https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Rajaraj2050 2026-08-07T07:42:03Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharapuram_Assembly_constituency&diff=496706 2026-05-05T18:46:34Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 101<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Dharapuram.svg<br /> | Existence = <br /> | district = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = [[P. Sathyabama]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Dharapuram<br /> | electors = 222,406 <br /> | reservation = SC<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dharapuram''' is a legislative assembly constituency that includes the city of [[Dharapuram]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 101. Dharapuram Assembly constituency is part of [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br /> |access-date = 2008-10-10<br /> |work = Tamil Nadu<br /> |publisher = Election Commission of India<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |archive-date = 2009-02-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | 1952<br /> | rowspan=2|[[A. Senapathi Gounder]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> |-<br /> | 1962<br /> | Parvathi Anjuman<br /> |-<br /> | 1967<br /> | Palaniammal<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Assembly<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Duration<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]<br /> | 1971–1977<br /> | V.P. Palaniammal<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]<br /> | 1977–1980<br /> | R. Ayyachamy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]<br /> | 1980–1984<br /> | rowspan=2|A. Periasamy<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]<br /> | 1984–1989<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]<br /> | 1989–1991<br /> | T. Santhakumari<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]<br /> | 1991–1996<br /> | P. Eswaramurthi<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]<br /> | 1996–2001<br /> | [[R. Saraswathy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]<br /> | 2001–2006<br /> | V. Sivakami<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]<br /> | 2006–2011<br /> | P. Prabavathi<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteen]]<br /> | 2011–2016<br /> | [[K. Ponnusamy (AIADMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifteen]]<br /> | 2016–2021<br /> | [[V. S. Kalimuthu]]&lt;!--check--&gt; <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixteen]]<br /> | 2021-2026<br /> | [[N. Kayalvizhi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventeenth]]<br /> | 2026-Incumbent<br /> | [[P. Sathyabama]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.85}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.68}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.65}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|50.49}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.49}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.49}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.69}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.09}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.00}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.45}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.13}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|39.72}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Sathyabama]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Indirani. T.]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Divya|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gowri Chithra|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,743|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Kayalvizhi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,986 |percentage=46.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Murugan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=88,593 |percentage=46.12% |change=41.88% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ranjitha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=6,753 |percentage=3.52% |change=2.78% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Charli |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,130 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,903 |percentage=0.99% |change=-0.59% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kalarani |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,172 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,393 |percentage=0.73% |change=-4.75% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=192,088 |percentage=74.30% |change= -2.54% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=514 |percentage=0.27% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 258,547 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Kalimuthu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=83,538 |percentage=45.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ponnusamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,521 |percentage=40.19% |change=-11.49% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmugham |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,753 |percentage=4.24% |change=2.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagai Thiruvalluvan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,029 |percentage=3.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,883 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palaniammal |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,662 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Madhavan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,515 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pichaimuthu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,350 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vanitha |party=Independent politician |votes=849 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=835 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Selvaraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=681 |percentage=0.37% |change=-0.48% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,017 |percentage=5.48% |change=-3.78% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=182,911 |percentage=76.83% |change= -2.26% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,070 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.01% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ponnusamy (AIADMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,856 |percentage=51.68% |change=10.83% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jayanthi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,831 |percentage=42.42% |change=-2.23% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Karunakaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,353 |percentage=2.07% |change=0.49% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajesh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,882 |percentage=1.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arumugam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,378 |percentage=0.85% |change=-0.31% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sundrarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,159 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Doraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=789 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,025 |percentage=9.26% |change=5.46% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=205,145 |percentage=79.09% |change= 7.71% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,248 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.03% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Prabavathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,312 |percentage=44.65% |change=13.84% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ranganayahi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,600 |percentage=40.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. K. Jyothipaandiyan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,288 |percentage=9.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Santhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,949 |percentage=1.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,538 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Jeya |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,435 |percentage=1.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Nachimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=917 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kulandaivelu |party=Independent politician |votes=832 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,712 |percentage=3.80% |change=-15.88% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=123,871 |percentage=71.38% |change= 10.69% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,547 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= -5.84% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sivakami |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=56,835 |percentage=50.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sareswathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,683 |percentage=30.81% |change=-24.68% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. T. Shanthakumari |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,845 |percentage=14.08% |change=6.76% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Eswaravel |party=Independent politician |votes=5,201 |percentage=4.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,152 |percentage=19.68% |change=-0.93% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=112,564 |percentage=60.68% |change= -11.30% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,498 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.00% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Saraswathy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,027 |percentage=55.49% |change=27.38% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Easwaramurthi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,989 |percentage=34.88% |change=-30.61% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mayavan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,182 |percentage=7.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Velliangiri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,368 |percentage=1.22% |change=-1.89% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vincent |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=583 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mariappan |party=Independent politician |votes=204 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,038 |percentage=20.61% |change=-16.76% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=111,772 |percentage=71.98% |change= 6.79% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,190 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.99% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Eswaramurthi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,490 |percentage=65.49% |change=33.22% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Shanthakumari |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,545 |percentage=28.11% |change=-5.58% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. K. Elangandhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,166 |percentage=3.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. C. Anbu Selvan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,359 |percentage=2.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palaniappan |party=Janata Party |votes=375 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Subramanian |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=318 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. S. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=223 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=54 |percentage=0.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,945 |percentage=37.37% |change=35.95% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=101,530 |percentage=65.20% |change= -6.44% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,002 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 31.80% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Santhakumari |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,069 |percentage=33.69% |change=-7.22% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Periasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,633 |percentage=32.27% |change=-26.82% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karpegavalli Selvi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,517 |percentage=27.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thurkaivel Krishna Moorthi Alias T. V. Kirshnamoorthi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,075 |percentage=5.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vedanayagam |party=Independent politician |votes=666 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes=576 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Balakirshnan |party=Independent politician |votes=301 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kalimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=287 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,436 |percentage=1.42% |change=-16.75% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=101,124 |percentage=71.63% |change= 0.47% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,747 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -25.40% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Periasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,919 |percentage=59.09% |change=3.04% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ayyasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,951 |percentage=40.91% |change=-1.64% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,968 |percentage=18.17% |change=4.67% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=87,870 |percentage=71.16% |change= 7.10% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,788 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.04% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Periasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,319 |percentage=56.05% |change=24.38% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Palaniammal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,887 |percentage=42.55% |change=18.76% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=542 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=332 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=205 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,432 |percentage=13.50% |change=9.00% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=77,285 |percentage=64.06% |change= 12.95% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,884 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 24.38% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ayyachamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,884 |percentage=31.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Shivalingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,202 |percentage=27.17% |change=-6.80% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. G. Rajendran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,187 |percentage=23.79% |change=-40.61% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Muniappan |party=Janata Party |votes=5,976 |percentage=10.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,255 |percentage=5.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,123 |percentage=1.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,682 |percentage=4.50% |change=-25.94% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=59,627 |percentage=51.11% |change= -15.76% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,032 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -32.74% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Palaniammal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,947 |percentage=64.41% |change=-0.59% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. N. Gopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,597 |percentage=33.97% |change=0.58% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Manoharan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,031 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,350 |percentage=30.44% |change=-1.17% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,575 |percentage=66.87% |change= -7.54% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,869 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.59% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniammal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,433 |percentage=65.00% |change=37.58% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Velusamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,800 |percentage=33.39% |change=-24.06% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gurunathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,052 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,633 |percentage=31.60% |change=1.57% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,285 |percentage=74.41% |change= 6.27% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,991 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.55% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Parvathi Anjuman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,842 |percentage=57.45% |change=10.32% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Subramanian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,059 |percentage=27.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Lingasami Gounder |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=9,969 |percentage=15.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,783 |percentage=30.03% |change=28.94% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,870 |percentage=68.14% |change= 10.68% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,631 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.32% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Senapathi Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,164 |percentage=47.13% |change=15.32% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Govindaswamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=25,555 |percentage=46.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. L. Lingaswamy Gounder |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=3,796 |percentage=6.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=609 |percentage=1.10% |change=-6.81% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,515 |percentage=57.46% |change= -3.55% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,614 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.41% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Senapathi Gounder]] |party=Independent politician |votes=17,085 |percentage=39.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nataraja Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,683 |percentage=31.81% |change=31.81% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuswami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=7,094 |percentage=16.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lingaswami Gounder |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=4,124 |percentage=9.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivelu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,028 |percentage=2.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,402 |percentage=7.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=43,014 |percentage=61.01% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,501 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [[Dharapuram Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|10.73|N|77.52|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tiruppur district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Rajendran_(DMK_politician)&diff=527717 2026-05-05T08:13:23Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started the stub from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = R. Rajendran<br /> | image = R Rajendran.png<br /> | caption =<br /> | office = [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Minister of Tourism]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | 1blankname = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]<br /> | term_start = 29 September 2024<br /> | term_end = 5 May 2026<br /> | predecessor = [[K. Ramachandran]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 19 May 2016<br /> | term_end1 = 4 May 2026<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Azhagapuram Mohanraj]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | constituency1 = [[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]]<br /> | term_start2 = 11 May 2006<br /> | term_end2 = 13 May 2011<br /> | constituency2 = [[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatty]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy]]<br /> | successor2 = ''Constituency Abolished''<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|06|03}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | party = [[File:Flag DMK.svg|20px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | spouse = Suseela Rajendran<br /> | children = 1 Daughter<br /> | parents = <br /> | date = <br /> | occupation = [[Politician]], [[Advocate]]<br /> | education = [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Bachelor of Law|Law]]<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''R. Rajendran''' (born 3 June 1959) is an Indian politician who serves as [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Minister for Tourism in the Government of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Council of Ministers {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal | url=https://www.tn.gov.in/ministerslist | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705032545/http://www.tn.gov.in:80/ministerslist | access-date=2025-08-08 | archive-date=2013-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Members of Legislative Assembly, Govt. of Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/members.php|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}&lt;/ref&gt; for the constituency of Salem North.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2016 MLA|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/15thassembly/members/051_100.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2021 MLA|url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/members.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> R. Rajendran was born on 3 June 1959 in Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= Rajendran Padayatchi Rayar |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/rajendran-padayatchi-rayar/|website=ourneta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He hails from an agricultural background. He completed his primary school from Govt. School, Salem, and Higher Secondary school studies from Little Flower School, Salem. He entered politics during his college days and was active since early 1990s till now.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> In 1985 he was appointed the Student Wing District Organizer by the Party President [[M. Karunanidhi]]. In 1992 he was appointed the District Organizer at DMK Youth Wing by present [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] President and then Youth Wing Secretary [[M. K. Stalin]]. In 1999 he was appointed the State Youth Wing Deputy Secretary by M. K. Stalin. In 2004 he acted as the State President for the Government LPF.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> In 2006 he was elected as the Member of Legislative Assembly, for the [[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency ]]. In 2015 he was appointed the District Secretary for the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Salem (Central) after the death of former Minister [[Veerapandy S. Arumugam|Veerapandi Arumugam]] by the Party President [[M. Karunanidhi]]. In 2016 he was elected as the Member of Legislative Assembly, for the [[Salem North Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Will Stalin reward lone DMK winner from Salem?|work=Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/May/04/will-stalin-reward-lone-dmk-winner-from-salem-2298104.html/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; In 2021 he was elected as the Member of Legislative Assembly, for the [[Salem North Assembly constituency]] for the second time. <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu 2021 - R. RAJENDRAN (Winner) - SALEM NORTH (SALEM) MLA |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=184|website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Salem District - Elected Representatives|url=https://salem.nic.in/departments/election-department/elected-representatives/|website=Government of Tamil Nadu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=R Rajendran|work=News 18|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/r-rajendran-salem-north-candidate-s22a089c001/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114144322/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/r-rajendran-salem-north-candidate-s22a089c001/|archive-date=14 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ministry ==<br /> On 29.09.2024 he was inducted in the Cabinet of DMK Ministry under Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] and he took charge as [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Minister]] for Tourism, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. He is the Second Minister for Salem District from DMK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karthikeyan |first=K. |date=2024-09-29 |title=Govi Chezhian to be TN's next higher edu minister, Senthilbalaji likely to return to 'power' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/govi-chezhian-to-be-tns-next-higher-edu-minister-senthilbalaji-likely-to-return-to-power-805542 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-29 |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet reshuffle: Senthilbalaji, three others sworn-in as Ministers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cabinet-reshuffle-senthilbalaji-three-others-sworn-in-as-ministers/article68697452.ece |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-28 |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet rejig: Senthil Balaji re-inducted, 3 ministers dropped |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-cabinet-reshuffle-v-senthil-balaji-minister-udayanidhi-stalin-mk-stalin-2608069-2024-09-28 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Electoral performance ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Vote %<br /> ! Runner-up<br /> ! Runner-up Party<br /> ! Runner-up vote %<br /> ! Ref.<br /> <br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;<br /> |bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||46.52% || [[G. Venkatachalam]]|| [[AIADMK]] || 42.74%|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form20_TNLA2021/dt9/AC089.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form20_TNLA2021/dt9/AC089.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2021, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;<br /> |bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||45.14% || K. R. S. Saravanan|| [[AIADMK]] || 39.99%|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |- style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;<br /> |bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem West]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Lost ||36.48% || [[G. Venkatachalam]]|| [[AIADMK]] || 54.46%|| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;<br /> |bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatty]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||44.57% || R. Elangovan|| [[AIADMK]] || 42.20%|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Form20_2006/AC091.pdf |title=FORM20 All AC's Consolidated File-Election 2006.xls |access-date= 23 Oct 2022 |website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |- style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;<br /> |bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Lost ||30.89% || [[S. Semmalai]]|| [[AIADMK]] || 59.39%|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Government of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rajendran, R}}<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:1959 births]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eluru_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481293 2026-04-26T14:52:56Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: basic update article per sources further and improved wording for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Eluru Municipal Corporation<br /> | coa_pic = <br /> | coa_res = 250px<br /> | coa_alt = <br /> | logo = Eluru Municipal Corporation Logo.svg<br /> | house_type = Municipal Corporation<br /> | body = Eluru<br /> | foundation = 2005<br /> | houses = <br /> | leader1_type = Mayor<br /> | leader1 = Shaik Noorjahan([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])<br /> | party1 = <br /> | election1 = <br /> | leader2_type = Dep Mayor<br /> | leader2 = P.Umamaheswararao([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]) V.Durga Bhavai([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])<br /> | party2 = <br /> | election2 = <br /> | leader3_type = Corporation Commissioner<br /> | leader3 = Y.Sai Sreekanth<br /> | party3 = <br /> | election3 = <br /> | members = '''50'''<br /> | house1 = <br /> | house2 = <br /> | structure1 = File:India Eluru Municipal Corporation 2021.svg<br /> | structure1_res = 250px<br /> | structure2 = <br /> | structure2_res = <br /> | political_groups2 = <br /> | committees1 = <br /> | committees2 = <br /> | voting_system1 = <br /> | voting_system2 = <br /> | last_election1 = [[2021 Eluru Municipal Corporation election|10 March 2021]]<br /> | political_groups1 = '''Government (47)'''<br /> * {{Party legend|YSR Congress Party|47}}<br /> '''Opposition (3)'''<br /> * {{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|3}}<br /> | session_room = <br /> | session_res = <br /> | meeting_place = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://eluru.cdma.ap.gov.in/|Eluru Municipal corporation}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Eluru Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Eluru]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.&lt;ref name=&quot;May ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eluru Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].<br /> <br /> == Jurisdiction ==<br /> On 9 April 2005, Eluru Municipal Corporation was upgraded from selection grade municipality.on 9 April 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Unnisa|editor-first=Syeda Azeem|last=Rav|first=S. Bhupatthi|title=Sustainable solid waste management|date=2013|publisher=Apple Academic Press|location=Toronto|isbn=978-1-926895-24-6|page=49|edition=Online-Ausg.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z8mtD9N0jsC&amp;q=Helapuri+eluru&amp;pg=PA49|access-date=18 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is spread over an area of {{Convert|14.50|km2|abbr=on}} with 50 divisions and has a population of 283,648 as per the [[2011 Census of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Eluru Municipal Corporation Details|url=http://www.elurucorporation.org/EluruDetails.aspx|website=Eluru Municipal Corporation|access-date=17 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == List of mayors ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; |Eluru Municipal Corporation (EMC)<br /> |-<br /> !Sno.<br /> !Mayor<br /> !DY Mayor<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !colspan=2 |Party<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1.<br /> |Kasi Viswanadhamma<br /> |Badeti Kotaramarao<br /> |2005<br /> |2010<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |First Mayor of EMC <br /> |-<br /> |2.<br /> |Sk.Noorjahan<br /> |C.H.Venkataratnam<br /> |2015<br /> |2020<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |First Women Mayor of EMC <br /> |-<br /> |3.<br /> |Sk.Noorjahan<br /> |G.Srinivasrao&lt;br /&gt;N.Sudheerbabu<br /> |2021<br /> |2024<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[YSR Congress Party]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |4.<br /> |Sk.Noorjahan<br /> |P.Umamaheswararao&lt;br /&gt;V.Durga Bhavani<br /> |2024<br /> |2026<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ordinary elections ===<br /> <br /> {|CLASS=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !S.No.<br /> !colspan=2|Party name<br /> !Symbol<br /> !Won<br /> !Change<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}&quot;|<br /> |[[YSR Congress Party]]<br /> |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]<br /> |47<br /> |{{no change}}<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]<br /> |3<br /> |{{no change}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Administration ==<br /> <br /> The corporation is administered by an elected body, headed by the [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]. The present [[commissioner]] of the corporation is Y.Sai Sreekanth and the present [[mayor]] is Shaik Noorjahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commissioner Profile|url=http://www.elurucorporation.org/Commissioner.aspx|website=Eluru Municipal Corporation|access-date=17 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mayor Profile|url=http://www.elurucorporation.org/mayorprofile.aspx|website=Eluru Municipal Corporation|access-date=17 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an Annual income of 426.681 million compared to Expenditure of 398.438 million.<br /> <br /> == Civic works and services ==<br /> There are 26 Protected water supply reservoirs in the city. There are {{Convert|185|km|abbr=on}} of Kutcha drains, {{Convert|221.64|km|abbr=on}} of C.C Drains and {{Convert|6.80|km|abbr=on}} of Storm water drains.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eluru.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/municipality-profile|title=Corporation Profile|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311023926/http://eluru.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/municipality-profile|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city has a total of 7565 equipped [[Street lights]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hplisls.com:5031/GISMap.aspx?field1=Eluru%20MC|title=MC Street Lights CCMS Dashboard(Eluru)|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112205318/http://hplisls.com:5031/GISMap.aspx?field1=Eluru%20MC|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eluru generates 82 Mt. Tons of Garbage per day.<br /> <br /> == Functions ==<br /> Eluru Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:&lt;ref name=&quot;El9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;El10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .<br /> * Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.<br /> * Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.<br /> * Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.<br /> * Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.<br /> * Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.<br /> * Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.<br /> * Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.<br /> * Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.<br /> <br /> == Revenue sources ==<br /> <br /> The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;El11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;El12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;El13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revenue from taxes ===<br /> Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Property tax.<br /> * Profession tax.<br /> * Entertainment tax.<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br /> * Advertisement tax.<br /> <br /> === Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br /> <br /> Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Water usage charges.<br /> * Fees from Documentation services.<br /> * Rent received from municipal property.<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds.<br /> <br /> === Revenue from taxes ===<br /> Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Property tax.<br /> * Profession tax.<br /> * Entertainment tax.<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br /> * Advertisement tax.<br /> <br /> === Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br /> <br /> Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Water usage charges.<br /> * Fees from Documentation services.<br /> * Rent received from municipal property.<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Eluru topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Government of Eluru]]<br /> [[Category:2005 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_Superfast_Express&diff=545660 2026-04-25T12:14:22Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Other uses|West Coast Express (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=April 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = West Coast Superfast Express<br /> | image = West Coast SF Express.jpg<br /> | image_width = 300<br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] &amp; [[Karnataka]]<br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1965|04|01}}<br /> | last = <br /> | operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]<br /> | ridership = <br /> | start = [[MGR Chennai Central]] (MAS)<br /> | stops = 30<br /> | end = [[Mangalore Central|Mangaluru Central]] (MAQ)<br /> | distance = {{convert|902|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 16 hrs approx.<br /> | frequency = Daily<br /> | class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved,<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = On-board catering, &lt;br /&gt; E-catering<br /> | observation = Large windows<br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = No<br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br /> | el = <br /> | trainnumber = 22637 / 22638<br /> | speed = {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = [[File:West Coast Express (India) Route map.jpg|250px]]<br /> | map_state = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 22637 / 22638 '''West Coast Superfast Express''' is a daily superfast express train connecting the city of [[Chennai]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], with the port city of [[Mangaluru]] in [[Karnataka]] via [[Coimbatore Junction]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/west-coast-express-16628-maq-to-mas/1763/1470/35|title = 22638/West Coast SF Express (PT) - Mangalore to MGR Chennai SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the trains connecting the [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Arabian Sea]] and the oldest train on this route . Since August 1, 2021, the train runs with new timings.<br /> <br /> The name traces to the location of Mangalore which is on the west coast of India. It is one of the oldest trains and also provides a day-time connectivity to [[Coimbatore]] from Chennai.<br /> <br /> The train shares its rake with the [[Mangalore Mail]] which also traverses the same route.<br /> <br /> In 2014 Ministry of Indian Railways Announced the Service Type of West Coast Express as Superfast The Schedule and Train Number also Changed from 16627/16628-&gt; 22637/22638.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Introduced in 1965 as an Express train sharing rakes with [[Mangalore Mail]], It was later upgraded to Superfast Express train in June 2014. When introduced, it ran with a WDM-2 from Erode Diesel Loco Shed for the whole journey. Later after 1990 when the route electrified till Erode, it used electric locomotive from Chennai to Erode and a diesel loco from Erode to Mangalore. After electrification till Mangalore was completed, it now uses WAP-4 / WAP-7 in its entire journey. It used to take 17 hrs 15 mins to cover {{convert|902|km|mi}} running at {{convert|52.29|km/h|mph}} speed.<br /> <br /> ==Loco link and coach composition==<br /> <br /> When introduced, it ran with a [[WDM-2]] from [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Diesel Loco Shed]] for the whole journey. Later after 1990 when the route electrified till Erode, it used electric locomotive from Chennai to Erode and a diesel loco from Erode to Mangalore. After electrification till Mangalore was completed, it now uses [[WAP-4]] / WAP-7 in its entire journey.<br /> <br /> It has a total of 22 LHB coaches excluding the locomotive. It has 1 HCPV or High Capacity Parcel Van, 2 Guard Vans (One at each end). 4 General Compartments (1 GS compartment illegally occupied by RMS), 10 Sleeper coaches, 4 AC Three Tier, 1 AC Two Tier. and an RMS. When it departs Mangalore Central as 22638 for the return journey to Chennai, the RMS or Rail Mail Service coach is put at the end of the train.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Southern India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:West Coast Express}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maitripur&diff=515195 2026-04-16T21:44:09Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Made new data</p> <hr /> <div>'''Maitripur''' ({{langx|ccp|𑄟𑄭𑄖𑄳𑄢𑄨𑄛𑄪𑄢𑄴}} is a village in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. According to the 2011 census it had a population of 2,117.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maitripur Bl I - III Village Population - Diyun - Changlang, Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/264344-maitripur-bl-i--iii-arunachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Changlang district]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy_Irani_(television_personality)&diff=495346 2026-04-16T03:25:37Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian-Singaporean actress}}{{About|the [[Indian Singaporeans|Indian-Singaporean]] actress|the Indian actress in Hindi films|Daisy Irani (actress)}}{{Update|part=Career|reason=there is a gap between 2010 and 2021.|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Daisy Irani<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_place = [[Bombay]], India<br /> | citizenship = [[Singapore]]<br /> | occupation = Actress, director, producer<br /> | spouse = Subin Subaiah<br /> | years_active = 1992–present<br /> | relatives = [[List of Hindi film clans#Roy–Joshi–Irani-Desai family|Roy–Joshi–Irani-Desai family]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Daisy Irani Subaiah''' is an Indian-born Singaporean television actress, director, and producer. She is well known for her role in the 1995 TV show [[Under One Roof (Singaporean TV series)|''Under One Roof'']], which was the first English language Singaporean [[sitcom]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> She was born to Gujarati film actress [[Padmarani]] and stage director Namdar Irani in [[Bombay]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;DG2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Noted Gujarati actress Padma Rani passes away | website=DeshGujarat | date=25 January 2016 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2016/01/25/veteran-gujarati-actress-padma-rani-passes-away/ | accessdate=10 February 2016 | archive-date=16 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216023149/http://deshgujarat.com/2016/01/25/veteran-gujarati-actress-padma-rani-passes-away/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> === Early career ===<br /> Irani was an established actress in films and theatre in Gujarati, having acted in 18 Gujarati films, several television shows, and theatre performances with the [[Indian National Theatre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MumbaiTheatreGuide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Interview With Daisy Irani Subaiah Interview : www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/interviews/daisy-irani-subaiah-interview.asp# |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After she moved to Singapore, she appeared in the role of Daisy Matthews in the popular Singapore TV series ''[[Under One Roof (Singaporean TV series)|Under One Roof]]'' televised in 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daisy Irani On Breaking Boundaries, Confidence And The Thrills Of Theatre |url=https://www.lofficielsingapore.com/tiffany-community/daisy-irani-on-breaking-boundaries-confidence-and-the-thrills-of-theatre |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=L'Officiel Singapore |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At [[Mediacorp]], she was the executive producer for [[Mediacorp Studios]]' English Entertainment Productions Division. In 2007, she became the head of the [[Central (TV channel)|Central Channel]]'s Programming and Promotions, as well as [[Mediacorp TV12|their TV12]] Creative Services Division.&lt;ref&gt;Safdar, Ashraf. [http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/277942/1/.html Daisy Irani appointed TV12's Head of Central Programming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525042137/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/277942/1/.html |date=25 May 2007 }}, [[CNA (TV network)|Channel NewsAsia]] 2007-05-23&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, the Central Channel became defunct after Kids Central and Arts Central were merged to form [[Okto]] where it took over the channel space and frequency formerly used by the-defunct [[Channel i (Singaporean TV channel)|Channel i]], and [[Central (TV channel) #Vasantham Central|Vasantham Central]] became a full-fledged channel as [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Vasantham]], occupying the original Central channel space and frequency.&lt;ref&gt;Seah, May. [http://www.todayonline.com/articles/282623.asp Okto and Vasantham are new editions to tv line up] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021235059/http://www.todayonline.com/articles/282623.asp |date=2008-10-21 }}, [[Today (Singapore newspaper)|TODAYonline]] 2008-10-21&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Yeen Nie, Hoe. [http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/371587/1/.html Kids and Arts Central to be relaunched as okto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110053858/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/371587/1/.html |date=10 January 2009 }}, [[CNA (TV network)|Channel News Asia]] 2008-08-25&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === HuM Theatre ===<br /> In 2010, Irani founded HuM Theatre, a [[theatre company]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HuM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=cue |date=2023-04-12 |title=HuM Theatre uses humour to explore cultural clashes in We Are Like This Only 3 {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/arts/hum-theatre-uses-humour-to-explore-cultural-clashes-in-we-are-like-this-only-3 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, the theatre company gave [[Zee TV]] broadcasting rights to four of its plays.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singapore's HuM theatre rides on Zee TV's reach, enters 9.6 million homes |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/singapores-hum-theatre-rides-on-zee-tvs-reach-enters-96-million-homes-8148.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.connectedtoindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, Irani produced a play, ''Being Mrs Gandhi'', and acted as [[Kasturba Gandhi]], the wife of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], in celebration of the 150th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi's birth. The production came after Irani attended a talk by Gandhi's granddaughter, Ela Gandhi, about her grandmother in 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singapore play about Gandhi's wife sheds light on Indian leader's life |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/mahatma-gandhi-wife-play-singapore-261121 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santosh |date=2019-10-11 |title=Not easy Being Mrs Gandhi |url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/tabla/singapore/story20191011-34890 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=www.tamilmurasu.com.sg |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, Irani starred in a short film ''#MakeThatCall'', about bridging an increasing physical gap between young people and aging parents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daisy's reminder to young people: #MakeThatCall |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/daisys-reminder-to-young-people-makethatcall-9650.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.connectedtoindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, Irani staged ''We Are Like This Only 3'', with cast from HuM Theatre, with Irani calling it 'unintended trilogy'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=cue |date=2023-04-23 |title=Theatre review: We Are Like This Only 3's comedy shows racial integration is no laughing matter {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/arts/theatre-review-we-are-like-this-only-3-s-comedy-shows-racial-integration-is-no-laughing-matter |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HuM&quot;/&gt; The first two plays focused on tensions between Singaporean Indians and expatriate Indians, while the third play focused on tensions between new Singaporean citizens from India and the Chinese majority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> She moved from [[Mumbai]] to Singapore&lt;ref name=&quot;DG2016&quot;/&gt; in 1991 when her husband, Subin Subaiah, was posted there for work. In 2004, the couple received their Singapore citizenship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-02 |title=New Indians, old Indians |url=https://www.asiaone.com/entertainment/new-indians-old-indians |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=AsiaOne |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> |1995 – 2003<br /> |[[Under One Roof (Singaporean TV series)|''Under One Roof'']]<br /> |Daisy Matthews<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |''[[ABC DJ]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Executive producer|Executive Producer]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Theatre ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |''Suite Hearts''<br /> |<br /> |Director, producer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Siow |first=Pearlin |date=30 August 1996 |title=Suite stories of the heart|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/citywkly19960830-1.2.9.1 |access-date=2023-04-28 |publisher=City Weekly |language=en-SG |via=[[NewspaperSG]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |''We Are Like This Only''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''We Are Like This Only 2''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''Being Mrs Gandhi''<br /> |[[Kasturba Gandhi]]<br /> |Producer<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''We Are Like This Only 3''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDB name|9753319}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Irani, Daisy}}<br /> [[Category:Singaporean television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to Singapore]]<br /> [[Category:Singaporean people of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women television producers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television producers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Irani (India) people]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizamabad_Urban_Assembly_constituency&diff=522350 2026-04-15T02:13:33Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started the stub first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Nizamabad (Urban)<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (17-Nizamabad Urban highlighted).png<br /> | map_caption = Location of Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency within Telangana<br /> | mla = [[Dhanpal Suryanarayana Gupta|Dhanpal Suryanarayana]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party ]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2023<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Telangana]]<br /> | district = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]<br /> | electors = 2,86,766<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 17<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nizamabad (Urban) Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one among two constituencies in the [[Nizamabad, Telangana|City of Nizamabad]] with a population of 3,11,152.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nizamabad (Urban) Assembly constituency profile&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1=Telangana |title=Nizamabad (Urban) Assembly constituency profile |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nizamabad-urban-assembly-constituency-profile |access-date=15 January 2020 |date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324102327/https://telanganatoday.com/nizamabad-urban-assembly-constituency-profile |archive-date=24 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> [[Dhanpal Suryanarayana Gupta]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is currently representing the constituency.<br /> <br /> ==Extent of the constituency ==<br /> The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following :<br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Mandal<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nizamabad mandal|Nizamabad city]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Duration<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | Mohammed Dawar Hussain<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | Mohammed Dawar Hussain<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | Hari Narayan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | K. V. Gangadhar<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> | V. Chakradhar Rao<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | A. Kishan Das<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> | rowspan=2 | D. Satyanarayana<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[Dharmapuri Srinivas]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> | Satish Pawar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> | rowspan=2 | Dharmapuri Srinivas<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Endela Lakshminarayana]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 ✯<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Bigala Ganesh|Bigala Ganesha Gupta]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | [[Dhanpal Suryanarayana Gupta]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> ✯ by-election<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2023===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Nizamabad Urban (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party=Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate=[[Dhanpal Suryanarayana Gupta]]<br /> |votes=75,240<br /> |percentage=40.82<br /> |change={{increase}}24.83}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mohammed Ali Shabbir]]|votes=59,853|percentage=32.47|change={{decrease}}1.87}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Bigala Ganesh Gupta|votes=44,829|percentage=24.32|change={{decrease}}23.48}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=538|percentage=0.29|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=15,387|percentage=8.35|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,84,332|percentage=62.51|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> | loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi<br /> | swing = <br /> }}{{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nizamabad Urban}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> |candidate=Bigala Ganesh Guptha<br /> |votes=71,896<br /> |percentage=47.80<br /> |change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party=Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate=Taher Bin Hamdan<br /> |votes=46,055<br /> |percentage=30.60<br /> |change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Endela Lakshminarayana]]<br /> | votes = 24,192<br /> | percentage = 15.99<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = [[ None of the Above]]<br /> | votes = 855<br /> | percentage = 0.57<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority|votes=25,841|percentage=17.20|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=1,51,279|percentage=62.65|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner =Telangana Rashtra Samithi <br /> |loser =Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Nizamabad (Urban) (Assembly constituency)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170702032420/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&amp;cid=17 Nizamabad (Urban) Results]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> | candidate = Bigala Ganesh<br /> | votes = 42,148<br /> | percentage = 31.15<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br /> | candidate = Mir Majaz Ali Shaik <br /> | votes = 31,840<br /> | percentage = 23.53<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Suryanarayana Dhanpal <br /> | votes = 28,301<br /> | percentage = 20.91<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud]]<br /> | votes = 25,742<br /> | percentage =19.02<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 10,308<br /> | percentage = <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 1,35,327 <br /> | percentage =56.02 <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2009]]: Nizamabad Urban (Assembly constituency)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/27/30428/205|title = IndiaVotes &amp;#124; India's largest election database}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party =Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate =Endala Lakshmi Narayana<br /> | votes =40,475<br /> | percentage =42.52<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate =Dharmapuri Srinivas<br /> |votes =29,460<br /> | percentage =30.95<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> | candidate = M.A.Rahim<br /> | votes =15,902<br /> | percentage =16.71<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Nizamabad (Rural) (Assembly constituency)]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}<br /> {{coord|18.68|78.10|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Nizamabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nabadwip_Haldar&diff=519700 2026-04-14T23:50:01Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Made a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Bengali actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nabadwip Haldar<br /> | image = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | landscape = &lt;!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --&gt;<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date text|1911}}<br /> | birth_place = Sonpalashi, [[Burdwan district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India<br /> | death_cause = &lt;!--should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability--&gt;<br /> | monuments = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = [[Actor]], [[Comedian]] <br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = Work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]<br /> | notable_works = &lt;!-- produces label &quot;Notable work&quot;; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label &quot;Notable credit(s)&quot;; or by |works=, which produces label &quot;Works&quot;; or by |label_name=, which produces label &quot;Label(s)&quot; --&gt; <br /> }}<br /> '''Nabadwip Haldar''' was an Indian actor, [[comedian]] and theater personality who is known for work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Haldar was born in 1911 in Sonpalashi village, near [[Hatgobindapur]], in undivided [[Burdwan district]] in [[British India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1120210/10bard3.html|title=গ্রামের স্মৃতিতে অমলিন নবদ্বীপ হালদার|date=10 February 2012|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319173438/http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1120210/10bard3.html|archive-date=2018-03-19|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; After completion of his primary education from [[Burdwan Municipal High School]], he could not study further and started working at [[Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation]]. Haldar also took part-time jobs in different companies in [[Kolkata]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/FCY/info|title=Kalo Chhaya|access-date=19 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Haldar's debut film was ''Panchashar'' made by [[Debaki Kumar Bose]] in 1931. He became popular for his character named ''Madan'' in the film [[Sharey Chuattor]]. Haldar performed in a comedy duo with actor [[Shyam Laha]] in various films as the Bengali version of [[Laurel and Hardy]]. He was well known for his unique voice and comic roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/The-laughter-vanishes/articleshow/7126802.cms|title=The laughter vanishes|date=20 December 2010|newspaper=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319173438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/The-laughter-vanishes/articleshow/7126802.cms|archive-date=2018-03-19|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also acted in a number of radio comic series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lgcatv.com/watch/9azgIy3ILMc|title=Koutuk noksha.. Nabadwip Haldar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319173438/http://lgcatv.com/watch/9azgIy3ILMc|archive-date=2018-03-19|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Partial filmography==<br /> * ''Panchashar'' (1931)<br /> * ''Graher Fer'' (1937)<br /> * ''Sonar Sansar'' (1936)<br /> * ''Sarbajanin Bibahotsab'' (1938)<br /> * ''Shahar Thekey Durey'' (1943)<br /> * ''Dukkhe Jader Jibon Gora'' (1946)<br /> * ''[[Kalo Chhaya]]'' (1948)<br /> * ''Sadharan Meye'' (1948)<br /> * ''[[Kuasha]]'' (1949)<br /> * ''Sandhabelar Roopkatha'' (1950)<br /> * ''Kankantala Light Railway'' (1950)<br /> * ''Baikunther Will'' (1950)<br /> * ''[[Maryada (1950 film)|Maryada]]'' (1950)<br /> * ''[[Hanabari]]'' (1952)<br /> * ''Manikjor'' (1952)<br /> * ''[[Sharey Chuattor]]'' (1953)<br /> * ''[[Lakh Taka]]'' (1953)<br /> * ''[[Moyla Kagaj]]'' (1954)<br /> * ''[[Chheley Kaar]]'' (1954)<br /> * ''Nishiddho Phal'' (1955)<br /> * ''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (film)]]'' (1956)<br /> * ''Dui Bechara'' (1960)<br /> * ''Kathin Maya'' (1961)<br /> * ''Marutrisha'' (1964)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|354796}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Haldar, Nabadwip}}<br /> [[Category:1911 births]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male radio actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Purba Bardhaman district]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bikram_Assembly_constituency&diff=491653 2026-04-14T03:54:03Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bikram<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 191-Bikram constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | region = <br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | district = [[Patna district|Patna]]<br /> | division = <br /> | loksabha_cons = <br /> | constituency_no = 191 <br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = None <br /> | abolished = &lt;!