Almeida)
|1932-
|Portuguese, Catalan, Esperanto
|
|Pre-eminent literary critic of Lusophone Goan writing and a leading writer.
|-
|Paulino Dias
|1874–1919
|
|
|
|-
|[[Sonia Faleiro]]
|1977-
|English
|
|
|-
|[[Agostinho Fernandes]]
|1932–2015
|Portuguese
|novels
|Author of a key post-independence novel, ''Bodki'' (1962).
|-
|[[Caridade Damaciano Fernandes]]
|1904–1948
|Konkani
|novels
|A pioneering prose fiction writer in Konkani.
|-
|[[Joseph Furtado]]
|1872–1947
|English, Portuguese
|poetry
|
|-
|Philip Furtado
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Shenoi Goembab]]
|1877–1946
|Konkani
|prose fiction, translations
|
|-
| António (J. Anthony) Gomes
|
|English
|prose fiction and poetry
|New York-based writer of poetry: Visions from Grymes Hill and a much acclaimed novel, ''The Sting of Peppercorns'', published by Goa 1556, ''Mirrored Reflection'' (a collection of poems) published by Goa 1556 & Fundacao Oriente, 2013.
|-
|[[Francisco Luis Gomes]]
|1829–1869
|Portuguese
|
|The first Goan novelist.
|-
|[[Olivinho Gomes]]
|1943–2009
|Konkani, Portuguese, English
|poetry, translations and criticism
|
|-
|[[Júlio Gonçalves]]
|1846–1896
|Portuguese
|short stories
|
|-
|Mariano Gracias
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Ravindra Kelekar]]
|1925–2010
|Konkani
|prose fiction
|
|-
|[[Amita Kanekar]]
|1965-
|English
|novels
|
|-
|[[Violet Dias Lannoy]]
|1925–1973
|English
|novel, short stories
|
|-
|Lino Leitão
|1930–2008
|English
|short stories
|based in [[North America]]
|-
|[[Fanchu Loyola]]
|1891–1973
|Portuguese
|journalism
|One of Goa's leading independence activists.
|-
|[[Lambert Mascarenhas]]
|1914–2021
|English
|
|
|-
|[[Margaret Mascarenhas]]
|
|English
|literary fiction, poetry, essay
|
|-
|[[Telo Mascarenhas]]
|1899–1979
|Portuguese
|journalism, poetry, prose fiction
|
|-
|[[Damodar Mauzo]]
|1944-
|Konkani
|fiction
|
|-
|Nascimento Mendonça
|1884–1927
|Portuguese
|
|''Through the Mythical Ayodhya''.
|-
|[[Armando Menezes]]
|1902–1983
|
|
|
|-
|[[Dom Morães]]
|1938–2004
|English
|poetry, belles-lettres
|
|-
|[[Pundalik Naik]]
|1952-
|Konkani
|novels and plays
|Wrote the first Konkani novel to be translated into English.
|-
|[[Peter Nazareth]]
|1940-
|English
|fiction
|A Goan writer from Uganda, noted for the novel ''[[The General Is Up]]'' along with literary criticism.
|-
|[[Alberto de Noronha]]
|1920–2006
|Portuguese
|translations, criticism
|
|-
|Carmo Noronha
|
|Portuguese
|
|Works include ''Contracorrente'' (Panjim, Goa: 1991) and ''Escalvando na Belga'' (Panjim. Goa: 1993).
|-
|[[Frederick Noronha]]
|1963
|English
|journalism
|
|-
|[[Leslie de Noronha]]
|
|English
|prose fiction and poetry
|
|-
|[[Epitácio Pais]]
|1928–2009
|Portuguese
|short stories
|
|-
|[[R. V. Pandit]]
|1917–1990
|Marathi, Konkani, Portuguese
|poetry
|Most celebrated for his vast poetic production in Konkani.
|-
|Prakash S. Pariekar
|
|Portuguese
|
|
|-
|Vasco Pinho
|1942-
|
|
|
|-
|Floriano Pinto
|
|Portuguese
|poetry
|
|-
|[[Jerry Pinto]]
|1966-
|English
|poetry
|
|-
|[[Victor Rangel Ribeiro]]
|1925-
|English
|prose fiction
|
|-
|Leopoldo da Rocha
|
|Portuguese
|
|Author of ''Casa Grande e Outras Recordações de um velho Goês'' (Lisbon: Vega, 2008).
|-
|[[Maria Elsa da Rocha]]
|1924–2007
|Portuguese
|short stories, poetry
|
|-
|[[Alberto de Meneses Rodrigues]]
|1904–1971
|Portuguese
|prose fiction
|
|-
|[[Augusto do Rosário Rodrigues]]
|1910-?1999
|Portuguese
|short stories. poetry
|
|-
|Abhay Sardesai
|
|
|poetry, translation
|
|-
|Manohar Sardesai
|
|Portuguese
|poetry
|
|-
|[[Laxmanrao Sardessai]]
|1904–1986
|Marathi, Konkani, Portuguese
|poetry
|Considered one of Goa's finest Marathi writers.
|-
|[[Melanie Silgardo]]
|1956-
|
|poetry
|
|-
|[[Frank Simoes]]
|1937–2002
|English
|advertising and journalism
|
|-
|Carmo D'Souza
|
|English
|prose fiction
|Author of ''Angela's Goan Identity'', ''Portugal In Search of Identity'' and other books. In a recent lecture, D'Souza himself traced the indigenous imagery, and the impact of Portuguese on Goan writing.
|-
|[[Eunice De Souza]]
|1940–2017
|English
|poetry and fiction
|[[Mumbai]]-based.
|-

|[[S. M. Tadkodkar]]
|
|English, Konkani, Marathi
|poetry, research, theory, academics
|Author of ''Goan Christian Marathi Vilapika During The 17th Century'' (2010); Professor and Head, Department of Postgraduate Instruction and Research in Marathi, [[Goa University]].
|}

==Resources for and about Goan writers==
[[File:Central Library, Panjim (Panaji), Goa, India 01.JPG|thumb|Central Library, Panjim (Panaji), Goa, India]]
*[http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/handle/unigoa/2 Goa University institutional repository, languages and literature section]
*The Goa Archives<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://daa.goa.gov.in/|title=Directorate of Archives and Archaeology|website=daa.goa.gov.in|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>
*Fundação Oriente, Panjim-based Portuguese cultural body, which has helped some writers with small grants of a few thousand rupees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foriente.pt/121/india.htm#.XAve5hCX_VM|title=India – DELEGATIONS ABROAD – Fundação Oriente|website=www.foriente.pt|language=en|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>
* [[Goa University Library]]: It has a large collections in the languages of [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]]. It has old manuscripts, microfilms and prints of the 17th century in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.unigoa.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-main.pl|title=Goa University Library catalog|website=library.unigoa.ac.in|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>
* [[Goa State Central Library]], which is run by the Government of [[Goa]], is the oldest library in South [[Asia]]. It has been one of the largest depositories of printed volumes pertaining to [[Goan]] languages and literature since the seventeenth century.

==Goa Arts and Literary Festival==
Goa Arts and Literary Festival (GALF) is a non- profit festival organised by volunteers. The first edition of GALF was held in 2010. The three-day fest had debates, lectures and discussions on art, music, photography, drawing a large audience from across the world at the International Centre of Goa, Dona Paula.<ref>{{cite news|title=Be ready to get inspired at Goa Arts and Literary Fest 2014|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Be-ready-to-get-inspired-at-Goa-Arts-and-Literary-Fest-2014/articleshow/43743595.cms|access-date=28 May 2016|work=The Times Of India|agency=TNN|date=28 September 2014}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*COSTA, Aleixo Manuel da. ''Dicionário de literatura goesa''. '''Instituto Cultural de Macau''', Fundação Oriente, 3 v., 1997.
*DEVI, Vimala, & SEABRA, Manuel de. ''A literatura indo-portuguesa''. '''Junta de Investigações do Ultramar''', 2 v., 1971.
*NAZARETH, Peter (ed.). "Goan Literature: A Modern Reader", '''Journal of South Asian Literature''' Winter-Spring 1983.

==Sources==
<references />
{{note|naz}}"Goan Literature: A Modern Reader", ''Journal of South Asian Literature'' Winter-Spring 1983

{{note|naik}}Translated in Manohar Shetty's ''Ferry Crossing''

== See also ==

* [[Konkani language]]
* [[Konkani words from other languages]]

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071007013709/http://books.goa-india.org/ Goabooks site]
*[https://archiveofgoanwritinginportuguese.blogspot.com/ Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese]

{{Goa topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goan Literature}}
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Culture of Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani]]

Patanga (1971 film)

2026-03-03T23:40:34Z

Rajeev Menon: Put up new page

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Patanga
| image = Patanga 1971 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Kedar Kapoor
| producer = {{ubl|Kedar Kapoor|R. S. Sharma}}
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shashi Kapoor]]|[[Vimi]]|[[Rajendra Nath]]|[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]}}
| music = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1971|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Patanga''''' ({{translation|Moth}}) is a 1971 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Kedar Kapoor. The film stars [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Vimi]], [[Rajendra Nath]] and [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]. The music was composed by [[Shankar–Jaikishan]].

== Plot ==
Shyam was a son of Ramu kaka who works in the palace of Kuwar Amar Singh. Amar Singh considers him as his own brother and gets him a good education. Shyam meets with Renu on a train while going to [[Dehradun]] and immediately gets attracted to her. As she finds her purse in his coat, she misunderstands him for a thief. Later, it is known to her that Kuldeep who was a petty thief, has stolen her purse and kept in Shyam's coat. She apologises to him and they grow close. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Kuldeep was the lost cousin of Renu and they reconcile. Amar Singh asks Chandan Singh's sister's hand for Shyam, for which Chandan Singh feels insulted as Shyam was a servant's son and rivalry grows between them.

Kuldeep meets with Rajkumari, sister of Chandan Singh and they fall for each other. Meanwhile, Renu's brother who was a close friend of Amar Singh, dies while Shyam was away on a vacation and Amar Singh decides to take care of Renu's family. He gets shocked to see Renu who completely resembles her deceased older sister Kamla. Kamla was the sweetheart of Amar Singh and the reason why Amar Singh was still a bachelor. He takes Renu, her aunt and her sister-in-law to his home.

Ramu kaka also feels that Renu was a look-alike of Kamla and hopes that Amar Singh would at last marry. Renu recognises Shyam's photo there and feels at home. Shyam at last returns to his village and finds Amar Singh quite attached to Renu. He decides to forget Renu for the sake of his benefactor and acts distant from Renu. Renu thinks that he was just afraid of his Bhayya Jhi (brother) and waits for official marriage proposal from him. Renu's family members want her to marry Amar Singh for their security but Renu wouldn't listen to them. Shyam tries to convince Renu to marry Amar Singh, but when she declines he starts drinking to repel her. Ashamed of his behaviour, Amar Singh asks Shyam to leave the house. After a series of events, Amar Singh learns of Shyam and Renu's affections and decides to unite them. After a fight with Chandan Singh, who tries to kill Amar Singh, all reconcile and get Renu and Shyam married. Kuldeep marries Rajkumari with the consent of her brother Chandan Singh.

==Cast==
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Shyam
*[[Vimi]] as Renu
*[[Rajendra Nath]] as Kuldeep / Lallu
*[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Prince Amar Singh
*Geeta Kapoor as Rajkumari
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Manoharlal
*[[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]] as Ramu
*[[Leela Mishra]] as Renu's Mausi
*[[Praveen Paul]] as Kanta
*[[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Champa
*[[Ram Avtar]]

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Thoda Ruk Jayegi"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Pee Lo, Aaj Pee Lo"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Sone Deti Hai Na Yeh Raat"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Jhumke Ga Yun Aaj Mere Dil"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Patanga Jal Jal Mar Jaye, Yeh Deepak Jhum Jhum"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Shyam Ke Rang Mein" - 1
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Shyam Ke Rang Mein" - 2
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Tose Najariya Ladayi"
| [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0232288|title= Patanga}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-drama-film-stub}}

Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu

2026-03-03T18:10:03Z

Rajeev Menon: Put up new info

{{Short description|2004 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Marudhuri Raja]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Kongarapi Venkata Ramana
| screenplay = Kongarapi Venkata Ramana
| producer = Dammalapati Srinivasa Rao
| director = Kongarapi Venkata Ramana
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] [[Gurleen Chopra]]
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| cinematography = Sarath
| editing = V. Nagi Reddy
| studio = Sai Krishna Productions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-opmrpv.html |title=Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu (Overview) |work=Idlebrain}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|4|28}}
| runtime = 143 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu''''' ({{translation}} ''One wife is enough, don't have a second one'') is 2004 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] produced by Dammalapati Srinivasa Rao on Sai Krishna Productions banner and directed by Kongarapi Venkata Ramana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/oka-pellam-muddu-rendo-pellam-vaddu-telugu-movie-review-7108.html |title=Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu (Direction) |work=Indiaglitz |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093337/http://www.indiaglitz.com/oka-pellam-muddu-rendo-pellam-vaddu-telugu-movie-review-7108.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]], [[Gurleen Chopra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/oka-pellam-muddu-rendo-pellam-vaddu/telugu/oka-pellam-muddu-rendo-pellam-vaddu-movie-reviews-1118-2.html|title=Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu (Cast & Crew) |work=Fullhyd.com}}</ref> with music composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]. The film was recorded as a flop at the box office.

==Plot==
The film begins with a bourgeois, faithful man, Harishchandra, who resides with his lavish wife, Satya. She imagines a luxurious world and nagging her husband for riches beyond his earnings. They have a boy. Once, Satya's cousin, Sarath, a multimillionaire, visits their house. In the conversation, he promises that suppose a baby girl born to them will knit with his son; plus, he is ready to bestow a bounty of ₹ 1 crore soon after her birth. So, the couple attempts in various means but in vain when avid Satya contacts a Swamiji who suggests a vow of constantly lying. Though Hari denies it, Satya compels him by standing at the death's gate, and they move on to telling lies. As a glimpse, a malefactor, Manik Dada RMP, asks for a matchbox from Hari, and he untruths its presence but rejects the grant, which goes on repeatedly. At all times, Manik Dada unveils his crimes to terrorize Hari, and the Police redhandly catch him.

Meanwhile, Satya covertly runs a chit-fund company without Hari's knowledge, which is bankrupt, and they must pay a vast amount immediately. During that challenging time, Hari acquaints his childhood mate, Krishna, who frees him from the trouble. Anyhow, he presents himself as single before him as per the vow. Hence, Krishna announces his sister Meena's alliance with Hari, which startles him, but he quiets due to fear of payback. Hearing it, Satya says all will be well, but Hari suddenly has to tie the knot to Meena in a dire situation. The newlywed walks to his home, which shatters Satya, and Hari introduces her as a servant. That night, she attempts suicide when he inculpates her for totality, so Satya plots to seek time until they call it even and postpones the first night by fracturing Hari's leg, causing the current stock, etc. Yet, Hari consummates with Meena a night, gets the wrong of Satya, and laments.

Parallelly, Lakshmikanth & Pyarelal Meena's maternal uncles arrive when the ball is up, and the two try to woo Satya, grudging Hari. Now, the tale twists by Satya & Meena conceiving together. Meena mortifies Satya & suspects her purity, and Hari is helpless. Still, she permits her to stay with them by Hari's plead. Ergo, Satya is distraught when a transformation occurs in her after soul-searching. Hari rushes to the hospital since his wives are in labor at once. The two deliver baby girls who swap when Meena bars to give milk to babies. Hari emotionally outbursts the fact, and Meena accuses him of the betrayal. Therein, Krishna steps in and makes her comprehend Hari's virtue. Out of the blue, Manik Dada abducts the newborns for ransom. At last, Hari shields his kids, ceases him when Sarath also lands, and gifts the cash despite the couple's not wanting to. Finally, the movie ends happily with Hari fusing with two spouse queens.

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Hari Chandra
*[[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Satya
*[[Gurleen Chopra]] as Meena
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Lakshmikanth
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Pyarelal
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Sarvarayudu
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Auto Guravaiah
*[[Krishna Bhagawan]] as Krishna
*Surya as Sarath
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Meena's grandmother
*[[Jayalalita]] as Sarala
*Radhika Chowdary
*Junior Relangi
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Manik Dada RMP
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu
| type = film
| artist = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 22:48
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| prev_title = [[Rowdy Aliya]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = Sankharavam
| next_year = 2004
}}

Music was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]. Music was released on Supreme Music Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3747/Oka%20Pellam%20Muddu%20Rendo%20Pellam%20Vaddu%20(2004)/ |title=Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:48
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Nee Vayasu Thakhuva
| lyrics1 = Paidisheety Ram
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Govinda Govinda
| lyrics2 = Taidalabapu
| extra2 = Ravi Varma, Kousalya
| length2 = 4:45
| title3 = Iruvuri Bharyala
| lyrics3 = Jaya Surya
| extra3 = Shankar Mahadevan, [[Singer Usha|Usha]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Adadaniki Aasthulante
| lyrics4 = Taidalabapu
| extra4 = Ravi Varma
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = Naa Trunku Pettae
| lyrics5 = Paidisheety Ram
| extra5 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| length5 = 4:06
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1579846}}

[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]

Natwar Singh

2026-03-02T12:05:05Z

Rajeev Menon:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Natwar Singh
| image = K. Natwar Singh 2005.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2005
| imagesize = 200px
| office1 = [[Indian External Affairs Minister|Minister of External Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 22 May 2004
| term_end1 = 6 November 2005
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| successor1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| office2 = [[Minister without portfolio]]
| term_end2 = 8 December 2005
| term_start2 = 6 November 2005
| primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| successor2 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|05|16}}
| birth_place = [[Bharatpur district|Jaghina]], [[Bharatpur State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Rajasthan]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|08|10|1931|05|16}}
| death_place = [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], India
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1984–2006) [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (2008)<ref name="p315"/>
| relations =
| children = 2, including [[Jagat Singh (politician)|Jagat Singh]]
| residence = New Delhi
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Heminder Kaur
| signature =
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]. [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| education = [[Mayo College]]
}}

'''Natwar Singh''' (16 May 1931 – 10 August 2024) was an Indian politician and [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who later served as India's [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] from May 2004 to December 2005. Having been suspended by the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in 2006,<ref name="d796">{{cite web | title=Natwar Singh quits Congress party | website=Hindustan Times | date=13 February 2008 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/natwar-singh-quits-congress-party/story-UdhHsFOi3rOp2thnbwEe0H.html | access-date=11 August 2024 | archive-date=2 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302214142/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/natwar-singh-quits-congress-party/story-UdhHsFOi3rOp2thnbwEe0H.html | url-status=live }}</ref> he joined the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) in 2008 but was removed from the party within four months.<ref name="n993">{{cite web | title=BSP expels former external affairs minister Natwar Singh | website=The Times of India | date=18 November 2008 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bsp-expels-former-external-affairs-minister-natwar-singh/articleshow/3728259.cms | access-date=11 August 2024 | archive-date=11 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811035053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bsp-expels-former-external-affairs-minister-natwar-singh/articleshow/3728259.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="p315">{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title=Natwar Singh joins BSP | website=India Today | date=10 August 2008 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/natwar-singh-joins-bsp-28187-2008-08-09 | access-date=11 August 2024 | archive-date=11 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811032815/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/natwar-singh-joins-bsp-28187-2008-08-09 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Singh was selected into the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1953. In 1984, he resigned from the service to contest elections as a member of the INC. He won the election and served as a [[Union Council of Ministers|union minister of state]] until 1989. Thereafter, he had a patchy political career until being made India's foreign minister in 2004. However, 18 months later, he had to resign after the [[United Nations]]' (UN) [[Paul Volcker Committee|Volcker committee]] named both he and the INC to which he belonged as beneficiaries of illegal pay-offs in the scandal related to the UN's [[Oil-for-Food Programme]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/29/stories/2005102923960100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031034552/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/29/stories/2005102923960100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 October 2005 |title=Volcker Report names Natwar Singh and Congress Party as "beneficiaries" }}</ref>

In 2014, he wrote his autobiography ''One Life is Not Enough''. This book was criticised for its attempt to create sensation, while the Congress criticised Natwar Singh for distortion of facts due to his removal from the political position.<ref name="d772"/><ref name="f224"/>

== Early life and education==
The fourth son of Govind Singh and his wife Prayag Kaur of village 'Jagheena', Singh was born in the [[Bharatpur State|princely state of Bharatpur]] in an aristocrat [[Jat]] [[Hindu]] family related to the ruling dynasty of Bharatpur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/sudhanshu-mishra/story/ashok-gehlot-jat-community-rajasthan-165741-2013-06-05 |title=India Today |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215128/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ashok-gehlot-jat-community-rajasthan/1/278633.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], a traditional educational institutions for Indian princely clans and nobles. Thereafter he took an undergraduate degree at the prestigious [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]. He subsequently studied at [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]] and was a visiting scholar for a period at [[Peking University]] in [[China]].<ref>{{cite web |title=K Natwar Singh: External Affairs Minister |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/k-natwar-singh-external-affairs-minister/story-GWnOoIuJsc0q3RYQpaRT0J.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 May 2020 |language=en |date=18 June 2004 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504194258/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/k-natwar-singh-external-affairs-minister/story-GWnOoIuJsc0q3RYQpaRT0J.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Diplomatic career==
Singh joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1953 and served for 31 years. One of his earliest assignments was in Beijing, China (1956–58). He was then posted to New York City at the Permanent Mission of India (1961–66) and as India's representative to executive board of [[UNICEF]] (1962–66). He served on several UN committees between 1963 and 1966. In 1966, he was posted to the Prime Minister's Secretariat under [[Indira Gandhi]]. He served as India's Ambassador to Poland from 1971 to 1973, India's Deputy High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 1973 to 1977 and India's Ambassador to Pakistan from 1980 to 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographical Sketch Member of Parliament 12th Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3178.htm|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226135602/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3178.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He was part of the Indian delegation to the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Heads of Commonwealth Meeting]] in [[Kingston, Jamaica]] in 1975. He was an Indian Delegate to the 30th Session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], New York, Heads of Commonwealth Meeting, [[Lusaka]], Zambia in 1979 and the 35th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, New York. He also accompanied Indira Gandhi on her State visit to the US in 1982. He served as an Executive Trustee, [[United Nations Institute for Training and Research]] (UNITAR) appointed by the Secretary-General, United Nations for six years (1981–86). He also served on the Expert Group appointed by the Secretary General of the Commonwealth, London in 1982. He was appointed Secretary-General of the Seventh Non-aligned Summit in New Delhi held in 1983 and Chief Coordinator of the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] (CHOGM) in New Delhi in the same year. He served as [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]] in the Ministry of External Affairs from March 1982 to November 1984. He received the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award in India from the [[Government of India]], in 1984.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Shri Natwar Singh assumes the charge of Union Minister for External Affairs in New Delhi on May 24, 2004.jpg|thumb|Natwar Singh assumes the charge of Union Minister for External Affairs in New Delhi on 24 May 2004]]

In 1984, after resigning from the [[Indian Foreign Service]], Singh joined the Indian National Congress (INC) party and was elected to the [[8th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur constituency]] in [[Rajasthan]]. In 1985, he was sworn in as a [[Union Council of Ministers|minister of state]] (who is a minister, but one level below a cabinet minister) and allotted the portfolios of [[Ministry of Steel|steel]], [[Ministry of Coal|coal]] and [[Ministry of Mines (India)|mines]], and [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|agriculture]]. In 1986, he became minister of state for [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|external affairs]]. In that capacity, he was elected President of the United Nations (UN) Conference on Disarmament and Development held in New York in 1987, and also led the [[Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations|Indian delegation]] to the 42nd Session of the [[UN General Assembly]].

