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Gramadevata

2026-05-14T18:06:05Z

Rajan Singh: Made basic data from scratch

{{Short description|Village deities in Hinduism}}
[[File:Sri Renuka Parameshwari Urchavam.JPG|thumb|[[Renuka|Ellamman]], the gramadevata of the village of [[Nathanallur]]]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

A '''gramadevata''' ({{Langx|sa|ग्रामदेवता|lit=village deity|translit=Grāmadevatā}}) is the [[tutelary deity]] of a given locality in [[Hinduism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iyengar |first=T. R. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmURAQAAIAAJ&q=gramadevata+hindu |title=Hindu Mythology |date=2004 |publisher=Intellectual Book Corner |isbn=978-81-7076-104-4 |pages=385 |language=en}}</ref> primarily worshipped in the villages of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=gramadevata+cursed&pg=PA111 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses |date=1998 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-039-9 |pages=111 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Becchio |first1=Bruno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRkfKdho-5cC&dq=gramadevata+folk+religion&pg=PA112-IA215 |title=Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Schadé |first2=Johannes P. |date=2006 |publisher=Foreign Media Group |isbn=978-1-60136-000-7 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref>

Of diverse origins, gramadevatas are regarded to protect the inhabitants of their villages from bandits, epidemics, and natural disasters when propitiated, failing which they are believed to cause these afflictions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leviton |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9W4Hlx4_VEC&dq=gramadevata+protector+fertility&pg=PT555 |title=Encyclopedia of Earth Myths: An Insider's A-Z Guide to Mythic People, Places, Objects, and Events Central to the Earth's Visionary Geography |date=2005-10-14 |publisher=Hampton Roads Publishing |isbn=978-1-61283-298-2 |pages=555 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Atran |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1vrgpf8I14C&dq=gramadevata+dravidian&pg=PA125 |title=In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion |date=2004-12-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803405-6 |pages=125 |language=en}}</ref> A gramadevata is typically female in [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oppy |first=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXdKCAAAQBAJ&dq=gramadevata+folk+religion&pg=PA128 |title=The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion |date=2015-04-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-51592-0 |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref> In this region, a village goddess, acting as a fertility figure, is enshrined, and a guardian of the village is situated at the village boundary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44MTBwAAQBAJ&dq=gramadevata+village+boundaries&pg=PA30 |title=Everyday Hinduism |date=2015-02-23 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-52818-1 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Brahma Baba Peetha at Brahma Sthan in Basuki Bihari.jpg|thumb|Iconic seat of Gram Devta also known as Brahma Baba at the [[Brahma Sthan]] in [[Basuki Bihari]] village of Mithila region.]]

== Etymology ==
The term gramadevata is derived from the Sanskrit words grāma, "village, village settlement" and devatā, "deity".<ref name="FULL">{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=C. J. |date=March 1988 |title=The Hindu Pantheon and the Legitimation of Hierarchy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803031 |journal=Man |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=22–39 |doi=10.2307/2803031 |jstor=2803031 |access-date=5 March 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Hinduism small}}

== Development ==
The earliest appearance of the "[[Mother goddess|Mother Goddess]]" found in [[South Asia]] is in [[Mehrgarh]] in the form of female [[terracotta]] figurines dating to the [[4th millennium BCE]]. These figurines are believed to represent the "Mother Goddess." Similar female figurines are found in 3rd-2nd millennium figures from [[Harappan civilization]] sites, including a woman with a plant emerging from her womb and a woman in a tree (believed to be a goddess) being worshipped by another woman, with seven figures below. Due to their association with agriculture, the idea of the earth spirit of ''bhumi'' is still a common association with villages today just as it was in Harappan times. Evidence of continued veneration of a female village deity comes from a terracotta fragment Chandraketugarh from what is now eastern West Bengal dating to the [[1st century BCE]]. The plaque shows a figure holding a parasol, evidently a goddess, being worshipped with earthen pots, fruits, flowers and other offerings similar to those given to modern-day village goddesses. Another group of common iconography related to gramadevatas are the ''[[Saptamatrika|sapta matrika]]'', the "seven mothers." The first mention of these goddesses occurs in the later layers of the [[Mahabharata]] dating to the 1st century CE, and their lack of mention in [[the Vedas]] indicates a non-Vedic origin for these goddesses.<ref name="ELGO" /> In addition to the fertility goddesses, the various disease goddesses include deities described with unappealing physical characteristics like [[Mariamman]] and Mata. These goddesses could be represented in the Harappan period by a goddess with weapons in her hair. Similarly, goddesses absorbed into [[Puranic Hinduism]], like [[Durga]], appear around the 1st century BCE–1st century CE.<ref name="ELGO">{{Cite journal |last=Elgood |first=Heather |date=2004-09-01 |title=Exploring the roots of village Hinduism in South Asia |journal=World Archaeology|volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=326–342 |doi=10.1080/0043824042000282777 |s2cid=144268377 |issn=0043-8243}}</ref>

== Legend ==
A South Indian legend states that the gramadevatas trace their origin to the first [[Shakti]], created by the [[Brahman|Supreme Being]]. Nine forms of this Shakti, collectively designated as the Navashakti, were created. Due to their arrogance, they were banished from [[Svarga|heaven]] to the earth, where they were assigned the task of protecting mankind from evil and malicious forces. Thus, the gramadevatas are honoured for their duty through festivals and temples dedicated to their worship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garrett |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6paBoEtkUt0C&dq=gramadevata+banished&pg=PA540 |title=A Classical Dictionary of India |year=1971 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=540 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C&dq=gramadevata+hinduism&pg=PA65 |title=Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564441-8 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref>

== Veneration ==
Gramadevatas are believed to serve as the protectors of fields and the general countryside, preventing plagues, famines, pestilence, war, as well as natural disasters. They are also venerated to honour their task of guarding villagers from evil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeyaraj |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loF_AgAAQBAJ&dq=male+gramadevata&pg=PA114 |title=Genealogy of the South Indian Deities: An English Translation of Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg's Original German Manuscript with a Textual Analysis and Glossary |date=2004-09-23 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-28703-1 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref> These deities, predominantly goddesses, possess both benevolent and malevolent features, to mark their roles as gentle to supplicants, and also fierce to wrongdoers. They are associated with agriculture, harvests, rain, and are regarded to be embodiments of fertility. These deities are often venerated in the open fields, or in the form of shrines. Most of them are not accompanied by a male consort. Their shrines could sometimes be composed of a pile of stones or a flag. While some of these shrines are maintained and served by priests, others merely have a keeper who is not accorded a special status. Gramadevatas often share common suffixes in their names, such as ''amman'' or ''amma'', the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] root word for mother, or ''ai''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=J.N.K |first=Mugambi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx8ACQAAQBAJ&dq=gramadevata+dravidian&pg=PA71 |title=A Comparative Study of Religions: Second Edition |date=2015-03-16 |publisher=University of Nairobi Press |isbn=978-9966-846-89-1 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref> Animal sacrifices and blood are often served as offerings to placate these goddesses by their devotees, including chickens, goats, and occasionally buffaloes, traditionally requiring them to be male.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elgood |first=Heather |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAcF8RgbtZ0C&dq=gramadevata+fertility+guardian&pg=PA68 |title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts |date=2000-04-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-8264-9865-6 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blurton |first=T. Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&dq=gramadevata+guardian+fertility&pg=PA181 |title=Hindu Art |date=1993 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39189-5 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Syncretism ===
While various gramadevatas possess discrete worlds and forms of worship from mainstream Hinduism, others have been syncretised as members of the greater pantheon of [[Hindu deities]]. For instance, the deity [[Venkateswara|Venkateshvara]], a form of [[Vishnu]], is regarded by local adherents to be the brother of Gangamma, a gramadevata. Mainstream Hindu deities and gramadevatas are often ritually worshipped together due to their integrated traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44MTBwAAQBAJ&dq=gramadevata+hinduism&pg=PA34 |title=Everyday Hinduism |date=2015-02-23 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-52818-1 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> Due to the prevalence of [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]], it is common to find representations of male gramadevatas as forms of [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coulter |first1=Charles Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEJUEAAAQBAJ&dq=gramadevata+vishnu&pg=PA196 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |last2=Turner |first2=Patricia |date=2021-12-06 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9179-7 |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref> and female gramadevatas as forms of [[Lakshmi]] and [[Parvati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Frank Bolger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85QWBv-PlpcC&dq=gramadevata+vishnu+shiva&pg=PA647 |title=Scoffing at Scripture: A Commoner Reads the World's Holy Writ and Rejects Traditional Religion |date=February 2011 |publisher=Dog Ear Publishing |isbn=978-1-60844-808-1 |pages=647 |language=en}}</ref> Few gramadevatas, such as [[Ganesha]], have been completely adopted into [[Puranas|Puranic]] Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Sandhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDBlEAAAQBAJ&dq=gramadevata+parvati&pg=PT138 |title=Adi Deo Arya Devata: A Panoramic View oF Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface |date=2022-03-19 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88530-378-1 |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref>

== Examples ==
[[File:Arulmigu_Sri_Angala_Easwari_Muneeswarar_Aalayam.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Muneeswarar|Munishvarar]], a male gramadevata]]
* [[Angala Devi|Ankalamman]]
* [[Mariamman]]
* [[Dharmathakur]]
* [[Renuka|Ellamman]]
* [[Bhadrakali]]
* [[Pidari|Pitari]]
* [[Ugratara]]
* [[Siparia#La Divina Pastora (Siparia Mai)|Siparia Mai]]
* [[Dharmathakur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharma-Thakur {{!}} Indian deity |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dharma-Thakur |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhairava|Kala Bhairava]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Syed Siraj Ul Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&dq=Kal+Bhairav&pg=PA482 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Vol. 1 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1920 |isbn=8120604881 |page=482}}</ref>
* [[Punjabi folk religion#Jathera—ancestral shrines|Jathera]]
* [[Kasba Ganapati]]
* [[Maisamma]]
* [[Poleramma]]

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
| title =
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =expand
| height = 200
| width = 200
| captionstyle =
|File:Mariamman temple festival.jpg
| alt1=
|Mariamman in a temple festival procession
|File:Chamunda (Madhya Pradesh - XIe siècle).jpg
| alt2=
|Sculpture of Chamunda
| File:Sri Bhadrakali Amman Temple 01.jpg
| alt3=
|Bhadrakali Amman
|Ayyanar consorts.JPG
| alt4=
|Ayyanar, a guardian kuladevata, accompanied by two consorts
|Godess_Muthyalamma_at_Gudilova.jpg
| alt5=
|The goddess Muthyalamma, the kuladevata of Gudilova
}}

== References ==
<references />

{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gramadevata}}
[[Category:Tutelary deities]]
[[Category:Hindu deities]]

Zarina Screwvala

2026-05-07T06:23:38Z

Rajan Singh: started info - done

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist}}
{{COI|date=August 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zarina Screwvala
| image = Zarina Screwvala.jpg 
| image_size =
| caption = Screwvala in July 2016
| alt =
| birth_name = Zarina Mehta
| birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1961}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], [[Mumbai]]
| organization = Swades Foundation<br />[[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV Group]] (now [[Walt Disney India]])<br />[[Hungama TV]]<br />[[UTV Bindass]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Entrepreneur|Philianthropist}}
| spouse = [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| children =
| relatives = [[Suhail Chandhok]] (son-in-law)
}}

'''Zarina Screwvala''' ({{nee|'''Mehta'''}}, born 1961) is an Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist. She is currently the Managing Trustee of Swades Foundation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swadesfoundation.org/ |title=Society to Heal Aid Restore Educate |publisher=Swades Foundation |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211094811/http://www.swadesfoundation.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a foundation dedicated towards Rural Empowerment in India.<ref name="hindu2000">{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2000/10/15/stories/0415401s.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084207/http://hindu.com/2000/10/15/stories/0415401s.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Media moghul with a million dreams |date=15 October 2000 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>

Previously, she was the Chief Creative Officer at [[UTV Software Communications]] (which she co- founded) where she conceptualised, promoted and managed the [[UTV Bindass]], [[UTV Stars]], UTV Action and [[Hungama TV]] channels.

==Early life==
Mehta is from a [[Parsi]] family, her father [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] Furdoon Siavax Byramji "Duck" Mehta (1920–2021) was an officer in the [[Indian Army]] - the first Indian aviator of the [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] and the first Indian [[commanding officer]] of the [[9 (Parachute) Field Regiment (India)|9 Parachute Field Regiment]],<ref>[https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/brigadier-furdoon-duck-mehta-obituary-pb0vmqf8n Brigadier Furdoon 'Duck' Mehta obituary] . ''[[The Times]]''.</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pioneer-of-indian-army-aviation-corps-not-averse-to-risk-7226094/ Pioneer of Indian Army Aviation Corps not averse to risk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009183055/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pioneer-of-indian-army-aviation-corps-not-averse-to-risk-7226094/ |date=9 October 2023 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''.</ref><ref>[https://zoroastrians.net/2020/03/03/the-distinguished-soldier-brig-rtd-furdoon-mehta/ The Distinguished Soldier – Brig (rtd) Furdoon Mehta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911133847/https://zoroastrians.net/2020/03/03/the-distinguished-soldier-brig-rtd-furdoon-mehta/ |date=11 September 2023 }}. ''Zoroastrians.net''.</ref> her mother Villie Mehta (died 2020) ran a catering business serving [[Parsi cuisine]].<ref>[https://www.indianwomenblog.org/keeping-parsi-cuisine-alive-villie-mehta-has-brought-back-recipes-from-the-1930s/ Keeping Parsi Cuisine Alive, Villie Mehta Has Brought Back Recipes from the 1930s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109230638/https://www.indianwomenblog.org/keeping-parsi-cuisine-alive-villie-mehta-has-brought-back-recipes-from-the-1930s/ |date=9 November 2023 }}. ''indianwomenblog.org''.</ref><ref>[https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/the-cameras-rolling/articleshow/76079739.cms Before lockdown, Juhi Chawla spotted in Bandra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911133849/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/the-cameras-rolling/articleshow/76079739.cms |date=11 September 2023 }}. ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''.</ref>

Zarina Mehta was born in [[Washington, D.C.]], in the [[United States]] and moved to India with her family at the age of eight. She finished her schooling from [[J.B. Petit High School for Girls|J.B. Petit School for Girls]] and went on to pursue her B.A. in economics from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]].

She also holds a master's degree in Marketing and Advertising from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|Xavier's Institute of Communications]].<ref name="indiantelevision1">{{cite news |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/ms_media/zarina.htm |title=Indiantelevision.com's Special Report > Ms Media: Zarina Mehta – 25 Women Who Matter |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=27 May 2006 |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116120551/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/ms_media/zarina.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early career==
Screwvala started her career as a [[Production manager (theatre)|production manager]] for a play produced by reputed theatre artist [[Pearl Padamsee]]. It was during her stint with Pearl that she met [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and [[Deven Khote]] who later on became her business partners.<ref name="indiantelevision1"/>
[[File:Zarina Screwvala.jpg|thumb|Screwvala at the [[Horasis|Horasis India]] Meeting in 2016]]

==Career==

===United Television (UTV)===
Screwvala co- founded [[UTV Software Communications|UTV]] along with [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and Deven Khote in 1990.<ref name="hindu2000"/> During the initial days, the company made advertisements and corporate films. In 1990, [[UTV Software Communications|UTV]] became the first independent production.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/interpreter |title=The Interpreter |publisher=The Caravan – A Journal of Politics and Culture |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=24 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324165209/http://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/interpreter |url-status=live }}</ref> house. UTV produced a quiz show for state TV channel [[Doordarshan]]. The show was titled 'Mashoor Mahal' and Screwvala was the assistant director of the show. Screwvala also created and directed The Mathemagic Show and produced various other shows like Lifeline (a short film), Contact and [[Shakuntala]]<ref name="indiantelevision1"/>

===Content creator, UTV===
UTV has been credited with the production of content for India's top entertainment channels like [[Zee TV]], [[Star India|STAR TV]] and [[Sony]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12641776 |title=BBC News – India profile – Timeline |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=26 February 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307192824/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12641776 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zarina and Ronnie Screwvala and Deven Khote gave the country its first-ever reality show – Saanp Seedi (1992) and first daily soap opera Shanti (1994). After the success of Shanti, Screwvala went on to produce various shows, each targeting a different segment of audience. The shows produced by Screwvala were Saaya (targeted at young adults), Snakes & Ladders, Hip Hip Hurray (targeted at teens) and Shaka Laka Boom Boom (targeted at kids).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indiarelatednews.com/2007/09/15/shanti-the-serial-that-launched-mandira-bedi/#.UQY8NWeq-_4 |title=Shanti: The serial that launched Mandira Bedi |publisher=India Cine & TV news, masala |date=15 September 2007 |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615132836/http://indiarelatednews.com/2007/09/15/shanti-the-serial-that-launched-mandira-bedi/#.UQY8NWeq-_4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2005, Hungama TV===
In 2004, UTV launched [[Hungama TV]], an exclusive channel for kids. She became an integral part of [[Hungama TV]] by starting as its 'Head of Programming' and later went on to become the COO.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/utv-launches-hungama-tv/61180 |title=UTV Launches Hungama TV |publisher=Financialexpress.com |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016055225/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/utv-launches-hungama-tv/61180 |url-status=live }}</ref>

She launched two very successful shows called [[Hero - Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai]] and Sanya and promoted<ref name="indiantelevision1" /> international hits like [[Doraemon]] and [[Crayon Shin-chan|Shin Chan]].

In 2005–2006, she ideated and executed a campaign called Hungama TV Captain's Hunt wherein the channel launched a nationwide search for a "board of directors" composed of kids whose job was to suggest what was right or wrong with content on [[Hungama TV]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/clinic-plus-hungama-tv-captains-hunt_187849.html |title=Clinic Plus Hungama TV Captains Hunt! |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=2 November 2005 |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610215353/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/clinic-plus-hungama-tv-captains-hunt_187849.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, Screwvala roped in Bollywood actor [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as the channel's brand ambassador and launched the 'John Aur Kaun' campaign. The initiative aimed to give two kids the opportunity to star in the UTV produced [[John Abraham]] film, [[Goal (2007 Hindi film)|Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]].

As a result of these marketing efforts, [[Hungama TV]] became the No. 1 Kids channel in India in<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=24&News_id=23828|title=Hungama TV begins the hunt for 'John Aur Kaun' from December 2|publisher=Exchange4media.com|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135304/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=24&News_id=23828|url-status=live}}</ref> and remained the leader until. In 2006, UTV sold [[Hungama TV]] to [[The Walt Disney Company India|the Walt Disney Company]] for $30.5 million.

===UTV Bindaas===
In 2007, Screwvala conceptualised and launched [[Bindass|UTV Bindaas]] – a 360-degree Young India entertainment channel that encompassed a channel, on-ground events, mobile entertainment, gaming and merchandising. The brand values of Bindaas were defined as Fun, Frank, Fearless and Freedom and the 360-degree brand targeted Indians in the age group of 15 – 34.