-- year abolished --&gt;<br /> | mla = [[Siddharth Saurav]]<br /> |party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> | electors = 310,092<br /> }}<br /> '''Bikram''' is one of 243 representative districts of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]]. It is a part of [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Danapur, Maner, Phulwari, Masaurhi and Paliganj.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/pataliputra.html| title=Pataliputra Parliamentary Constituencies| publisher=elections.in| access-date=10 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Area/wards==<br /> Bikram Assembly constituency comprises [[Naubatpur]] CD block and [[Bikram, Bihar|Bikram]] CD block; Gram Panchayats: Koudiya, Bindaul, Kunjwa, Machchhalpur Lai, Saidabad, Wazirpur, Naghar, Yamunapur and Taranagar of [[Bihta]] CD block.&lt;ref name=commission&gt;{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work=Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date=2013-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> ! Year<br /> ! Name&lt;ref name=&quot;election2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paliganj (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2015 - Winner and Runner-up Candidates |url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/paliganj.html |access-date=2017-12-29 |website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Manorma Devi<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |[[Mahabir Gop]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Khaderan Singh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |[[Kailashpati Mishra]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Ram Nath Yadav]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |Ram Janam Sharma<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Anil Kumar<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Siddharth Saurav]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Bikram&lt;ref name=&quot;2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bikram&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bikram |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04191.htm |access-date=9 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209034347/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04191.htm |archive-date=9 December 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Siddharth Saurav]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:101189}}<br /> |percentage = 47.02<br /> |change = +39.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Anil Kumar<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:95588}}<br /> |percentage = 44.42<br /> |change = -3.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janshakti Janta Dal<br /> |candidate = Ajeet Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4937}}<br /> |percentage = 2.29<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Mantu Kumar<br /> |party = Jan Suraaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3037}}<br /> |percentage = 1.41<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ram Pravesh Yadav<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2582}}<br /> |percentage = 1.2<br /> |change = -0.66<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3338}}<br /> |percentage = 1.55<br /> |change = +0.55<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5601}}<br /> |percentage = 2.6<br /> |change = -17.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:215202}}<br /> |percentage = 69.4<br /> |change = +10.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2020]]: Bikram&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Siddharth Saurav]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:86177}}<br /> |percentage = 47.71<br /> |change = -6.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Anil Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:50717}}<br /> |percentage = 28.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Atul Kumar<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:14439}}<br /> |percentage = 7.99<br /> |change = -20.81<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Nagendra Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:11223}}<br /> |percentage = 6.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Arun Kumar<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3363}}<br /> |percentage = 1.86<br /> |change = +0.72<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Dr. Mamtamayi Priyadarshini<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3068}}<br /> |percentage = 1.7<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Surendra Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2152}}<br /> |percentage = 1.19<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Adhikar Party<br /> |candidate = Chandrashekhar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2027}}<br /> |percentage = 1.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1814}}<br /> |percentage = 1.0<br /> |change = -0.22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:35460}}<br /> |percentage = 19.63<br /> |change = -6.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:180640}}<br /> |percentage = 58.57<br /> |change = -0.51<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2015]]: Bikram&lt;ref name=&quot;election2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Siddharth Saurav]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:94088}}<br /> |percentage = 54.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Anil Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:49777}}<br /> |percentage = 28.8<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation<br /> |candidate = Devendra Verma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4667}}<br /> |percentage = 2.7<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |candidate = Raj Kumar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3497}}<br /> |percentage = 2.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Hindustan Vikas Dal<br /> |candidate = Shambhu Prasad Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2496}}<br /> |percentage = 1.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Niraj Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2495}}<br /> |percentage = 1.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samras Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Nagendra Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2229}}<br /> |percentage = 1.29<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Munna Prasad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1976}}<br /> |percentage = 1.14<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Jitendra Paswan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1933}}<br /> |percentage = 1.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Ramesh Kumar Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1746}}<br /> |percentage = 1.01<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2114}}<br /> |percentage = 1.22<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:44311}}<br /> |percentage = 25.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:172838}}<br /> |percentage = 59.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2010===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bikram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Anil Kumar<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 38,965<br /> |percentage = 29.57<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = [[Siddharth Saurav]]<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |votes = 36,613<br /> |percentage = 27.78<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | <br /> |votes = 2,352<br /> |percentage = 1.79<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | <br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = BJP<br /> |loser = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2005===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bikram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Anil Kumar<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |votes = 46,150<br /> |percentage = 42.0<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Chandrama Singh Yadav<br /> |votes = 35,859<br /> |percentage = 32.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}{{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Ram Janm Sharma<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 12,725<br /> |percentage = 11.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | <br /> |votes = 10,291<br /> |percentage = 9.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | <br /> |votes = 1,09,976<br /> |percentage = 49.5<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |loser = BJP<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Patna district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=CEWiT_(India)&diff=492748 2026-04-13T03:32:59Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | name = CEWiT<br /> | image = <br /> | type = Research organisation<br /> | founded = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|07|07}}<br /> | tax_id = <br /> | registration_id = <br /> | founder = <br /> | location = [[IITM Research Park]], Kanagam Road, [[Taramani]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|12.99091|80.24225|display=inline,title}}<br /> | origins = <br /> | key_people = [[Department of Information Technology]], [[IIT Madras]], [[Indian telecom|Indian Telecom Industry]], [[TSDSI]]<br /> | region_served = Technology<br /> | product = Wireless Technology<br /> | mission = <br /> | focus = <br /> | method = <br /> | revenue = <br /> | endowment = <br /> | num_volunteers = <br /> | num_employees = <br /> | num_members = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | opponents = <br /> | owner = <br /> | non-profit_slogan = <br /> | former_name = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.cewit.org.in}}<br /> | dissolved = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology''' ('''CEWiT''') is a nonprofit research society of IIT Madras set up to research potential innovations in [[wireless technology]]. The organisation was set up with support from the Ministry of Communication and IT and the Indian telecom industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;CEWiT Homepage&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cewit.org.in|title=CEWiT Homepage}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> CEWiT's research on [[broadband]] [[wireless technology|wireless technologies]] addresses a wide range of issues relating to air interface, core network &amp; services, as well as actively contributing to 4G&lt;ref name=&quot;CEWiT's Research in 4G Standards&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/cewit-research-may-get-incorporated-into-the-global-standards-of-4g/articleshow/17317314.cms<br /> |title=CEWiT's Research in 4G Standards|work=The Economic Times |date=22 November 2012 |last1=Kandavel |first1=Sangeetha }}&lt;/ref&gt; and 5G&lt;ref name=&quot;Making India 5G Ready&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/5G%20Steering%20Committee%20report%20v%2026.pdf<br /> |title=Making India 5G Ready}}&lt;/ref&gt; wireless standards, [[3GPP]] LTE, LTE-Advanced, NR and IEEE 802.16m [[WiMAX]].<br /> <br /> In 2018, CEWiT, along with the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad]], Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research, and [[Indian Institute of Science]] received funding from the Indian [[Department of Telecommunications]] to build the indigenous 5G testbed for the Indian telecom market.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Official website|cewit.org.in}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wireless]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes established in 2004]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:2004 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Mizoram&diff=502813 2026-04-12T04:04:58Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: New!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hinduism in the Indian state}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br /> [[File:Old temple and military buildings in Dawrpui veng Aizawl - panoramio.jpg|250px|thumb|A Hindu temple in downtown [[Aizawl]]]]<br /> Hinduism is a minority faith in [[Mizoram]] followed by 2.75% of its population. There are 30,136 Hindus in Mizoram.&lt;ref name=&quot;IE&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/these-are-the-7-states-1-ut-where-a-pil-wants-hindus-to-be-declared-as-minorities-4916788/|title=These are the 7 states, 1 UT where a PIL wants Hindus to be declared as minorities|access-date=30 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are 12 temples in Mizoram and are managed by the Central Gorkha Mandir Sanchalan Samiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2013 |title=Mizo temples’ ‘Sunday service’ a hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mizo-temples-sunday-service-a-hit/story-sLsq3jnyXJ4ztObCx09VPN.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> An archaeological study in 2023 discovered 8th century CE Hindu and Buddhist-influenced sculptures at Kolalian village in the [[Mamit district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=ASI to survey 8th Century Hindu-Buddhist sculptures found near Assam-Mizoram border |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/asi-to-survey-8th-century-hindu-buddhist-sculptures-found-near-assam-mizoram-border-101702009333192.html |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ancestors of the Gorkha and Bengali Hindus of Mizoram were Gorkha soldiers and Bengali clerks who settled in the state during the British rule. The Gorkhas arrived in Mizoram in 1871 to liberate [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]], the daughter of a British tea planter who was abducted by a Mizo tribal chieftain. After liberating her, the British allotted plots for them in the State and many chose to reside there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> Mizoram is a Christian dominated state and Hindus have coexisted with Christians peacefully for many decades. Hindus and Christians well wishes to each other and take part in each other's festivities. There have never been a single instance of conflict between the two religions in the State. Many of the Hindus are also part of the [[Young Mizo Association]].&lt;ref name=&quot;East&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fanai |first=Ezrela Dalidia |date=6 October 2019 |title=How Hindu temples are gearing up to celebrate Dussehra in Mizoram |url=http://eastmojo.com/news/2019/10/06/how-hindu-temples-are-gearing-up-to-celebrate-dussehra-in-mizoram/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Christian influences can be seen in the practices of Hindu of Mizoram. There are temples in Mizoram which conduct Sunday service for Hindu deities similar to the Sunday services in Church. In the 'Sunday service’, the Hindu priests deliver sermons and chant prayers from a standardised ‘book of psalms’ which is similar to a Christian book of psalms but is made from Hindu scriptures and includes [[bhajan]]s and [[shloka]]s. The teachers or elders of the Hindu community will then conduct theology classes for Hindu children on [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. The [[Dholak]] is also played with bhajan during the Sunday sangat (gathering). During the death ceremonies, the deceased body is carried in coffins like Christians and community members gather to sing [[bhajan]]s before the final rites.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=18 November 2018 |title=Temples inspired by churches in Mizoram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/temples-inspired-by-churches-in-mizoram/article25532044.ece |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the 2001 Census, there were 31,562 Hindus in Mizoram constituting 3.5% of the state's population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Districts Religious Population-2001, Mizoram |url=http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/District%20wise%20Religious%20Population%20of%20Mizoram-2001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030092322/http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/District%20wise%20Religious%20Population%20of%20Mizoram-2001.html |archive-date=30 October 2022 |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=gbpihedenvis.nic.in |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It decreased to 30,136 Hindus or 2.75% of the state's population in the 2011 census.&lt;ref name=&quot;IE&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Most of the Hindus in Mizoram are [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkhas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;East&quot; /&gt; and [[Reang|Bru Reangs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Ananya Bhardwaj, Revathi |last2=ThePrint |date=18 January 2020 |title=Bru settlement in Tripura ‘best solution’ as community claims ‘ethnic cleansing’ by Mizos |url=https://theprint.in/india/bru-settlement-in-tripura-best-solution-as-community-claims-ethnic-cleansing-by-mizos/351620/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the Bru Reangs have left Mizoram following the [[1997 ethnic violence and displacement of Bru-Reang|1997 Bru Reang genocide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===District wise Hindu Population===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! District&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.in/data/religion/state/15-mizoram.html|title=Mizoram Religion Census 2011|access-date=30 October 2022}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Percent<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]<br /> | 3.31%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]]<br /> | 1.41%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Siaha district|Saiha]]<br /> | 1.65%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]<br /> | 1.53%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mamit district|Mamit]]<br /> | 3.46%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Champhai district|Champhai]]<br /> | 0.85%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]<br /> | 3.24%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kolasib district|Kolasib]]<br /> | 4.76%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Hinduism in Manipur]]<br /> * [[Hinduism in Sikkim]]<br /> * [[Buddhism in Mizoram]] <br /> * [[Islam in Mizoram]] <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Hinduism in India by region}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hinduism in India|Mizoram]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajeev_Bhattacharyya&diff=528505 2026-04-08T00:05:21Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started basic pg added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian journalist and author}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | birth_place = [[India]]<br /> | occupation = Journalist, author<br /> | known_for = ''[[ULFA: The Mirage of Dawn]]'' &lt;br /&gt; ''[[Rendezvous with Rebels: Journey to Meet India's Most Wanted Men|Rendezvous with Rebels]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajeev Bhattacharyya''' is an Indian journalist and author from [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gupta Kashyap |first1=Samudra |title=Guwahati-based journalist detained in Myanmar freed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/guwahatibased-journalist-detained-in-myanmar-freed/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 December 2011 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2 Indian journalists detained in Myanmar to be deported after questioning |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-2-indian-journalists-detained-in-myanmar-to-be-deported-after-questioning-1622710 |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=7 December 2011 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TRT World - Author: Rajeev Bhattacharyya |url=https://www.trtworld.com/author/675af7d504ad3325b7f12635 |website=[[TRT World]] |access-date=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has worked as journalist at ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[Times Now]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rajeev Bhattacharyya – The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/authors/rajeev-bhattacharya/ |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine) |The Diplomat]] |access-date=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rajeev Bhattacharyya |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/blogs/authors/rajeev-bhattacharyya-0006974 |website=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=19 March 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Born in Guwahati, Bhattacharyya completed his [[Postgraduate education|Post-graduation]] from [[Delhi University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Twenty-One Days in Myanmar's Conflict Zone |url=https://ppf.org.in/events/twenty-one-days-in-myanmars-conflict-zone |website=Policy Perspectives Foundation |access-date=19 March 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He walked nearly 800 kilometers and stayed in the [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] and [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] camps in [[Myanmar]] to interview northeastern insurgent leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mushahary |first1=Michael |date=December 2015 |title=RENDEZVOUS WITH REBELS: JOURNEY TO MEET INDIA'S MOST WANTED MEN |url=https://caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia-journal/BR_JUNE_DEC_2015/BookReview2.pdf |journal=Global Media Journal – Indian Edition |volume=6 |issue=Summer &amp; Winter |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |pages=1-5 |access-date=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Journalist [[Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty]] interviewed Bhattacharyya about his journey to conclude in a book, in which Bhattacharyya stated that he was never questioned by any government agency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barooah Pisharoty |first1=Sangeeta |author1-link=Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty |title=Portrait of anonymity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/portrait-of-anonymity/article7105031.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 April 2015 |language=en-IN |archive-date=16 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916123835/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/portrait-of-anonymity/article7105031.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> {{Library resources box|about=no|by=yes}}<br /> * ''[[Rendezvous with Rebels: Journey to Meet India's Most Wanted Men]]'' {{ISBN|978-93-5136-316-3}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Uddipan |title=Understanding insurgents |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/understanding-insurgents/article8244432.ece |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=17 February 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Sanjay |title=The Truth Behind Insurgency on the Indo-Myanmar Border |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/the-truth-behind-insurgency-on-the-indo-myanmar-border/ |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=21 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[ULFA: The Mirage of Dawn]]'' {{ISBN|978-93-5699-308-2}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lintner |first1=Bertil |author1-link=Bertil Lintner |title=Assamese Journalist Shines Light on One of Asia's Murkiest Conflicts |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/culture/books/assamese-journalist-shines-light-on-one-of-asias-murkiest-conflicts.html |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=[[The Irrawaddy]] |date=8 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Ashutosh Kumar |title=ULFA: The Mirage Of Dawn—Intriguing And Indispensable |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/books/ulfa-the-mirage-of-dawnintriguing-and-indispensable |access-date= 19 March 2026|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=7 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712105240/https://www.outlookindia.com/books/ulfa-the-mirage-of-dawnintriguing-and-indispensable |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Lens and the Guerrilla: Insurgency in India's Northeast'' {{ISBN|978-817-0494-515}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chapter – I |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/74db7cf2-163b-4771-a4de-8436c2d08240/content |website=[[University of North Bengal]] |access-date=7 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Unveiling ULFA: Rajeev Bhattacharyya's new book uncovers history of the outlawed separatist outfit |url=https://theprint.in/softcover/unveiling-ulfa-rajeev-bhattacharyas-new-book-uncovers-history-of-the-outlawed-separatist-outfit/1890703/ |access-date=22 March 2026 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=19 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Paresh Baruar Sandhanat'' (in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]) {{ISBN|978-93-244-0398-8}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Travelogue in search of ULFA C-in-C released |url=https://assamtribune.com/travelogue-in-search-of-ulfa-c-in-c-released |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=15 September 2010 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Rajeev}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Guwahati]]<br /> [[Category:People from Assam]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navi_Group&diff=521285 2026-04-01T12:08:36Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Made data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian financial services company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Navi<br /> | logo = Navi_New_Logo.png<br /> | industry = Finance<br /> | founded = December 2018<br /> | founder = [[Sachin Bansal]], Ankit Agarwal<br /> | hq_location = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India<br /> | area_served = India<br /> | services = Financial Services, Mutual Fund, Health Insurance<br /> | website = https://navi.com/<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Navi''' is an Indian financial services company founded by [[Sachin Bansal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=2022-11-26|title=Navi's aim is to simplify financial services, improve affordability for billion users: Sachin Bansal|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/navis-aim-is-to-simplify-financial-services-improve-affordability-for-billion-users-sachin-bansal/articleshow/77135146.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|date=23 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Ankit Agarwal in 2018. Navi operates in the space of digital Loans, [[home loans]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Navi Finserv to Launch Hassle-Free Retail Home Loans via Navi App in Hyderabad|date=10 May 2021 |url=https://www.apnnews.com/navi-finserv-to-launch-hassle-free-retail-home-loans-via-navi-app-in-hyderabad/|access-date=2021-08-28|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[mutual fund]]s, [[health insurance]], digital gold and UPI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Navi's aim is to simplify financial services, improve affordability for billion users: Sachin Bansal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/navis-aim-is-to-simplify-financial-services-improve-affordability-for-billion-users-sachin-bansal/articleshow/77135146.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In December 2018, [[Sachin Bansal]], after his exit from [[Flipkart]], along with [[IIT Delhi|IIT-Delhi]] batch mate Ankit Agarwal,&lt;ref name=&quot;hiring&quot;/&gt; founded BACQ Acquisitions Private Limited which was later renamed as Navi Technologies Private Limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-04|title=Flipkart cofounder Sachin Bansal buys DHFL General Insurance in distress sale|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/flipkart-cofounder-sachin-bansal-buys-dhfl-general-insurance-in-distress-sale/538305|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=10 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The company has its headquarters in [[Bengaluru]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=Neil|last1=Borate|access-date=2021-07-04|title=Flipkart co founder Sachin Bansal's Navi MF to launch passive funds|url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/navi-mf-to-launch-passive-funds-use-tech-to-cut-costs-11620931120042.html|date=14 May 2021|website=mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Navi acquired the consulting firm MavenHive in 2019 to support its product development efforts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vankipuram|first=Meera|date=2019-12-26|title=Sachin Bansal's Navi acquires MavenHive|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/sachin-bansal-s-navi-acquires-mavenhive-11577381663235.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=mint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company operates from an office in Bengaluru's Ibbaluru, Bellandur area.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiring&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sachin Bansal Is Hiring! Navi Technologies Eyes 10-fold Increase In Recruitment In 2021|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/sachin-bansal-is-hiring-navi-technologies-eyes-10-fold-increase-in-recruitment-in-2021-6691731.html|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nandy|first=Madhurima|date=2021-04-21|title=Sachin Bansal's new startup just leased a 100k sq ft office space|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/navi-leases-corporate-office-space-in-bengaluru-11618949160236.html|access-date=2021-07-29|website=mint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2023, it was announced Navi Group had sold Chaitanya Microfinance to the Mumbai-headquartered microfinance company, Svatantra Microfin for $178.5 million.<br /> <br /> On 12 March 2022 Navi filed a draft for an INR 3350 crore IPO.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Key takeaways from Navi's DRHP to raise Rs 3,350 crore | website=Asian News | date=12 March 2022 | url=https://asiannews.in/key-takeaways-from-navis-drhp-to-raise-rs-3350-crore/ | access-date=15 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] barred NBFC Navi from issuing new loans starting 21 October 2024, citing excessive lending rates and regulatory non-compliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=RBI Halts Navi's Loan Sanctions and Disbursements |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/rbi-bars-sachin-bansals-navi-finserv-three-other-nbfcs-from-lending-over-pricing-violations-11729174428044.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The restrictions were lifted in December 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=RBI Removes Supervisory Curbs on Sachin Bansal's Navi Finserv |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/rbi-lifts-its-supervisory-restrictions-on-navi-finserv-limited/articleshow/115901222.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Subsidiaries==<br /> Navi Technologies is the holding company and the subsidiaries are structured as&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=[What The Financials] Decoding Sachin Bansal's Navi's FY20 Financial Performance|url=https://inc42.com/features/sachin-bansal-navi-financials-fy20-losses-acquisitions-year/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Navi Technologies Limited - DRHP.pdf (icicisecurities.com)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Navi Finserv<br /> * Navi General Insurance<br /> * Navi AMC<br /> <br /> ===Navi Finserv===<br /> <br /> In October 2019, Navi acquired [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] based [[Non-bank financial institution|NBFC]] Chaitanya Rural Intermediation Development Services Private Limited (CRIDS) along with its wholly owned [[Microfinance|microfinance-NBFC]] Chaitanya India Private Limited (CIPL). CRIDS was later renamed as Navi Finserv Private Limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Network|first=BFSI|date=2019-09-30|title=Sachin Bansal acquires Chaitanya Rural, becomes CEO|url=https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/sachin-bansal-acquires-chaitanya-rural-becomes-ceo/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=BFSI|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-27|title=Sachin Bansal Looks At Financial Inclusion As CRIDS' CEO|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/sachin-bansal-looks-at-financial-inclusion-as-crids-ceo/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Navi launched a lending app for instant [[personal loans]] in June 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=S.H|first=Salman|date=2020-06-24|title=Sachin Bansal's Navi launches new instant lending app with paperless KYC|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/sachin-bansal-s-navi-launches-new-instant-lending-app-with-paperless-kyc-11593005443735.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=mint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=vardhan|first1=Jai|last2=Upadhyay|first2=Harsh|date=2020-05-01|title=Exclusive: Sachin Bansal's Navi launches app for personal loan|url=https://entrackr.com/2020/05/exclusive-sachin-bansals-navi-launches-app-for-personal-loan/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Entrackr|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Navi Finserv to offer home loans in Hyderabad|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/navi-finserv-to-offer-home-loans-in-hyderabad/article34521118.ece|access-date=2021-08-09|website=@businessline|date=9 May 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Navi Finserv to launch app-based retail loans|url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/05/21/navi-finserv-to-launch-app-based-retail-loans/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=News Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Navi Finserv to launch app-based retail loans|url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/05/21/navi-finserv-to-launch-app-based-retail-loans/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=News Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both CRISIL and India Ratings assigned a credit rating of A ‘Stable’ to the company's borrowings. Further loan disbursement by Navi finserv has been effectively banned by RBI since Oct 21, 2024 due to compliance issues<br /> <br /> Navi acquired Essel Mutual Fund, which was given approval by [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] in December 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SEBI Likely To Give A Nod To Sachin Bansal-led Firms' Acquisition Of Essel Mutual Fund|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sebi-likely-to-give-a-nod-to-sachin-bansal-led-firms-acquisition-of-essel-mutual-fund-6274731.html|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In May 2021, Navi Mutual Fund moved their headquarters from [[Mumbai]] to [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], making it the first [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] – headquartered asset management company.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Borate|first=Neil|date=2021-05-14|title=Flipkart co founder Sachin Bansal's Navi MF to launch passive funds|url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/navi-mf-to-launch-passive-funds-use-tech-to-cut-costs-11620931120042.html|access-date=2021-08-02|website=mint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flipkart s Sachin Bansal s Navi Mutual Fund Set To Launch Passive Funds|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Flipkart-s-Sachin-Bansal-s-Navi-Mutual-Fund-Set-To-Launch-Passive-Funds/14-05-2021-389680|access-date=2021-08-02|website=BW Disrupt|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Navi General Insurance===<br /> The company acquired DHFL General Insurance in January 2020 and renamed as Navi General Insurance Limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flipkart former CEO Sachin Bansal acquires DHFL General Insurance for Rs 100 crore|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/flipkart-former-ceo-sachin-bansal-acquires-dhfl-general-insurance-for-rs-100-crore-241690-2020-01-10|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Business Today|date=10 January 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Samidha|last2=Das|first2=Saikat|title=Sachin Bansal buys DHFL General Insurance|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/cover-story-sachin-bansal-buys-dhfl-gen-insurance/articleshow/73180954.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; It launched Navi Health, a ‘2-Minute’ online retail health insurance product, in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Navi General Insurance launches '2-Minutes Online Health Insurance' via Navi Health App|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2021/02/17/pwr6-navi-general-insurance.html|access-date=2021-08-23|website=The Week|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-16|title=Navi launches '2-minutes' online health insurance|url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/02/16/navi-launches-2-minutes-online-health-insurance/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=News Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Zerodha]]<br /> * [[Angel One (company)|Angel One]]<br /> * [[Robinhood Markets]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://navi.com Official Website]<br /> <br /> {{Financial services in India}}<br /> {{Online brokerages}}<br /> {{FinTech in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Indian brands]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 2018]]<br /> [[Category:Privately held companies of India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_of_temples_at_Talakadu,_Karnataka&diff=501238 2026-03-25T14:10:50Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: created</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Vaidyeshvara and others<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Hindu temples<br /> | image_skyline = Vaidyeshvara Temple (1000 AD) at Talakad.JPG<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Group of temples at Talakadu [[Mysore district]]<br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Karnataka--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore District]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Group of temples at [[Talakadu]]''', located about 45&amp;nbsp;km south-east of the culturally important city of [[Mysore]] in the Karnataka state of India are ancient Hindu temples built by multiple South Indian dynasties. Archaeological excavations of the sand dunes at Talakad (or Talakadu) have shown the existence of several ruined temples built during the rule of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] (c.345-999). However, according to historian [[I. K. Sarma]], only two temples, the Pataleshvara (also spelt Patalesvara) and Maraleshvara (also spelt Maralesvara), built during the reign of King Rachamalla Satyavakya IV (r.975-986) are intact.&lt;ref name=&quot;extant&quot;&gt;Sarma (1992), pp111-113&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), the Vaidyeshvara temple (also spelt Vaidyesvara), the largest, the most intact and ornate of the group bears [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga]]-[[Chola dynasty|Chola]]-[[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala]] architectural features. Its consecration is assignable to the 10th century with improvements made up to the 14th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;vaidya&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/mysore-7.html|title=Vaidyesvara temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|accessdate=24 Dec 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225150231/http://asibengalurucircle.org/mysore-7.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the art historian Adam Hardy, the Kirtinarayana temple (also spelt Keertinarayana) was built in 1117 A.D. by the famous Hoysala King [[Vishnuvardhana]] to celebrate his victory over the Cholas in the battle of Talakad.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardy&quot;&gt;Hardy (1995, p347&lt;/ref&gt; It has currently been dismantled by the ASI for renovation. Only its ''mahadwara'' (&quot;grand entrance&quot;) is intact.&lt;ref name=&quot;kirti&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/mysore-6.html|title=Kirtinarayana temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|accessdate=24 Dec 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225145023/http://asibengalurucircle.org/mysore-6.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sand dunes of Talakad are protected by the Karnataka state division of the ASI.&lt;ref name=&quot;protected&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=24 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vaidyeshvara and Kirtinarayana temples are protected as monuments of national importance by the central Archaeological Survey of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;central&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=24 Dec 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plan of the temple==<br /> [[File:Kirtinarayana Temple at Talakad.jpg|thumb|300px|right|upright|The Kirtinarayana temple at Talakad, 1117 A.D.]]<br /> Both the Pataleshvara and Maraleshvara temples have on their original base (''adhishsthana'') a sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') and a [[vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] (''ardha mantapa'') from the Ganga period. The tower over the shrine may be a Chola period renovation. The pillars and the pilasters in the main hall (''maha-mantapa'') are similar to those in the [[Rameshvara Temple, Narasamangala]]. High quality Ganga workmanship with late [[Pallava]] influences is seen in the images of Hindu gods in these temples. These images include the four handed [[Vishnu|Mahavishnu]], [[Durga]] standing on the horned head of the demon king (''[[Asura]]'') [[Mahisha]] and [[Kartikeya]] in the Maraleshvara temple; and the images of Dakshinamurthy (a form of Shiva), [[Brahma|Trimurti Brahma]] (three faced Brahma), Simhavahini&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|title=Early Pāṇḍya Siṃhavāhinī and Sapta Mātṛkā Sculptures in the Far South of India|journal=Religions of South Asia |year=2016 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=164 |doi=10.1558/rosa.v9i2.31071 |url=https://www.academia.edu/26457204|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Durga (Durga riding a lion) and Shiva at the Pataleshvara temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;patala&quot;&gt;Sarma(1992), p113&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Vaidyeshvara temple comprises a sanctum with a ''[[Vesara]]'' tower (a ''[[shikhara]]'' which is a fusion of south and north Indian styles) in [[stucco]], a vestibule that connects the sanctum to a short hall (''ardhamanadapa'', ''lit'', &quot;half-hall&quot;), a six-pillared hall (''mahamandapa'' or ''navaranga'') and two entrance [[porch]]s (''mukhamandapa'') facing east–west and southern directions. To the north, within the temple is another large hall (''mahamantapa'') with shrines for deities. The entire complex is built on a platform (''jagati'').&lt;ref name=&quot;vaidya&quot;/&gt; The outer walls of the temple are articulated with [[pilaster]]s, deities from the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] faith and [[aedicula]] in [[relief]]. The ornate [[doorjamb]] and [[lintel]] over the entrance doorway to the pillared hall, with the 2&amp;nbsp;m tall reliefs of door-keepers (''dwarapala'') on either side is typically Hoysala in workmanship. At the rear of the complex is a large bounding wall (''[[prakara]]'') that houses independent sculptures from the Ganga, Hoysala and [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara]] periods.&lt;ref name=&quot;vaidya&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> According to Adam Hardy, The Kirtinarayana temple is a granite, single ''vimana'' plan (tower over shrine), an ''ekakuta'' (single shrine) construction, with an open ''mantapa'' (hall). The temple is similar in plan to the famous [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]] at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hardy&quot;/&gt; The temple has a typical stellate (star-shaped) plan with the sanctum, vestibule and open hall (''navaranga'' or just ''mantapa'') mounted on a platform called ''[[jagati (temple)|jagati]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kirti&quot;/&gt; These features are, according to historian Suryanath Kamath, standard to [[Hoysala architecture]]. The platform serves a dual purpose: improves visual effect as well as provides a path for ritual [[Circumambulation]] (''[[Parikrama]]'' or ''Pradakshina'') around the temple for devotees.&lt;ref name=&quot;circum&quot;&gt;Kamath (2001), p135&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;patha&quot;&gt;Foekema (1996), p25&lt;/ref&gt; The sanctum has an image of [[Vishnu|Narayana]] (another name for Vishnu). The decorative features in the temple are notable. At the entrance to the sanctum, the [[doorjamb]] and [[lintel]] are ornate, and the lathe turned pillars in the spacious hall support a ceiling that is decorated with floral designs.&lt;ref name=&quot;kirti&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Mallikarjuna temple at [[Mudukuthore]] and Sri Arkeshwaraswamy Temple are located little far from the main Talakadu village.<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|1}}<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Pataleshvara temple at Talakad, Mysore district.JPG|The 10th century Pataleshvara temple at Talakad has been excavated from the sand dunes.<br /> File:Profile of Kirtinarayana Temple at Talakad.jpg|profile of the renovated Keertinarayana temple, Talakad<br /> File:Dwarapalaka (door keeper to shrine) in Vaidyeshvara temple at Talakad.jpg|''Dwarapalaka'' (door keeper) and a profile of the ''mantapa'' at the Vaidyeshvara temple, Talakad<br /> File:Dwarapalakas (door keepers to the shrine) in Vaidyeshvara temple at Talakad.JPG|Ornate doorjamb at the Vaidyeshvara temple, Talakad<br /> File:Profile of Dwarapalakas (door keepers to the shrine) in Vaidyeshwara temple at Talakad.jpg|Profile of ''Dwarapalakas'' (door keepers) at the Vaidyeshvara temple, Talakad<br /> File:Stone vessel in Vaidyeshvara temple at Talakad.jpg|Stone vessel at the Vaidyeshvara temple, Talakad<br /> File:Monolithic chain in stone in Vaidyeshwara temple at Talakad.jpg|Five headed snake and monolithic stone chain at the Vaidyeshvara temple, Talakad<br /> File:Close up view of tower over shrine in Vaidyeshwara temple at Talakad.jpg|Close up view of ''Vesara'' shrine tower (''vimana'') made of stucco at the Vaidyeshvara temple, Talakad<br /> File:Vaidyeshvara Temple, profile of outer wall and mouldings at Talakad.JPG|A profile of the outer wall of the mantapa at the Vaidyeshvara temple, Talakad<br /> File:View of shrine and porch with ornate pillars in Vaidyeshwara temple at Talakad.jpg|A view of the Vaidyeshvara temple, Talakad<br /> File:Ornate porch entrance into the Vaidyeshwara temple at Talakad.jpg|Ornate porch (south) entrance to Vaidyeshvara temple, Talakad<br /> File:Nandi (bull) at the Keertinarayana temple at Talakad.JPG|Nandi (bull) near the Kirtinarayana temple at Talakad<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * {{cite book |last= Sarma|first= I.K.|title= Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka|orig-date=1992|year=1992|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}<br /> * Adam Hardy, Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Abhinav, 1995 {{ISBN|81-7017-312-4}}<br /> * Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |orig-date=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/mysore-6.html|title=Kirtinarayana temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|accessdate=24 Dec 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225145023/http://asibengalurucircle.org/mysore-6.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/mysore-7.html|title=Vaidyesvara temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|accessdate=24 Dec 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225150231/http://asibengalurucircle.org/mysore-7.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=19 Jan 2013}}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov28/spt6.asp <br /> |title=Temple tales <br /> |publisher=Deccan Herald <br /> |accessdate=2013-12-24 <br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719172003/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov28/spt6.asp <br /> |archivedate=2006-07-19 <br /> |url-status=dead<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Group of temples at Talakadu, Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.1946782|77.030539|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Mysore district]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history&diff=536800 2026-03-13T18:55:53Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: created basic details initial version...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Short description|Literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic sources of ancient Tamil history}}<br /> {{TNhistory}}<br /> {{Tamils}}<br /> There are literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic '''sources of ancient Tamil history'''. The foremost among these sources is the [[Sangam literature]], generally dated to 5th century BCE to 3rd century CE. The poems in Sangam literature contain vivid descriptions of the different aspects of life and society in [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakam]] during this age; scholars agree that, for the most part, these are reliable accounts. Greek and Roman literature, around the dawn of the [[Christian era]], give details of the maritime trade between Tamilakam and the [[Roman Empire]], including the names and locations of many ports on both coasts of the Tamil country.<br /> <br /> Archaeological excavations of several sites in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] have yielded remnants from the Sangam era, such as different kinds of pottery, pottery with inscriptions, imported ceramic ware, industrial objects, brick structures and spinning whorls. Techniques such as [[stratigraphy]] and [[paleography]] have helped establish the date of these items to the Sangam era. The excavated artifacts have provided evidence for existence of different economic activities mentioned in Sangam literature such as agriculture, weaving, smithy, gem cutting, building construction, pearl fishing and painting.<br /> <br /> Inscriptions found on caves and pottery are another source for studying the history of Tamilakam. Writings in [[Tamil-Brahmi]] script have been found in many locations in [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Sri Lanka]] and also in Egypt and Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article482654.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Iravatham | last=Mahadevan | title=An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil | date=2010-06-24 | access-date=26 June 2010 | archive-date=26 June 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626200214/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article482654.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; mostly recording grants made by the kings and chieftains. References are also made to other aspects of the Sangam society. Coins issued by the Tamil kings of this age have been recovered from river beds and urban centers of their kingdoms. Most of the coins carry the emblem of the corresponding dynasty on their reverse, such as the bow and arrow of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]]; some of them contain portraits and written legends helping numismatists assign them to a certain period.<br /> <br /> == Literature ==<br /> === Sangam ===<br /> {{Keralahistory}}<br /> {{See also|Tamil history from Sangam literature}}<br /> By far, the most important source of ancient Tamil history is the corpus of Tamil poems, referred to as [[Sangam literature]], generally dated from the last centuries of the pre-Christian era to the early centuries of the Christian era.&lt;ref name=subrahmanian_tamilsource&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Subrahmanian<br /> |title = Sangam polity<br /> | page = 22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=sahitya_sangamdate&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Sharma<br /> | first = TRS<br /> | title = Ancient Indian Literature: An Anthology. Vol III<br /> | page = 43<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | publisher = Sahitya Academy, New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Britannica_age&gt;{{cite encyclopedia<br /> | title = Cankam literature<br /> | encyclopedia = The Encyclopædia Britannica<br /> | volume = 2<br /> |page=802<br /> | year = 2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It consists of 2,381 known poems, with a total of over 50,000 lines, written by 473 poets.&lt;ref&gt;Rajam, V. S. 1992. A reference grammar of classical Tamil poetry: 150 B.C.-pre-fifth/sixth century A.D. Memoirs of the American philosophical society, v. 199. Philadelphia, Pa: American Philosophical Society. p12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. M. Varadarajan, ''A History of Tamil Literature'', (Translated from Tamil by E.Sa. Viswanathan), Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1988 p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Each poem belongs to one of two types: ''Akam'' (inside) and ''Puram'' (outside). The ''akam'' poems deal with inner human emotions such as love and the ''puram'' poems deal with outer experiences such as society, culture and warfare. They contain descriptions of various aspects of life in the ancient Tamil country. The ''[[Maduraikkanci]]'' by Mankudi Maruthanaar contains a full-length description of [[Madurai]] and the Pandyan country under the rule of Nedunj Cheliyan III.&lt;ref name=&quot;sastri2_maduraikanci&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Sastri<br /> | title = A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar<br /> | page = 127}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Netunalvatai]]'' by Nakkirar contains a description of the king’s palace. The ''[[Purananuru]]'' and ''[[Akanaṉūṟu]]'' collections contain poems sung in praise of various kings and also poems that were composed by the kings themselves. The Sangam age anthology ''[[Pathirruppaththu]]'' provides the genealogy of two collateral lines for three or four generations of the Cheras, along with describing the Chera country, in general. The poems in ''[[Ainkurnuru]]'', written by numerous authors, were compiled by Kudalur Kizhar at the instance of Chera King ''Yanaikkatcey Mantaran Ceral Irumporai''.The Chera kings are also mentioned in other works such as ''Akanaṉūṟu'', ''[[Kuruntokai]]'', ''[[Natrinai|Natṟiṇai]]'' and ''Purananuru''.&lt;ref name=&quot;krishnamurthy_cherasangam&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Krishnamurthy<br /> |title = Sangam Age Tamil Coins<br /> | page = 59}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Pattinappaalai]]'' describes the [[Early Cholas|Chola]] port city of [[Kaveripumpattinam]] in great detail. It mentions ''Eelattu-unavu'' – food from [[Eelam]] – arriving at the port. One of the prominent Sangam Tamil poets is known as [[Eelattu Poothanthevanar]] meaning Poothan-thevan (proper name) hailing from ''Eelam'' mentioned in ''Akanaṉūṟu'': 88, 231, 307; ''[[Kuṟuntokai|Kurunthokai]]'': 189, 360, 343 and ''[[Naṟṟiṇai]]'': 88, 366.<br /> <br /> The historical value of the Sangam poems has been critically analysed by scholars in the 19th and 20th centuries. Sivaraja Pillay, a 20th-century historian, while constructing the genealogy of ancient Tamil kings from Sangam literature, insists that the Sangam poems show no similarities with ancient Puranic literature and medieval Tamil literature, both of which contain, according to him, fanciful myths and impossible legends. He feels that the Sangam literature is, for the most part, a plain unvarnished tale of the happenings of a by-gone age.&lt;ref name=sivaraj_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Pillay<br /> | first = Sivaraja<br /> |title=Educational system of the ancient Tamils<br /> | page = 11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars like Dr. Venkata Subramanian,&lt;ref name=venkatasubramanian_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title = Environment and urbanisation in early Tamilakam<br /> | last = Venkata Subramanian<br /> | pages = 12–13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. N. Subrahmanian,&lt;ref name=subrahmanian_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Subrahmanian<br /> | title = Sangam polity<br /> | page = 23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Sundararajan&lt;ref name=sundararajan_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Ancient Tamil Country<br /> | last = Sundararajan<br /> | page = 3}}&lt;/ref&gt; and J.K. Pillay&lt;ref name=jkpillay_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Pillai<br /> | first = J.K<br /> |title = The Chronology of the Early Tamils<br /> | page = 8}}&lt;/ref&gt; concur with this view. Noted historian K.A.N. Sastri dates the presently available Sangam corpus to the early centuries of the Christian Era. He asserts that the picture drawn by the poets is in obedience to literary tradition and must have been based on solid foundation in the facts of contemporary life; he proceeds to use the Sangam literature to describe the government, culture and society of the early Pandyan kingdom.&lt;ref name=sastri_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Sastri<br /> | title = The Pandyan Kingdom<br /> | pages = 141–5, 21, 31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanakalatha Mukund, while describing the mercantile history of Tamilakam, points out that the heroic poetry in Sangam literature often described an ideal world rather than reality, but the basic facts are reliable and an important source of Tamil history. Her reasoning is that they have been supported by archaeological and numismatic evidence and the fact that similar vivid descriptions are found in works by different poets.&lt;ref name=mukund_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Mukund<br /> | title= The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant<br /> | page = 24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Husaini relies on Sangam literature to describe the early Pandyan society and justifies his source by saying that some of the poetical works contain really trustworthy accounts of early Pandyan kings and present facts as they occurred, though they never throw much light about the chronology of their rule.&lt;ref name=husaini_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Husaini<br /> |title= The History of the Pandya Country<br /> | page = 7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the critics of using Sangam literature for historical studies is Herman Tieken, who maintains that the Sangam poems were composed in the 8th or 9th century and that they attempt to describe a period much earlier than when they were written.&lt;ref name=&quot;tiekenbook&quot;&gt;Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo (2001) Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten. pp. 229–230&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Tieken's methodology of dating Sangam works has been criticized by Hart,&lt;ref&gt;George Hart III. &quot;Review of Tieken's ''Kavya in South India.''&quot; ''Journal of the American Oriental Institute'' ''124'':1. pp. 180–184. 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|Ferro-Luzzi]],&lt;ref&gt;G.E. Ferro-Luzzi. &quot;Tieken, Herman, ''Kavya in South India'' (Book review). ''Asian Folklore Studies''. June 2001. pp. 3733–74&lt;/ref&gt; and Monius.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anne E. Monius]], Book review, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 61, No. 4 (November 2002), pp. 1404–1406&lt;/ref&gt; Robert Caldwell, a 19th-century linguist, dates the Sangam works to a period that he calls the Jaina cycle which was not earlier than the 8th century; he does not offer an opinion on the historical value of the poems.&lt;ref&gt;Caldwell, Robert. 1974. A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corp&lt;/ref&gt; Kamil Zvelebil, a Czech indologist, considers this date quite impossible and says that Caldwell's choice of works are whimsical.