Singh remained a minister of state for external affairs until the Congress party lost power after being defeated in the general elections of 1989. In those elections, he contested and lost the [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]] seat in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The Congress party returned to power after the elections of 1991, with [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] as Prime Minister since Rajiv Gandhi had been assassinated. At this time, Singh was not an [[Member of Parliament|MP]] and could not be a minister. He developed differences with the Prime Minister and left the party along with [[N.D. Tiwari]] and [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]], to form a new political party, [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|All India Indira Congress]].

In 1998, after [[Sonia Gandhi]] had regained complete control of the party, the three family loyalists merged their new party into the Congress party and returned into the service of the Gandhis. Singh was rewarded with a ticket to contest the general elections of 1998, and returned to parliament after a gap of nine years, when he was elected to the [[12th Lok Sabha]] (1998–99) from Bharatpur. Singh had defeated the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]’s (BJP) [[Digamber Singh|Dr. Digamber Singh]], who would go on to become Rajasthan’s Minister of Health, Family Welfare, and later Industries, and emerge as the tallest leader in eastern Rajasthan in the early 2000s, virtually upending Singh’s hold in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR. DIGAMBER SINGH - Bharatpur - Lok Sabha Election Results 1998 |url=https://www.electiontak.in/lok-sabha-1998/rajasthan/dr-digamber-singh-bharatpur-results-367548 |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=www.electiontak.in}}</ref> He had to sit in the opposition benches, however, and then he lost the elections of 1999. After a further hiatus of three years, he was elected (indirectly) to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from Rajasthan in 2002. The Congress party came back to power in 2004, and Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] appointed Natwar Singh as the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External affairs]].

===Oil-for-Food scandal===
Singh assumed office on 23 May 2004 as India's minister of external affairs. On 27 October 2005, while Singh was abroad on an official visit, the [[Paul Volcker Committee|Independent Inquiry Committee]] headed by [[Paul Volcker]] released the report on its investigation of corruption in the [[Oil-for-Food Programme]]. It included statements that India's Congress Party and Singh's family were non-contractual and corrupt beneficiaries of the Oil-for-Food Programme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Volcker Report names Natwar Singh and his family as "beneficiaries"|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/29/stories/2005102923960100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031034552/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/29/stories/2005102923960100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2005|access-date=30 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 October 2005}}</ref> Anil Mathrani, then Indian Ambassador to Croatia and formerly a close aide to Singh, alleged that Singh had used an official visit to Iraq to procure oil coupons for his son, [[Jagat Singh (politician)|Jagat Singh]], from [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam's]] regime.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Onkar|title=Natwar Singh resigns from Union Cabinet|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/06volcker10.htm|access-date=30 May 2011|newspaper=rediff News|date=6 December 2005|archive-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312005115/http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/06volcker10.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 March 2006, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) announced that it had traced a sum of eighty million rupees that had been transferred from the bank account of [[London]]-based [[Indian diaspora|Non-Resident Indian]] (NRI) businessman and family relative of Singh, Aditya Khanna, the son of businessman [[Vipin Khanna]], to his own NRI account in a [[Delhi]] bank.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Richard |last2=McKenzie |first2=Nick |date=16 August 2010 |title=Money in the bag - Indian trade links under scrutiny |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/money-in-the-bag--indian-trade-links-under-scrutiny-20100815-125au.html |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223032717/https://www.smh.com.au/business/money-in-the-bag--indian-trade-links-under-scrutiny-20100815-125au.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The amount was later withdrawn and allegedly distributed among Indian beneficiaries of the reported scam.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Thakur|first=Pradeep|title=Oil-for-food: ED traces Rs 8-cr to Delhi bank|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Oil-for-food-ED-traces-Rs-8-cr-to-Delhi-bank/articleshow/1464457.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614052809/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-26/india/27799357_1_oil-for-food-bank-accounts-aditya-khanna|url-status=live|archive-date=14 June 2012|access-date=30 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 March 2006}}</ref>

Singh was suspended by the Congress in 2006.<ref name="d796"/>

===Later career===
In February 2008, Singh announced that he had quit the Congress at a BJP-sponsored rally of the [[Jat people|Jat community]] held at [[Jaipur]] in the presence of [[Vasundhara Raje]], then [[Chief Minister]] of [[Rajasthan]]. On this occasion, Singh not only asserted his innocence but also launched an attack on Sonia Gandhi for having failed to defend or support him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home " Nation Natwar Singh quits Congress|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news424175.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=30 May 2011|date=13 February 2008}}</ref>

In mid-2008, both Singh and his son Jagat joined [[Mayawati]]'s [[Bahujan Samaj Party]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2008|title=Natwar Singh to join BSP|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/natwar-singh-to-join-bsp/story-cXyaAR0z03ayo46MScxIDI.html|access-date=26 December 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226135559/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/natwar-singh-to-join-bsp/story-cXyaAR0z03ayo46MScxIDI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> only to be expelled by that party within four months (in November 2008) for alleged indiscipline, anti-party activities and "lack of faith" in the ideology of the Bahujan Samaj Movement. In fact, Singh had been demanding a Rajya Sabha seat (which had apparently been promised before he joined the party) and Mayawati had changed her mind on that matter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayawati has no courtesy: Natwar Singh|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mayawati-has-no-courtesy-natwar-singh/635247|access-date=26 December 2021|website=www.outlookindia.com/|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226135559/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mayawati-has-no-courtesy-natwar-singh/635247|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=K. Natwar |title=A diplomat's diary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/a-diplomats-diary/article4952391.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=4 May 2020 |language=en-IN |date=27 July 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504194406/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/a-diplomats-diary/article4952391.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Jagat Singh later joined the BJP.<ref name="u721">{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Sachin Kumar | title=Jagat Singh Join BJP: नटवर सिंह के पुत्र जगत सिंह फिर भाजपा में हुए शामिल | website=Jagran | date=14 August 2021 | url=https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-natwar-singh-son-jagat-singh-again-join-bjp-21929037.html | language=hi | access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
In August 1967, Singh married Heminder Kaur (born June 1939), the eldest daughter of the last [[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja]] of [[Patiala State]], [[Yadavindra Singh of Patiala|Yadavindra Singh]], and the sister of [[Captain Amarinder Singh|Amarinder Singh]], who had served as the [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]]. Heminder's mother [[Rajmata Mohinder Kaur of Patiala|Mohinder Kaur]] was also a politician.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=The Dispatch|date=16 May 2020|title=K Natwar Singh and his life of revelations - about him, by him|url=https://www.thedispatch.in/k-natwar-singh-and-his-life-of-revelations-about-him-by-him/|access-date=26 December 2021|website=The Dispatch|language=en-US|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215100455/https://www.thedispatch.in/k-natwar-singh-and-his-life-of-revelations-about-him-by-him/|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh’s son, Jagat Singh, is also a politician.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2019 |title=BSP fields two-time former MLA Jagat Singh from Ramgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bsp-fields-two-time-mla-jagat-singh-from-ramgarh/articleshow/67389661.cms |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413172034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bsp-fields-two-time-mla-jagat-singh-from-ramgarh/articleshow/67389661.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Natwar Singh died in Gurugram on 10 August 2024, at the age of 95.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/former-foreign-minister-natwar-singh-passes-away-at-95-2652101 |title=Former Foreign Minister Natwar Singh passes away at 95 |access-date=10 August 2024 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810190805/https://www.news9live.com/india/former-foreign-minister-natwar-singh-passes-away-at-95-2652101 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Autobiography==
In August 2014, Singh's autobiography, ''One Life is Not Enough'', was released.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/one-life-is-not-enough-natwar-singhs-autobiography-to-rock-the-capital/article6116868.ece |title="One Life is Not Enough": Natwar Singh's autobiography to rock the capital – The Hindu |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620040725/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/one-life-is-not-enough-natwar-singhs-autobiography-to-rock-the-capital/article6116868.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The book claims to reveal developments during [[Indira Gandhi]]'s, [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]]'s and [[Manmohan Singh]]'s regimes. It also describes the changing contours of Singh's close but complex political relationship with [[Indian National Congress]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]] over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/inside-track-kissa-kursi-ka/99/ |title=Inside Track: Kissa kursi ka {{!}} The Indian Express {{!}} Page 99 |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130107/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/inside-track-kissa-kursi-ka/99/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The book presents Singh's account of the Volcker report and the various political motions that took place in the background leading up to his resignation.

Congress rejected the allegations made by Singh and targeted him to have distorted facts "after being removed and publishes baseless things". They added that "spreading such sensationalism for shoring up the sale of a book" won't be accepted.<ref name="f224">{{cite web | title=Natwar Singh 'distorting' facts: Congress | website=The Hindu | date=31 July 2014 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/natwar-singh-distorting-facts-congress/article6268386.ece | access-date=11 August 2024 | archive-date=11 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811030520/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/natwar-singh-distorting-facts-congress/article6268386.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

Sonia Gandhi also responded to the book and rejected its contents. She even expressed the intention to write her own autobiography to reveal the truth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sonia-gandhi-reacts-to-natwar-singhs-claims-says-will-write-a-book-to-reveal-the-truth/articleshow/39351397.cms |title=Sonia Gandhi reacts to Natwar Singh's claims; says will write a book to 'reveal the truth' – Economic Times |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413192515/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sonia-gandhi-reacts-to-natwar-singhs-claims-says-will-write-a-book-to-reveal-the-truth/articleshow/39351397.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Kallol Chakraborty writing for the ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' noted that the book fraught with the one-sided narrative may create sensation for sometime but it cannot achieve heights in the long run.<ref name="d772">{{cite web | title=वन लाइफ इज नॉट इनफ | website=Amar Ujala | date=13 September 2014 | url=https://www.amarujala.com/columns/opinion/one-life-is-not-enough-an-autobiography-hindi-news-rk | language=hi | access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref>

==Books published==
# ''E.M.Forster : A Tribute'' (on Forster's Eighty Fifth Birthday), editor, with Contributions by Ahmed Ali, Narayana Menon, Raja Rao & Santha Rama Rau, New York, 1964
# ''The Legacy of Nehru: A Memorial Tribute'', New York, 1965<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal |last1=E. Smith |first1=Donald |title=Book reviews: The Legacy of Nehru: A Memorial Tribute. by K. Natwar-Singh, S. Radhakrishnan |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=May 1966 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=574–575 |doi=10.2307/2052086 |jstor=2052086 |s2cid=163577874 }}</ref>
# ''Tales from Modern India'', New York, 1966
# ''Stories from India'', London, 1971
# ''Maharaja Suraj Mal, 1707-63: His Life and Times'', London, 1981<ref name="Embree">{{cite journal |last=Embree |first=Ainslie |author-link=Ainslie Embree |editor-last=Schaufele |editor-first=William E. |editor-link=William E. Schaufele Jr. |title=Eighteenth Century India |journal=Darshan |date=February 1983 |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XG8mJN-CgwoC&pg=RA2-PA55 |access-date=12 January 2020 |publisher=Consulate General of India |location=New York |issn=1044-8977}}</ref>
# ''Curtain Raisers'', Delhi, 1984
# ''Profiles & Letters'', Delhi, 1997
# ''The Magnificent Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala (1891–1938)'', Delhi, 1997
# ''Heart to Heart'', Delhi, 2003.
#Yours Sincerely, December 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 December 2009|title='Yours sincerely', Natwar Singh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/lsquoYours-sincerelyrsquo-Natwar-Singh/article16852393.ece|access-date=26 December 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226130553/https://www.thehindu.com/books/lsquoYours-sincerelyrsquo-Natwar-Singh/article16852393.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''Walking with Lions: Tales from a Diplomatic Past'', Released by Hamid Ansari, March 2013.
# ''One Life is Not Enough: An Autobiography'',<ref name="thehindu1"/> August 2014.
#Treasured Epistles, August 2018.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Treasured Epistles|publisher=Rupa Publications|year=2019|isbn=978-9353041564}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rajesh Pilot]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]] |years=1984 – 1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vishvendra Singh]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Maharani Divya Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]] |years=1998 – 1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vishvendra Singh]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yashwant Sinha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indian Foreign Minister|Minister for External Affairs of India]]|years=23 May 2004 – 7 November 2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Manmohan Singh]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-end}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Natwar}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Poland]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Ministers for external affairs of India]]
[[Category:Peking University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Scindia School alumni]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

Sargoshiyan

2026-03-02T10:07:59Z

Rajeev Menon: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sargoshiyan
| native_name =
| image = File:Sargoshiyan_movie_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vijay Verma Imran Khan
| producer = Imran Khan
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plain list |
* Imran Khan
* [[Farida Jalal]]
* [[Alok Nath]]
* [[Tom Alter]]
}}
| music = Aslam Surty
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Imran Khans Productions
| distributor = Dimension Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|05|26}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Sargoshiyan''''' (English: '''''Whispers''''') is a 2017 Indian [[drama film]] directed and produced by [[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]] under his banner Imran Khans Production. The film is completely shot in [[Kashmir]] and explores the never seen before breath taking places. The film was released on 26 May 2017 by Dimension Pictures. It received Mixed Reviews from Critics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sargoshiyan/movie-review/58843066.cms|title=Sargoshiyan Movie Review {2.5/5}: The saving grace in Sargoshiyan is its intent to explain Kashmiriyat; a term most people are unfamiliar with, given the cacophony around the region|website=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The story of the film is weaved around Kashmir and Kashmiri people's simplicity, pride and Kashmiriyat. It's a very simple and interesting theme, all about Kashmir where [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and the Kashmiri people are central to certain developments taking place in the movie. In the recent past, Kashmir has been portrayed in many films for the unrest in the region, however in this film there is no violence and the movie depicts the beauty and chastity of [[Kashmir]] and Kashmiris.
The movie portrays how even today Muslims and Pandit's stay in harmony in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. The film travels through many beautiful locations in Kashmir. It's a soul-searching journey for the characters where they meet different people undergoing their challenges in very difficult conditions and yet they are positive, hopeful and facing the harsh realities of life with a 'never say die' attitude.

== Cast ==
* [[Alok Nath]] as Pandit Raina
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Rahima
* Imran Khan as Imran Dar
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Vikram Roy
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Hamza Gujjar
* [[Aditi Bhatia]] as Payal
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1985)|Sara Khan]] as Sheena Oberoi
* [[Tom Alter]] as Alan Alter
* Hasan Zaidi as Aryan Raina
* Aparna Kumar as Ragini
* [[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Bank Manager
* Zameer Ashai as Historian Sarfaraz Sahab
* GM Wani as Ghulam Chacha
* Zahoor Zaidi as Nabeer, a houseboat owner

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053744/http://www.in.com/news/bollywood/imran-khan-finishes-shooting-last-schedule-of-his-upcoming-film-sargoshiyan-65946183-in-1.html ]
* http://www.thestatesman.com/television/tv-actor-imran-khan-wraps-up-sargoshiyan-1482318951.html
* [https://www.indiaglitz.com/imran-khan-directorial-debut-sargoshiyan-completes-shooting-hindi-news-174873.html ]
* http://www.fridaymoviez.com/news/imran-finishes-shooting-of-his-upcoming-film-sargoshiyan
* http://oyefilmy.in/filmy/imran-khan-finishes-shooting-last-schedule-of-his-upcoming-film-sargoshiyan/
* http://newsdog.today/a/article/585b69ff1290717292e78b1b/
* http://urbanasian.com/bollywood/2017/01/j-and-k-director-tourism-of-the-state-mr-mahmood-ahmad-shah-praises-imran-khan-for-his-film-sargoshiyan/
* http://mumbainewsnetwork.blogspot.in/2017/01/j-k-director-tourism-of-state-mr.html
* http://www.ucnews.in/news/101-3506352886761332/imran-finishes-shooting-of-his-upcoming-film-sargoshiyan.html

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6330202/ Sargoshiyan on IMDB]
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/tag/sargoshiyan/ Sargoshiyan on Bollywood Hungama]

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood|Comedy}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Navegaon National Park

2026-02-24T02:25:36Z

Rajeev Menon: corrected formatting per standard format and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Nawegaon Nagzira Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{cleanup rewrite|date=April 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Nawegaon Nagzira Tiger Reserve
| iucn_category = II
| image = Nagzira Tiger By Vijay Phulwadhawa.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = Maharashtra#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Gondia district, Maharashtra]], India
| nearest_city = [[Arjuni Morgaon]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20|56|N|80|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 1,894.94
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| established = 22 November 1975
}}

'''Navegaon National Park''' is a [[National park]] located in the [[Arjuni Morgaon]] subdivision of [[Gondia district]] in state of [[Maharashtra]], India. The Dr [[Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary]], Navegaon is home to almost 60% of the bird species found in entire Maharashtra. Every winter, flocks of migratory birds visit the lake. The national park has diverse type of vegetation ranging from dry mixed forest to moist forest. The forest type is 5 A/C3. Southern tropical dry deciduous forest.<ref name="MTDC">{{citation|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/safari/jungle-safari-at-navegaon-national-park.html|title= Navegaon National Park|publisher= Maharashtra Tourism|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name "Navegaon" comes from the word Nave + gaon (Nave means new in Marathi and Gaon means village). This area also known as Navegaon Bandh locally (bandh means dam in English) because of the presence of the water body. Mostly tribal people lives here and this area was under Gond Kings in the old days.

Strolling down the lanes of history, we can find traces of the existence of the Kohali Community as far back as 1300 A.D. and beyond. Even in that primitive era, the Kohali community was recognized as geologists in a broader sense, as geophysics may have been in its infancy in our land. This community had developed skills, by inheritance, in excavation and stone- construction work. Archives shows, that the grandiose temples at Jagannath-puri and Bhubneshwar, the picturesque lakes of Kashmir and Rajasthan, were constructed by the Kohali community. This can be corroborated from documented reports in the Book, " Aaj Bhi Khare Hain Talav " a Gandhi Pratisthan Publication, New Delhi.