The USP of the channel was its unique programming – stand-up shows, Hollywood blockbusters and thrillers<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/power-women/255634/0 |title=Power Women |publisher=Financialexpress.com |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016055659/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/power-women/255634/0 |url-status=live }}</ref> – that was tailored specifically for the target group. The investment into launching all verticals of Bindaas crossed the Rs. 2.7 billion mark.

In 2010, the brand launched a 'What I Am' campaign which aimed to be the voice of young India. In the same year, UTV Bindass was rated the number one youth channel in India. Mehta also spearheaded the overhaul of the UTV branding<ref>{{cite news |last=Lad |first=Mukta |url=http://www.campaignindia.in/Article/227791,what-i-am-utv-bindass-new-campaign-speaks-through-voice-of-youth.aspx |title='What I am': UTV Bindass' new campaign speaks through voice of youth |publisher=Campaign India |date=17 February 2010 |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125110839/http://www.campaignindia.in/Article/227791,what-i-am-utv-bindass-new-campaign-speaks-through-voice-of-youth.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and created its new identity with her team.

===Buy-Out===
In 2011, the [[Walt Disney Company]] announced plans to buy-out UTV for $454 million. The deal was finalised in February 2012. In July 2012, after 27 years in the industry, Screwvala quit Disney-UTV.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/34809_Zarina-Mehta-decides-to-move-on-from-Disney-UTV |title=Zarina Mehta decides to move on from Disney-UTV |publisher=Afaqs.com |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825181113/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/34809_Zarina-Mehta-decides-to-move-on-from-Disney-UTV |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Philanthropy==

===Swades Foundation===
Zarina and Ronnie Screwvala set up UTV's Corporate Social Responsibility wing called Society to Heal, Aid, Restore, Educate (SHARE) with a vision to empower 1 million lives in the next 5 years across villages in the state of Maharashtra.

In 2012, SHARE was re-christened and launched as<ref name="livemint1">{{cite news |author=Nandini Ramnath |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3eqUHruqJff2L7zeRYJwYL/Zarina-Mehta--Channel-surfing.html |title=Zarina Mehta | Channel surfing |publisher=Livemint |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220642/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3eqUHruqJff2L7zeRYJwYL/Zarina-Mehta--Channel-surfing.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Swades. Swades is dedicated towards the cause of Rural Empowerment and works in the [[Raigad district|Raigad]] and [[Ratnagiri]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/swades-foundation-launch/ |title=Swades Foundation Launch |website=Box Office India |date=15 October 2012 |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017061923/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/swades-foundation-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> districts of Maharashtra. Currently, Screwvala is the Managing Trustee of Swades and overlooks all the aspects of the Foundation's functioning.<ref name="livemint1"/>

==Personal life==
Screwvala lives in [[Breach Candy]], Mumbai with her husband Ronnie Screwvala. Her passions are her Labrador Sprite and reading. She studies philosophy at [[New Acropolis|New Acropolis India]] and is on the board of the [[Asia Society]].<ref>{{cite news |author=arzan sam wadia |url=http://parsikhabar.net/individuals/zarina-mehta-an-interview/775/ |title=Zarina Mehta: An Interview |publisher=Parsikhabar.net |date=4 December 2007 |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702145350/http://parsikhabar.net/individuals/zarina-mehta-an-interview/775/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.swadesfoundation.org Swades Foundation]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131225071737/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/business-creativity-have-to-exist-together-zarina-mehta/279981-55.html IBN Live]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Screwvala, Zarina}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:UTV Software Communications]]

Mir Abdul Aziz

2026-05-03T01:48:14Z

Rajan Singh: new

{{Short description|16th-century Mughal commander}}
{{One source|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Mir Abdul Aziz
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| allegiance = [[Mughal Empire]]
| branch =
| service_years =
| rank = [[Commander]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Battle of Bayana]]<br />[[Battle of Khanwa]]
| awards =
| other_work =
}}
'''Mir Abdul Aziz''' was a commander in the [[Mughal Empire]].

== Battle of Bayana ==
{{Main|Battle of Bayana}}
Abdul Aziz was appointed by [[Babur]] to lead an advance guard to check Rana Sanga's advance. However he was defeated at the [[Battle of Bayana]] in February 1527.<ref name=JP>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa|year=2006|pages=454|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rajasthan%20hooja|quote=From Baburs memoirs we learn that Sanga's success against the Mughal advance guard commanded by Abdul Aziz and other forces at Bayana, severely demoralised the fighting spirit of Baburs troops encamped near Sikri.}}</ref>

== Battle of Khanwa ==
In 1527 Abdul Aziz participated in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] where he led a contingent of the [[Mughal Army]] and the [[Mughals]] inflicted a defeat on the [[Rajputs]] led by [[Rana Sanga]]. Rana Sanga was badly wounded by an arrow during the battle and was subsequently removed from the battlefield in unconscious state by [[Prithviraj Singh I|Prithviraj Kachwaha of Amber]]. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ |title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|quote= As the battle raged on, the tide inexorably turned against Sanga. Severely wounded, Sanga lost consciousness and in that state, was carried away from the battlefield by loyal supporters to a nearby site called Baswa|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mughal soldiers]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]

{{Mughal-stub}}

Konkan Railway zone

2026-04-30T07:47:10Z

Rajan Singh: starting...

{{Short description|Railway in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
|box_width =
|color =
|logo = Konkan Railway Zone.svg
|logo_width = 100px
|image =
|image_width =
|caption =
|type = [[Regional rail]]
|system =
|status = Operational
|locale = [[Konkan]], [[India]]
|start = [[Roha]], [[Maharashtra]]
|end = [[Thokur]], [[Karnataka]]
|stations = 72
|routes =
|daily_ridership =
|open = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1998|01|26}}
|owner = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
|operator = [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]
|character =
|depot = [[Verna, Goa|Verna]]
|stock =
|linelength = {{convert|756.25|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}
|tracklength =
|tracks = 1
|gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
|old_gauge =
|minradius =
|racksystem =
|electrification = Yes
|speed = {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|elevation =
|website = {{official website|http://www.konkanrailway.com|konkanrailway.com}}
|map = {{Konkan Railway RDT|inline=y}}
|map_state = collapsed
}}
[[File:Shortened form of Konkan Railway Zone.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Bilingual Konkan Railway Zone initials]]
[[File:Konkan Railway.png|thumb|alt=Map of west-central India|Route map]]
[[File:Indianrailwayzones-numbered.svg|thumb|[[Indian Railways]] zone map; 17 is Konkan Railway]]
[[File:Konkan Landscape.jpg|thumb|alt=View from a train|Express train in [[Konkan]] near Diwan Khavati Railway Station]]

The '''Konkan Railway''' (abbreviated '''KR''') is one of the 19 railway zones in [[India]] with its headquarters at [[CBD Belapur]] in [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. The Konkan Railway line from Roha to Thokur is operated and maintained by '''Konkan Railway corporation (KRCL)'''. The first passenger train ran on Konkan railway tracks on 20 March 1993, between [[Udupi]] and [[Mangalore]]. During its initial years of operation in the mountainous [[Konkan]] region, a number of [[Railway accidents|accidents]] prompted Konkan Railway to implement new technology. [[Anti-collision device|Anti-collision devices]], the [[Skybus Metro|Sky Bus]] and [[Rolling highway|roll-on/roll-off]] are several of the railway's innovations.<ref name="RORO Popularity Article - The Hindu Business Line">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/11/14/stories/2003111402032000.htm |work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 2003-14-11 |title=Convergence on the Konkan Railway |author=S. Vydhianathan |access-date=2008-12-22 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627121821/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/11/14/stories/2003111402032000.htm |archive-date=27 June 2006 }}</ref> The {{convert|756.25|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} long railway line connects the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]]. The first train on the completed track was sent off on 26 January 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recruitment99.com/krcl-trackman-pointsman-recruitment-admit-card-result/|title=KRCL Recruitment 2018 – Apply Online 100 Trackman Pointsman Posts|date=18 August 2018|author=Dinesh Jangid|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==History==

===Background===
[[File:Konkan Railway 72.jpg|thumb|alt=Another view from a train|Crossing a long bridge between two hills]]
[[File:Konkan Railway 504.JPG|thumb|alt=Another view from a moving train|Entering the [[Chiplun]] railway tunnel]]
For most of the modern era, the Konkan coast of India did not have a railway link connecting its coastal cities, towns and villages. Even the British who ruled India until 1947 did not build a railway along this route. The first proposal was surveyed in 1920. In 1957 an aerial survey was conducted of the area between Dasgaon, Raigad District in Maharashtra and Mangalore with the object of studying the possibilities of railway development in this region.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1621/1/lsd_02_05_25-08-1958.pdf |page=53 | title=Lok Sabha debates | date=1958-08-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115041520/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1621/1/lsd_02_05_25-08-1958.pdf | archive-date=2021-11-15}}</ref>

The long-pending demand of this region was fulfilled by [[George Fernandes]] who was the Railway minister in V.P. Singh's government, backed by then Finance minister [[Madhu Dandavate]] and Vice Chairman of Planning Commission [[Ramakrishna Hegde]].<ref>{{ cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/george-fernandes-the-konkan-man/story/314697.html|title=George Fernandes, the Konkan Man|date=29 January 2019 |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> They set up [[Konkan Railway Corporation Limited]] headed by [[E. Sreedharan|E.Sreedharan]] for executing Konkan railway line to tide over funds crunch of Indian Railways.

The first phase of the Konkan Railway was the {{convert|60.75|km|adj=on}} section from Apta to Roha. It was cleared by the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], and the project was included in the 1978-79 budget at an estimated cost of {{INR}}11.19 billion. The length of the railway from Apta to Mangalore was estimated at {{convert|890|km}}, and its cost was estimated at {{INR}}239 billion in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3086/1/lsd_07_01_01-02-1980.pdf | page=39 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005152409/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3086/1/lsd_07_01_01-02-1980.pdf | archive-date=2022-10-05 | title=Lok Sabha debates}}</ref> The engineering and traffic survey for the West Coast Railway Line from Apta to Mangalore was conducted from 1970 to 1972. The final survey for the Apta-Roha-Dasgaon section was made in 1974–75.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3269/1/lsd_07_02_19-03-1980.pdf#search=null%20%5B1980%20TO%201989%5D | page=31 | title=Oral Answers to Questions | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115041557/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3269/1/lsd_07_02_19-03-1980.pdf#search=null%20%5B1980%20TO%201989%5D | archive-date=2021-11-15}}</ref>

===Challenges===
The project involved over 2,116 bridges (of which the Panvalnadi bridge was the highest viaduct in India till 2010, Now Jhajjhar Khad is the highest viaduct in India)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ten top Indian rail journeys | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=17 September 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/sep/17/top-10-indian-train-journeys-rail}}</ref> and 92 tunnels and was the largest railway project of the century in Asia.<ref name="SIDA">{{cite web |title=Swedish Contribution to the Konkan Railway Construction Project in India |url=https://www.sida.se/English/publications/124900/Swedish-Contribution-to-the-Konkan-Railway-Construction-Project-in-India/ |publisher=[[Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency|SIDA]] |access-date=27 April 2020 |date=2002-04-16 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A major challenge was land acquisition from about 43,000 landowners. When the [[Konkan Railway Corporation]] (KRCL) began asking people to surrender property which had belonged to them for generations, many (convinced of the project's importance) did so voluntarily. This enabled the process to be completed in one year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/intro3.pdf|work=Official webpage of the Konkan Railway Corporation|title=LAND ACQUISITION|access-date=2008-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304113321/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/intro3.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The longest bridge is on the River Sharavathi, spanning {{convert|2.06|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} and the longest Tunnel is in Karbude near Ratnagiri, stretching {{convert|6.561|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}.

Terrain and the elements were challenging; flash floods, loose soil, [[landslide]]s and tunnel collapses affected work at many places on the project. Thickly forested construction sites were often visited by wild animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/constr.pdf|work=Official webpage of the Konkan Railway Corporation|title=Construction|access-date=2008-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010120519/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/constr.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The route crosses three states ([[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]]), each of which agreed to provide financing. The authorised share capital was increased in 1996-1997 from {{INR}}6 billion to {{INR}}8 billion, with the [[government of India]] taking a 51-percent share; the rest went to Maharashtra (22 percent), Karnataka (15 percent), Kerala (6 percent) and Goa (6 percent).

Contracts for the project were given to construction firms which included [[Larsen & Toubro]] who were given a major part of the project, [[Gammon India]] and [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Afcons]]. To speed up construction, [[pier]]s for major bridges were cast on riverbanks itself and launched with [[Float (nautical)|pontoon]]-mounted cranes.<ref name="AFCONS">{{cite web|url=http://www.afconsindia.com/Mandovi.pdf |work=Official webpage of AFCONS |title=Railway Bridges Across Zuari and Mandovi Rivers, Goa |access-date=2008-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304113301/http://www.afconsindia.com/Mandovi.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 }}</ref> This was India's first use of [[incremental launch]] bridge-building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacpl.com/bridges/panval.htm|work=Official webpage of SPA Consultants|title=Bridges:Panval Nadi Viaduct|access-date=2008-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222044727/http://spacpl.com/bridges/panval.htm|archive-date=22 February 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The greatest challenge was presented by the nine tunnels bored through soft soil, which required a slow, manual process. Excavation was difficult due to saturated [[clay]] and high [[water table]]. Tunnels collapsed immediately several times, requiring the work to be redone.<ref name="ITA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/Tribunes_Pdf/T32-India_.pdf |work=Official webpage of ITA-AITES |title=TRIBUNE : ITA Newsletter, dated June 2008 |access-date=2008-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304113258/http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/Tribunes_Pdf/T32-India_.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 }}</ref> Nineteen lives and four years were lost in the construction of the soft-soil tunnels alone,<ref name="ITA"/> and a total of seventy-four people died during the railway's construction. The compensation is being paid to the persons displaced due to Konkan Railway Project. The amount paid up till now is approx. Rs. 103 crores to about 39000 persons.<ref>https://164.100.77.150/bitstream/123456789/150706/1/PQ_175_07121995_U1063_p87_p87.pdf{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Controversy===
In [[Goa]], which makes up {{convert|156.25|km|mi}} of the route, concerns were raised about the environmental and economic impact of the railway. According to opponents of the project, the coastal railway would destroy habitat, damage historical sites, and disrupt lives in the densely populated state. In 1991, the Konkan Railway Re-Alignment Committee (KRRAC) organised protests against the proposed railway line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/~graghu/Vikalpa/Kongan_Goa_1995_july_sep_53_70.pdf|work=Vikalpa|title=Konkan Railway Corporation:Choice of Alignment in Goa|author=G. Raghuram|access-date=2008-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304113258/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/~graghu/Vikalpa/Kongan_Goa_1995_july_sep_53_70.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The KRRAC's main points were that the proposal would flood coastal regions, destroy fertile land, harm the monuments of [[Old Goa]], irreparably damage the marshes and [[mangrove]] swamps along the coast and the estuaries of the [[Mandovi]] and [[Zuari]] Rivers, and displace neighbourhoods along the coast. The committee proposed an alternative [[hinterland]] alignment passing through relatively unpopulated regions, which would extend the line by about {{convert|27.75|km|mi}} but reduce environmental damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://packersandmoversindia.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230181944/http://packersandmoversindia.net/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2010 |work=Online edition of Sunday magazine, March 29 - April 4, 1992|title=ON THE WRONG TRACK|author=Indranil Banerjie|access-date=2009-04-23}}</ref>
But the hinterland alignment was rejected by the Konkan Railway Corporation because it would substantially lengthen & divert the line, deny rail access to Goa's population centers, and delay and increase the costs of construction. The KRRAC, which had become a political movement, filed [[public interest litigation]] in the [[Bombay High Court]] in March 1992 seeking an [[injunction]] on construction work and diversion of the line through the hinterland alignment. The high court dismissed the petition the following month, ruling that {{quote| ... the claim of the petitioners that the alignment would have devastating and irreversible impact upon the [[Khazan system|khazan]] lands is without any foundation, and even otherwise, the extent of damage is extremely negligible and a public project of such a magnitude which is undertaken for meeting the aspirations of the people on the west coast cannot be defeated on such considerations. It is not open to frustrate the project of public importance to safeguard the interest of few persons. It cannot be overlooked that while examining the grievance about the adverse impact upon a small area of 30 hectares of Khazan lands, the benefit which will be derived by a large number of people by the construction of rail line cannot be brushed aside. The Courts are bound to take into consideration the comparative hardship which the people in the region will suffer by stalling the project of great public utility. The cost of the project escalates from day to day and, as pointed out by the Corporation, the extent of the interest and east which will be suffered by the Corporation every day is to the tune of Rs. 45 lakhs. No development is possible without some adverse effect on the ecology and environment ...<ref>''Goa Foundation v. Konkan Railway Corporation'', AIR 1992 Bom. 571.</ref> }} The Konkan Railway Re-Alignment Committee (KRRAC) now under new name Save Konkan Ecology Forum (SKEF) is strictly & violently opposing Doubling & Electrification Works of Konkan Railway Line, planned by Indian Railways in 2014/2015, citing concerns about the environmental and economic impact, destruction habitat, damage historical sites, and disrupt lives in the densely populated state. Maharashtra, Karnataka & Kerala Governments had given Green signal for doubling & electrification of Konkan Railway Line in 2015/2016.