&lt;ref&gt;Zvelebil, p. 29&lt;/ref&gt; Champakalakshmi states that since the Sangam period is often stretched from 300 BCE to 300 CE and beyond, it would be hazardous to use the Sangam works as a single corpus of source for the entire period.&lt;ref&gt;Champakalakshmi, p. 77&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the Sangam poems were created between the 1st century BCE and 4th century CE and many of them are free from literary conceits.&lt;ref&gt;''Cankam literature'', The new Encyclopædia Britannica (Vol. 2). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2002. p. 802&lt;/ref&gt; The Macropaedia mentions that the historical authenticity of sections of Sangam literature has been confirmed by archaeological evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''India'', The new Encyclopædia Britannica (Macropædia Vol. 21). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2002. p. 45&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other languages ===<br /> <br /> [[Kautilya]] (c. 370–283 BCE), in his Sanskrit work ''[[Arthashastra]]'', mentions the &quot;easy to travel&quot; trade route to the South and the products of the Pandya kingdom, including some special varieties of pearls. He refers to the city of Madurai and the river Tamaraparani in the Pandya kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;sastri_kautilya&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Sastri<br /> | title = The Pandyan Kingdom: From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century<br /> | page = 12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;krishnamurthy_kautilya&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Krishnamurthy<br /> |title=Sangam Age Tamil Coins<br /> | page = 7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=subrahmanian_foreign&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Subrahmanian<br /> |title = Sangam polity<br /> | pages = 20–22}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] chronicle [[Mahawamsa]] claims that King Vijaya (c. 543 BCE) married a daughter of the Pandyan king Kulasekaran, to whom he was sending rich presents every year.&lt;ref name=husaini_mahawamsa&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Husaini<br /> |title= The History of the Pandya Country<br /> | page = 6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Using the references to king Gajabahu I in the Mahawamsa and the ''Uraiperu katturai'' of the Tamil epic ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', historians have arrived at a literary chronological device referred to as the [[Gajabahu synchronism]] to date the events mentioned in the Tamil epic to the 2nd century CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;subrahmanian_foreign&quot; /&gt; The famous Greek traveler [[Megasthenes]] (c. 302 BCE) mentions the &quot;Pandae&quot; kingdom and refers to it as &quot;that portion of India which lies to the southward and extends to the sea&quot;.&lt;ref name=husaini_mahawamsa /&gt; The Roman historian [[Strabo]] (c. 1st century BCE) mentions the embassies sent by the Pandyas to the court of [[Augustus]], along with a description of the ambassadors from ''Dramira''. He also gives various details about the trading relationship between the Tamil kingdoms and Rome. [[Pliny the Elder]] (c. 77 CE) refers to many Tamil ports in his work ''The Natural History''. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (c. 60–100 CE) gives an elaborate description of the Tamil country and describes the riches of a 'Pandian Kingdom':<br /> :&quot;&quot;Then come Naura and [[Tyndis]], the first markets of [[Damirica]] (Limyrike), and then [[Muziris]] and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance. Tyndisis of the [[Chera Dynasty|Kingdom of Cerobothra]]; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Ariake, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia...Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another Kingdom, the Pandian. This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea....&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Periplus'' 54. Original Greek: &quot;Ἡ δὲ Νέλκυνδα σταδίους μὲν ἀπὸ Μουζιρέως ἀπέχει σχεδὸν πεντακοσίους, ὁμοίως διά τε ποταμοῦ (καὶ πεζῇ) καὶ διὰ θαλάσσης, βασιλείας δέ ἐστιν ἑτέρας, τῆς Πανδίονος• κεῖται δὲ καὶ αὐτὴ παρὰ ποταμὸν, ὡσεὶ ἀπὸ σταδίων ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι τῆς θαλάσσης.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One such port, [[Kudiramalai]] is mentioned in Greek as ''Hippuros'', a famous port of the Malabar country in Ceylon to the ancient Greeks. Pliny states that in the reign of the Emperor [[Claudius]] in 47 CE:<br /> :&quot;Annius Plocamus, a freedman, having farmed the customs of the Red Sea, was, while sailing along the coast of [[Arabia]] over fifteen days, driven by contrary winds into Hippuros, a port of [[Taprobane]], where he was entertained with kindly hospitality by the king. In six months' time he acquired a thorough knowledge of the [[Tamil language]].&quot;<br /> <br /> An embassy of four envoys were sent from the island to Rome, including ambassador-in-chief Rasaiah from the King of Kudiramalai. To the Romans, the Kudiramalai envoys related particulars about their kingdom's inhabitants, including their common life expectancy of 100 years, their government, a council of thirty persons, free civil liberties and laws pertaining to abuse of sovereign power, their trade with the Seres (Chera), their festivals surrounding &quot;the chase&quot;, and their delights in the elephant and the tiger. The ambassadors felt their kingdom to be richer than Rome's, although in their eyes Rome put its wealth to much better use.&lt;ref&gt;Tambi-Piḷḷai Isaac Tambyah. ''Psalms of a Saiva Saint''. Introduction. pp. 3–4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Steven E. Sidebotham. (1986). ''Roman economic policy in the Erythra Thalassa, 30 B.C.-A.D. 217''. pp. 32–33&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Forbes, George Turnour. (1841). Eleven years in Ceylon: Comprising sketches of the field sports …, Volume 2. pp. 268&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Peutingerian tables'' which speak of a temple of Augustus in the west coast of Tamilakam were composed in 222 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;subrahmanian_foreign&quot; /&gt; The Roman emperor [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]] received an embassy from a Pandya about 361. A Roman trading centre was located on the Pandyan coast (Alagankulam—at the mouth of the [[Vaigai]] river, southeast of Madurai). The Pandyas also had trade contacts with [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] and, through Egypt, with [[Rome]] by the 1st century, and with [[China]] by the 3rd century. The 1st century Greek historian [[Nicolaus of Damascus]] met, at Damascus, the ambassador sent by an Indian King &quot;named Pandion or, according to others, Porus&quot; to [[Caesar Augustus]] around 13 CE (Strabo XV.1–4, and Strabo XV.1–73).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&amp;layout=&amp;loc=15.1.73 |title=Strabo XV.1 |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061428/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&amp;layout=&amp;loc=15.1.73 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Buddhist]] [[Jataka]] story known as ''Akiti Jataka'' refers to the ''Damila-rattha'' (Tamil country) including the region of [[Kaveripattinam]]. In the [[Petavatthu]] commentary, the [[Ancient Tamil country|Damila country]] encompasses the [[Dakshinapatha|Dakhinapátha]].<br /> <br /> The Chinese writer Pan Kou, who lived before the 1st century CE, refers to the city of Kanchipuram in his work ''Tsien han chou''.&lt;ref name=&quot;subrahmanian_foreign&quot; /&gt; The Chinese historian Yu Huan in his 3rd century text, the ''[[Weilüe]]'', mentions ''The Kingdom of Panyue'':<br /> :&quot;...The kingdom of Panyue is also called ''Hanyuewang''. It is several thousand li to the southeast of [[Names of India#Tianzhu|Tianzhu]] (Northern India)...The inhabitants are small; they are the same height as the Chinese...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223070446/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html|date=23 December 2017}} Draft Translation of the Weilüe by John Hill&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Archaeology ==<br /> <br /> According to Abraham, the Sangam era corresponds roughly to the period 300 BCE–300 CE, based on archaeology.&lt;ref&gt;Abraham, p. 214&lt;/ref&gt; Many historical sites have been excavated in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], many of them in the second half of the 20th century. One of the most important archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu is Arikamedu, located {{convert|3|km|mi}} south of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. According to Wheeler, it was an [[Roman trade with India|Indo-Roman trading]] station that flourished during the first two centuries CE. It has been suggested that [[Arikamedu]] was first established as a settlement c. 250 BCE and lasted until 200 CE.&lt;ref&gt;Begley, p. 461&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kodumanal]] and [[Perur]], villages on the banks of the [[Noyyal River]] in [[Coimbatore district]], were situated on the ancient trade route between [[Karur]] and the west coast, across the [[Palghat gap]] on the [[Western Ghats]]. Both sites have yielded remains belonging to the Sangam age.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, p. 57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ramachandran, p. 113&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kaveripumpattinam]], also known as Puhar or [[Poompuhar]], is located near the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] delta and played a vital role in the brisk maritime history of ancient Tamilakam. Excavations have been carried out both on-shore and off-shore at Puhar and the findings have brought to light the historicity of the region. The artefacts excavated date between 300 BCE and early centuries CE. Some of the off-shore findings indicate that parts of the ancient city may have submerged under the advancing sea or [[tsunami]], as alluded to by the Sangam literature.&lt;ref&gt;Tripati et al., pp. 86, 89&lt;/ref&gt; [[Korkai]], a port of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|early Pandyas]] at the [[Tamraparani basin]], is now located 7&amp;nbsp;km inland due to the retreating shoreline caused by sediment deposition. [[Alagankulam]], near the [[Vaigai delta]], was another port city of the [[Pandyas]] and an archaeological site that has been excavated in the recent years. Both the [[Pandyan]] ports have provided clues about local occupations, such as [[pearl]] fishing.&lt;ref&gt;Gaur and Sundaresh, pp. 126–7&lt;/ref&gt; Other sites that have yielded remnants from the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]] include [[Kanchipuram]], [[Kunnattur]], [[Malayampattu]] and [[Vasavasamudram]] along the [[Palar River]]; [[Sengamedu]] and [[Karaikadu]] along the [[Penner River]]; [[Perur]], [[Tirukkampuliyur]], [[Alagarai]] and [[Urayur]] along the [[Kaveri River]].&lt;ref&gt;Ramachandran, pp. 92–131&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> These excavations have yielded different varieties of [[Pottery|ceramics]] such as black and red ware, rouletted ware and Russet coated ware, both locally made and imported kinds. Many of the [[pottery]] sherds contain [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions on them, which have provided additional evidence for the archaeologist to date them. Other artifacts such as brick walls, ring wells, pits, industrial items, remains of seeds and shells provide clues about the nature of the settlements and the other aspects of life during the [[Sangam age]]. Archaeologists agree that activities best illustrated in the material records of Tamilakam are trade, hunting, agriculture and crafts.&lt;ref&gt;Abraham, p. 219&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Economic activity evidence ===<br /> [[File:GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|Grey pottery with engravings, [[Arikamedu]], 1st century CE.]]<br /> Archeological evidence for agriculture in the Sangam age has been retrieved from sites such as [[Mangudi (Tirunelveli District)|Mangudi]], [[Kodumanal]] and [[Perur]], which have yielded charred remains of seeds of crops like rice, millets including pearl millets, pulses and cotton. It has been deduced that agriculture most likely involved dry farming, with additional irrigation for cotton and rice; mixed cropping seems to have been undertaken to replenish the nitrogen in the soil—this also suggests a spread of labour and knowledge of different sowing and harvesting techniques. The presence of cotton seeds indicates the production of a crop aimed at craft production, which is also attested by finds of cotton and spindle whorls at Kodumanal.&lt;ref&gt;Cooke et al., pp. 342–3, 348–9&lt;/ref&gt; Remains of structures that resemble an artificial water reservoir have been located at different sites. In [[Arikamedu]], a few terracotta ring-wells were found at the bottom of the reservoir; it has been suggested that the ring wells were to assure the supply of water during the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Tripati et al., pp. 86–88&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gaur and Sundaresh, p. 124&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=b472&gt;Begley, p. 472&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A research survey at Kodumanal has unearthed the remains of an ancient blast furnace, its circular base distinguishable by its white colour, probably the result of high temperature. Around the base, many iron slags, some with embedded burnt clay, vitrified brick-bats, many terracotta pipes with vitrified mouths and a granite slab, which may have been the anvil, have been recovered. Absence of potsherds and other antiquities has suggested that the smelting place was located outside the boundary of habitation. More furnaces were discovered at the same site with burnt clay pieces with rectangular holes. The pieces were part of the furnace wall, the holes designed to allow a natural draught of air to pass through evenly into the furnace. Many vitrified crucibles were also recovered from this site; one of them notable because it was found in an in situ position.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, pp. 65–66&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence of steel making is also found in the crucibles excavated at this site.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, p. 95&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to iron and steel, the metallurgy seems to have possibly extended to copper, bronze, lead, silver and gold objects.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, pp. 98–102&lt;/ref&gt; At Arikamedu, there were indications of small-scale workshops containing the remains of working in metal, glass, semiprecious stones, ivory and shell.&lt;ref name=b472 /&gt; Kodumanal has yielded evidence for the practice of weaving, in the form of a number of intact terracotta spindle whorls pierced at the centre by means of an iron rod, indicating the knowledge of cotton spinning and weaving. To further strengthen this theory, a well preserved piece of woven cotton cloth was also recovered from this site.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, p. 67&lt;/ref&gt; Dyeing vats were spotted at Arikamedu.&lt;ref&gt;Begley, p. 475&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many brick structures have been located at [[Kaveripumpattinam]] during on-shore, near shore and off-shore explorations; these provide proof for building construction during Sangam age. The on-shore structure include an I-shaped wharf and a structure that looks like a reservoir. The wharf has a number of wooden poles planted in its structure to enable anchorage of boats and to facilitate the handling of cargo. Among other structures, there is a Buddhist vihara with parts of it decorated using moulded bricks and stucco. Near shore excavations yielded a brick structure and a few terracotta ring wells. Off-shore explorations located a fifteen course brick structure, three courses of dressed stone blocks, brick bats and pottery.&lt;ref&gt;Tripati et al., pp. 86, 88–89&lt;/ref&gt; At Arikamedu, there were indications of a structure built substantially of timber, possibly a wharf. Conical jars that could have been used for storing wine and oil have been found near structures that could have been shops or storage areas. Evidence of continued building activity are present at this site, with the most distinctive structures being those of a possible warehouse, dyeing tanks and lined pits.&lt;ref name=b472 /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kodumanal was popular for the gem-cutting industry and manufacture of jewels. Sites bearing natural reserves of semi-precious stones such as beryls, sapphire and quartz are located in the vicinity of Kodumanal. Beads of sapphire, beryl, agate, carnelian, amethyst, lapis lazulli, jasper, garnet, soapstone and quartz were unearthed from here. The samples were in different manufacturing stages – finished, semi-finished, drilled and undrilled, polished and unpolished and in the form of raw material. Chips and stone slabs, one with a few grooved beads, clearly demonstrate that these were manufactured locally at Kodumanal.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, pp. 66–67&lt;/ref&gt; Excavations at [[Korkai]] have yielded a large number of pearl oyesters at different levels, indicating the practice of the trade in this region.&lt;ref&gt;Gaur and Sundaresh, p. 127&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the objects excavated from Kodumanal show a lot of artistic features such as paintings on the pottery, engravings on the beads, hexagonal designs on beads, inlay work in a tiger figurine and engraved shell bangles. More than ten designs are noticed in the paintings and bead etchings.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, p. 141&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are remnants of many of the items imported from and exported to the Roman empire, at [[Arikamedu]]. Imported items recovered from here include ceramics such as amphorae and sherds of Arretine ware, glass bowls, Roman lamps, a crystal gem and an object resembling a stylus. Artifacts that may have been meant for export include jewellery, worked ivory, textiles and perhaps leather or leather-related products.&lt;ref&gt;Begley, p. 480&lt;/ref&gt; Similar looking ornaments have been recovered from Arikamedu and Palatine Hill in Rome, further confirming that this site was a leading trade center.&lt;ref name=b472 /&gt; The Pandyan port city Alagankulam has yielded a rouletted pottery ware that bears the figure of a ship on the shoulder portion. This figure is very similar to a finding reported from [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]], an ancient port of the Romans.&lt;ref&gt;Gaur and Sundaresh, p. 126&lt;/ref&gt; Wharf-like structures found at many port cities indicate that they might have been used as docks. Based on marine explorations of various port-sites, it has been suggested that stone anchors may have been used since as early as the 3rd century BCE.&lt;ref&gt;Athiyaman and Jayakumar, p. 1266&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Inscriptions ==<br /> <br /> During the later half of the 20th century, several inscriptions of the Sangam age have been discovered in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Most of them are written in Tamil-Brahmi script and are found in rocks or on pottery. The information obtained from such inscriptions have been used to corroborate some of the details provided by the Sangam literature.<br /> <br /> === Cave ===<br /> The 2nd and 13th rock edicts of Ashoka (273–232 BCE) refers to the Pandyas, Cholas, Cheras and the Satiyaputras. According to the edicts, these kingdoms lay outside the southern boundary of the Mauryan Empire. The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga King, Kharavela, (c. 150 BCE) refers to the arrival of a tribute of jewels and elephants from the Pandyan king. It also talks about a league of Tamil kingdoms that had been in existence 113 years before then.&lt;ref&gt;Aiyangar, pp. 7–8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The earliest epigraphic records of the Tamil country in Tamil Nadu were found in [[Mangulam]] village near Madurai. The cave inscriptions, deciphered in 1966, have been dated to the 2nd century BC and record the gift of a monastery by Pandyan king Nedunj Cheliyan to a Jain monk. These inscriptions are also the oldest Jain inscriptions in South India and among the oldest in all of India.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, p. 7&lt;/ref&gt; References to Sangam age Chera dynasty are found in Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of 3rd century CE found on [[Edakkal Caves|rocks in Edakal hill]] in Wynad district of Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, pp. 8–11&lt;/ref&gt; The ancient port city of [[Thondi]] is mentioned in inscriptions found in [[Kilavalavu]] village near Madurai.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt; The early part of the 20th century saw the discovery of about 39 inscriptions in a dozen locations, all near Madurai. The most significant of these were the ones at Alagarmalai and Sittannavasal. The Alagarmalai inscriptions, dated to the 1st century BCE, record the endowments made by a group of merchants from Madurai. Another set of inscriptions from the 2nd century CE, found at Pugalur village near Karur, document the construction of a rock shelter by a Chera king of the Irumporai line for a Jain monk, ''Cenkayapan''. Cave inscriptions at Arachalur, dated to the 4th century, provide evidence for the cultivation of music and dance in the Tamil country.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, pp. 12–21&lt;/ref&gt; One of the earliest inscriptional evidence of the chieftains of the Sangam age was found at Jambai, a village near the town of Tirukkoyilur in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu. These inscriptions belonging to the 1st century CE record the grants made by the chieftain Atiyaman Netuman Anci who ruled from Takatur. According to epigraphist I. Mahadevan, there were some reservations initially, about the linguistic details in the inscriptions, but further investigations have confirmed their authenticity.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, pp. 23–24&lt;/ref&gt; Inscriptions from the 2nd century CE found at Mannarkoil village in Tirunelveli district contain a reference to a ''katikai'', which could mean an assembly of learned persons or an institution of higher learning. An inscription belonging to the early Cholas has been discovered near Tiruchirappalli and has been dated between the 2nd and 4th century.<br /> An analysis of the geographical sites of these cave inscriptions points to the possibility of the Tamil-Brahmi script having been created at Madurai around the 3rd century BCE and its disseminations to other parts of Tamil country thereafter.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, p. 36&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Pottery ===<br /> {{See also|Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscriptions}}<br /> Inscriptions on pottery, written in Tamil-Brahmi, have been found from about 20 archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu. Using methods such as stratigraphy and palaeography, these have been dated between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE. Also found in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]], similar inscriptions in Tamil-Brahmi have been found outside the ancient Tamil country in [[Thailand]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Tamil-Brahmi inscription on pottery found in Thailand |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/16/stories/2006071603952000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716161058/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/16/stories/2006071603952000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-07-16 |date= 2006-07-06 |access-date=2007-08-05 |work= [[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Red Sea]] coast in [[Egypt]].<br /> [[Arikamedu]], the ancient port city of the [[Chola Dynasty|Cholas]], and [[Urayur]] and [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]], their [[Early Cholas|early capitals]], have yielded several fragmentary pottery inscriptions, all dated to the Sangam age. [[Kodumanal]], a major industrial center known for the manufacture of gems during this period, had remains of pottery with inscriptions in Tamil, [[Prakrit]] and Sinhala-Prakrit. [[Alagankulam]], a thriving sea port of the early [[Pandyan Kingdom|Pandyas]], has yielded pottery inscriptions that mention several personal names including the name of a [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] prince. One of the pottery sherds contained the depiction of a large [[Roman Empire|Roman]] ship. Many other ancient sites such as [[Kanchipuram]], [[Karur]], [[Korkai]] and [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] have all yielded pottery with inscriptions on them. Outside of Tamil Nadu and [[Kerala]], inscriptions in Tamil-Brahmi have been found in [[Srikakulam]] district in Andhra Pradesh, [[Jaffna]] in modern Sri Lanka, ancient Roman ports of [[Qusier al-Qadim]] and [[Berenice Troglodytica|Berenike]] in Egypt. The 2nd century BCE potsherds found in excavations in [[Poonakari|Poonagari]], [[Jaffna]], bear Tamil inscriptions of a clan name – ''vēḷāṉ,'' related to ''[[velirs]]'' of the [[ancient Tamil country]].&lt;ref name=ETEHar&gt;{{cite book | last=Mahadevan | first=Iravatham | author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan | title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. | series=Harvard Oriental Series vol. 62 | publisher=Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University | place=Cambridge, Mass | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-674-01227-1}} p. 48.&lt;/ref&gt; The inscriptions at Berenike refer to a Tamil chieftain Korran.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, pp. 43–49&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other ===<br /> The [[Thiruparankundram]] inscription found near [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and dated on palaeographical grounds to the 1st century BCE, refers to a person as a householder from [[Eelam]] (''Eela-kudumpikan'').&lt;ref name=&quot;TN&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last =Akazhaan | title =Eezham Thamizh and Tamil Eelam: Understanding the terminologies of identity | publisher =[[Tamilnet]] | url =http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=27012 | access-date =2008-10-02 | archive-date =5 June 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090605200326/http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=27012 | url-status =live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It reads: ''erukatur eelakutumpikan polalaiyan'' – &quot;Polalaiyan, (resident of) Erukatur, the husbandman (householder) from Eelam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schalk&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Schalk | first=Peter | contribution=Robert Caldwell's Derivation īlam&lt;sīhala: A Critical Assessment | editor-last=Chevillard | editor-first=Jean-Luc | title=South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday | place=Pondicherry | publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry | isbn=978-2-85539-630-9 | pages=347–364 | year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from caverns and pottery, Tamil-Brahmi writings are also found in coins, seals and rings of the Sangam age. Many of them have been picked up from the Amaravathi river bed near Karur. A smaller number of inscribed objects have been picked up from the beds of other rivers like South Pennar and Vaigai. An oblong piece of polished stone with Tamil-Brahmi inscription has been located in a museum in the ancient port city of [[Khuan Luk Pat]] in southern Thailand. Based on the inscription, the object has been identified as a touchstone (''uraikal'') used for testing the fitness of gold. The inscription is dated to 3rd or 4th century.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, pp. 50–51&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Polity ===<br /> Epigraphy provides an account of various aspects of Sangam polity and has been used to verify some of the information provided by sources such as literature and numismatics. The names of various kings and chieftains occurring in the inscriptions include Nedunj Cheliyan, Peruvaluthi, Cheras of the Irumporai family, Tittan, [[Nedunkilli]], Adiyaman, Pittan and [[Korrantai]]. References to administration includes the chiefs, superintendents, titles of ministers, palace of merchants and the village assembly. Religious references to Buddhist and Jain monks are found frequently, which have provided valuable information explaining the spread of those religions in Tamilakam. Brief mentions of various aspects of the Sangam society such as agriculture, trade, commodities, occupations, the social stratification, flora, fauna, music and dance, names of cities and names of individuals are also found in the inscriptions.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, pp. 115–159&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Coins ==<br /> Another important source of studying ancient Tamil history are the coins that have been found in recent years in the excavations, megaliths, hoards and surface. The coins belonging to the Sangam age, found in [[Tamil Nadu]] are generally classified into three categories. The first category consists of [[Numismatic terminology#P|punch-marked]] coins from [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (400 BCE–187 BCE) and the [[Satavahanas]] (200 BCE–200 CE). The second category is made up of coins from the [[Roman Empire]] dated from 31 BCE to 217 CE, coins of Phoenicians and Seleucids and coins from the Mediterranean region (c. 300 BCE).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Karur coins of Greeks, Romans and Phoenicians|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/article28504.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 October 2009|location=India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The third category of Sangam age Tamil coins are the punch-marked silver, copper and lead coins dated 200 BCE–200 CE and assigned to the Sangam age Tamil kings. The coins belonging to the first two categories mostly attest to the trading relationships that the Tamil people had with the kingdoms of northern India and the outside world. But they do not offer much information regarding the Sangam age Tamil polity. Those in the third category provide direct testimony to the existence of ancient Tamil kingdoms and are used to establish their period to coincide with that of the Sangam literature.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 10–11&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pandiya ===<br /> Among the many coins attributed to the early Pandyas, are a series of punch-marked coins made of silver and copper, that are considered to belong to the earliest period. Six groups of silver punch-marked coins and one group of copper coins have been analysed so far. All of these punch-marked coins have a stylised fish symbol on their [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]], which is considered the royal emblem of the Pandyas. On the [[obverse]] of these coins are a variety symbols such as the sun, the sadarachakra, the trishul, a dog, stupa etc. The first group of silver coins was found at [[Bodinayakanur]], in a hoard containing 1124 coins all belonging to the same type. The remaining coins in the five silver group and the copper group were all found in the Vaigai river bed near [[Madurai]]. Four of the six silver groups have been assigned a date close to the end of the [[Mauryan]] rule, c. 187 BCE. Since [[Tamilakam]] was deficient in metallic silver and since Roman silver did not become available in abundance until later, around 44 BCE, it has been postulated that the Pandyan kings melted silver from the coins brought in by trade with [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] or some foreign location other than [[Rome]]. The names of the Pandyan kings who issued this series of coins is not clear.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 14–20&lt;/ref&gt; Another series of coins, all made of copper and found near Madurai, have the fish symbol on the reverse and among other symbols on the obverse, have the legend ''Peruvaluthi'' written in the [[Tamil-Brahmi]] script. They have been assigned a date of around 200 BCE and are considered to have been issued by the Pandyan king Peruvaluthi. These coins are represent some of the few instances where the names of Sangam kings appear in non-literary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 20–23&lt;/ref&gt; Sangam literature mentions the importance attached to Vedic sacrifices by Tamil kings including the Pandyan Mudukudumi Peruvaludhi. This fact is also corroborated by the discovery of several Pandyan coins that are referred to as the ''Vedic sacrifice'' series. These coins have symbols on their obverse that depict the sacrifices, such as a horse tied to the ''yuba-stambha'', a ''yagna kunta'' and a ''nandhipada''.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 24–26&lt;/ref&gt; More coins with animal symbols such as the tortoise, the elephant and the bull have been found and assigned to the Pandyan kings. Some of them even have a human portrait, possibly of the king who issued those coins, on their obverse. There are also Pandyan coins belonging to the 1st century BCE, that have symbols depicting pearls, signifying the importance of pearl fishery to the Pandyan kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, p. 46&lt;/ref&gt; The excavations at Algankulam, near Madurai, recovered two copper coins of the early Pandyas along with Northern Black Polished Ware. These coins have been assigned a broad time period ranging from 200 BCE to 200 CE.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chera ===<br /> Many of the coins assigned to the Chera kings of Sangam age with a portrait and the legends &quot;Makkotai&quot; or &quot;Kuttuvan Kotai&quot; have been found near the [[Amaravathi River]] bed in [[Karur district|Karur]] and elsewhere in [[Coimbatore district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://moeseprints.incois.gov.in/304/1/H17-Archeo.PDF|title=Archaeo metallurgical study on select Pallava coins|year=2003|publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India|access-date=30 November 2011|archive-date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114925/http://moeseprints.incois.gov.in/304/1/H17-Archeo.PDF|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They depict the royal emblem of the Cheras, the bow and arrow symbol, on the reverse. It was generally believed that the Satavahanas were the first indigenous monarchs to issue silver portrait coins. That has been disproved by the discovery of Makkotai and Kuttuvan Kotai coins belonging to the 1st century AD or a little later. Silver coins issued by [[Augustus]] and [[Tiberius]] have over a period of time been discovered in large numbers from the Coimbatore-Karur region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman connection in Tamil Nadu&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/28/stories/2007012800201800.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222182819/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/28/stories/2007012800201800.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 December 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu | date=28 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the Chera coins, the &quot;Makkotai series&quot; bears a unique pattern not found in other Tamil coins of its age. They contain both the portrait of a king (facing right) and a written legend, in this case the word &quot;Makkotai&quot; written in [[Tamil-Brahmi]] script. These coins exhibit similarities with the [[Roman currency|Roman coins]] of emperors [[Augustus]] and [[Tiberius]]; like the Roman coins, the portraits on the Makkotai series do not show any jewellery on the king.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/28/stories/2007012800201800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222182819/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/28/stories/2007012800201800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2007|date=28 January 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are thought to be made of two separate pieces joined by lead, a practice prevalent elsewhere in India at that time. Official seals of the bearing the name &quot;Makkotai&quot; have also been recovered from the river bed; these seals contain the portrait facing left and the legend &quot;Makkotai&quot; written backward (right-to-left). The reverse of the seals is blank. The Makkotai coins and the seals have been assigned a date range of 100 BC to end of 100 AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Krishnamurthy, pp. 97–103&quot;&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 97–103&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another aspect of the portraits on the Makkotai coins are that they do not have identical head sizes and some facial features also vary from one coin to another, even though they all have the same written legend. Such an observation has been made of coins assigned to the [[Western Satraps|Western Kshatrapas]] of [[Gujarat]], which are thought to be another inspiration for the Chera coins. Scholars who analyzed the varying portraiture on the Kshatrapa coins have advanced several theories to explain the phenomenon: that the coins could be of different kings who chose to keep the name of an ancestor on their coins or the coins all belong to one king with portraits depicting him at his different ages. Based on such theories, the Chera coins could either belong to a series of rulers or to a single king called Cheraman Makkotai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Krishnamurthy, pp. 97–103&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Another series of Chera coins depicts various animals along with symbols on its obverse and the Chera emblem on its reverse. Elephant, horse, bull, tortoise and lion are the animals depicted in this series, along with snake and fish. Symbols of inanimate objects include arched hills, battle axe, conch, river, [[swastika]], [[trident]], flowers and the sun.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 62–96&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A few other coins that contain a portrait and a legend have been unearthed; a coin assigned to certain Kuttuvan Kotai with his portrait and the legend &quot;Kuttuvan Kotai&quot; is notable for the occurrence of the &quot;pulli&quot; in the legend. Based on paleography of the script, it has been assigned a date of the late 1st century to early 2nd century AD. A coin belonging to 100 AD with the legend &quot;Kollipurai&quot; and a full-body portrait of a warrior has been assigned to the king Kopperum Cheral Irumporai, as he was known as the victor of Kolli in literature. Another coin of roughly the same period of 100 AD with the legend &quot;Kolirumporaiy&quot; and a warrior portrait has been found; it has not been assigned to a single king, but based on the legend, there are at least six Chera kings who could be associated with it.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 103–107&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A Chera coin with the portrait of a king wearing a Roman helmet was discovered from Karur. The obverse side of the silver coin has the portrait of a king, facing left, wearing a Roman-type bristled-crown helmet. This coin maybelong to the 1st century BC and may be earlier to Makkotai and Kuttuvan Kotai coins. With a flat nose and protruding lips, he has a wide and thick ear lobe but wears no ear-ring. The person depicted appears to be elderly. Unlike other Chera silver portrait coins, the king's portrait on this coin faces left. The coin points to Romans having had trade contacts with the Chera kings and establishes that the Roman soldiers had landed in the Chera country to give protection to the Roman traders who had come there to buy materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman connection in Tamil Nadu&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Archaeological investigations conducted unearthed square or circular Chera coins made of copper from near [[Cochin]]. This was for the first time, from a stratographic context, coins of Sangam Chera period have been found in Kerala. The coin, which is almost a square in shape, has an elephant facing to the right and some symbols toward the top of the coin. The symbols could not be identified as the upper part of the coin was partially corroded. A drawn bow and arrow was visible on the other side. Below the arrow is an elephant goad (a prod used to control elephants). These coins bear a striking resemblance to the ones excavated from Karur in Tamil Nadu, said the archaeologists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.muzirisheritage.in/about.html |title=Muziris Tourism, Muziris Heritage Tourism, Muziris Pattanam, Muziris Excavations, Muziris Heritage Tourism Project, Muziris Heritage, Muziris museum, Munambam, Chendamangalam,...&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-date=29 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829102427/http://www.muzirisheritage.in/about.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2708/stories/20100423270806200.htm |title=Muziris, at last? |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114142227/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2708/stories/20100423270806200.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/30/stories/2004043014340300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040629030312/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/30/stories/2004043014340300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2004 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Copper coins of Adi Chera period excavated | date=30 April 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chola ===<br /> [[File:Gold coin of Raja Raja Chola I.JPG|thumbnail|Gold coin of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], 985 – 1014, found in Sri Lanka.]]<br /> The number of Chola coins discovered so far are not as many as those of Pandyas; most of them have been found from archeological excavations at [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] and [[Arikamedu]], and also beds of rivers [[Amaravathi River|Amaravathi]] near Karur and South Pennar near Tirukkoilur. An early Chola coin has also been found in Thailand. The Chola coins do not contain a portrait or a legend and all of them depict symbols of animals and other inanimate objects like the animal series of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]]. But, all of them carry the symbol of a tiger, the Chola emblem, on their reverse. One of the coins has been assigned a date earlier than 200 BCE and some others to about the time of Roman influence, which is around the dawn of the Christian era.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 111–130&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chieftains ===<br /> Parts of the Sangam age Tamil country were ruled over by several independent chieftains, alongside the three crowned monarchs. Among them, coins belonging to the chieftains of the Malayaman clan have been found in Tamil Nadu. Many of them contain a written legend on the obverse and all of them have the image of a flowing river on their obverse. Based on the legends some of these coins have been assigned to specific rulers such as Tirukkannan, also known as Malaiyan Choliya Enadi Tirukkannan, and Tirumudi Kari. A series of coins without a legend but with a horse as the principal motif on the obverse have been assigned to the Malayaman chieftains, because of the river symbol on the obverse. Numismatist R. Krishnamurthy, dates these coins to the period between 100 BCE and 100 CE.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 132–148&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sri Lankan ===<br /> Excavations in the area of [[Tissamaharama]] in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins produced between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters, which suggest that Tamil merchants and [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, I. &quot;Ancient Tamil coins from Sri Lanka&quot;, pp. 152–154&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bopearachchi, O. &quot;Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu&quot;, pp. 546–549&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-2}}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | last = Abraham<br /> | first = Shinu<br /> | title = Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India<br /> | journal = Asian Perspectives<br /> | volume = 42<br /> | issue = 2<br /> | pages =207–223<br /> | year = 2003<br /> | doi = 10.1353/asi.2003.0031| url = http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf<br /> | hdl = 10125/17189<br /> | s2cid = 153420843<br /> | hdl-access = free<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Aiyangar<br /> | first = S. 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N. Sivaraja<br /> | author-link = K. N. Sivaraja Pillai<br /> | title = The Chronology of the Early Tamils<br /> | orig-year = 1932| year = 1984<br /> | publisher = Asian Educational Services}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Pillay<br /> | first = J.K.<br /> | title = Educational system of the ancient Tamils<br /> | year = 1972<br /> | publisher = [[South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Publishing Society Ltd.]], Madras}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Sastri<br /> | first = K.A. Nilakanta<br /> | title = The Pandyan Kingdom: From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century<br /> | year = 1972<br /> | author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri<br /> | publisher = Swathi Publications, Madras}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Sharma<br /> | first = TRS<br /> | title = Ancient Indian Literature: An Anthology. Vol III<br /> | page = 43<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | publisher = Sahitya Academy, New Delhi}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Subrahmanian<br /> | first = N<br /> | title = Sangam polity<br /> | year = 1980<br /> | publisher = Ennes Publications, Madurai}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Sundararajan<br /> | first = Dr. S.<br /> | title = Ancient Tamil Country<br /> | year = 1991<br /> | publisher = Navrang Booksellers and Publishers, New Delhi}}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | last = Tripati<br /> | first = Sila<br /> |author2=A.S. Gaur |author3=Sundaresh |author4=P. Gudigar<br /> | title = Marine Archaeological Explorations in the Kaveripoompattiname Region: Fresh light on the Structural Remains<br /> | journal = Man and Environment<br /> | volume = 21<br /> | issue = 1<br /> | pages =86–90<br /> | year = 1996}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Venkata Subramanian<br /> | first = T.K.<br /> | title = Environment and urbanisation in early Tamilakam<br /> | year = 1988<br /> | publisher = Tamil University, Thanjavur}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Zvelebil<br /> | first = Kamil<br /> | title = Tamil Literature<br /> | year = 1975<br /> |author-link= Kamil Zvelebil<br /> | publisher = Leiden : Brill}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |url = http://asi.nic.in/<br /> |title = Archaeological Survey of India<br /> |access-date = 2007-08-06<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155409/http://asi.nic.in/<br /> |archive-date = 29 June 2011<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.tn.gov.in/telephone/hod/hodPage13.html<br /> | title = Department of Archaeology, Govt. of Tamil Nadu<br /> | access-date = 2007-08-06<br /> | archive-date = 18 August 2007<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070818211729/http://www.tn.gov.in/telephone/hod/hodPage13.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.unom.ac.in/ancient1.html<br /> | title = Department of Ancient History and Archeology, University of Madras<br /> | access-date = 2007-08-06<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070721134509/http://www.unom.ac.in/ancient1.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt;<br /> | archive-date = 2007-07-21<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl2222/stories/20051104005113000.htm<br /> |title = Sangam age brick temple found near Mahabalipuram<br /> |publisher = Frontline, The Hindu<br /> |access-date = 2007-08-05<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809174458/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2222/stories/20051104005113000.htm<br /> |archive-date = 9 August 2007<br /> }}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Good article}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sangam literature]]<br /> [[Category:Historiography of India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pranlal_Devkaran_Nanjee&diff=526404 2026-03-10T03:22:50Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started the stub w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian banker, businessman and philanthropist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> '''Pranlal Devkaran Nanjee''' (11 June 1894 – 27 July 1956) was a noted Indian banker, businessman and philanthropist from Bombay, India.<br /> <br /> ==Birth &amp; family life==<br /> He was born on 11 June 1894 at [[Porbandar]], the second son of Seth Devkaran Nanjee.&lt;ref name=a&gt;{{cite book|title=Indian &amp; Pakistan Year Book &amp; Who's who|date=1950|publisher=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Company|pages=728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRsdAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=PRANLAL+DEVKARAN+NANJEE+porbandar|accessdate=22 August 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Indian Year Book|date=1942|publisher=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Company|pages=1064|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HV8dAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=PRANLAL+DEVKARAN+NANJEE+porbandar|accessdate=22 August 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was married to Jayavati in 1911.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; She too was an active participant in the family's business. She was Fellow of the Indian Institute of Bankers and a member of Its Council ; Trustee of the Indian Merchants' Chamber she was the only daughter of the late Govindji Jhaverchand, a [[District Munsiff Court|Munsiff and Magistrate]] of [[Jamnagar State]]. She too was made Justice of Peace and Honorary Presidency Magistrate for Bombay.&lt;ref name=c&gt;The Times of India Directory &amp; Yearbook, Including Who's who,Sir Stanley Reed, Times of India, Bombay -1955 pg 1062&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Pranlal Devkarn Nanjee was a founder of [[Dena Bank|Devkaran Nanjee Banking Company]] (later renamed [[Dena Bank]]), Devkaran Nanjee Insurance Company and Devkaran Nanjee Investment Company based at [[Bombay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kothari's Economic Guide and Investors' Handbook of India|date=1952|publisher=Kothari.|pages=41,114,1037|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQguAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=PRANLAL+DEVKARAN+NANJEE++PORBANDAR|accessdate=22 August 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was inspired by his late father Shri Devkaran Nanjee's dream to start a bank.&lt;ref name=r&gt;[https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewBulletin.aspx?Id=6697 RBI]&lt;/ref&gt; His elder brother, [[Choonilal Devkaran Nanjee]] and other family members, too, were partners in the firm. Dena Bank was founded on 26 May 1938 by the family of Devkaran Nanjee under the name Devkaran Nanjee Banking Company. It adopted its new name, Dena Bank (Devkaran Nanjee), when it incorporated as a public company in December 1939.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.denabank.com/ Dena Bank]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=r/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Indian Banks' Association]] was founded by his vision and leadership in 1946. The idea was mooted by him way back in 1944, when as a President of [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]], he argued that an association of Indian owned banks was needed and accordingly the meeting of some prominent Indian banks was held. With other leaders, like [[Homi Mody|Sir Homi Mody]], Pranlal Devkaran Nanjee played a crucial role in the formation of the Indian Banks' Association, which came into existence on 26 September 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/142437/8/08_chapter%203.pdf | title=Chapter 3: Profile of the IBA | publisher=inflibnet.ac.in | accessdate=8 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Abhik|title=The evolution of the State Bank of India: The era from 1995 to 1980|date=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780670999064|pages=593|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sknWQvz3MIC&amp;q=PRANLAL+DEVKARAN+NANJEE&amp;pg=PA593|accessdate=26 August 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He served as the President of the [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]] for the years 1944-45 and 1952-53.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.imcnet.org/aboutus/leaders/pre/page/4 IMC]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kidron|first1=Michael|title=Foreign Investments in India|date=2001|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=9780415190404|pages=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNyUmPyd3q8C&amp;q=prANLAL+DEVKARAN+NANJEE+president+of+indian+merchants+chamber+for+years&amp;pg=PA107|accessdate=26 August 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other faculty==<br /> He was an avid photographer and served as president of the [[Photographic Society of India]] for the years 1941 – 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://photographicsocietyofindia.com/legacy/past-presidents/|title=Past Presidents &amp;#124; the Photographic Society of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was appointed a minister ([[state minister|Rajamantri]]) of Porbander State and was also honored with the [[Rajbhooshan]] title by the [[Porbandar State]].&lt;ref name=a/&gt;<br /> <br /> Further, the [[Baroda State|Princely State of Baroda]] also honored him with a Silver Medal.&lt;ref name=a/&gt;<br /> <br /> He was also made the [[Justice of the Peace]] and Honorary Presidency Magistrate for the City of [[Bombay]] by British Indian Government.&lt;ref name=a/&gt;<br /> <br /> He was founded Swadeshi League Trust, which held exhibition for local goods and embolden [[swadeshi movement]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |date=1965 |pages=659 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIfAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=devkaran+nanji+shah |accessdate=19 October 2018|last1=Reed |first1=Sir Stanley }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the co founder of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]'s educational institutions.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> He died in Bombay on 25 July 1956, aged 66.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/dated-july-27-1956-devkaran-nanjee-dead/article3110785.ece &quot;Devkaran Nanjee dead&quot;, The Hindu (27 July 1956)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Memorials==<br /> The [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]'s The Bhavan's College of Communication and Management at Bombay was renamed as &quot;Bhavan's Pranlal Devkaran Nanjee College of Mass Communication in year 1977 after the philanthropic trust founded by him donated a large amount of money for development of college. Also an award, Pranlal Devkaran Nanjee Award - For Excellence in Harmonious Behaviour was instituted in his memory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bhavans.info/vision/landmark6.asp Bhavan]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Devkaran Nanjee, Pranlal}}<br /> [[Category:1894 births]]<br /> [[Category:1956 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian bankers]]<br /> [[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:People from Porbandar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian businesspeople in the insurance industry]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Indian justices of the peace]]<br /> [[Category:Administrators in the princely states of India]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:Bankers from British India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradeep_Uppoor&diff=526200 2026-03-09T15:37:37Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film producer (died 2023)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> '''Pradeep Uppoor''' ({{langx|hi|प्रदीप उपूर}}; 18 July 1958 – 13 March 2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/produer-pradeep-uppoor-passed-away-in-singapore-news-in-hindi-2023-03-13 दुखद: आमिर को बड़े परदे पर पहला ब्रेक देने वाले निर्माता प्रदीप उप्पूर का निधन, सिंगापुर से आई दुखद खबर] {{in lang|hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian film producer. He produced ''[[Ardh Satya]]'', ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (film)|Hip Hip Hurray]]'', ''[[Aghaat]]'' (1985),&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc9055145 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309121846/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc9055145 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 9 March 2016 |title=Pradeep Uppoor &amp;#124; BFI |work=bfi.org.uk |year=2012 |accessdate=9 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Holi (1984 film)|Holi]]'', ''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]'' (1981),&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;/&gt; and ''[[Purush]]''. Uppoor also produced a number of commercials, television serials, documentaries, and audio-visuals under the banner of Neo Films.<br /> <br /> In 1994 he co-launched &quot;[[Fireworks Productions]]&quot;, a television production company, which made ''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' a successful police detective series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k4/producer/bpsingh.htm|title=&quot;Soaps are not my domain and I don't think I will be able to direct them well&quot; B P Singh - Fireworks Productions|date=9 January 2004|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, he was the producer of the ''[[Nail Polish (film)|Nail Polish]]'' which is a [[List of ZEE5 original films|ZEE5 originals film]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Parasuraman|first=Prathyush|date=2021-01-04|title=Nail Polish On Zee5 Review: A Fascinating Mishmash Of Courtroom Drama And Psychological Trauma Starring Arjun Rampal And Manav Kaul|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/nail-polish-zee5-review-a-fascinating-mishmash-of-courtroom-drama-and-psychological-trauma-starring-arjun-rampal-manav-kaul/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1247173}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Uppoor, Pradeep}}<br /> [[Category:1958 births]]<br /> [[Category:2023 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television producers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-producer-stub}}</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palanpur_State&diff=456055 2026-03-09T13:16:37Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: small fix section for accuracy and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Princely state of India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox former country <br /> |native_name = પાલનપુર રિયાસત&lt;br /&gt;पालनपुर रियासत<br /> |conventional_long_name = Palanpur State<br /> |common_name = Palanpur<br /> |era = <br /> |year_start = 1370<br /> |date_start = <br /> |event_start= <br /> |year_end = 1948<br /> |date_end = <br /> |event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Dominion of India]]<br /> |event1 = <br /> |date_event1 = <br /> |p1 = <br /> |s1 = Dominion of India<br /> |flag_p1 = <br /> |flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg<br /> |image_flag = Flag of Palanpur.svg<br /> |image_coat = Palanpur state CoA.jpg<br /> |image_map = palanpuragency.png<br /> |image_map_caption = Map of Palanpur State area in 1922<br /> |motto = ''&quot;Ba aql giriftah ba shamsher Dasht&quot;'' &lt;br&gt; (What has been won by reason, he Sustains by force)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hurber |first1=De Vries |title=National Arms and Emblems past and present |url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/INHOUD.htm |website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |stat_area1 = 4574<br /> |stat_year1 = 1940<br /> |stat_pop1 = 315,855<br /> |today = [[India]]<br /> |footnotes = {{EB1911|wstitle=Palanpur}}<br /> |demonym=|capital=}}<br /> <br /> '''Palanpur State''' was a [[princely state]] of India during the [[British Raj]]. It was a [[Salute state]] with the Nawab of Palanpur having a hereditary salute of 13-guns. It was the main state of the [[Palanpur Agency]]. Palanpur State became a [[British protectorate]] in 1809/17; its capital was the city of [[Palanpur]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> <br /> The state encompassed an area of {{convert|1766|sqmi|order=flip|sigfig=4}} and had a population of 222,627 in 1901. The town of Palanpur housed a population of only 17,800 people that year. The state commanded a revenue of approximately £50,000 per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Palanpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Palanpur State was traversed by the main line of the [[Rajputana-Malwa Railway]], and contained the British [[Deesa Cantonment|cantonment of Deesa]]. Wheat, rice and sugar-cane were the chief products. Watered by the [[Saraswati river]], the state was heavily forested in its northern end (the present-day [[Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary|Jessore Sanctuary]]) but undulating and open in the south and east.