This tribe headed by the brave explorer Nathan Lewis, in search of a vacation, migrated to Central India, concentrating in areas known today as Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Bhandara and Gondia Districts, where their population density is pretty high. But as William Blake the poet says that the wheels of fortune must turn, so fortune had in store, something surprising for this industrious community would change the course of their destiny.

Rani Durgawati, after her marriage to king Dalpatshah the powerful Gond Kings, plunged into the affairs of the state. The welfare of her subjects, become her paramount concern. Agriculture was the source of livelihood, and agriculture depends on whims of Lord Indra and his supply of water. To supplement resources, reservoirs, lakes (known as tank or talavas in local dialect) were essential.

This far-sighted consort of king Dalpatshah, chose these hardy sons of the soil, the Kohalis, to take up this venture. So, in the year 1300 A.D., the great exodus of the Kohalis began in right earnest. They were awarded large farming tracts as incentives, for constructing tanks, canals and waste weirs for storage and supply of water. They were also conferred with the title of 'PATEL' or PATIL'. As the zamindari and malguzari system was not in vogue, these Patels/Patils were entrusted with the job of collecting agricultural cess. Agricultural development being the main item on the agenda of the queen, two brothers viz. Kolhu and Chimna Patil of the Kohali community, were delegated with the task of constructing a lake (at Navegaon) in the year 1300.

From here begins the saga of Madhaorao Patil's ancestors Kolhu & Chimna, scions of Bija Patil Dongarwar. This diligent brother-duo, first made alternate arrangements to resettle the displaced inhabitants of 12 villages, that were going to be affected by the construction of lake and that is today's Navegaon village. Hundreds of labourers were employed in construction of the lake and dam-wall. Mode of payment to labourers was in the form of conches and [[Mollusca|mollusc]] shells. Herds of cattle were pressed into service, to trample the freshy excavated and water-sprinkled soil dumped for the dam-wall, to provide solidity. Water stored in the reservoir, would be provided free of cost to all farmers.

After completing the dam, to express their gratitude to God, a fish of the ‘Wadis’ species was caught and adored with 30 Tolas of Gold ornaments and again released in the tank. This fish was reported to be sighted for several years, resplendent in all its ornaments. While constructing the dam, a temple of God Hanuman was simultaneously constructed. Here, the lookers on the construction site, first paid obeisance daily, before commencing the work. For accumulation of water, a 200-yard sloping waste weir was built which also facilitate Eel fish from the back-waters of the sea to enter the lake by rivulets for spawning. The Govt took over the management of this dam in 1951. They dismantled this waste-weir and reconstructed another waste-weir in the form of water-fall.

Kolhu and Chimna Patil had 7 sisters, and in their love for them, constructed a tank bund and named it as “Sat-Bahini” or dam of seven sisters. Kolhu Patil was childless and to keep alive his memory and as a tribute, the hillock within the dam was named as “Kolhasur” or Kolhu Patil lake.

Eleventh line generation of Chimna Patil viz. Madhaorao Patil, has son Shrinarayan Patil and grandson Bhimsen Patil are today residing at village Dhabe-Paoni which is 10 km from Navegaon Bandh in Moregaon Arjuni Takuka of Gondia district and easily accessible to vouch for the authenticity and veracity of this write up.
The island in the middle of the lake is known as "Maldonger" and was used by the villagers as a refuge from the marauding 'Pindaris' (A tribe of professional robbers).<ref name="Navegaon Etymology">
{{citation|url=http://navegaonnationalpark.com/pages/Nawegaon.html|title=Navegaon National Park|publisher=Navegaon Etymology|access-date=17 December 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127011656/http://navegaonnationalpark.com/pages/Nawegaon.html|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>

==Significance==
It was established 22 November 1975 and is located in the eastern part of Maharashtra state and covers an area of 133.78 km2. It has great importance from nature conservation point of view. It is indeed nature priceless assets and beckons one and all to enjoy its picturesque landscape, its pure and fresh air. It has got immense potentials from biodiversity conservation point of view. One can also join the jungle safari and stroll through the beautiful forest, crossing paths with leopards, sloth bears, gaurs, sambars, chitals and langurs. Staying in the unique tree-top house, riding a power or sail boat on the lake, are thrilling pastimes. Nearly 50,000 tourists visits this tourist complex annually. Places of interest around the national park are Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary (60 km), Itiadoh Dam (20 km), Tibetan Camp at Gothangaon (15 km) and Pratapgad (15 km).

=== Ecological or environmental values ===
It is an important conservation unit in Central India in general and Vidarbha in particular. It acts a “Green-lung” for the adjoining human settlements and helps in maintaining the environmental balance.

===Zoological values===
Though Navegaon is better known as a bird sanctuary, a number of wild animals could also be sighted. The vertebrate fauna includes, besides a number of fishes, 209 species of birds, 9 species of reptiles and 26 species of mammals which includes Tiger, Panther, Jungle cat, Small India Civet, Palm Civet, Wolf, Jackals, Bisons, Sambars, Nilgais, Chitals, Wild boars, Sloth Bears, and Nathan Lewis in this national park.

===Botanical values===
One of the unique features of this sanctuary is the existence of diverse vegetation type ranging from dry mixed forests to moist forests. Its forests belong to the category of “Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests” – 5A/C3 as per the revised classification of the forests by Champion and Seth. This sanctuary serves as a living repository of various economical, medicinal, aromatic, ornamental plant species. It includes, Teak, Haldu, Jamun, Kawat, Mahua, Ain, Bhel and Bhor.

===Geological values===
This sanctuary exhibits an amazing diversity of terrain and the altitude ranges from nearly 30 meters to about 702 meters above the mean sea level, which is the highest point of the sanctuary. The typical geological formations are Sakoli Series having number of formations made of phyllites, slates, chlorites etc. and Saucer Series. The rocks of the two groups appear to show difference in chemical composition of lime bearing rocks. The mineralogical difference is that the rocks of Saucer group commonly contain Felspar and Biolite but no chlorite whereas those of Sakoli group contain invariably chlorite, rarely Biolite and no Felspar. All this is coupled with a diversity of terrain having steep ridges, narrow valleys and deep gorges with varying altitude.

===Threats===
Human-wildlife conflict is common, with killing of domestic livestock by tigers and leopards as a frequent phenomenon in the areas neighboring villages. This has an adverse impact on the economic condition of the local people and results in antagonism towards the management. In many years there have been up to 3 people and 30-50 cattle heads killed by tigers and leopards.

==Bio-geographic zonation==
As per the Biogeography classification adopted by [[Wildlife Institute of India]], Duration, this sanctuary is classified as follows.

:i) Bio-geographic Kingdom – Paleotropical
:ii) Sub Kingdom – Indomalaysian
:iii) Bio-geographic Zone – 6 – Deccan Peninsula
:iv) Biotic Province – 6 B – Central Deccan.

This Bio-geographic zone is one of the least protected bio-geographic zones in India, rich in floral and faunal diversities. Hence it needs high degree of Protection.

==Location==
*State: Maharashtra
*District: Gondia
*Tahsil: Situated in Arjuni Tahsil of Gondia District.
Circle: Geographically the area of this national park comes under the Nagpur Circle of the State Forest Department.
*The administration and management of this sanctuary comes under the control of the Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife), Nagpur.
*Division: The administration and management of this sanctuary comes directly under Conservator of
*Forests (Wildlife), Gondia.

'''Nearby'''
*[[Nagzira]] Wildlife Sanctuary (60 km), Itiadoh Dam (20 km), Tibetan Camp at Gothangaon (15 km) and Pratapgad (15 km

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

Rajsitapur

2026-02-19T19:40:47Z

Rajeev Menon: fixed citations to improve readability and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=wikify|date=March 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2016}}}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Rajsitapur
|native_name = રાજસીતાપુર
|native_name_lang = gu
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline = Rajsitapur lake and Ambaji Temple, Surendranagar, Gujarat, India.jpg
|image_caption = Rajsitapur lake and Ambaji Temple
|etymology =
|nickname =
|motto =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.8678|N|71.5848|E|display=inline,title}}
|coor_pinpoint =
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type1 = Country
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type2 = State
|subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]]
|subdivision_type3 = District
|subdivision_name3 = [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|unit_pref = Metric


|area_footnotes =
|area_urban_footnotes = 
|area_rural_footnotes = 
|area_metro_footnotes = 
|area_note =
|area_water_percent =
|area_rank =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank2_title =

|area_total_ha = 3026.17
|area_land_ha =
|area_water_ha =
|area_rural_ha =
|area_metro_ha =
|length_km =
|width_km =
|dimensions_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 54
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 3701
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 363320
|area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD Code]]
|area_code = 02754
|iso_code =
|website = 
|module =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Rajsitapur''' is a Village in [[Dhrangadhra]] Block in the Surendranagar district of [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]], {{Convert|18|km|mi}} north of the Surendranagar district headquarters.
[[Sanjay Gadhvi]], the director of [[Dhoom]], came from the village.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

== Demographics ==
The census of 2011 found 771 families residing in the Rajsitapur Village, with 3701 people. 1936 are males while 1765 are females. The predominant religion is Hindu.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

== Government ==
Rajsitapur village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is the elected representative of village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajsitapur Village Population - Dhrangadhra - Surendranagar, Gujarat |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/512068-rajsitapur-gujarat.html |accessdate=6 March 2019 |website=Census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Surendranagar district]]

Stree (soundtrack)

2026-01-29T02:27:35Z

Rajeev Menon: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Stree
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover = Stree (soundtrack).png
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| alt =
| released = 17 August 2018
| recorded = 2018
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:28
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| chronology = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| prev_title = [[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Arjun Patiala]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|-eBlyGU3JbE|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

'''''Stree''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2018 [[Comedy horror|comedy horror film]] of the [[Stree (2018 film)|same name]] directed by debutant [[Amar Kaushik]] and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]] and [[Raj & DK]], starring [[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]], alongside [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]] and [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]. The film's soundtrack featured five songs composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]] and lyrics written by [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Jigar Saraiya]]. The soundtrack was released under the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label on 17 August 2018.

== Development ==
Sachin–Jigar composed the film's soundtrack, after his previous associations with Vijan and Raj & DK helped them to be involved in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sachin-Jigar on composing for Bollywood: Trust and challenges bring out the best in us |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/sachin-jigar-on-composing-for-bollywood-trust-and-challenges-bring-out-the-best-in-us/story-naStgR92clahBdFrkeUygP.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173954/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/sachin-jigar-on-composing-for-bollywood-trust-and-challenges-bring-out-the-best-in-us/story-naStgR92clahBdFrkeUygP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Being the sole composer of the film, the duo contributed nearly five songs which consisted of romantic, dance and peppy numbers, that blended traditional folk and modern instrumentation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-31 |title=6 Years of Stree: Revisiting Sachin-Jigar's hit songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/6-years-of-stree-revisiting-sachin-jigars-hit-songs/articleshow/112949111.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901183541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/6-years-of-stree-revisiting-sachin-jigars-hit-songs/articleshow/112949111.cms |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=2018-08-27 |title=Sachin-Jigar interview: 'Which producer is ready to trust just one composer today?' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/891548/sachin-jigar-interview-which-producer-is-ready-to-trust-just-one-composer-today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214192618/https://scroll.in/reel/891548/sachin-jigar-interview-which-producer-is-ready-to-trust-just-one-composer-today |archive-date=2019-02-14 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> The lyrics are written by Vayu except for one song "Aao Kabhi Haveli Pe" which is written by [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and Jigar Saraiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Kapoor Will Be 'Remembered For Her Role' In Stree, Says The Producer |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shraddha-kapoor-will-be-remembered-for-her-role-in-stree-says-the-producer-1805045 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716152404/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shraddha-kapoor-will-be-remembered-for-her-role-in-stree-says-the-producer-1805045 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2018 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Ketan Sodha composed the film score, where he included an extract of the theme song from ''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' (1996), with an Indian instrumentation in a comedic way.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Chaya |date=11 July 2018 |title=After recreating 'Dilbar' song, Nora Fatehi to now sizzle in Stree |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-after-recreating-dilbar-song-nora-fatehi-to-now-sizzle-in-stree-2635599 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108140545/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-after-recreating-dilbar-song-nora-fatehi-to-now-sizzle-in-stree-2635599 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first single "Milegi Milegi" was released as a music video on 2 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-02 |title=Stree song Milegi Milegi: Rajkummar Rao's latka jhatkas steal the show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-song-milegi-milegi-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-5287865/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803115336/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-song-milegi-milegi-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-5287865/ |archive-date=2018-08-03 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The song is set in a royal courtroom sequence where Tripathi is seen as a king who orders for a performance in his durbar, and Shraddha being the main performer, who lures Rao with black magic to dance with her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-02 |title=Stree's first song 'Milegi Milegi' sees Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor dancing in Pankaj Tripathi's durbar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/strees-first-song-milegi-milegi-sees-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-dancing-in-pankaj-tripathis-durbar-4875351.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926100327/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/strees-first-song-milegi-milegi-sees-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-dancing-in-pankaj-tripathis-durbar-4875351.html |archive-date=2018-09-26 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-02 |title=Stree's Milegi Milegi: Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao's Song Is Perfect For Your Next Party |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/strees-milegi-milegi-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-raos-song-is-perfect-your-next-party-1893923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111002525/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/strees-milegi-milegi-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-raos-song-is-perfect-your-next-party-1893923 |archive-date=2023-01-11 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> According to Shaheen Irani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Rao's actions in the song reminded of [[Saif Ali Khan]] in the song "Pyaar Ka Pungi" from ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irani |first=Shaheen |date=2018-08-02 |title=Stree song Milegi Milegi is a subtle reminder of Saif Ali Khan's Pungi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020818/stree-song-milegi-milegi-is-a-subtle-reminder-of-saif-ali-khan-pungi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512212603/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020818/stree-song-milegi-milegi-is-a-subtle-reminder-of-saif-ali-khan-pungi.html |archive-date=2021-05-12 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Kamariya" was released on 9 August, with an accompanying music video featuring [[Nora Fatehi]] in an [[item number]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-09 |title=Stree song Kamariya: Nora Fatehi adds oomph to Rajkummar Rao-Shraddha Kapoor's horror comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-song-kamariya-nora-fatehi-rajkummar-rao-5298917/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816064640/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-song-kamariya-nora-fatehi-rajkummar-rao-5298917/ |archive-date=2018-08-16 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-09 |title=Stree's second song 'Kamariya' sees Rajkummar Rao matching steps with Nora Fatehi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/strees-second-song-kamariya-sees-rajkummar-rao-matching-steps-with-nora-fatehi-4927371.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020083730/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/strees-second-song-kamariya-sees-rajkummar-rao-matching-steps-with-nora-fatehi-4927371.html |archive-date=2018-10-20 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The second song "Nazar Naa Lag Jaaye" was released on 14 August, that depicted the relationship between Rao and Shraddha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-14 |title=Stree song 'Nazar Na Lag Jaaye' captures budding romance between Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/stree-song-nazar-na-lag-jaaye-captures-budding-romance-between-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-4975891.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004113739/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/stree-song-nazar-na-lag-jaaye-captures-budding-romance-between-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-4975891.html |archive-date=2018-10-04 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-14 |title=Nazar Na Lag Jaaye from Stree Brings Out Sentiments of First Love, Watch Video |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nazar-na-lag-jaaye-from-stree-brings-out-sentiments-of-first-love-watch-video-1846573.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817131558/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nazar-na-lag-jaaye-from-stree-brings-out-sentiments-of-first-love-watch-video-1846573.html |archive-date=2018-08-17 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The song "Aao Kabhi Haveli Pe" which featured [[Kriti Sanon]] in a special appearance was released on 18 August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-19 |title=Why Kriti Sanon agreed for Aao Kabhi Haveli Pe |url=https://zeenews.india.com/music/why-kriti-sanon-agreed-for-aao-kabhi-haveli-pe-2135470.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823115650/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/entertainment-news-today-ranbir-alia-wedding-speculation-stree-new-song |archive-date=2018-08-23 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

The soundtrack album comprising four tracks, was released on 17 August 2018 under the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2018 |title=Stree (Audio Juke Box) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/stree-song-audio-juke-box/videoshow/65501022.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716091500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/stree-song-audio-juke-box/videoshow/65501022.cms |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachin–Jigar |author-link=Sachin–Jigar |date=2018-08-17 |title=Stree (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/stree-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1433351550 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323175415/https://music.apple.com/us/album/stree-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1433351550 |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2024-09-02 |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |via=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> Additionally, an extra song titled "Dil Ka Darzi" was released by [[Maddock Films]]. This song, which was not part of the official jukebox, was included in the film's title credits and was intended for Rao's character, a ladies' tailor.<ref name=":0" /> Written by Vayu, it saw him perform vocals alongside [[Prakriti Kakar]], and was later reused in an introductory song in the sequel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Shraddha Kapoor and Rajkummar Rao starrer 'Stree' completes its 5 years listen to its hit songs |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/shraddha-kapoor-and-rajkummar-rao-starrer-stree-completes-its-5-years-listen-to-its-hit-songs/103258191 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Mirchi Plus USA |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716091501/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/shraddha-kapoor-and-rajkummar-rao-starrer-stree-completes-its-5-years-listen-to-its-hit-songs/103258191 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Vipin Nair of ''[[The Hindu]]'' rated the soundtrack two-and-a-half out of five stars, noting that it is entertaining but familiar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=30 August 2018 |title='Stree' soundtrack review: Been there, heard that |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/stree-soundtrack-review-been-there-heard-that/article24822802.ece |access-date=21 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129154435/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/stree-soundtrack-review-been-there-heard-that/article24822802.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Debarati S. Sen from ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated in her review that the album is likely to "appeal to the masses".<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. Sen |first=Debarati |date=24 August 2018 |title=Music review: Stree |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-stree/articleshow/65531800.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419162044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-stree/articleshow/65531800.cms |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=21 September 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Devansh Sharma of ''[[Firstpost]]'' summarized "The eccentric music and lyrics of Stree distract you well enough for you to miss out on a lone lurking figure, that waits for you to turn around as you sway to the inviting beats."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devansh |date=2018-08-27 |title=Stree music review: Sachin-Jigar's desi, quirky album has hints of horror and dollops of unadulterated fun |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-music-review-sachin-jigars-desi-quirky-album-has-hints-of-horror-and-dollops-of-unadulterated-fun-5036971.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802163040/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-music-review-sachin-jigars-desi-quirky-album-has-hints-of-horror-and-dollops-of-unadulterated-fun-5036971.html |archive-date=2020-08-02 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Anish Mohanty of ''Planet Bollywood'' wrote "''Stree'' is a very good album that is bound to get more popular with time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Anish |date=2018-08-26 |title=Stree Music Review |url=https://planetbollywood.com/wp/reviews/music/stree-music-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706075501/https://planetbollywood.com/wp/reviews/music/stree-music-review/ |archive-date=2019-07-06 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Planet Bollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> Swarup Chakravarthy of ''BollySpice'' wrote "With such a short album with punchy songs, the music doesn’t really get a chance to flourish."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarthy |first=Swarup |date=2018-08-29 |title=Stree Music Review |url=https://bollyspice.com/stree-music-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023045315/https://bollyspice.com/stree-music-review/ |archive-date=2020-10-23 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=BollySpice |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Stree (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Milegi Milegi
| lyrics1 = Vayu
| extra1 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| length1 = 2:33
| title2 = Kamariya
| lyrics2 = Vayu
| extra2 = [[Aastha Gill]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Sachin–Jigar
| length2 = 3:08
| title3 = Nazar Na Lag Jaaye
| lyrics3 = Vayu
| extra3 = [[Ash King]], Sachin–Jigar
| length3 = 3:26
| title4 = Aao Kabhi Haveli Pe
| lyrics4 = [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Jigar Saraiya
| extra4 = Badshah, [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Sachin–Jigar
| length4 = 2:53
| title5 = Dil Ka Darzi
| length5 = 2.28
| lyrics5 = Vayu
| extra5 = [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]] ,[[Neha Bhasin]]
| total_length = 14:28
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maddock Horror Comedy Universe]]
[[Category:2018 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Horror film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]

Kanyadana

2026-01-25T14:45:00Z

Rajeev Menon: adding new article

[[File:Kanyadaan1306.jpg|alt=Hindu Wedding Ritual|thumb|296x296px|Performance of the kanyadana]]{{Short description|Hindu wedding ritual}}
{{about||the 1965 film|Kanyadan (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

'''Kanyadana''' ({{Langx|sa|कन्यादान|translit=Kanyādāna}}) is a [[Hindu wedding]] [[ritual]].<ref name=Enslin>Enslin, Elizabeth. "Imagined Sisters: The Ambiguities of Women’s Poetics and Collective Actions". Selves in Time and Place: Identities, Experience, and History in Nepal. Ed. Debra Skinner, Alfred Pach III, and Dorothy Holland. Lanham; Boulder; New York; Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1998 (269-299).</ref> Inscriptional evidence of this tradition can be found on 15th century stones found in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in South India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mahalingam|first=T.V|title=Administration and Social Life under Vijayanagar|year=1940|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103527|publisher=University of Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103527/page/n283 255]-256}}</ref> There are different interpretations regarding kanyadana across [[South Asia]].