===Completion===
In March 1993, the southern {{convert|46|km|mi|adj=on}} between [[Thokur railway station|Thokur]], {{convert|18|km|mi|adj=on}} from [[Mangalore]], and [[Udupi]] in [[Karnataka]] entered service, followed by the northern {{convert|47|km|mi|adj=on}} section between Roha and Veer in [[Maharashtra]] in June of that year. The first passenger train on the route ran between Mangalore and Udupi on 20 March 1993. The service was extended by {{convert|52|km|mi}} from Veer to Khed in March 1995, and by a further {{convert|286|km|mi}} from Khed to [[Sawantwadi]] Road in December 1996. The Southern service was extended by {{convert|38|km|mi}} from Udupi to [[Kundapur]] in January 1995, and by a further {{convert|272|km|mi}} to Pernem in [[Goa]] in August 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970826/23850403.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1997-08-26|title=Paswan for quality coaches|access-date=2008-12-04}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Through services between Mumbai and Mangalore remained on hold due to a problematic tunnel at Pernem, which experienced repeated cave-ins and flooding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970731/21250153.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1997-07-31|title=Jinxed Goan sector derails Konkan dream|author=G.R. Singbal|access-date=2008-12-04}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The tunnel was finally completed in January 1998, six years after its construction began.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1F9QtYSSa0gC|title=Engines of Change|author=Ian J. Kerr|year=2007|publisher=Praeger |isbn=9780275985646|access-date=2008-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980116/01650794.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1998-01-16|title=Konkan Railway ready to roll, at last|access-date=2008-12-04}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Through services on the line began after the inauguration of the full {{convert|756.25|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch from Roha to Mangalore on 26 January 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.totaljobshub.in/konkan-railway-station-master-result-krcl-cut-off/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626052540/http://totaljobshub.in/konkan-railway-station-master-result-krcl-cut-off/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-06-26|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1998-01-27|title=Vajpayee dedicates Konkan Rly to the nation|author=Sandeep K.M.|access-date=2008-12-04}}</ref> Passenger service on the full route, between Mumbai and Mangalore, began in May 1998.<ref name="Naik">{{cite web|url=https://www.totaljobshub.in/konkan-railway-station-master-result-krcl-cut-off/|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1998-05-31|title=Naik flags off 'nameless' train|access-date=2008-12-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105171854/http://www.indianexpress.com/static/sorry/|archive-date=5 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Karwar Railway Station.jpg|thumb|alt=Station platform, with people waiting for a train|[[Karwar railway station]]]]

==Improvements==
===Track doubling===
According to a study by the railway, track doubling is possible on about {{convert|324|km|mi|adj=on}} which runs on the plains. Several stretches on the {{convert|756.25|km|mi|adj=on}} line can be converted to double track, such as the {{convert|47|km|adj=on}} line from Roha to Veer, which is now doubled. The {{convert|63|km|adj=on}} stretch between Udupi and Mangalore is another candidate. The {{convert|88|km|mi|adj=on}} track from Vaibhavwadi Road to Madure is entirely flat terrain and can easily be converted into Double Track.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dna-exclusive-konkan-railway-plans-second-line-in-plains-1977181|title=dna exclusive: Konkan Railway plans second line in plains|work=dna|date=11 April 2014}}</ref>

On 3 November 2015, Konkan Railway senior official Bhanu P. Tayal announced to the press that track-doubling and electrification would begin on 8 November in Kolad. [[Life Insurance Corporation]] offered a favourable {{INR}}2.5 billion loan, and other funding would be available. The project, expected to cost {{INR}}100 billion, was scheduled for completion by 2020.<ref name=indidoubtrack>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/49649809.cms|title=Times of India: Konkan railway to begin work on doubling tracks from November 8|work=Online edition of the Times Of India, dated 2015-11-04}}</ref> In October 2018, the railway announced that the {{convert|45|km|adj=on}} stretch between Roha and Veer would have two tracks by December 2019.<ref name=doubling2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/konkan-railway-network-to-get-10-new-stations-by-dec-2019/article25234936.ece |title=Konkan Railway network to get 10 new stations by Dec 2019| date=16 October 2018 }}</ref> [[Matsyagandha Express]] (Train number 02619 run as special) travelling from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai (LTT) to Mangaluru Central (MAQ) became the first train to take the Roha-Veer double line on Konkan railway route on 30 August 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/line-doubling-completed-on-roha-veer-section/article36206222.ece|title=Matsyagandha Express is first train to take Roha-Veer double line |work=The Hindu English daily newspaper|date= 1 September 2021 }}</ref>

In 2025, Konkan Railway invited tenders for a feasibility study to investigate doubling of the Mookambika Road Byndoor–Thokur (112 km) and Vaibhavwadi Road–Majorda (151 km) sections, with costs of ₹1.31 crore for the study.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/konkan-railway-to-conduct-feasibility-study-for-patch-doubling-of-thokur-byndoor-and-majorda-vaibhavwadi-road-sections/article70087788.ece</ref>

===Electrification===
The foundation stone laying for electrification of the Konkan railway line was done in November 2015. The entire 741 kilometer route stretching from Roha, Maharashtra to Thokur, Karnataka has been electrified in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/konkan-rail-to-complete-electrification-by-june/articleshow/81729326.html|title=Konkan Rail to complete electrification by June|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/konkan-railway-to-be-fully-electrified-by-december/27544|title=Konkan Railway to be fully electrified by December|website=www.constructionworld.in}}</ref> Inspection of the entire stretch was completed in six phases starting in March 2020. The last stretch between Ratnagiri and Thivim was inspected on March 24 and authorisation was obtained on 29 March.

===New stations===
The railway was scheduled to have new stations at {{rws|Indapur}}, {{rws|Goregaon Road}}, {{rws|Sape Wamane}}, Kalambani Budruk, Kadavai, Veravali, Saundal, Kharepatan Road, Achirne, Mirjan and {{rws|Innanje}} by December 2019.<ref name=doubling2019/> All of these stations are operational now.

==Operations==

The {{convert|756.25|km|adj=on}} railway has a total track length of {{convert|900|km}}. Its length through Maharashtra is {{convert|361|km}}, through Karnataka {{convert|239|km}}, and {{convert|156.25|km}} through Goa.

===Passenger===
The route is popular with passengers due to its connectivity with regions hitherto inaccessible by rail and the substantial time savings for travellers between western and southern India. Several trains which had taken circuitous routes ran on the Konkan Railway, reducing running time. The first of these was the Mumbai-Mangalore [[Netravati Express]] later extended to [[Trivandrum]], which was diverted to the Konkan Railway on 1 March 1998; this was followed by the [[Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express]] on 1 April of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980126/02650194.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1998-01-26|title=Mumbai Beat : Konkan Rly commissioned|access-date=2009-04-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105171854/http://www.indianexpress.com/static/sorry/|archive-date=5 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Matsyagandha Express]], running from [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] to Mangalore, began service on 1 May 1998.<ref name="Naik"/> The [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]-Mangalore [[Mangala Express]] was diverted to the route and extended to [[Ernakulam Junction]] on 1 August 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980721/20250694.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1998-07-21|title=Mumbai Notes:Mangla Express on Konkan route|access-date=2008-12-10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Pune]]-Ernakulam Junction Express was introduced on 25 February 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990227/ige27131.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1998-02-26|title=At last, direct from Pune to God's own country|access-date=2008-12-10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Marusagar Express]], which runs between [[Jaipur]] and Ernakulam Junction and was extended to [[Ajmer]] via the Konkan Railway, began service on 12 October 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Jaipur-Ernakulam-train-begins-maiden-journey/articleshow/369844166.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022154147/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-08/thiruvananthapuram/27231294_1_jaipur-maiden-journey-baroda|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-22|title=Jaipur-Ernakulam train begins maiden journey|access-date=2008-12-18|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2001-10-08}}</ref> The [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] was flagged off between [[Mumbai]] and [[Margao|Madgaon]] (the longest-running Jan Shatabdi) on 16 April 2002 to commemorate Indian Railways' 150th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020417/main5.htm|work=Online edition of the Tribune, dated 2002-04-17|title=First Jan Shatabdi flagged off|author=Tripti Nath|access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rapr2002/12042002/r120420021.html|work=Press release, Press Information Bureau, dated 2002-04-12|title=JAN SHATABDI TRAINS - NEW DEFINITION OF PASSENGER COMFORTS IN THE 150TH YEAR|access-date=2009-04-13}}</ref> On 1 February 2008, a [[Garib Rath Express]] between the [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]] and [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] began service.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/02/stories/2008020260930300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206133332/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/02/stories/2008020260930300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-02-06|title=Garib Rath brings Mumbai closer|access-date=2009-04-13|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-02-02}}</ref>

The [[Tejas Express]] is the first semi-high-speed, fully air-conditioned train fleet introduced by [[Indian Railways]], with modern on-board facilities. Its inaugural run was on 24 May 2017 from Mumbai's [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] to [[Karmali]] in Goa<ref name = "dna1">{{cite web|title=Mumbai-Goa route gets Railways' premium train Tejas|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-goa-route-gets-railways-premium-train-tejas-2260090|website=dna|access-date=15 October 2016|date=30 September 2016}}</ref>, which was later extended to [[Madgaon Junction railway station]]. It coveres 581 km (361 mi) in eight hours and 50 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Kamal |date=2022-09-10 |title=Mumbai CSMT- Karmali 'Tejas' Express extended up to Madgaon Jn |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/mumbai-csmt-karmali-tejas-express-extended-up-to-madgaon-jn |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Mumbai CSMT–Madgaon Vande Bharat Express]] semi-high-speed train, was also introduced by [[Indian Railways]], with modern on-board facilities. Its inaugural run was on 27 June 2023 from Mumbai's [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] to [[Madgaon Junction railway station]] in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Flags Off Mumbai-Goa Vande Bharat Express |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/pm-modi-flags-off-mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-express-2627541.html |access-date=29 March 2026 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> It covers 581 km (361 mi) in 7:45 hours outside Monsoon period and in 10 hours during Monsoon.

===Freight===
[[File:RoRo.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|A [[RORO]] train at the [[Sawantwadi Road railway station]]]]
[[File:Konkan Railway 513.JPG|thumb|alt=A train entering a tunnel|Hillside near a tunnel entrance is covered in [[chainlink]] to prevent landslides and falling rocks.]]
Freight response to the railway was lukewarm, prompting its corporation to consider reducing its rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980906/24950744.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1998-09-06|author=Sandeep K.M.|title=Konkan Rly asks Board to reduce "distance inflation"|access-date=2008-12-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> With an outstanding debt of {{INR}}33.75 billion, the [[Konkan Railway Corporation|KRCL]] was counting on freight traffic for revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980220/05150204.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1998-02-20|title=KRC in dire straits over bridging debt gap|access-date=2008-12-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> To attract freight traffic, the corporation began advertising to industries on the route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990130/03050825.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1999-01-30|title=Industry slow in responding to KRC|author=Sandeep K.M.|access-date=2008-12-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The corporation introduced [[Konkan Railway Corporation#RORO|roll-on/roll-off]] (RORO) service, a [[rolling highway|road-rail system]], on the section between [[Kolad]] (Maharashtra) and [[Verna, Goa]] in 1999;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949|work=Press release, Press Information Bureau, dated 2004-20-05|title=ROAD-RAIL SYNERGY SYSTEM|access-date=2008-12-22}}</ref> it was extended to the [[Surathkal railway station]] in [[Karnataka]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=186663|work=Online edition of the Business Standard, dated 2004-06-16|title=New Konkan Rly service begins|access-date=2008-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/06/12/stories/2004061200931900.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2004-06-11|title=RORO service again on Konkan Railway|access-date=2008-12-22}}</ref> The RORO service, the first of its kind in India, allowed trucks to be transported on [[Flatcar#Intermodal freight use|flatcars]]. It has been popular,<ref name="RORO Popularity Article - The Hindu Business Line" /> carrying about 1.6 million trucks and earning over {{INR}}1.2 billion by 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/press_2005/RO-RO%20earning%20crosses%20120%20cr%20mark%20-%20040609.pdf|work=Official webpage of the Konkan Railway Corporation|title=KONKAN RAILWAY EARNS OVER 120 Cr FROM RO-RO SERVICE|access-date=2009-06-08}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==<span id="Difficulties"></span>Safety==
The terrain and weather of the [[Konkan]] region have caused problems for the railway. During the 1998 [[monsoon]], torrential rains triggered [[landslide]]s which washed away tracks and disrupted service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980714/19550644.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1998-07-14|title=Konkan trains back to normal|access-date=2009-01-06}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Despite the corporation's efforts to address the problems through engineering (such as protective netting along [[Cut (earthworks)|cuttings]] to prevent boulders from rolling onto the tracks), the problems recurred each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990719/ige19045.html|work=Online edition of the Indian Express, dated 1999-07-19|title=Landslides and boulders block Konkan Rly's path|access-date=2009-01-06}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/93724|work=Online edition of the Pioneer, dated 2000-07-13|title=Konkan Railway suspends operations due to landslips|access-date=2009-01-06}}</ref>

The line's [[Vaibhavwadi train crash|first major accident]] occurred on the night of 22 June 2003, when a landslide derailed a [[Karwar]]–Mumbai express train at the entrance to a tunnel. Fifty-one people died as a result of the accident, and others were injured. As a result, the corporation was severely criticised for failing to take adequate safety measures in the landslide-prone region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2003-June/088927.html|work=Goanet|title=Konkan Railway Mishap : No Anti-Collision Device fitted|access-date=2008-01-06|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709233851/http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2003-June/088927.html|archive-date=9 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An inquiry reported that the cause of the accident was the failure of a cutting due to the lack of monsoon patrolling.<ref name="Inquiry">{{cite web|url=http://civilaviation.nic.in/ccrs/accidents/2003-2004/DETAILS%20OF%20%20ACCIDENTS/ACCIDENT(ix)%20OF%202003-2004.htm|work=Official webpage of the Commissioner of Railway Safety|title=Report of Commissioner of Railway Safety|access-date=2009-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410083054/http://civilaviation.nic.in/ccrs/accidents/2003-2004/DETAILS%20OF%20%20ACCIDENTS/ACCIDENT(ix)%20OF%202003-2004.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The findings were disputed by the corporation, which said that the lack of monsoon patrolling did not lead to the accident (which was due to forces of nature).<ref name="Inquiry"/> Shortly after the accident, however, the corporation announced that it would enhance safety measures on the route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/06/26/stories/2003062604551200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125094024/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/06/26/stories/2003062604551200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2013|work=Online edition of The Hindu|date=26 June 2003|title=Konkan Railway to run inspection locomotives|access-date=2009-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/bulliten/safety_enhancing_%20measures_taken.htm|work=Official webpage of Konkan Railway Corporation|title=Geological Challenges & New Solutions by Konkan Rly|access-date=2009-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119143140/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/bulliten/safety_enhancing_%20measures_taken.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Barely a year later, the measures were found inadequate when a [[Karanjadi train crash|second major accident]] occurred on 16 June 2004. A Mangalore–Mumbai [[Matsyaganda Express]] derailed and fell off a bridge after striking boulders on the tracks, killing 20 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3815573.stm|work=BBC News, dated 2004-06-17|title=Rail crash due to 'natural cause'|access-date=2009-01-06 | date=2004-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040617/asp/nation/story_3381886.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203225751/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040617/asp/nation/story_3381886.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|work=Online edition of the Tribune, dated 2004-06-17|title=Showpiece to death train: by boulders|author=Chandrima S. Bhattacharya|access-date=2009-01-06|date=2004-06-17}}</ref> Again, the corporation insisted that the accident was due to forces of nature.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/17/stories/2004061706301100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813145706/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/17/stories/2004061706301100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-08-13|title=Nature's fury caused derailment: Konkan Railway|access-date=2009-01-06|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/742563.cms|work=Online edition of the Times of India, dated 2004-06-16|title=Mother Nature plays the spoiltsport|author=Stanly Pinto|access-date=2009-01-06|date=2004-06-16}}</ref> Questions were then raised about the safety and reliability of the Konkan Railway.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Technical-fault-or-just-boulders-Probe-on/articleshow/743051.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022235306/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-17/india/27148210_1_boulders-konkan-railways-railway-staff|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-22|title=Technical fault or just boulders? Probe on|author=Bisheshwar Mishra|access-date=2009-01-06|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2004-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/how-safe-is-railways-safety-measures/108342/|work=Online edition of the Financial Express, dated 2004-06-17|title=How Safe Is Railways' Safety Measures?|date=17 June 2004|access-date=2009-01-06}}</ref> An inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety ruled that the accident was caused by the "falling of boulders and earth" on the tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://civilaviation.nic.in/ccrs/accidents/2004-2005/DETAILS%202004-2005/ACCIDENT(iv)%20OF%202004-2005.htm|work=Official webpage of the Commissioner of Railway Safety|title=Report of Commissioner of Railway Safety|access-date=2009-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410083737/http://civilaviation.nic.in/ccrs/accidents/2004-2005/DETAILS%202004-2005/ACCIDENT(iv)%20OF%202004-2005.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After the report was issued, the corporation implemented its recommendations. These included reducing train speeds during the monsoon to {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} from {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and engineering measures such as boulder netting, [[shotcrete|shotcreting]], [[rock bolt]]ing, [[micropile|micropiling]] and [[vetiver]] plantations along the line to improve safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/press_2005/Monsoon%20safety%20work-2008.pdf|work=Official webpage of the Konkan Railway Corporation|title=Konkan Railway gears up for the monsoon|access-date=2009-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202013058/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/press_2005/Monsoon%20safety%20work-2008.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/bulliten/write-up-geosafety-08-01-08.pdf|work=Official webpage of the Konkan Railway Corporation|title=Geotech safety works|access-date=2009-04-13}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

A goods train carrying fertilizers derailed between Diwankhavti and Khed stations at Km 83/7Km at 15:57 on 10 May 2020. This happened during [[COVID-19 lockdown]] when regular passenger and goods trains were stopped by Central government of India. There was no injury or casualty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/press/details/1041|title=Derailment of Goods Train10-May-2020|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> Traffic resumed on the railway on 13 May 2020 at 09:15.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkan Railway |url=https://konkanrailway.com/press/details/1042 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=konkanrailway.com |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116104739/https://konkanrailway.com/press/details/1042 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]
* [[Pernem–Karwar Suburban Railway]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Geography of Transport Development in India|editor1-first=Balkrishna C.|editor1-last=Vaidya|author1-first=Balkrishna C.|author1-last=Vaidya|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2003|isbn=9788170229575|chapter=Konkan Railway transport — a case study in regional development|pages=294–314}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Konkan Railway}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Konkan Railway| ]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1998]]
[[Category:Zones of Indian Railways]]

Funky (film)

2026-04-29T08:45:55Z

Rajan Singh:

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Funky
| image = Funky (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. V. Anudeep]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Naga Vamsi S
* Sai Soujanya
}}
| writer = {{Ubl| K. V. Anudeep
| Mohan Sato}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vishwak Sen]]
* [[Kayadu Lohar]]
}}
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cinematography = Suresh Sarangam
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Sithara Entertainments
* Fortune Four Cinemas
* Srikara Studios
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2026|2|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 128 minutes<ref name=":THR" />
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Funky''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film co-written and directed by [[K. V. Anudeep]]. The film was produced by Naga Vamsi S. and Sai Soujanya under Sithara Entertainments and Fortune Four Cinemas. The film stars [[Vishwak Sen]] and [[Kayadu Lohar]].

''Funky'' was theatrically released on 13 February 2026 to negative reviews from critics and audiences. It was a commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Funky: వరుసగా రెండో ఫ్లాప్... విశ్వక్ సేన్‌కు కలిసిరాని ‘వాలంటైన్స్ డే’! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/valentines-day-fails-continue-for-vishwak-sen-with-funky-movie/articleshow/128544348.cms |work=[[Samayam Telugu]] |date=19 February 2026 |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Producer Sudharsan watches a partially completed version of the film ''Funky'', which he produced under his banner Manchi Studio, in a private screening with his assistant Balaji. Balaji informs Sudharsan that the uncompleted film itself cost around ₹40 crores. Sudharsan learns that Balaji had sold some of Sudharsan's properties to finish the schedules. Upon hearing this, Sudharsan asks Balaji why Komal quoted only four crores as the budget for the whole film, but now forty crores have been spent as Komal kept increasing the budget for filming song portions and fight sequences. Balaji also informs him that Komal has asked for an additional four crores to finish the remaining schedules. Sudharsan suffers a heart attack and is admitted to a hospital, where he gets a [[stent]] and is slowly recovering. Sudharsan's daughter Chitra visits him and learns that the debutant director Komal is the reason behind her father's health condition, and that filming was halted because Komal stopped the shooting over a tender coconut not having coconut inside the shell. Sudharsan and Balaji tell her what a nuisance he is.