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot; /&gt; The country was on the whole somewhat hilly, being at the edge of the [[Aravalli Range]]. In 1940 Palanpur State had a population of 315,855.&lt;ref&gt;''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer''. p. 1413.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> {{Main|History of Palanpur}}<br /> <br /> According to tradition Palanpur state was founded in 1370&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/palanpur.html |title=Princely States - Palanpur |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115013656/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/palanpur.html |archive-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and was ruled by the Bihari Pathan tribe [[Lohani]] (Hetani, Bihari Pathan) of Jhalori dynasty. 'While the earlier history of the family is who established themselves in Bihar during the twelfth century and ruled there as Sultans, so some of from this family also known as a Bihari(Vihari). Malik Khurram Khan Vihari (Bihari), the founder of the Palanpur house, left [[Bihar]] and entered the service of Vishaldev of [[Mandore]] during the late fourteenth century. Appointed Governor of Songad or [[Jalore district|Jhalor]], he took control of that place in the confusion that followed the death of the Mandore ruler';{{cn|date=June 2020}} a forebear of the family is reputed to have wed the foster-sister of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]] and received Palanpur and surrounding areas as dowry. However, the family comes into historical prominence during the period of instability that followed the demise of [[Aurangzeb]] in the early 18th century. It was overrun soon afterwards by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s; the Lohanis followed the trend of seeking recourse in the [[British East India Company]] against them and finally entered the [[subsidiary alliance]] system in 1817, along with all other neighbouring states, becoming a [[British protectorate]].<br /> <br /> Palanpur State was dissolved in 1949.{{cn|date=June 2020}}<br /> <br /> ===Rulers===<br /> <br /> [[File:Palanpur State Court Fee Ticket.jpg|thumbnail|Palanpur State court fee ticket]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Palanpur State Family Tree.png|400px|thumb|Family Tree of Palanpur State rulers]]<br /> <br /> The rulers of Palanpur State belonged to the [[Lohani|Lohani tribe]] (Hetani, Bihari Pathan) of Jalori dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rulers.org/indstat2.html States before 1947 K-W]&lt;/ref&gt; All rulers used the title of [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] except the last two rulers who used the title of [[Nawab]].<br /> <br /> ====Diwans====<br /> <br /> * 1688 - 1704 Firuz Kamal Khan (2nd time)<br /> * 1704 - 1708 Kamal Khan (b. 16... - d. 1708)<br /> * 1708 - 1719 Firuz Khan II (b. ... - d. 1719)<br /> * 1719 - 1732 Karim Dad Khan (b. ... - d. 1732)<br /> * 1732 - 1743 Pahar Khan II (b. ... - d. 1743)<br /> * 1743 - 1768 Bahadur Khan (b. ... - d. 1768)<br /> * 1768 - 1781 Salim Khan I (b. ... - d. 1781)<br /> * 1781 - 1788 Shir Khan (b. ... - d. 1788)<br /> * 1788 - 1793 Mubariz Khan II<br /> * 1793 - 1794 Shamshir Khan<br /> * 1794 - 1812 Firuz Khan III (b. 17... - d. 1812)<br /> * 1812 - 1813 Fateh Mohammad Khan (1st time) (b. 1799 - d. 1854)<br /> * 1813 - 22 Dec 1813 Shamshir Mohammad Khan (b. ... - d. 1834) (then regent for successor to 10 Oct 1817)<br /> *22 Dec 1813 – 11 Jul 1854 Fateh Mohammad Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)<br /> *11 Jul 1854 – 28 Aug 1878 Zorawar Khan (b. 1822 - d. 1878)<br /> *28 Aug 1878 - 1910 Zobdat al-Molk [[Sher Mohammad Khan]] (b. 1852 - d. 1918)<br /> <br /> ====Nawab Sahibs====<br /> <br /> *1910 - 28 Sep 1918 Zobdat al-Molk [[Sher Mohammad Khan]] (s.a.)<br /> *28 Sep 1918 – 15 Aug 1947 Zobdat al-Molk [[Taley Mohammad Khan]] (b. 1883 - d. 1957)<br /> *15 Aug 1947 – 6 Sep 2010 [[Iqbal Mohammad Khan]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Pathans of Gujarat]]<br /> * [[History of Palanpur]]<br /> * [[Joan Falkiner]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> *{{commonscat inline}}<br /> *[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaGujarat2.htm Heraldry of the princely states of Gujarat]<br /> {{Coord|24.17|N|72.43|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Princely states of India}}<br /> {{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Pashtun dynasties]]<br /> [[Category:Banaskantha district]]<br /> [[Category:Bombay Presidency]]<br /> [[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:1370s establishments in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantic_Scholar&diff=450562 2026-03-09T04:14:18Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Updated formatting and improved readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Search service for journal articles}}<br /> {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}<br /> {{Infobox website<br /> | name = Semantic Scholar<br /> | logo = Semantic Scholar logo.svg<br /> | type = [[Search engine]]<br /> | author = [[Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence]]<br /> | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2015|11|2}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Nicola|title=Artificial-intelligence institute launches free science search engine|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|year=2015|issn=1476-4687|doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18703|s2cid=182440976 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|https://semanticscholar.org}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Semantic Scholar''' is a research tool for scientific literature. It is developed at the [[Allen Institute for AI]] and was publicly released in November 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eunjung Cha 3Nov2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |first1=Ariana |last1=Eunjung Cha |date=3 November 2015 |title=Paul Allen's AI research group unveils program that aims to shake up how we search scientific knowledge. Give it a try. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/02/paul-allens-ai-research-group-unveils-program-that-aims-to-shake-up-how-we-search-scientific-knowledge-give-it-a-try/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106162910/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/02/paul-allens-ai-research-group-unveils-program-that-aims-to-shake-up-how-we-search-scientific-knowledge-give-it-a-try/ |archive-date=6 November 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Semantic Scholar uses modern techniques in [[natural language processing]] to support the research process, for example by providing automatically generated summaries of scholarly papers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hao 18Nov2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hao |first=Karen |date=November 18, 2020 |title=An AI helps you summarize the latest in AI |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/11/18/1012259/ai-summarizes-science-papers-ai2-semantic-scholar/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Semantic Scholar team is actively researching the use of artificial intelligence in [[natural language processing]], [[machine learning]], [[human–computer interaction]], and [[information retrieval]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Semantic Scholar Research|url=https://research.semanticscholar.org/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=research.semanticscholar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Semantic Scholar began as a database for the topics of [[computer science]], [[geoscience]], and [[neuroscience]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fricke|first=Suzanne|date=2018-01-12|title=Semantic Scholar|journal=[[Journal of the Medical Library Association]]|language=en|volume=106|issue=1|pages=145–147|doi=10.5195/jmla.2018.280|s2cid=45802944|issn=1558-9439|doi-access=free|pmc=5764585}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, the system began including [[biomedical literature]] in its corpus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2022|Sep}}, it includes over 200 million publications from all fields of science.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Matthews |first1=David |title=Drowning in the literature? These smart software tools can help |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02346-4 |access-date=5 September 2022 |work=Nature |date=1 September 2021 |quote=...the publicly available corpus compiled by Semantic Scholar – a tool set up in 2015 by the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Seattle, Washington – amounting to around 200 million articles, including preprints.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Technology ==<br /> Semantic Scholar provides a one-sentence summary of [[scientific literature]]. One of its aims was to address the challenge of reading numerous titles and lengthy abstracts on mobile devices.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad 24Nov2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Grad |first=Peter |date=November 24, 2020 |title=AI tool summarizes lengthy papers in a sentence |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2020-11-ai-tool-lengthy-papers-sentence.html |access-date=2021-02-16 |work=Tech Xplore |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also seeks to ensure that the three million scientific papers published yearly reach readers, since it is estimated that only half of this literature is ever read.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-23 |title=Allen Institute's Semantic Scholar now searches across 175 million academic papers |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/10/23/allen-institutes-semantic-scholar-now-searches-across-175-million-academic-papers/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128090249/https://venturebeat.com/2019/10/23/allen-institutes-semantic-scholar-now-searches-across-175-million-academic-papers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Artificial intelligence is used to capture the essence of a paper, generating it through an &quot;abstractive&quot; technique.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hao 18Nov2020&quot;/&gt; The project uses a combination of [[machine learning]], [[natural language processing]], and [[machine vision]] to add a layer of [[semantic analysis (linguistics)|semantic analysis]] to the traditional methods of [[citation analysis]], and to extract relevant figures, [[table extraction|tables]], entities, and venues from papers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bohannon&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bohannon |first=John |date=11 November 2016 |title=A computer program just ranked the most influential brain scientists of the modern era |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/computer-program-just-ranked-most-influential-brain-scientists-modern-era |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aal0371 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429134813/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/computer-program-just-ranked-most-influential-brain-scientists-modern-era |archive-date=29 April 2020 |access-date=12 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Q | Q108172042 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another key AI-powered feature is Research Feeds, an adaptive research recommender that uses AI to quickly learn what papers users care about reading and recommends the latest research to help scholars stay up to date. It uses a paper embedding model trained using contrastive learning to find papers similar to those in each Library folder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Semantic Scholar {{!}} Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/faq#what-are-research-feeds |url-status=live|archive-date=July 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715223949/https://www.semanticscholar.org/faq#what-are-research-feeds}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Semantic Scholar also offers Semantic Reader, an augmented reader with the potential to revolutionize scientific reading by making it more accessible and richly contextual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Semantic Scholar {{!}} Semantic Reader |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/product/semantic-reader |url-status=live |website=Semantic Scholar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715224159/https://www.semanticscholar.org/product/semantic-reader|archive-date=July 15, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Semantic Reader provides in-line citation cards that allow users to see citations with [[TL;DR|TLDR]] (short for Too Long, Didn't Read) automatically generated short summaries as they read and skimming highlights that capture key points of a paper so users can digest faster.<br /> <br /> In contrast with [[Google Scholar]] and [[PubMed]], Semantic Scholar is designed to highlight the most important and influential elements of a paper.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/announcement/view/1|title=Semantic Scholar<br /> |website=International Journal of Language and Literary Studies|access-date=2021-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; The AI technology is designed to identify hidden connections and links between research topics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Baykoucheva|first=Svetla|title=Driving Science Information Discovery in the Digital Age|publisher=Chandos Publishing|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823724-3|page=91|oclc=1241441806|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like the previously cited search engines, Semantic Scholar also exploits graph structures, which include the [[Microsoft Academic|Microsoft Academic Knowledge Graph]], Springer Nature's [[SciGraph]], and the Semantic Scholar Corpus (originally a 45 million papers corpus in computer science, neuroscience and biomedicine).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jose|first1=Joemon M.|title=Advances in Information Retrieval: 42nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2020, Lisbon, Portugal, April 14–17, 2020, Proceedings, Part I|last2=Yilmaz|first2=Emine|last3=Magalhães|first3=João|last4=Castells|first4=Pablo|last5=Ferro|first5=Nicola|last6=Silva|first6=Mário J.|last7=Martins|first7=Flávio|publisher=Springer Nature|year=2020|isbn=978-3-030-45438-8|location=Cham, Switzerland|page=254|language=en|oclc=1164658107}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ammar |first=Waleed |date=2019 |title=Open Research Corpus |url=http://labs.semanticscholar.org/corpus/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329035308/http://labs.semanticscholar.org/corpus/ |archive-date=2019-03-29 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Semantic Scholar Lab Open Research Corpus}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Article identifier {{anchor|S2CID}}==<br /> Each paper hosted by Semantic Scholar is assigned a unique [[identifier]] called the Semantic Scholar Corpus ID (abbreviated S2CID). The following entry is an example:<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;{{Cite journal &lt;!-- Citation bot bypass--&gt;|last1=Liu |first1=Ying |last2=Gayle |first2=Albert A |last3=Wilder-Smith |first3=Annelies |last4=Rocklöv |first4=Joacim |date=March 2020 |title=The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus |journal=Journal of Travel Medicine |volume=27 |issue=2 |pmid=32052846 |doi=10.1093/jtm/taaa021 |s2cid=211099356 }}&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Indexing ==<br /> Semantic Scholar is free to use and unlike similar search engines (e.g., [[Google Scholar]]) does not search for material that is behind a [[paywall]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=This source does make this claim, but as a throwaway line by a non-expert. Can we find a better source? The claim seems false.|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> One study compared the index scope of Semantic Scholar to Google Scholar, and found that for the papers cited by secondary studies in computer science, the two indices had comparable coverage, each only missing a handful of the papers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hannousse|first=Abdelhakim|date=2021|title=Searching relevant papers for software engineering secondary studies: Semantic Scholar coverage and identification role|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1049/sfw2.12011|journal=IET Software|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=126–146|doi=10.1049/sfw2.12011|s2cid=234053002|issn=1751-8814|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Number of users and publications ==<br /> As of January 2018, following a 2017 project that added biomedical papers and topic summaries, the Semantic Scholar corpus included more than 40 million papers from [[computer science]] and [[biomedicine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-10-17 |title=AI2 scales up Semantic Scholar search engine to encompass biomedical research |language=en-US |work=GeekWire |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/ai2-semantic-scholar-biomedicine/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120110/https://www.geekwire.com/2017/ai2-semantic-scholar-biomedicine/ |archive-date=2018-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2018, Doug Raymond, who developed [[machine learning]] initiatives for the [[Amazon Alexa]] platform, was hired to lead the Semantic Scholar project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-02 |title=Tech Moves: Allen Instititue Hires Amazon Alexa Machine Learning Leader; Microsoft Chairman Takes on New Investor Role; and More |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/tech-moves-allen-institute-hires-amazon-alexa-machine-learning-leader-microsoft-chairman-takes-new-investor-role/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510120907/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/tech-moves-allen-institute-hires-amazon-alexa-machine-learning-leader-microsoft-chairman-takes-new-investor-role/ |archive-date=2018-05-10 |access-date=2018-05-09 |publisher=GeekWire}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2019|Aug}}, the number of included papers metadata (not the actual PDFs) had grown to more than 173 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Semantic Scholar |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811212806/https://www.semanticscholar.org/ |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2019 |website=Semantic Scholar}}&lt;/ref&gt; after the addition of the [[Microsoft Academic Graph]] records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-12-05 |title=AI2 joins forces with Microsoft Research to upgrade search tools for scientific studies |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/ai2-joins-forces-microsoft-upgrade-search-tools-scientific-research/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825181331/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/ai2-joins-forces-microsoft-upgrade-search-tools-scientific-research/ |archive-date=2019-08-25 |access-date=2019-08-25 |website=GeekWire}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, a partnership between Semantic Scholar and the [[University of Chicago Press|University of Chicago Press Journals]] made all articles published under the University of Chicago Press available in the Semantic Scholar corpus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The University of Chicago Press joins more than 500 publishers working with Semantic Scholar to improve search and discoverability|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/journals/pr/201215|access-date=2021-11-22|website=RCNi Company Limited|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of 2020, Semantic Scholar had indexed 190 million papers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dunn|first=Adriana|date=December 14, 2020|title=Semantic Scholar Adds 25 Million Scientific Papers in 2020 Through New Publisher Partnerships|work=Semantic Scholar|url=https://allenai.org/content/docs/Semantic_Scholar_2020_Publisher_Partners.pdf|access-date=November 22, 2021|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115145151/https://allenai.org/content/docs/Semantic_Scholar_2020_Publisher_Partners.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, Semantic Scholar reached seven million users per month.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad 24Nov2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * {{annotated link|Citation analysis}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Citation index}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Knowledge extraction}}<br /> * [[List of academic databases and search engines]]<br /> * {{annotated link|Scientometrics}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikidata property|P6611|P4012|P8299|P4011}}<br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> <br /> {{Academic publishing}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Internet properties established in 2015]]<br /> [[Category:Bibliographic databases in computer science]]<br /> [[Category:Scholarly search services]]<br /> [[Category:Applications of artificial intelligence]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Neve&diff=498631 2026-03-08T21:10:18Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British surgeon}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox medical person<br /> |honorific_prefix=<br /> |occupation=Medical Missionary and Surgeon<br /> |module2=<br /> |child=<br /> |prizes=<br /> |notable_works=<br /> |research_field=<br /> |specialism=<br /> |work_institutions=<br /> |field=<br /> |profession=<br /> |website=<br /> |relations=<br /> |known_for=<br /> |years_active=<br /> |education=University of Edinburgh<br /> |name=Ernest Neve<br /> |citizenship=<br /> |residence=<br /> |death_cause=<br /> |death_place=Srinagar, Kashmir, India<br /> |death_date={{death-date and age|6 February 1946|3 February 1861}}<br /> |birth_place=Brighton, Sussex, England<br /> |birth_date=3 February 1861<br /> |birth_name=&lt;!-- only use if different from name above --&gt;<br /> |caption=<br /> |alt=<br /> |image_size=<br /> |image=[[File:Ernest Neve.jpg|Ernest Neve]]<br /> |honorific_suffix=<br /> |signature=<br /> }}'''Ernest Frederic Neve''' (1861-1946) was a British surgeon, Christian medical missionary, and author who provided medical care to the people of Kashmir and pioneered work on Kangri cancer.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He established the Kashmir Mission Hospital and the Kashmir State Leper Hospital with his brother [[Arthur Neve]] and made significant contributions to the healthcare facilities in Kashmir throughout the over 50 years that he spent there.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> <br /> === Early life ===<br /> Ernest Frederic Neve was born on 3 February 1861 in Brighton, Sussex, England to David Neve, a silk mercer, and Mary Jane Neve (born Wibmer).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|others=[[Plarr's Lives of the Fellows]]|title=Neve, Ernest Frederic (1861 - 1946)|url=https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:376565/one?qu=%22RCS:+E004382%22&amp;rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier|access-date=2020-12-19|website=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk|publisher=Royal College of Surgeons of England}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the fourth son and youngest child of seven. He had an older brother, [[Arthur Neve]] (1858-1919), who was two years older and worked with him in Kashmir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Neve brothers also inspired [[Nora Neve]], their niece, to join them in Kashmir in 1898.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Society|first=Church Missionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LY_AQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22mary+nora+neve%22&amp;pg=PR42|title=Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East...|date=1900|publisher=Church Missionary House|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1915, Ernest Neve married Jean Sophia Browne and did not have children.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Education ===<br /> He attended the Brighton Grammar School, now known as the [[Brighton Hove &amp; Sussex Sixth Form College|Brighton, Hove &amp; Sussex Sixth Form College]]. After spending two years in Germany, he entered the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1879.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1946|title=Ernest F. Neve, M.D., F.R.C.S.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20365692|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=4443|pages=336|jstor=20365692|issn=0007-1447}}&lt;/ref&gt; He began medical training in 1882 and was heavily influenced by his brother Arthur Neve who had already dedicated himself to missionary work in Kashmir. Ernest Neve spent the next three years preparing for a missionary career by taking the post of resident house officer at the Livingstone Memorial Training Institution under the [[EMMS International|Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society]] where students are specially trained for medical missionary work abroad. Following in his brother's footsteps, he lived among the poorest districts in Edinburgh and attended to the sick there, allowing him to gain unique experience.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Neve|first=Ernest Frederic|title=A Crusader in Kashmir|publisher=Seeley, Service &amp; Company|year=1928|location=London|pages=18–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During this time, Ernest Neve also served as the demonstrator in anatomy at the Medical School, senior assistant in the pathological department, and senior ophthalmic assistant at the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]]. In 1886, he obtained his M.D. and was awarded the gold medal and the Goodsir prize.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKxPAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=goodsir%20prize%20md&amp;pg=PA417|title=The Lancet|date=1885|publisher=J. Onwhyn|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Medical missionary work ==<br /> In 1886, Ernest Neve joined his brother in [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Kashmir]] working at the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]]'s Hospital as a part of the Kashmir Medical Mission. He continued the work of his predecessors [[William Jackson Elmslie|Dr. William Jackson Elmsie]], [[Theodore Maxwell|Dr. Theodore Maxwell]], and [[Edmund Downes|Dr. Edmond Downes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mir|first=NA|date=March 2008|title=Inspirational people and care for the deprived: medical missionaries in Kashmir|url=http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/mir.pdf|journal=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|volume=38|issue=1|pages=85–88|pmid=19069044}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Kashmir Mission Hospital ===<br /> The Neve brothers converted the dispensary at Soloman Hill from a line of mud huts into a modernized hospital. Ernest Neve served as a surgeon at the hospital and became consulting surgeon in 1923.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Kashmir Mission Hospital opened in 1888 with 80 beds and grew to 135 beds in 1893. By then, the hospital had treated 20,606 patients, including 853 inpatients and performed 2,589 operations. Many other British physicians, surgeons and nurses joined, especially during the peak periods. The staff that joined included Dr. Cecil Vosper, Dr. M. R. Roche and three English nurses, [[Nora Neve]], Lucy McCormick and H. Smith. In addition, the new maharaja, [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]], was very impressed with the Mission Hospital work and gave annual donations and visited the hospital often.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In the ten years between 1918 and 1928, 166,000 new out-patients were treated and more than 46,699 surgical operations were performed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Neve|first=Ernest Frederic|title=A Crusader in Kashmir|publisher=Seeley, Service &amp; Company|year=1928|location=London|pages=92}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Kashmir State Leper Hospital ===<br /> In 1891, Ernest and Arthur Neve established the Kashmir State Leper Hospital which was dedicated to treating [[leprosy]] patients, and Ernest was the hospital's honorary superintendent for many years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; This hospital was funded by the Maharaja and was built on a piece of land granted by the British Commander-in-Chief of the Kashmir Army. The hospital was surrounded on three sides by the blue waters of the Dal Lake and stretches of lotus blossoms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=October 1, 1921|title=The Kashmir Leper Asylum|journal=The C.M.S. Gleaner|volume=48|pages=202–203|via=Church Missionary Society Periodicals}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the first year, there were twenty patients and thirty beds. Soon in 1894, a new building was erected to hold eight more beds. The hospital continued to expand and by 1917, the average daily number of patients was 110.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Neve|first=Ernest Frederic|title=A Crusader in Kashmir|publisher=Seeley, Service &amp; Company|year=1928|location=London|pages=119–127}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The patients with leprosy arrived at the hospital to isolate voluntarily, and did not face compulsory segregation. They were given a liberal diet and a very small weekly allowance of pocket-money.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In 1920, there were 208 patients in the hospital, and in the following years, a separate hospital ward for children was built. This Children's Home housed healthy children of leprosy patients in an effort to separate them from their parents before they contracted the disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1921|title=Medical Work In Kashmir|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20427467|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=3150|pages=714|jstor=20427467|issn=0007-1447}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ernest Neve published many articles and papers on leprosy in the [[The BMJ|British Medical Journal]]. He visited several districts where leprosy was [[Endemism|endemic]] and analyzed leprosy cases in Kashmir, which helped him identify possible sources of contagion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=1892|title=Leprosy In Kashmir|url= |journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=1646|pages=125–126|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.1646.125-a|jstor=20246788|pmid=20753802|pmc=2420710|issn=0007-1447}}&lt;/ref&gt; He determined that the most important measures to prevent leprosy included proper sanitary precautions such as disinfecting dirty clothes by heat before washing, maintaining open ventilation and exposure to sunlight in buildings, and properly disposing of dangerous refuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=1902|title=On The Spread Of Leprosy And An Examination Of The Fish Hypothesis Of Leprosy As Applied To Kashmir|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=2157|pages=1080|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2157.1080|jstor=20272045|pmid=20760219|pmc=2512352|issn=0007-1447}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013, there were just over 100 patients in the hospital which the government operated as a Leper Colony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Asquith |first1=Mark |title=Srinagar leprosy hospital |date=19 May 2013 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/comment/srinagar-leprosy-hospital-1.263506 |publisher=The National |access-date=3 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mosque had been added to the grounds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Syeed |first1=Nafeesa |title=Kashmir Leper Colony |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204552304577113832117151916 |website=Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones &amp; Co |access-date=3 January 2021 |date=2 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, the patient population had declined to 35 all of whom were elderly as the disease was eradicated from the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Lateef |first1=Samaan |title=Govt mulls closing leprosy hospital in city as disease almost eradicated |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/govt-mulls-closing-leprosy-hospital-in-city-as-disease-almost-eradicated-603692 |website=The Tribune |publisher=Tribune News Service |access-date=3 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Tuberculosis treatment and prevention ===<br /> Ernest Neve also dedicated much of his time to the treatment and prevention of [[tuberculosis]]. This infectious disease was becoming increasingly prevalent in Kashmir with a high mortality rate. Deaths in childbirth and deaths from tuberculosis were very high and sometimes topped the list of fatalities in Srinagar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Recognizing that tuberculosis and leprosy are preventable through proper sanitary measures, he made recommendations in 1912 to the Home minister of the State Council. These recommendations were supported by the British Superintending Surgeon of the Kashmir State Medical Service, but nothing effective was done.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In an article published in the [[The Indian Medical Gazette|Indian Medical Gazette]], Neve shared his success with the surgical treatment of glandular tuberculosis. He estimated that 75 percent of their 3,000 cases treated through surgery were cured while only 0.5 percent died from the operation, thus recommending other surgeons to treat glandular tuberculosis through surgery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=March 1930|title=Some Surgical Aspects of Tuberculosis|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=65|issue=3|pages=138–140|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5157456|pmid=29008847}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Cholera epidemics ===<br /> In twenty years there were five serious [[cholera]] epidemics with at least forty thousand deaths. The fatal years were 1888, 1892, 1900, 1907 and 1910. The Neve brothers traced the epidemic sources and are remembered for visiting all the cholera impacted districts in 1888.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-03-26|title=Surviving Epidemics|url=https://kashmirlife.net/surviving-epidemics-issue-51-vol-11-226958/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Kashmir Life|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; The introduction of a supply of pure water and better sanitary measures helped save hundreds of lives in Srinagar. Despite this, cholera still spread rapidly, especially in crowded and unsanitary environments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=1900-12-15|title=A Brief Account of the Recent Epidemic of Cholera in Kashmir|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=2085|pages=1705–1706|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.2085.1705-a|issn=0007-1447|pmc=2464076|pmid=20759322}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the spring of 1907, there was an epidemic of cholera with appalling mortality. Entire families were wiped out and the village official who reported the cases had died. Neve observed that superstition was a major contributor to the spread. The Mohammedan priests proclaimed that to avert the pestilence, the tank in the courtyard of the sacred edifice should be filled with water brought by the worshippers. Hundreds of people came with a pot of water and emptied it into the tank. Some of the water was then consumed as a prevention against cholera. Unfortunately, the water was infected, and a disastrous outbreak of cholera followed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|title=Beyond the Pir Panjal: Life and Missionary Enterprise in Kashmir|publisher=Church Missionary Society|year=1915|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Vaccine introduction ===<br /> In 1894, Ernest and Arthur Neve introduced cholera and smallpox vaccines to Kashmir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The vaccine greatly benefited the infant population since almost all children contracted smallpox and fifty percent died in infancy. In addition, smallpox frequently caused incurable blindness. Those who were vaccinated, however, lived safely even in the midst of infection. For instance, there were no cases of smallpox among the children of native Christians in the Medical Mission who were all vaccinated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Kangri-burn cancer treatment ===<br /> Following Dr. William Elmslie's observation that Kangri-burn cancer was caused by constant irritation from the fire-baskets that people carried under their clothes, Ernest Neve pioneered surgical treatments for the cancer. Ernest tested the temperature to which the skin was exposed and found that it ranged between 150&amp;nbsp;°F to 200&amp;nbsp;°F. This led him to conclude that the heat was the primary factor in the causation of the cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=March 1941|title=Kangri-Burn Cancer|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=76|issue=3|pages=138–140|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5185185|pmid=29013663}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1880 to 1930, more than 2,650 operations for epithelioma were performed in the Kashmir Mission Hospital and approximately 80 percent of the operations were for Kangri-burn cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=December 1930|title=The Causation of Cancer|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=65|issue=12|pages=685–687|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5157512|pmid=29008882}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1923, Ernest Neve reported the results of his success with the surgical treatment of Kangri-burn cancer in the ''British Medical Journal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|title=Kangri-Burn Cancer|date=1923-12-29|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=3287|pages=1255–1256|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.3287.1255|issn=0007-1447|pmc=2317796|pmid=20771404}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also published many articles and papers about the causes of and treatments for Kangri-burn cancer, including detailed descriptions of the operation. Some of his notable articles on this topic include &quot;One Cause of Cancer as Illustrated by Epithelioma in Kashmir&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|title=One Cause of Cancer as Illustrated by Epithelioma in Kashmir|date=1910-09-03|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=2592|pages=589–591|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.2592.589|issn=0007-1447|pmc=2335938|pmid=20765246}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;Kangri-Burn Cancer&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; which were published in the ''British Medical Journal'', as well as &quot;Squamous-Celled Epithelioma due to Kangri Burn&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=1924|title=Squamous celled epithelioma due to kangri burn.1924|journal=The National Medical Journal of India|volume=23|issue=1|pages=51–53, 48, 54–55|issn=0970-258X|pmid=20839599}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;The Causation of Cancer with Special Reference to Endocrine Influence&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=April 1945|title=The Causation of Cancer with Special Reference to Endocrine Influence|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=80|issue=4|pages=219–220|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5218323|pmid=29015866}}&lt;/ref&gt; which were published in ''The Indian Medical Gazette''.<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> In addition to articles about Kangri-burn cancer, Ernest Neve also published many articles about cataract extraction,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=June 1901|title=Cataract in Kashmir|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=36|issue=6|pages=226–229|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5164093|pmid=29004131}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=Ernest F.|date=May 1896|title=An Analysis of Three Hundred Cases of Cataract Extraction|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=31|issue=5|pages=166–167|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5145957|pmid=29002493}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caesarean sections,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neve|first=E. F.|title=The Technique of Caesarean Section|date=1917-05-12|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=2941|pages=615–616|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2941.615|issn=0007-1447|pmc=2348331|pmid=20768585}}&lt;/ref&gt; and bone operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Neve|first1=Ernest Frederic|url=http://archive.org/details/b22303145|title=The nature and etiology of bone disease in Kashmir ; The conservative surgery of long bones ; Necrosis of the lower jaw|last2=Royal College of Surgeons of England|date=1889|publisher=Lahore : C. &amp; M. Gazette Press|others=Royal College of Surgeons of England}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He wrote several books, including ''Beyond the Pir Panjal: Life Among the Mountains and Valleys of Kashmir'' (1912);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Neve|first=Ernest Frederic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpo_AAAAIAAJ|title=Beyond the Pir Panjal: Life Among the Mountains and Valleys of Kashmir|date=1912|publisher=T. F. Unwin|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Beyond the Pir Panjal: life and missionary enterprise in Kashmir'' (1914);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Neve|first=Ernest F|title=Beyond the Pir Panjal; life and missionary enterprise in Kashmir|date=1914|publisher=Church Missionary Society|location=London|language=en|oclc=3981215}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''A Crusader in Kashmir'' (1928), the story of Arthur Neve's life and work; ''English-Kashmiri: A Vocabulary of the Kashmiri Language'' (1973);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Neve|first=Ernest Frederic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7sJAQAAIAAJ|title=English-Kashmiri: A Vocabulary of the Kashmiri Language|date=1973|publisher=Light &amp; Life Publishers|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Things Seen in Kashmir'' (1931).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Neve|first=Ernest Frederic|title=Things seen in Kashmir|date=1993|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-821-4|location=New Delhi|language=en|oclc=39745550}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other activities and awards ==<br /> During World War 1 from 1914 to 1918, Ernest Neve served in the army as the captain of the Indian Defense Force Medical Corps. He was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-I-Hind Gold Medal]], first class, in 1918 for his public service.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He received the Gunning-Lister Prize in Surgery of Edinburgh University in 1888,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irY1AQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Gunning-Lister+prize+ernest+neve&amp;pg=PA294|title=The Lancet|date=1888|publisher=J. Onwhyn|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]], as a member of twenty years' standing, in 1931.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1931|title=Universities And Colleges|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25339354|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=3667|pages=688–689|jstor=25339354|issn=0007-1447}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a member of the [[British Medical Association]] for 50 years and served as the president of the Kashmir Medical Association. He was also elected vice-president of the Church Missionary Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mountaineering ===<br /> Ernest was a leading mountaineer and founding member of the Himalayan Club.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He made the first ascents of [[Kolahoi Peak|Mount Kolahoi]] (17,839 feet) in 1912 and Mount Tatticooti (15,560 feet) in 1901. Along with his brother, Ernest also climbed various other Kashmiri peaks such as Sunset Peak', Rajdain, and Sachkach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MEMORIES OF EARLY KASHMIR CLIMBING : Himalayan Journal vol.12/10|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/12/10/memories-of-early-kashmir-climbing/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=www.himalayanclub.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death and legacy ==<br /> Ernest Neve retired from medical work in 1934 but continued to live at Sonawar Bagh, Srinagar, where he died on 6 February 1946, aged 85.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He fully immersed himself in his work and devoted his life to medical service in Kashmir. His love for the country is shown through his extensive writings about Kashmir's culture, language, and beauty. He made lasting impacts on Kashmir's healthcare system by building hospitals and introducing modern medicine to Kashmir. He also made significant contributions to the medical community and published new findings on a wide variety of surgical topics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Neve, Ernest}}<br /> [[Category:1861 births]]<br /> [[Category:1946 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Medical doctors from Brighton]]<br /> [[Category:British surgeons]]<br /> [[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Church Mission Society missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Medical School]]<br /> [[Category:British emigrants to India]]<br /> [[Category:Anglican missionaries in India]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]<br /> [[Category:British medical missionaries]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prithviraj_Singh&diff=526837 2026-03-04T01:21:07Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar from 1845 to 1875}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Prithviraj Singh<br /> | title = Maharaj Rana<br /> | succession = [[Jhalawar State|Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar]]<br /> | reign = 1845 – 29 August 1875<br /> | coronation = 1845<br /> | predecessor = [[Jhala Madan Singh|Madan Singh]]<br /> | successor = [[Zalim Singh II]]<br /> | birth_date = 1830<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = 29 August 1875<br /> | issue = [[Zalim Singh II]] (adoptive)<br /> | full name = Prithviraj Singh<br /> | house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jhalawar.svg}} [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]]<br /> | house-type = <br /> | father = [[Jhala Madan Singh|Madan Singh]]<br /> | investiture = 1847<br /> | spouse 2 = Bhatiyaniji<br /> | spouse 1 = Nathawatiji<br /> | spouse 3 = Solankiji<br /> | dynasty = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Prithviraj Singh''' (1830 – 29 August 1875), commonly known as '''Prithvi Singh''', was the second Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] from 1845 until his death on 29 August 1875.<br /> <br /> == Early life and family ==<br /> He was born in 1830 to [[Jhala Madan Singh|Madan Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Records |first1=India Office Library and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hUaAAAAIAAJ |title=Portraits in the India Office Library and Records |last2=Rohatgi |first2=Pauline |date=1983 |publisher=British Library |isbn=978-0-7123-0015-5 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He married, firstly, Nathawatiji, who was of [[Chomu]]; secondly, Bhatiyaniji, who was of Goraich in [[Udaipur]]; and thirdly, Solankiji, a daughter of Dalelsinhji of [[Lunavada State|Lunawada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=JHALAWAR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jhalawar.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705160410/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jhalawar.html |archive-date=2017-07-05 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had a daughter by his first wife, who, in 1861, married Sheodan Singh of [[State of Alwar|Alwar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; He had no male children of his own, so he adopted Bakht Singh, who later renamed himself [[Zalim Singh II]], from [[Wadhwan State|Wadhwan]] and was related to him in the ninth degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reign ==<br /> When his father died in 1845, he succeeded him as the Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] at the age of fifteen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=85–86}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aitchison |first=C. U. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35556 |title=A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements, And Sanads Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries Volume Iii Containing The Treaties Amp C., Relating To The States In Rajpuratana |date=1909 |pages=364–367}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owing to his minority, a Council of Regency comprising the old officials of the state was established to govern state affairs until he comes of age.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he rendered valuable service to the [[East India Company]] by providing protection to British officers and by ensuring the safety of several Europeans who had taken refuge in his district.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Tatya Tope]], after his defeat at the [[Banas River]], arrived at [[Jhalrapatan]] in [[Jhalawar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Reginald George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLoTOk60PMMC |title=The Revolt in Central India 1857-59 |last2=Branch |first2=India Army Intelligence |date=1908 |publisher=Printed at the Government Monotype Press |pages=213–214 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prithviraj's troops sided with the rebels, and [[Tatya Tope|Tatya]] took possession of Prithviraj's approximately 30 guns, ammunition, and horses, and surrounded the palace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Rebels halted at [[Jhalrapatan]] for five days and forced Prithviraj to give them Rs. 1,500,000, after which he fled to Mhow to save his life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Seeing this, the Government remitted his tribute for that year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Coins of his father, [[Jhala Madan Singh|Madan Singh]], bore the name and title of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]], and he continued this practice until the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Sanjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MudEAAAQBAJ |title=The Raj and the Rajas: Money and Coinage in Colonial India |date=2022-12-22 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-000-82889-4 |page=88 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in 1857, he issued a new series of silver coins in his state that bore the inscription ''Malika-i-Mua’zzama [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] Badishah-i-Inglistan'', which translates to ''[[Queen Victoria]], the exalted monarch of [[England]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; It is believed he was the first among Indian rulers to replace the name of the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] on his coins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He was granted the Sanad of Adoption in 1862.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In 1866, he agreed to transfer land to the government free of cost to build a railway.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=B.N. Dhoundiyal |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3317 |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Jhalawar |date=1964 |publisher=Jaipur, Government Central Press |pages=31}}&lt;/ref&gt; He relinquished most control over the land, except for his sovereign rights, and also surrendered the right to levy transit duties on goods passing through his area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; He attended the [[durbar of 1870]] at [[Ajmer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Paliwal |first=D. l |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.449400 |title=Mewer and The British 1857-1921 A.d. |publisher=Bafna Prakashan, Jaipur |pages=108–112}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Character ==<br /> He had a good nature, a happy disposition, and was very popular with his subjects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=De |first=Amrita Lal |url=https://archive.org/details/studentshistoryo00deam |title=The students' history of Rajpootana, being an account of the Princes of Rajpootana from the earlist (sic) ages to the modern times |date=1889 |publisher=Calcutta Printed by Bama Churan Dutta, at the Nobo Sarassuta Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=61}}&lt;/ref&gt; But several of his ministers took advantage of his good nature and easy-going disposition, gaining control of the state treasury, which resulted in the state becoming heavily indebted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He died on 29 August 1875, but the question of who would succeed him remained unanswered for some time due to the rumored pregnancy of his widow.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Jhalawar |date=1964 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |pages=32 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, as no child was born to her, he was succeeded by [[Zalim Singh II]], his adoptive son, on 1 June 1876.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Prithviraj}}<br /> [[Category:1830 births]]<br /> [[Category:1875 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from British India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vadakkumnadhan&diff=470615 2026-03-03T21:36:27Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2005 Indian film by Shajoon Kariyal}}<br /> {{For|the Hindu temple|Vadakkunnathan Temple}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Vadakkumnadhan<br /> | image = Vadakkumnathan.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Shajoon Kariyal]]<br /> | producer = Govindan Kutty<br /> | writer = [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]<br /> | starring = [[Mohanlal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Biju Menon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kavya Madhavan]]<br /> | cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]<br /> | music = [[Raveendran]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ouseppachan]] (Score)<br /> | editing = [[K. P. Hariharaputhran|Hariharaputhran]]<br /> | studio = Baba Creations<br /> | distributor = Sagariga<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|5|19}}<br /> | runtime = 140 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Vadakkumnadhan''''' ([[Lord Shiva]]) is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[psychological drama]] film directed by [[Shajoon Kariyal]] and written by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]] as Iringannoor Bharatha Pisharody, a university professor diagnosed with [[bipolar disorder]]. The film also features [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] and [[Kavya Madhavan]]. The songs were composed by [[Raveendran]], while [[Ouseppachan]] provided the background score.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/23vada.htm|title=Watch Vadakkumnathan only for Mohanlal|website=Rediff.com|access-date=8 April 2022|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325082442/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/23vada.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vadakkumnathan-review-malayalam-pclvVnbabhbii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005194556/http://www.sify.com/movies/vadakkumnathan-review-malayalam-pclvVnbabhbii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2017|title=Vadakkumnathan|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=8 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film is an unusual love story, focusing on mental health and tolerance towards it in society. ''Vadakkumnadhan'', released on 19 May 2006, received wide critical acclaim. The film was a commercial success and one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year. It ran for more than 100 days in theatres.&lt;ref name=&quot;BO-source&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{More plot|date=January 2020}}<br /> Iringannoor Bharatha Pisharody, a professor at the Sanskrit University, is a knowledgeable man with a keen interest in the [[Veda]]s, [[Astrology]], and [[Kathakali]]. He is the author of various critical works regarding [[Adi Shankara]] and winner of numerous awards. Meera is his fiancée by birth (''murapennu''), being the daughter of his maternal uncle, Balarama Pisharody, and also his student. Bharathan is diagnosed with [[bipolar disorder]] and hides it from his family. Due to the same reason, he does not encourage Meera's love for him.<br /> <br /> Despite Bharathan's expressed dislike, both families agree to their wedding, and the dates are fixed. As the auspicious day dawns, Bharathan becomes desperate and leaves home. As the bride arrives for the wedding, she and her family realize to their utter dismay and desolation that the groom has disappeared. Gloom settles over the household, and Meera is inconsolable.<br /> <br /> Years pass and Bharathan is considered to be dead as he sent notice as such to his family. He roams around the holy shrines of [[Haridwar]], [[Kedarnath]], [[Rishikesh]], and [[Rudraprayag]]. One day, his mother and younger brother on a pilgrimage to the [[Hindu]] holy lands accidentally see Bharathan on the banks of the holy [[Ganges]]. They convince him to return, and his family is happy to have him back. His brother, Prabhakan (Biju Menon), is married and his sister, Bhama, is awaiting marriage proposals.<br /> <br /> Bharathan does not seem right and people think he is addicted to drugs. He causes a scene in his college and at Bhama's engagement, insulting the groom and his father. Prabhakaran loses his cool and breaks his suitcase, only to find his reports from medical college saying that Bharathan has bipolar disorder. Bharatan admits to faking a drug addiction to hide his disorder. He says it is like slipping while walking; the mind slips from its normal self. He reveals that he went to Keezhpalli Narayanan Nambeesan and told him about his problem. The disorder is similar to suddenly carrying 100 people in a boat that is supposed to carry only four. His brain is crowded with too many thoughts. He tells Meera that marriage will be a disaster and this is why he decided to run away. Meera tells him that she will take care of him no matter what.<br /> <br /> Bharathan sets about making things right. He apologizes at his college and to Bhama's groom asking him to marry her. They agree on the condition that he would not be attending. After a lot of struggle, Bharathan convinces Meera's father to give her hand to him in marriage. He later accepts a position as be Sanskrit professor at the college. The last scene shows them going on a pilgrimage to the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple|Vadukkumnathan temple]].<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Mohanlal]] as Prof. Iringannoor Bharatha Pisharody <br /> * [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] as Meera, daughter of Balarama Pisharody ( voice by [[Sreeja Ravi]] )<br /> * [[Biju Menon]] as Prabhakara Pisharody, brother of Bharatha Pisharody<br /> * [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Bhama, sister of Bharathan (voice by [[Sreeja Ravi]] )<br /> * [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Rugmavathi Amma, mother of Bharatha Pisharody<br /> * [[Babu Namboothiri]] as astrologer Govinda Pisharody, maternal uncle of Bharatha Pisharody<br /> * [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Balarama Pisharody, maternal uncle of Bharatha Pisharody<br /> * [[Vineeth]] as Parameshwaran<br /> * [[Rizabawa]] as Shankarankutty Master<br /> * [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Vishwanathan<br /> * [[Madambu Kunjukuttan]] as Sharmaji (Apputtan Nair)<br /> * [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Gaffoor<br /> * [[Sona Nair]] as Latha<br /> * [[Sreeja Chandran]] as Lakshmi<br /> * Bindu Ramakrishnan<br /> * Freddy<br /> * Ananthapadmanabhan as Keezhpally Narayanan Nambeesan<br /> * Vijayan Peringodu as Ravunni Nair<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Vadakkumnadhan<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Raveendran]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = April 2006<br /> | recorded = 2004<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio = Pooja Sound Studios, [[Poonithura]]<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br /> | length =<br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | label = Johny Sagariga<br /> | producer =<br /> | prev_title = Kalabham<br /> | prev_year = 2006<br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> This is the last movie work of [[Raveendran]], before his demise. The lyrics were penned by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Track !