The kanyadana [[ritual]] occurs before the [[sindoor]] ritual (sinduradana).

{{Hinduism}}

== Etymology ==
Kanyadana is made of the [[Sanskrit]] words ''kanyā'' (maiden) and ''dāna'' (giving away), referring to the tradition of a father giving his daughter in marriage to a groom, symbolizing the transfer of responsibility and care from one family to another.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFsPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |title=Religions of the East |date=2017-05-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-90476-6 |pages=213 |language=en}}</ref>

According to Sanjeev Newar, as a forensic truth, Kanyadana has 2 different meanings. The 1st means - father asserts that he no longer holds rights over daughter (that every parent in even modern society holds over minor children) and is offering her for a higher cause of society as she has grown up and is ready for the next phase of her life. While the 2nd means - father asserts that he will offer whatever is necessary to his daughter to make her journey into a new phase of life comfortable and meaningful. Newar had addressed this due to some people misinterpreting the tradition, adding that others have spread propagandas against it.<REF>{{Cite web |url=https://x.com/SanjeevSanskrit/status/1951654872962527622|title=Kanyadana - The Essence |date=2025-08-02 |access-date=2025-08-04}}</REF>

==Kanyadana songs==
The wedding ritual may be accompanied by a variety of kanyadana songs. These songs may include the parents lamenting the loss of their daughter. Other songs focus on the groom, sometimes comparing him to [[Rama]], portrayed in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' as the "ideal groom".<ref name = Henry>Henry, Edward O. "Folk Song Genres and Their Melodies in India: Music Use and Genre Process". Asian Music (Spring-Summer 2000). JSTOR. 20 February 2008.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hindu wedding|Vivaha]]
*[[Marriage in Hinduism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Gutschow, Niels; Michaels, Axel; Bau, Christian (2008). ''The Girl's Hindu Marriage to the Bel Fruit: Ihi'' and ''The Girl's Buddhist Marriage to the Bel Fruit: Ihi'' in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DK-eoCXM_WsC Growing up - Hindu and Buddhist Initiation Ritual among Newar Children in Bhaktapur, Nepal]''. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Germany. {{ISBN|3-447-05752-1}}. pp. 93–173.

{{Indian wedding}}
{{Bengali wedding}}

[[Category:Hindu wedding rituals]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanyadana}}

New Delhi – Varanasi Vande Bharat Express

2026-01-22T05:59:55Z

Rajeev Menon: Put up a stub - done

{{Distinguish|text=[[Varanasi–New Delhi Vande Bharat Express]], India's 35th semi high-speed Vande Bharat Express train}}{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = New Delhi – Varanasi Junction Vande Bharat Express
| color = FF7220
| image = 22436 - New Delhi–Varanasi Junction - Vande Bharat Express - Kanpur Central Railway Station - Kanpur 20230722 100906.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2019|02|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]] (NR)
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} '''(NDLS)'''
| stops = 2
| end = {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} '''(BSB)'''
| distance = {{convert|759|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08 hrs
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Thursdays}}
| line_used = *[[Kanpur–Delhi section|Delhi–Kanpur section]]
*[[Mughalsarai–Kanpur section|Kanpur–DDU section (till Prayagraj Jn)]]
*[[Prayagraj–Varanasi line (via Gyanpur Road)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack = No
| catering = Yes
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#First generation|Vande Bharat 1.0]] [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/upgraded-vande-bharat-2-0-starts-plying-between-delhi-and-varanasi-101679424695537-amp.html|title=Upgraded Vande Bharat 2.0 starts playing between Delhi and Varanasi|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=22 March 2023}}</ref> ''(Last service: September 15 2024)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0]] ''(First service: September 16 2024)''
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22436 / 22435
| trainlength = {{convert|480|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]]
| speed = {{cvt|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| maintenance = [[Northern Railway zone|New Delhi (Shakur Basti DEMU Care Center)]]
| map = {{New Delhi-Varanasi VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''The 22435 / 22436 New Delhi – Varanasi Jn Vande Bharat Express''' is India's 1st [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high speed]], [[electric multiple unit]] train, connecting the states of [[New Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]], [[Kanpur railway station|Kanpur Central]], [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagaraj Jn]], and [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 22436/22435 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=K. |title=22436/New Delhi - Varanasi Vande Bharat Express - New Delhi to Varanasi NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-varanasi-vande-bharat-express-22436/95304/664/334 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=K. |title=22435/Varanasi - New Delhi Vande Bharat Express - Varanasi to New Delhi NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-varanasi-new-delhi-vande-bharat-express-22435/95306/334/664 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Narendra |date=15 February 2019 |title=PM Modi flags off engine-less Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/pm-modi-flags-off-engine-less-vande-bharat-express/ |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
Initially the [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#First generation|1st generation Vande Bharat trainset]] were used, later they were replaced by the [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd generation Vande Bharat trainset]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Upgraded Vande Bharat 2.0 starts plying between Delhi and Varanasi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/upgraded-vande-bharat-2-0-starts-plying-between-delhi-and-varanasi-101679424695537.html |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
On September 16th 2024 it was given the new [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Third generation|3rd generation Vande Bharat trainset]] having 20 coaches.<ref>{{Cite web
|date=16 September 2024
|title=PM Narendra Modi to flag off 6 new Vande Bharat trains today 20 coach Varanasi-Delhi train included
|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/indian-railways/news-6-new-vande-bharat-trains-to-be-flagged-off-by-pm-narendra-modi-september-16-timings-routes-nagpur-secunderabad-kohlapur-pune-agra-cantt-varanasi-delhi-durg-vizag-pune-hubli-315312/amp&ved=2ahUKEwiA_PmUx8mIAxWKcvUHHbL0JU0QyM8BKAB6BAgKEAI&usg=AOvVaw2ToJ_MNFAfCm9UE8tciwg
|website=Zee business
|language=en}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 22435/22436 Varanasi Jn - New Delhi Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Thursdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|759|km}} in a travel time of 8 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|95|km/h}}. The service has 2 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Varanasi - New Delhi Vande Bharat Express (22435) <ref name="railradar-22435">{{cite web |url=https://railradar.in/train-status/22435 |title=(22435) Varanasi - New Delhi Vande Bharat Express Live Running Status |website=RailRadar |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Station
! scope="col" | Station Code
! scope="col" | Arrival
! scope="col" | Departure
! scope="col" | Halt (min)
! scope="col" | Distance (km)
! scope="col" | Day
|-
| Varanasi Jn
| BSB
| {{n/a}}
| 15:00
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| 1
|-
| Prayagraj Jn
| PRYJ
| 16:30
| 16:32
| 2
| 124.2
| 1
|-
| Kanpur Ctrl
| CNB
| 18:30
| 18:32
| 2
| 318.7
| 1
|-
| New Delhi
| NDLS
| 23:00
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| 759.0
| 1
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ New Delhi - Varanasi Vande Bharat Express (22436) <ref name="railradar-22436">{{cite web |url=https://railradar.in/train-status/22436 |title=(22436) New Delhi - Varanasi Vande Bharat Express Live Running Status |website=RailRadar |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Station
! scope="col" | Station Code
! scope="col" | Arrival
! scope="col" | Departure
! scope="col" | Halt (min)
! scope="col" | Distance (km)
! scope="col" | Day
|-
| New Delhi
| NDLS
| {{n/a}}
| 06:00
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| 1
|-
| Kanpur Ctrl
| CNB
| 10:08
| 10:10
| 2
| 440.2
| 1
|-
| Prayagraj Jn
| PRYJ
| 12:08
| 12:10
| 2
| 634.7
| 1
|-
| Varanasi Jn
| BSB
| 14:00
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| 759.0
| 1
|}

== Incidents ==
A day after the train's launch, it hit a cow when returning from Varanasi. This incident took place at Barhan, 15 km from Tundla in Uttar Pradesh. It was reported as a case of skidding wheels after the train ran over a cattle.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhargava |first1=Yuthika |title=Vande Bharat Express breaks down on return journey to Delhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vande-bharat-express-breaks-down-on-return-journey-from-varanasi/article26288331.ece |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 February 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Varanasi–New Delhi Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[New Delhi railway station]]
* [[Varanasi Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Delhi-Varanasi Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India| ]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]

Suryanagri Express

2026-01-05T10:57:09Z

Rajeev Menon: started

{{Short description| Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Suryanagri Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] & [[Rajasthan]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1998|08|16}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jodhpur}} (JU)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Bandra Terminus}} (BDTS)
| distance = {{convert|937|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12479 / 12480
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Suryanagri Express (Bandra - Jodhpur) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12479 / 12480 '''Suryanagri Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train running between the Indian cities of [[Jodhpur]] and [[Bandra Terminus|Bandra Terminus, Mumbai]]. It initially plied between Jodhpur and [[Ahmedabad]] as the 4845/46 Suryanagri Express. In the 2002/03 railway budget its operation was extended to Bandra Terminus, Mumbai for four days a week. Later it became a daily train between Jodhpur and Bandra Terminus and was renumbered to 12479/12480.

It operates as train number 12479 from Jodhpur to Bandra Terminus and as train number 12480 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-suryanagari-sf-express-12479/1591/126/303| title=12479/Jodhpur - Bandra Terminus Suryanagari Superfast Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-suryanagari-sf-express-12480/1592/303/126| title=12480/Bandra Terminus - Jodhpur Suryanagari Superfast Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==History==

In Metre Gauge era, there was a Suryanagri Express running between {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} via {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} which used to share rake with the MG [[Mandore Express]]. It was stopped in 1997 during Broad Gauge line construction. Later was re-introduced in 1998 as 4845/4846 Suryanagri Express. Timings in Metre Gauge era was:- for 483-MG {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}} 15.25 pm; {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} 03.25 am arrival & 04.05 am departure; {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} 11.55 am & for 484-MG {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} 15.15 pm; {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} 23.05 pm arrival & 23.45 pm departure; {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}} 11.45 am; 483-MG/484-MG used to cover {{convert|753.5|km|0|abbr=on}} in 20 hrs 30 mins time running at {{convert|36.75|km/h|0|abbr=on}} speed with reversal at {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}. Timings as 4845/4846 was:- for 4845 {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} 21.05 pm; {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}} 05.50 am & for 4846 {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}} 19.45 pm; {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} 04.30 am. 4845/4846 used to cover {{convert|456|km|0|abbr=on}} in 08 hrs 45 mins time running at {{convert|52.12|km/h|0|abbr=on}} speed.

==Coaches==

The train has standard [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with a max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]]
* 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC II Tier]]
* 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC III Tier Economy]]
* 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC III Tier]]
* 5 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper coaches]]
* 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
* 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|EoG cum Luggage Rake]]

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

12479 Jodhpur–Bandra Terminus Suryanagri Express covers a distance of {{convert|937|km|0|abbr=on}} in 16 hours 45 mins at {{convert|55.94|km/h|0|abbr=on}} and in 16 hours 45 mins as the 12480 Bandra Terminus–Jodhpur Suryanagri Express at {{convert|55.94|km/h|0|abbr=on}}

As the average speed of the train is more than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, the fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Route and halts==

The 12479/12480 Suryanagri Express runs from Jodhpur Junction via {{stnlnk|Luni Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Rani}}, {{stnlnk|Falna}}, {{stnlnk|Jawai Bandh}}, {{stnlnk|Pindwara}}, {{stnlnk|Abu Road}}, {{stnlnk|Palanpur}}, {{stnlnk|Mahesana}}, {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}},
{{stnlnk|Vapi}},
{{stnlnk|Borivali}} to Bandra Terminus.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 22481/22482 [[Jodhpur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express]].

==Traction==

The entire route is now fully electrified, the train is hauled by a [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotives from the [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] from end to end.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Jodhpur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suryanagri Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1998]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

AV Prafullachandra

2026-01-01T16:47:23Z

Rajeev Menon:

{{Short description|Indian music composer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = AV Prafullachandra
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = {{hlist|Music director|music producer|singer|lyricist}}
| years_active = 2014–present
}}

'''AV Prafullachandra''' is an Indian music composer who primarily works in [[Marathi Films|Marathi films]]. He began his career with [[Photocopy (film)|''Photocopy'']] (2016) and composed the music for popular films like ''[[Dhurala]]'' (2020), ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'' (2021), ''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]'' (2023), ''[[Naal 2]]'' (2023), ''[[Jarann]]'' (2025), ''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]'' (2025).

== Discography (music director) ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2016
|''[[Photocopy (film)|Photocopy]]''
|Lyrics of "Pipaani" and "Lagbag Sakharpudyachi", Playback singer for "Lagbag Sakharpudyachi"
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-15 |title=Neha Rajpal heard 1800 songs before choosing six for her movie 'Photocopy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Neha-Rajpal-heard-1800-songs-before-choosing-six-for-her-movie-Photocopy/articleshow/48958450.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227114934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Neha-Rajpal-heard-1800-songs-before-choosing-six-for-her-movie-Photocopy/articleshow/48958450.cms |archive-date=2023-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Zala Bobhata]]''
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
|Composed "Jau De Na Va" song
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-05-01 |title=A composer to look out for |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-composer-to-look-out-for/article27004345.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226143449/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-composer-to-look-out-for/article27004345.ece |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2023-12-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Kaagar]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''[[Dhurala]]''
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 6th edition of Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-6th-edition-of-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52905.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027013959/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-6th-edition-of-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52905.html |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52948.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027011517/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52948.html |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kesari (2020 film)|Kesari]]''
|
|
|-
|''Make Up''
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makeup {{!}} Song- Julali Gaath Ga (Audio) {{!}} Marathi Video Songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/makeup-song-julali-gaath-ga-audio/videoshow/79243633.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226150707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/makeup-song-julali-gaath-ga-audio/videoshow/79243633.cms |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Jhoom''
|TV mini series
|
|-
|''Karkhanisanchi Waari: Ashes on a road trip''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
|
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Pune: 'Between Two Dawns' and 'Potra' win big at PIFF |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-between-two-dawns-and-potra-win-big-at-piff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226143450/https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-between-two-dawns-and-potra-win-big-at-piff/ |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Bebhaan''
|Composed "Bebhan Zalo Mi" song
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebhaan {{!}} Song - Bebhan Zalo Aasa {{!}} Marathi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/bebhaan-song-bebhan-zalo-aasa/videoshow/95119243.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226143449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/bebhaan-song-bebhan-zalo-aasa/videoshow/95119243.cms |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title='Before release, I used to discreetly carry Sairat's songs like bombs': Nagraj Manjule launches music of 'Ghar Banduk Biryani' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/before-release-discreetly-carry-sairats-songs-like-bombs-nagraj-manjule-launches-music-ghar-banduk-biryani-8472732/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219150139/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/before-release-discreetly-carry-sairats-songs-like-bombs-nagraj-manjule-launches-music-ghar-banduk-biryani-8472732/ |archive-date=2023-12-19 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naal 2]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-31 |title=Makers Of Naal 2 Drop New Song Darav Darav Showcasing Brother-Sister Bond |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/makers-of-naal-2-drop-new-song-darav-darav-showcasing-brother-sister-bond-8641929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226143449/https://www.news18.com/movies/makers-of-naal-2-drop-new-song-darav-darav-showcasing-brother-sister-bond-8641929.html |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Jarann]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2014-2016
|''[[Jai Malhar]]''
|Only 1 song "Banubaya"
|
|-
|2014
|''Zee Marathi Title Song''
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Ratris Khel Chale]]''
|Background score
|
|-
|2016–2019
|''[[Tujhyat Jeev Rangala]]''
|
|
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Lagira Zala Ji]]''
|Theme music composer
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Mrs. Mukhyamantri]]''
|
|
|-
|2022
|''Crash Course''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crash Course actor Pranay Singh Pachauri reacts to Kareena Kapoor Khan's statement on OTT actors |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/crash-course-actor-pranay-singh-pachauri-reacts-to-kareena-kapoor-khans-statement-on-ott-actors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226143449/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/crash-course-actor-pranay-singh-pachauri-reacts-to-kareena-kapoor-khans-statement-on-ott-actors |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2022
|''[[RaanBaazaar]]''
|Lyricist
|
|}

=== Music video ===
Chandu Shikari<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandu Shikari: Funniest music video with hidden social messages |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/chandu-shikari-funniest-music-video-with-hidden-social-messages-417694/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226143449/https://www.india.com/entertainment/chandu-shikari-funniest-music-video-with-hidden-social-messages-417694/ |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
|[[4th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2017]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Marathi|Best Music Director]]
|''[[Zala Bobhata]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-Filmfare-Awards-Nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509044906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-Filmfare-Awards-Nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms |archive-date=2023-05-09 |access-date=2023-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[6th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2021]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Marathi|Best Background Score]]
|''[[Dhurala]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Marathi|Best Music Director]]
|''[[Dhurala]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Karkhanisanchi Waari: Ashes on a road trip''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2021/nominations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927161258/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2021/nominations |archive-date=2023-09-27 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2024]]
|''[[Naal 2]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{IMDb event|0015582|Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024|year=2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2022]]
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Marathi|Best Background Score]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. Full Winners List |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-prasad-oak-sayali-sanjeev-bag-top-honours-godavari-named-best-film-full-winners-list-article-99131271 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428221825/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-prasad-oak-sayali-sanjeev-bag-top-honours-godavari-named-best-film-full-winners-list-article-99131271 |archive-date=2023-04-28 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|[[Pune International Film Festival]]
|Best Music Special Jury Prize
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[Pravah Picture|Pravah Picture Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Background Score
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Star Pravah Awards Ceremony |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/pravah-picture-awards-2022-this-marathi-film-achieved-seven-awards-au163-804490.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923202843/https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/pravah-picture-awards-2022-this-marathi-film-achieved-seven-awards-au163-804490.html |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023: 'Zee Chitra Gaurav' 2023 award.. Nomination list announced.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-nomination-list-announced-nsa95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009195823/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-nomination-list-announced-nsa95 |archive-date=2023-10-09 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=7796873}}
* {{Twitter|id=avpraful}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prafullachandra, AV}}
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group D

2025-12-21T19:40:01Z

Rajeev Menon: expand page also and fixed typos

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group D
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 8
| todate = 18 November 2019
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| runner up =
| participants = 8
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2018–19
| previous_tournament = 2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
{{2019–20 Indian domestic cricket season}}
The '''2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy''' was the eleventh season of the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], a [[Twenty20 cricket]] tournament in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27100900/ranji-trophy-set-finish-march-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-gets-pre-ipl-auction-window |title=Ranji Trophy set to finish in March; Mushtaq Ali T20s gets pre-IPL auction window |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> It was contested by 38 teams, divided into five groups, with eight teams in Group D.<ref name="BCCI-pr">{{cite web |url=http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/5d1b1400c82f1-BCCI%20Domestic.pdf |title=BCCI Domestic Schedule 2019–20 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912164935/http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/5d1b1400c82f1-BCCI%20Domestic.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The group stage started on 8 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/neutral-curators-to-pick-wickets-in-ranji-trophy-2019-20-domestic-season-to-begin-in-august-with-duleep-trophy-874725 |title=Neutral curators to pick wickets in Ranji Trophy, 2019–20 domestic season to begin in August with Duleep Trophy |work=Cricket Country |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> The top two teams from Group D progressed to the [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy#Super League|Super League]] section of the competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/mushtaq-ali-trophy-to-be-held-ahead-of-ipl-auction-as-bcci-announces-domestic-schedule/articleshow/70058827.cms |title=Mushtaq Ali Trophy to be held ahead of IPL auction as BCCI announces domestic schedule |work=Times of India |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref>

On 7 November, after a selection controversy, [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] sacked two of their selectors and formed a "adhoc" selection panel made of three other selectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28028998/mumbai-sack-two-selectors-selection-controversy |title=Mumbai sack two selectors after selection controversy |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 November 2019 |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> [[Mizoram cricket team]]'s captain [[Abrar Kazi]] was arrested after allegedly fixing matches in the [[Karnataka Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/with-abrar-kazi-gone-who-will-captain-mizoram/articleshow/71966431.cms |title=With Abrar Kazi gone, who will captain Mizoram? |work=Times of India |date=8 November 2019 |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> Three rain-affected matches from the first day of the tournament were rescheduled to take place on 18 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shayan Acharya |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-six-washed-out-games-to-be-played-again/article29983062.ece |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy: Six washed out games rescheduled for November 18 |work=Sportstar (The Hindu) |date=15 November 2019|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref>