Komal's mother and younger sister visit him to inform him that there's a potential marriage alliance for his sister and he should join the ceremony. But he says he'd feel weird if someone marries his sister and he had to call him "brother-in-law" and his brother-in-law's father "uncle" - all of it feels weird to him, which makes his sister angry and she leaves with their mother saying she doesn't care whether he attends or not. Later, Chitra tries to replace Komal with another director who could finish the remaining portions with a low budget. Komal persistently tries to convince Chitra, and she eventually agrees as he accepts to finish it with a one-crore budget for the remaining schedules.

As Komal discusses with his assistant directors, he notices RK, the financier GK's brother, talking with Chitra about the pending loan repayments, but Komal mistakes it and beats RK, believing he asked her for sexual companionship. Eventually, RK explains the situation and takes Komal to GK, where he learns GK is a fan of [[Jr. NTR]], so he convinces him, saying he'll get him passes for the pre-release event of Jr. NTR's upcoming film, which GK agrees to happily. Later, Chitra invites Komal to a party they've arranged to announce that the studio still makes films even after working with such a director, where he gets drunk and she drops him off at his house. Komal's landlady shouts, asking for four months' pending rent, and Chitra helps him pay the rent; out of gratitude, he hugs her.

When Chitra, Komal, and his assistants visit Komal's village to look for a shooting location, she learns about his childhood friends and how emotionally detached he is from his mother and sister. Although she's initially hesitant, she gets along with Komal. Later, Komal thanks her for dropping him off at his house and for believing in his script when her father wouldn't give him a chance. She was the one who convinced her dad, back when Komal was just a beginner.

On the day of the pre-release event of Jr. NTR's upcoming film, GK phones Komal and Komal promises he'll make sure GK and his family meet Jr. NTR. But when GK visits the entrance with his family, Komal isn't there, and as other people try to enter, falsely saying they're GK, the guards block the path and one of them slaps GK in anger. Meanwhile, Komal visits Chitra at a film festival; she'd invited him there. While watching the film, she tells him that all the romantic scenes he told her about are in the film they're watching, so she asks him to write something original.

The next day, he narrates a love proposal scene he originally wrote the night before. It's about a hero and heroine who want to express their feelings but don't know how, so they're just talking random things while trying to propose to each other. For example, the hero says, "Girls topped tenth standard again." The heroine replies, "Gold prices have gone up drastically." Then the hero responds, "There's huge traffic near tolls during Sankranti." Chitra interrupts him and says, "Does she say, There's a new director who doesn't pay at food joints?" and asks him to stick to copying rather than writing something like this.

At the shooting spot, Komal asks Chitra to listen to the audios he shared, hoping to express his feelings through audio, but she clicks on one of the files and it plays a recording where Komal jokingly accuses Chitra, to his assistants, of losing all the money in her startup and going bankrupt, so she blamed Komal by playing the sympathy card of her sick father, and they got all the attention they needed from the industry. Later, when she walks out of the caravan, one of the vehicles her father left a few seconds earlier explodes, and GK threatens them, saying he won't let them complete the film because Komal is the reason he was humiliated in front of his family.

Sudharsan and Chitra file a complaint at the police station explaining the situation, and they want Komal to be arrested. But Komal manages the predicament by convincing the police officer to play the role of a watchman in his film, and the officer arrests GK instead. Angered by the predicaments he's caused, Chitra tries to complete the film without Komal, but he uploads a video on YouTube portraying himself as innocent, and without other options, she reluctantly agrees to take Komal to the location.

Changed from his previous attitude, Komal cuts the budget by luring his school and college friends into working as junior artists for free. At one point, he injures his hand to save Chitra from a falling set prop, which eases the anger she had towards him. Later, she plays the audio file he mentioned earlier and hears him saying he likes her. While discussing daily expenses for the schedule, he overhears Chitra telling her father on the phone that she didn't meet the guy her father asked her to see. Curiously, Komal asks why she didn't meet the guy. She says he's her dad's friend and it's been three months since he spoke to his father, that's why she didn't meet him – she thinks that guy has no values for his family. To impress her, Komal pretends like he's a guy who values his family and attends his sister's engagement.

GK, released from prison, visits his house only to find his family members are offered acting roles by Komal – because of that, they didn't even care to see GK. A devastated GK plans revenge against Komal for separating his family members from him. At one of the schedules, Chitra notices Komal teaching dialogues to the hero and heroine, saying, "It all feels weird – if we marry tomorrow, your father will call me son-in-law. And your brother calling me brother-in-law makes it even weirder. [...] All these unnecessary relations, formal handovers, pranks – it all feels weird. [...] I can’t live in this family box! It's weird." After wrapping up the film, he proposes to Chitra, but she rejects, saying the same dialogues he wrote about family relations, calling it weird.

Although he's not attached to his family, he invites Chitra to his sister's wedding – at first she says she won't attend, but later gets the address from him by phone. At his sister's wedding, he tries to impress Chitra by pretending he's the one who took care of all the necessary arrangements. When everyone says emotional words to his sister after the marriage, he finds it weird. And when his sister, crying emotionally, comes near to say bye, he simply replies "pass" to everyone's shock. After everyone left, Komal reconnects with his mother and asks her to stay with him in the city. To avenge Komal, GK steals the hard disk and tells him he has no intention of returning it, but Komal convinces him by reuniting him with his family members and adding a special thanks card and photos of GK along with his family.

In the end, Chitra tries to express her feelings to Komal. Komal and Chitra talk about random things. He says, "Girls topped tenth standard again." She replies, "Gold prices have gone up drastically." Then he responds, "There's huge traffic near toll booths during Sankranti." She says, "There's a new director who doesn't pay at food joints." And they express their love for each other. She adds he's the one who spoiled everything whenever she tried to propose to him. She asks him what's next; he says another film. And he promises he'd only make budget-constraint films since this is now his home banner. Later, it's shown Komal, Chitra, and Sudharsan celebrating the success of ''Funky'' at the success meet.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishwak Sen]] as Komal, The Director
* [[Kayadu Lohar]] as Chitra, The Producer
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Sudharsan, Chitra's Father
* [[Easwari Rao]] as Subhadra, Komal's mother
* [[Sampath Raj]] as GK
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* Jai Krishna
* Ravi Anthony Pudota as GK's brother
* [[Rajitha]] as Sudharsan's sister
* Manik Reddy as a doctor
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as family doctor
* Pammi Sai as Balaji
* Sunitha Manohar as house owner
* Mahender Peddagalla as Komal's friend
* Achuth Nandha Jv as Komal's friend
* Hari Shankar Nath P as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] C. Krishna Murthy
* Pawan Bolisetty as assistant director
* Mahipal
* Muppuri Raghava Ram as assistant director
* Aditi Bhavaraju as Komal's sister
* Yash Puri as the lead actor
;Cameo appearances
* [[K. V. Anudeep]] as Komal's friend
* Kalyan Shankar as Komal's friend
* Naga Vamsi S as himself
* [[Harish Shankar]] as himself
* [[Dil Raju]] as himself
}}

== Production ==
In August 2024, it was reported that [[Vishwak Sen]] and director [[K. V. Anudeep]] were collaborating on an untitled comedy film,<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwak Sen-Anudeep KV to team up for #VS14 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Aug/07/vishwak-sen-anudeep-kv-to-team-up-for-vs14 |work=Cinema Express |date=10 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=Vishwak Sen announces ‘VS14’ with ‘JathiRatnalu’ director Anudeep KV |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/vishwak-sen-announces-vs14-with-jathiratnalu-director-anudeep-kv-897806 |work=The Hans India |date=8 August 2024 |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909115836/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/vishwak-sen-announces-vs14-with-jathiratnalu-director-anudeep-kv-897806 |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] as music composer and Suresh Sarangam as cinematographer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwak Sen teams up with director KV Anudeep for 'VS14': A non-stop laugh riot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishwak-sen-teams-up-with-director-kv-anudeep-for-vs14-a-non-stop-laugh-riot/amp_articleshow/112363702.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 August 2024}}</ref> The film was written by K. V. Anudeep and Mohan Sato.<ref>{{cite web |title=VS14: Vishwak Sen and ‘Jathi Ratnalu’ Anudeep team |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/vs14-vishwak-sen-and-jathi-ratnalu-anudeep-team-up/amp |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=7 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwak Sen Announces New Film With Director KV Anudeep; #VS 14 Will Be A Family Entertainer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/vishwak-sen-announces-new-film-with-director-kv-anudeep-vs-14-will-be-a-family-entertainer-article-112354434/amp |work=Times Now |date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809150545/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/vishwak-sen-announces-new-film-with-director-kv-anudeep-vs-14-will-be-a-family-entertainer-article-112354434/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> The title, ''Funky'', was announced on 11 December 2024,<ref>{{cite news |title=Funky: Actor Viswak Sen teams up with director Anudeep for family entertainer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/funky-viswak-sen-teams-up-with-director-anudeep-for-family-entertainer-2648154-2024-12-11 |work=India Today |date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211092321/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/funky-viswak-sen-teams-up-with-director-anudeep-for-family-entertainer-2648154-2024-12-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwak Sen teams up with KV Anudeep for family entertainer 'Funky'; Shoot begins after Sankranti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishwak-sen-teams-up-with-kv-anudeep-for-family-entertainer-funky-shoot-begins-after-sankranti/amp_articleshow/116208864.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=31 July 2025 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250731141150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishwak-sen-teams-up-with-kv-anudeep-for-family-entertainer-funky-shoot-begins-after-sankranti/amp_articleshow/116208864.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwak Sen and director Anudeep KV team up for ‘Funky’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vishwak-sen-and-director-anudeep-kv-team-up-for-funky/article68972663.ece/amp/ |work=The Hindu |date=11 December 2024}}</ref> and a [[muhurat shot|muhurat puja ceremony]] was held in [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwak Sen, Anudeep team up for fun family entertainer ‘Funky’ |url=https://telanganatoday.com/vishwak-sen-anudeep-team-up-for-fun-family-entertainer-funky |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214174433/https://telanganatoday.com/vishwak-sen-anudeep-team-up-for-fun-family-entertainer-funky |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=Vishwak Sen teams up with Anudeep KV for fun-filled ‘Funky’ |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/vishwak-sen-teams-up-with-anudeep-kv-for-fun-filled-funky-928920 |work=The Hans India |date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213074329/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/vishwak-sen-teams-up-with-anudeep-kv-for-fun-filled-funky-928920 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Funky: Vishwak Sen and Anudeep’s film launched |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/funky-vishwak-sen-and-anudeeps-film-launched/amp |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=11 December 2024}}</ref> with [[Nag Ashwin]] accompanying Anudeep for the clapperboard shot.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh |first1=B. H. |title=Vishwak Sen's next titled Funky |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Dec/11/vishwak-sens-next-titled-funky |work=Cinema Express |date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Kalki 2898 AD’ Director Nag Ashwin Sounds Clap For Vishwak Sen, Anudeep’s New Movie ‘Funky’ |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/kalki-2898-ad-director-nag-ashwin-sounds-clap-for-vishwak-sen-anudeeps-new-movie-funky-article-116200724/amp |work=Times Now |date=11 December 2024}}</ref> In February 2025, it was reported that [[Kayadu Lohar]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dragon actor Kayadu Lohar to join Vishwak Sen and Anudeep KV’s Funky: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/dragon-actor-kayadu-lohar-to-join-vishwak-sen-and-anudeep-kv-funky-report-2686872-2025-02-28 |work=India Today |date=28 February 2025 |archive-date=28 February 2025 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228100619/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/dragon-actor-kayadu-lohar-to-join-vishwak-sen-and-anudeep-kv-funky-report-2686872-2025-02-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2025, the makers officially confirmed Kayadu Lohar as the female lead, playing the role of Chitra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kayadu Lohar to play Chitra in Vishwak Sen’s Funky |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2025/Oct/09/kayadu-lohar-to-play-chitra-in-vishwak-sens-funky |work=Cinema Express |date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Funky: Kayadu Lohar Returns To Telugu Cinema With Vishwak Sen, KV Anupdeep's Comedy Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/funky-kayadu-lohar-returns-to-telugu-cinema-with-vishwak-sen-kv-anupdeeps-comedy-drama-article-152981082/amp |work=Times Now |date=11 October 2025}}</ref> K. V. Anudeep and Mohan Sato improvised dialogues on set.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=Director KV Anudeep interview: Humour is my constant source of dopamine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-kv-anudeep-interview-ahead-of-funky-his-telugu-film-starring-vishwak-sen-and-kayadu-lohar/article70615248.ece/amp/ |work=The Hindu |date=11 February 2026}}</ref> Anudeep drew inspiration for some sequences in the film from real-life incidents in the film industry.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Director Anudeep KV: Funky has something for everyone |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/interviews/2026/Feb/10/director-anudeep-kv-funky-has-something-for-everyone |work=Cinema Express |date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=11 February 2026 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211001935/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/interviews/2026/Feb/10/director-anudeep-kv-funky-has-something-for-everyone |url-status=live }}</ref> He had Vishwak Sen in mind for the lead role while writing the script.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=‘Funky’ is relatable, logical and rooted in real life: KV Anudeep |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/funky-is-relatable-logical-and-rooted-in-real-life-kv-anudeep-1047367 |work=The Hans India |date=10 February 2026 |archive-date=11 February 2026 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211104926/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/funky-is-relatable-logical-and-rooted-in-real-life-kv-anudeep-1047367 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was loosely based on the real-life love story of director Nag Ashwin and producer [[Priyanka Dutt]] during the production of their first collaboration, the 2015 film ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=విశ్వక్ సేన్ ‘Funky’ నాగ్ అశ్విన్ బయోపిక్ మూవీయా! బాంబ్ పేల్చిన నిర్మాత నాగ వంశీ.. |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/funky-movie-is-like-a-biopic-of-director-nag-ashwin-says-producer-naga-vamshi-article-151306173 |work=[[Times Now|Times Now Telugu]] |date=27 March 2025 |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Funky : ఏంటీ ‘ఫంకీ’ నాగ్ అశ్విన్ బయోపిక్కా? |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/naga-vamsi-says-funky-will-be-like-biopic-of-nag-ashwin-776160.html |work=[[NTV Telugu]] |date=27 March 2025 |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nag Ashwin’s Life to Inspire a New Biopic? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/nag-ashwins-life-to-inspire-a-new-biopic-1869695 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=29 March 2025 |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2025 |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016070341/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/nag-ashwins-life-to-inspire-a-new-biopic-1869695 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":THR" />

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FUNKY Songs by Bheems Ceciroleo |url=https://gaana.com/album/funky-telugu |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |date=11 February 2026}}</ref> The first single, "Dheere Dheere", was released on 24 December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=‘Funky’ first single ‘Dheere Dheere’ sets the mood |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/funky-first-single-dheere-dheere-sets-the-mood-1033480 |work=The Hans India |date=24 December 2025 |archive-date=24 December 2025 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224160410/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/funky-first-single-dheere-dheere-sets-the-mood-1033480 |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single, "Rattatataav", was released on 31 January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Second song Rattatataa from Vishwak Sen’s Funky is out now |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2026/Jan/31/second-song-rattatataa-from-vishwak-sens-funky-is-out-now |work=Cinema Express |date=31 January 2026}}</ref> The third single, "Yama Yamma", was released on 9 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Yama Yamm’ — The 3rd single from ‘FUNKY’ brings a full-on mass blast! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/yama-yamm-the-3rd-single-from-funky-brings-a-full-on-mass-blast-1047042 |work=The Hans India |date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dheere Dheere
| length1 = 4:17
| lyrics1 = [[K. V. Anudeep]]
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Rohini Soratt
| title2 = Rattatataav
| length2 = 3:37
| lyrics2 = Dev Pawar
| extra2 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| title3 = Yama Yamma
| length3 = 3:50
| lyrics3 = Dev Pawar
| extra3 = Bheems Ceciroleo, Rohini Sorrat
| title4 = Chandamama
| length4 = 2:35
| lyrics4 = Dev Pawar
| extra4 = Eswar Dathu
| total_length = 14:19
}}

== Release ==
''Funky'' was released theatrically on 13 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=‘Funky’ team expresses confidence ahead of release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/funky-team-expresses-confidence-ahead-of-release-1047937 |work=The Hans India |date=12 February 2026}}</ref> Initially, the makers planned to release it on 25 December 2025;<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwak Sen's Funky set to release on Christmas: reports |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2025/Oct/16/vishwak-sens-funky-set-to-release-on-christmas-reports |work=Cinema Express |date=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwak Sen-starrer Funky gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2025/Nov/06/vishwak-sen-starrer-funky-gets-a-release-date |work=Cinema Express |date=5 November 2025}}</ref> however, they postponed it and rescheduled it for April 2026<ref>{{cite news |title='Funky' release date: Find out when KV Anudeep's comedy drama starring Vishwak Sen and Kayadu Lohar will hit the big screens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/funky-release-date-find-out-when-kv-anudeeps-comedy-drama-starring-vishwak-sen-and-kayadu-lohar-will-hit-the-big-screens/amp_articleshow/125149736.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 November 2025 |archive-date=7 November 2025 |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107130723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/funky-release-date-find-out-when-kv-anudeeps-comedy-drama-starring-vishwak-sen-and-kayadu-lohar-will-hit-the-big-screens/amp_articleshow/125149736.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwak Sen’s Funky gets release date, KV Anudeep’s comedy set for April 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishwak-sens-funky-gets-release-date-kv-anudeeps-comedy-set-for-april-2026-2814828-2025-11-06 |work=India Today |date=6 November 2025}}</ref> before confirming the February release.<ref>{{cite news |title=Release plans changed yet again for Vishwak Sen’s Funky |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2025/Dec/15/release-plans-changed-yet-again-for-vishwak-sens-funky |work=Cinema Express |date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