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! '''[[Raga]]:'''<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || &quot;Introduction&quot; || [[Mohanlal]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || &quot;Gange&quot; || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Madhyamavati]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || &quot;Oru Kili&quot; || K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Jog (raga)|Jog]]<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || &quot;Kalabham Tharaam&quot; || K. S. Chithra || Pushpalathika<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || &quot;Paahi Paramporule&quot; || [[Manjari Babu|Manjari]], Sindhu Premkumar, [[Raveendran]] || [[Hamsadhvani]]<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || &quot;Kalabham Tharaam&quot; || [[Biju Narayanan]] || Pushpalathika<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || &quot;Saarasa Mukhi&quot; || [[M. G. Sreekumar]] || [[Yadukulakamboji]]<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || &quot;Oru Kili&quot; || K. S. Chithra || Jog<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || &quot;Rajani Janithaguru&quot; || Govind Vivek || [[Abheri]] (Lyrics by [[Jayadeva]])<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || &quot;Neentidam Churunda&quot; || [[Sankaran Namboothiri]] || Ragamalika<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || &quot;Gange&quot; || K. S. Chithra || Madhyamavati<br /> |-<br /> | 12 || &quot;Thathaka Thathaka&quot; || M. G. Sreekumar, Machad Vasanthi || [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]], [[Kharaharapriya]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Box office===<br /> The film was a commercial success, becoming one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year. It ran for more than 100 days in theatres.&lt;ref name=&quot;BO-source&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Ajith Kumar|first=P. K.|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/11/stories/2006081100560300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825055157/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/11/stories/2006081100560300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2007|title=Destiny's child|date=11 August 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Reviews ===<br /> Manoj Rammohan of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, &quot;In this character, Mohanlal lives the role--be it a famous Sanskrit scholar, a respected teacher and even a rebel against the societial norms - whether in rejecting awards or slipping into isolation. As he comes back to his native place, a plethora of incidents and even a few accidents awaits him. He turns indifferent and even uncouth in his behaviour. Playing his lady love is Padma Priya . Many other people as uncles, friends and neighbours sail into the script.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-06-14 |title=Vadakumnadan - Deccan Herald - Internet Edition |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may282006/movies1739112006527.asp |access-date=2023-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614133125/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may282006/movies1739112006527.asp |archive-date=14 June 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> ;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Award (Malayalam)|Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[K. J. Yesudas|Dr. K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Award (Malayalam)|Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director (Malayalam)|Best Music Director]] - [[Raveendran]] (Posthumous)<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist Award (Malayalam)|Best Lyricist]] - [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]<br /> * Best Script Writer - [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]<br /> <br /> ;[[Asianet Film Awards]]<br /> * [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - [[Raveendran]] (Posthumous)<br /> * [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] - [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]<br /> * [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|0425610}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 films]]<br /> [[Category:2000s musical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about bipolar disorder]]<br /> [[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Shajoon Kariyal]]<br /> [[Category:2000s psychological drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:2006 musical films]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajendrudu_Gajendrudu&diff=528578 2026-03-03T18:26:58Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started basic details needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Rajendrudu Gajendrudu<br /> | image = Rajendrudu Gajendrudu.jpg<br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | writer = Diwakar Babu {{small|(dialogues)}}<br /> | story = S. V. Krishna Reddy &lt;br&gt; K. Achi Reddy {{small|(Main Story)}}<br /> | screenplay = S. V. Krishna Reddy<br /> | producer = [[K. Atchi Reddy]]&lt;br&gt;Kishore Rathi {{small|(Presents)}}<br /> | director = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br /> | starring = [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]]&lt;br&gt;[[Soundarya]]<br /> | music = S. V. Krishna Reddy<br /> | cinematography = Sarath<br /> | editing = K. Ramgopal Reddy<br /> | studio = Manisha Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|02|04}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AIDV|title=Rajendrudu Gajendrudu (1993)|first1=Ashish|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first2=Paul|last2=Willemen|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2020-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | runtime = 152 mins<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Rajendrudu Gajendrudu''''' is a 1993 Indian Telugu-language [[comedy film]], produced by K. Achi Reddy under Manisha Films, presented by Kishore Rathi and directed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/netizens-trend-unseen-pics-from-award-ceremony-on-28-years-of-rajendrudu-gajendrudu/articleshow/80703973.cms|title=Netizens trend unseen pics from award ceremony on 28 years of ''Rajendrudu Gajendrudu'' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2021-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Soundarya]] and music composed by S. V. Krishna Reddy. The film recorded as ''Blockbuster'' at the box office. The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Jodidar]]'', with [[Mithun Chakraborthy]].<br /> <br /> This is the story of an elephant taking revenge on killers of its past owner with the help of an unemployed man.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bandari |first1=Pavan Kumar |title=World Animal Day: Here Are The Movies That Has Animal Characters |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/world-animal-day-here-are-the-movies-that-has-animal-characters--569821 |website=www.thehansindia.com |accessdate=28 September 2020 |language=en |date=4 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The elephant was given a special training before the shooting started.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=గజేంద్రుడి తో కలిసి రాజేంద్రుడి బెస్ట్ ఎంటర్టైనర్ రాజేంద్రుడు - గజేంద్రుడు |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994425438/rajendra-prasad-acted-with-gajendra-in-comedy-entertainer-rajendrudu-gajendrudu |website=indiaherald.com |access-date=7 December 2021 |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The film begins in a forest, where its officer rears an [[elephant]] called Gajendra beyond his progeny. A notorious poacher conducts a high level of trafficking, which the forest officer hinders. So, he assassinates him, which Gajendra witnesses and seeks vengeance. The tale shifts to the city, where Rajendra, an artful with his acolyte, Gundu, spends his time with wit. Kotilingam, their skinflint house owner, and they trickily avoid him without payment by handing him to the mental hospital &amp; Police Station in a single day. Parallelly, Kotilingam's daughter Alaka arrives, whose acquaintance with Rajendra starts with misconstrue as a thief and batters him. Kotilingam could not bear his torture and was about to vacate him forcibly. Rajendra has a habit of buying lottery tickets when Gundu suddenly announces he won a bumper special price. Rajendra rushes and startles to view his bumper price as an elephant that is Gajendra. Though Rajendra turns it down, on Gundu's provocation, he agrees that it is their [[mascot]]. From there, Rajendra gamely gimmicks for Gajendra. Initially, he dupes Kotilingam and intrudes into the house by confirming that the elephant's dung is precious, which makes him covertly collect it every day. Next, they muddle a hotel owner, Murugan, to have a large meal, and he boots them. Enraged, Gajendra demolishes his hotel but blesses Murugan's infant. Above all, Rajendra betrays a bank manager who obtains a loan to sell a male elephant's milk. As a glimpse, a seller knit his cousin Ammadu tries to sustain in various businesses, and anonymous talks gibberish ''Chata.'' The two roam around &amp; annoy everyone.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Gajendra hikes the squabbles between Rajendra and Alaka to flourish in love. During this trial, Alaka pains Gajendra by nailing his leg in reprisal. After guarding her from the goons, she comprehends its virtue when Alaka crushes for Rajendra. Following this, Rajendra falls ultimately into debt and cannot pay the loan, and the Manager seals Gajendra. Later, he charges them for unveiling the fraud and claims a sentence when a furious Rajendra expels Gajendra. Next, it secures the market merchants from the dreadful ruffians who clutch their strive. Thus, they all promote Rajendra by allotting him a neighborhood shop, which molds Gajendra as his soulmate. Once, Gajendra hits hard while saving Murugan's daughter from an accident victim whom Rajendra recoups with his idolization. The two also benefit Murugan from re-establishing his hotel. Now, Gajendra detects the poacher, which scares him. Simultaneously, Kotilingam approaches him to bar the love affair of Rajendra and Alaka—the heels ruse when Kotilingam stipulates Rajendra quit Gajendra instead of his daughter's hand. Here upon, Rajendra stands firm, not going out Gajendra, but quietly walks out as per gratitude, which has been abducted by blackguards. At last, the poacher attempts to kill Gajendra, whom Rajendra shields and Gajendra kills the poacher with Rajendra's help. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Rajendra and Alaka, Gajendra joins them too. <br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]] as Rajendra<br /> * [[Soundarya]] as Alaka<br /> * [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Kotlingam<br /> * [[Brahmanandam]] as Bank Manager<br /> * [[Babu Mohan]] as Seller<br /> * [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Chata<br /> * [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Murugan<br /> * [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Gundu<br /> * [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as the Forest Officer who was Gajendra's former master <br /> * Vidya Sagar as Poacher<br /> * [[Ananth Babu|Anath]] as Doctor<br /> * [[Ironleg Sastri]] as Veterinary Doctor<br /> * [[Gautam Raju]] as Astrologer<br /> * Dham as Constable <br /> * [[Narsing Yadav]] as Goon<br /> * [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Kotlingam's wife<br /> * [[Jayalalita]] as Ammadu<br /> * Ratnasagar as the Bank Manager's wife<br /> * [[Kalpana Rai]]<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Rajendrudu Gajendrudu<br /> | type = film<br /> | artist = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 1992<br /> | recorded = 1992<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = Soundtrack<br /> | length = 20:32<br /> | label = AKASH Audio<br /> | producer = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Kobbari Bondam]]<br /> | prev_year = 1991<br /> | next_title = [[Mayalodu]]<br /> | next_year = 1993<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track-List&lt;ref name = &quot;Rajendrudu Gajendrudu Songs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rajendrudu-gajendrudu/dL4pGa-aaSE_ | website = [[JioSaavn]] | title = Rajendrudu Gajendrudu | accessdate = 11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_music = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Rajendrudu Gajendrudu Songs&quot; /&gt;<br /> | total_length = 23:50<br /> <br /> | title1 = Deelaiko Vango<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> | length1 = 4:36<br /> <br /> | title2 = Neeli Vennila<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao]]<br /> | extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | length2 = 4:43<br /> <br /> | title3 = Raajaya Namaha <br /> | lyrics3 = Bhuvana Chandra<br /> | extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> | length3 = 4:00<br /> <br /> | title4 = Kukoo Kukoo<br /> | lyrics4 = Bhuvana Chandra<br /> | extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br /> | length4 = 4:38<br /> <br /> | title5 = Bommava Ammadu<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br /> | extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br /> | length5 = 4:53<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> Ali's Malayalam dialogue involving &quot;Katravalli&quot; and &quot;Chaata&quot; became popular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2016/02/18/Ali--039-s-Endha-Cheta-Song-in-Discussion/13867|title=Ali's Endha Cheta Song in Discussion|first=iQlik|last=Movies|website=iQlikmovies}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=tt0267869|title=Rajendrudu Gajendrudu}}<br /> <br /> {{S. V. Krishna Reddy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1993 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br /> [[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:1993 directorial debut films]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Qadeer_Higher_Secondary_School,_Sambhal&diff=485377 2026-03-03T15:30:36Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started A Article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Primary sources|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Al-Qadeer Higher Secondary School, Sambhal<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | motto = ''Hum Daure Jihalat Ko Dunia Se Mita Denge, Ye Aag Hai Taleemi Har Dil Me Laga Denge'' (We will remove the era of ignorance from this world,<br /> This is an educational 'fire', we will kindle it in every heart)<br /> | location = Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|28.574764|78.589327|type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br /> | established = {{Start date|1997|07|01|df=y}}<br /> | opened = <br /> | type = Government recognised Un-aided School&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Afflictions |url=http://www.alqadeer.in/p/affiliations.html |website=Al-Qadeer Institutions, Sambhal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913163427/http://www.alqadeer.in/p/affiliations.html |archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | district = [[Sambhal]]<br /> | grades = Secondary School<br /> | founder = Haji Abdul Qadeer&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Our NGO |url=http://www.alqadeer.in/p/our-ngo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119073614/http://www.alqadeer.in/p/our-ngo.html |archive-date=19 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | superintendent = Kausar Husain (Secretary)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Contact |url=http://www.alqadeer.in/p/contact-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216063800/http://www.alqadeer.in/p/contact-us.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | principal = Shan Miyan, M.A. B.Ed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Academic Team |url=http://www.alqadeer.in/p/academic-team.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123223402/https://www.alqadeer.in/p/academic-team.html |archive-date=23 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | enrolment = 1500<br /> | faculty = 40<br /> | campus_type = Co-Educational<br /> | campus_size = <br /> | mascot = <br /> | newspaper = [[Amar Ujala]] [[Dainik Jagran]] [[The Hindu]] [[Jansatta]]<br /> | colors = {{color box|brown}} {{color box|white}} {{color box|green}}<br /> | feeder_schools = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.alqadeer.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Al-Qadeer Higher Secondary School''' is a school in [[Sambhal]], Uttar Pradesh, India. It is run by a Non-Government Organisation (NGO) named Qadeer-Ul-Uloom.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Qadeer-ul-Uloom is a registered NGO in Mandi Kishan Das Sarai, Sambhal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ngo.india.gov.in/view_ngo_details.php?ngo_id=alqadeer&amp;ngo_black=0&amp;t_state=UP&amp;t_dist_new3=0&amp;sector_key=EDU&amp;ngo_name=qadeer%20ul%20uloom&amp;uniqueid=UP%2F2011%2F0040659 |title=NGO Partnership System |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135657/http://ngo.india.gov.in/view_ngo_details.php?ngo_id=alqadeer&amp;ngo_black=0&amp;t_state=UP&amp;t_dist_new3=0&amp;sector_key=EDU&amp;ngo_name=qadeer%20ul%20uloom&amp;uniqueid=UP%2F2011%2F0040659 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Founded in 1992 by social activist Haji Abdul Qadeer (Late), the NGO was registered with Registrar of Societies in 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Details Of Qadeer Ul Uloom - An NGO In Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh: |url=http://www.indiamapped.com/ngo-in-uttar-pradesh/moradabad/qadeer-ul-uloom-32628/ |website=India Mapped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220134335/http://www.indiamapped.com/ngo-in-uttar-pradesh/moradabad/qadeer-ul-uloom-32628/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other institutions run by Qadeer-ul-Ulomm includes ''Al-Qadeer Public School, Al-Qadeer Junior High School and Madarsa Ahle-Sunnat Qadeer-ul-Uloom Husainiya Ashrafiya''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Minority institution==<br /> Al-Qadeer Higher Secondary School is a Minority Educational Institution&lt;ref&gt;see #6274 http://ncmei.gov.in/writereaddata/Filelinks/cb7cd374_MSC%20updated.pdf{{dead link |date=July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; as declared by the [[National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions]], [[Government of India]] and is granted under Section 2(g)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004 (2 of 2005) |url=http://ncmei.gov.in/writereaddata/Contentlinks/98fa0d957f1845cfa0c564076f96f16b.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223233105/http://ncmei.gov.in/writereaddata/Contentlinks/98fa0d957f1845cfa0c564076f96f16b.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2014 |date=6 January 2005 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; of National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act-2004.&lt;ref&gt;Basu, Durga Das (1993). Introduction to the Constitution of India (15th ed.). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. p. 475. {{ISBN|81-203-0839-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Sambhal#Education|Education in Sambhal]]<br /> *[[Maulana Azad Education Foundation]]<br /> *[[Government Degree College Sambhal]]<br /> *[[Sambhal]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.alqadeer.in}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Education in Sambhal]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimagondu_Sihi_Suddi&diff=522038 2026-03-03T12:14:11Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started initial pg initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian comedy drama film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Nimagondu Sihi Suddi<br /> | image = Nimagondu Sihi Suddi.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = {{Ubl| Raghu Bhat<br /> | Sudhindra Nadiger}}<br /> | producer = Harish N. Gowda<br /> | writer = Raghu Bhat<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|* Raghu Bhat<br /> * [[Kavya Shetty]]}} <br /> | music = Ashwin Hemanth<br /> | cinematography = Anand Sunderesha<br /> | editing = {{Ubl| Naveen Tej<br /> | Raghunatha L.}}<br /> | studio = Avyakta Cinemas<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{film date|2025|2|21|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 133 minutes&lt;ref name=&quot;BMR&quot; /&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Nimagondu Sihi Suddi''''' ({{Translation|A sweet news for you}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama film]] directed by Raghu Bhat and Sudhindra Nadiger. Written by Raghu Bhat, the film is produced by Harish N. Gowda under the banner Avyakta Cinemas. It stars Raghu Bhat, [[Kavya Shetty]], Harini Shreekanth, Sujay Shastry, and Padmini Narasimhan. With cinematography by Anand Sunderesha, editing by Naveen Tej Raghunatha L., and a musical score composed by Ashwin Hemanth, the film was predominantly shot in [[Bengaluru]] and the coastal landscapes of [[Goa]].<br /> <br /> Released theatrically on 21 February 2025, ''Nimagondu Sihi Suddi'' received mixed reviews from critics and underperformed at the box-office.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Arjun Hebbar, a celebrated chef, wakes up one night with severe abdominal pain and rushes to a hospital, where doctors inexplicably prepare him for what looks like childbirth. He faints during the commotion and later regains consciousness at home, assuming it was a dream—until he discovers a baby girl in his house and a fresh surgical scar on his abdomen. Shocked and desperate, Arjun seeks help from his friend Deen Dayala (DD) and approaches Inspector Narayan, hoping to uncover how the child appeared and whether he truly experienced a male pregnancy.<br /> <br /> The investigation unfolds with comic interludes at the police station and among neighbors, while flashbacks reveal Arjun’s earlier romance with Anusha, a food brand owner, and the rift that separated them. As Arjun and DD retrace events from the past three months, they encounter misleading clues, medical opinions, and even a detour to Goa in search of answers. The second half sees Anusha reenter Arjun’s life, intertwining the mystery with emotional reconciliation. Ultimately, the truth behind the baby and Arjun’s scar is revealed, steering him toward acceptance and responsibility.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> &lt;small&gt;''Source''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMR&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Raghu Bhat as Arjun Hebbar<br /> * [[Kavya Shetty]] as Anusha<br /> * Harini Shreekanth as Sheela<br /> * Sujay Shastry as Police inspector Narayan<br /> * Padmini Narasimhan<br /> * Prajwal as Deen Dayala aka DD<br /> * [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Dr. Vikas (Cameo appearance)<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The project was announced in August 2020 as a web series starring [[Kavya Shetty]] alongside debutante Raghu Bhat,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Man with baby bump in 'Nimagondu Sihi Suddi' Web series |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/webseries/man-with-baby-bump-in-nimagondu-sihi-suddi-web-series-642248 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=28 August 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a former software engineer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kavya Shetty's new project is about male pregnancy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kavya-shettys-new-project-is-about-male-pregnancy/articleshow/77694896.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was filmed in [[Bangalore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nimagondu Sihi Suddi: Story of a man's pregnancy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/Aug/26/nimagondu-sihi-suddi-story-of-a-mans-pregnancy-19979.html |work=Cinema Express |date=3 August 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Goa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Kavya Shetty is a human rights activist in film with Vijay Suriya |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-kavya-shetty-is-a-human-rights-activist-in-film-with-vijay-suriya/4c0d696a63813 |work=[[OTTPlay]] |date=1 October 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from writing the script and acting in the lead role, Raghu Bhat co-directed the film with Sudhindra Nadiger.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=The artist inside me wanted to lead this film: Raghu Bhat on Nimagondu Sihi Suddi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Feb/19/the-artist-inside-me-wanted-to-lead-this-film-raghu-bhat-on-nimagondu-sihi-suddi |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 February 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Y. |first1=Maheswara Reddy |title=New concept |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/new-concept/articleshow/117467912.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=23 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The film has soundtrack composed by Ashwin Hemanth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Maguve (From &quot;Nimagondu Sihi Suddi&quot;) Song by Ashwin Hemanth |url=https://gaana.com/album/maguve-from-nimagondu-sihi-suddi |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=8 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mayagara (From &quot;Nimagondu Sihi Suddi&quot;) Song by Ashwin Hemanth |url=https://gaana.com/album/mayagara-from-nimagondu-sihi-suddi |website=Gaana |language=en |date=31 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Maguve<br /> | length1 = 4:28<br /> | lyrics1 = Pramod Maravanthe<br /> | extra1 = Abhijith Rao, Ashwin Hemanth<br /> | title2 = Mayagara<br /> | length2 = 3:56<br /> | lyrics2 = Pramod Maravanthe<br /> | extra2 = Ashwin Hemanth, Anjana Balakrishnan<br /> | title3 = Love You Goa<br /> | length3 = <br /> | lyrics3 = Ashwin Hemanth<br /> | extra3 = Ashwin Hemanth<br /> | total_length = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Nimagondu Sihi Suddi'' was released theatrically on 21 February 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Y. |first1=Maheswara Reddy |title=In pursuit of passion |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/in-pursuit-of-passion/articleshow/118395227.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=20 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317192924/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/in-pursuit-of-passion/articleshow/118395227.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Sridevi S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, &quot;Raghu, who has handled multiple responsibilities as lead actor, director and writer has done a commendable job. The comedy, however, could have been better, as the jokes don’t land as expected. There is plenty of drama, too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nimagondu Sihi Suddi Movie Review : Nimagondu Sihi Suddi review: A rom-com with a baby twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nimagondu-sihi-suddi/movie-review/118474686.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 February 2025 |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411140334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nimagondu-sihi-suddi/movie-review/118474686.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, &quot;The movie is worth a watch for those who want some relief from the mundane.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMR&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review–Nimagondu Sihi Suddi: Romantic comedy with a twist - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewnimagondu-sihi-suddi-romantic-comedy-with-a-twist/articleshow/118426491.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=21 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, &quot;While the strange and unpredictable nature of the plot keeps things interesting at first, it eventually slows down and feels drawn-out. The film spends too much time on events that don’t help push the story forward.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Nimmagondu Sihi Suddi Movie Review: A surreal journey into fatherhood that never fully delivers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Feb/22/nimmagondu-sihi-suddi-movie-review-a-surreal-journey-into-fatherhood-that-never-fully-delivers |work=Cinema Express |date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, &quot;Not for serious minds, this one is simply a silly time-pass with a touch of suspense and drama.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nimagondu Sihi Suddi Movie Review: As Silly As A Man Getting Pregnant And Giving Birth! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/nimagondu-sihi-suddi-movie-review-as-silly-as-a-man-getting-pregnant-and-giving-birth-review-118461794 |work=Times Now |date=21 February 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periya_Manushan&diff=525209 2026-03-03T04:48:08Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started the details w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Periya Manushan<br /> | image = Periya Manushan.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Guru Dhanapal]]<br /> | producer = G. Seethalaxmi<br /> | writer = Guru Dhanapal<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Ravali]]}}<br /> | music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> | cinematography = D. Shankar<br /> | editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]<br /> | distributor = <br /> | studio = Guru Film International<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|10|30}}<br /> | runtime = 150 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Periya Manushan''''' ({{translation|Respectable Man}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Guru Dhanapal]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Ravali]]. It was released on 30 October 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Periya manushan ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=periya%20manushan |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208181033/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=periya%20manushan |archive-date=8 December 2012 |access-date=30 June 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{More plot|date=August 2024}}<br /> Ramakrishnan ([[Sathyaraj]]) has two wives. Sivagami ([[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]), his first wife, is sterile while Parvathi ([[Kovai Sarala]]), his second wife, has a daughter, Indhu ([[Ravali]]). Indhu falls in love with, Ramakrishnan's nephew, Subramani (Sathyaraj).<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Sathyaraj]] as Ramakrishnan and Subramani<br /> *[[Ravali]] as Indhu<br /> *[[Manivannan]] as Johnson<br /> *[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Sivagami<br /> *[[Kovai Sarala]] as Parvathi<br /> *[[Vadivelu]] as Chellappa<br /> *[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Indhu's cousin<br /> *[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Indhu's uncle<br /> *[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]<br /> *Arivoli<br /> *[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]]<br /> *Sharmili<br /> *[[Halwa Vasu]]<br /> *[[Thalapathi Dinesh]] as Marimuthu<br /> *[[Mayilsamy]]<br /> *[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as a doctor<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> [[Ravali]] replaced [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] in the lead role of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gokul's Cinema News |url=http://www.geocities.ws/gokima/gcnjul.html |website=geocities.ws |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043236/http://www.geocities.ws/gokima/gcnjul.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A-Z Continued... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193804/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=1 July 2012 |website=Indolink.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A song sequence with two hundred boats carrying light of thousands of lamps with actors and hundred junior artists was shot at forest of Chalakudy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=2 November 1997 |title=ஸ்ட்ரைக்கை மீறி வெளியாகும் படங்கள்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1997-11-02/kalki1997-11-02.pdf |access-date=10 January 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=4–6 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> <br /> The soundtrack were composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Periya Manushan |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/periya-manushan-mw0002135299 |access-date=1 July 2012 |website=[[AllMusic]] |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204162921/https://www.allmusic.com/album/periya-manushan-mw0002135299 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Arabia Eecham Pazhame&quot; || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || Kalidasan || 5:25<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vaalapaari Chinna&quot; || [[Anuradha Sriram]], Mano || [[Palani Bharathi]]|| 5:00<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thuli Thuli Pani Thuli&quot; || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], K. S. Chithra || rowspan=2|Kalidasan || 4:53<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Oh Mama&quot; || K. S. Chithra, Mano || 4:55<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thrissur Ther Azhage&quot; || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:23<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Periya Manushan'' was released on 30 October 1997 on the eve of Diwali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Sandya |title=Deepavali Releases |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817104937/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali1.htm |archive-date=17 August 2010 |access-date=1 July 2012 |website=Indolink}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film did not perform well at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GOKUL'S CINEMA NEWS |url=http://www.reocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/2330/cinjan.html |access-date=2 September 2012 |website=reocities.com |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202611/http://www.reocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/2330/cinjan.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manivannan won the Cinema Express Award for Best Comedian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 1998 |title=''Cinema Express'' awards presented |url=http://indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012164116/http://indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1997 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1997 comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:1997 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Guru Dhanapal]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Management_Ranchi&diff=466675 2026-02-17T12:29:24Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Public business school in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{COI|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{advert|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{overly detailed|date=June 2018}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Indian Institute of Management Ranchi<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image_name = Indian_Institute_of_Management_Ranchi.svg<br /> | other_name = IIM RANCHI<br /> | motto = Bahumukhvikaso gantavya<br /> | mottoeng = Working to bring change towards success, not only for one's self, but also for the community.<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|15 December 2009}}<br /> | affiliation = [[Ministry of Education (India) ]]<br /> | type = [[Public university|Public]] [[business school]]<br /> | director = Dr. Deepak Kumar Srivastava&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Director's Message|url=https://www.iimranchi.ac.in/?page_id=125|access-date=14 July 2017|ref=Indian Institute of Management Ranchi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | chairman = Pravin Shankar Pandya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Pathak|first1=Vikas|title=Four IIMs to get new chairmen|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/four-iims-to-get-new-chairmen/article19695142.ece|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 September 2017|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | faculty = 80+&lt;ref name=nirf_stud/&gt;<br /> | administrative_staff = 120<br /> | students = 1200+&lt;ref name=nirf_stud&gt;{{cite web |title=NIRF 2022 |url=https://www.iimranchi.ac.in/uploads/IR-M-S-8904.pdf |publisher=IIM Ranchi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | postgrad = 750+&lt;ref name=nirf_stud/&gt;<br /> | doctoral = 100+&lt;ref name=nirf_stud/&gt;<br /> | campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]<br /> | city = [[Ranchi]]<br /> | coor = {{coord|23|23|0.19|N|85|18|57.31|E|region:IN-JH_type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br /> | state = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://iimranchi.ac.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> [[File:IIM Ranchi Academic Building Permanent Campus.jpg|thumb|Academic Building of [[IIM Ranchi]] (Permanent Campus)]]<br /> The '''Indian Institute of Management Ranchi''' ('''IIM Ranchi'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=7 February 2020 |title=IIM-R records successful summer placement |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/iim-r-records-successful-summer-placement.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223183311/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/iim-r-records-successful-summer-placement.html |archive-date=23 February 2020 |work=The Pioneer |access-date=23 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=A.S.R.P. MUKESH |date=30 July 2013 |title=IIM-R-gets-a-Home |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/iim-r-gets-a-home-minister-pallam-raju-sets-global-agenda/cid/279240 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814014901/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/iim-r-gets-a-home-minister-pallam-raju-sets-global-agenda/cid/279240#.UfbvV9L-Hmk |archive-date=14 August 2021 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=23 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;) is a public [[business school]] located in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. Established on 15 December 2009, it became India's ninth Indian Institute of Management. It commenced classes on 6 July 2010, marking the inception of the institute under the 11th Five Year Plan.&lt;ref name=&quot;MHRD notification&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) |url=https://mhrd.gov.in/technical-education-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117041826/https://mhrd.gov.in/technical-education-3 |archive-date=17 January 2017 |work=Ministry of Education of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;30 central univs, 8 IITs, 7 IIMs to be set up in 11th plan&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news |date=March 4, 2008 |title=30 central univs, 8 IITS, 7 IIMS to be set up in the 11th plan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/30-central-univs-8-iits-7-iims-to-be-set-up-in-11th-plan/articleshow/2837022.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> IIM Ranchi offers integrated, postgraduate, doctoral, and executive programmes in management education, and Management Development Programmes (MDPs) spanning different streams of management. Admissions to the institute are based on scores obtained in the [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT) and further rounds of personal interview and written tests.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The 11th [[Five-Year plans of India|Five-Year Plan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;MHRD notification&quot;/&gt; endorsed by the [[National Development Council (India)|National Development Council]] in December 2007, envisaged the establishment of six new IIMs.<br /> <br /> IIM Ranchi is an autonomous institution under the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Human Resources Development]]. The institute is free to design its own curriculum and recruit faculty members. In April 2011, Union Minister Kapil Sibal announced that the government allowed them to select the director and the chairman of the board of directors. IIM Ranchi is among the six new IIMs that were approved by the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] on 27 August 2009. [[M. J. Xavier]] was the founding director of the institute.<br /> <br /> The construction of a permanent campus has begun at Birhar village on the [[Khunti]]–[[Karra, Khunti|Karra]] road, about {{convert|35|km}} from Ranchi. In July 2013, the Jharkhand government allotted {{convert|90.14|acre}} of land free of charge to IIM Ranchi at Cheri in Kanke block, 20&amp;nbsp;km from [[Ranchi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ojha |first=Sanjay |date=13 July 2013 |title=IIM-Ranchi gets free land for campus |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/news/40553640_1_nagri-land-government-land-fertile-land |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717192901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/news/40553640_1_nagri-land-government-land-fertile-land |archive-date=2013-07-17 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 July 2013, Union Minister of Human Resource Development Shri [[Pallam Raju]] laid the foundation stone of IIM-Ranchi at Cheri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mukesh |first=A.S.R.P. |date=30 July 2013 |title=IIM-R gets a home |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130730/jsp/frontpage/story_17172617.jsp#.UfbvV9L-Hmk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802120609/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130730/jsp/frontpage/story_17172617.jsp#.UfbvV9L-Hmk |archive-date=2 August 2013 |work=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> [[File:IIM Ranchi academic block.jpg|thumb|IIM Ranchi academic building on the permanent campus]]<br /> Since its establishment in 2009, IIM Ranchi has operated from a temporary campus in Suchana Bhavan, behind the Governor House premises in the center of Ranchi, with student hostels at Khelgaon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100317/jsp/frontpage/story_12225510.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322202850/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100317/jsp/frontpage/story_12225510.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2010 |title= 15000 line up to join Ranchi IIM |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2010-03-17 |access-date=2012-02-25 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Amit |last=Gupta}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the institute shifted to its permanent campus on a 60-acre plot in Pundag and Nayasarai, Ranchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=29 September 2021 |title=IIM-Ranchi to move to permanent campus after Dussehra |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/iim-ranchi-to-move-to-permanent-campus-after-dussehra/cid/1832737 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223124146/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/iim-ranchi-to-move-to-permanent-campus-after-dussehra/cid/1832737 |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=The Telegraph }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> ===Academic programmes===<br /> IIM Ranchi offers a master's degree in management as per the approval of the [[Indian Institute of Management Bill, 2017]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cabinet Approves IIM Bill |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/cabinet-approves-iim-bill-2017/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202081340/http://indianexpress.com/article/education/cabinet-approves-iim-bill-2017/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=Indian Express }}&lt;/ref&gt; Students are awarded degrees in two-year full-time residential programs, MBA, MBA-HRM, MBA-BA and Executive MBA for working professionals in blended mode. IIM Ranchi also offers Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) fellowship programmes and a part-time executive program (PGEXP).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 July 2011 |title=IIM Ranchi to start part-time PGPEX for local companies |url=http://www.pagalguy.com/2011/07/iim-ranchi-to-start-part-time-pgpex-for-local-companies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809065452/http://www.pagalguy.com/2011/07/iim-ranchi-to-start-part-time-pgpex-for-local-companies |archive-date=9 August 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |work=pagalguy.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; IIM-R is among the five IIMs to offer the five-year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About IPM |url=https://www.time4education.com/IPM/About-IPM |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224210830/https://www.time4education.com/IPM/About-IPM |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=2021-01-19 |website=Triumphant Institute of Management Education }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Integrated Programme in Management of IIM Ranchi is a full-time 5-year integrated postgraduate programme. The students are awarded a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree at the end of the 5-year programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPM – IIM Ranchi |url=https://iimranchi.ac.in/ipm/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> IIM Ranchi was the first Indian Institute of Management to introduce the Young Changemakers Programme (YCP) in May 2023, which focused on empowering high school students and promoting the development of local villages under the Unnat Bharat Abhiyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bisoee |first=Animesh |date=15 May 2023 |title=IIM Ranchi to become first among 20 Indian Institutes of Management to launch Young Changemakers Program |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/iim-ranchi-to-become-first-among-20-indian-institutes-of-management-to-launch-young-changemakers-program/cid/1936860 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102095607/https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/iim-ranchi-to-become-first-among-20-indian-institutes-of-management-to-launch-young-changemakers-program/cid/1936860 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=edugraph }}&lt;/ref&gt; YCP started with the mandatory Social Impact Project undertaken by undergraduate students of IIM Ranchi's Integrated Programme in Management during their second year of study before eventually being formalized as a priority under the institute's IIM Ranchi@2030 Strategic Vision. The programme received more than 500 applications from India, out of which a cohort of 95 youngsters participated in the 3-day event on the IIM Ranchi campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sahay |first=Sanjay |date=2023-05-29 |title=Students' study tour on tribal problems ends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/students-study-tour-on-tribal-problems-ends/articleshow/100579397.cms |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102113119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/students-study-tour-on-tribal-problems-ends/articleshow/100579397.cms |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The Young Changemakers Programme was expanded to invite international applicants in its second edition in December 2023. In the Global Edition, the number of applications went to over 3000. Participants were selected through shortlisting stages involving application reviews and quizzes. 300 candidates advanced to the interview stage, and 80 received the final offer letter. The organizers instituted new features to YCP 2.0, including travel and other costs for students from the Pestalozzi Children's Village Society, Dehradun.<br /> <br /> ===Rankings===<br /> {{Infobox India university ranking<br /> |type=Institute<br /> |NIRF_B_2024=17}}<br /> <br /> IIM Ranchi was ranked 18 by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) management ranking in 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rankings_NIRF_B_2025&quot; /&gt; The institute made a decent recovery from its 2023 rank. It had fallen from 15th rank in 2022 to 24th in 2023, due to a variety of factors, such as the shift to its permanent campus and the subsequent loss of world-class sports facility available at Khelgaon.<br /> <br /> IIM Ranchi has been ranked seventh in the Top India's Best B-Schools 2024 by [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook India'']]. The institutions were scored 447.76 points out of 500 points in the evaluation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Mithilesh |date=16 November 2023 |title=देश के टॉप बिजनेस स्कूलों में आईआईएम रांची 7वें नंबर पर, पीएम ने किया नए भवन का ऑनलाइन उद्घाटन |trans-title=IIM Ranchi at number 7 among top business schools of the country, PM inaugurates new building online |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/iim-ranchi-in-top10-business-school-of-india-know-its-ranking-mtj |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403064911/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/iim-ranchi-in-top10-business-school-of-india-know-its-ranking-mtj |archive-date=3 April 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi |access-date=3 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Admissions ===<br /> Admission to postgraduate courses at IIM Ranchi is based on the [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT) that is conducted by the IIMs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Indian Institute of Management (IIMs) |url=http://www.catiim.in/pdf/CAT_Advertisement.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208235407/http://www.catiim.in/pdf/CAT_Advertisement.pdf |archive-date=December 8, 2011 |access-date=2012-08-10 |at=Common Admission Test (CAT) 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Admission to Integrated Program (BBA-MBA) in Management (IPM) is based on the scores of IPM Admission Test (IPMAT) conducted by [[Indian Institute of Management Indore|IIM Indore]] every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPM – IIM Ranchi |url=https://iimranchi.ac.in/ipm/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Student life==<br /> <br /> As of 2019, the total student body consisted of fewer than 1000 students in the MBA, doctoral and executive programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iimranchi.ac.in/uploads/6f991a1ce6d4986354bfe196115a2dd4.pdf|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-03 |title=IIM Ranchi - Annual Report 2018-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Student bodies===<br /> IIM Ranchi is a faculty-driven, student-executed business school. The school has a total of 7 committees,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimranchi.ac.in/?page_id=9485|title=Student Committees {{!}} IIM Ranchi|website=www.iimranchi.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 clubs,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimranchi.ac.in/?page_id=9696|title=Student Clubs {{!}} IIM Ranchi|website=www.iimranchi.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 8 Special Interest Groups (SIGs).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimranchi.ac.in/?page_id=9924|title=Self-Interest Groups {{!}} IIM Ranchi|website=www.iimranchi.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> IIM Ranchi also has seven independent bodies that function autonomously in tandem with the Student Council.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimranchi.ac.in/?page_id=9950|title=Independent Bodies {{!}} IIM Ranchi|website=www.iimranchi.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its Placement Committee is responsible for maintaining corporate relations and conducting the summer and final placement process.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimranchi.ac.in/?page_id=189|title=Placement Committee {{!}} IIM Ranchi|website=www.iimranchi.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Conclaves and conferences ===<br /> <br /> * AGON - The Annual Management Fest – an event in the form of case studies, quizzes and essays in finance and communications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.agon-iimranchi.com/|title=AGON IIM RANCHI|website=www.agon-iimranchi.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * AAROHAN Leadership Speak Series – its first leadership speak series, &quot;Aarohan&quot;, on 8 January 2016 at Cockerel Stadium, [[Dipatoli]] cantonment, Ranchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimranchi.ac.in/?page_id=6652|title=AAROHAN Leadership Speak Series {{!}} IIM Ranchi|website=www.iimranchi.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Colloquium – an annual series of guest lectures where students of IIM Ranchi can interact with industry leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/colloquium-2014-15-kicks-off-at-iim-ranchi.html|title=Colloquium 2014-15 kicks off at IIM Ranchi|last=Pioneer|first=The|work=The Pioneer|access-date=2017-09-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * HR Conclave – IIM Ranchi has organized two HR conclaves themed &quot;Turning the tide on unrest in workforce&quot; in 2012 and &quot;Holistic Development of Human Capital&quot; in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/HR-conclave-at-IIM-Ranchi/articleshow/16502972.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131119183441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-22/ranchi/34021390_1_iim-ranchi-hr-conclave-maruti-chairman|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-11-19|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=HR conclave at IIM Ranchi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * RADIX – an event based on the themes &quot;Connect,&quot; &quot;Enthuse&quot; and &quot;Foster&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.radix-iimranchi.com/|title=Radix IIM RANCHI|website=www.radix-iimranchi.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * RUSH – a three-day festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rush-iimranchi.com/|title=RUSH IIM RANCHI|website=www.rush-iimranchi.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of universities in India]]<br /> * [[Indian Institutes of Management]]<br /> * [[Higher education in India]]<br /> * [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]<br /> * [[Ministry of Education (India)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Other information==<br /> * [http://www.iimranchi.ac.in IIM Ranchi official website]<br /> <br /> {{Indian Institutes of Management}}<br /> {{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute of Management Ranchi}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Institutes of Management|Ranchi]]<br /> [[Category:Business schools in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]<br /> [[Category:2009 establishments in Jharkhand]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarla_Behn&diff=452095 2026-02-11T07:11:47Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Updated article with clearer structure</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|English Gandhian social activist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=June 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sarla Behn<br /> | image = Sarala Behn.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Behn, c. 1951<br /> | birth_name = Catherine Mary Heilman<br /> | birth_date = 5 April 1901<br /> | birth_place = [[Shepherd's Bush]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age text|8 July 1982|5 April 1901}}<br /> | death_place = Dharamgarh, [[Pithoragarh district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (present-day [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]])<br /> | death_cause = <br /> | other_names = Catherine Mary Heilman<br /> | known_for = follower of Gandhi and key role in the [[Chipko Movement]]<br /> | education = <br /> | employer = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | party = <br /> | boards = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | signature = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sarla Behn''' (born '''Catherine Mary Heilman'''; 5 April 1901{{spaced ndash}}8 July 1982) was an English [[Gandhian Movement|Gandhian social activist]] whose work in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon region]] of [[India]] helped create awareness about the environmental destruction in the Himalayan forests of the state. She played a key role in the evolution of the [[Chipko movement|Chipko Movement]] and influenced a number of Gandhian environmentalists in India including [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]], Bimala behn and [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]]. Along with [[Mirabehn]], she is known as one of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s two English daughters. The two women's work in [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], respectively, played a key role in bringing focus on issues of [[environmental degradation]] and conservation in [[independent India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tribuneindia&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sarala Behn remembered|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120406/dun.htm#15|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=The Tribune|date=5 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Indian Women Freedom Fighters|journal=Bhavan Australia|date=August 2009|volume=7|issue=2|page=15|url=http://www.bhavanaustralia.org/Bhavan%20Australia%2072/Bhavan%20Australia%2072.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721164717/http://www.bhavanaustralia.org/Bhavan%20Australia%2072/Bhavan%20Australia%2072.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Eric|title=Beneath the surface: critical essays in the philosophy of deep ecology|year=2000|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srjEb3fZUBQC&amp;pg=PA251|isbn=9780262611497}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;home.moravian&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Shiva|first=Vandana|title=THE EVOLUTION, STRUCTURE, AND IMPACT OF THE CHIPKO MOVEMENT|journal=Ecospirit|volume=II|issue=4|url=http://home.moravian.edu/public/relig/ecoSpirit/issues/Vol2No4.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Sarla Behn, was born Catherine Mary Heilman in the [[Shepherd's Bush]] region of west [[London]] in 1901 to a father of [[German-speaking Switzerland|German Swiss]] extraction and an English mother. Due to his background, her father was interned during the [[First World War]] and Catherine herself suffered ostracism and was denied scholarships at school; she left early. She worked for a while as a clerk, leaving her family and home and during the 1920s came in contact with Indian students in [[mannady]] who introduced her to Gandhi and the [[Indian freedom struggle|freedom struggle in India]]. Inspired, she left [[England]] for India in January 1932, never to return again.&lt;ref name=&quot;freeofstate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=SARALA BEHN|url=http://freeofstate.org/?p=50|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615100149/http://freeofstate.org/?p=50|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jamnalalbajajfoundation&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sushri Sarala Devi|url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/media/pdf/JBA_1979_Bio_Sarala_Devi.pdf|publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation|access-date=7 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Life with Gandhi ==<br /> She worked for a while at a school in [[Udaipur]] before moving on to meet Gandhi with whom she remained for eight years at his [[ashram]] at [[Sevagram]] in [[Wardha]]. Here she was deeply involved in Gandhi's idea of ''[[nai talim]]'' or basic education and worked to empower women and protect the environment at Sevagram. It was Gandhi who named her Sarla Behn.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribuneindia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Behn'' means ''sister'' in Hindi. It is usual to call women that way in India.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;orissa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Dash|first=Siddhartha|title=Role of Women in India's Struggle For Freedom|journal=Orissa Review|date=August 2010|page=76|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/August/engpdf/74-76.