Following the conclusion of matches played on 17 November 2019, [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] had progressed to the Super League stage of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28100519/prithvi-shaw-bhuvneshwar-kumar-back-action-contrasting-styles |title=Prithvi Shaw, Bhuvneshwar Kumar back in action in contrasting styles |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group D}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = Match abandoned
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205720.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = No toss.
| rain = No play was possible due to rain.
| notes = The match was rescheduled to 18 November 2019.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 77 (19.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 26 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Siddhesh Lad]] 5/13 (4 overs)
| score2 = 78/0 (8.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jay Bista]] 54[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets2 =
| result = Mumbai won by 10 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205721.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and Sai Darshan Kumar
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Uday Kumar Abhay]], [[Sumit Lama]] (Mizoram) and [[Kruthik Hanagavadi]] (Mumbai) all made their T20 debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 3/0 (0.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shreevats Goswami]] 1[[not out|*]] (1)
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205729.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain during Bengal's innings prevented any further play.
| notes = The match was rescheduled to 18 November 2019.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score1 = 3/0 (0.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ashutosh Sharma (cricketer)|Ashutosh Sharma]] 2[[not out|*]] (3)
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205728.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and Sai Darshan Kumar
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain during Pondicherry's innings prevented any further play.
| notes = The match was rescheduled to 18 November 2019.
}}

===Round 2===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| score1 = 101/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pallavkumar Das]] 33 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Saransh Jain]] 3/13 (4 overs)
| score2 = 102/5 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Parth Sahani]] 27 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Abhilash Gogoi]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205738.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Abhilash Gogoi]] (Assam) and [[Gaurav Yadav (cricketer)|Gaurav Yadav]] (Madhya Pradesh) both made their T20 debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 126/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Arun Karthik]] 73 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Amiangshu Sen]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 107/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 51 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| result = Pondicherry won by 19 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205739.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Sai Darshan Kumar and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Subramanian Anand]], [[Ashith Rajiv]] (Pondicherry), [[Mark Ingty]], [[Kilco Marak]] and [[Bijon Dey]] (Meghalaya) all made their T20 debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| score1 = 79/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[K. B. Pawan]] 35[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets1 = [[Akash Deep]] 2/9 (4 overs)
| score2 = 82/1 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]] 52 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Uday Kumar Abhay]] 1/5 (1 over)
| result = Bengal won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205746.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Agniv Pan]] (Bengal) made his T20 debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 153/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 33 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Tushar Deshpande]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 154/2 (15.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 81[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Arun Chaprana]] 1/31 (3.4 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205747.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 3===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 155/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Subramanian Anand]] 42 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Sumit Lama]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 124/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 76[[not out|*]] (61)
| wickets2 = [[Ashith Rajiv]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| result = Pondicherry won by 31 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205757.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Nitin Pandit]]
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Reuben Lalhruaizela]] and [[Henry Lalsangzuala]] (Mizoram) both made their T20 debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 207/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]] 61 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Abhay Negi]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 153/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 45[[not out|*]] (28)
| wickets2 = [[Ishan Porel]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| result = Bengal won by 54 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205756.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 158/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 58 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 2/23 (3 overs)
| score2 = 159/7 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harshal Patel]] 62 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Pritam Das]] 2/25 (3.4 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205765.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Nitin Pandit]]
| motm =
| toss = Haryana won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 159/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Parth Sahani]] 47 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Shams Mulani]] 1/17 (3 overs)
| score2 = 165/1 (15.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aditya Tare]] 74[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Sen]] 1/29 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205764.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Atif Attarwala]] (Mumbai) made his T20 debut.
}}

===Round 4===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 213/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rishabh Chouhan]] 63 (33)
| wickets1 = [[G Lalbiakvela]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 127/2 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 81 (67)
| wickets2 = [[Ankit Sharma (cricketer)|Ankit Sharma]] 1/21 (4 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 86 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205775.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Sai Darshan Kumar and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 108/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sibsankar Roy]] 50 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Raj Biswa]] 2/14 (4 overs) [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 2/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 110/6 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 42 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Swarupam Purkayastha]] 3/17 (2.5 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205774.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Nitin Pandit]]
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Roshan Alam]] (Assam) made his T20 debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 122/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shreevats Goswami]] 30 (17)
| wickets1 = [[Ashish Hooda]] 2/19 (3 overs)
| score2 = 126/5 (17.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harshal Patel]] 35 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205782.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Sai Darshan Kumar and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score1 = 171/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 57 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Sagar Trivedi]] 4/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 144/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Paras Dogra]] 45 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Shams Mulani]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 27 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205783.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Nitin Pandit]]
| motm =
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 5===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 114 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Subramanian Anand]] 22 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 3/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 115/4 (15.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Guntashveer Singh]] 37 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Fabid Ahmed]] 2/8 (2 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205793.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Nitin Pandit]]
| motm =
| toss = Haryana won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 153/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]] 56 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Shubham Ranjane]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 154/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jay Bista]] 48 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Arnab Nandi]] 2/9 (2 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205792.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 66 (17.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 25 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Abu Nechim]] 3/3 (3.1 overs)
| score2 = 70/1 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pallavkumar Das]] 37 (14)
| wickets2 = [[Sumit Lama]] 1/11 (1 over)
| result = Assam won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205800.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Nitin Pandit]]
| motm =
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Lalfakzuala Renthlei]] (Mizoram) made his T20 debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 244/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 68 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Amiangshu Sen]] 1/16 (2 overs)
| score2 = 159/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 44 (19)
| wickets2 = [[Saransh Jain]] 3/43 (4 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 85 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205801.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 6===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| score1 = 112 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 43 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Akash Deep]] 3/13 (4 overs)
| score2 = 114/4 (14.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreevats Goswami]] 65[[not out|*]] (40)
| wickets2 = [[Ishwar Pandey]] 2/20 (3 overs)
| result = Bengal won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205811.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 95/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KB Pawan]] 32 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 1/13 (2 overs)
| score2 = 97/3 (9.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chaitanya Bishnoi]] 42[[not out|*]] (27)
| wickets2 = [[Lalhruaizela]] 3/26 (3 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205810.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Sai Darshan Kumar and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Haryana won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ravi Balhara]] (Haryana) made his T20 debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score1 = 102 (18.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajjakuddin Ahmed]] 31 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 4/4 (3.4 overs)
| score2 = 106/4 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Paras Dogra]] 38[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets2 = [[Rajjakuddin Ahmed]] 1/15 (2 overs)
| result = Pondicherry won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205819.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 157/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jay Bista]] 44 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Swarajeet Das]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/4 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 61[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205818.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Sai Darshan Kumar and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Chengkam Sangma]] (Meghalaya) made his T20 debut.
}}

===Round 7===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score1 = 132/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]] 43 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Selvam Suresh Kumar]] 4/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 135/6 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Damodaren Rohit]] 55 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| result = Pondicherry won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205829.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and Sai Darshan Kumar
| motm =
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 206/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aditya Tare]] 82 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 3/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 123/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Riyan Parag]] 38 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Shivam Dube]] 2/3 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 83 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205828.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 159/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 69 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 3/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/6 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sumit Kumar (Haryana cricketer)|Sumit Kumar]] 44[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets2 = [[Parth Sahani]] 2/17 (3 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205837.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and Sai Darshan Kumar
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 207/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 53[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets1 = [[Lalhmangaiha]] 1/24 (3 overs)
| score2 = 182/2 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 90 (59)
| wickets2 = [[Raj Biswa]] 1/29 (4 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 25 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205836.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 8===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 202/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 82 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Amiangshu Sen]] 2/19 (2 overs)
| score2 = 103 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhay Negi]] 25 (18)
| wickets2 = [[Harshal Patel]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 99 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205720.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vipin Kumar]] (Haryana) made his T20 debut.
* This match was rescheduled from 8 November 2019.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| score1 = 140/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sibsankar Roy]] 41 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Ishan Porel]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 141/2 (16.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]] 46 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Sibsankar Roy]] 1/8 (1 over)
| result = Bengal won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205729.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] and [[Vineet Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ravikant Singh]] (Bengal) made his T20 debut.
* This match was rescheduled from 8 November 2019.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 November 2019
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score1 = 177/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ashutosh Sharma (cricketer)|Ashutosh Sharma]] 84 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 4/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 172/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arun Karthik]] 60 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Batham]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 5 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205728.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and Sai Darshan Kumar
| motm =
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Santha Moorthy]] (Pondicherry) and [[Rahul Batham]] (Madhya Pradesh) both made their T20 debuts.
* This match was rescheduled from 8 November 2019.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Domestic cricket in 2019–20}}
{{2019–20 in Indian cricket}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2019-20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group D}}
[[Category:2019 in Indian cricket|Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian cricket|Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2019–20|Syed Mushtaq Ali]]

Muktagiri

2025-12-07T08:50:16Z

Rajeev Menon: stub

{{Short description|Jain pilgrimage centre in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Muktagiri Tirtha
| native_name = Mendhagiri( मुक्तागिरी), Muktagiri Siddha Kshetra
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = Muktagiri temples.jpg
| caption = Muktagiri Digambar Jain temples Betul
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location within Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|21|23|2|N|77|35|47|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| temple_quantity = 52
| established = 10th Century
| website = https://www.muktagiri.org/
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Muktagiri''' or '''Mendhagiri''', is a [[Jain]] pilgrimage centre, located on border of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]] in India. It comes under [[Bhainsdehi]] tehsil of [[Betul district]] and is {{cvt|14|km|m}} from [[Paratwada]] in [[Amravati district]].

== Jain temple ==
It is believed that every person who visits this tirth will achieve [[Moksha (Jainism)|nirvana]], regardless of their faith.{{Sfn|Betul}} According to Jain legends, it rains [[saffron]] and [[sandalwood]] in every eighth century. For reaching the temple complex one has to take 600 stairs.{{Sfn|Times Now|Muktagiri Jain Temple}}{{Sfn|Patrika|Muktagiri Jain Temple}} It is surrounded by a waterfall and several Jain temples built in modern architecture with each temple features a [[dome]].{{sfn|Fergusson|1876|p=255}} Like [[Kundalpur]], [[Girnar Jain temples]], [[Dilwara temples]] and [[Shikharji]], the Muktagiri temple complex is known for its rich architecture.{{sfn|Murray|1903|p=62}}{{sfn|Panikar|2010|p=408}}

Muktagiri Siddha Kshetra Jain tirth constitutes 52 Jain temples, the oldest one of which is a cave. These temples were built during 13th-14th century. The arched entrance to the cave temple has carvings of lotus with small images of tirthankar carved on each side of gate, with an image of [[Mahavir Swami]] in [[lotus position]] installed in the middle of entrance gate. It comprises a square [[garbhagriha]] with [[mandapa]] having carvings of leaves. Mandapa is a circular structure based on two pillars and four kudya [[stambha]]s. On mandapa's wall images of [[tirthankara]]s has been carved. The cave consist of around 56 images of tirthankars.{{Sfn|ASI}}

The seven hooded idol of [[Parshvanath]] in 26th temple is considered excellent example of craftsmanship.{{Sfn|Betul}}{{Sfn|Patrika|Muktagiri Jain Temple}} The main temples are the first, tenth (the cave), 26th and 40th. Temple also has a dharamshala equipped with all modern facilities and Bhojanalays. Muktagiri fair is organised on occasion of [[Diwali]].

== Restoration ==
Muktagiri is protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Muktagiri Temple.jpg|Muktagiri Temples
File:Muktagiri - 26th temple - Parshvanatha Idol.jpg|The idol of Parshvanatha in 26th temple
File:Temples of muktagiri.jpg|Muktagiri temples
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Sonagiri]]
* [[Bawangaja]]
* [[Kundalpur]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Fergusson | first=James | author-link=James Fergusson (architect) | title=A History of Architecture in All Countries: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day | volume=3 | edition=2 | publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)]] | url={{Google books|S2kOAAAAQAAJ|page=255|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | year=1876 }}
* {{cite book|last=Panikar|first=Agustin|url={{Google books|oCPtDwAAQBAJ|page=408|plainurl=yes}} |title=Jainism: History, Society, Philosophy and Practice | volume=24 | series=Lala Sunder Lal Jain research series |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | location=[[Delhi]] |year=2010|isbn=978-81-208-3460-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Murray | first=John | author-link=John Murray III | title=A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon: Including the Provinces of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras; the Punjab, North-West Provinces, Rajputana, Central Provinces, Mysore, Etc.; the Native States, Assam and Cashmere | edition=4 | publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)]] | url={{Google books|PZk-4HOMzsoC|pg=PR62|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | year=1903 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://archaeology.mp.gov.in/hi-in/Betul|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|title=Digambar Jain Temple (Cave No. 10) & Other Temples, Muktagiri|ref={{SfnRef|ASI}} }}
* {{Cite web|url=https://betul.nic.in/tourist-place/muktagiri/|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|title=Betul|ref={{SfnRef|Betul}} }}
* {{Cite news|url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/mysterious-temple-of-india-muktagiri-jain-teerth-temple-muktagiri-jain-temple-muktagiri-jain-teerth-temple-multai-mp-tourism-sandal-and-saffron-rain/281784|title=Muktagiri Jain Temple: The miraculous temple of Madhya Pradesh, where there is rain of saffron and sandalwood|date=8 September 2018|publisher=[[Times Now]]|ref={{SfnRef|Times Now|Muktagiri Jain Temple}} }}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/temples/muktagiri-tirth-of-jain-dharm-in-madhya-pradesh-betul-3308956/|title=Muktagiri: Wonderful pilgrimage, where it doesn't rain water but saffron and sandalwood|date=26 August 2018|publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]]|ref={{SfnRef|Patrika|Muktagiri Jain Temple}} }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1000_1099/jaintemples/muktagiri/muktagiri.html Columbia University in the city of New York - Muktagiri]

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Betul district]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:10th-century Jain temples]]

India at the 1964 Winter Olympics

2025-11-23T15:10:42Z

Rajeev Menon: adding new article

{{good article}}
{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Winter Olympics
| year = 1964
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
|website = {{url|olympic.ind.in}}
| location = [[Innsbruck]]
| competitors = 1
| sports = 1
| flagbearer = [[Jeremy Bujakowski]]
| rank =
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1964
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}

[[India]] sent a delegation to compete at the [[1964 Winter Olympics]] in [[Innsbruck]], Austria from 29 January to 9 February 1964. This was India's debut at the [[Winter Olympic Games]]. The sole athlete representing India was [[Jeremy Bujakowski]], who competed in the [[Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics – Men's downhill|men's downhill]] event in [[Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics|alpine skiing]]. He failed to finish the race, and went unranked in the competition.

==Background==
The [[Indian Olympic Association]] was recognised by the [[International Olympic Committee]] on 31 December 1926.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/india|title=India – National Olympic Committee (NOC)|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326005433/https://www.olympic.org/india/|archive-date=26 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, by this time, they had already competed in three [[Summer Olympic Games]], in [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]], [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920]], and [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]].<ref name="INDSR">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/|title=India|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233500/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India has participated in every Summer Olympics since 1920.<ref name="INDSR" /> The 1964 Innsbruck Olympics marked India's debut at the Winter Olympic Games.<ref name="INDSR" /> These Olympics were held from 29 January to 9 February 1964; a total of 1,091 athletes representing 36 [[National Olympic Committees]] took part.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/innsbruck-1964|title=Innsbruck 1964 Winter Olympics – results & video highlights|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627065248/https://www.olympic.org/innsbruck-1964|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Jeremy Bujakowski]] was the only athlete representing India in Innsbruck.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/winter/1964/|title=India at the 1964 Innsbruck Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051054/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/winter/1964/|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Alpine skiing==
{{main|Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics}}

[[Jeremy Bujakowski]] was 24 years old at the time of the Innsbruck Olympics, and was making his Olympic debut.<ref name="Jeremy">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/jeremy-bujakowski-1.html|title=Jeremy Bujakowski Bio, Stats, and Results|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812173719/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/jeremy-bujakowski-1.html|archive-date=12 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Polish-born Bujakowski acquired Indian citizenship when his family moved there in the late 1940s, and later trained in the United States where he was educated at the [[University of Denver]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/skiing/alone-with-the-skis-the-tale-of-jerry-bujakowski-and-the-winter-olympics|title=Alone with the skis – The tale of Jerry Bujakowski and the Winter Olympics|last=Thambehalli|first=Rajan|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221184953/http://www.sportskeeda.com/skiing/alone-with-the-skis-the-tale-of-jerry-bujakowski-and-the-winter-olympics|archive-date=21 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/01/28/indian-olympic-skiers-finally-get-new-skis/|title=Indian Olympic Skiers Finally Get New Skis – India Real Time|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117042310/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/01/28/indian-olympic-skiers-finally-get-new-skis/|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/127370/jerry-bujakowski-first-indian-winter-olympics/|title=The Forgotten Story of The First Indian at The Winter Olympics|last=Pal|first=Sanchari|date=10 January 2018|publisher=Better India|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614052410/https://www.thebetterindia.com/127370/jerry-bujakowski-first-indian-winter-olympics/|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 30 January, he participated in the [[Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics – Men's downhill|men's downhill]], but failed to finish his run; the gold medal was won by [[Egon Zimmermann]] of [[Austria at the 1964 Winter Olympics|Austria]], the silver by [[Léo Lacroix]] of [[France at the 1964 Winter Olympics|France]], and the bronze was taken by [[Wolfgang Bartels]] of [[United Team of Germany at the 1964 Winter Olympics|the German Unified Team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1964/ASK/mens-downhill.html|title=Alpine Skiing at the 1964 Innsbruck Winter Games: Men's Downhill|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031759/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1964/ASK/mens-downhill.html|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bujakowski would go on to represent [[India at the 1968 Winter Olympics]].<ref name="Jeremy" />

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Race
|-
!Time
!Rank
|-
|[[Jeremy Bujakowski]]
|Downhill
|align="center"|DNF
|align="center"|–
|}

==See also==
* [[India at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Nations at the 1964 Winter Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1964 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Winter Olympics by year|1964]]
[[Category:1964 in Indian sport]]

Mango Municipal Corporation

2025-11-10T14:09:16Z

Rajeev Menon: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Jamshedpur]]

Swarnamalya

2025-11-03T15:57:14Z

Rajeev Menon:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1981)}}
{{Indian name|Swarnamalya|Ganesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swarnamalya
| image = Swarnamalya.phng.png
| image_size = 230
| caption = Swarnamalya in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|4|22}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = [[San Jose State University]] ([[B.A.]]), [[Madras University]] ([[M.A.]], [[Ph.D.]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Dancer}}
| title =
| spouse = {{marriage|Arjun Rajaraman|2002|2004|end=div}}
| awards =
| honours =
| signature =
| years active = 2000{{nbnd}}present
| works = [[#Publications (selected)|Full list]]
}}

'''Swarnamalya Ganesh''' is an Indian dancer, professor, actress, and TV anchor. She received the award "Yuvakala Bharat" at the age of 17. Her first major role in television was on the [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] show ''Ilamai Pudhumai'' and then went on to do a number of films in the [[Tamil language]].

== Dance career ==
Swarnamalya started performing onstage from age 12, when she did her arangetram in the presence of [[Avvai Natarajan]] and [[Padma Subrahmanyam]]. Apart from dancing in sabhas of India such as the [[Narada Gana Sabha]], Krishna Gana Sabha and the Vishaka Music Academy, she has performed in other festivals such as the India International centre, New Delhi, [[Modhera Sun Temple]] festival, the Henry Martin peace festival, Kochi Biennale, Serendipity Arts Festival and Faiz Festival, Lahore. She learnt from Guru Kalaimamani K. J. Sarasa and later trained under the Thiruvalaputhur Kalyani Grand Daughters, Gopalakrishna Nattuvanar and Viralimalai Muthukannamal.

=== ''From The Attic'' ===
Swarnamalya's doctoral work was ''The research and reconstruction of lost repertoires of the [[Nayak dynasties|Nayaka]] Period in Early Modern South India''. She has created a performance-exhibition-lecture series titled ''From The Attic'' aimed at journeying through the past performing practices, invoking multicultural memories of {{lang|ta|Sadir}} ([[Bharatanatyam]]). This series opens with ''Stories from the Attic'', a lecture on the dance histories and contexts of Early Modern Era. ''Beholding the Attic'' is a special travelling exhibition curated to showcase rare sculptures, murals, scripts, costumes and photographs of courtesans of the 16th–20th centuries. The performance of ''From The Attic'' features repertoires like Mukhacali, Jakkini (Persianite influenced dance), Perani (A five act theatrical repertoire), Gondali (Marathi influenced), oriental padams (Works of Ruth. St. Denis, Ted Shawn, Ester Sherman and others).