''Funky'' was released on [[Netflix]] on 13 March 2026 with its original Telugu version, along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, and the Hindi version, titled ''Mazzaq''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Funky OTT Release Date: Vishwak Sen, Kayadu Lohar’s Film Is Now Streaming — With a Twist |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/south/funky-ott-release-date-vishwak-sen-kayadu-lohars-film-is-now-streaming-with-a-twist-article-153825276 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=13 March 2026 |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2026 |access-date=30 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314035020/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/south/funky-ott-release-date-vishwak-sen-kayadu-lohars-film-is-now-streaming-with-a-twist-article-153825276 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Twinkle |title=South OTT releases this week: Couple Friendly, Pennum Porattum, Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi, and more |website=India TV News |date=13 March 2026 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/south-ott-releases-this-week-couple-friendly-pennum-porattum-bhartha-mahasayulaku-wignyapthi-funky-2026-03-13-1033666 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "''Funky'' works best when viewed as a stress-free entertainer rather than a layered narrative. It doesn’t aim for depth or complexity, but instead focuses on delivering simple fun, humour, and theatrical enjoyment."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=‘Funky’ review: A breezy meta-comedy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/funky-review-a-breezy-meta-comedy-1048242 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=13 February 2026}}</ref> Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The Vishwak Sen-starrer squanders its potential with misfired jokes, poor editing, and a narrative that lacks clear direction."<ref>{{cite news |title=Funky Movie Review: Vishwak Sen’s meta-comedy stumbles despite ambitious premise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/funky-movie-review-vishwak-sen-meta-comedy-stumbles-falls-ambitious-premise-10530284/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 February 2026}}</ref> Shreya Varanasi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The film often feels like a compilation of skits rather than a smoothly flowing narrative. [...] It has its moments but struggles with consistency."<ref>{{cite news |title=Funky Movie Review: Some jokes land, many don't in this film industry satire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/funky-review/movie-review/128313426.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2026}}</ref> Jalapathi Gudelli of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' rated the film 2.25/5 stars and wrote, "Despite carrying Anudeep’s trademark humor and despite some jokes genuinely working, the film feels aimless. The narrative drifts without a binding emotional thread."<ref>{{cite web |title=Funky Review: Aimless comedy with scattered laughs |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/funky-review-aimless-comedy-with-scattered-laughs |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, ''Funky'' is a silly, over-the-top comedy that offers only a few genuine laughs. Weak emotions and uneven narration make it a below-par watch this weekend."<ref>{{cite news |title=Funky Review: Kayadu Lohar shines in a flawed comedy that misses the mark |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/funky-review-kayadu-lohar-shines-in-a-flawed-comedy-that-misses-the-mark/0910830f8d802 |work=OTTPlay |date=13 February 2026}}</ref> BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "This time, Anudeep teams up with Vishwak Sen, who, despite having decent comic timing, comes across as stiff. His body language doesn’t suit a laugh riot, and the humour fails to land."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=B. V. S. |title=Funky Movie Review: Irritating spoof on producer-director relationship |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/funky-movie-review-irritating-spoof-on-producer-director-relationship-1936958 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Funky'' isn't just unfunny – it's aggressively awkward, testing every ounce of your patience for two excruciating hours. KV Anudeep has officially fumbled his third attempt, proving that even absurd comedy needs a method to its madness."<ref>{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Janani |title=Funky review: Vishwak Sen, KV Anudeep deliver two hours of awkwardness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vishwak-sen-kv-anudeep-funky-movie-awkward-comedy-poor-screenplay-review-2867745-2026-02-13 |work=India Today |date=13 February 2026}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The Vishwak Sen and Kayadu Lohar starrer is undone by a non-existent plot and directionless storytelling".<ref name=":THR">{{cite news |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title=‘Funky’ movie review: KV Anudeep’s lazy parody of the film industry tests your patience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/funky-telugu-movie-review-kv-anudeeps-film-stars-vishwak-sen-and-kayadu-lohar/article70623314.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 February 2026}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "''Funky'' aims for just vibes, but it needed to be a lot more edgier to hit the brief."<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Funky’ Movie Review: Funny In Parts, But Never Quite Takes Off |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/funky-movie-review-vishwak-sen-and-kayadu-lohars-comedy-never-quite-takes-off |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=13 February 2026}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 1/5 stars and wrote, "''Funky'' is a forgettable film with no story, weak screenplay, uneven narration, and turns into an example of how not to make a movie."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Funky Movie Review: This film tells the story of how to make a bad film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2026/Feb/13/funky-movie-review-this-film-tells-the-story-of-how-to-make-a-bad-film |work=Cinema Express |date=13 February 2026}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2026 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Films about screenwriters]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bheems Ceciroleo]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru

2026-04-28T14:18:38Z

Rajan Singh: started a pg

{{short description|2017 film directed by H. Vinoth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru
| image = Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[H. Vinoth]]
| producer = S. R. Prakashbabu<br />[[S. R. Prabhu]]
| writer = [[H. Vinoth]]
| based_on = [[Operation Bawaria]]
| starring = [[Karthi]]<br />[[Rakul Preet Singh]]<br />[[Abhimanyu Singh]]
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| cinematography = [[Sathyan Sooryan]]
| editing = T. Shivanandeeswaran
| studio = [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|17|}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|96}} [[crore]]
}}

'''''Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru''''' ({{translation|The Warrior: Chapter One}}) or simply '''''Theeran''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[H. Vinoth]] and produced by S. R. Prakashbabu and [[S. R. Prabhu]] under the banner [[Dream Warrior Pictures]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2017 |title=Theeran Adhyaayam Ondru is a commercial action thriller with realistic treatment, says Karthi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-is-a-commercial-action-thriller-with-realistic-treatment-says-karthi-4189325.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |work=Firstpost |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094322/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-is-a-commercial-action-thriller-with-realistic-treatment-says-karthi-4189325.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the [[Bawaria robberies]], it depicts the nefarious activity of organised [[dacoity]] committed in Tamil Nadu during the late 1990s and early 2000s and the subsequent investigation and arrest of robbers by a special investigation team of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] led by [[Director general of police]] [[S. R. Jangid]].<ref name="OB">{{cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title='Operation Bawaria' that inspired Karthi's Theeran Adhyaayam Ondru |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/operation-bawariaon-silver-screen-now/article20493784.ece |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407023154/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/operation-bawariaon-silver-screen-now/article20493784.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Karthi]] as the titular character Theeran, modelled on Jangid, alongside [[Rakul Preet Singh]] and [[Abhimanyu Singh]].

Vinoth had planned for the script based on the incident even before his debut film ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' (2014), but he later worked on the project in late 2014. To research further, he had met many police officers who handled similar cases. Following an official announcement in December 2016, principal photography commenced in January 2017 and ended that July. Filming took place in many real locations across [[Chennai]] and [[North India]], in order to capture the authenticity of the film and has been shot in locations where the incident happened. The film's [[cinematography]] was handled by [[Sathyan Sooryan]] and the editing was done by Sivanandeeswaran. [[Ghibran]] composed the [[soundtrack]] and the [[film score]].

The film, distributed and co-produced by [[Reliance Entertainment]], was released worldwide on 17 November 2017 and opened to critical acclaim, praising the direction, writing, cinematography, soundtrack, musical score, and cast performances—especially that of Karthi. The authenticity of capturing the incidents, along with the realistic portrayal of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] in fiction was highlighted and praised by critics. It was a major commercial success, grossing {{INR}}96 crore. In addition, the film won the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], [[Techofes]] Awards, two [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison]] and [[Vijay Awards|Vijay]] Awards, each. It received three nominations at the [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] and five [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]; the film's only win was [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor – Tamil]] for Karthi. A sequel to the film was announced in November 2023.

== Plot ==
Sasi, who is the cop in charge, orders that the documented criminal cases in the form of [[manuscript]]s be converted into [[digital format]]. During this process, he comes across a spine-chilling [[dacoity]] murder case from several years ago. After reading the case history, he calls up Theeran Thirumaran, the police officer who had taken charge of the case.

'''1995''': Theeran is in his police training college and is undergoing training to be posted as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] from [[Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission|T.N.P.S.C]] exams. He tops the training period and returns to his hometown of [[Thanjavur]], where he falls in love with his new neighbor, Sripriya alias Priya, and the two happily get married. Simultaneously, a group of dacoits wrecks a house situated along the highway of [[Tamil Nadu]], where they barge and kill all the people inside gruesomely and take their belongings. Later, Theeran gets known in the police department for his ways of handling various cases and is later moved to [[Ponneri]] after a dacoity attack. Police Inspector Sathya and Theeran deal with the case. However, their investigation leads nowhere.

'''2003''': Theeran, Sathya, and a group of other cops go around India to see if they can identify the dacoits' fingerprints. During this process, Theeran learns that these dacoits are tribe members of the leftover cultural groups after the [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]]. The carelessness of their superior officers eventually stops them, and the case is put on hold. Later, the dacoits raid the house of the ruling party's [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and kill him. The government is under heavy pressure from the public, and the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] gives Theeran all powers and a team to nab the dacoits.

'''2004''': Theeran and his team find one fingerprint match in [[Uttar Pradesh]] prison and go to a lorry station to capture the dacoit. Learning that the lorry has left and is heading to Ponneri, Theeran and the other officers rush to stop them. The dacoits raid Sathya's house, where they kill his wife, but Sathya's daughter is saved, and Priya is put in a coma. Angered by this incident, Theeran, with the help of higher officials, puts together a team to capture the gang of dacoits led by Oma. They camp in [[Rajasthan]] with the help of a local police officer. They also learn that the gang members, except Oma, are in their village, so they visit the settlement only to be sent out by the villagers.

While the case is going on, Theeran learns that Priya has died, which fuels his anger, and her death makes him even more motivated to find Oma. The team discovers a way to bring Oma out of his village. Theeran captures the organizer of the gang and one of the gang members and puts them in police custody. Infuriated, Oma vows to kill Theeran and his team. Theeran receives information that Oma will be on a train infiltrated by the team. Oma's right-hand man, Khali, manages to beat the cops that attempt to capture Oma. Theeran arrives, but Oma pulls the chain, and he, Khali, and his friend Bhora escape. A local shepherd offers Theeran and his team a stay at his village.

Theeran and his team walk to the village and reside there for the night. Oma's gang infiltrates the town, using the hunting tactics of wolves. Theeran formulates a plan and manages to kill all of them except Oma and Khali. Oma sets the settlement on fire and escapes with Khali. However, on their way out, Theeran shoots Khali dead. Theeran chases Oma the whole night and catches up with him. After a prolonged fight, Theeran knocks out Oma and drags him back to Tamil Nadu to be sentenced.

'''2017''': It is revealed that Theeran has a dull, useless post in the traffic vigilance department because he is straightforward and lives alone. Sathya and his daughter visit Theeran, and Sasi, impressed by his work and history, salutes him in glory.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Karthi]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Theeran Thirumaran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Sripriya, Theeran's wife (voice over by Renuka Kathir)
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Oma
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Inspector Sathya
* [[Praveena]] as Theeran's mother
* [[Manobala]] as Priya's father
* [[Kalyani Natarajan]] as Priya's mother
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Theeran's friend
* [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] as Sathya's wife
* Pradeep Rayan as Constable Sasi
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Minister
* [[Ammu Abhirami|Abhirami]] as Theeran's sister
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Haram Singh
* Mathew Varghese as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Vijay Rathod [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Vignesh Vijayan as Vicky, Special Team officer
* Rohit Pathak as Bane Singh
* Narra Srinivas as Madhur
* Surender Thakur as Kaali
* Prayas Mann as Bohra
* [[Jameel Khan]] as Pandit
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Court Judge
* Scarlett Mellish Wilson as [[item number]] "Tinga Tinga"
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Following the success of his first film ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' (2014), director [[H. Vinoth]] was keen to make a sequel to the film starring either [[Suriya]] or [[Ajith Kumar]], but their reluctance meant that he moved on to work on a different project based on the [[Operation Bawaria]] case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=30 October 2017 |title=Delving into cop's psyche |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-vinoth-on-karthi-starrer-khakee/article19949339.ece |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716200833/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-vinoth-on-karthi-starrer-khakee/article19949339.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He stated that he had the idea of making a film on the case before he made ''Sathuranga Vettai'' but had forgotten about it until he opened a food parcel, which was coincidentally covered with a newspaper article narrating the events of the operation and the incident subsequently inspired him to work on the script.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=16 November 2017 |title=99% of our films can be seen with eyes closed |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/h-vinoth-talks-about-karthi-and-his-film-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru/article20480107.ece |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119164253/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/h-vinoth-talks-about-karthi-and-his-film-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru/article20480107.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=H Vinod Interview |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/interviews/28/h-vinod-interview |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=www.moviecrow.com |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121143918/http://www.moviecrow.com/interviews/28/h-vinod-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, planned as a road-trip film, the script was later evolved into a full-fledged police story revolving around the entire timelines of the operation and the events happened.<ref name=":0" /> As a part of his research, Vinoth met a top-rung police officer with the help of his close friend, as a part of his research and had met nearly hundred officials who handled similar cases.<ref name=":4" />
{{Quote box
| quote="It is an action movie inspired by real-life police stories. The film talks about an officer’s personal journey, the shortcomings in the system and what our status is when we go out of Tamil Nadu — our comfort zone and how we are viewed. The interesting elements added to the script by the director, Vinoth, will definitely change the general perspective of a cop."
| source = — [[Karthi]], on his titular character and role in ''Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru'' in an interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s editor-in-chief, Anupama Subramanian<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=10 November 2017 |title=Theeran... inspired by real cop tales: Karthi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101117/theeran-inspired-by-real-cop-tales-karthi.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716201131/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101117/theeran-inspired-by-real-cop-tales-karthi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align = left
| width = 20%
}}
In February 2016, he approached [[Karthi]] to play the lead role in the police drama film and was insistent that the final version carried the same "social responsibility angle" that the initial script had carried.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2016 |title=Will Karthi work with Vinoth for his upcoming venture |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/will-karthi-work-with-vinodh-for-his-upcoming-venture.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Behindwoods.com |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194603/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/will-karthi-work-with-vinodh-for-his-upcoming-venture.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Karthi expressed his immediate interest in working on the film, and recalled that he had first heard about the case while he was working on the making of ''[[Siruthai]]'' (2011).<ref name="Deccan Chronicle" /> Vinoth continued to script the film throughout the year, while Karthi finished his pending work for ''[[Kaashmora]]'' (2016) and [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthi clarifies on his next film! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-clarifies-on-his-next-film-news-tamil-qfojj7dffdaia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034555/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-clarifies-on-his-next-film-news-tamil-qfojj7dffdaia.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was officially titled as ''Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru'' in December 2016, with [[S. R. Prabhu]]'s [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] agreed to produce the film in co-production with [[Reliance Entertainment]] which had distributed the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2016 |title=Karthi – H Vinoth film titled as Dheeran Adhigaram Ondru |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/karthi-h-vinoth-film-titled-as-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Behindwoods.com |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716223805/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/karthi-h-vinoth-film-titled-as-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Speaking about the scaling and production of the film, H. Vinoth said that "it is a bigger film than ''Sathuranga Vettai''. That film, was just 10% of the original vision he had executed and planned to construct the six chapters of the film, with each chapter set within a specific geography, a dialect and a colour tone, which he had given up due to budget constraints". In this film, he had planned to shoot in original locations instead of cheating terrains in Chennai where they experience all that characters go through. Vinoth said that the producer gave full freedom on the filming without having thoughts on the film's budget.<ref name=":0" />

=== Casting ===
[[File:Karthi at 62nd Filmfare awards south.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Karthi]] plays the role of the titular character Theeran, based on [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Director general of police|DGP]] [[S. R. Jangid]], who headlined the [[Operation Bawaria]] case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-18 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru: Karthi Salvages His Image |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-karthi-salvages-his-image-1580787.html |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627133632/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-karthi-salvages-his-image-1580787.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Karthi plays the titular character Theeran, modelled on the Tamil Nadu [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] S. R. Jangid, who led a special team to track down the main criminals involved in [[dacoity]] as a part of the Operation Bawaria case.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=IPS SR Jangid the real Theeran reveals about the hardcore real action |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ips-sr-jangid-the-real-theeran-reveals-about-the-hardcore-real-action.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Behindwoods.com |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716223836/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ips-sr-jangid-the-real-theeran-reveals-about-the-hardcore-real-action.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Interestingly, while compared to his brother, [[Suriya]]'s character Durai Singam in the [[Singam (film series)|''Singam'' franchise]], Karthi said that "he has a command over things and he can reprimand anyone he wants", but referred the titular role as "an upright cop who goes about his work in a tactful manner" and is true to the original character despite tweaked.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle" /> For Karthi's costumes in the film, the team actively chose to use organic cotton shirts after being recommended to by Karthi's mother, Lakshmi Sivakumar since he felt that "the products were cheap and made of good-quality organic cotton, while also wanted to promote and encourage the product, starting it from our own production".<ref name="Deccan Chronicle" /> To prepare for his role, Karthi underwent police training at the [[YMCA College of Physical Education|YMCA Campus]] in Chennai even before production began.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Karthi undergoes police training for his next film |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-undergoes-police-training-for-his-next-film/articleshow/56404986.cms |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-undergoes-police-training-for-his-next-film/articleshow/56404986.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's how Karthi got fit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-karthi-got-fit/articleshow/57411379.cms |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Cr |first1=Sharanya |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307103817/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-karthi-got-fit/articleshow/57411379.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rakul Preet Singh was signed to play the leading female role in the film. Talking about her character, Karthi said that "she has a nice and meaty role in it and would bring the much-needed relief in the film".<ref name="Deccan Chronicle" /> [[Abhimanyu Singh]] was selected to portray the main antagonist Omveer Singh (Oma the [[wikt:fiend|fiend]]), based on the main culprit Om Bawaria involved in the operation Bawaria case. His character was considered to be a unique role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil filmmakers are good at creating powerful antagonists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-filmmakers-are-good-at-creating-powerful-antagonists/articleshow/58561678.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Balachandran |first1=Logesh |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111143432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-filmmakers-are-good-at-creating-powerful-antagonists/articleshow/58561678.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bose Venkat]] was also selected to portray a police officer in the film, with the actor stating that the role gave him "a new dimension and a new identity".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=Theeran…took me to a different level: Bose Venkat |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/241117/theerantook-me-to-a-different-level-bose-venkat.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Deccanchronicle.com |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716195457/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/241117/theerantook-me-to-a-different-level-bose-venkat.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Telugu actor Narra Srinivas made his debut in Tamil cinema by playing a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhimanyu to lock horns with Karthi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/05/abhimanyu-to-lock-horns-with-karthi-1556135.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Newindianexpress.com |date=5 January 2017 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194906/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/05/abhimanyu-to-lock-horns-with-karthi-1556135.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2017 |title=Actor Srinivas all set for Tamil debut |url=https://www.telugu360.com/actor-srinivas-set-tamil-debut/ |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Telugu360.com |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194919/https://www.telugu360.com/actor-srinivas-set-tamil-debut/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sathyan Sooryan]] was selected to handle the cinematography for the film, while [[Dhilip Subbarayan]], Kathir, Sivanandeeswaran were signed to handle the stunt, art departments and editing respectively.