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The heat and bouts of [[malaria]] afflicted her at Sevagram and with Gandhi's concurrence she headed out to the more salubrious climes of [[Kausani]] in the [[Almora district]] of the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] in 1940. She made it her home, establishing an ashram and working to empower the women of the hills in Kumaon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ganesh|first=Kamala|title=Culture and the Making of Identity in Contemporary India|year=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liUX5D8CiyUC&amp;pg=PA150|isbn=9780761933076}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While in Kumaon Sarla Behn continued to associate herself with the cause of India's freedom movement. In 1942, in response to the [[Quit India Movement]] launched by the [[Indian National Congress]] under Gandhi, she helped organise and lead the movement in the Kumaon district. She travelled extensively in the region reaching out to the families of [[political prisoners]] and was imprisoned for her actions. She served two terms in prison during the Quit India Movement for violation of [[house arrest]] orders and served time at the [[Almora]] and [[Lucknow]] jails for nearly two years.&lt;ref name=&quot;freeofstate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A WOMAN OF COURAGE (ENGLISH VIII - STANDARD)|url=https://archive.org/stream/std08english2011tnbooks/std08english2011tnbooks_djvu.txt|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Lakshmi Ashram ==<br /> [[file:View of snow-peaks of Himalayas.jpg|thumb|View of the Himalayas from Lakshmi Ashram]]<br /> During her political activism in Kumaon, Sarla Behn was deeply impressed by the determination and resourcefulness of the women heading the families of the arrested independence activists but dismayed at their absence of self-worth when in response to her call for meetings they responded &quot;Behnji, we are like animals. All we know is work, Meetings and other such social activities are meant only for men.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;manushi-india&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=A Woman with Rocklike Determination|journal=Manushi|date=May–June 1992|issue=70|page=13|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2070/interview_with_vimla_bahuguna.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then set to work to make them realise that they were not passive animals but rather [[Lakshmi|&quot;goddesses of wealth&quot;]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ganesh|first=Kamala|title=Culture and the Making of Identity in Contemporary India|year=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi|page=150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liUX5D8CiyUC&amp;pg=PA150|isbn=9780761933076}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This she aimed to achieve through the Kasturba Mahila Utthan Mandal, Lakshmi Ashram, Kausani, an institution she founded in 1946 with the aim of fostering women's empowerment.&lt;ref name=&quot;manushi-india&quot; /&gt; It was named the Lakshmi Ashram after the wife of the donor of the land.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmiashram&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=NEWS FROM LAKSHMI ASHRAM|journal=Sanchar|date=March 2010|issue=108|pages=2, 6|url=http://lakshmiashram.dk/sanchars/sanchar_108e.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ashram which began with only three students imparted education to girls through the Gandhian idea of ''nai talim'' with its focus on not just academics but also on manual labour and holistic learning. Since its inception, the Ashram has produced several notable reformers and social workers including [[Vimala Bahuguna]], [[Sadan Misra]], [[Radha Bhatt]] and&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nayee Taleem- A Method of Teaching Enunciated by Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/Nayee_Taleem.htm|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Frank Sure Success in CBSE English Core (Reading, Writing and Literature)|year=2008|publisher=Franksons|location=New Delhi|page=PM-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ktqpnkt3UccC&amp;pg=PT16|isbn=9788184097528}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Basanti Devi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-03-09|title=President Pranab Mukherjee presented 2015 Nari Shakti awards|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/president-pranab-mukherjee-presented-2015-nari-shakti-awards-1457494302-1|access-date=2020-07-07|website=Jagranjosh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Activism ==<br /> Although Sarla Behn is best remembered for her role as an environmental activist who helped shape and spearhead the Chipko movement, she was also associated with the [[Gandhian Movement|Gandhian movements]] led by [[Acharya Vinoba Bhave]] and [[Jai Prakash Narayan]]. After she had handed over the reins of the Ashram to Radha Bhatt, she worked with Bhave on the [[Bhoodan movement]] in [[Bihar]] in the late 1960s and with Narayan and the families of surrendered dacoits in the [[Chambal River|Chambal river valley]] in the early 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;freeofstate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jamnalalbajajfoundation&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Sarla Behn's role as an environmental activist was even greater, and together with Mirabehn she helped shape a response to the environmental crisis engulfing the Himalayan region. As the activist-academic [[Vandana Shiva]] notes, &quot;While the philosophical and conceptual articulation of the ecological view of the Himalayan forests has been done by Mirabehn and [Sunderlal] Bahuguna, the organisational foundation for it being a women’s movement was laid by Sarla Behn with Bimla Behn in Garhwal and Radha Bhatt in Kumaon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Shiva|first=Vandana|title=Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development|year=1989|publisher=Kali for Women|location=New Delhi|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPaA4Nb0w0YC&amp;pg=PA72|isbn=0862328233}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Under Sarla Behn's guidance the Uttarakhand Sarvodaya Mandal came into being in 1961 with principal aims of organising women, fighting [[alcoholism]], establishing forest based [[Small Scale Industry|small scale industries]] and fighting for forest rights. Throughout the 1960s the Mandal and its members worked actively towards these ends. In the wake of the [[Stockholm Conference|Stockholm Conference of 1972]], Sarla Behn initiated the Chipko Movement which began with a popular demonstration in the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna valley]] at a site where colonial authorities had shot dead several activists in the 1930s for protesting against the commercialisation of forests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Haberman|first=David|title=River of love in an age of pollution: the Yamuna River of northern India|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|page=69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&amp;pg=PA69|isbn=0520247892}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Bahuguna|first=Sunderlal|title=CHIPKO: THE PEOPLE'S MOVEMENT WITH A HOPE FOR THE SURVIVAL OF HUMANKIND|journal=IFDA Dossier|date=January–February 1988|issue=63|page=6|url=http://www.dhf.uu.se/ifda/readerdocs/pdf/doss_63.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702124732/http://www.dhf.uu.se/ifda/readerdocs/pdf/doss_63.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term 'Chipko' (which means to hug) came to be associated with the movement only later after the villagers decided they would hug the trees to prevent them from being felled and the name was popularised through the folk songs of [[Ghanshyam Sailani]]. In 1977, Sarla Behn helped organise activists and consolidate the Chipko movement in its resistance to [[lumbering]] and excessive tapping of [[resin]] from the [[pine trees]].&lt;ref name=&quot;home.moravian&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=4 The chipko movement|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80a03e/80A03E08.htm|publisher=United Nations University|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sarla Behn was a prolific author, writing 22 books in [[Hindi]] and English on issues of conservation, women's empowerment and environment including ''Reviving Our Dying Planet'' and ''A Blueprint for Survival of the Hills''.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribuneindia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;orissa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Surinder K|title=FORESTS FOR THE PEOPLE: HEGEMONY OF GOVERNANCE|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0420-B1.HTM|publisher=FAO|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her [[autobiography]] is titled ''A Life in Two Worlds: Autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi's English Disciple''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Life in Two Worlds: Autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi's English Disciple [paperback]|url=http://angwal.in/books/literature-language-2/|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death and commemoration ==<br /> In 1975 Sarala Behn moved to a cottage at Dharamgarh in [[Pithoragarh district]] where she lived until her death in July, 1982. She was cremated according to [[Hindu rites]] at the Lakshmi Ashram.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmiashram_a&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=NEWS FROM LAKSHMI ASHRAM|journal=Samachar|date=November 2011|issue=113|pages=7–12|url=http://lakshmiashram.dk/sanchars/Sanchar113e.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was a winner of the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1979 : Outstanding Contribution in Constructive Work|url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/1979/constructive-work/sarla-devi|publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation|access-date=7 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Shukla|first=A K|title=Women Chief Ministers in Contemporary India|year=2007|publisher=A P H Publishers|location=New Delhi|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMocKFODKxkC&amp;pg=PA17|isbn=978-8131301517}}&lt;/ref&gt; and on the occasion of her 75th birthday called the &quot;daughter of the [[Himalaya]]&quot; and the &quot;mother of social activism&quot; in Uttarakhand.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Sontheimer|first=Sally|title=Women and the Environment: a Reader: Crisis and Development in the Third World|year=1991|publisher=Earthscan Publications|location=London|page=172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phwk6dmU-i8C&amp;pg=PA172|isbn=1853831115}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ever since her death, the Lakshmi Ashram commemorates her anniversary by hosting a gathering of [[Sarvodaya]] workers and community members to discuss and chalk out strategies for dealing with pressing social and environmental issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmiashram&quot; /&gt; In 2006, the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] announced that it would set up a Sarla Behn Memorial Museum in Kausani.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmiashram_a&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> Sarla Behn's influence on Uttarakhand in particular and Indian environmentalism has been significant although she remains a relatively unknown figure. She played a key role in inspiring grassroots organisations in Uttarakahand and helped spread the Sarvodaya movement in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmiashram_a&quot; /&gt; Besides several environmentalists, she also influenced the author [[William McKay Aitken|Bill Aitken]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Sufi Scotsman|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?201134|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Outlook|date=3 April 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her activism and the ashram she established helped, as the historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] notes, &quot;groom a new generation of social workers, among them such remarkable activists as Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Radha Bhatt and Sunderlal Bahuguna. In the 1970s, these activists started the Chipko Movement, while in turn training the next generation of activists, those who led the movement for a state of Uttarakhand.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=In Hume's footsteps|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/ColumnsOthers/In-Hume-s-footsteps/Article1-834498.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406152506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/ColumnsOthers/In-Hume-s-footsteps/Article1-834498.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2012|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=2 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> {{Gandhi|state=collapsed}} <br /> {{Jamnalal Bajaj Award winners}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Behn, Sarla}}<br /> [[Category:1901 births]]<br /> [[Category:1982 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Activists from London]]<br /> [[Category:British people in British India]]<br /> [[Category:British women environmentalists]]<br /> [[Category:English people of Swiss descent]]<br /> [[Category:English women activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Indian environmentalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Shepherd's Bush]]<br /> [[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darul_Uloom_Waqf_Deoband&diff=495658 2026-02-05T18:23:43Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: created</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Islamic University (e. 1982)}}<br /> {{about|Darul Uloom Waqf|Darul Uloom Deoband (main)|Darul Uloom Deoband}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Al-Jamia Al-Islamia Darul Uloom Waqf Deoband<br /> | image_name = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image = Main entrance of Atyabul Masajid.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | logo = Darul Uloom Waqf logo.png<br /> | latin_name = <br /> | motto = <br /> | tagline = <br /> | established = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1982}}<br /> | type = [[Madrasa]]<br /> | endowment = <br /> | staff = <br /> | faculty = <br /> | president = <br /> | provost = <br /> | founders = {{Unbulleted list|[[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]]|[[Anzar Shah Kashmiri]]}}<br /> | rector = [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]]<br /> | chancellor = <br /> | vice_chancellor = <br /> | dean = <br /> | students = <br /> | city = Saharanpur<br /> | state = Uttar Pradesh<br /> | country = India<br /> | address = [[Deoband]]<br /> | website = {{URL|www.dud.edu.in}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Al-Jamia Al-Islamia Darul Uloom Waqf Deoband''' (known as '''Darul Uloom Waqf''') is a [[madrasa]] situated in the Indian town of [[Deoband]]. It was established by scholars led by [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]] and [[Anzar Shah Kashmiri]] in 1982 as a result of administration disputes in [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] during 1980–1982. As of 2021, [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]] is its rector.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> During 1980 and 1982, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] experienced administrative disputes.&lt;ref name=&quot;taqiusmani&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Taqi Usmani |authorlink1=Taqi Usmani |title=Nuqoosh-e-Raftgaan |publisher=Maktabatul Maarif |location=[[Karachi]] |pages=193–194 |edition=April 2007 |language=Urdu |chapter=Qari Muhammad Tayyab}}&lt;/ref&gt; These disputes led to its bifurcation. [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] remained under the control of Madanis, led by [[Asad Madani|Asad Madni]], while the other faction which was led by [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]] and [[Anzar Shah Kashmiri]] established a new madrassa called Darul Uloom Waqf in 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;nadeem&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Nadeem al-Wajidi |title=Maulana Salim Qasmi |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/64730 |website=baseeratonline |accessdate=9 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pasemargezindah&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=[[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]] |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah|url=https://archive.org/download/Pas-e-Marg-Zindah/Pas-e-Marg-Zindah.pdf|via=Archive.org|publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab, Deoband |pages=798–818 |language=Urdu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ilmgate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Muhammadullah Khalili |last=Qasmi |title=Mawlana Anzar Shah Kashmiri: A Tribute to His Life and Services |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/mawlana-anzar-shah-kashmiri-a-tribute-to-his-life-and-services/ |website=IlmGate.org |date=28 October 2010 |accessdate=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]] was its first rector.&lt;ref name=&quot;rising&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Deoband rector Maulana Salim Qasmi no more |url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/deoband-rector-maulana-salim-qasmi-no-more |website=RisingKashmir.com |accessdate=2 June 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724012921/http://risingkashmir.com/news/deoband-rector-maulana-salim-qasmi-no-more |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&amp;dq=darul+uloom+waqf&amp;pg=PA132 |title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|isbn = 978-0691134840|last1 = Bowering|first1 = Gerhard|last2 = Crone|first2 = Patricia|last3 = Mirza|first3 = Mahan|last4 = Kadi|first4 = Wadad|last5 = Zaman|first5 = Muhammad Qasim|last6 = Stewart|first6 = Devin J.|year = 2013| publisher=Princeton University Press }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 3 September 2014, the advisory board of Darul Uloom Waqf appointed [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]] as its rector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/11055-advisory-council-constituted-in-darul-uloom-waqf-deoband |title = Advisory Council constituted in Darul Uloom (Waqf), Deoband|date = 30 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Hujjatul Islam Academy, Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband.jpg|thumb|centre|Hujjatul Islam Academy]]<br /> The seminary publishes, ''Nida'e Darul Uloom Waqf'', a monthly magazine in Urdu and ''Wahdat al-Ummah'', a bi-annual Arabic journal. It has publishes a quarterly magazine in English, called, ''Voice of Darul Uloom''. It has a research department called Hujjatul Islam Academy.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=24}} The academy was established in order to answer modern challenges and simplify the ideology and discourses of [[Qasim Nanawtawi]].{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=24}} ''Hayyat-i-Tayyib'', the biography of [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]] was among its early publications, which was authored by [[Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri]].{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=24}}<br /> == Magazines ==<br /> The institution publishes three magazines: the monthly ''Nida-e-Darul Uloom Waqf'' in Urdu, the bi-annual ''Wahdat-ul-Ummah'' ({{ISSN|2348-5051}}) in Arabic, and the quarterly ''Voice of Darul Uloom'' in English. These publications are edited by Shakaib Qasmi and are issued under the supervision of the institution's rector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wahdat-ul Ummah |url=https://dud.edu.in/index.php/en?id=52 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=dud.edu.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Voice of Darul Uloom |url=https://dud.edu.in/index.php/en?id=237 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=dud.edu.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nida-e-Darul-Uloom |url=https://dud.edu.in/index.php/en?id=81 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=dud.edu.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Alumni==<br /> * [[Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri]]<br /> * [[Hasheem Ahmad Siddiqui]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of Deobandi madrasas]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Works cited===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |author-last=Qasmi |author-first=Shakeb Ahmad |editor1-last=Rahmani |editor1-first=Shamshad |editor2-last=Qasmi |editor2-first=Sikander |title=Tadhkirah Mawlana Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri |date=February 2020 |publisher=Maktaba Raazi |location=Deoband |pages=23–26 |language=ur |contribution=AsmaN Teri Lahad Pe Shabnam Afshani kare!}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n10w.6 |accessdate=23 October 2020|jstor=j.ctt46n10w.6|chapter=Change and Stagnation in Islamic Education: The Dar al-ʿUlum of Deoband after the Split in 1982|last1=Reetz|first1=Dietrich|title=The Madrasa in Asia|year=2008|pages=71–104|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789053567104}}<br /> {{Coord|29|41|56.77|N|77|40|8.99|E|display=title|region:IN}}<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Deobandi madrasas]]<br /> [[Category:Madrasas in India]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1982]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]<br /> [[Category:Deoband]]<br /> [[Category:1982 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shibani_Kashyap&diff=450997 2026-02-04T21:28:28Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Content updated and refined</p> <hr /> <div>{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}{{short description|Indian singer}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Shibani Kashyap<br /> | image = Shibani Kashyap at the Miss &amp; Mrs Tiara 2018 contest.jpg<br /> | alt = Shibani Kashyap<br /> | caption = Kashyap at the Miss &amp; Mrs Tiara 2018 contest<br /> | image_size = <br /> | birth_name = Shibani Kashyap<br /> | alias = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|01|12}}<br /> | birth_place = Delhi, India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | spouse = Rajiv Roda (2013–present)<br /> | module = {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | occupation = Singer<br /> | origin =<br /> | instrument =<br /> | genre =<br /> | years_active = &lt;!-- YYYY–YYYY --&gt;<br /> | label =<br /> | associated_acts =<br /> | notable_instruments =<br /> | website = {{url|shibanikashyap.com}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shibani Kashyap''' (born 12 January 1979) is an Indian singer who works in the [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]]. She has judged the reality singing show ''[[Bathroom Singer]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Singing sensation Shibani Kashyap to visit Manipal in November |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=528258 |accessdate=11 August 2020 |work=www.daijiworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Meghna |title=Berlin's clubs to India's folk singers: this lockdown, here's whom to see perform live online |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/berlins-clubs-to-indias-folk-singers-this-lockdown-heres-whom-to-see-perform-live-online/article31257400.ece |accessdate=11 August 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=4 April 2020 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shibani Kashyap: I can't keep singing the same genre of music all the time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shibani-kashyap-singer-wanna-be-free-watch-video-5055057/ |accessdate=11 August 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 February 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kashyap achieved fame by singing the signature tune of the AIR FM channel of [[All India Radio]] and [[Amul]] India. Kashyap mostly composes a Sufi-western blend of music.<br /> <br /> In 2012 she sang the title song for [[Pakistani]] serial ''[[Mohabbat Jai Bhar Mein]]'' in the [[Urdu]] language, which was a major hit in Pakistan and India.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiwi1&quot;&gt;[http://k002.kiwi6.com/hotlink/6t2ptw1yex/mohabbat_jaye_bhar_mein_drama.mp3]{{dead link|date=July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> She has made her acting debut in the Star Plus TV show [[Veera (TV series)|''Veera'']] as the musician Megha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Singer Shibani Kashyap talks about her acting experience in Ek Veer Ki Ardaas: Veera [Exclusive] |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/singer-shibani-kashyap-talks-about-her-acting-experience-in-ek-veer-ki-ardaas-veera-1657411/ |website=Bollywood Life |accessdate=11 August 2020 |language=en |date=16 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.shibanikashyap.com Female Bollywood Playback Singer and Performer]. Shibani Kashyap. Retrieved 21 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Born in Delhi, India, she is a graduate in English literature from the University of Delhi. She specializes in western and Indian classical music.<br /> <br /> She was a member of the band Black Slade in Delhi. In 1996, the signature tune of A.I.R. F.M., a channel of All India Radio was launched in Kashyap's voice. She has composed advertisement jingles for Amul India and Subah Savere show on Doordarshan. She shot into national fame with her debut pop album ''Ho Gayi Hai Mohabbat'' (1998), for which she won the Channel V award.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shibani Kashyap on lockdown anxiety: Meditation music can calm your senses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shibani-kashyap-lockdown-coronavirus-outbreak-song-making-music-6342515/ |accessdate=11 August 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 April 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was selected to represent India at the 1999 annual international music festival Azia Dauysy held in [[Kazakhstan]]. In 2000, she released a Sufi album called ''Nagmagee''.<br /> <br /> Kashyap is a follower of [[Nichiren Buddhism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-08-29|title=Chanting: Prayer or meditation?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/shibanikashyaps-blog/chanting-prayer-or-meditation/?frmapp=yes|access-date=2021-12-11|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buddhism makes for a happy celeb!|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-buddhism-makes-for-a-happy-celeb-1752910|access-date=2021-12-11|website=DNA India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dnaindia.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why celebrities are turning to Buddhism|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-why-celebrities-are-turning-to-buddhism-1533869|access-date=2021-12-11|website=DNA India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She said, &quot;I practise [[Buddhism]]. I took up chanting two years ago. My faith teaches me that the 'revolution' begins within oneself. When you change yourself, things around you change too. This philosophy has polished my life and given me a chance to be a better person&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=July 14, 2011 |title=Shibani Kashyap|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/good-housekeeping/story/shibani-kashyap-137510-2011-07-14|access-date=2021-12-11|magazine=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dnaindia.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> She has performed live shows around the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shibani Kashyap stages online houseparty on Show4me |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200721-shibani-kashyap-stages-online-houseparty-on |accessdate=11 August 2020 |work=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She composed and sang her first film song &quot;Sajna Aa Bhi Jaa&quot; for the Hindi film ''Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part 2'' in 2003. She sang for the films ''Zinda'' (2006) and ''1971'' (2007).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bollywood lacks a proper music industry: Shibani Kashyap |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bollywood-lacks-a-proper-music-industry-shibani-kashyap/1666756 |accessdate=11 August 2020 |work=www.outlookindia.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She won the Best Female Pop Singer award for the album ''Nazakat'' at the 2005 Sangeet Awards held in San Francisco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Biography - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/singer-of-the-week/shibani-kashyap/biography/articleshow/7521980.cms |accessdate=11 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shibani Kashyap |url=http://mgmh.net/artists/shibanikashyap/#:~:text=Artists,Awards%20held%20in%20San%20Francisco. |accessdate=11 August 2020 |date=1 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She composed and sang the title track for the television serial ''Akela'' on Sony Entertainment Television. She was one of the judges of the singing show ''Bathroom Singer'' on Sahara Filmy channel.<br /> <br /> In 2012 she sang the title song for Pakistani serial ''[[Mohabbat Jai Bhar Mein]]'' in the [[Urdu]] language, which was a major hit in Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiwi1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Kashyap, along with 29 other independent and mainstream artists, was picked to be a part of Hungama Digital Media's new independent music venture [[ArtistAloud.com]]. According to Kashyap, &quot;It is a great site as it gives artists their individual space and a platform. It is a great revenue opportunity as well, because there is no way people would be able to pirate these songs, as they are not available in the market. This way we can fight piracy and get our rightful revenues.&quot;<br /> On 1 August 2012, she traveled from Mumbai to Jantar Mantar, Delhi, to participate in India's fight against corruption. She presented the song &quot;[[Anna Hazare]] Deep Hamare&quot; in front of thousands of citizens of India who were there supporting the movement against corruption.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article219309.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220041227/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article219309.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2014 |title=Artist aloud! |work=The New Indian Express |date= 7 January 2010|accessdate=13 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> On 6 July 2014, she enrolled as a member of Bharatiya Janata Party, an Indian political which formed a government in May 2014.&lt;ref&gt;Panwar, Preeti. (6 July 2014) [http://www.oneindia.com/new-delhi/singer-shibani-kashyap-joins-bjp-via-online-membership-drive-1478212.html Singer Shibani Kashyap joins BJP – Oneindia]. News.oneindia.in. Retrieved 21 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; She also announced this association on Twitter.&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/shibanikashyap/status/485731713478180865 Shibani Kashyap on Twitter: &quot;Very happy to join BJP #BJPmembershiponlinecampaign with my full support and faith @BJP4India @BJPRajnathSingh @narendramodi #BJP&quot;]. Twitter.com (6 July 2014). Retrieved 21 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; She has also released an album, ''My Free Spirit'', where the remix song was produced by [[Nakul Shourie]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/35221/sonu-nigam-launches-shibani-kashyap%60s-my-free-spirit/ Sonu nigam launches shibani kashyap`s My Free Spirit]. Santabanta.com (20 March 2010). Retrieved 21 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; and was launched by [[Sonu Nigam]].<br /> <br /> The movie ''[[Ranviir The Marshal]]'' (2015) features a special number sung by Kashyap; where she also made her lead acting debut in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/singer-shibani-kashyap-to-make-bollywood-debut-with-ranviir-the-marshall/|title=Singer Shibani Kashyap to make Bollywood debut with 'Ranviir the Marshall'|date=8 October 2015|website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, she sang the gangster-themed song &quot;Bachke tu chalna re&quot;, a duet with singer and composer Varun Ahuja for the film ''Mere Paas Baap Hai''.<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> <br /> ===Film===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Song<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |''Sesh Upahar''<br /> |&quot;Mitha Mitha&quot;<br /> |Assamese<br /> | Playback singer only<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2003<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part II]]''<br /> | &quot;Sajna Aa Bhi Jaa&quot; <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Tum Bas Tum&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Prem Dank&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2005<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''[[Mr Ya Miss]]''<br /> | &quot;Jeena Hai Toh Jeena Hai&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Fakr Hai Mujhe&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kamsin Kali Dil Ki Gali&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2006<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]''<br /> | &quot;Zinda Hoon Main&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kya Mien Zinda Hoo&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Yeh Hai Meri Kahani&quot;<br /> | Music Composer only<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2007<br /> |''[[1971 (2007 film)|1971]]''<br /> | &quot;Sehlenge Hum Saare Sitam&quot;<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[The Great Indian Butterfly]]''<br /> | &quot;Keh Le Keh le Dil Se&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thodi Thodi Sanjh&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2008<br /> |''[[Sirf (film)|Sirf]]''<br /> | &quot;Life Peeche Peeche&quot;<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sunday (2008 film)|Sunday]]''<br /> | &quot;Kashmakash&quot;<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Maharathi (2008 film)|Maharathi]]''<br /> | &quot;Kaun Hai Yaha Maharathi&quot;<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Woodstock Villa]]''<br /> | &quot;Dhoka Dega&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Raakh Ho Ja Tu&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> |''[[Bhindi Baazaar Inc.]]''<br /> | &quot;Taan Ke Seena&quot;<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> |''[[Diary of a Butterfly]]''<br /> | &quot;Hungama Ho Gaya&quot;<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014<br /> |''[[Main Aur Mr. Riight]]''<br /> | &quot;Khuda Khair&quot;<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Identity Card (2014 film)|Identity Card]]''<br /> | &quot;Sannata&quot;<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Album===<br /> * ''[[Ho Gayi Hai Mohabbat (album)|Ho Gayi Hai Mohabbat]]'' (1998)<br /> * ''Desh'' (2003)<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Film===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 2003<br /> | ''[[Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part II]]''<br /> | Herself<br /> | Cameo, Song &quot;Sajna Aa Bhi Ja&quot;<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://waisabhihotahai.indiatimes.com/music.htm|title=waisa bhi hota hai|website=waisabhihotahai.indiatimes.com|access-date=11 July 2007|archive-date=1 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501211744/http://waisabhihotahai.indiatimes.com/music.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> | ''[[Ranviir the Marshal]]''<br /> | Sheena<br /> | Debut<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thefirstmail.in/news/news-details/79372-8_martial_arts_forms_showcased_in_upcoming_bollywood_film |title=The First Mail &amp;#124; 8 Martial Arts Forms Showcased in Upcoming Bollywood Film |website=thefirstmail.in |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827024143/http://thefirstmail.in/news/news-details/79372-8_martial_arts_forms_showcased_in_upcoming_bollywood_film |archive-date=27 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]''<br /> | Megha Kapoor<br /> | Guest appearance<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Singer Shibani Kashyap enters fiction space on TV|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/singer-shibani-kashyap-enters-fiction-space-on-tv/|website=The Indian Express|date=26 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=1493167|name=Shibani Kashyap}}<br /> *{{Official website|https://shibanikashyap.com/}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Shibani}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Women musicians from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Nichiren Buddhists]]<br /> [[Category:Members of Sōka Gakkai]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaikh_Farid_Bukhari&diff=458899 2026-01-08T08:15:31Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mughal noble (died 1616)}}<br /> {{For|other people with similar names|Sheikh Farid|Murtaza Khan (disambiguation){{!}}Murtaza Khan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sheikh Farid Bukhari<br /> | image = Sheikh Farid Murtaza Khan.jpg<br /> | caption = Portrait of Murtaza Khan by [[Manohar Das]] and [[Muhammad Daulat]]<br /> | office1 = [[Mir Bakhshi|Mir Bakhshi of the Mughal Empire]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1600<br /> | term_end1 = ?<br /> | monarch1 = [[Akbar]]<br /> | monarch2 = [[Jahangir]]<br /> | birth_date = Unknown<br /> | death_date = 1616<br /> | resting_place = Serai Shahji, [[Delhi]]<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | allegiance = Mughal Empire<br /> | title = <br /> | honorific_prefix = Murtaza Khan<br /> | office2 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]]<br /> | termstart2 = 1606<br /> | termend2 = 1609<br /> | successor2 = [[Mirza Aziz Koka]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shaikh Farid Bukhari''' (died 1616),&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=- Portrait of Shaykh Farid known as Murtaza Khan|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005038-aj/portrait-of-shaykh-farid-known-as-murtaza-khan|access-date=2021-07-22|website=www.rct.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; also known by the title '''Murtaza Khan''', was a leading [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] noble of the 17th century. He served as ''[[mir bakhshi]]'' of the empire during the reign of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]. During the reign of Akbar's successor [[Jahangir]], he played a key role in the suppression of prince [[Khusrau Mirza|Khusrau's]] rebellion, and later governed the provinces of Gujarat and Punjab. He was also well known as an architectural patron in Mughal India, and founded the city of [[Faridabad]] in modern-day [[Haryana, India]]. <br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> Shaikh Farid Murtaza Khan was an Indian Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IxluAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=murtaza+indian |author= Mohammad Akram Lari Azad |date= 1990 |title= Religion and Politics in India During the Seventeenth Century |publisher= the University of Michigan }}&lt;/ref&gt; His ancestors were likely learned men who had been given rent-free lands for their subsistence. One of them, Sayyid Abdul Ghaffar of Dehli, enjoined his descendants to adopt military profession instead of living on charity. Sheikh Farid's family had a long history of imperial service, such as his uncle Sheikh Muhammad Bukhari, who was one of Akbar's trusted men, and his brother Jafar Khan, who died fighting in Gujarat in 1573.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Indian Muslims |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7KauAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sheikh+muhammad+bukhari+mughal+mir+bakhshi&amp;pg=PA265 |author= M. Mujeeb |date= 1967 |publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press | isbn=9780773593503 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> [[File:The Elderly Akbar Receives Murtaza Khan.jpg|thumb|left|Emperor Akbar receives Murtaza Khan. By [[Manohar Das]] ]]<br /> <br /> Shaikh Farid was promoted to the command of 1500 horses by Akbar, for his achievements fighting against [[Afghans]] in [[Orissa]]. Akbar also bestowed upon him the title ''sahib-us-saif-w-al-qalam'' ('master of the sword and the pen').&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|title=The Martyrdom Of Guru Arjan|date=2006-09-28|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195679212.003.0008|work=Life and Work of Guru Arjan|pages=205–235|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195679212.003.0008|isbn=978-0-19-567921-2|access-date=2021-07-22|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1600,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7KauAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sheikh+muhammad+bukhari+mughal+mir+bakhshi&amp;pg=PA265 |title= The Indian Muslims |author= M. Mujeeb |date= 1967 |publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn= 9780773593503 }}&lt;/ref&gt; he rose to the post of ''[[mir bakhshi]]'' under Akbar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=K.|first=Sharma, Praduman|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231968849|title=Mughal architecture of Delhi : a study of mosques and tombs : (1556-1627 A.D.)|date=2000|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=81-7574-094-9|pages=131|oclc=231968849}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Mughal court there was a movement of [[Naqshbandi|Naqshbandis]] who had been trying to garner power in the hopes of supplanting the religiously erratic Akbar with a more stable and orthodoxly Muslim emperor. [[Pierre de Jarric]], a [[Jesuit]] missionary at the court of Akbar, described that Shaykh Farid had been sent as a representative of the orthodox faction to promise support for Prince Salim (future Mughal Emperor Jahangir), &quot;provided that he would swear to defend the law of Mahomet&quot;. Shaykh Farid had been receiving letters from [[Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R3nmCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=farid+bukhari++traditional+islam&amp;pg=PA23 |title= Nur Jahan, Empress of Mughal India |date= 1993 |author= Ellison Banks Findly |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-507488-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and was his devoted disciple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Sikh Gurus and the Indian Spiritual Thought |author= Tārana Siṅgha |date= 1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=784XAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=devoted+disciple |publisher= Publication Bureau, Punjabi University }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After Jahangir's coronation, prince [[Khusrau Mirza|Khusrau]] rebelled in 1606 and fled [[Agra]], where he had been confined, towards the [[Punjab]]. Shaikh Farid pursued and defeated him at a battle near Bharowal. After Khusrau was later captured, Jahangir awarded Shaikh Farid the title 'Murtaza Khan' for his actions, and his rank was increased to 6000 horses.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Jahangir also awarded him the site of the battle, Bharowal, as a land grant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Faruqui|first=Munis D.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139135474|title=The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-13547-4|location=Cambridge|pages=229|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139135474}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 1606 to 1609, Shaikh Farid served as the governor (subahdar) of Gujarat under Jahangir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992-09-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|pages=136|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}&lt;/ref&gt; He built the [[Wajihuddin's Tomb|tomb of Wajihuddin]] in Ahmedabad, Kadi fort, and Madresah Masjid of [[Bharuch]]. His relatives and officers oppressed Ahmedabad, which led to his replacement by [[Mirza Aziz Koka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Commissariat |first=M.S. |title=A History of Gujarat: With a Survey of Its Monuments and Inscriptions |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1957 |volume=II: The Mughal Period From 1573 to 1758 |pages=46-47}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He later became the governor of Punjab.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; During this time, Jahangir gave him the infamous order of executing [[Sikh]] leader [[Guru Arjan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architecture ==<br /> Shaikh Farid was noted for his building activities in Mughal texts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992-09-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|pages=156|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}&lt;/ref&gt; A major undertaking was the establishment of [[Faridabad]] in 1607, to which he provided a [[caravanserai]] and mosque.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Alfieri|first=Bianca Maria|title=Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|publisher=Lawrence King Publishing|year=2000|isbn=9781856691895|pages=237}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Faridabad {{!}} India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Faridabad|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As governor of Gujarat, he constructed extensively in the city of [[Ahmedabad]]; however none of these structures remain, with the exception of [[Wajihuddin's Tomb]], the [[dargah]] of Sufi saint [[Wajihuddin Alvi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; He also contributed several religious structures to the city of [[Bihar Sharif]], and made additions to the [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] in Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992-09-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|pages=141|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tomb ==<br /> Shaikh Farid's tomb is located in [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]], Delhi, near a [[caravanserai]] constructed by him named Serai Shahji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Breaking journey - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/breaking-journey/603583/2|access-date=2021-07-30|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Subahdars of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:1616 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Faridabad]]<br /> [[Category:Faridabad district]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohan_Parmar&diff=518196 2025-12-31T07:59:34Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Made new stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian short story writer, novelist and critic}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Mohan Parmar<br /> | image = Mohan Parmar.jpg<br /> | caption = at ATMA Hall, Ahmedabad, March 2017<br /> | birth_name = Mohan Ambalal Parmar<br /> | birth_date ={{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|3|15}}<br /> | birth_place = Bhasariya, [[Mahesana]], [[Gujarat]] <br /> | occupation = Short story writer, novelist, critic<br /> | language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | education = * [[Master of Arts]]<br /> * [[Ph.D]].<br /> | alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]<br /> | period = Postmodern [[Gujarati literature]]<br /> | genres = <br /> | subjects =<br /> | movement = Gujarati [[Dalit literature]]<br /> | notableworks =<br /> * ''Poth'' (2001)<br /> * ''Anchalo'' (2008)<br /> | spouse = Jashoda Parmar (1972–present)<br /> | children = Manoj Parmar (son)<br /> | awards ={{plainlist|<br /> * [[Uma-Snehrashmi Prize]] (2000–2001)<br /> * [[Premanand Suvarna Chandrak]] (2011)<br /> * [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2011)}}<br /> | signature = Mohan Parmar autograph.svg<br /> | years_active = 1975–present<br /> | module =<br /> {{Infobox academic<br /> | child = yes<br /> | doctoral_advisor = [[Chandrakant Topiwala]]<br /> | thesis_title = The Distinguishable Dimensions of Short Story after Suresh Joshi Particularly in Reference to Kishor Jadav, Madhu Rai, Radheshyam Sharma and Jyotish Jani<br /> | thesis_url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/47736<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Mohan Parmar''' (born 15 March 1948) is an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] short story writer, novelist and critic from [[Gujarat]], India. Parmar won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati]] in 2011 for his short story collection ''Anchalo''. He was earlier editor of ''Hayati'', an organ of Gujarati Dalit Sahitya Akademi, along with Harish Mangalam. He served as deputy editor of ''Parab'', a monthly journal of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Welcome to Muse India&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Welcome to Muse India | website=Welcome to Muse India | url=http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=380 | accessdate=2016-05-14 | archive-date=10 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510171825/http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=380 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Parmar was born in Bhasariya, a village in [[Mahesana district]] of [[Gujarat]], [[India]] to Ambalal and Manchhiben. He completed his primary education from Bhasariya Primary School, and took his secondary education at Linch and Aambaliyasan villages, earning his S.S.C. in 1966. He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1982 from Mahesana college with [[Gujarati literature]]. He completed [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in 1984 as an external student from [[Gujarat University]], earning a Ph.D. in 1994 under [[Chandrakant Topiwala]]. His doctoral thesis was ''The Distinguishable Dimensions of Short Story after [[Suresh Joshi]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desai2018&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Patel |first=Bipin |editor-last=Desai |editor-first=Parul Kandarpa |title=ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઇતિહાસ (૧૯૩૬થી ૧૯૫૦): સ્વાતંત્ર્યોત્તર યુગ-૨ |language=gu |trans-title=History of Gujarati Literature (1936 to 1950): Post-independence era-2 |volume=8 |date=November 2018 |publisher=K. L. Study Center, [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |location=Ahmedabad |page=165 |isbn=978-81-939074-1-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> ''Kolahal'', his first short story collection, was published in 1980, followed by ''Vaayak'' (1995) and ''Anchalo'' (2008). His novels include ''Bhekhad'' (1982), ''Vikriya'', ''Kaalgrasta'', ''Prapti'' (1990), ''Neliyu'' (1992), and ''Luptavedh'' (2006). His critical works are published as ''Sanvitti'' (1984), ''Ansaar'' (1989), and ''Vartarohan'' (2005). His research work ''Suresh Joshi Pachhini Vartana Vishesh Parinamo'' was published in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;pm&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Gujarati Sahityakar Parichaykosh|last=Shukla|first=Kirit|date=2008|publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9789383317028|location=Gandhinagar|page=362}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He edited ''Jyotish Janini Vartasrishti'' (2013), a collection of selected stories of [[Jyotish Jani]].{{fact|date=December 2018}}<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] of 2011 for his short story collection ''Anchalo'' (2008).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmedabad Mirror 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title='Will returning award help?'|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|date=13 October 2015|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/will-returning-award-help/articleshow/49328158.cms|access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801191748/https://ahmedabadmirror.com/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received the [[Uma-Snehrashmi Prize]] (2000–01), Sant Kabir Award (2003) and [[Premanand Suvarna Chandrak]] (2011).&lt;ref name=&quot;Desai2018&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Parmar is a retired administrative officer of [[Gujarat Maritime Board]], [[Gandhinagar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pm&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Mohan}}<br /> [[Category:Modernist writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br /> [[Category:1948 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mehsana district]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male novelists]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teri_Laadli_Main&diff=540105 2025-12-30T22:22:56Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: created first stub v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2021 Indian television series}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = TeriLaadliMain.jpeg<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = Drama<br /> | creator = Suzana Ghai<br /> | developer = <br /> | director = Sohit K. Sarkar Thakuri<br /> | creative_director = Nishtha Yadav<br /> | starring = {{ubl|Mayuri Kapadane|Hemangi Kavi|[[Gaurav Wadhwa]]}}<br /> | narrated = <br /> | story = <br /> | screenplay = Rohini Ninawe<br /> | writer = Sharad Chandra Tripathi<br /> | theme_music_composer = Nilesh Moharir&lt;br&gt;Alvis Valentine&lt;br&gt;Anuj Mathews&lt;br&gt;<br /> | opentheme = <br /> | endtheme = <br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 78<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = Suzana Ghai&lt;br&gt;Hemant Ruprel&lt;br&gt;Ranjit Thakur<br /> | editor = Shatrujit Singh&lt;br&gt;Kapil Ubana<br /> | cinematography = Abhishek Gandhi<br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 22–25 minutes<br /> | company = Panorama Entertainment Pvt. Ltd<br /> | network = [[Star Bharat]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|1|5}}<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|4|22}}<br /> | related = ''Mouna Raagam'' (Telugu series) <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Teri Laadli Main''''' ({{Translation|''I Am Your Affectionate''}}) is an Indian television drama series that aired from 5 January 2021 till 22 April 2021 on [[Star Bharat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-bharat-announces-launch-of-teri-laadli-main-in-january-2021/|title=Star Bharat announces launch of 'Teri Laadli Main' in January 2021|website=Biz Asia|language=en|date=15 December 2020|access-date=26 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced by Panorama Entertainment, it stars [[Hemangi Kavi]], Mayuri Kapadane and [[Gaurav Wadhwa]]. The series is remake of [[Star Maa]]'s [[Telugu language|Telugu]] series ''Mouna Raagam''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/hemangi-kavi-plays-a-protective-mother-in-star-bharat-s-teri-laadli-main/article_a5433642-4157-11eb-82a0-770d4b3dbd4a.html|title=Hemangi Kavi Plays a Protective Mother in Star Bharat's 'Teri Laadli Main'|website=IndiaWest|language=en|date=18 December 2020|access-date=26 December 2020}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/hemang-kavi-is-currently-seen-in-teri-laadli-main-the-actress-hopes-that-the-show-is-successful-in-delivering-a-powerful-message-196405|title=Hemang Kavi is currently seen in Teri Laadli Main. The actress hopes that the show is successful in delivering a powerful message|website=[[The Tribune]]|language=en|date=10 January 2021|access-date=10 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series went off air abruptly without conclusion on 22 April 2021 due to its very low TRP ratings and due to global [[COVID-19 pandemic]] situation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TV Shows Off Air: तुझसे है राब्ता-तेरी लाडली मैं सहित 6 TV शो हो रहे बंद!, एक तो 2 महीने पहले ही हुआ लॉन्च|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/tv-shows-going-off-air-teri-laadli-main-to-tujhse-hai-raabta-hamari-wali-good-news-and-qurbaan-hua-teri-meri-ikk-jindri-zeetv-revamp-slots/344044|website=Times Now|date=22 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Urmila and Surender are couples who live with Surender's mother, Durga. Urmila is a kind hearted woman who cares for everyone whereas, Surender is a cruel man who finds girls to be a burden. The couple had a girl child Gauri. Urmila becomes pregnant with a girl child for the second time, but this time Surender decides to kill the baby since he can't afford for another child. He with the help of Durga poisons Urmila. Luckily, the child survives but is born mute due to the poison. Surender and his mother is terrified since the child is a girl and is mute. Surender consults an astrologer who predicts that the child would bring misfortune to the family. Everybody are terrified, as a result, they mistreat the child except Urmila who feels they should care for her. They name the girl Bitti. Urmila gets pregnant for the third time and gives birth to a boy named Yash. As time passes by, Gauri used to get ignored and Yash used to get all the love. Bitti however, was totally treated as a burden.<br /> <br /> Bitti grows up into a young woman. Though mute, she is talented and intelligent but still, longs for father's affection. One day, in her childhood, Bitti had saved the life of a rich boy named Akshat. Akshat now feels that he lives because of Bitti and becomes fond of her. Eventually, he decides to employ her as a cook in his construction company. In the end, both falls for each other leading to Akshat abandoning his friend Sakshi. In fact, Akshat doesn't know that Bitti is mute and thinks that she is silence fasting. Bitti decides to reveal the bitter truth to him. Akshat is shocked at first but decides to transform her into a bold young woman. Sakshi is heartbroken that Akshat left her and becomes jealous of Bitti. She vows her revenge on her.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> ===Main===<br /> * Mayuri Kapadane as Bitti Kumar: Urmila and Surender's second daughter; Gauri and Yash's sister (2021)<br /> ** Maithali Patwardhan as Young Bitti (2021)<br /> * [[Gaurav Wadhwa]] as Akshat: Bitti and Sakshi's love interest; Vaishali's son; Richa's elder brother (2021)<br /> ** Aarav Wadhwa as Young Akshat (2021)<br /> * [[Hemangi Kavi]] as Urmila Kumar: Surender's wife; Bitti, Gauri and Yash's mother (2021)<br /> * Pankaj Singh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/teri-laadli-main-theme-of-the-show-is-very-sensitive-says-pankaj-singh/videoshow/79955374.cms|title=Teri Laadli Main: Theme of the show is very sensitive, says Pankaj Singh|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en|date=25 December 2020|access-date=26 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Surender Kumar: Bitti, Gauri and Yash's father (2021)<br /> <br /> ===Recurring===<br /> * [[Nisha Nagpal]] as Sakshi; Supriya's daughter; Akshat's friend who loves him (2021)<br /> ** Swati Katyal as Young Sakshi (2021)<br /> * Neelima Singh as Vaishali: Akshat and Richa's mother; a woman who hates disability due to her tragic past (2021)<br /> * [[Neena Cheema]] as Durga Kumar: Surender's mother; Bitti, Gauri and Yash's paternal grandmother (2021)<br /> * Vivaan Singh Rajput as Yash Kumar: Urmila and Surender's only son; Bitti and Gauri's younger brother (2021)<br /> * Shruti Anand as Gauri Kumar; Urmila and Surender's eldest daughter; Bitti and Yash's elder sister (2021)<br /> * [[Mehul Nisar]] as Ashok: Surender's friend; Urmila and Bitti's well-wisher (2021)<br /> * [[Payal Gupta]] as Siddhi: Ashok's daughter and Bitti's best–friend (2021)<br /> * [[Rudra Kaushish]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rudra-kaushish-i-resumed-work-on-the-same-set-after-10-months-with-a-new-tv-show/articleshow/80186098.cms|title=Rudra Kaushish: I resumed work on the same set after 10 months with a new TV show|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en|date=9 January 2021|access-date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Supriya's husband and Sakshi's father (2021)<br /> * Anshu Varshney as Supriya: Sakshi's mother (2021)<br /> * [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2019)|Palak Jain]] as Richa (2021)<br /> * Prince Sharma as Raju (2021)<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ===Casting===<br /> Child actor [[Harshita Ojha]] was first approached to play young Bitti, but was replaced by Maithali Patwardhan who played the same role in [[Mulgi Zali Ho]], the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] version of the series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/talented-child-actor-harshita-ojha-to-play-the-lead-role-in-teri-laadli-main/articleshow/79867659.cms|title=Talented child actor Harshita Ojha to play the lead role in 'Teri Laadli Main'|website=Times Of India|date=22 December 2020 |access-date=1 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hemangi Kavi]] was cast to play the role of Bitti's mother.