Nayaka repertoires reconstructed by her:
* Gondhali
* Sivalila
* Jakkini
* Perani (Perini)
* Bahucari
* Char cari
* Danda Lasyam
* Duru Padam
* Nava Padam
* Kelikai
* Mukhacali<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzwIiBwHNSM&list=PLD4KG349lsF9iLP5xivOhjEGDlMIyCAEd | title=From the Attic Performance Series- Dr. Swarnamalya Ganesh- Complete Trailer | website=[[YouTube]] | date=27 August 2014 }}</ref>

=== Publications (selected) ===

# Kshetrayya and the legacy of erasing women's voices from erotic poetry, ''The News Minute'', Feb 2020, Chennai https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kshetrayya-and-legacy-erasing-women-s-voices-erotic-poetry-118165
# [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/whose-aesthetic-it-anyway-why-classical-arts-must-become-more-inclusive-100727 Whose aesthetic is it anyway? Why classical arts must become more inclusive], The News Minute, April 2019, Chennai
# ''Nammai Marandarai Naam Marakkamattom''. Dr. Swarnamalya Ganesh.; published by South Indian Social History Research Institute (SISHRI); 2014. {{isbn|978- 81- 910023-2-4}}
# ''Dance History enshrined and decoded- Bharatanrityam and Bharatanatyam''; published by Nartanam Dance Journal, Hyderabad. 2016
# [https://www.ncpamumbai.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ON-Stage-May-2021-final.pdf Through the Sheer of Gossamer" for NCPA OnSTAGE, Mumbai]
# [https://www.academia.edu/26213720/Daughters_of_Pandanallur_The_other_story_Dance_and_History_of_the_28_Kms_from_Pandanallur_to_Kumbhakonam Daughters of Pandanallur- the other story (Dance and history of the 28 Kilometer From Pandanallur to Kumbhakonam)], The Kalakshetra Journal Vol IV, 2015
# [https://www.academia.edu/32613630/Sex_and_Gender_in_Performance_Locating_Power_and_Resistance_as_<nowiki/>Discursive_Arguments_Dr_Swarnamalya_Ganesh Sex and Gender in Performance- Locating Power and Resistance as Discursive arguments], SNC Journal of Intercultural Philosophy, Chennai. Vol 28, Oct 2015; pp. 45–54
# [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/disrespecting-devadasis-what-ms-subbulakshmi-debate-has-exposed-74006 Disrespecting the Devadasi: What the MS Subhalakshmi debate has exposed], The News Minute, Chennai.
# [https://www.academia.edu/25758974/Writings_as_Operations_of_Disenfranchisement_Investigating_Manuscripts_and_Choreographers_Notes_from_the_Seventeenth_Eighteenth_and_Nineteenth_Centuries_Advantages_and_Problems_in_Reconstructing_from_the_Papers "Writings as operations of en(dis)franchisement, investigating manuscripts and choreographer's notes from the 16th-19th centuries. Advantages and problems in reconstructing from the papers"] as part of ''Writing dance and dancing writing conference proceedings of Society of Dance History Scholars, USA''
# [https://www.academia.edu/25987082/NOTIONS_OF_CLASSICAL_IN_BHARATANATYAM_a_cultural_operation_of_the_classes_arguments_of_the_cosmopolitan_Margi_and_indigenous_Desi_repertoires_of_the_Nayak_period Notions of "Classical" in Bharatanatyam; a cultural operation of the classes- arguments of cosmopolitan Margi and indigenous Desi, repertoires of the Nayak period"]; ''Kalakshetra Journal'', Issue 2. {{isbn| 978-81-921627-4-4}}
# [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mired-dravidian-politics-were-tamil-nadus-isai-vellalars-always-socially-backward-39321 Mired in Dravidian Politics: Were Tamil Nadu's Isai Vellalars always socially backward?] ''The News Minute'', Chennai
# [https://www.academia.edu/27177157/Womanity_A_Psychic_Continuum_Of_Selfhood_And_Tenacity_Keynotes_of_Sangam_Women "Womanity--- selfhood and tenacity as keynotes of Sangam women"] published essay as part of ''Voyages of the body and soul, selected female icons of India and beyond''; Edited by Ketu Katrak & Anita Ratnam, Cambridge University Press, 2014
# "Past performing practices of the Nayak period as vestibule to today's Bharatanatyam", ''The Madras Music Academy Journal''; Vol '''84''', 2013, pp 10–118
# [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-art-devadasis-was-appropriated-create-world-bharatanatyam-38808 "How the art of the Devadasi is appropriated to create the world of Bharatanatyam", ''The News Minute'', Chennai. Feb 2017]
# "What's In a Name; Sadir and its Arguments", ''Journal for India International Center'', New Delhi, Oct 2015
# Regular contributor for ''OJAS-Oriental Journal of Asian Studie''s, SASTRA University, department of Oriental studies-Peer-Reviewed ({{ISSN|2319-717X}})
# "Stripling rogue at the shrine of the neat herd: A review of the Karana panels at the Sarngapani temple", ''Kumbhakonam'' (December 2012), pp. 47–61
# Presented research paper "Past performing practices of the Nayak period: Research and reconstruction" for the C. P. Arts foundation
# Womanity- Selfhood and Tenacity as keynotes for Sangam women, ''OJAS'', 2013 (March) ISSN 2319-717X
# Book - ''Raghunathabhyudayamu- transliteration and translation'', a yakshaganam work in Telugu written by King Vijayaraghava Nayaka in the 17th century (forthcoming)
# "Ravana Hatta, Ravana hasta and the Modern Violin, CARVA Academy of Violin, 2010 Rasa theory and Sigmund Freud—a psychological interpretation" ''Journal of the University of Madras'', 150th year special issue, 2008
# Editor of the monthly ''Newsletter for Association of Bharatanatyam Artistes of India'' (ABHAI); issues--- 25 issues, 2005, 2006
# Founder editor of ''Tha Dhim'' the journal of the Department of Indian Music, University of Madras, 2007
# Submits articles and research papers for academic journals and annals on dance history including for the Society of Dance History Scholars (SDHS) U.S.
# ''Decolonising Dance History'' project- "Why we must not write a book on Devadasi (alternative ways of writing subaltern history)", PRAXIS, India; Oct 2020.

== Film career ==
She made her film debut through [[Maniratnam]]'s ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'', where she played the role of [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]'s elder sister Poorni.

She did only a few high-profile films such as [[Manobala]]'s ''Naan Paata Ninepaethellam'' opposite [[Ramesh Aravind]], a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]'' (1973). Later she played second lead female roles in ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007) and ''[[Engal Anna]]'' (2004).

===Filmography===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' || Poorni || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Debut film
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Engal Anna]]'' || Parvathy || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
| ''Geeya Geeya'' || Swarna || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
|''[[Sorry Enaku Kalyanamayidichu]]'' || Aparna || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Yuga (2006 film)|Yuga]]'' || Bhanu || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ennittum]]'' || Sujee || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' || Angeline Sheela || Tamil || Nominated -[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]] Nominated : [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]'' || Thanjavur dancer || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Azhagu Nilayam]]'' || S. P. Rajakumari || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Herself || Tamil || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Kerala Police (film)|Kerala Police]]'' ||Nandhini Varma|| Malayalam ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Sankarankovil (film)|Sankarankovil]]'' || Shenbagam || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]'' || Subha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pulivaal]]'' || Bindhu || Tamil ||
|-
|}

==Television career==
She began as a television anchor in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s show ''Illamai Pudumai''. She also was the anchor of [[Vijay TV]]'s ''Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Part 2''. She has also done ''Anbulla Sneghithi.'' After this, she also acted in [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''Thekkathu Ponnu'', [[Jaya TV]]'s ''Vandhaale Maharasi'', [[Revathi]]'s ''Yaathumaagi Nindraal'' and also played a guest role in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s ''[[Thangam]]''.
;Television performances
Sun TV, Vijay TV, Raj TV, Kalaignar TV, K TV, Sakti TV (Colombo), Vasantam Central (Malaysia)

===Television appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| ''Illamai Pudumai'' || Anchor|| Tamil ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s show
|-
| ''Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Part 2'' || Anchor || Tamil || [[Vijay TV]]'s show
|-
| ''Kudumba Thirai Pudhir'' || Anchor || Tamil || [[Kalaignar TV]]'s show
|-
| ''Anbulla Sneghithi'' || Actress || Tamil || TV Serial
|-
| ''Nimmathi Ungal Choice'' || Actress || Tamil || TV Serial as Shanthi
|-
| ''Thekkathu Ponnu'' || Actress || Tamil || TV Serial
|-
| ''Punnagi'' || Actress || Tamil || TV Serial
|-
| ''Minsara Poove'' || Actress || Tamil ||Vijay TV Serial
|-
| ''Vandhaale Maharasi'' || Actress || Tamil || [[Jaya TV]]'s TV Serial
|-
| ''Yaathumaagi Nindraai'' || Actress || Tamil || [[Zee Tamil]]'s TV Serial
|-
| ''[[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]]'' || Actress || Tamil || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s TV Serial as Nagarani
|-
| ''Chandrikaiyin Kathai'' || Actress || Tamil || Telefilm as Vishalakshi
|-
| ''[[Weekend with Stars (talk show)]]'' || Surprise guest || Tamil || Zee Tamil's show
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Guest || Tamil || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s show
|-
| ''Manam Thirumbathe'' ||Guest|| Tamil || [[Puthuyugam TV]]'s show
|-
| ''Beach Girls (Indian TV series)'' ||Guest|| Tamil ||[[Raj TV]]'s show
|-
| ''Varaverpparai'' ||Guest|| Tamil ||[[News7 Tamil]]'s show
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0841915}}
* {{official website|https://swarnamalya.wixsite.com/website}} Swarnamalya site

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:San Jose State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

1962 Indian vice presidential election

2025-10-26T11:52:06Z

Rajeev Menon:

{{Short description|Vice-presidential election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1962 Indian vice presidential election
| country = India
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1957 Indian vice presidential election
| previous_year = 1957
| next_election = 1967 Indian vice presidential election
| next_year = 1967
| election_date = 7 May 1962
| image1 = [[File:DR. ZAKIR HUSAIN - PICTORIAL BIOGRAPHY 0005.jpg|160x150px]]
| nominee1 = '''[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]'''
| party1 = Independent politician
| home_state1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Telangana, then united Andhra)
| electoral_vote1 = '''568'''
| percentage1 = '''97.59%'''
| image2 = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|160x150px]]
| nominee2 = [[N. C. Samantsinhar]]
| party2 = Independent politician
| home_state2 = [[Odisha|Orissa]]
| electoral_vote2 = 14
| percentage2 = 2.41%
| color1 = 1639FF
| color2 = 878FC1
| title = [[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
| before_election = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| before_party = Independent politician
| after_election = [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]
| after_party = Independent politician
}}
The '''1962 Indian vice presidential election''' was held in 7 May 1962 to elect the [[vice president of India]]. [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]] was elected for the post. This was the first contested election for Vice Presidency in India, as the first two elections were uncontested, with [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] being the only candidate.<ref name=eci>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/Vice%20Presidentail%20Election%20Background.pdf BACKGROUND MATERIAL REGARDING FOURTEENTH ELECTION TO THE OFFICE OF THE VICE-PRESIDENT, 2012, ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA]</ref> He won against N. C. Samantsinhar by a landslide.

==Results==
{{election table|title=Result of the Indian vice-presidential election, 1967<ref name= eci />|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Candidate 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Electoral Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
|-
|align="left"|[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]||568||97.59
|-
|align="left"|[[N. C. Samantsinhar]]||14||2.41
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
! style="text-align:left;"| Total
! style="text-align:right;"|582
! style="text-align:right;"|100.00
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Valid Votes||582||97.65
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Invalid Votes||14||2.35
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Turnout||596||80.00
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Abstentions||149||20.00
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Electors||745|| style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[1962 Indian presidential election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Indian vice presidential elections}}

[[Category:Vice-presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:1962 elections in India|India]]

Prayagraj–Anand Vihar Terminal Humsafar Express

2025-10-09T15:07:26Z

Rajeev Menon:

{{Short description|Train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Prayagraj Junction - Anand Vihar Terminal ''Humsafar Express''
| image = Humsafar Ald.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Prayagraj-Anand Vihar Humsafar standing at Anand Vihar Terminal
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|05|09}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Prayagraj Junction}} ('''PRYJ''')
| stops = 1
| end = {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal }} ('''ANVT''')
| distance = {{convert|622|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7h 55m
| frequency = Tri-weekly
| class = AC 3 tier, Sleeper
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22437 / 22438
| speed = {{cvt|79|km/h}} Avg. Speed
| map = {{Prayagraj–Anand Vihar Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The 22437 / 22438 '''Prayagraj - Anand Vihar Terminal Humsafar Express''' is a superfast express train of the Indian Railways connecting {{rws|Prayagraj Junction}} in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} in [[Delhi]]. It is currently being operated with 22437/22438 train numbers on a tri-weekly basis.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=179196| title=Shri Manoj Sinha flags off Train No. 22437 from Allahabad Station| website=Press Information Bureau| date=9 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/blog/165| title=Allahabad-Anand Vihar Hamsafar's journey to begin today| website=Total Train Info| date=9 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/indian-railways-introduces-more-humsafar-express-trains-new-routes-train-schedule-train-timetable-1848879| title=Indian Railways Introduces More Humsafar Express Trains: 10 Things To Know| website=NDTV| date=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://indianrailwaynews.in/2018/05/07/new-delhi-allahabad-anvt-ald-humsafar-express-train-no-22437-train-no-22438/| title=New Delhi-Allahabad Humsafar Express Fare Table,Features Time Table,Run on and Route| website=Indian Railway News| date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

==Coach composition ==

The train comprises 14 3-tier AC, 4 Sleeper [[LHB coach]] along with two generator cars at each end. It has two screens in each coach displaying information about upcoming stations and passenger awareness. It is also equipped with CCTV cameras in each coach to ensure passenger safety.
 Coach composition for 22437 :
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||S1||S2||S3||S4||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||B7||B8||B9||B10||B11||B12||B13||B14||EOG
|}
Coach composition for 22438 :
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG
||B14||B13||B12||B11||B10||B9||B8||B7||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||S4||S3||S2||S1||EOG
|}

 
It is having a rake sharing arrangement with 12275/76 [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] [[Allahabad New Delhi Humsafar Express|Humsafar Express]].

== Service==

It averages 79 km/h as 22437 Humsafar Express starts from {{rws|Prayagraj Junction}} covering 622 km in 7 hrs 55 mins & 79 km/h as 22438 Humsafar Express starts from {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} covering 622 km in 7 hrs 50 min. It has a maximum speed of 130 km/h and it covers almost the entire journey at this speed.

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP 7]] of [[Ghaziabad railway station|Ghaziabad]] Electric Locomotive Shed on its entire journey.

== Route and halts ==

* '''{{rws|Prayagraj Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Kanpur Central}}
* '''{{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}}'''

==See also==

* [[Humsafar Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/70740 22438/Anand Vihar Terminal - Allahabad Humsafar Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/70741 22437/Allahabad - Anand Vihar Terminal Humsafar Express]

{{Humsafar Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allahabad - Anand Vihar Terminal Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Trains from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2018]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]

Sunil

2025-10-01T06:44:50Z

Rajeev Menon: done

{{Wiktionary}}
{{Infobox given name
| name = Sunil
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| gender = Male
| meaning =
| region = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Bangla language|Bangla]] [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Sanskrit]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] [[Urdu]]
| origin =
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names =
| name day =
| derived =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sunil''' (सुनील) is a first name for males, often found in the South Asian community. The [[Sanskrit]] word ''{{IAST|sunīla}}'' means "dark", "very blue",<ref>{{Cite MWSD|sunīla}}</ref> and is also an epithet of [[Krishna]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

== Notable people ==

* [[Sunil (actor)]], Indian Telugu film actor
* [[Sunil (Kannada actor)]] (1964-1994)
* [[Sunil (director)]], Indian Malayalam film director
* [[Sunil Kumar Ahuja]] (born 1961), American scientist
* [[Sunil Ambwani]] (born 1952), Indian judge
* [[Sunil Ariyaratne]] (born 1949), Sri Lankan director, lyricist, poet and writer
* [[Sunil Barve]] (born 1966), Indian actor and producer
* [[Sunil Batta]] (born 1961), Indian cameraman, director, producer and scriptwriter
* [[Sunil Bohra]], Indian film producer
* [[Sunil Chhetri]] (born 1984), Indian footballer
* [[Sunil Kumar Choudhary]] (1980–2008), Indian military officer
* [[Sunil Deshmukh]] (born 1958), Indian doctor and member of Legislative Assembly
* [[Sunil Dhaniram]] (born 1968), Canadian cricketer
* [[Sunil Dutt]] (1929–2005), Indian actor, director, politician and producer
* [[Sunil Edirisinghe]] (born 1949), Sri Lankan musician
* [[Sunil Gaikwad]] (born 1970), Indian politician
* [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] (1934–2012), Indian novelist and poet
* [[Sunil Ganguly (musician)]] (1936–1999), Indian steel guitarist
* [[Sunil Gavaskar]] (born 1949), Indian cricketer
* [[Sunil Grover]] (born 1977), Indian comedian and actor
* [[Sunil Gulati]] (born 1959), American-Indian president of the United States Soccer Federation
* [[Sunil Handunnetti]] (born 1970), Sri Lankan politician and a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
* [[Sunil Hettiarachchi]] (born 1937), Sri Lankan actor
* [[Sunil Jadhav]] (born 1992), Indian cricketer
* [[Sunil Janah]] (1918–2012), Indian photojournalist and photographer
* [[Sunil Jayasinghe]] (1955–1995), Sri Lankan cricketer
* [[Sunil Jogi]] (born 1971), Indian poet and writer
* [[Sunil Joshi]] (born 1970), Indian cricketer
* [[Sunil Kanoria]] (born 1965), Indian entrepreneur
* [[Sunil Khan]] (born 1947), Indian politician
* [[Sunil Mahato]] (1966–2007), member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India
* [[Sunil Maitra]] (1927–1996), Indian politician and member of the 7th Lok Sabha of India
* [[Sunil Mittal]] (born 1957), Indian entrepreneur, philanthropist and founder and chairman of Group CEO of Bharti Enterprises
* [[Sunil Mukhi]] (born 1956), Indian physicist and theorist
* [[Sunil Narine]] (born 1988), Trinidadian cricketer
* [[Sunil Oasis]] (born 1973), Indian cricketer
* [[Sunil Padwal]] (born 1968), Indian painter
* [[Sunil Pandey]] (born 1966), Indian politician
* [[Sunil Babu Pant]] (born 1972), Nepalese politician
* [[Sunil Paul]] (born 1964), Indian entrepreneur
* [[Sunil Perera]] (1952-2021), Sri Lankan composer, guitarist, songwriter and vocalist
* [[Sunil Pradhan]] (born 1957), Indian doctor, neurologist, researcher and writer
* [[Sunil Prajapati]] (born 1994), Nepali politician
* [[Sunil Raoh]] (born 1980), Indian actor, lyricist and singer
* [[Sunil Santha]] (1915–1981), Sri Lankan composer, lyricist and singer
* [[Sunil Sawney]] (born 1962), English cricketer
* [[Sunil Shanbag]] (born 1956), Indian actor and screenwriter
* [[Sunil Shetty]] (born 1961), Indian film actor, businessman, entrepreneur and producer
* [[Sunil Tagare]] (born 1962), Indian entrepreneur
* Sunil Thakur (born 1984), Indian footballer
* [[Sunil Thapa]] (born 1957), Nepalese actor
* [[Sunil Vaidyanathan]] (born 1976), Indian photojournalist and photographer
* [[Sunil Valson]] (born 1958), Indian cricketer
* [[Sunil Kumar Verma]] (born 1974), Indian biologist, scientist and zoologist
* [[Sunil Wettimuny]] (born 1949), Sri Lankan cricketer

== Fictional characters ==
* Sunil Bakshi (portrayed by [[Simon Kassianides]]), a high-ranking member of [[Hydra (comics)|Hydra]] in [[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2|Season 2]] of ''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.]]''
* DI Sunil 'Sunny' Khan, portrayed by [[Sanjeev Bhaskar]] in the [[ITV1]] drama ''[[Unforgotten]]''
* Sunil Markesh (known as "Mobley"), from the television series ''[[Mr. Robot]]'', played by [[Azhar Khan (actor)|Azhar Khan]]
* Sunil Nevla, from the cartoon ''[[Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series)|Littlest Pet Shop]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{given name}}