=== Filming ===
[[File:Désert du Rajasthan.jpg|left|thumb|187x187px|Major portions of the film was shot in several parts of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Location Diaries: Rolling...Action! |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/sep/18/location-diaries-rollingaction-2185.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 September 2017 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923034836/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/sep/18/location-diaries-rollingaction-2185.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-10 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru (aka) Dheeran Adhigaram Ondru {{!}} making |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/theeran-adhigaram-ondru/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-making.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923135500/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/theeran-adhigaram-ondru/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-making.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
In December 2016, a [[photo shoot]] for the film was held at Balu Mahendra Studios in [[Chennai]] with fashion photographer [[Venket Ram]] capturing the stills of Karthi's look in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-09 |title=Karthi does a photo shoot for Vinothkumar film |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/karthi-does-a-photo-shoot-for-vinothkumar-film.html |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212213914/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/karthi-does-a-photo-shoot-for-vinothkumar-film.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The shooting of the film kickstarted on 17 January 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthi to kick start 'Dheeran Adhigaram Ondru' post pongal |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-to-kick-start-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru-post-pongal-news-tamil-rbkk8Hbeaihfe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112223201/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-to-kick-start-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru-post-pongal-news-tamil-rbkk8Hbeaihfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2017 |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> with major sequences being shot in Chennai, and the team later headed to North India for filming several sequences. In mid-February 2017, the team headed to Rajasthan for shooting action scenes and the schedule went on for 40 days.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Glad I took the risk of coming back to India: Karthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/glad-i-took-the-risk-of-coming-back-to-india-karthi/articleshow/57098152.cms |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Cr |first1=Sharanya |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210182030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/glad-i-took-the-risk-of-coming-back-to-india-karthi/articleshow/57098152.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-03 |title=Karthi's Dheeran Adhigaram Ondru to shoot in Rajasthan from Feb 14th |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/karthis-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru-to-shoot-in-rajasthan-from-feb-14th.html |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216093611/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/karthis-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru-to-shoot-in-rajasthan-from-feb-14th.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, another 40-day schedule was held in Bhuj in mid-March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthi starrer Dheeran Adhigaaram Ondru to have 40-day schedule in Bhuj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/11/karthi-starrer-dheeran-adhigaaram-ondru-to-have-40-day-schedule-in-bhuj-1580294.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=The New Indian Express |date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194751/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/11/karthi-starrer-dheeran-adhigaaram-ondru-to-have-40-day-schedule-in-bhuj-1580294.html |url-status=live }}</ref> To make the film as authentic as possible, Vinoth actively hired artistes from the regions and insisted on shooting in such locations, rather than replicating the terrains in Chennai or in studios.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-16 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru: Director Vinoth talks about his fascination for real-life stories |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-director-vinoth-talks-about-his-fascination-for-real-life-stories-4212675.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Firstpost.com |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716224008/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-director-vinoth-talks-about-his-fascination-for-real-life-stories-4212675.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2017 |title=Every stunt in Theeran Adhigaram Ondru tells a story, says director Vinoth |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/every-stunt-in-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-tells-a-story-says-director-vinoth/ |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Silverscreen.in |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194628/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/every-stunt-in-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-tells-a-story-says-director-vinoth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the film takes place for more than a decade beginning from the 1980s, Vinoth had to shoot at well-developed places, instead of constructing sets as Vinoth said that "the storyboard has nearly 150 sites and it is impossible to construct sets in many locations, as a result went on a location scouting for many places which took a long time".<ref name=":5" />

Though the realistic approach was praised, the crew members working on the film faced difficulties while shooting in the project, where several of the film's cast and crew fell sick during the making of the project as a result of the warm climate.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Realistic treatment in Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru will appeal: Director Vinoth |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/realistic-treatment-in-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-will-appeal-director-vinoth/story-IynnUKtmVJiG2GB588RQpN.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717013024/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/realistic-treatment-in-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-will-appeal-director-vinoth/story-IynnUKtmVJiG2GB588RQpN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 September 2017 |title=Karthi is a complete actor: Vinoth |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140917/karthi-is-a-complete-actor-vinoth.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716201210/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140917/karthi-is-a-complete-actor-vinoth.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On filming a chase scene involving two buses on a highway in Bhuj, Karthi said that "the exposure to the harsh sunlight became unbearable that he was literally under the verge of developing sun stroke". While another sequence featuring Karthi riding a horse in a river bed was filmed at Rajasthan-Gujarat border, the female horse named Chandini ran for two kilometres without break before finally stopping due to exhaustion. Karthi said that "the horse was only used in enclosed spaces, so when, the film was shot in a wide area and exposed to such freedom, the horse just began to run".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Location Diaries: Sun, sand and runaway horses |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/nov/06/location-diaries-sun-sand-and-runaway-horses-2927.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801194602/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/nov/06/location-diaries-sun-sand-and-runaway-horses-2927.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The team also encountered sandstorm while shooting for the film, where a crane toppled over and drone cameras got damaged; the locals asked the team to cover themselves with blankets and patiently wait till the storm subsided.<ref name=":6" /> Karthi, in an interview, described it as one of his most extensive action films, remarking the action sequences were not easy to execute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru is one of my most extensive action films, says Karthi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-is-one-of-my-most-extensive-action-films-says-karthi-4208843.html |access-date=14 November 2017 |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114125145/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-is-one-of-my-most-extensive-action-films-says-karthi-4208843.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A huge set was erected in Rajasthan for few sequences in the film.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-04 |title=The incident that Theeran Adhigaram Ondru is based on kept coming back to me: Karthi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthi-rakul-preet-the-incident-that-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-is-based-on-kept-coming-back-to-me-4919293/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225095659/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthi-rakul-preet-the-incident-that-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-is-based-on-kept-coming-back-to-me-4919293/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2017, an item number featuring actress Scarlett Mellish Wilson at [[Jaisalmer Fort]] in Rajasthan, with the song being choreographed by Brindha.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jingunamani girl does an item song in Karthi's next |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jingunamani-girl-does-an-item-song-in-karthis-next/articleshow/58146061.cms |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710222816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jingunamani-girl-does-an-item-song-in-karthis-next/articleshow/58146061.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In mid-June, the team returned to Chennai to shoot the final schedule of the film which took place for a month. As of late-June, the team had completed more than 95% of the sequences, and needed 3–4 days, to complete the entire shoot.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=Karthi and Rakul Preet starrer 'Khaki' is in the last leg of production and will release very soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/karthi-and-rakul-preet-starrer-khaki-is-in-the-last-leg-of-production-and-will-release-very-soon/articleshow/59424216.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417032148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/karthi-and-rakul-preet-starrer-khaki-is-in-the-last-leg-of-production-and-will-release-very-soon/articleshow/59424216.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> With the patchwork scenes being completed, the team wrapped the shooting of the film by mid-July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthi's 'Theeran Adhigaram Ondru' is ready |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/karthis-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-is-ready-imagegallery-kollywood-rjnkLEaehaafe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914145502/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthis-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-is-ready-imagegallery-kollywood-rjnkLEaehaafe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2017 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-16 |title=Shooting for Karthi's Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru has been completed |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/shooting-for-karthis-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-has-been-completed.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020004023/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/shooting-for-karthis-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-has-been-completed.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
Post-production of the film simultaneously began during the final schedule of the shoot. Karthi completed dubbing for the film at the same time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2017-11-13 |title=Karthi: It takes me double the time to dub in Telugu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthi-it-takes-me-double-the-time-to-dub-in-telugu/article20379496.ece |access-date=2021-10-07 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118025517/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthi-it-takes-me-double-the-time-to-dub-in-telugu/article20379496.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The animation sequence about the backstory of Bawaria was headlined by R. Senthil Kumar and S. Jayachandran of Hybrid Studio, a Chennai-based animation company. Vinoth consulted and hired the team after eventually working for ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' (2014). He gave the script quite early, as it had scope for animation as it had a couple of portions that involved history. Jayachandran used the painting style for one portion and a graphic novel approach for the pre-interval sequence, with the primary use of colors — black, white and red — since blood was the theme of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2018-06-20 |title=Finding gold in animation |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/finding-gold-in-animation/article24208924.ece |access-date=2021-10-07 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706122426/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/finding-gold-in-animation/article24208924.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The painting style that was the more complex one which had demanded more resources and concentration for the team.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |title=Meet the animation team behind Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meet-the-animation-team-behind-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru/articleshow/62053887.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Suganth |first1=M. |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223164715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meet-the-animation-team-behind-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru/articleshow/62053887.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The two-and-half minute sequence had 4,000 frames with each frame being painted individually. So the animation team hired ten students from Government College of Arts, and were taught to paint the frames digitally. The process completed within one-and-a-half months, as compared to manual painting that may take a long time. The animation and production of this sequence went on for six months.<ref name=":8" /> Speaking about the use of animation, Vinoth said that "the scenes might feel difficult in production as it required the historical approach and further more it featured excessive violence sequences, that may result in huge cuts when it comes to censors. So the use of animation was considered as the appropriate one."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiZi0-7-qdc |title=Big directors like Shankar won't want us: Theeran Animation Team, Director Interview |date=2017-11-23 |last=Indiaglitz |type=Interview |language=Tamil |place=India |access-date=2021-10-07 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111143506/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiZi0-7-qdc |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru (soundtrack)}}
The [[film score]] and seven-song [[soundtrack]] is composed by [[Ghibran]] in his maiden collaboration with [[Karthi]] and [[H. Vinoth]]. Lyricists [[Thamarai]], [[Umadevi]], [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], [[Raju Murugan]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Udayakumar and Soundararajan penned each song in the album.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthi's 'Theeran Adhigaram Ondru' audio on November 2 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-s-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-audio-on-november-2-news-tamil-rk4jz7jcacbde.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101211223/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-s-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-audio-on-november-2-news-tamil-rk4jz7jcacbde.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2017 |access-date=2019-12-25 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Besides composing, Ghibran also co-wrote the track "Sevatha Pulla" with Ranjith, who led vocals for the track.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-22 |title=Music director Ghibran: Vishwaroopam 2 would be a complete cinematic experience |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/music-director-ghibran-vishwaroopam-2-would-be-a-complete-cinematic-experience-4945101/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310143910/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/music-director-ghibran-vishwaroopam-2-would-be-a-complete-cinematic-experience-4945101/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the tracks appear as montages in the film, except "Tinga Tinga".<ref name=":9" /> The soundtrack was released at a soft launch held on 2 November 2017 at [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arul |title=Karthi, Rakul Preet Singh at Theeran Adhigaram Ondru audio launch – Photos |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/karthi-rakul-preet-singh-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-press-meet-13914-slide-76433 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=IBTimes India |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121610/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/karthi-rakul-preet-singh-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-press-meet-13914-slide-76433 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soft audio launch for Karthi's 'Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/soft-audio-launch-for-karthi-s-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-news-tamil-rlckk4ibhbhbj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225204508/https://www.sify.com/movies/soft-audio-launch-for-karthi-s-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-news-tamil-rlckk4ibhbhbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-25 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>


== Historical accuracy ==
The film depicts [[Operation Bawaria]], the investigation of a series of [[dacoity]] cases by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] Department.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Not all chases end like a Kollywood film |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2017/12/14022510/1055340/Not-all-chases-end-like-a-Kollywood-film.vpf |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=dtNext.in |language=en}}{{dead link|date=November 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The operation led to the gunning down of two members of a criminal gang belonging to the [[Bawariya]] tribe from [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well as further arrests in the 2000s. Armed dacoits had struck affluent houses along National Highways in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The operation against the criminals was officially launched in January 2005 soon after the murder of [[AIADMK]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Sudarsanam from [[Gummidipoondi]].<ref name="OB" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-01-10 |title=Tamil Nadu News : Gummidipoondi MLA shot dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011005940100.htm |access-date=2018-08-25 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A special team led by the then [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] S. R. Jangid, worked in coordination with the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] and intelligence agencies to track down the wanted criminals — Oma Bawaria, Bsura Bawaria, and Vijay Bawaria among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Karthi's Theeran Adhigaram Ondru based on Operation Bawaria |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/karthis-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-based-on-operation-bawaria.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121133033/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/karthis-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-based-on-operation-bawaria.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The teams worked for several weeks to put together information and camped in remote locations in [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab]] before gunning down Bsura Bawaria and Vijay Bawaria. The other prime suspects, Oma Bawaria, and K. Lakshman, alias Ashok Bawaria, were then arrested and brought to Tamil Nadu, where they were convicted and awarded the death penalty by a special court.<ref name="OB" /> The film was made in close consultation with Jangid and the other officers involved in the operation.<ref name="OB" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru: The lesser known reel-real depictions & facts |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/18614/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-the-lesser-known-reel-real-depictions--facts |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=www.moviecrow.com |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606093236/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/18614/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-the-lesser-known-reel-real-depictions--facts |url-status=live }}</ref> Post-release of the film, Jangid appreciated the team for their realistic portrayal of events and praised the director's research for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=19 November 2017 |title=Real life 'Theeran' talks about the film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/181117/real-life-theeran-talks-about-the-film.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501080210/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/181117/real-life-theeran-talks-about-the-film.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Release ==
In September 2017, the makers kickstarted the promotions by launching the dates of the teaser and trailer release, with the film's scheduled release date of 17 November 2017 was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-20 |title=Karthi's 'Dheeran-Adhigaaram Ondru' release date announced |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karthis-dheeran-adhigaaram-ondru-release-date-announced-68727 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730230724/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karthis-dheeran-adhigaaram-ondru-release-date-announced-68727 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru Release dates |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/17962/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-release-dates |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=www.moviecrow.com |archive-date=22 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122004318/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/17962/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-release-dates |url-status=live }}</ref> As per the official announcement by the production team, the teaser of the film was released on 27 September 2017, coinciding the [[Dusshera]] weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-28 |title=Teaser for Karthi's 'Theeran Adhigaram Ondru' promises an exciting thriller |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/teaser-karthis-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-promises-exciting-thriller-69127 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227214358/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/teaser-karthis-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-promises-exciting-thriller-69127 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-27 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru teaser: Karthi as cop promises an intense crime thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-teaser-karthi-as-cop-promises-an-intense-crime-thriller-4864128/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520193159/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-teaser-karthi-as-cop-promises-an-intense-crime-thriller-4864128/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The official trailer was launched on the eve of [[Diwali]] (17 October 2017).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru Trailer: Karthi plays a fierce cop in this racy thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-trailer-karthi-plays-a-fierce-cop-in-this-racy-thriller-4152295.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225112107/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-trailer-karthi-plays-a-fierce-cop-in-this-racy-thriller-4152295.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reliance Entertainment]] purchased the worldwide distribution rights, whilst [[Aditya Music]] which had the film's music rights, gained acquisition for the rights of the film in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] regions.<ref name=":7" /> The Tamil Nadu theatrical rights valued at {{INRConvert|15|c}}, and Dream Warrior Pictures sent the film to its area-wise distributors — [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] ([[Chennai]]), Sivasakthi Theatres ([[Chengalpet]]), Pondichery Suresh ([[North Arcot Ambedkar|North Arcot]]), Alankar Theatres Devraj ([[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot]]), CinePark ([[Coimbatore]]), Baradhan Films ([[Trichy]]–[[Thanjavur]]), Kandhaswamy Arts Centre ([[Madurai]]–[[Ramanathapuram]]), Subbu Raj ([[Tirunelveli]]–[[Kanyakumari]]) and 7G Films ([[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]).<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru: TN distribution territory-wise details & the value |url=https://www.sify.com/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-tn-distribution-territory-wise-details-the-value/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Except for Chennai, Trichy–Thanjavur and Madurai–Ramanathapuram territories, all the areas has been sold on Minimum guarantee (MG) basis, while the theatrical rights in these regions have been sold on distribution basis.<ref name=":10" />