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/hemangi-to-play-lead-in-teri-laadli-main-186527|title=Hemangi to play lead in Teri Laadli Main|website=The Tribune|access-date=7 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Release===<br /> The first promo of the series was released on 14 December 2020, featuring Hemangi Kavi and Pankaj Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/teri-laadli-mai-hemangi-kavi-reveals-the-teaser-of-her-upcoming-hindi-tv-show/5fda16ec2893807a5f3c8d27|title=Teri Laadli Mai: Hemangi Kavi Reveals The Teaser Of Her Upcoming Hindi TV Show|website=Spotboye|access-date=1 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> The next promo was released on 23 December 2020, featuring Mayuri Kapadane, Hemangi Kavi and Pankaj Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/teri-laadli-main-promo/1260050925|title=Teri Laadli Main - Promo|date=23 December 2020|publisher=STAR भारत|access-date=26 December 2020|via=[[Hotstar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adaptations==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightGreen;&quot;|Language<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightGreen;&quot;|Title<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightGreen;&quot;|Original release<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightGreen;&quot;|Network(s)<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightGreen;&quot;|Last aired<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightGreen;&quot;|Notes<br /> |-<br /> | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | ''[[Mounaraagam (Telugu TV series)|Mounaraagam]]'' &lt;br&gt; మౌన రాగం <br /> | 16 September 2018<br /> | [[Star Maa]]<br /> | 30 January 2020<br /> | Original<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kannada]]<br /> | ''Mounaragaa''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/tv-serial-mounaraaga-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/68890317.cms|title=TV serial Mounaraaga completes 100 episodes|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt; ಮೌನ ರಾಗ<br /> | 17 December 2018<br /> | [[Star Suvarna]]<br /> | 14 June 2019<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Remake<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi (TV series)|Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' &lt;br&gt; காற்றின் மொழி<br /> | 7 October 2019<br /> | [[Star Vijay]]<br /> | 10 April 2021<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malayalam]]<br /> | ''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]'' &lt;br&gt; മൗനരാഗം<br /> | 17 December 2019<br /> | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br /> | Ongoing<br /> |-<br /> | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | ''[[Mulgi Zali Ho]]'' &lt;br&gt; मुलगी झाली हो<br /> | 2 September 2020<br /> | [[Star Pravah]]<br /> | 14 January 2023<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hindi]]<br /> | ''Teri Laadli Main'' &lt;br&gt; तेरी लाडली मैं<br /> | 5 January 2021<br /> | [[Star Bharat]]<br /> | 22 April 2021<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt13654230}}<br /> <br /> {{Star Bharat Programmes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Television productions cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=21mu_Tiffin&diff=483542 2025-12-29T03:00:17Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started A Post</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2021 Indian Gujarati film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = 21mu Tiffin<br /> | image =21mu Tiffin film poster.jpg<br /> | director = [[Vijaygiri Bava]]<br /> | screenplay = Vijaygiri Bava&lt;br/&gt;Raam Mori<br /> | story = [[Raam Mori]]<br /> | based_on = {{Based on|''21mu Tiffin''|Raam Mori}}<br /> | producer = Twinkle Vijaygiri, H &amp; H Movies<br /> | writer = <br /> | music = [[Mehul Surti]]<br /> | starring = [[Niilam Paanchal]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Raunaq Kamdar]] &lt;br/&gt;Netri Trivedi<br /> | editing = {{ubl|Alok Mehta| Vijaygiri Bava}}<br /> | cinematography = Parth Chauhan<br /> | studio = Vijaygiri Filmos<br /> | runtime = 128 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Gujarati<br /> | released = {{film date|df=y|2021|12|10}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''21mu Tiffin''''' ({{langx|gu|૨૧મું ટિફિન}}, {{Translation|21st Tiffin}}) is a 2021 Indian Gujarati-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Vijaygiri Bava]], produced by Twinkle Vijaygiri under the banner Vijaygiri FilmOS. It is based on ''21mu Tiffin'', a short story by [[Raam Mori]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://digitalgujaratgov.com/ram-moris-journey-from-mahotu-to-21-mu-tiffin-with-vijayagiri-films |title=રામ મોરીની વિજયગીરી ફિલ્મોસ સાથે 'મહોતું' થી લઈને 'એકવીસમું ટિફિન' સુધીની સફર. –Digital Gujarat News |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123192209/https://digitalgujaratgov.com/ram-moris-journey-from-mahotu-to-21-mu-tiffin-with-vijayagiri-films/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is about a woman running a tiffin service business. It was released on 10 December 2021.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> A woman running a tiffin service business meets her 21st tiffin customer and how it changes everything. She overcomes her obstacles despite her struggles.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Niilam Paanchal]] as Neetu ni Mummy<br /> * [[Raunaq Kamdar]] as Dhruv<br /> * Netri Trivedi as Neetal<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film is directed and scripted by [[Vijaygiri Bava]]. It is produced by Twinkle Vijaygiri under the banner Vijaygiri FilmOs and Hiren Gosai under the banner of H &amp; H Movies. It is an adaptation of ''21mu Tiffin'', a story from the [[Sahitya Akademi award]] winning short story collection ''Mahotu'' by [[Raam Mori]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> &quot;Raah Jue Shangar Adhuro&quot;, sung by [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]] and composed by [[Mehul Surti]], was released on 12 November 2021 on YouTube and was received positively by the audience.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/21-mu-tiffins-new-song-rah-jue-shangar-adhuro-is-a-delight-to-every-listener/articleshow/87734552.cms |title='21 Mu tiffin's new song 'Rah Jue Shangar Adhuro' is a delight to every listener |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 November 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124081038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/21-mu-tiffins-new-song-rah-jue-shangar-adhuro-is-a-delight-to-every-listener/articleshow/87734552.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = 21mu Tiffin<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Mehul Surti]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 2021 &lt;!---{{start date|2021|11|12|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=21mu Tiffin }}&lt;/ref&gt;---&gt;<br /> | recorded = 2021<br /> | venue =<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 3:26<br /> | language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | label = Vijaygiri Filmos<br /> | producer = Twinkle Vijaygiri<br /> | misc = {{External media<br /> | audio1 = {{YouTube|2UWNMg6o1qc|Official Song}}}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 3:26<br /> | all_music = [[Mehul Surti]]<br /> | all_lyrics = Parth Tarapara<br /> | title1 = Raah Jue Shangar Adhuro<br /> | extra1 = [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]<br /> | lyrics1 = Parth Tarpara<br /> | length1 = 3:26<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The trailer was released on 1 December 2021 on [[YouTube]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title='21mu Tiffin' Trailer Out: This Niilam Paanchal, Raunaq Kamdar, and Netri Trivedi starrer film is sure to inspire the audience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/21mu-tiffin-trailer-out-this-niilam-paanchal-raunaq-kamdar-and-netri-trivedi-starrer-film-is-sure-to-inspire-the-audience/articleshow/88053784.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202145809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/21mu-tiffin-trailer-out-this-niilam-paanchal-raunaq-kamdar-and-netri-trivedi-starrer-film-is-sure-to-inspire-the-audience/articleshow/88053784.cms |archive-date=2 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released on 10 December 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Sonal Pandya of Cinestaan rated it 3 out of 5. She praised the themes of gender bias and patriarchy, comparing it to 2021 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''. She also praised story, direction, performances and music.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |title=21mu Tiffin review: A housewife rediscovers the joy in life in this meaningful drama |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/21mu-tiffin-10504 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=Cinestaan |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192821/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/21mu-tiffin-10504 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nirali Kalani writing for ''[[Mid-Day]]'' praised the script, acting, dialogue and message of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kalani |first=Nirali |date=16 December 2021 |title=નિરસ જીવનમાં પ્રશંસાનો રસ રેડવો કેટલો જરૂરી છે તે સમજાવતી ફિલ્મ એટલે '21મું ટિફિન' |trans-title=21mu Tiffin film review: Must watch film to know importance of appreciation |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/21mu-tiffin-film-review-must-watch-film-to-know-importance-of-appreciation-156657 |url-status=live |website=Mid-Day |language=gu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216150620/https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/21mu-tiffin-film-review-must-watch-film-to-know-importance-of-appreciation-156657 |archive-date=16 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niraj Solanki, a social media reviewer, has said this film a Magnum Opus and praised it in all cinematic aspects.<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> The film was selected for the Toronto International Women Film Festival 2021. It was declared a winner at the WRPN Women's International Film Festival 2021. It was selected and screened at the 16th Tasveer South Asian Film Festival in September 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Shreya |date=14 September 2021 |title=Vijaygiri Bava's '21mu Tiffin' continues its run at film festivals |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/vijaygiri-bavas-21mu-tiffin-continues-144405270.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=Yahoo! Life |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125075608/https://sg.style.yahoo.com/vijaygiri-bavas-21mu-tiffin-continues-144405270.html |archive-date=25 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also selected and screened at the [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] under the Indian Panorama Selections in November 2021. It also competed for the ICFT UNESCO Gandhi Medal there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Vijaygiri Bava's '21mu Tiffin' to compete at the ICFT-UNESCO, details here! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/vijaygiri-bavas-21mu-tiffin-to-compete-at-the-icft-unesco-details-here/articleshow/87761756.cms |url-status=live |website=The Times of India |date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117174404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/vijaygiri-bavas-21mu-tiffin-to-compete-at-the-icft-unesco-details-here/articleshow/87761756.cms |archive-date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/raunaq-kamdar-on-21mu-tiffin-selection-at-iffi-it-is-a-film-made-by-a-very-special-team/articleshow/87775766.cms |title=Raunaq Kamdar on '21mu Tiffin' selection at IFFI: It is a film, made by a very special team |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 November 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123114154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/raunaq-kamdar-on-21mu-tiffin-selection-at-iffi-it-is-a-film-made-by-a-very-special-team/articleshow/87775766.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Indian films]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhino_poaching_in_Assam&diff=530433 2025-12-22T07:37:29Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started initial info initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> <br /> [[Rhinoceros|Rhino]] poaching in [[Assam]] is the illegal act of killing or capturing [[rhinoceros]] in pursuit of their horns, in the region of Assam, [[India]]. Poaching of rhinos is one of the major [[environmental issues in India]] which continues in the region of [[Kaziranga National Park]], [[Manas National Park]], and some other grasslands of Assam. [[Indian rhinoceros|Indian rhinos]] inhabited most of the floodplain of the Indogangetic and [[Brahmaputra]] riverine tracts and the neighboring foothills.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:RhinoHuntBabur.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mughal Empire|Moghul]] emperor [[Babur]] on a rhino hunt, 16th century]]<br /> Sport hunting became common in the late 1800s and early 1900s.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;{{Cite iucn | author = Talukdar, B. K. | author2 = Emslie, R. | author3 = Bist, S. S. | author4 = Choudhury, A. | author5 = Ellis, S. | author6 = Bonal, B. S. | author7 = Malakar, M. C. | author8 = Talukdar, B. N. Barua, M. | title = ''Rhinoceros unicornis'' | volume = 2008 | article-number = e.T19496A8928657 | date = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19496A8928657.en }}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian rhinos were hunted relentlessly and persistently. Reports from the middle of the 19th century claim that some military officers in [[Assam]] individually shot more than 200 rhinos. By 1908, the population in [[Kaziranga]] had decreased to around 12 individuals.&lt;ref name=Laurie1983&gt;{{Cite journal |author = Laurie, W.A. |author2 = Lang, E. M. |author3 = Groves, C.P. |year = 1983 |title = Rhinoceros unicornis |journal = [[Mammalian Species]] |issue = 211 |pages = 1–6 |url = http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-211-01-0001.pdf |doi = 10.2307/3504002 |jstor = 3504002 |publisher = American Society of Mammalogists |s2cid = 253915386 |access-date = 1 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409201501/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-211-01-0001.pdf |archive-date = 9 April 2016 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early 1900s, the species had declined to near extinction.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Poaching]] for rhinoceros horn became the single most important reason for the decline of the Indian rhino after conservation measures were put in place from the beginning of the 20th century, when legal hunting ended. From 1980 to 1993, 692 rhinos were poached in India. In India's [[Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary]] 41 rhinos were killed in 1983, virtually the entire population of the sanctuary.&lt;ref name=&quot;menon1996&quot;&gt;Menon, V. (1996) [http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_mammals46.pdf ''Under siege: Poaching and protection of Greater One-horned Rhinoceroses in India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030155426/http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_mammals46.pdf |date=30 October 2012 }}. TRAFFIC India&lt;/ref&gt; By the mid-1990s, poaching had rendered the species extinct there.&lt;ref name=&quot;foose1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author1 = Foose, T. |author2 = van Strien, N. |name-list-style = amp |year = 1997 |title = Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |publisher = IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK |isbn = 2-8317-0336-0 |url = http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/ref_files/1175857641.pdf |access-date = 1 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715183120/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/ref_files/1175857641.pdf |archive-date = 15 July 2011 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Methods of poaching==<br /> Five methods of killing rhinos have been recorded:&lt;ref name=&quot;menon1996&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Shooting is by far the most common method used; rhino horn traders hire sharpshooters and often supply them with rifles and swords.<br /> * Trapping in a pit depends largely on the terrain and availability of grass to cover it; pits are dug out in such a way that a fallen animal has little room to manoeuvre with its head slightly above the pit, so that it is easy to saw off the horn.<br /> * Electrocuting is used where high voltage powerlines pass through or near a protected area, to which poachers hook a long insulated rod connected to a wire, which is suspended above a rhino path.<br /> * Poisoning by smearing [[zinc phosphide]] rat poison or [[pesticide]]s on [[salt lick]]s frequently used by rhinos.<br /> * With a noose, which cuts through the rhino's skin and kills it by strangulation.<br /> <br /> ==Reasons==<br /> Illegal rhino horn trade has been the main problem facing managers of the rhino-protected areas of Assam. According to research by [[Traffic (conservation programme)]] and [[World Wide Fund for Nature]], some Vietnamese buyers believe horn to be a cure for cancer when ground to a fine powder. According to a survey conducted by [[World Wide Fund for Nature in South Africa]], it is kept by wealthy people in Vietnam as a &quot;peace of mind&quot; cure.<br /> <br /> In 1993, rhino horn was removed from the official lists of [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]]. It is now only sold in Vietnam following an unsubstantiated rumour that horn cured a high-ranking official in [[Vietnam]] of cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Pederson |first=Stephanie |title=Continued Poaching Will Result in the Degradation of Fragile Ecosystems |url=http://www.theinternational.org/articles/188-continued-poaching-will-result-in-the-deg |publisher=The International |access-date=2013-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128093002/http://www.theinternational.org/articles/188-continued-poaching-will-result-in-the-deg |archive-date=2013-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title ='Dehorning not the solution to rhino poaching' | newspaper =The Hindu | url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dehorning-not-the-solution-to-rhino-poaching/article5785797.ece | date =15 March 2014 | access-date =15 March 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131557/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dehorning-not-the-solution-to-rhino-poaching/article5785797.ece | archive-date =15 March 2014 | url-status =live | last1 =Talukdar | first1 =Sushanta }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Statistics==<br /> {{expand list|date=January 2015}}<br /> The following table shows the numbers of [[Poaching|poached]] rhino in Assam since 1962:&lt;ref&gt;Forest Department of Assam&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! [[Kaziranga National Park|Kaziranga]] !! [[Manas National Park|Manas]] !! [[Orang National Park|Orang]] !! [[Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary|Pobitora]] !! [[Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary|Laokhowa]] !! Other areas in Assam !! Year-wise Total<br /> |-<br /> | 1962 || 1 || - || - || - || - || - || 1 <br /> |-<br /> | 1963 || 1 || - || - || - || - || - || 1 <br /> |-<br /> | 1964 || 0 || - || - || - || - || - || 0 <br /> |- <br /> | 1965 || 18 || 1 || - || - || - || - || 19 <br /> |-<br /> | 1966 || 6 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 6 <br /> |-<br /> | 1967 || 12 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 12 <br /> |-<br /> | 1968 || 9 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 9 <br /> |-<br /> | 1969 || 8 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 8 <br /> |-<br /> | 1970 || 2 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 2 <br /> |-<br /> | 1971 || 8 || 1 || - || - || - || - || 9 <br /> |-<br /> | 1972 || 0 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 0 <br /> |-<br /> | 1973 || 3 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 3 <br /> |-<br /> | 1974 || 3 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 3 <br /> |-<br /> | 1975 || 5 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 5 <br /> |-<br /> | 1976 || 1 || 4 || - || - || - || - || 5 <br /> |-<br /> | 1977 || 0 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 0 <br /> |-<br /> | 1978 || 5 || 1 || - || - || - || - || 6 <br /> |-<br /> | 1979 || 2 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 15 <br /> |-<br /> | 1980 || 11 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 18 <br /> |-<br /> | 1981 || 24 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 4 || 38 <br /> |-<br /> | 1982 || 25 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 5 || 8 || 44 <br /> |-<br /> | 1983 || 37 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 41&lt;ref name=&quot;menon1996&quot;/&gt; || 7 || '''92''' <br /> |- <br /> | 1984 || 28 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 6 || 45 <br /> |-<br /> | 1985 || 44 || 1 || 8 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 56 <br /> |-<br /> | 1986 || 45 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 52 <br /> |-<br /> | 1987 || 23 || 7 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 7 || 43 <br /> |-<br /> | 1988 || 24 || 1 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 9 || 44 <br /> |-<br /> | 1989 || 44 || 6 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 8 || 64 <br /> |-<br /> | 1990 || 35 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 45 <br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || 23 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 29 <br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || 49 || 11 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 67 <br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || 40 || 22 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 3 || 68 <br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || ? || ? || ? || 4 || ? || ? || 14<br /> |-<br /> | 1995 || ? || ? || ? || 2 || ? || ? || 27<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ? || ? || ? || 5 || ? || ? || 26<br /> |-<br /> | 1997 || ? || ? || ? || 3 || ? || ? || 12<br /> |-<br /> | 1998 || 8 || ? || ? || 4 || ? || ? || 12<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || 4 || ? || ? || 6 || ? || ? || 10<br /> |-<br /> | 2000 || 14 || ? || ? || 2 || ? || ? || 15<br /> |-<br /> | 2001 || 9 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 10<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || 5 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 6<br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || 6 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 8<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || 5 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 5<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || 12 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 15<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || 6 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 9<br /> |-<br /> | 2007 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 20<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 16<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 14<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 18<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 8<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 26<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 28<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || 35 || 3 || ? || ? || ? || ? || 38<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || 3 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 3<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || 19 || 1 || ? || ? || ? || ? || 20<br /> |-2017 || 31 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 31<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Preventive measures taken by Government===<br /> <br /> ==Dehorning rhinos==<br /> The forest department of Assam took a proposal of dehorning rhinoceres to save it from poachers in February 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;dna analysis&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-assam-to-dehorn-rhinos-to-save-them-1961855 | title=Assam to dehorn rhinos to save them | access-date=11 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509031919/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-assam-to-dehorn-rhinos-to-save-them-1961855 | archive-date=9 May 2015 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Government of Assam]] also called for public opinion by a committee headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife) could take a decision. Many environmentalists and NGO's opposed the proposal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Environmentalists-oppose-Assam-govts-move-to-dehorn-rhino/articleshow/31532209.cms | title=Environmentalists oppose Assam govt's move to dehorn rhino | date=6 March 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=11 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309051543/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Environmentalists-oppose-Assam-govts-move-to-dehorn-rhino/articleshow/31532209.cms | archive-date=9 March 2014 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The proposal was unsuccessful.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Rhino poaching in Southern Africa]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hunting topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rhinoceros (genus)]]<br /> [[Category:Poaching]]<br /> [[Category:Fauna of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Kaziranga National Park]]<br /> [[Category:Environmental issues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Smuggling in India]]<br /> [[Category:Crime in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Hunting by game]]<br /> [[Category:Hunting in India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Raphael_Anaparambil&diff=505509 2025-12-02T06:38:06Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Catholic prelate (born 1962)}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Christian leader<br /> | name = James Raphael Anaparambil<br /> | honorific_prefix = Rt. Rev. Dr. J<br /> | diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey]]<br /> | term_start = 11 October 2019<br /> | predecessor = [[Stephen Athipozhiyil]]<br /> | birth_place = [[Chellanam]], [[Kochi]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|3|7|df=y}}<br /> | appointed = 7 December 2017<br /> | birth_name = James Raphael Anaparambil<br /> | religion = [[Catholic]]<br /> | rank = [[Bishop]]<br /> | ordination = 11 February 2018<br /> | image = James Raphael Anaparambil.jpg<br /> | title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey|Bishop of Alleppey]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Pontifical Urban University]]<br /> | previous_post = Apostolic Administrator [[sede plena]] of the [[Diocese of Cochin]] 11 October 2024 to 07 December 2025<br /> | motto = &lt;i&gt;&quot;Da pacem Domine in diebus nostris&quot;&lt;/i&gt;<br /> | coat_of_arms = CoA - James Raphael Anaparambil.png<br /> }}<br /> '''James Raphael Anaparambil''' (born 7 March 1962)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bishop of Alleppey Diocese James Raphael Anaparambil {{!}} UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/bishops/bishop-raphael-anaparambil/878 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.ucanews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian [[prelate]] serving as the fourth bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey]] and the Apostolic Administrator ''[[Apostolic administration|sede plena]]'' of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> {{Infobox bishop styles|name=James Raphael Anaparambil|dipstyle=*[[Grace (style)|His Grace]]<br /> *[[The Most Reverend]] <br /> *[[The Right Reverend]]|offstyle=[[Your Grace]]|relstyle=[[Bishop]]|image_size=150px|image=CoA - James Raphael Anaparambil.png}}<br /> <br /> === Early life ===<br /> Anaparambil was born on 7 March 1962, as the fifth child of Raphael and Brigit Anaparambil. He completed his primary education at St. Mary's High School, Chellanam and pursued minor seminary studies in Alappuzha, followed by major seminary studies at St. Joseph's Pontifical Seminary, Aluva. From 1993 to 1998, he pursued higher studies in [[biblical theology]] at the [[Pontifical Urban University]], earning a doctoral degree in [[Jewish culture]]. He also holds a master's degree in [[Judaism]] from the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-12-07 |title=Rev. Fr. James Raphael Anaparambil appointed as New Coadjutor Bishop of Alleppey |url=https://ccbi.in/rev-fr-james-raphael-anaparambil-appointed-as-new-coadjutor-bishop-of-alleppey/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=CCBI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Priesthood ===<br /> Anaparambil was ordained a priest on 17 December 1986, by Bishop [[Peter Michael Chenaparampil|Peter Chenaparambil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us - Diocese of Alleppey |url=http://www.dioceseofalleppey.com/vg/history.php?cmd=bjames |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.dioceseofalleppey.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later went onto hold various pastoral and academic roles within the [[Diocese of Alleppey]]. Early in his ministry, he served as chaplain at St. Thomas Parish in Thumpoly from 1986 to 1987. He later took on administrative responsibilities as Prefect and Procurator of Sacred Heart Minor Seminary in Mayithara and as the Diocesan Director of the Vocations Centre from 1989 to 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> His academic contributions included teaching [[biblical theology]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] at St. Joseph's Pontifical Seminary in St. Joseph's Pontifical Seminary, Aluva from 1998 to 2013. During this time, he also held leadership positions, serving as President of the Faculty of Theology and Philosophy in Aluva between 2003 and 2006. From 2009 to 2012, he was appointed [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of St. Joseph's Pontifical Seminary, Carmelgiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to his academic roles, Anaparambil was actively involved in diocesan administration. Between 2014 and 2016, he served as the Vicar General for Clergy, Religious, and Seminarians in the Diocese of Alleppey, overseeing the pastoral and spiritual formation of clergy and religious members within the diocese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bishop of Alleppey ===<br /> On 7 December 2017, [[Pope Francis]] appointed Anaparambil as the [[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor Bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey|Diocese of Alleppey]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-12-07 |title=New Archbishops named for Mexico City and Paris - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2017-12/resignations-and-appointments.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006075318/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2017-12/resignations-and-appointments.html |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=2025-03-02 |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; replacing the retiring Bishop [[Stephen Athipozhiyil]]. Anaparambil's installation in Alleppey took place on October 11, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-07 |title=Pope appoints a coadjutor bishop to Alleppey Diocese in India - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2017-12/coadjutor-bishop-allepey-diocese-kerala-india.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Apostolic Administrator of Cochin ===<br /> On 12 October 2024, Anaparambil was appointed Apostolic Administrator ''[[Apostolic administration|sede plena]]'' of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin|Diocese of Cochin]]. The diocese became vacant following the retirement of [[Joseph Kariyil|Bishop Joseph Kariyil]] on 2 March 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News {{!}} Catholic Connect |url=https://cc.pacifyca.com/news/bishop-james-appointed-as-the-apostolic-administrator-of-cochin |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=cc.pacifyca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.dioceseofalleppey.com/vg/index.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey Home Page] [https://web.archive.org/web/20250227150519/http://www.dioceseofalleppey.com/vg/index.php Archived] on February 27, 2025, at the [[Wayback Machine]]<br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-rel|ca}}<br /> {{succession box<br /> | title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey|Bishop of Alleppey]]<br /> | years = 2019–present<br /> | before = [[Stephen Athipozhiyil]]<br /> | after = Incumbent|<br /> }}{{succession box<br /> | title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin|Apostolic Administrator of Cochin]]<br /> | years = 2024–present<br /> | before = [[Joseph Kariyil]]<br /> | after = [[Antony Kattiparambil]]|<br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anaparambil, James Raphael}}<br /> [[Category:1962 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Christian clergy from Alappuzha district]]<br /> [[Category:Pontifical Urban University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhijit_Guha_(general)&diff=484316 2025-11-20T13:05:30Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian lieutenant general}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> '''Abhijit Guha''' is a retired [[lieutenant general]] of the [[Indian Army]] who served as head of the [[UN Mission to Support the Hodeidah Agreement]] (UNMHA) in [[Yemen]].<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Guha graduated from the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], the [[Defence Services Staff College]], and the [[Army War College, Mhow|College of Combat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2019-09-12/lieutenant-general-%28retired%29-abhijit-guha-of-india-head-of-the-united-nations-mission-support-of-the-hudaydah-agreement|title=Lieutenant General (retired) Abhijit Guha of India - Head of the United Nations Mission in support of the Hudaydah Agreement|date=2019-09-12|website=United Nations Secretary-General|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> During 1992–1993 in [[Cambodia]], he was part of the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|United Nations Transitional Authority]] as a [[military observer]].<br /> <br /> Between 2009 and 2013, he was the [[military adviser]] at the Office of Military Affairs of the [[United Nations Department of Peace Operations|United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations]]. He retired from the [[Indian Army]] in 2013 as a [[lieutenant general]]. After retirement, he was a part of the Expert Panel on the 2014 Technology and Innovation in [[UN Peacekeeping]] and the 2015 High Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/retd-indian-army-lt-general-named-in-un-panel-on-peacekeeping/articleshow/45001471.cms|title=Retd Indian Army Lt General named in UN panel on peacekeeping|date=2014-11-01|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has participated in [[United Nations]]’ investigations in the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2019, Guha became the Head of the [[UN Mission to Support the Hodeidah Agreement]] (UNMHA) and the Chair 🪑 of the Redeployment Coordination Committee in Yemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/united-nations-appoints-veteran-indian-officer-abhijit-guha-to-lead-its-mission-in-yemen-2100161|title=UN Appoints Veteran Indian Officer To Lead Its Mission In Yemen|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=ANI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/un-chief-appoints-indian-army-veteran-abhijit-guha-as-head-of-hodeidah-mission-119091300294_1.html|title=UN chief appoints Indian Army veteran Abhijit Guha as head of Hodeidah mission|date=2019-09-13|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Guha, Abhijit}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian lieutenant generals]]<br /> [[Category:United Nations peacekeeping]]<br /> [[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the National Defence College, India]]<br /> [[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian military personnel]]<br /> [[Category:Army War College, Mhow alumni]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-mil-bio-stub}}</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chatakpur&diff=493648 2025-11-08T15:39:32Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Village<br /> | official_name = Chatakpur<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.9671|N|88.3112|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | elevation_m = 2,404<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chatakpur''' is a village within the [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]], located in [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chatakpur |url=https://wbtourism.gov.in/topDestination/details1?template_id=1&amp;id=641179451efbb7eced070ec4 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=West Bengal Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Socio-Environmental Survey of an Ecologically Important Forest Edge Hamlet in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365504580 |journal=International Letters of Natural Sciences |volume=52 |pages=71 |via=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; It sits at an elevation of 2,404 m (7,887 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; One of the highest villages in the district,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chatakpur |url=https://www.east-himalaya.com/chatakpur.php |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.east-himalaya.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chatakpur sits at a distance of about 25 km (15.5 mi) from [[Darjeeling]] and 7 km (4.3 mi) from [[Sonada]], a [[census town]] in the [[Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (community development block)|Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri]] [[Community development block|CD block]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trip To Chatakpur: What To See &amp; Do |url=https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_000174.htm |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.darjeeling-tourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chatakpur Travel Guide with Sightseeing, Attractions and Activities |url=https://northbengaltourism.com/offbeat-destinations/darjeeling/chatakpur/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=northbengaltourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sparsely populated, Chatakpur is variously described as an eco-friendly village&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and an [[ecovillage]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Marsh |first=Sarah |date=2017-02-21 |title=Darjeeling's new Himalayan cycle trail |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/feb/21/darjeeling-india-new-bike-trail-senchal-wildlife-park |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; given the residents' reliance on the [[Homestay|homestay industry]] and [[terrace farming]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In 2017, India's first [[hill station]] [[Bike path|cycle trail]] was opened in Darjeeling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-17 |title=Darjeeling Gets The Country's First Cyclist Park And We Are Already Itching To Ride Out! |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/darjeeling-gets-the-country-s-first-cyclist-park-and-we-are-already-itching-to-ride-out-269636.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chhetri |first=Vivek |title=Darjeeling gets park for biking |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-gets-park-for-biking/cid/1525551 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Pramod |title=Exclusive park for mountain bikers in Darjeeling. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/exclusive-park-for-mountain-bikers-in-darjeeling/story-0xcsu36UKInFWWZ8jpHj1O.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |date=2 January 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The trail begins near [[Jorebungalow]] and concludes at Chatakpur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=A Cycling Trail Is In One Of India's Oldest Protected Areas |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/a-cycling-trail-is-in-one-of-india-s-oldest-protected-areas-news-200098 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a [[watchtower]] in the village.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chatakpur Tourism {{!}} North Bengal Tourism |url=https://www.north-bengal.com/chatakpur-darjeeling-district.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.north-bengal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Darjeeling district]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brand_Sapte&diff=492345 2025-10-29T13:09:34Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Brand Sapte<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = c1825<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = 6 June 1891<br /> | death_place = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> }}<br /> '''Brand Sapte''' (c1825 - 6 June 1891), succeeded [[George Dundas Turnbull]] as [[District magistrate|Collector]] of the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]], and later became judge at [[Farrukhabad]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India|India]]. He wrote short biographies of all the men from [[East India Company College|Haileybury]] who fought against the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Having spent two years at Haileybury he arrived in India in 1843 and remained there until 1871. He died on 6 June 1891 at 116 [[Gloucester Terrace]], London.&lt;ref name=Singh1874&gt;{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kuar Lachman|title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Zila Bulandshahar |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government Press|isbn=978-3-382-50031-3|location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.11477/page/45/mode/2up?q=sapte|language=en|pages=45-52}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Danvers&gt;{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog/page/n21/mode/2up?q=sapte |title=Memorials of Old Haileybury College |last2=Monier-Williams |first2=Monier |last3=Bayley |first3=Steuart Colvin |last4=Wigram |first4=Percy |last5=Sapte |first5=Brand |date=1894 |publisher=A. Constable |language=en|pages=xi-xii, 424}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Keene1883&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Keene |first1=Henry George |title=Fifty-Seven: Some Account of the Administration in Indian Districts During the Revolt of the Bengal Army |date=1883 |publisher=W.H. Allen |location=London |page=34 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wj4oAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA34 |language=en |chapter=2. Meerut and Bulandshahr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Deaths |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001616/18910613/080/0005 |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=Nuneaton Advertiser |date=13 June 1891 |location=Warwickshire |page=5|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Kaye1897&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kaye |first1=Sir John William |title=Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857-9 |date=1897 |publisher=Longmans, Green |location=London|volume=VI |page=134 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIPEFkIeYOsC&amp;pg=PA134 |language=en |chapter=Revolt at Bulandshahr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=UK, Registers of Employees of the East India Company and the India Office, 1746-1939 |page=29 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/61468/records/68758|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of administrators of Bulandshahr]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sapte, Brand}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br /> [[Category:1825 births]]<br /> [[Category:1891 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century British writers]]<br /> <br /> {{UK-writer-stub}}</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jafar_Masood_Hasani_Nadwi&diff=505041 2025-10-19T10:31:20Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar, writer and translator (1965–2025)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Jafar Masood Hasani Nadwi<br /> | image =<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Mawlānā]] [[Sayyid (name)|Syed]]<br /> | office1 = Secretary of [[Nadwatul Ulama]]<br /> | term_start1 = 6 May 2023<br /> | term_end1 = 15 January 2025<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Bilal Abdul Hai Hasani Nadwi]]<br /> | successor1 = Ammar Hasani Nadwi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=مولانا محمد عمار حسني ندوي ندوة العلماء لکھنؤ کے نئے سیکریٹری جنرل مقرر |trans-title=Maulana Muhammad Ammar Hasni Nadvi appointed as the new Secretary General of Nadwatul Ulama Lucknow |url=https://iumsonline.org/Ur/ContentDetails.aspx?ID=37430 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=[[International Union of Muslim Scholars]] |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | office2 = Editor-in-chief of the Arabic fortnightly [[Al-Raid]]<br /> | term_start2 = 1 February 2019<br /> | term_end2 = 16 January 2025<br /> | predecessor2 = Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi<br /> | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=Islam<br /> | name = Syed Jafar Masood Hassani Nadwi <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1965|09|13}}<br /> | birth_place = Takia, [[Raebareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India <br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|01|15|1965|09|13}}<br /> | death_place = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | death_cause = [[Motor vehicle collision]]<br /> | nationality = Indian <br /> | occupation = Islamic scholar, writer, translator<br /> |alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]|[[Lucknow University]]|[[King Saud University]]}}<br /> |influences = <br /> |father = [[Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi]]<br /> |relatives = [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]] (paternal uncle and father-in-law)<br /> |denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]<br /> |Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]<br /> |creed =<br /> |Sufi_order =<br /> |disciple_of =<br /> | notable_works = ''Fī Masīrat al-Hayāt'' (Arabic translation), ''Basāir''<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jafar Masood Hasani Nadwi''' (13 September 1965 – 15 January 2025) was an Indian Sunni Islamic scholar, educator, writer,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2015 |title=Muslim law board chief speaks: One culture being imposed in country |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/muslim-law-board-chief-speaks-one-culture-being-imposed-in-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029012331/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/muslim-law-board-chief-speaks-one-culture-being-imposed-in-country/ |archive-date=29 October 2015 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 October 2015 |title=MPLB chief: Particular culture is being imposed |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/13233-mplb-chief-particular-culture-is-being-imposed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116095725/https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/13233-mplb-chief-particular-culture-is-being-imposed/ |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; and translator. He was associated with [[Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow, where he held the position of Secretary (''Nazir-e-Aam'') from 2023 until his death in 2025. Nadwi also served as the editor-in-chief of ''[[Al-Raid]]'', an Arabic fortnightly journal, and contributed to the promotion of Islamic literature through his leadership as General Secretary and later President of the International League of Islamic Literature (''Aalami Rabta-e-Adab-e-Islami''). He was known for his translations and writings in Arabic and Urdu on Islamic thought, history, and literature.<br /> <br /> == Early life and education == <br /> Jafar Masood Hassani Nadwi was born on 13 September 1965 in Takia, [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]], Uttar Pradesh, India, into a family with a strong Islamic scholarly background.&lt;ref name=&quot;sph&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jafar Masood Hasani Nadwi |url=http://sphbooks.org/urdu/author-details?id=133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115200059/http://sphbooks.org/urdu/author-details?id=133 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=sphbooks.org |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Muniri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muniri |first=Abdul Mateen |date=16 January 2025 |title=مولانا جعفر مسعود حسنی ندوی – ایک مخلص معلم، داعی اور فکر کا داغِ جدائی |trans-title=Maulana Jafar Masood Hasani Nadwi – A Sincere Teacher, Preacher, and the Scar of Separation of Thought |url=https://bhatkallys.com/articles/read/moulana-jafer-masud-hasani-nadwi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116043043/https://bhatkallys.com/articles/read/moulana-jafer-masud-hasani-nadwi/ |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=bhatkallys.com |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waseeque&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis|last=Waseeque |first=Mohd|title=الأستاذ محمد واضح رشيد الحسني الندوي كاتبا ومفكراً|trans-title=Mohammad Wazeh Rasheed Hasani Nadawi as a writer and thinker|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Lucknow]] |location= Lucknow, India|pages=254–255|year=2021|hdl= 10603/513096|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/513096 |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father, [[Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi]], was an Arabic writer and journalist, while his uncle, [[Mohammad Rabey Hasani Nadwi]], was an Islamic scholar.&lt;ref name=&quot;fikrokhabar&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Nadwi completed his early education in Raebareli, memorized the Quran, and later enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow. He received his ''Alimiyah'' degree in 1981 and ''Fazilah'' degree in 1983. He subsequently obtained an M.A. in Arabic from [[Lucknow University]] in 1986 and completed a teaching training course at [[King Saud University]] in 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;sph&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Muniri&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waseeque&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the son-in-law of [[Mohammad Rabey Hasani Nadwi]], the former chancellor of [[Nadwatul Ulama]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Muniri&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career == <br /> Nadwi started his career in 1985 as a teacher of Hadith and Arabic literature at Madrasa Aliah Irfania, a branch of [[Nadwatul Ulama]] in Lucknow. During this time, he also taught social sciences and broadened his understanding of academic and Islamic subjects.&lt;ref name=&quot;sph&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Muniri&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waseeque&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013, he was appointed the managing editor of ''[[Al-Raid]]'', an Arabic fortnightly journal published by Nadwatul Ulama, and in 2019, he became its editor-in-chief.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muniri&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sph&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=ندوۃ العلماء کی فکر وقت کی ضرورت: رابع حسنی ندوی |trans-title=The need of the time for the thought of Nadwat-ul-Ulama: Rabey Hasani Nadwi |url=https://dailyhindustanexpress.com/nidwat-ulamas-worry-is-the-need-of-time-rabi-hosni-nadvi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325185407/https://dailyhindustanexpress.com/nidwat-ulamas-worry-is-the-need-of-time-rabi-hosni-nadvi/ |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Express |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waseeque&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He held the position of Secretary (Nazir-e-Aam) of [[Nadwatul Ulama]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 June 2023 |title=Rajnath on three-day Lucknow visit from June 16 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/rajnath-on-three-day-lucknow-visit-from-june-16-101686850874170.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501195915/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/rajnath-on-three-day-lucknow-visit-from-june-16-101686850874170.html |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=مولانا سید رابع حسنی ندویؒ مسلمانان ہند کیلئے نقطہ اتفاق تھے جامع العلوم پٹکاپور میں تعزیتی اجلاس سے مولانا خالد سیف اللہ رحمانی سمیت دیگر علماء کا خطاب |trans-title=Maulana Syed Rabey Hassani Nadwi was a unifying figure for the Muslims of India, said scholars including Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani during a condolence meeting at Jamiatul Uloom, Patkapur. |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/200021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612175914/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/200021 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt; and also served as the Secretary of the Academy of Islamic Research and Publications ({{langx|ur|مجلسِ تحقیقات و نشریاتِ اسلام}}), Lucknow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 June 2024 |title=ناظم ندوۃ العلماء نے کتاب &quot;دولت عثمانیہ اور ترکی کی تاریخ&quot; کا رسم اجرا کیا، تاریخِ فلسطین کا بھی ذکر |trans-title=Nāzim of Nadwatul Ulama inaugurated the book &quot;Dawlat-e-Uthmāniyyah aur Turkey ki Tareekh,&quot; and also mentioned the history of Palestine. |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!literature/nazim-nadwatul-ulama-released-the-book-history-of-ottoman-empire-and-turkey-and-also-mentioned-the-history-of-palestine-urn24051501013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120104403/https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!literature/nazim-nadwatul-ulama-released-the-book-history-of-ottoman-empire-and-turkey-and-also-mentioned-the-history-of-palestine-urn24051501013 |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=16 January 2025|website=[[Etv Urdu|ETV Urdu]] |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, he was the General Secretary&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nadwi |first=Raihan Baig |date=5 October 2024 |title=Nadwat al-'Ulamā' aur is ke 'Ilmī o Taḥqīqī Idāre: Ek Ta'āruf |trans-title=Nadwat al-'Ulamā' and its Academic and Research Institutions: An Introduction |url=https://rafeeqemanzil.com/nadwatul-ulma-k-tehqeeqi-idaare/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120093703/https://rafeeqemanzil.com/nadwatul-ulma-k-tehqeeqi-idaare/ |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Rafeeq-e-Manzil |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nadvi |first=Raziul Islam |date=4 November 2023 |title=جامعۃ الفیصل میں مولانا رابع ندوی پر سمینار |trans-title=Seminar on Maulana Rabey Nadvi at Jamiatul Faisal |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-rabe-nadwi-par-seminar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127033906/https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-rabe-nadwi-par-seminar/ |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Qindeel |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 December 2022 |title=بھٹکل میں رابطہ ادب اسلامی عالمی جنوبی ہند کا تنظیمی اجلاس |trans-title=Organizational Meeting of Rabita Adab Islami Alami South India Held in Bhatkal |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/karnataka/organizational-meeting-of-the-raabta-adab-islami-aalami-for-south-india-in-bhatkal/na20221201142249925925933 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201091756/https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/karnataka/organizational-meeting-of-the-raabta-adab-islami-aalami-for-south-india-in-bhatkal/na20221201142249925925933 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt; and later became the President of the International League of Islamic Literature ({{langx|ar|رابطة الأدب الإسلامي العالمية}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 December 2024 |title=Speakers at Jaipur Seminar Pay Glowing Tributes to Maulana Abdur Rahim Mujaddidi |url=https://clarionindia.net/speakers-at-jaipur-seminar-pay-glowing-tributes-to-maulana-abdur-rahim-mujaddidi/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Clarion India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 December 2024 |title=Maulana Abdur Rahim Mujaddidi: A visionary advocate for integrating religious and modern education in Madaris curriculum&quot; |url=https://indiatomorrow.net/2024/12/19/maulana-abdur-rahim-mujaddidi-a-visionary-advocate-for-integrating-religious-and-modern-education-in-madaris-curriculum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219152615/https://indiatomorrow.net/2024/12/19/maulana-abdur-rahim-mujaddidi-a-visionary-advocate-for-integrating-religious-and-modern-education-in-madaris-curriculum/ |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=India Tomorrow |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Nadwi died on 15 January 2025 in [[Lucknow]], India, in a traffic accident on the [[Prayagraj Bypass Expressway|Lucknow–Allahabad highway]]. He was 59.&lt;ref name=&quot;etv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 January 2025 |title=ندوۃ العلماء کے ناظرِ عام مولانا جعفر مسعود حسنی ندوی سڑک حادثے میں جاں بحق |trans-title=Secretary of Nadwatul Ulama, Maulana Jafar Masood Hasani Nadwi, dies in a road accident. |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!state/nazir-e-aam-of-nadwatul-ulema-maulana-jafar-masood-hasani-nadwi-dies-in-a-road-accident-urn25011602487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116093751/https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!state/nazir-e-aam-of-nadwatul-ulema-maulana-jafar-masood-hasani-nadwi-dies-in-a-road-accident-urn25011602487 |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fikrokhabar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 January 2025 |title=افسوسناک خبر: ناظرِ عام ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ حضرت مولانا جعفر مسعود حسنی ندوی انتقال کر گئے |trans-title=Sad news: Nazr-e-Aam Nadwatul Ulama Lucknow Hazrat Maulana Jafar Masood Hasni Nadvi passes away |url=https://fikrokhabar.com/moulana_syed_jafar_masood_hasani_nadwi_intiqal_kargaye_/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115202040/https://fikrokhabar.com/moulana_syed_jafar_masood_hasani_nadwi_intiqal_kargaye_/ |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Fikro Khabar News |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 January 2025 |title=دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ کے ناظر عام مولانا جعفر حسنی ندوی کا انتقال |trans-title=Maulana Jafar Hasani Nadvi, the secretary of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Lucknow, passed away. |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/219826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115202603/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/219826 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 January 2025 |title=Chief Administrator of Nadwa tul Ulema, Molana Jafar Masood Hasani Nadwi, Passes Away After Vehicle Accident |url=https://theobserverpost.com/chief-administrator-of-nadwa-tul-ulema-molana-jafar-masood-hasani-nadwi-passes-away-after-vehicle-accident/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=The Observer Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was buried on 16 January 2025 in his family's ancestral graveyard at Takia Kalan, [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]. His funeral prayer was led by [[Bilal Abdul Hai Hasani Nadwi]], the chancellor of Nadwatul Ulama, and was attended by a large number of people.&lt;ref name=Amir&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nadwi |first=Mohd Amir |date=17 January 2025 |title=ندوۃ العلماء کے ناظرعام مولانا جعفر مسعودحسنی ندوی کی رحلت، رائے بریلی میں تدفین |trans-title=Nazir-e-Aam of Nadwatul Ulama, Maulana Jafar Masood Hasani Nadwi, passes away; laid to rest in Raebareli. |url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/death-of-maulana-jafar-masood-hasani-nadwi-nazr-e-aam-of-nidwat-ul-ulama-burial-in-rae-bareilly-71732 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=[[The Inquilab]] |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Public figures, including [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]] (President of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2025 |title=حضرت مولانا سید محمد جعفر مسعود حسنی ندوی کی وفات علمی دنیا کے لئے بڑا خسارہ : مولانا خالدسیف اللہ رحمانی |trans-title=The demise of Hazrat Maulana Syed Muhammad Jafar Masood Hasani Nadwi is a great loss to the academic world: Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/219836 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Akhilesh Yadav]] (President of the [[Samajwadi Party]]), [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]] (Leader of the [[Azad Samaj Party]]), [[Sajjad Nomani]], [[Akram Nadwi]] of [[Oxford University]], [[Syed Ahmed Bukhari]] (Shahi Imam of [[Jama Masjid, Delhi]]),&lt;ref name=Amir/&gt; and [[Priyanka Gandhi]] (General Secretary of [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2025 |title=Lucknow News: मौलाना जाफर का इंतकाल कौम के लिए बड़ा नुकसान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/maulana-jafars-death-is-a-big-loss-for-the-community-lucknow-news-c-13-knp1050-1039348-2025-01-18 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; offered condolences. Expressions of grief were also received from notable individuals in India and abroad.