[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Karnataka Motor Sports Club

2025-09-23T05:51:12Z

Rajeev Menon:

{{Short description|Indian motorsport club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Karnataka Motor Sports Club,''' popularly known as '''KMSC,''' is a state association for promoting and conducting motorsports in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. The club is based in Bengaluru. It is a founder member<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History – FMSCI |url=https://www.fmsci.co.in/history/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213162738/https://www.fmsci.co.in/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India|Federation of Motor Sports Club of India]] (FMSCI), the governing body for [[motor sports]] in [[India]]. It is one of the oldest ‘active’ motorsports clubs in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-07 |title=Aboutus {{!}} Karnataka Motor Sports Club[KMSC]-Bangalore |url=http://www.kmsc.org/aboutus |access-date=2023-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107220944/http://www.kmsc.org/aboutus |archive-date=2018-01-07 }}</ref> It holds the record of organising the Karnataka 1000 rally ([[K1000 rally]]) continuously for the last 48 years since 1975, except for two years and is the oldest rally in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aprameya |date=2017-08-24 |title=Historic 40th K-1000 Rally begins November 21 |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/historic-40th-k-1000-rally-begins-november-21-bengaluru-gubbi-065186.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=MyKhel |language=en}}</ref>

KMSC was started by a group of petrol heads, under the stewardship of Fred Webb, in 1954 under the initial name, Bangalore Motor Sports Club. After a meeting with like-minded people including Cyril Doveton and John Webb (Fred's son) in the same year, the club was started and Fred Webb became its first president.<ref name=":3" /> Both Webb and Junior Webb took great interest in the club motorsports activities and conducted regular drag races at [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka]] and [[Jakkur Aerodrome|Jakkur]] air strips.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thyagarajan, DHNS |first=Roshan |title=More revs in Bengaluru's motor sports |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/more-revs-in-bengalurus-motor-sports-1170497.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> They also took part in other parts of the country, specially [[Sholavaram]]. Then the club played a great role in starting the Federation, FMSCI and later changed its ''nomen clature''<ref name=":0" /> from Bangalore Motor Sports Club to KMSC. Over the years, the Karnataka 1000 rally, which was started in 1975, became one of the flagship events of the club. It is one of the oldest rallies conducted regularly in the world. It had a break for a couple of years due to reasons beyond the club's control.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bodapati |first=David |date=2018-01-16 |title=Fredd Webb & how Bangalore Motor Sports Club (currently KMSC) started: Buildup to MRF 43rd K1000 rally |url=https://indiainf1.com/fredd-webb-and-how-bangalore-motor-sports-club-started/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=INDIA in F1 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Other similar clubs in [[Karnataka]] are Chikmagalur Motor Sports Club,<ref>{{Cite web |title=INRC 2018: 48 entries registered for Coffee Day Rally of Chikmagalur |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/inrc-2018-48-entries-registered-for-coffee-day-rally-of-chikmagalur/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref> Motorsports Association of Vijayanagar,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Indian National Rally Championship to kick off in April |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/2021-indian-national-rally-championship-to-kick-off-in-april-420284 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Autocar India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Achal |first=Ashwin |date=2021-10-01 |title=TSD rally set for comeback in Bengaluru |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/fmsci-jk-tyre-national-regularity-run-championship-tsd-rally-motorsports-bengaluru/article36781338.ece |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> and Motorsports Inc<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bodapati |first=David |date=2021-09-17 |title=Big-time Motorsport returns to Kolkata with 2w Sprint Rally Nationals |url=https://indiainf1.com/big-time-motorsport-returns-to-kolkata-with-2w-sprint-rally-nationals/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=INDIA in F1 |language=en-GB}}</ref> which have also conducted National championship rounds.

== K1000 rally ==
The Karnataka 1000 Rally, an annual rally run on Time, Speed, Distance, the TSD format over two to three days, was started in 1975. In the early years, the K1000 ran over 1000 miles covering dirt tracks of three states, [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Over the years it became a popular destination for the top motorsports rally drivers in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=7 best off-road car rally drivers in India |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/best-indian-rally-drivers |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Red Bull |language=en}}</ref> In 1988, it joined the National calendar as it was included as a round in the [[Indian National Rally Championship]]. In 1996, the rally shifted to European Special Stage format in line with all other INRC rounds under the aegis of FMSCI.

The first rally run in 1975 over 1850 km of mixed roads including gravel, kutcha, tarmac, was won by a Bangalore team Sivaram, D. Vinod Sivappa, Feroze Asgar Ali and Shivprasad, Bangalore in an ambassador. Those days, there used to be four drivers as the route is long with night driving. For the last few years, the rally is being held on the dirt tracks, near Gubbi in [[Tumakuru district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-09 |title=K1000 Rally: Gaurav Gill And Musa Sheriff Clinch The INRC Title - Overdrive |url=http://overdrive.in/news/k1000-rally-gaurav-gill-and-musa-sheriff-clinch-the-inrc-title/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009012801/http://overdrive.in/news/k1000-rally-gaurav-gill-and-musa-sheriff-clinch-the-inrc-title/ |archive-date=2015-10-09 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref> The 2022 K1000 rally was won by [[Karna Kadur]] and co-driver [[Nikhil Pai]]. It was Kadur's maiden K1000 title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karna Kadur wins 2022 INRC, K-1000 rally as Gaurav Gill retires |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/karna-kadur-wins-k1000-rally-gaurav-gill-retires-426565 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> The 47th and 48th editions were also held in [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]. The 47th edition was held from 21 to 23 December 2023.[https://www.fmsci.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/calendar.of_.events.2023-UD-09.12.23.pdf]

== Office-bearers ==
KMSC is headed by Gautam Shantappa, who is also the vice-president of [[FMSCI]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-29 |title=Akbar Ebrahim re-elected FMSCI president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/akbar-ebrahim-re-elected-fmsci-president/article65951236.ece |access-date=2023-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Council & Sub Committee – FMSCI |url=https://www.fmsci.co.in/council-sub-committee/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130034347/https://www.fmsci.co.in/council-sub-committee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> with Bhaskar Gupta as vice-president. The office-bearers of the club were elected on 12 November 2020 and the president and vice-president were reelected for a second term. In 2020, former K1000 champion in his class, Sanjeev Shah, is elected as the new general secretary. BS Prakash became the joint secretary while MD Sathyavratha is the treasurer. Former secretary, Praneet Perumal, Janardan Babu and Shanmuga were the members of the managing committee. Advocate VS Harish is co-opted as legal adviser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bodapati |first=David |date=2020-11-16 |title=Gautam and Sanjeev take over KMSC reins, promise more activities |url=https://indiainf1.com/gautam-sanjeev-shah-take-over-kmsc-reins-promise-more-activities/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=INDIA in F1 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In the earlier years, BMSC's AD Jayaram was the FMSCI president in the year 1974–75.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Roll of Honour |url=https://www.fmsci.co.in/roll-of-honour/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923175817/https://www.fmsci.co.in/roll-of-honour/ |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=FMSCI |language=en}}</ref> Other FMSCI presidents from KMSC include Ravi Gupta in 1980–81, Shramik Masturlal from 1996 to 99.and R Bharat Raj in 2014–15.<ref name=":1" /> Goutham Shanthappa was the vice-president for 2022–24.<ref name=":2" /> Earlier, Shivu Shivappa, the then president of KMSC served as vice-president for a term of two years from 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2018-11-27 |title=Prithiviraj elected FMSCI president |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/fmsci-elections-agm-2018-prithviraj-president-shivu-shivappa-vice-president-akbar-ebrahim/article25607166.ece |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Madras Motor Sports Club]]
* [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India]]
* [[Indian National Rally Championship]]
* [[Motorsport in India|Motorsports in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Motorsports clubs in India]]
[[Category:Motorsport governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1954]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]

Badri Narayan (writer)

2025-08-17T03:13:38Z

Rajeev Menon: created some data added tags

{{Short description|Indian social historian and professor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

'''Badri Narayan Tiwari''' (born 5 October 1965), is an Indian social historian and cultural anthropologist.<ref name="IE">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2025 |title=Social historian and cultural anthropologist Badri Narayan Tiwari takes over as TISS V-C |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-tiss-social-historian-cultural-anthropologist-badri-narayan-tiwari-10159564/ |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> He serves as the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name="thehindu2025">{{cite news|author=Maitri Porecha|title=Badri Narayan Tiwari appointed Vice-Chancellor of TISS|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/badri-narayan-tiwari-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-tiss/article69874743.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> and is a former head and director of the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research|G.B. Pant Social Science Institute]].<ref name="thehindu2025" /> He has been recognized as a Fellow of the [[Maison des Sciences de L'Homme]], Paris, and has received the Fulbright Senior Fellowship (2004-05) and the Smuts Fellowship, University of Cambridge (2007).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badri Narayan |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/badri-narayan/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2022) for Hindi for his poetry collection ''Tumdi Ke Shabd''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=Badri Narayan |url=https://kalingaliteraryfestival.com/speakers/badri-narayan/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Kalinga Literary Festival |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=11 March 2023 |title='Festival of Letters' begins with honouring 24 writers with Sahitya Akademi Award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/festival-of-letters-begins-with-honouring-24-writers-with-sahitya-akademi-award/article66608744.ece |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Badri Narayan Tiwari earned an MA and a PhD in Modern History from the [[University of Allahabad]] and later served as the head of the [[Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute]] of the University.<ref name="IE" /><ref name="thehindu2025" />
According to The Times of India, as a director of the G. B. Pant Social Science Institute in Prayagraj, Tiwari established a Kumbh study centre and an ethnographic museum.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author=Hemali Chhapia|title=TISS gets full-time VC appointed for 5 yrs by Centre after 22 months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/tiss-gets-full-time-vc-appointed-for-5-yrs-by-centre-after-22-months/articleshow/123003934.cms|date= 31 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> He also served as a professor at the Centre for the Study of Discrimination and Exclusion at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU).<ref name="IE" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Master |first1=Web |title=Jurist Speaks – Eminent Scholar Lecture Series (April 6, 2024)|work=National Law University Delhi |date=5 April 2024 |url=https://nludelhi.ac.in/jurist-speaks-eminent-scholar-lecture-series-april-6-2024-2/|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

In July 2025, Prof. Tiwari was appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS), becoming the first to be appointed under the Ministry of Education's new regulations.<ref name="thehindu2025" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/education/professor-badri-narayan-tiwari-takes-charge-as-vice-chancellor-of-tiss-mumbai-3658079|title=Professor Badri Narayan Tiwari takes charge as Vice Chancellor of TISS Mumbai|date=31 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|quote=Prof Tiwari is the first VC appointed at TISS under the University Grants Commission’s (UGC) latest selection rules introduced in 2023.}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLscEAAAQBAJ |title=Republic of Hindutva: How the Sangh Is Reshaping Indian Democracy |date=2021-03-15 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-950843-7-1 |language=en}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Badri |date=2021-04-02 |title=Chasing the Elephant's Shadow |url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/chasing-the-elephants-shadow/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bo0AwAAQBAJ |title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-670-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bJ_rhfu6yUC |title=Fascinating Hindutva: Saffron Politics and Dalit Mobilisation |date=2009-01-06 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-7829-906-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAQrpDW4-_YC |title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India: Culture, Identity and Politics |date=2006-11-14 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3537-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWpNDwAAQBAJ |title=Khandit Akhyan: Bharatiya Jantantra mein Adrishya Log |date=2018-01-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909324-3 |language=hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HZAAAAMAAJ&q=Documenting+Dissent:+Contesting+Fables,+Contested+Memories,+and+Dalit+Political+Discourse |title=Documenting Dissent: Contesting Fables, Contested Memories, and Dalit Political Discourse |date=2001 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-85952-93-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piwpDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Making+of+the+Dalit+Public+in+North+India:+Uttar+Pradesh,+1950%E2%80%93Present |title=The Making of the Dalit Public in North India: Uttar Pradesh, 1950–Present |date=2011-05-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908845-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=नारायण |first=बद्री |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PohJzQEACAAJ |title=तुमड़ी के शब्द |date=2019 |publisher=Rājakamala Prakāśana |isbn=978-93-88933-83-4 |language=hi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Review: जन और जनतंत्र के सबद को समेटने की सुन्दर कोशिश करते 'तुमड़ी के शब्द' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/book-review/book-review-of-tumdi-ke-shabd-2023-01-18 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

== References ==

*
<references />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Badri Narayan}}

[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Penguin Books people]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Social historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]

P. S. Sreedharan Pillai

2025-08-16T13:57:22Z

Rajeev Menon: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|19th Governor of Goa (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. S. Sreedharan Pillai
| image = PS Sreedharan Pillai.jpg
| caption = Pillai in 2016
| office = 19th [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Goa|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 7 July 2021
| term_end = 25 July 2025
| predecessor = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] (''additional charge'')
| successor = [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]
| office1 = 15th [[List of governors of Mizoram|Governor of Mizoram]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Mizoram|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Zoramthanga]]
| term_start1 = 5 November 2019
| term_end1 = 6 July 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Jagdish Mukhi]]
| successor1 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|12|01}}
| birth_place = [[Venmony]], [[Alapuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names =
| education = {{ubl|[[NSS College Pandalam]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Government Law College, Kozhikode]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])}}
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan, Panaji|Raj Bhavan]], [[Panaji]], [[Goa]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|K. Rita|1984}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater =
| website = {{URL|https://www.pssreedharanpillai.com/}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (after 2003)
| office2 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Kerala]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2006
| term3 = 2018–2019
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|attorney|author}}
}}

'''P. S. Sreedharan Pillai''' (born 1 December 1954) is an Indian politician, attorney, and author, who has served as the [[Governor of Goa|19th Governor of Goa]] from July 2021 to July 2025. He also served as the governor of [[Mizoram]] from 2019 to 2021, he was also the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] president of [[Kerala]] state from 2003 to 2006 and again from 2018 to 2019. He has been conferred with honorary doctorate degree by [[ASBM University]], Bhubaneswar on 16 September 2023 in the hands of Hon'ble 14th President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind.

==Political career==
Pillai started his political career through the [[Akhila Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]], the student wing of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was a state secretary of the ABVP during his college days. He has served in many posts in the BJP, including Kozhikode district president, state secretary, and general secretary. He was elected as BJP State President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in [[Kerala]] from 2003 to 2006 and also served as the BJP Prabhari of Lakshadweep UT in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-4486844_ITM|title=P S Sreedharan Pillai new president of Kerala BJP.|publisher=The AccessMyLibrary|access-date=22 April 2010 | date=3 August 2003}}</ref> Under his leadership, in 2004, the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] won two MP seats from Kerala ([[P. C. Thomas]], [[Indian Federal Democratic Party|IFDP]]) and Lakshadweep ([[P. Pookunhi Koya]], [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]). In 2018, he was again appointed the state President, preceding [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ps-sreedharan-pillai-becomes-kerala-bjp-president-85689|title=PS Sreedharan Pillai becomes Kerala BJP president|date=2018-07-30|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-10-03}}</ref> He was appointed [[Governor of Mizoram]] on 25 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala BJP President PS Sreedharan Pillai appointed as Mizoram Governor |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-bjp-president-ps-sreedharan-pillai-appointed-mizoram-governor-111216 |website=The News minute |date=26 October 2019 |access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Pillai took to writing nearly four decades ago, publishing his first book in 1983. He has published more than 210 books.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/07/mizoram-governor-ps-sreedharan-pillai-writes-13-books-including-collection-of-poems-during-lockdown-2180327.html|title=Mizoram Governor PS Sreedharan Pillai writes 13 books including a collection of poems during the lockdown.|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=26 February 2021|date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2022}}

===Anthologies===

* ''Kaaladanam'' (2005)<ref>{{cite book|title=Kaaladanam|first= Sreedharan |last=Pillai |date= 2005 |publisher= Current Books Thrissur |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=6506&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=6481 }}</ref>
* ''Bonsai'' (2008)<ref>{{citation|title=Bonsai |work=Current Books Thrissur |first= Sreedharan |last=Pillai |isbn=9788122607505 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=58665 }}</ref>
* ''Pazhassismriti''<ref>{{cite news|title=Oh Mizoram - Books by PS Sreedharan Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzgQEAAAQBAJ&q=pazhassismriti+ps+sreedharan+pillai&pg=PA81|access-date=2021-04-05|last1 = Ps Sreedharan Pillai|first1 = Dr|date = 18 December 2020}}</ref>
* ''Novum Naliavutti''<ref>{{cite news|title=Oh Mizoram - Books by PS Sreedharan Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzgQEAAAQBAJ&q=pazhassismriti+ps+sreedharan+pillai&pg=PA81|access-date=2021-04-05|last1 = Ps Sreedharan Pillai|first1 = Dr|date = 18 December 2020}}</ref>
* ''Udakumbham''<ref>{{cite news|title=Oh Mizoram - Books by PS Sreedharan Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzgQEAAAQBAJ&q=pazhassismriti+ps+sreedharan+pillai&pg=PA81|access-date=2021-04-05|last1 = Ps Sreedharan Pillai|first1 = Dr|date = 18 December 2020}}</ref>
* ''Marmarangal''<ref>{{cite news|title=Oh Mizoram - Books by PS Sreedharan Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzgQEAAAQBAJ&q=pazhassismriti+ps+sreedharan+pillai&pg=PA81|access-date=2021-04-05|last1 = Ps Sreedharan Pillai|first1 = Dr|date = 18 December 2020}}</ref>
* ''Avinaabhavam''<ref>{{cite news|title=Oh Mizoram - Books by PS Sreedharan Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzgQEAAAQBAJ&q=pazhassismriti+ps+sreedharan+pillai&pg=PA81|access-date=2021-04-05|last1 = Ps Sreedharan Pillai|first1 = Dr|date = 18 December 2020}}</ref>
* ''Spadika Manikal''
* ''Mandarangal''
* ''Aduthoon''
* ''Oh Mizoram (Malayalam)''
* ''Oh Mizoram (English)''
* ''Oh Mizoram (Hindi)''
* ''Corona Kavithakal''
* ''Lockdown Kavithakal''

===Folklore Poems===
* ''Anchadi Thottangal''
* ''Neerthullikal''<ref>{{cite news|title=Oh Mizoram - Books by PS Sreedharan Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzgQEAAAQBAJ&q=pazhassismriti+ps+sreedharan+pillai&pg=PA81|access-date=2021-04-05|last1 = Ps Sreedharan Pillai|first1 = Dr|date = 18 December 2020}}</ref>
* ''Nadan Mathuram''
* ''Padheyam''
* ''Nadan Pattukal''
* ''Entte Priyakavithakal''

===History===
* ''Punnapra Vayalar – Kanappurangal''
* ''Adiyanthravastha Oru Ormapeduthal''
* ''Vibhajanathinte Noottandu''
* ''Mohajir – Desiyathayum Vikadanasakhthikalum''
* ''Rashtranayakar''
* ''Dark Days of Democracy (English)''
* ''Adiyanthravastha Iruttinte Nilavilikal''

===Legal===
* ''Niyamavrithaandam''
* ''Shah Banu Begum case (English)''
* ''Five Judgements for Common Man (English)''
* ''UAPA Niyamathekurich''
* ''Ghargika peedanathilninnuolla shrisamprashana''
* ''Niyama Veedhiyiloode''
* ''Domestic Violence (English)''
* ''Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (English)''
* ''Shah Commission on Emergency (English)''
* ''Neethi Thedunna Kuttavum Sikshayum''
* ''Niyama Visesham''
* ''Pothu Civil Code Enthu Enthinu?''
* ''Bharnaghatana – Punaravlokanathinte Pathayil''
* ''Hand Book of Mental laws (English)''
* ''Law and Psychiatry (English)''
* ''Vakkil Diary''
* ''Niyamavum Neethiyum''
* ''Niyama Lekhanangal''
* ''Kesavananda Bharati Case''
* ''Triple Talaq (English)''
* ''Best Bakery Case (English)''
* ''Great Debate of Trio (English)''
* ''Shishu samprashana niyamavum chattagalum''
* ''Italy CharaKessu''
* ''Ruling on Death Sentence (English)''
* ''Ruling on Medical Negligence (English)''

===Politics===
* ''Advani havalakesh sathiyavum mithiyum''
* ''Sathyavangmoolam''
* ''Rashtreeya Lekhannagal''
* ''Rajanaithikam''
* ''Rashtreeya Diary''
* ''Congress Fascism PennHitlerum''
* ''Oru Facebook''
* ''Pukamarayillathe''
* ''Palavaka''
* ''Samasya''
* ''Pakshabhedamillathe''
* ''Vyadhayum Veedshanavum''
* ''Rashtreeyathiloode''
* ''Ezhuthu''
* ''Utharam Thedumbol''
* ''Current affairs (English)''