The film opened in more than 450 theatres worldwide, which is a biggest release of a Karthi-starrer till date.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-15 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru Tamil Nadu screen count |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-tamil-nadu-screen-count.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122043207/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-tamil-nadu-screen-count.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The pre-bookings of the film started on 15 November 2017.<ref name=":11" /> Sathyam Cinemas allocated the main screen for the opening day of the release.<ref name=":11" /> In [[United States]], the premiere shows for the film were conducted on 16 November, a day before the Indian release.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-16 |title=Theeran and Khakee USA theatre list details |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/theeran-and-khakee-usa-theatre-list-details.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122051318/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/theeran-and-khakee-usa-theatre-list-details.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru USA Theater List |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/18514/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-usa-theater-list |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=www.moviecrow.com |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118035045/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/18514/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-usa-theater-list |url-status=live }}</ref> Atmus Entertainment acquired the theatrical rights in the country, with the film being screened at 160 theatres in 83 locations.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=2018-07-11 |title=Karthi Confirms a Sequel for Khakee |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-11/Karthi-Confirms-a-Sequel-for-Khakee/397134 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716025700/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-11/Karthi-Confirms-a-Sequel-for-Khakee/397134 |url-status=live }}</ref> Even before the theatrical release, [[Star Vijay]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] acquired the satellite and digital rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay TV acquires satellite rights of Karthi's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-tv-acquires-satellite-rights-of-karthis-film/articleshow/61546289.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721020943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-tv-acquires-satellite-rights-of-karthis-film/articleshow/61546289.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was made available in Amazon Prime Video, a month after its theatrical release, while the film's television premiere took place on 14 January 2018, coinciding with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru to premiere for Pongal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-to-premiere-for-pongal/articleshow/62401188.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011171330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-to-premiere-for-pongal/articleshow/62401188.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pongal fare all the way on Vijay TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pongal-fare-all-the-way-on-vijay-tv/articleshow/62471514.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710152410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pongal-fare-all-the-way-on-vijay-tv/articleshow/62471514.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Post-release, a section of communities expressed disappointment over the depiction of Bawariya community as a clan of criminals. The makers released a statement, in response to the issue, saying "The movie is only based on the robbery incidents happened in various states of India. The film has not portrayed any community in bad light. No community thrives only on murder and robbery."<ref>{{Cite news |title='Khakee' makers delete controversial scene and word regarding Bawariya tribe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/khakee-makers-delete-controversial-scene-and-word-regarding-bawariya-tribe/articleshow/61867902.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111143431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/khakee-makers-delete-controversial-scene-and-word-regarding-bawariya-tribe/articleshow/61867902.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The producers further stated that the controversial scene and the word used to describe the community will not be included in theatres, television broadcast and official online streaming portal.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title='Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru' makers apologise for portraying Bawariya tribals as criminals |url=https://scroll.in/reel/859544/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-makers-apologise-for-portraying-bawariya-tribals-as-criminals |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Scroll.in |date=29 November 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114142950/https://scroll.in/reel/859544/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-makers-apologise-for-portraying-bawariya-tribals-as-criminals |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-28 |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru: Makers delete controversial scene, word regarding Bawariya tribe |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-makers-delete-controversial-scene-word-regarding-bawariya-tribe/story-C2mF6FUc4sZC6tH7jVPXhN.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608053342/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-makers-delete-controversial-scene-word-regarding-bawariya-tribe/story-C2mF6FUc4sZC6tH7jVPXhN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box-office ===
In the first three days, the film fetched more than {{INRConvert|10|c}} in Tamil Nadu box office,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru box office collection: Karthi- Rakul Preet film mints Rs 10 crore in Tamil Nadu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-box-office-collection-karthi-rakul-preet-4947791/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520143015/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-box-office-collection-karthi-rakul-preet-4947791/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[Chennai]] city box-office, the film netted {{INRConvert|1.79|c}} from 291 shows in first three days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-15 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru box office collection |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/theeran-adhigaram-ondru/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-box-office-dec-17.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043521/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/theeran-adhigaram-ondru/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-box-office-dec-17.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of shows further increased to 340 from 20 November, after the positive word-of-mouth received. Within the first five days, the film netted {{INRConvert|1.36|c}} whilst, at the second weekend, the film earned {{INRConvert|1.25|c}} from 243 shows. Despite new releases in the second week, the film topped the first position in the Chennai box-office.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2017-11-28 |title=Box office collection: Theeran Adhigaram Ondru holds the top position, Mersal the last in Chennai |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-holds-top-position-mersal-last-chennai-751099 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525004945/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-holds-top-position-mersal-last-chennai-751099 |url-status=live }}</ref> The total collection in the territory in the first 10 days, was reported to be {{INRConvert|4.41|c}}.<ref name=":13" /> At the end of its theatrical run, the emerged as the highest-grossing film of Karthi, earned {{INRConvert|97|c}}.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-25 |title=Kadaikutty Singam emerges as highest grossing film in Karthi's career, with Rs 37 crore in two weeks of release |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kadaikutty-singam-emerges-as-highest-grossing-film-in-karthis-career-with-rs-37-crore-in-two-weeks-of-release-4814441.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202132534/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kadaikutty-singam-emerges-as-highest-grossing-film-in-karthis-career-with-rs-37-crore-in-two-weeks-of-release-4814441.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-21 |title=Karthi's Kadaikutty Singham has crushed THIS record held by Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru |url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/karthi%E2%80%99s-kadaikutty-singham-has-crushed-record-held-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Box Office India |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Its record was later broken by ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019), which earned ₹100 crore.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaithi: Karthi starrer collects Rs 100 crore, the first movie of the actor to do so |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-karthi-starrer-collects-rs-100-crore-the-first-movie-of-the-actor-to-do-so/articleshow/72017259.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Times of India |date=12 November 2019 |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123044535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-karthi-starrer-collects-rs-100-crore-the-first-movie-of-the-actor-to-do-so/articleshow/72017259.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
The film opened to critical acclaim, with praise directed on Karthi's performance, and Vinoth's direction and writing, apart from the realistic portrayal of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] in fiction, the incidents and the major technical aspects of the film.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-20 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru, Singham, Thani Oruvan: What makes an action crime thriller click |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-singham-thani-oruvan-what-makes-an-action-crime-thriller-click-4218375.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725105130/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-singham-thani-oruvan-what-makes-an-action-crime-thriller-click-4218375.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 4/5 stars and wrote: "Vinoth’s detailing with help from an able crew that pitches in with some of their best work to elevate the film from being a stand cop thriller."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru – Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru/movie-review/61682956.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181207115221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru/movie-review/61682956.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated it as "an engrossing cop film that keeps you glued to the screen every moment" and further wrote "There’s sincerity in the writing and research and honesty in the performances. There are many highlights in ''Theeran,'' some of which even makes us evaluate how cops are portrayed in films. We've seen many cop films before. But ''Theeran'' hits home hard."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2017-11-17 |title=Theeran – Adhigaaram Ondru review: A riveting cop story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-a-riveting-cop-story/article20516247.ece |access-date=2021-10-07 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207035059/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-a-riveting-cop-story/article20516247.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated that "Theeran is a gripping, explosive action drama that works despite its lengthy running time and the tiresome romantic portion which can be overseen by the end of the film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru movie review: A riveting, competently-made police drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-movie-review-a-riveting-competently-made-police-drama/story-BmsZWKcxgPKYGiDr93b1UK.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120045025/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-movie-review-a-riveting-competently-made-police-drama/story-BmsZWKcxgPKYGiDr93b1UK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' wrote "There are plenty of sharp, funny lines, and the highlights keep coming, like a superbly choreographed action stretch on a bus. For Vinoth, ''Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru'' is a vast improvement over ''Sathuranga Vettai'', where one sensed a lot of entertaining writing and little else. Even if it falls short of the standards it sets for itself, the film gives us more than most action movies do."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2017-11-17 |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru: Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-movie-review/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=[[Film Companion South]] |language=en-US |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925035648/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ashameera Aiyyappan of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said that "the film delivers what it promises and packs quite a neat punch in most places" and gave three out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru movie review: This Karthi film walks the talk |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-karthi-rakul-preet-star-rating-4940307/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206132206/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-karthi-rakul-preet-star-rating-4940307/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stated that the film "stands out for its honest and riveting portrayal of cops in fiction".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2017-11-18 |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru movie review – Honest and riveting |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/181117/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-movie-review-honest-and-riveting.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129020325/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/181117/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-movie-review-honest-and-riveting.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Poornima Murali of ''[[News18]]'' called the film as "gripping" and assigned a score of 3.5/5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-18 |title=Theeran Adhikaram Ondru Movie Review: Karthi Delivers a Power-packed Performance in This Gripping Cop Story |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/theeran-adhikaram-ondru-movie-review-karthi-delivers-a-power-packed-performance-in-this-gripping-cop-story-1580637.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204113750/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/theeran-adhikaram-ondru-movie-review-karthi-delivers-a-power-packed-performance-in-this-gripping-cop-story-1580637.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'', film critic and trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai stated that "The film is very different in tone and presentation. The makers authentically portray the functioning of police and how they investigate. They have also shown us the practical difficulties in arresting criminals who operate outside the state without much commercial glorification or melodrama. The only commercial compromise Vinoth has made is to have a romantic plot for the hero for the regular family moments, comedy and background songs."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru movie review: Karthi, Rakul Preet in a well-researched, realistic cop film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-movie-review-karthi-rakul-preet-in-a-well-researched-realistic-cop-film-4214289.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917052737/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-movie-review-karthi-rakul-preet-in-a-well-researched-realistic-cop-film-4214289.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A critic from ''Behindwoods'' praised the action sequences in the film, which comes as a stand-out apart from "the intense suspense drama and the pace".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru (aka) Dheeran Adhigaram Ondru review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/theeran-adhigaram-ondru/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-review.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=7 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207123452/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/theeran-adhigaram-ondru/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film three out of five saying "an important story gets turned into a compelling film".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru review: A riveting cop thriller |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-review-a-riveting-cop-thriller-review-tamil-rlrkw9fecafdj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117133738/http://www.sify.com/movies/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-review-a-riveting-cop-thriller-review-tamil-rlrkw9fecafdj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2017 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Calling it as "one of the best films of the year", ''Indiaglitz'' said that "If Vinoth's Sathuranga Vettai is one of the most authentic deconstruction of heist and deception crimes Theeran is the same for police procedure. Like how he posts a salute to the true cops who cracked the crimes in real life he deserves one for his painstaking research, authentic narration and plain honest hard work".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru review. Theeran Adhigaram Ondru Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-review-tamil-movie-21076 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924021758/https://www.indiaglitz.com/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-review-tamil-movie-21076 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]''-based writer Ganesh Nadar, called the film as "riveting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadar |first=A. Ganesh |title=Review: Theeran Adhikaram Ondru is worth a watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-theeran-adhikaram-ondru-is-worth-a-watch/20171117.htm |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510211122/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-theeran-adhikaram-ondru-is-worth-a-watch/20171117.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' said "''Theeran'' is a cop film entirely from the perspective of law enforcers and that makes its politics troubling. Nevertheless, given that we've had a slew of films in this genre in recent times (including the now-getting-stale ''Singam'' series), its triumph lies in managing to pull off something fresh and original."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title='Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru' Review: Absorbing thriller with troubling politics |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-review-absorbing-thriller-troubling-politics-71769 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515165215/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-review-absorbing-thriller-troubling-politics-71769 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that "''Theeran Adhigaram Ondru'' isn’t your usual Tamil cop film, but that sadly doesn’t stop it from being crippled by some usual issues. The love angle is wholly dispensable, regardless of what Theeran’s manipulative voice-over will make you believe, and also by the inclusion of disappointing elements like the outdated villain-item-number. Part of the love you feel for the film is also watered down by this inability to wrap up things efficiently. But, nevertheless, it is a solid cop-film."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Theeran Adhigaram Ondru' review: An overlong but solid cop film, despite flaws |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/nov/17/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-review-an-overlong-but-solid-cop-film-despite-flaws-1703937.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 November 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131094314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/nov/17/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-review-an-overlong-but-solid-cop-film-despite-flaws-1703937.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|10 January 2018
|Best Stunt Director
|[[Dhilip Subbarayan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="AVW1">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=11 January 2018 |title=Vijay's Mersal wins big at Vikatan Cinema Awards 2017 [See Complete Winners List] |work=International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-cinema-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-ajith-bags-best-hard-working-actor-vivegam-756538 |url-status=live |accessdate=7 October 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121155032/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-cinema-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-ajith-bags-best-hard-working-actor-vivegam-756538 |archivedate=21 January 2018}}</ref><br /><ref name="AVW2">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2017 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2018-jan-17/ananda-vikatan-awards/137757-ananda-vikatan-awards-2017.html |url-status=live |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil |accessdate=21 January 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121155037/https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2018-jan-17/ananda-vikatan-awards/137757-ananda-vikatan-awards-2017.html |archivedate=21 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |26 February 2018
|Best Actor
|[[Karthi]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Edison">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=26 February 2018 |title=Ilayathalapathy Vijay's Mersal sweeps Edison Awards [winners' list] |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 |url-status=live |accessdate=7 October 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429105814/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 |archivedate=29 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Best Editor
|T. Sivanandeeswaran
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="5" |[[65th Filmfare Awards South|16 June 2018]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|''Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru'' – [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="FFNom">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |archive-date=4 June 2018 |access-date=7 October 2021 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><br /><ref name="FFWin">{{Cite news |date=18 June 2018 |title=Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |url-status=live |accessdate=7 October 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617071126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |archivedate=17 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|H. Vinoth
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Karthi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Karthi]]{{Efn|Shared with [[R. Madhavan]] for ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''}}
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Abhimanyu Singh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|14{{ndash}}15 September 2018]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|''Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru'' – [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="SIIMA1">{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=15 August 2018 |title=SIIMA 2018 Nominations: Vijay's Mersal Beats Madhavan And Vijay Sethupathi's Vikram Vedha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012 |url-status=live |publisher=[[NDTV]] |accessdate=7 October 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910171301/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012 |archivedate=10 September 2018}}</ref><br /><ref name="SIIMA2">{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=16 September 2018 |title=SIIMA Awards 2018 – Tamil winners list and photos: Vijay's Mersal tops list with 5 honours |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-tamil-winners-list-photos-vijays-mersal-tops-list-5-honours-780694 |url-status=live |accessdate=7 October 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918112557/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-tamil-winners-list-photos-vijays-mersal-tops-list-5-honours-780694 |archivedate=18 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[H. Vinoth]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Karthi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Techofes Awards]]
|17 February 2018
|Best Director
| rowspan="3" |[[H. Vinoth]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Techofes1">{{Cite web |title=T-Awards Poll |url=http://techofes.org.in/tawards/ |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Techofes]] |accessdate=19 February 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219154638/http://techofes.org.in/tawards/ |archivedate=19 February 2018}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Shows |url=http://techofes.org.in/pro-shows/ |url-status=dead |publisher=Techofes |accessdate=19 February 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219155111/http://techofes.org.in/pro-shows/ |archivedate=19 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[10th Vijay Awards|26 May 2018]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Vijay1">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=4 June 2018 |title=Vijay Awards 2018: Here is the complete list of winners [Photos] |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2018-catch-live-updates-event-photos-complete-winners-list-770862 |url-status=live |accessdate=7 October 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604112225/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2018-catch-live-updates-event-photos-complete-winners-list-770862 |archivedate=4 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Sathyan Sooryan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
|[[Dhilip Subbarayan]]
| {{won}}
|}

== Legacy and impact ==
''Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru'' received praise from actors and directors from the [[Tamil film industry|Tamil film fraternity]], including Karthi's brother [[Suriya]], who watched the film at a special screening in [[Chennai]] and praised the team for making "a bold film with an impactful and realistic approach".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Suriya all praises for Theeran Adhigaram Ondru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-all-praises-for-theeran-adhigaram-ondru/articleshow/61710936.cms |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Times of India |date=19 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221172046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-all-praises-for-theeran-adhigaram-ondru/articleshow/61710936.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] also praised the film saying it as "a terrific cop film".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Shankar's take on Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/18630/director-shankars-take-on-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=www.moviecrow.com |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125042454/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/18630/director-shankars-take-on-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-25 |title=Director Shankar praises Karthi's Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-shankar-praises-karthis-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317095954/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-shankar-praises-karthis-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] too appreciated Vinoth's film-making style and authenticity after watching the film at a special screening in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru impresses Thalapathy Vijay |url=https://www.sify.com/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-impresses-thalapathy-vijay/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |last2=Menon |first2=Vishal |date=2017-12-28 |title=Best Tamil films of 2017 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-best-tamil-films-of-2017/article22302358.ece |access-date=2021-10-07 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711062744/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-best-tamil-films-of-2017/article22302358.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-02 |title=Top 10 Tamil movies of 2017: Vikram Vedha, Aram and Theeran Adhigaram Ondru find place in the list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/top-10-tamil-movies-2017-vikram-vedha-aram-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-5002549/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528032720/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/top-10-tamil-movies-2017-vikram-vedha-aram-theeran-adhigaram-ondru-5002549/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017: Top 10 Tamil Movies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2017/dec/28/2017-top-10-tamil-movies-1738831.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715185143/https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2017/dec/28/2017-top-10-tamil-movies-1738831.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''[[Firstpost]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-21 |title=Aramm, Vikram Vedha, Aval: Most impactful Tamil performances and films in 2017 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aramm-vikram-vedha-aval-most-impactful-tamil-performances-and-films-in-2017-4269233.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042459/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aramm-vikram-vedha-aval-most-impactful-tamil-performances-and-films-in-2017-4269233.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ranked the film as one among the 'Best Tamil Films of 2017'. It was listed as the "Top 10 Indian Film" at [[IMDb]] along with ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2017-12-22 |title='Vikram Vedha', 'Baahubali 2' among IMDb's top-10 Indian films of 2017 |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/vikram-vedha-baahubali-2-among-imdb-s-top-10-indian-films-of-2017-117122101173_1.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126161602/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/vikram-vedha-baahubali-2-among-imdb-s-top-10-indian-films-of-2017-117122101173_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Karthi said in the film's success meet, saying that "it tried him to work on new genres".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-27 |title=Success of 'Theeran' has given me confidence to try out new genres, says Karthi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/success-theeran-has-given-me-confidence-try-out-new-genres-says-karthi-72272 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515074036/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/success-theeran-has-given-me-confidence-try-out-new-genres-says-karthi-72272 |url-status=live }}</ref> In late-2019, ''[[Film Companion]]'' ranked the film as one of the '25 Greatest Tamil Films of the Decade' and Karthi's performance among '100 Greatest Performances of the Decade'''.''<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=25 Greatest Tamil Films Of The Decade {{!}} Film Companion |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/tamil.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029023419/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/tamil.html |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=2019-11-26 |website=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |language=en}}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai of ''Firstpost'', stated that ''Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru'' and ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015), click among the general audience due to the realistic approach and stays true to the portrayal of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] in fiction, apart from mainstream Tamil films.<ref name=":18" />

Contrarily, the film garnered criticism towards the negative stereotyping of tribal and nomadic communities, albeit the producers' explanation post-release.<ref name=":20" /> An article from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', written by Gayatri Jayaraman dated October 2018, highlighted how nomadic communities ended up bearing the brunt of fictional fear mongering,<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-09 |title=How nomadic communities bear the brunt of fictional fear mongering |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-hazards-of-fictional-fear-mongering-among-nomadic-communities/story-ykoD0lWXQDkD5pcpm1MZGO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907221102/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-hazards-of-fictional-fear-mongering-among-nomadic-communities/story-ykoD0lWXQDkD5pcpm1MZGO.html |archive-date=2023-09-07 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> citing the examples of Adivasi youth being beaten to death by mob in Palakkad on February, and the killing of a 65-year-old woman at [[Tiruvannamalai]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiruvannamalai temple visit turns tragic as village mob beats 65-year-old woman to death, injures 4 others |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/may/10/tiruvannamalai-temple-visit-turns-tragic-as-village-mob-beats-65-year-old-woman-to-death-injures-4-1812660.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018132332/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/may/10/tiruvannamalai-temple-visit-turns-tragic-as-village-mob-beats-65-year-old-woman-to-death-injures-4-1812660.html |archive-date=2018-10-18 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=The New Indian Express|date=10 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-20 |title=A WhatsApp message, a rumour, a mob and a lynching |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-a-whatsapp-message-a-rumour-a-mob-and-a-lynching-5183681/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005120516/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-a-whatsapp-message-a-rumour-a-mob-and-a-lynching-5183681/ |archive-date=2018-10-05 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> she said that the film "capitalised on this dissimilarity to stir the them-versus-us sentiment and to portray the outsiders as villains and thugs."<ref name=":20" /> In January 2023, Vinoth recalled that he felt guilty on the depiction of North Indians in the film, and this led him to sketch the protagonist in ''[[Valimai]]'', where he was seen speaking against encounters and drugs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Exclusive {{!}} H Vinoth: Ajith has tried a lot of different things in Thunivu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/thunivu-director-h-vinoth-ajith-has-tried-a-lot-of-different-things-in-thunivu-8370400/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112041234/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/thunivu-director-h-vinoth-ajith-has-tried-a-lot-of-different-things-in-thunivu-8370400/ |archive-date=2023-01-12 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
Soon after the film's release, Karthi expressed his interest to Vinoth on developing a sequel for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-28 |title=Karthi hopeful of Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru 2, directing Suriya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthi-hopeful-of-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-2-directing-suriya-4958437/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117113821/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthi-hopeful-of-theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-2-directing-suriya-4958437/ |archive-date=2018-01-17 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 17 November 2023, the sixth anniversary of the film, Vinoth confirmed that he had begun working on the sequel and is expected to begin production in early 2025 after Vinoth finishes his commitments on [[Jana Nayagan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru 2: Director H Vinoth confirms sequel to Karthi starrer is in works |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-2-director-h-vinoth-confirms-sequel-to-karthi-starrer-is-in-works-1259247 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119223513/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/theeran-adhigaaram-ondru-2-director-h-vinoth-confirms-sequel-to-karthi-starrer-is-in-works-1259247 |archive-date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru sequel in the pipeline, Karthi and H Vinoth to team up again? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-sequel-in-the-pipeline-karthi-and-h-vinoth-to-team-up-again/f4dfd74ea2274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119113345/https://www.ottplay.com/news/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-sequel-in-the-pipeline-karthi-and-h-vinoth-to-team-up-again/f4dfd74ea2274 |archive-date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist | 30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist | 30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://dwp.in/m-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru.html Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023183011/http://dwp.in/m-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru.html |date=23 October 2019 }}
*{{IMDb title|id=tt7060460}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|khakee_the_power_of_police}}

{{H. Vinoth}}
{{S. R. Prabhu}}

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Murphy (film)

2026-04-26T22:10:35Z

Rajan Singh: info

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian science fiction drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Murphy
| image = Murphy (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = BSP Varma
| producer = {{Ubl| Ramco Somanna
| BSP Varma}}
| writer = {{Ubl| BSP Varma
| [[Prabhu Mundkur]]}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl| Naveen G. Reddy
| BSP Varma
| Prabhu Mundkur}}
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|* Prabhu Mundkur
* [[Roshni Prakash]]
* Ila Veermalla
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]}}
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Songs''':
| [[Arjun Janya]]
| Sylvester Pradeep
| Rajat Hegde
| Keerthan Holla
|'''Score''':
|Sylvester Pradeep
}}
| cinematography = Adarsha R.
| editing = {{Ubl| Mahesh Thogata}}
| studio = {{Ubl| Somanna Talkies
| VarnaSindhu Studios}}
| distributor = Goldie Films
| released = {{film date|2024|10|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 136 minutes<ref name=":THR" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Murphy''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[drama film]] co-written and directed by BSP Varma. The film features [[Prabhu Mundkur]], [[Roshni Prakash]], Ila Veermalla, and [[H. G. Dattatreya]] in lead roles, alongside Ashwin Rao Pallakki, Mahantesh Hiremath, Rramprasadd Banavara, BSP Varma, and Master Dhawan in supporting roles.