&lt;ref name=Amir/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Literary works == <br /> Nadwi started writing at an early age, producing scholarly and literary articles on topics such as literature, Islamic thought, and history, in both Urdu and Arabic. His writings were regularly published in Arabic in ''[[Al-Raid]]'' and in Urdu in ''[[Tameer-e-Hayat]]'' and other journals and newspapers. He also translated several Urdu articles, academic papers, literary works, and political writings into Arabic, along with full books. Some of his notable works include:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=مرکز الشیخ ابی الحسن الندوی للبحوث والدراسات الاسلامیۃ |trans-title=Shaikh Abul Hasan Nadwi Centre for Islamic Research and Studies |url=https://aljamiaalislamia.com/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909123959/https://aljamiaalislamia.com/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C/ |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=16 January 2025 |language=ur }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waseeque&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nadwi |first=Muhammad Azam |author-link=Muhammad Azam Nadwi |date=20 January 2025 |title=عن جعفر بن &quot;رشيدٍ&quot; أطيب الخبر |url=https://iumsonline.org/ar/ContentDetails.aspx?ID=37219 |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=[[International Union of Muslim Scholars]] |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> * ''Fī Masīrat al-Hayāt'' – Arabic translation of ''[[Karwan-e-Zindagi]]'' by [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]. <br /> * ''Al-Shaykh Muhammad Yusuf al-Kandhlawi: Hayatuhu wa Manhajuhu fi al-Da'wah'' – Arabic translation of the Urdu book by Muhammad Thani Hasani Nadwi. <br /> * ''Al-Imam al-Muhaddith Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandhlawi wa Ma'athiruhu al-Ilmiyyah'' – Arabic translation of the Urdu book by Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi. <br /> * ''Da'wah lil-Ta'ammul wal-Tafkir'' – Original work in Urdu ({{langx|ur|دعوت فکر و نظر}}). <br /> * ''Basāir'' – Urdu translation of the Arabic book by Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hasani Nadwi, Jafar Masood}}<br /> [[Category:1965 births]]<br /> [[Category:2025 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic–Urdu translators]]<br /> [[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian educators]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Indian translators]]<br /> [[Category:Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:King Saud University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Raebareli district]]<br /> [[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sambad_Kaumudi&diff=470320 2025-09-14T20:16:58Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bengali weekly newspaper, 1819 to 1836}}<br /> {{Infobox newspaper<br /> | name = Sambad Kaumudi&lt;br /&gt;সংবাদ কৌমুদী<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | type = Weekly [[newspaper]]<br /> | format = <br /> | founded = 1819<br /> | owners = [[Raja Rammohan Roy]]<br /> | publisher = [[Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay]], Gobinda Chandra Kongar<br /> | editor = Bhabani Charan ,Bandyopadhyay, Harihar Dutta, Gobinda Chandra Kongar, Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal]]<br /> | circulation = <br /> | ceased_publication = 1836<br /> | political_position = none <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Sambad Kaumudi''''' ({{langx|bn|সংবাদ কৌমুদী}}) was a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] weekly newspaper published from [[Kolkata]] in the first half of the 19th century by [[Ram Mohan Roy]]. It was a noted pro-Reformist publication that actively campaigned for the abolition(stop) of the [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] Pratha.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> In the prospectus for the ''Sambad Kaumudi'', published in English and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in November 1821, [[Ram Mohan Roy|Ram Mohan]] appealed to his countrymen to lend him &quot;the support and patronage of all who feel themselves interested in the moral and intellectual improvement of our countrymen&quot;. In the same prospectus, he further stated that religious, moral and political matters, domestic occurrence, foreign as well as local intelligence including original communications on various hitherto unpublished interesting local topics, etc. would be published in the ''Sambad Kaumudi'' every Tuesday.<br /> <br /> Although [[Ram Mohan Roy]] was the owner, ''Kaumudi'' was actually published in the name of [[Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bengal&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Social Ideas and Social Change in Bengal 1818–1835|publisher=Brill Archive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qckUAAAAIAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter soon found [[Ram Mohan Roy|Ram Mohan]]'s ideas too radical and parted company to start a rival newspaper called [[Samachar Chandrika]], which became an organ of orthodox [[Hinduism]]. According to different source, ''Kaumudi'' was started by Tarachand Dutta and Bhabani Charan Bandopadhyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement|last=Om Prakash|publisher=Anmol Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsHhe16EbiMC|isbn=81-261-0938-6|page=52}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first issue of ''Sambad Kaumudi'' appeared on December 4, 1821.&lt;ref name=&quot;bengal&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot; /&gt; It contained an 'Appeal to the Bengali Public' in which it proclaimed that the primary object of its publication was to promote the 'public good'. On December 20, 1821, the ''[[Calcutta Journal]]'' brought out an editorial, commenting on the publication of this &quot;new [[Bengali language|Bengali]] newspaper edited by a learned [[Hindu|Hindoo]]&quot;. It also reproduced the prospectus and the 'Appeal to the Bengali Public'. In the appeal, [[Ram Mohan Roy]] said:<br /> <br /> {{cquote|It is our intention hereafter to give further currency to the Articles inserted in this paper, by translating the most interesting parts in the different languages of the East, particularly [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindoostanee]]; but all this will entail considerable expense, the accomplishment of it will, of course, depend upon the encouragement which we may be able to obtain. The foregoing being an outline of what we are desirous of performing, our countrymen will readily conclude that although the paper in question be conducted by us, and may consequently be considered our property, yet virtually it is the 'paper of the public' since in it they can at all times have inserted, anything that tends to the public good ...&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Though [[Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay]] was nominally in charge of this weekly till the publication of its thirteenth issue, [[Ram Mohan Roy|Ram Mohan]] was its promoter, and for all practical purposes, also its editor. After Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay, Harihar Dutta was the editor for some time, followed by Gobinda Chandra Kongar. Due to lack of sufficient patronage ''Kaumudi'' had to stop publication in October 1822. In April 1823 a license was granted under the new Press Regulation to Gobinda Chandra Kongar to publish and Ananda Gopal Mukherji to edit the newspaper.&lt;ref name=&quot;bengal&quot; /&gt;{{rp|87}}<br /> <br /> == Campaign against Sati ==<br /> <br /> ''Sambad Kaumudi'' regularly editorialised against [[Sati (practice)|Sati]], denouncing it as barbaric and un-[[Hindu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A history of Indian literature in English|last=Arvind Krishna Mehrotra|publisher=C. Hurst &amp; Co. Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKlgMkWM-WgC|isbn=1-85065-680-0|page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the main vehicle of [[Ram Mohan Roy]]'s campaign against [[Sati (practice)|Sati]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Widows in India|publisher=APH Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhC8heorB-QC|isbn=81-7024-529-X|page=2 | first=T. N. | last=Kitchlu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The editorial in the ''[[Calcutta Journal]]'' on February 14, 1823 observed, &quot;The paper which was considered so fraught with danger and likely to explode over all India like a spark thrown into a barrel of gunpowder, has long since fallen to the ground for want of support; chiefly we understand because it offended the native community by opposing some of three customs, and particularly the burning of [[Hindu|Hindoo]] widows, etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot; /&gt; [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] [[Lord William Bentinck|Bentinck]], largely (though not exclusively) instigated by [[Ram Mohan Roy]], responded to the growing public outcry by outlawing [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] in 1829.<br /> <br /> == Government Attitude ==<br /> <br /> The Government viewed the newspaper with an eye of suspicion. The officials believed that the newspaper was inspired by the ''[[Calcutta Journal]]'' and patronized by its owner [[James Silk Buckingham]]. The [[Asiatic Journal]], the unofficial organ of the [[East India Company]] published from [[London]] took [[James Silk Buckingham|Buckingham]] to task for encouraging and patronizing an Indian newspaper like the ''Sambad Kaumudi'' which, it thought, could serve no other purpose that to promote Indian disaffection against [[British people|British]] rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;bengal&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Publications established in 1819]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language newspapers published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Publications disestablished in 1936]]<br /> [[Category:1819 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:1836 disestablishments in India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajim&diff=468898 2025-08-15T03:32:02Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Rajim<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = Prayag of Chhattisgarh<br /> | settlement_type = town<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> | photo1a =<br /> | photo2a =<br /> | photo2b =<br /> | photo3a = 6th to 7th century Rajivalochan Vishnu Temple, Rajim, Chhattisgarh - 58.jpg<br /> | photo3b = <br /> | photo4a = <br /> | photo4b = <br /> | photo5a = <br /> | photo5b = <br /> | spacing = 1<br /> | color_border = black<br /> | color = white<br /> | size = 230<br /> | foot_montage = From top to bottom: Laxman Jhula; Mahanadi River; Rajim Kumbh; Rajiv Lochan Vishnu Temple <br /> }}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|20|57|54|N|81|52|54|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Raipur district|Raipur]] (proposed)&lt;br /&gt; [[Gariaband district|Gariaband]] (official)<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = Raja Ratnadeva<br /> | named_for = Rajiv Lochan Mandir<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 281<br /> | population_total = 14,090<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = CG<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mahasamund]] 25 km [[Raipur]] 50 km<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajim''' is a town which is proposed to be in [[Raipur district]] but officially in [[Gariaband district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. Rajim is named after Rajiv Lochan Mandir which is the main Hindu pilgrimage temple of Rajim dedicated to Vishnu. There is also the ancient Kuleshwar Mahadev Mandir dedicated to Shiva at the Triveni Sangam. The town hosts the Triveni Sangam of Mahanadi, Pairi (physically) and Sondor (virtually). Being of such importance, Rajim is also called the ''Prayag of Chhattisgarh''. It was also the centre of work of freedom fighter and social reformer Pt. Sundarlal Sharma.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> It is located at an elevation of 281 m above MSL.<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Rajim is 45&amp;nbsp;km from [[Raipur]]. To reach there, one needs to take [[National Highway 30 (India)|National Highway 30]] to [[Abhanpur]]; from there a left turn leads to a narrow but motorable road to Rajim. Other. Nearby important city is [[Mahasamund]] which is only 25&amp;nbsp;km far on the junction of [[National Highway 6 (India)|National Highway 6]] and [[National Highway 353 (India)|National Highway 353]] and which has an important railway station in Raipur–Vizianagarm Railway line. The nearest airport is [[Raipur Airport]] and the nearest railway station is Gobra Nawapara (Rajim) railway station which is in narrow-gauge line. New Raipur railway station is under construction so the nearest railhead is {{stnlnk|Raipur Junction}}.<br /> <br /> ==Tourism==<br /> The holy confluence of three rivers [[Mahanadi river|Mahanadi]] (''Chitrotpala''), Pairi and Sondur, called ''Triveni Sangam'' is at Rajim. Rajim is also known as the &quot;[[Allahabad|Prayag]] of the Chhattisgarh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.chhattisgarh.com/raipur/travels/raipurtravels.htm Prayag of Chhattisgarh&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Rajim3.jpg|thumb|Group of temples known as Rajiv Lochan]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Mahanadi , Rajim.jpg|thumb|Mahanadi at Rajim in the evening]]<br /> <br /> ==Temples==<br /> Rajim is famous for its rich cultural heritage and ancient temples.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}<br /> <br /> ===Rajiv Lochan Vishnu Mandir=== <br /> The [[Rajiv Lochan Temple|Rajiv Lochan Vishnu Mandir]] is an ancient [[Vishnu]] temple located at Rajim. A 7th century CE inscription recording the construction of the temple, and dated to the reign of the king Vilasatunga, has been found here. Vilasatunga probably belonged to a branch of the [[Nala dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Snigdha Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I - Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&amp;pg=PR3 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 |pages=165–167 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This temple is a notable example of the work of architect Panchayana Shaili.&lt;ref&gt;http://raipur.gov.in/tourism.htm#Bk6 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214162318/http://raipur.gov.in/tourism.htm#Bk6 |date=14 February 2009 }} Raipur district tourism&lt;/ref&gt; The temple structure is supported by twelve towered columns embroidered with stone carvings, which bear the faces of the various gods of the Hindu mythology. The temple is an important religious construct visited by devotees from all over the globe who arrive to offer their prayers to the Lord Vishnu. The statue of Lord [[Buddha]] in the meditative position under the Bodhi tree carved out of black stone is also popular in the city.&lt;ref name=HR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://helloraipur.poorabtimes.com/chhattisgarh/raipur/features/Chhattisgarh%20Tourism/index.php?pid=90&amp;category=chhattisgarh |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428041647/http://helloraipur.poorabtimes.com/chhattisgarh/raipur/features/Chhattisgarh%20Tourism/index.php?pid=90&amp;category=chhattisgarh |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Subsidiary temples==== <br /> Other temples dedicated to the various incarnations of Lord Vishnu like the ''Vamana'' and the ''Narasimha'' are in close proximity of the Rajiv Lochan Mandir.&lt;ref name=HR1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kuleshwar Mahadeva Mandir=== <br /> The Kuleshwar Mahadeva Mandir stands in glory in the city even in itate.&lt;ref name=HR1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ghatoria Mahakali Mandir===<br /> The Ghatoria Mahakali Mandir is another temple on the banks of [[Mahanadi]] river.&lt;ref name=HR1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bhagvan Parashvanath temple===<br /> This temple was constructed in recent years, when people found a 2000 year old statue of Parshavanatha Bhagwan.<br /> <br /> ==Festivals==<br /> [[Rajim Kumbh]] is celebrated every year during mid-February to March spread over a span of 15 days. Rajim Kumbh attracts thousands of naga sadhus, saints, mahatmas, rishis, munis and Margdarshak gurus from across India and beyond. The Rajim Kumbh is arranged at the confluence of three rivers in Rajim also known as Triveni Sangam. Within the same festival, an event Rajim Lochan Mahotsav is held between 16 February and 1 March. The various music and dance performances conducted in the fair display the rich culture of Rajim.<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> *[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://explore-chhattisgarh.blogspot.com/search/label/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE Rajim Tour]<br /> * [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Rajim-47385.htm About Rajim]<br /> <br /> {{Commons category|Rajim}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Raipur district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meerut_City_Junction_railway_station&diff=517205 2025-08-10T08:30:13Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Made place - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|[[Indian Railways]]' station of Meerut City|city of Meerut|Meerut}}<br /> {{short description|Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Meerut City Junction railway station<br /> | name_lang = en<br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] junction station<br /> | image = File:Meerut City Junction Station.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Meerut City Junction<br /> | address = City railway station road, [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | country = {{flagu|India}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28.9787|N|77.6755|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|224.340|m|ft}}<br /> | owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)]]<br /> | operator = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | lines = [[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Meerut–Bulandshahar–Khurja]] line<br /> | tracks = 13<br /> | structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]<br /> | bus_stands = City Bus (Local) Public Transit<br /> | parking = Available<br /> | status = Functioning<br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = MTC<br /> | zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br /> | division = {{rwd|Delhi}}<br /> }}<br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system1=Indian Railways<br /> |line1=Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line|left1=Partapur|right1=Meerut Cantt<br /> |line2=Meerut–Bulandshahr–Khurja line|left2=Nurnagar Halt|right2=<br /> }}<br /> | map_type = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | map_dot_label = Meerut City railway station<br /> | map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh<br /> | platform = 6 (1A, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)<br /> | accessible = Yes<br /> }}<br /> {{Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line|collapse=yes}}<br /> <br /> '''Meerut City Junction railway station''', is the main railway station in the city of [[Meerut]]. It is a junction of [[Meerut–Bulandshahr–Khurja line]] and [[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line]]. <br /> <br /> It lies on the [[Northern Railway zone]] of India under [[Delhi railway division|Delhi]] division.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiarailinfo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/meerut-city-junction-mtc/1517 |title=MTC/Meerut City Junction Train Departure Timings |website=India Rail Info |access-date=2015-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{main|Northern_Railway_zone#History | label 1 = Northern Railway zone history}}<br /> <br /> This station was established by British India government in 1911. It lies on the Delhi to Haridwar/Dehradun line.<br /> <br /> Meerut–Saharanpur section was doubled in 2018. Delhi to Sharanpur is a double electrified line.&lt;ref name=li1/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Lines and routes ==<br /> <br /> * Existing: It is a junction of the following:&lt;ref name=li1&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Meerut-Saharanpur-rail-stretch-goes-electric/articleshow/51446411.cms|title=Meerut–Saharanpur rail stretch goes electric – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doubling of Meerut–Saharanpur section is Completed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/delhi-saharanpur-railway-will-double|title=दिल्ली-सहारनपुर रेल लाइन होगी डबल – Amarujala|work=Amar Ujala|access-date=2017-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ** [[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line]]&lt;ref name=li1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ** '''Saharanpur-Meerut–Bulandshahr–Khurja line''', via [[Hapur Junction railway station|Hapur Jn]], connect to Kolkata–Delhi line.&lt;ref name=li1/&gt;<br /> <br /> * Approved/under-construction:<br /> ** {{anchor|Pani}}'''Meerut-Panipat line''': 104 km long ₹3,500 crore,&lt;ref name=dr1&gt;Amar Ujala, May 23 2023 – Meerut–Panipat railway project gets approval from Central Railway Board&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=dr2&gt;Hindustan Times, May 25 2022 – DPR prepared with revised cost estimate&lt;/ref&gt; After the completed DPR was approved in 2022, the final approval from NITI Aayog and Cabinet was granted for the fund release,&lt;ref name=dr3&gt;Amar Ujala, Dec 7 2023 – Approval from Gaj Shakti Unit received&lt;/ref&gt; land acquisition commenced from Diwana (Panipat) to Daurala (Meerut) after installing ~100 large and ~300 small GPS-based pillars along the alignment.&lt;ref name=dr4&gt;HR Breaking News, Jun 28 2022 – Pillar installation and land demarcation details&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2024–25 Railway Budget, a nominal allocation of ₹10 lakh was made under the expenditure head and till date approximately ₹75.92 lakh had already been expended from the earlier sanctioned budgets. However, actual construction work had not commenced.&lt;ref name=dr5&gt;Live Hindustan, Jul 23 2024 – ₹10 lakh allocated; ₹75.92 lakh spent as of March 2023&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ** '''Meerut-Bijnor line''': A {{Convert|63|km|mi|abbr=on}} rail link from Meerut's Daurala station to {{stnlnk|Bijnor}} via Daurala, Mawana, Hastinapur, Bahsuma and Daranagar. Survey was completed in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Railways-complete-survey-on-proposed-Bijnor-Meerut-rail-link/articleshow/54571254.cms|title=Railways complete survey on proposed Bijnor-Meerut rail link – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Trains ==<br /> <br /> A total of 78 trains halt at Meerut City Jn railway station.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/meerut-city-junction-mtc/1517|title=MTC/Meerut City Junction Station – 75 Train Departures NR/Northern Zone – Railway Enquiry|last=Shaikh|first=Azar S|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2017-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; 8 trains originate from and terminate at Meerut City.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Sangam Express]], [[Nauchandi Express]], Rajya Rani Express, Vande Bharat Meerut-Lucknow-Varanasi are originating trains that go to Allahabad via Bulandshahr–Aligarh–Kanpur and Allahabad via Bareilly–Lucknow, and Bareilly–Lucknow respectively. Three Khruja–Meerut Passenger trains shuttle between Meerut and Khurja and 1 train Umbala Passenger and {{stnlnk|Rewari}} Passenger also originate from Meerut City. About 60 trains run up and down to Delhi, Mumbai, Madurai, Kochuvelli, {{stnlnk|Dehradun}}, Amritsar, Jammu Tawi, Okha, Bilaspur, Puri, Indore, Ujjain daily, biweekly or weekly.<br /> <br /> [[Dehradun–Anand Vihar Terminal Vande Bharat Express]] also stops at the Meerut City Junction.<br /> <br /> After Meerut City, the second major railway station is [[Meerut Cantt railway station|Meerut Cantonment]], located 4&amp;nbsp;km North.<br /> <br /> == Infrastructure ==<br /> The station is equipped with [[Interlocking#Relay interlocking|route relay interlocking]] technology for managing tracks and signalling. The rail yard has 2 washing lines for maintenance or train rakes. It has also got a coach care facility with capacity of 2 coaches.<br /> <br /> Station also has a dedicated cargo [[Siding (rail)|siding]] for freight loading and unloading. The siding has 3 zones: open siding for coal, cement, fertilizer etc., a petroleum terminal bay of [[Bharat Petroleum|BPCL]] and, a closed siding terminal for all other type of goods. The siding is located about 1.9&amp;nbsp;km east of the station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Meerut+City+Station,+Mandi+Siding/@28.9801074,77.6823829,2772m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x85f8515d4b145bcb!8m2!3d28.9832609!4d77.6927684|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2017-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Amenities ==<br /> City railway station is a Class-A railway station of Northern Railway. It is equipped with most public amenities like restaurants, waiting room, retiring room, police station, post office etc. The station is fully disabled friendly. [[Escalator]]s and [[elevator]]s are being installed for easing passenger movement between platform 1 and 2–3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://m.indiarailinfo.com/news/post/shri-suresh-prabhakar-prabhu-dedicates-the-newly-electrified-ghaziabad-meerut-saharanpur-rail-section-and-also-lays-the-foundation-stone-for-provision-of-escalator-lifts-at-meerut-city-station-news/271838|title=SHRI SURESH PRABHAKAR PRABHU DEDICATES THE NEWLY ELECTRIFIED GHAZIABAD-MEERUT-SAHARANPUR RAIL SECTION AND ALSO LAYS THE FOUNDATION STONE FOR PROVISION OF ESCALATOR &amp; LIFTS AT MEERUT CITY STATION – Railway Enquiry|website=m.indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2017-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Punjab National Bank|PNB]] and [[State Bank of India|SBI]] [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]] are also available at station entrance.<br /> <br /> Station premises also have a Railway Hospital for railway staff.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Meerut-city-railway-station.jpg|Meerut City Junction from outside.<br /> File:Meerut City Junction Platform 4,5.jpg|Meerut City Junction Platform 4,5<br /> File:19020 Dehradun Express on Platform 1 of Meerut City.jpg|19020 Dehradun Express on Platform 1 of Meerut City<br /> File:Meerut City Junction Railway Station Platform 1.jpg|Meerut City Junction Railway Station Platform 1.<br /> Meerut City Junction.jpg|Meerut City Junction platform view<br /> Image:Sangam Express at Meerut City.jpg|Sangam Express at Meerut City<br /> Image:Meerut City.jpg|Station logo<br /> File:First AC coach of Nauchandi Express.jpg| 14512 Saharanpur-Prayagraj Sangam Nauchandi Express is standing on Platform 1 of Meerut City Junction.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> {{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Delhi railway division]]<br /> [[Category:Northern Railway zone]]<br /> [[Category:Railway junction stations in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Meerut]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Meerut]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Meerut]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umapada_Bauri&diff=542504 2025-07-08T06:01:25Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: created the pg w/ sources...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Umapada Bauri<br /> | image = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|03|12}} <br /> | birth_place = Para, Purulia district, West Bengal<br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = politician<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Umapada Bauri''' (12 March 1983)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Umapada Bauri, AITC MLA from Para - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/umapada-bauri/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Para Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Purulia district]]. He was last elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Complete List of West Bengal Assembly Elections 2016 Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/complete-list-of-west-bengal-assembly-elections-2016-winners-1245300.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Bauri is from [[Para, Purulia|Para]], Purulia district, West Bengal. He is the son of Rajdeb Bauri. He completed his BA at [[Raghunathpur College]] in the year 2006. He is a primary school teacher.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Umapada Bauri (All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency- Para (SC) (Purulia) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=50 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Bauri was first elected as an MLA in the Para Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]] Party in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 62,208 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Dipak Bauri of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 586 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Para Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/para-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, he shifted to the All India Trinamool Congress. He contested the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election on Trinamool Congress ticket and retained the Para seat. In 2016, he polled 84,337 votes and defeated his closest opponent, Dinanath Bauri of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), by a margin of 13,878 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Para (SC) profile: TMC's Umapada Bauri won seat in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-para-sc-profile-tmcs-umapada-bauri-won-seat-in-2016-9409271.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Para Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Para assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/para-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-para-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9143011.htm |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2021 |title=Purulia Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing Winners West bengal Purulia District Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-purulia-district-19.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, he lost to Nadiar Chand Bouri of the Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 4,007 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Para Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Nadiar Chand Bouri of BJP wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/para-election-result-2021-live-updates-para-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696560.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bauri. Umapada}}<br /> [[Category:1983 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:People from Purulia district]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhruva_(band)&diff=496919 2025-04-04T16:58:13Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: created</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian music band}}<br /> '''Dhruva''', originally spelled as Dhruvaa ([[Devnagari]] ध्रुवा), is an Indian musical [[Band (rock and pop)|band]]. It is considered to be India's first [[Sanskrit]] band.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.patrika.com/news/harda/know-where-the-presentation-of-sanskrit-songs-on-the-band-will-be-1536607|title=जानिए, कहां होगी विश्व के पहले बैंड पर संस्कृत गीतों की प्रस्तुति|website=www.patrika.com|language=hi|access-date=2017-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/mlcu-to-hold-alumni-meet-tomorrow.html|title=MLCU to hold alumni meet tomorrow|date=2016-10-14|access-date=2017-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The band is based in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/special/dhruvaa-the-sanskrit-band-echoing-the-world/338041|title=दुनिया का पहला संस्कृत बैंड : हम ‘ध्रुवा’ हैं, आए बांटने चैन...|date=2017-08-21|work=Zee News Hindi|access-date=2017-09-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The band's genre is a fusion with the use of Indian instruments such as [[bansuri]], [[shankha]], [[tabla]], [[pakhavaj]] and European instruments such as harmonium, guitar and acoustic drums. The band was founded by Dr. Sanjay Dwivedi, who has a doctoral degree in Sanskrit and is a practitioner of [[Indian classical music]]. The band first played on 24 January 2015, with other members being Vaibhav Santore and Gyneshwari Parsai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.patrika.com/news/lucknow/dhruva-band-founder-sanjay-dwivedi-speaks-in-patrika-key-note-lucknow-1441507/|title=मानवीय मूल्यों को बचाने के लिए संस्कृत को अपनाएं|website=www.patrika.com|language=hi|access-date=2017-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.patrika.com/news/lucknow/patrika-keynote-2016-guest-participate-in-idea-feast-1440217|title=#PatrikaKeyNoteLucknow का हिस्सा बन रहे ये खास मेहमान जानिए इनके बारे में|website=www.patrika.com|language=hi|access-date=2017-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/indore/indias-only-sanskrit-band-dhruvaa-to-spread-wings/articleshow/52850252.cms|title=दुनिया पर छाने निकलेगा यह देसी संस्कृत बैंड - Navbharat Times|date=2016-06-21|work=Navbharat Times|access-date=2017-09-18|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015 the band played at [[World Sanskrit Day]] celebrations in [[New Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Sanskrit-Week-to-see-fancy-dress-competitions-band-recitals/articleshow/48646662.cms|title=Sanskrit Week to see fancy dress competitions, band recitals - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from original compositions their numbers are taken from [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]], the works of [[Adi Shankara|Adi Shankaracharya]], [[Shiva Tandava Stotram|Shiv Tandav]], [[Jayadeva|Jaidev]], [[Madhurastakam|Madhurashtakam]], love letters from [[Shakuntala (play)|Abhigyan Shakuntala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Indias-only-sanskrit-band-to-spread-wings/articleshow/52846336.cms|title=India’s only sanskrit band, to spread wings - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.dhruvaa.in Official website:]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian musical groups]]<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dhruvaa - Band}}</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulja_Caves&diff=456934 2024-12-23T07:25:49Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: rework information also and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Cave in Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Cave<br /> |name = Tulja Lena caves<br /> |other_name =<br /> |photo = Tulja lena caves group.jpg<br /> |photo_caption = Tulja Lena caves <br /> |map=India<br /> |relief=yes<br /> |coords = {{Coord|19.2083|N|73.8356|E|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}<br /> |location = [[Junnar]]<br /> |geology = Basalt<br /> |entrance_count =<br /> }}<br /> '''Tulja Caves''' ('''Tulja Lena''') are located beyond the [[Shivneri]] hill, about 4&amp;nbsp;km to the west of [[Junnar]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=AHIR&gt;{{cite book|last=Ahir|first=D. C.|title=Buddhist sites and shrines in India : history, art, and architecture|year=2003|publisher=Sri Satguru Publ.|location=Delhi|isbn=8170307740|page=192|edition=1.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other caves surrounding the city of Junnar are: [[Manmodi Caves]], [[Shivneri Caves]] and [[Lenyadri|Lenyadri caves]].<br /> <br /> The cave has circular [[Chaitya]] hall surrounded by twelve octagonal pillars around [[Stupa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=The religions of India : a concise guide to nine major faiths|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0143415176|page=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&amp;pg=PA177|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; These caves are one of the earliest caves of [[Junnar]], excavated around 50 B.C. This [[Buddhist]] [[cave]] group consist of 14 cave. Cave No 4 is used as a temple of goddess [[Tulja Devi]].&lt;ref name=AHIR /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> The Tulja Lena caves lie in a hill about a mile and a half or two miles north-west from [[Junnar]], beyond the north end of Sivaneri hill. They owe their name to a shrine of [[Tulja Devi]], a form of [[Bhavani]], the consort of [[Shiva]] (see [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Fergusson&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Fergusson|first1=James|last2=Burgess|first2=James|title=The cave temples of India|date=1880|publisher=London : Allen|url=https://archive.org/stream/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The caves run along the face of the cliff nearly from south-east to north-west, facing about south-west, but all the façades have fallen away. They consist of a number of cells and two small [[vihara]]s, with a [[Chaitya]] cave of a form quite unique. It is circular in plan, 25 feet 6 inches across, with a [[Stupa|dagoba]] in the centre, 8 feet 2 inches in diameter, surrounded by twelve plain octagonal shafts 11 feet in height, supporting a dome over the dagoba. The surrounding aisle is roofed by a half arch rising from the wall to the upper side of an architrave 7 or 8 inches deep over the pillars. <br /> [[File:Tulja Caves from distant ( Pratik Butte Patil ).jpg|left|thumb|330x330px|Tulja Caves from a distance.]]<br /> The dagoba is perfectly plain, but its capital has been hewn off to convert it into a huge [[linga]] of [[Shiva]], and even the dome is much hacked into, while some of the pillars have been notched and others broken.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fergusson&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In front of this cave and the one on each side of it is a platform built by the modern devotees of Tulja Devi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fergusson&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Over the front of one of the cells to the north-east of this are left some Chaitya-window ornamentation, a larger one over where the door has been, the inner arch of which is filled with knotted ribbons etc..., similar to what is over the Chaitya-cave door at the [[Nasik Caves]], while the front of the arch is carved with flowers. On each side of this is a smaller arch; and farther to the left is a dagoba in half relief with the umbrella or [[chhatri]] over it, on each side a [[Gandharva]] or [[Kinnara]] above, and a male figure below, that to <br /> the right attended by a female, but all of them weatherworn. Over all is a projecting frieze carved on front with the &quot;Buddhist rail pattern&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fergusson&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Tulja Lena Chaitya remains.jpg|thumb|left|Remains of the circular Chaitya.|296x296px]]Next to these are two more plain fronts, and then two with Chaitya-window heads over where the doors have been, and smaller ones between, and the &quot;rail ornament&quot; and quadrantal carved roll supported by slender brackets in entire relief, as at the [[Bhaja Caves]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fergusson&quot; /&gt;[[File:Tulja Lena Chaitya window decorations.jpg|thumb|Tulja Lena Chaitya window decorations.]] [[File:Tulja Lena Chaitya cave plan and elevation.jpg|thumb|Tulja Lena [[Chaitya]], plan and elevation.]]<br /> [[File:Tulja Caves Detailed carvings ( Pratik Butte Patil ).jpg|center|thumb|459x459px|Tulja Caves detailed carvings]]<br /> [[File:Tulja Lena frieze.jpg|thumb|A frieze at Tulja Lena.]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons category|Tulja Lena}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://kevinstandagephotography.wordpress.com/2016/04/29/tulja-lena-caves/ Kevin Standage, An Indian Travel Photography Blog (Tulja Lena caves)]<br /> {{Adjacent communities<br /> |title=Adjacent Buddhist structures<br /> | Centre = [[Junnar]]<br /> | N = [[Lenyadri|Lenyadri caves]]<br /> | E = <br /> |SE=<br /> | S = [[Manmodi Caves]]<br /> |SW=[[Shivneri Caves]]<br /> | W = Tulja Caves<br /> }}<br /> {{Indian Buddhist Caves}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> {{BuddhasHolySites}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buddhist caves in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Caves of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]<br /> [[Category:Former populated places in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist temples in India]]<br /> [[Category:Stupas in India]]<br /> [[Category:Architecture in India]]<br /> [[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakala,_Tirupati_district&diff=523749 2024-12-06T15:37:03Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started the place w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Pakala<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | image_skyline = File:Pakala Railway Station.JPG<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Pakala railway station view from foot overbridge<br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.4667|N|79.1167|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = Pakala<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 361<br /> | population_total = 28,556<br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 517112<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 918585<br /> | registration_plate = AP03 (Before 2019) / AP39 (2019)<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Sex ratio<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = 2:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]<br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = Chandragiri<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pakala''' is a town in [[Tirupati district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the [[mandal]] headquarters of Pakala mandal.&lt;ref name=map&gt;{{cite web |title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2015|pages=472, 514|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; It comes under [[Tirupati revenue division]].<br /> <br /> == About ==<br /> Pakala is a mandal in Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Pakala Mandal Headquarters is Pakala town. It belongs to Rayalaseema region. It is located 44&amp;nbsp;km towards West from District headquarters Tirupathi. 450&amp;nbsp;km from State capital Amaravathi .<br /> <br /> Pakala Mandal is bounded by Puthalapattu Mandal towards South, Penumuru Mandal towards South, Pulicherla H/O Reddivaripalle Mandal towards North, Irala Mandal towards west. Chittoor and Tirupati are the nearby cities to Pakala.<br /> <br /> Pakala consists of 180 villages and 28 panchayats. Nagamma Agraharam is the smallest village and Pakala is the biggest village. It is in the 371 m elevation (altitude).<br /> <br /> Chittoor, Tirupati (Tirumala), Vellore, Tirutani, Srikalahasti, Kanipakam are the nearby important tourist destinations to see.<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.[2][3] The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu and Urdu.<br /> <br /> '''Colleges'''<br /> <br /> * Govt. Degree College<br /> * Govt. Junior College (boys)<br /> * Govt Junior College (girls)<br /> * Sri Bala Gangadhar Reddy Arts &amp; Science College (SBGR)<br /> <br /> '''Schools'''<br /> <br /> * Govt Secondary High School<br /> * N.V.N (MPP) Primary School<br /> * Infant Jesus English Medium High School<br /> * Sri Vivekananda Vidyanikethan High School<br /> * RCM high School<br /> * Y.v. Rathnam School<br /> * Ushodaya High School<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> Telugu is the official and widely spoken language. Also people speak Urdu, Tamil. <br /> Total population of Pakala Mandal is 56,802 living in 13,533 houses, Spread across total 180 villages and 28 panchayats. Males are 28,414 and females are 28,388<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> <br /> Pakala is located at {{Coord|13.4667|N|79.1167|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Pakala.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Pakala, India|work=fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 361 meters (1184&amp;nbsp;feet).<br /> <br /> == Distance ==<br /> <br /> * [[Chittoor]] 30&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Tirupati]] 43&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Tirumala]] 61&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Vellore]] 66&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Punganur]] 74 km<br /> * [[Srikalahasti]] 80&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Madanapalle]] 85&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Pileru]] 32&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Chennai]] 178&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Bengaluru]] 221&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Vijayawada]] 485&amp;nbsp;km<br /> * [[Hyderabad]] 550&amp;nbsp;km<br /> <br /> == Governance ==<br /> [[Chandragiri (Assembly constituency)|Pakala(Chandragiri)]] is one of the 175 assembly constituencies of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. pakala is part of [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. [[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] is the sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and [[Pulivarthi Nani]] of [[Telugu Desam party]] is [[Chandragiri (Assembly constituency)|Chandragiri]] the sitting [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Chandragiri (Assembly constituency)|Chandragiri]] (Assembly constituency).<br /> <br /> ===Politics===<br /> Pakala is an [[Chandragiri (Assembly constituency)|Assembly constituency]] in Andhra Pradesh and the constituency number is 285.<br /> <br /> ==Entertainment==<br /> There are two theaters in pakala town, Ramakrishna Theatre, Srinivas &amp; Mini Theatre<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> <br /> '''Roadways'''<br /> <br /> Pakala is well connected to major cities through [[National Highway (India)|national]] and [[state highways]]. The National Highways through Pakala Town are, [[National Highway 40 (India)]] connecting [[Pileru]], [[Madanapalli]], [[Kadapa]], [[Kurnool]] and [[Hyderabad]] on North and connecting [[Chittoor]], [[Vellore]] and [[Chennai]] on South [[National Highway 69 (India)]] connecting Chittoor with [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] and [[Bangalore]] on West [[National Highway 140 (India)]] connecting Chittoor with [[Tirupati]] and [[Nellore]] on East. The city has total road length of 382.30&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |title=DETAILS OF ROADS IN EACH ULB OF ANDHRA PRADESH |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |archivedate=1 August 2016 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Public transport'''<br /> <br /> The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Chittoor bus station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archivedate=22 March 2016 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bus services are operated to [[Chittoor]], [[Tirupati]], [[Punganur]], [[Pileru]], [[Madanapalli]], [[Palamaner]], [[Srikalahasti]], [[Nellore]], and also to all other major Panchayth and Villages in the [[Pakala, Chittoor District]], [[Chittoor District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> '''Railways'''<br /> [[Pakala Junction railway station]] is a major railway station in Pakala Town of Andhra Pradesh. It lies on [[Gudur–Katpadi branch line]] section and is administered under [[Guntakal railway division|Guntakal railway division of South Coastal Railway zone]]. Nearest major railway station is {{stnlnk|Tirupati}}, [[Andhra Pradesh]], 45&amp;nbsp;km from Pakala Town. [[Katpadi Junction]] railway station, [[Tamil Nadu]], is 70&amp;nbsp;km from Pakala Town.<br /> <br /> '''Airports'''<br /> <br /> The nearest domestic airport is [[Tirupati Airport]] at [[Renigunta]] in [[Tirupati]] of [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> The nearest international airports are [[Chennai International Airport]] at [[Chennai]] and [[Kempegowda International Airport]] at [[Bangalore]].<br /> <br /> == Climate ==<br /> {{Weather box<br /> | location = Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh<br /> | metric first = Y<br /> | single line = yes<br /> | Jan high C = 28.7<br /> | Feb high C = 31.4<br /> | Mar high C = 34.4<br /> | Apr high C = 36.4<br /> | May high C = 40.0<br /> | Jun high C = 35.5<br /> | Jul high C = 33.5<br /> | Aug high C = 33.3<br /> | Sep high C = 32.8<br /> | Oct high C = 31.1<br /> | Nov high C = 28.8<br /> | Dec high C = 27.6<br /> | Jan low C = 17.7<br /> | Feb low C = 18.8<br /> | Mar low C = 21.2<br /> | Apr low C = 24.5<br /> | May low C = 26.2<br /> | Jun low C = 25.7<br /> | Jul low C = 24.6<br /> | Aug low C = 24.4<br /> | Sep low C = 23.8<br /> | Oct low C = 22.5<br /> | Nov low C = 20.2<br /> | Dec low C = 18.1<br /> | Jan rain mm = 6<br /> | Feb rain mm = 6<br /> | Mar rain mm = 8<br /> | Apr rain mm = 24<br /> | May rain mm = 58<br /> | Jun rain mm = 72<br /> | Jul rain mm = 102<br /> | Aug rain mm = 115<br /> | Sep rain mm = 145<br /> | Oct rain mm = 162<br /> | Nov rain mm = 110<br /> | Dec rain mm = 54<br /> | rain colour = green<br /> |source 1 = Climate-Data.org&lt;ref name= Climate-Data.org&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/24102/<br /> | title = CLIMATE: CHITTOOR<br /> | access-date = 19 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Villages Under Pakala Mandal==<br /> List of all towns and Villages in Pakala Mandal of Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh. Complete details of Population, Religion, Literacy and Sex Ratio in tabular format. <br /> us 2011<br /> <br /> Home Andhra Pradesh District List Tirupati District Pakala Mandal<br /> <br /> List of all towns and Villages in Pakala Mandal of Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh. Complete details of Population, Religion, Literacy and Sex Ratio in tabular format.<br /> <br /> * Achamma Agraharam,<br /> * Adenapalle,<br /> * Damalcheruvu,<br /> * Gadanki,<br /> * Ganugapenta,<br /> * Gorpadu,<br /> * K.oddepalle,<br /> * Linganapalli,<br /> * Maddinayanipalle,<br /> * Mallelacheruvupalli, <br /> * Mogarala<br /> * Nagamma Agraharam,<br /> * Nendragunta,<br /> * Padiputlabayalu,<br /> * Pakala,<br /> * Pedda Ramapuram,<br /> * Thotathimmaiah Palle,<br /> * Vallivedu,<br /> * Upparapalli.<br /> <br /> == Landmarks ==<br /> The [[Vinayaka Temple, Kanipakam|Swayambu Varasidhi Vinayakaswamy temple]] at [[Kanipakam]] is the famous notable Hindu temple near the city.<br /> <br /> The 11th century historical [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri Fort]] is the notable landmark near the city.<br /> <br /> From Pakala Town we have [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory|NARL]] National Atmosphere and Research Laboratory towards Tirupati 5&amp;nbsp;km from town<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Tirupati district|collapsed=true}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pakala, Chittoor District}}<br /> [[Category:Towns in Tirupati district]]<br /> [[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratardana&diff=526508 2024-11-07T02:37:21Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: Started some post v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox deity<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | name = Pratardana<br /> | region = Kashi<br /> | texts = [[Upanishads]], [[Puranas]], [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]]<br /> | children = Ashtaka<br /> | dynasty = [[Chandravamsha]]<br /> | parents = Divodasa (father), Madhavi (mother)<br /> }}{{Short description|King in Hindu literature}}<br /> <br /> '''Pratardana '''({{Langx|sa|प्रतर्दन|lit=piercing|translit=Pratardana}}) is a [[Raja|king]] of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]] (Lunar dynasty) featured in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]]. He is also called '''Dyuman''', '''Shatrujit''', '''Vatsa''', '''Rithadhvaja''', and '''Kuvalayashva'''. He is the son of King [[Divodasa]] of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi]] and [[Madhavi (princess)|Madhavi]], the daughter of King [[Yayati]]. He is the father of Ashtaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-08-17 |title=Pratardana: 9 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pratardana#purana |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legend ==<br /> <br /> === Ramayana ===<br /> Pratardana is depicted as an ally of [[Rama]] in the [[Ramayana]], and is described to have been praised by the [[Avatar|avatara]] of [[Vishnu]] for assisting [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] in the arrangements of his coronation ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxBYEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=pratardana+rama&amp;pg=PT176 |title=Valmiki Ramayana: Uttara Kanda: English translation only without Slokas |date=2021-12-21 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=167 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A tale based in the narrative of the Ramayana states that once, Pratardana made preparations to travel to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] to pay his respects to King [[Rama]]. He encountered Sage [[Narada]] during this journey. Narada made the king promise that he would not offer obeisance to Sage [[Vishwamitra|Vishvamitra]] at Rama's court. Pratardana acted accordingly when he arrived at the court. Vishvamitra grew furious at the lack of respect shown to him, and complained to Rama. Angered, Rama removed three arrows from his quiver and vowed to take the life of the king of Kashi before sunset. Terrified of the consequences, Pratardana sought the protection of Narada, who directed him to [[Añjanā|Anjana]], the mother of [[Hanuman]]. Anjana requested her son to help the king. Hanuman flew Pratardana to the banks of the river [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]], and told him to wade waist-deep into the water and remain there, repeating Rama's name. Afterwards, he flew to Rama, and made a supplication: Any person who chanted the name of Rama would be protected by him, and no power in the universe, even [[Brahman|God]] himself, would be able to harm such a person. Rama readily granted this. Thus, even as Rama fired his three arrows at Pratardana from his palace, he was saved by Hanuman due to the fact that he chanted Rama's name. When the king continued to chant the name of Rama in the presence of Vishvamitra, the sage was impressed by his piety and relieved Rama of his vow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Phillip |title=Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey |pages=162–164}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mahabharata ===<br /> At the [[ashvamedha]] (horse-sacrifice consecration) ceremony of Ashtaka, Pratardana, along with his fellow kings Vasumanas and Sivi, asked the divine sage [[Narada]] which of them would have to depart from their reward of stay at [[Svarga]] (heaven of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]) first after their demise. Narada told them that Ashtaka would have to depart first due to his pride, and when enquired once more, stated that Pratardana would be the second. When enquired, the sage stated that he had once lived at the abode of Pratardana for a time, and regaled an incident in which a [[Brahmin]] sought a horse from the king while the two were riding upon a chariot. The king wished to give the man a horse after he had returned from his journey, but the latter insisted that he offered him one right then and there. Pratardana granted the Brahmin the horse that had been yoked on the right-hand wheel of his vehicle. Soon, a few more Brahmins appeared to seek the rest of the king's horses. While the king granted the men his horses and began to pull the chariot forward manually, he made a disparaging comment against them after they had left. Narada stated that this was the reason why he would leave Svarga second.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9bDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=pratardana+vishvamitra&amp;pg=PT3456 |title=Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated) |last2=Vyasa |date=2018-05-19 |publisher=Delphi Classics |isbn=978-1-78656-128-2 |pages=3456–3457 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', Bharata Press, Calcutta (1883–1896)''<br /> * [https://prabhupadabooks.com/sb/9/17 The Dynasties of The sons of King Pururava]<br /> {{Ramayana}}<br /> {{Mahābhārata}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> [[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]<br /> [[Category:Lunar dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udhana-Palsana_Industrial_Corridor&diff=542359 2024-05-13T02:46:44Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: created initial post more to come...</p> <hr /> <div>{{update|updated=2009|date=April 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br /> The '''Udhna-Palsana Industrial Corridor''' in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] is a region with more than 1000 industries producing [[metal|metals]], [[textile|textiles]], [[pharmaceuticals]], [[plastic|plastics]] and [[chemical|chemicals]]. The region is a 32 km long belt which is one of the busiest industrial zones in Asia. The corridor starts near UM road in [[Udhna]] and ends in Palsana, both near [[Surat]]. The [[Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation|GIDC]] industrial parks in this belt are in Udhna, Khatodara, [[Pandesara]], Vadod, [[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]], [[Bhestan]], Hojiwala INA, Unn and Palsana.<br /> <br /> There is a project being planned by the [[Government of Gujarat|state government]] to start [[Bus rapid transit|Bus Rapid Transit System]] (BRTS) services on this route to enhance the viability of this belt compared to nearby townships. The BRTS will start at Udhna Darwaja (Gate) and end at Sachin in the first phase and in the second phase go from Sachin to Palsana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.projectstoday.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?nid=27274|title=ProjectsToday &amp;#124; Projects information, Analysis, Reports &amp; Tenders}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus the commute on this industrial belt will be cut by an hour.<br /> <br /> Udhna is the primary center of this industrial belt and thus it will be connected rapidly with the other nearby regions by BRTS as per governmental plans. Although the conversion to [[Concrete road|CC road]] and upgradation to six-lane of Udhna-Sachin road is finished but it lacks rapid public transport.<br /> <br /> The [[Surat Metro]] will pass through this belt which will be a boon for this congested area and cut one's commute from one hour to 15 minutes. The belt will be upgraded to international standards as per the plans of the State government and the [[Surat Municipal Corporation]]. This belt will also have good connectivity with the New [[Surat International Airport]] and the [[port of Magdalla|ports of Magdalla]] and [[Hazira Port|Hazira]].<br /> <br /> The full-fledged completion of this belt is expected by 2012.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Industrial corridor#India|Industrial Corridors of India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Economy of Surat]]<br /> [[Category:Industrial corridors in India]]<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Udhna-Palsana_Industrial_Corridor}}</div>

Rajaraj2050 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scomber_indicus&diff=533787 2024-02-17T03:57:18Z

<p>Rajaraj2050: created initial data more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of fish}}<br /> {{Speciesbox <br /> | fossil_range = <br /> | name = Indian chub mackerel<br /> | image = <br /> | status = <br /> | status_system = <br /> | taxon = Scomber indicus<br /> | authority = Abdussamad, Sukumaran &amp; Ratheesh in Abdussamad et al., 2016<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Scomber indicus''''' or '''Indian chub mackerel''' is a species of fish in the family [[Scombridae]] found in the coast of [[Kerala]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New fish found in Kerala waters named 'Scomber indicus'|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/new-fish-found-in-kerala-waters-named-scomber-indicus/407471/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New Discoveries: A Mackerel, a Crane Fly, and a Tree|url=https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/new-discoveries-a-mackerel-a-crane-fly-and-a-tree|work=[[California Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=[Ichthyology • 2016] Scomber indicus • A New Species of Mackerel (Scombridae: Scombrini) from Eastern Arabian Sea|url=http://novataxa.blogspot.in/2016/10/scomber-indicus.html?m=1|work=Novataxa|access-date=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CMFRI identifies new species of mackerel in Kerala waters|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/cmfri-identifies-new-species-of-mackerel-in-kerala-waters/article9189010.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New fish found in coast of Kerala named 'Scomber indicus'|url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/new-fish-found-in-kerala-waters-named-scomber-indicus-116100500938_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New species of mackerel identified off Kerala coast|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/oct/06/new-species-of-mackerel-identified-off-kerala-coast-1525531.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q48727277}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Scomber]]<br /> [[Category:Fish of India]]<br /> [[Category:Fish described in 2016]]<br /> <br /> {{Scombroidei-stub}}</div>

Rajaraj2050