===Economy===
* ''Sambathika Rangavum Kupracharanavum''
* ''Sambathika Kazhichakal''
* ''Note pinvalikkalum dhanarangavum''
* ''Dhanarangam Vilayiruthumbol''
* ''GST enna swapna shashathkaram''
* ''Sambathika sudheekaranavum surgical strikum''
* ''Currency rathakkalum sampathvevashthayum''
* ''Sampathika nettagalliluda''

===Saamskarikam===
* ''Nermurikal''
* ''Saphalyam Thedunna Swathanthriyam''
* ''Bharatheeyam''
* ''Raman, Gandhi, Bharatheeyatha''
* ''Nostradamus''
* ''Matham, Rashtreeyam, Deseeyodgradhanam''
* ''Kakshiyude Veshathil''
* ''Five Important Speeches (English)''
* ''Republic Day 2020 (English)''
* ''Thus speaks the Governor (English)''
* ''Innathe Vishayangal''
* ''Straight Line (English)''
* ''Justice for all, Prejudice to none (English)''
* ''Harmonial Talk (English)''
* ''Governor on Social Harmony (English)''
* ''Rent Control Laws (English)''
* ''Lushayi Kunnukal''
* ''Nerkazyicha''
* ''Samukika Samarasatha''
* ''Right of Privacy (English)''

===Travelogue===
* ''Lakshadeep enna marathaka depu''

===Stories/Humor===
* ''Chiriyum Chinthayum Karutha Kottil (Yet to be published)''
* ''Mizo Kathakal''
* ''Thatha Varathirikkilla''
* ''Kathayallaa Kathakal''

===Jeevitha Rekhakal (Milestones)===
* ''Kazhichakal Kazhichapadukal''
* ''Madela muthal Azhiikoduvare''
* ''Prathibhakal, Prathibhasangal''
* ''Chessinte Kuthippum Kurukkum''
* ''Ormayile Veerendra Kumar''
* ''Thathsamaya Chinthakal''

===Social===
* ''Vilakkukalukal Evide?''
* ''Karya Vicharam''
* ''Dholakam''
* ''Thuranna Kathukal''
* ''Information Technologiyum Vyakulathkalum''
* ''Varthamana Kurippukal''
* ''Madhyama Kazhichapadukal''
* ''Manushyavakashangal Innu''

===Collection of Articles===
* ''Address on Goa Assembly (English)''
* ''Parivarthanathinte Pathayiloode''
* ''Sakhyam''
* ''Nerinte Nerma''
* ''Onchiyam Oru Marana Warrant''
* ''Neethiyude Rashtreeyam''
* ''Samakaalikam''
* ''The Other View (English)''
* ''Irakalum Prathikalum''
* ''Nettil Kurungunna Malayali''
* ''Vadhasiksha: Ariyendathum Ariyikkendathum''
* ''Thudippukal''
* ''Ner Rekhakal''
* ''Neethiyude Thathwasastram''
* ''Baluch – Mohajir Prashanagalum Pakisthanum''
* ''Anubhavagale Nanndi''
* ''Sir John Woodroffe''
* ''Policy Speech In Assembly''

===Literature===
* ''Sahithya Chinthakal''
* ''Nireekshanangal, Nilapadukal''
* ''Madhyamangal Vilayiruthumbol''
* ''Prathibhakaliloode''
* ''Vashikaattikal''
* ''Goa Vimochanavum Malayalikalum''
* ''Thuranna Manasoday''
* ''Moonnu Mahatmakal''
* ''Mizhi Thurkkumpol''
* ''Keynote of the Governor (English)''
* ''Ezhuthinntte Vazhikal''
* ''Muka Kurupukal''
* ''Chimbai''
* ''Proclamation by President Article 356 (English)''
* ''Akashaveethiyiloode''
* ''Lushayil ninnum Dona Pauleilekku''
* ''Olliminnum Ormakalilooda October''
* ''Goa Via Mizoram (English)''
* ''30 days of Mission Humanity (English)''
* ''Governor addresses Goa (English)''
* ''Kathayalla Kathakal (Yet to be published)''
* ''My One year in Goa (Coffee table book) (Yet to be published)''
* ''Convocation Speeches (Yet to be published)''
* ''Mukapusthaka Kurupukal (Yet to be published''
* ''My visits to Goan villages (Yet to be published)''
* ''Justice Annachandy (Yet to be published)''
* ''Sreeranthangal (Yet to be published)''
* ''Dashinenthiyan Shetharagalilooda (Yet to be published)''
* ''Meet the press (Yet to be published)''
* ''Gujarat Vidhi (Yet to be published)''
* ''Nammudea Bharanakadana (Yet to be published)''
* ''Canacona Village (Yet to be published)''
* ''Ponda Village (Yet to be published)''
* ''Ayodhya Verdict (Yet to be published)''
* ''Ormakale Shuthi''
* ''Convocation Address – Mizoram University''
* ''Influence of Literature on National Integration''
* ''Nava Maadhyamatthiloode''
* ''Vilayirutthumbol''
* ''Care and Good Health''
* ''Impressions''
* ''Convocation Speech SaradaKrishna Homeopathy College''
* ''Convocation Address at P K Das Medical College''
* ''Convocation Speech at Dale View College''
* ''Mera Hindi Bhashan''
* ''Sthreerathnangal''
* ''Dakhinendian Kshethrangaliloode.''
* ''Nammude Bharanaghadana''
* ''Aazaadi kaa Amrithmaholsav''
* ''Swaathanthryatthinte Vajrajubile''
* ''Need of Spiritual & Village Tourism in Goa''
* ''Convocation Address - Goa University''
* ''Convocation Address – NIT College, Goa''
* ''Goa Sampurna Yatra''
* ''Whither The Literature''
* ''My Sixteen Months As Governor''
* ''Goa Raj Bhavan = Lok Bhavan''
* ''Face To Face''
* ''Anthology Of Official Addresses''
* ''Orations On Education''
* ''Fragmented Thoughts''
* ''May Light Lead Us''
* ''Musings On Social & Economic Issues''
* ''Protect Sovereignty''
* ''Anthology Of Speeches''
* ''Ezhuthazham@182''
* ''Yes We Can''
* ''Striking A Chord''
* ''Madhyamagale Nanni''
* ''Kayazhichapadukal''
* ''Social Mediayiloode''
* ''Prayanam''

== Personal life ==
[[File:Meeting Hon. Home Minister of India Shri. Amit Shah at his residence.jpg|thumb|P.S. Sreedharan Pillai Meeting Hon. Home Minister of India Shri. Amit Shah at his residence]]
Pillai married Advocate K. Rita at Kozhikode in 1984, who is a practicing lawyer at the District Court Kozhikode.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://advocatesofkerala.com/Directory/AdvocateProfile/17991|title=Advocate Rita. K|publisher=Advocates of Kerala|access-date=2021-04-05}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pillai's son, Arjun Sreedhar, is a lawyer at the High Court of Kerala and began his career as a junior to his father. His daughter-in-law, Jipsa Arjun, holds a postgraduate degree in pediatric dentistry and practices in Calicut. His daughter, Arya Arun, is a postgraduate in Dental Science and practices in Cochin, while her husband, Arun Krishna Dhan, is also a lawyer at the High Court of Kerala, having started his career as a junior to his father-in-law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/page/governor-profile|title=Mizoram Governor Online|publisher=Govt of Mizoram|access-date=2021-04-05|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922100155/https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/page/governor-profile|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jagdish Mukhi]] ''Additional Charge''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Mizoram|Governor of Mizoram]]|years=5 November 2019 - 6 July 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] ''Additional Charge''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]|years=7 July 2021 - 25 July 2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Current Indian governors}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Governor of Mizoram |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, P. S. Sreedharan}}
[[Category:Politicians from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Governors of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Governors of Goa]]

Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)

2025-08-01T22:56:14Z

Rajeev Menon: new data

#REDIRECT [[Rajneesh]]

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{{R from alternative name}}
{{R from move}}
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Dinakrushna Dasa

2025-06-29T06:34:47Z

Rajeev Menon: created the page needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2014}}

'''Dinakrushna Dasa''' ({{IPA|or|t̪aːriɳi t͡ʃɔɾɔɳɔ paːt̪ɾɔ|lang|LL-Q33810 (ori)-Prateek Pattanaik-ଦୀନକୃଷ୍ଣ ଦାସ.wav}}; ଦୀନକୃଷ୍ଣ ଦାସ; 1650–1710) was an Odia poet, belonging to the [[Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Bhakti movement]]. He is known for his [[Odia poem]] titled "Rasakallola", which is devoted to Lord [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mansinha |first=Mayadhar |title=History of Oriya Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ&q=mayadhar%20mansingh%20history%20of%20odia%20literature |page=125 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> Among his many literary compositions, "Artatrana Chautisa" is a reputed one.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jayanti Rath |title=Dinakrushna Das - The Poet of Eternal Love |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/July-2008/engpdf/32_Dinakrushna_Das-The_Poet_of_Eternal_Love.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review, Government of Orissa |date=July 2008 |access-date=2014-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222060317/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/July-2008/engpdf/32_Dinakrushna_Das-The_Poet_of_Eternal_Love.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref><ref name="SinghMishra2005">{{cite book|author1=Nagendra Kr Singh|author2=A. P. Mishra|title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: A Continuing Series--|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uec1E8DpiH8C&pg=PA185|year=2005|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-072-2|pages=184–185}}</ref> Dinakrusna's ''[[Rasakallola]]'' and his standalone compositions including "chaupadi", "[[prabhati]]", "[[janana]]", "[[chautisa]]", "[[bhajana]]", and "[[malasri]]" are central to the repertoire of [[Odissi music]], the traditional classical music of the state.

==Biography==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=September 2020}}
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}
Born at [[Munutunia]] in [[Balasore district]]. Famous for his book ‘Rasakallola’, which describe the Divine Leela of Radha and Krishna and to be a staunch devotee of [[Lord Jagannath]] at Puri. Dinakrushna Dasa is an outstanding [[Odia language|Odia]] poet of the medieval Odia literature. Not many details about him are available. He was born in Jaleswar in the State of Odisha and was contemporary of Mukunda Deva (1651–1686 A.D.) and Divyasingha Deva (1686–1713 A.D.) the then kings of Odisha. A major part of his life was spent in Puri. His mastery over varied subjects like Sanskrit poetics, grammar, astrology, classical medicine etc., made him a figure of eminence. But his domestic life was fraught with continued poverty and ailments. The ruler of Odisha, the then king of Puri, promised him many allurements provided he wrote a panegyric in the king's honour. The poet rejected all such offers and remained resolute in glorifying only Jagannatha through his writings. It is said that he was inflicted with the leprosy and yet he used to visit the Puri temple of Jagannath and sing his devotional songs in a most moving voice every day. He spent the last of his days at Ekagharia, Dhenkanal near Bramhni river. At his death place at the Jagannath temple, which was known constructed on the name of Sarana Srikhetra.

Dinakrushna has about 15 poems to his credit, among which the most famous one is Rasakollola. Rasa Binoda, Guna Sagar, Bhaba Samudra, Amruta Sagar, Tattva Sagar, Bhuta Keli, Alankora Bali and Naba Keli are some of his notable creations. He earned a great reputation in writing Chautisa and other lyrical poems about Radha and Krushna. The most recurrent themes of his writings are the glorification and the portrayal of the divine drama of deities he worshipped, viz, Jagannath, Radha and Krishna.

Rasakallola has a distinct place in Odia literature for its sheer poetic excellence and mellifluousness. It deals with the amours of Krushna with the maidens of Vraja and consists of 34 melodious cantos and each line of the cantos beings with the initial sound ‘ Ka’, the first consonant in sanscrit and Odia language. The cantos are again musically conditioned according to the Ragas and Raginis (tunes) prevalent in Odisha. Dinakrushna has shown great skill in painting the natural cycle of seasons and seasonal amours and romantic adventures associated with the seasons. Centering round the drama of Radha and Krushna, Dinakrushna has written many songs overflowing with a sort of mystically human and divine love.

== References ==
{{Wikisourcelang|or|ରସକଲ୍ଲୋଳ|Rasakallola}}
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author=Surendra Mahanty|title=Dinakrushna Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG4uAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}

{{authority control}}
{{Odia literature}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Dinakrushna}}
[[Category:1650 births]]
[[Category:1710 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Balasore district]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Odissi music composers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]

{{india-poet-stub}}

Sanglaphu

2025-06-11T05:11:51Z

Rajeev Menon: started

{{Short description|Mountain peak}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Sanglaphu
| photo = File:DIP_3704.jpg
| photo_caption = View from the north over the Gurudongmar glacier to the Sanglaphu, seen in the half left of the image (October 2014)
| elevation_m = 6224
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Sikkim]], [[India]]
| map = India Sikkim#India
| map_caption = Location of Sanglaphu
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27|58|38.19|N|88|43|00.83|E|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| type =
| first_ascent = 1991, by an Indian team from [[Sonam Gyatso Mountaineering Institute]]
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Sanglaphu''' is a mountain peak location at {{cvt|6224|m}} in northeast of [[Sikkim]], [[India]].

== Location ==
The mountain is part of the Dongkya range. On its western flank, the water flows from ''Gurudongmar Glacier'' to [[Gurudongmar Lake]], which lies in the headwaters of the Lachen Chu, which in turn feeds the [[Teesta River]]. On the opposite side of the glacier is the main summit of [[Gurudongmar (mountain)|Gurudongmar]] {{cvt|6715|m}}. The southern flank of the Sanglaphu is drained from the Lachung Chu. There is also the mountain lake ''Sanglaphu Cho'' at an altitude of {{cvt|5080|m}}.

== Climbing history ==
Sanglaphu was first climbed on October 1, 1991, by mountaineers from [[Sonam Gyatso Mountaineering Institute]], [[Gangtok]]. The team consisted of Kalden, Beniwal, Tamang, Dawa, Passang, Nima Sangay, Choudhary, Rawat, Mahendra Pal, Ganesh and Pushpa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The HJ/48/21 EXPEDITIONS AND NOTES|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/48/21/expeditions-and-notes-48/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The HJ/48/21 EXPEDITIONS AND NOTES|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Transhimalayas]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Marikkunnu

2025-06-02T06:00:39Z

Rajeev Menon: data

{{original research|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marikkunnu
| image_skyline = File:Marikkunnu_Post_Office.jpg
| image_caption = Marikkunnu Post Office
| coordinates = {{coord|11.29062|75.83004|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = Post office
| subdivision_name2 = Marikkunnu
}}
'''Marikkunnu''' (മേരിക്കുന്ന്) and '''Vellimadukunnu''' are two close places and suburban residential areas located on the periphery of [[Kozhikode]] in [[Kerala]], India. Nirmala Hospital, JDT Islam Institutions and [[Government Law College, Kozhikode]] are located in this place.

==Educational Institutions==
Many professional colleges and schools are situated in Marikkunnu.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of institutions
|-
! Name !! Courses !! Remarks
|-
| Government Law College, Kozhikode || 5 years LLB, 3 years LLB, LLM || Government College
|-
| Nirmala College of Nursing || B.Sc Nursing || Run by The Ursuline Sisters of Mary Immaculate
|-
| JDT Islam College of Nursing || B.Sc Nursing || JDT Islam Orphanage & Educational Institutions
|-
| JDT Islam College of Arts And Science
|| || JDT Islam Orphanage & Educational Institutions
|-
| JDT Polytechnic College
||
* AUTOMOBILE
* COMPUTER HARDWARE,
* ELECTRONICS
* ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
|| JDT Islam Orphanage & Educational Institutions
|-
| Silver Hills Public School
||
CBSE
|| [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] fathers
|-
| Silver Hills Higher Secondary School
||
Kerala state 1-10, 12th
|| [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] fathers
|}

==See also==
* [[Government Law College, Kozhikode]]
* [[Kovoor Town]]
* [[Kuttikkattoor]]
* [[Chevayur]]
* [[Pavangad, Kozhikode]]
* [[Chelpram]]
* [[Parambil Bazaar]]

== Location ==
{{Geographic Location
| title = '''Areas Of Calicut'''
|Northwest =
|North = [[Vengeri]] Junction
|Northeast =
|West = [[Eranhipalam]]
|Centre = Malapparamba Junction
|East = Silver Hills
|Southwest =
|South = [[Thondayad Junction]]
|Southeast =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.co.in/maps?hl=en&ll=11.293946,75.820384&spn=0.01978,0.027509&z=15&vpsrc=6 view vellimadukunnu in map]

{{coord|11.29395|N|75.82038|E|type:landmark_source:enwiki|display=title}}

{{Kozhikode district}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]

{{Kozhikode-geo-stub}}

Syed Ali Bilgrami

2025-05-28T18:17:12Z

Rajeev Menon: expand citations for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Shams-ul-Ulama
| name = Syed Ali Bilgrami
| honorific_suffix = FGS, [[Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]]
| image = Syed Ali Bilgrami.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year|1851}}
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1911|1851}}
| death_place = [[Hardoi|Hardoe]]
| education = [[Patna College]]
| relatives = [[Syed Hussain Bilgrami]] (brother) [[Zain Yar Jung]] (son-in-law) [[Sadath Ali Khan]] (grandson) (daughter Ruquia Lulu)
| module =
}}
{{Short description|Indian scholar (1851–1911)}}
'''Shams-ul-Ulema Syed Ali Bilgrami''' (1851–1911) was an Indian scholar and linguist.<ref name=":0">{{cite IBD1915|wstitle= Bilgrami, Syed Ali, Shams-ul-Ulema |volume= 3.4 |page= 49 |year=1915|short=}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Syed Ali was born in 1851, in a distinguished [[Sayyid]] family. His older brother was [[Syed Hussain Bilgrami|Syed Hussain]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Rahman |first=M. Raisur |title=Shakhsiyāt as Intellectual Exemplars |date=2015-07-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199455225.003.0005 |work=Locale, Everyday Islam, and Modernity |pages=122–147 |access-date=2023-08-23 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199455225.003.0005|isbn=978-0-19-945522-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

During his childhood, he was educated in Arabic and [[Persian language|Persian]]. After a period of study at the [[University of Lucknow|Canning College]], he moved to the [[Patna College]], from where he obtained a BA. He then joined the [[IIT Roorkee|Thomson Civil Engineering College]]. Soon after, he visited Europe in 1876, in the suite of [[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I|Salar Jung I]]. He joined the [[Royal School of Mines]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Arthur Claude |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.416/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Glimpses of the Nizams Dominions |year=1898}}</ref>

== Career ==
He entered the service of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1879, and was appointed secretary in the Departments of Public Works, Railways and Mines. He served in [[Hyderabad State]] for many years until he retired from service in 1901.

In 1901, he settled in England. He was appointed a lecturer of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] at Cambridge University.<ref name=":0" /> For a short period of time, he also served as acting professor of Arabic and of Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9s8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Syed+Ali+bilgrami+%22murchison+medal%22&pg=PA880 |title=Biographical Register of Christ College |date=1913 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=en}}</ref>

In 1902, he was admitted to [[Lincoln's Inn]], and called to the bar in 1906.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/VOL318941956/mode/2up |title=Records of the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn |year=1981 |volume=III: Admissions from A.D. 1894 to A.D. 1956 |pages=43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Epsilon: Bilgrami, Mr Syed Ali |url=https://epsilon.ac.uk/view/wallace/person/PERSON101 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=epsilon.ac.uk}}</ref>

He returned to India due to ill health. In 1911, a Draft Constitution Committee was formed with the aim of converting the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] into a university, with Syed Ali as its secretary.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Siddique |first1=Salman |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333918555 |title=AMU's Ancillary Centres and Sir Syed's Vision of Modern Education: Historical Paradigm and the Task Ahead |last2=Ashrafi |first2=Naved}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was married. His daughter Ruqayya worked at [[Osmania University]] and married to [[Zain Yar Jung]]. His grandson, through Ruqayya was [[Sadath Ali Khan]].

== Works ==
Syed Ali Bilgrami wrote in [[Urdu]] and English. His English works include ''Monographs on the Book of Kalila and Damna''. Others include a translation of ''La Civilization des Arabes'' by [[Gustave Le Bon|Gustave Le Ron]], as well as a translation of the [[Atharvaveda|Atharva Veda]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/translators/syed-ali-bilgrami/profile Urdu works of Bilgrami]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilgrami, Syed Ali}}
[[Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Linguists from British India]]
[[Category:Bilgrami family|Ali]]
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]