== Cast ==
* [[Prabhu Mundkur]] as David Murphy
* [[Roshni Prakash]] as Janani
* Ila Veermalla as Jessie
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Richard
* Ashwin Rao Pallakki
* Mahantesh Hiremath
* Rramprasadd Banavara
* BSP Varma
* Master Dhawan

== Production ==
=== Development ===
B. S. Pradeep Varma, who made his directorial debut with the 2017 film ''[[Urvi (film)|Urvi]]'', collaborated with [[Prabhu Mundkur]], who played a supporting role in ''Urvi'', to write the script.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title='One good 'Friday' will make a difference' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Oct/17/one-good-friday-will-make-a-difference |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Varma shared a story called ''Radio'' with Prabhu, and they developed it since it fit their envisioned budget. They began writing during the 2020 [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] and completed the script in a year and a half.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Prabhu also served as the executive producer and associate director of the film.<ref name=":TOI1" /> On 15 September 2020, [[Nishvika Naidu]] was announced as the female lead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Nishvika Naidu bags lead role in romantic drama, Murphy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Sep/15/nishvika-naidu-bags-lead-rolein-romantic-drama-murphy-2196836.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Nishvika Naidu bags lead role in romantic drama, Murphy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/Sep/14/nishvika-naidu-bags-lead-role-in-romantic-drama-murphy-20260.html |work=Cinema Express |date=3 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> However, in 2021, director Varma approached [[Roshni Prakash]], who was then filming ''[[Lucky Man (2022 film)|Lucky Man]]'',<ref name=":TNRP" /> to replace Nishvika.<ref name=":TNRL">{{cite news |title='Murphy' Starring Prabhu Mundkur and Roshani Prakash To Release On September 27 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/murphy-starring-prabhu-mundkur-and-roshani-prakash-to-release-on-september-27-article-111558311/amp |work=Times Now |date=7 July 2024 |language=en |access-date=21 October 2024 |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721070439/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/murphy-starring-prabhu-mundkur-and-roshani-prakash-to-release-on-september-27-article-111558311/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Here's how Kavaludaari actress Roshni Prakash is spending her lockdown time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/heres-how-kavaludaari-actress-roshni-prakash-is-spending-her-lockdown-time/articleshow/82800625.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 May 2021}}</ref> After hearing the narration, Roshni felt an instant connection with the character Janani and decided to collaborate with Varma.<ref name=":TNRP">{{cite news |title=Exclusive {{!}} Acting With An Object (Radio) Was A Unique Experience: Roshini Prakash |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/exclusive-acting-with-an-object-radio-was-a-unique-experience-roshini-prakash-article-114382826/amp |work=Times Now |date=19 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Doing films you believe in motivates you to strive for success |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Oct/16/doing-films-you-believe-in-motivates-you-to-strive-for-success |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Ila Veermalla, who debuted as a child artist in the 2012 film ''[[Ball Pen (film)|Ball Pen]]'', auditioned for and secured the lead role of Jessy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teenager Ila Veermalla gets a lead role in Pradeep Varma's Murphy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/teenager-ila-veermalla-gets-a-lead-role-in-pradeep-varmas-murphy/articleshow/79723822.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 December 2020}}</ref> Apart from acting in the lead role, Ila also worked as both an assistant director and costume designer for the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=The major takeaway for me from 'Murphy' was to dabble in various roles |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Oct/15/the-major-takeaway-for-me-from-murphy-was-to-dabble-in-various-roles |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Pranati A. |title='Murphy' is like the fragrance of old memories: B S Pradeep Varma |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/murphy-is-like-the-fragrance-of-old-memories-b-s-pradeep-varma-3220295 |work=Deccan Herald |date=5 October 2024 |language=en |access-date=21 October 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005025555/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/murphy-is-like-the-fragrance-of-old-memories-b-s-pradeep-varma-3220295 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced on 2 April 2021 in [[Mangalore]], with the first schedule wrapping up on 15 April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title='Murphy' will ride high on love, emotions |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/May/05/murphy-will-ride-high-on-love-emotions-2298431.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Filming in [[Goa]], initially slated for 3 May 2021, was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Prabhu Mundkur: Murphy will ride high on love and emotions |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/May/05/prabhu-mundkur-murphywill-ride-high-on-love-andemotions-24325.html |work=Cinema Express |date=9 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Production resumed once lockdown restrictions eased. The film was primarily shot in Goa, while a few portions were filmed on the Karnataka coast.<ref name=":DH1" /> Major portions of the film were reportedly shot in a 400-year-old mansion in Goa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Prabhu Mundkur: We have made a Koduva-Spanish promo song for Murphy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/Sep/29/pradeep-varma-we-have-made-a-koduva-spanish-promo-song-for-murphy-26980.html |work=Cinema Express |date=1 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally few scenes were shot at [[St. Aloysius, Mangalore]].<ref name=":DH1">{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Pranati A. |title='Urvi' director back with musical drama 'Murphy' starring Prabhu Mundkur |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/urvi-director-back-with-musical-drama-murphy-starring-prabhu-mundkur-3028265 |work=Deccan Herald |date=18 May 2024 |language=en |access-date=21 October 2024 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602235137/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/urvi-director-back-with-musical-drama-murphy-starring-prabhu-mundkur-3028265 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":TOI1">{{cite news |title=Iconic Mangaluru chapel, St Aloysius, allows film shoot for first time; may be last |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/iconic-mangaluru-chapel-st-aloysius-allows-film-shoot-for-first-time-may-be-last/articleshow/99557186.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> The film received a U certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Murphy set to release on October 18 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Sep/23/murphy-set-to-release-on-october-18 |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of songs composed by [[Arjun Janya]], Sylvester Pradeep, Rajat Hegde, and Keerthan Holla, while the background score was by Sylvester Pradeep.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prabhu Mundkur and Roshini Prakash's 'Murphy' set to charm audiences from October 18 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/prabhu-mundkur-and-roshini-prakashs-murphy-set-to-charm-audiences-from-october-18-3234877 |work=Deccan Herald |date=16 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ilege Banda Maleye (From "Murphy") - - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ilege-banda-maleye-from-murphy/zVKMdOfeQfU_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=21 October 2024 |date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mogachi (From "Murphy") - - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mogachi-from-murphy/2GXSCXqZ0CY_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=21 October 2024 |date=20 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Samaya (From "Murphy") (Full Song) - Dhananjay Ranjan, Arjun Janya, Rajat Hegde - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/samaya-from-murphy/Hx8bQD16Y1E |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=21 October 2024 |date=2 August 2024}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ilege Banda Maleye
| length1 = 4:32
| lyrics1 = Sampath Sirimane
| extra1 = [[K. S. Harisankar]]
| music1 = Rajat Hegde, Keerthan Holla
| title2 = Mogachi
| length2 = 3:58
| lyrics2 = Dhananjay Ranjan
| extra2 = Rajath Hegde, Nadia Rebelo
| music2 = [[Arjun Janya]]
| title3 = Samaya
| length3 = 3:18
| lyrics3 = Dhananjay Ranjan
| extra3 = Rajath Hegde
| music3 = Arjun Janya
| total_length = 11:48
}}

== Release ==
''Murphy'' was initially slated for release on 27 September 2024.<ref name=":TNRL" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Murphy movie song released{{!}}'ಮರ್ಫಿ' ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಮನಮೋಹಕ ಹಾಡು ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ News in Kannada |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/murphy-movie-song-released-230346/amp |work=zeenews.india.com |date=8 August 2024}}</ref> However, the release date was subsequently changed, and it was released on 18 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Murphy, A Mix Of Love, Loss, Romance, And Fantasy Hits Screens On Friday |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/murphy-a-mix-of-love-loss-romance-and-fantasy-hits-screens-on-friday-article-114292497/amp |work=Times Now |date=16 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Kavya Christopher of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Murphy'' marks yet another effort by the Kannada film industry that ably works towards delivering what the film industry and its audience require - a content-driven story."<ref>{{cite news |title=Murphy Movie Review : Murphy review: A beautifully picturised emotional saga of love, despair, sacrifice and hope that transcends time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/murphy/movie-review/114309120.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 October 2024}}</ref> Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Director BS Pradeep Varma has tried to tell a fresh love story in a unique style. Varma has ensured the film is of top quality and made the cast follow the script faithfully."<ref>{{cite news |title=Fresh Love Unveiled in 'Murphy': A Captivating Journey Through Time |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/fresh-love-unveiled-in-murphy-a-captivating-journey-through-time/articleshow/114383370.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2024}}</ref> Shashiprasad S. M. of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote that "Are you a fan of time travel, with a soft spot for romantic dramas that delve deep into human emotions? If so, ''Murphy'' is a must-watch. The film stands out for its impressive storytelling and strong performances, making it a memorable experience."<ref>{{cite news |title=Murphy Movie Review: Timeless Fantasy, Embraced In The Present |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/murphy-movie-review-timeless-fantasy-embraced-in-the-present-review-114294008/amp |work=Times Now |date=17 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Pranati A. S. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it three out of five stars and opined that "While the film succeeds in creating a fantasy world, Varma brings us back to reality by introducing reason and emotion into the narrative. This could either disappoint you or relieve you, depending on how you prefer your ending. An interesting watch."<ref>{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=Pranati A. |title='Murphy' movie review: Love and reckoning in an engaging time travel story |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/murphy-movie-review-love-and-reckoning-in-an-engaging-time-travel-story-3238708 |work=Deccan Herald |date=18 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "''Murphy'' offers a fresh perspective on a unique genre. There are films with such stories incorporating instruments like phones and ham radios that play key roles. However, director BS Pradeep Varma's ''Murphy'' distinguishes itself through its compelling concept centred on the radio and its connections that span time."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Murphy Movie Review: This tale of love and longing gets its frequency right |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Oct/17/murphy-movie-review-this-tale-of-love-and-longing-gets-its-frequency-right |work=Cinema Express |date=10 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote that "Despite its music video-like execution, B.S. Pradeep Varma’s film works because it is conscious of its bright personality and the kind of impact it wants to have on us."<ref>{{cite news |title='Murphy' Review: Prabhu Mundkur, Roshini Prakash Shine in a Tender Sci-fi Voyage |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/murphy-review-prabhu-mundkur-roshini-prakash-shine-in-a-tender-sci-fi-voyage |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=18 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Murphy'', starring Roshini Prakash and Prabhu Mundkur, explores relationships through the prism of time. The film has solid moments but struggles to stand firm as a whole". He felt "Murphy suffers from an identity crisis as the movie struggles to balance several relationships in a sci-fi plot. The predictability factor could hinder our experience as well."<ref name=":THR">{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Murphy' movie review: An interesting time travel film that prefers emotional impact over poignant drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/murphy-movie-review-an-interesting-time-travel-film-that-prefers-emotional-impact-over-poignant-drama/article68768188.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14780126}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 science fiction films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]
[[Category:2024 musical films]]

Javaid Iqbal (politician)

2026-04-26T14:33:15Z

Rajan Singh:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| image = Javed Iqbal Choudhary Mla.jpg
| constituency = [[Budhal Assembly constituency|Budhal]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Javaid Iqbal''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Budhal Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Budhal, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Javaid Iqbal with 42043 defeats BJP's Chowdhary Zulfkar Ali |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/budhal-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612964-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Budhal Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/budhal-election-result-2024-live-update-9077471.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early Life and background ==
Javaid Iqbal Choudhary holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Jammu. He is the nephew of [[Chowdhary Zulfkar Ali|Choudhary Zulfikar Ali]], a former minister and two-time MLA,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manhotra |first=Dinesh |date=2024-09-25 |title=Bloodlines Collide at EVMs: Nephews Battle Uncles in Rajouri's Electoral Wars |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bloodlines-collide-evms-nephews-battle-uncles-rajouris-electoral-wars-872673 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> and the brother of [[Shahid Iqbal Choudhary|Dr. Shahid Iqbal Choudhary]], an IAS officer, and [[Zafar Choudhary]], a journalist<ref>{{Cite web |last=JKNC |date=2024-08-22 |title=Javed Iqbal Choudhary, a highly respected and popular youth leader from Rajouri district, has joined the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC). |url=https://jknc.co.in/javed-iqbal-choudhary-a-highly-respected-and-popular-youth-leader-from-rajouri-district-has-joined-the-jammu-and-kashmir-national-conference-jknc/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Jammu Kashmir National Conference |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iqbal, Javaid}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Vidhi (1984 film)

2026-04-24T01:56:25Z

Rajan Singh:

{{short description|1984 film by K. Vijayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vidhi 1984 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Vijayan]]
| writer = [[Aaroor Dass]] (dialogue)
| story = D. Kameswari
| producer = Anandavalli Balaji
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]|[[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima]]|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]}}
| cinematography = Tiwari<ref name="movie" />
| editing = V. Chakrapani<ref name="movie" />
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Sujatha Cine Arts
| released = {{film date|1984|1|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=84}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vidhi''''' ({{translation|Fate}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] film directed by [[K. Vijayan]]. A remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Nyayam Kavali]]'' (1981), it stars [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima]], and [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]. The film revolves around a court case that Radha (Poornima) files against Raja (Mohan), concerning the legitimacy of her child conceived out of wedlock.

[[Principal photography]] began in December 1983 and was completed within two months. ''Vidhi'' was released on 26 January 1984. The film received positive reviews from critics, particularly for the dialogues in its courtroom scenes and was a commercial success, running for over 500 days in theatres.

== Plot ==
Raja, the son of lawyer "Tiger" Dayanidhi, is a playboy and [[Womanise|womaniser]]. Whenever he sets his eyes on a girl, he convinces her he is madly in love with her, then abandons her after having a relationship with her. This becomes a routine for him. Radha is a girl from a middle-class family. Raja meets her, tries his techniques to impress her, and succeeds. Radha loves him and yields to his advances for a physical relationship.

When Radha realises she is pregnant, she requests Raja to marry her, but he writes off their relationship. Much against her parents' suggestion to get an abortion, Radha decides to have the child and tells them that she wants to take Raja to court and prove he has fathered her child. She leaves home and meets Sakunthala, a leading lawyer who works for women's rights.

Sakunthala's story is similar to Radha's: she had been Dayanidhi's lover. When she had become pregnant, he had deserted her, and she had given birth to an illegitimate daughter. Sakunthala does not want history to repeat itself and drags Raja to the court on Radha's behalf. Dayanidhi fights for his son, but Sakunthala wins the case. The court declares Raja the father of Radha's child, but leaves the decision of marriage to them.

While meeting the media after winning the case, Radha states that she intended to get legitimacy for her child. She declares that she is satisfied with the court's verdict and has decided to be on her own. Meanwhile, Sakunthala gets a heart attack, and before dying, she hands over her daughter in Radha's care.

Years later, Raja and his wife, married for some years and childless, run into Radha. It turns out that she has been raising her son, Suresh, all by herself, and he has become a talented, well-adjusted, smart boy.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Sakunthala<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=9 April 2011 |title=We will miss you, Sujatha |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/We-will-miss-you-Sujatha/article14677027.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321152755/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/We-will-miss-you-Sujatha/article14677027.ece |archive-date=21 March 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Raja{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=277}}
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima]] as Radha<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2014 |title=என் விதியை மாற்றி அமைத்த 'விதி' - ஆரூர் தாஸ் |trans-title=The 'Fate' that changed my fate - Aaroor Dass |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2014/08/11122502/The-other-side-of-cinema.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822052524/http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2014/08/11122502/The-other-side-of-cinema.vpf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=27 July 2017 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as "Tiger" Dayanidhi{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=277}}
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]] as himself (guest appearance)<ref name="telugucinema.com" />
* [[K. Balaji]] as the judge<ref name="telugucinema.com" />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Pattama{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=278}}
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as K. Bhagyaraj's assistant<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=19 January 2023 |title=விதி: தமிழ் சினிமாவின் விபரீதமான மரபை உடைத்த படம்; சுஜாதாவின் நடிப்பு, கே.பாக்யராஜின் அந்த கேமியோ! |trans-title=''Vidhi'': A film that broke the perverse tradition of Tamil cinema; Sujatha's performance, that cameo by K. Bhagyaraj! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vidhi-this-movie-broke-the-most-important-stereotype-of-tamil-cinema |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120224948/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vidhi-this-movie-broke-the-most-important-stereotype-of-tamil-cinema |archive-date=20 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Sathyakala]] as Raja's wife<ref name="vikatan" />
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Radha's father<ref name="vikatan" />
}}

== Production ==
''Vidhi'', a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Nyayam Kavali]]'' (1981) was produced by Sujatha Cine Arts.<ref name="dinamalarnellai" /> Although [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]], director of the original, was offered to direct the remake, he declined owing to his lack of fluency in Tamil. Hence, [[K. Vijayan]] was chosen.<ref name="telugucinema.com" /> [[Aaroor Dass]] was chosen to write the dialogues after being asked to by [[K. Balaji]]. This marked his return to film after a near 17-year sabbatical; he last wrote for ''[[Thangai]]'' (1967).{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=275}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=23 February 2012 |title=‘Star’ Wordsmith |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-wordsmith/article2923705.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330065238/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-wordsmith/article2923705.ece |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Because [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]'s character, a lawyer, speaks lengthy dialogues, and the actress found memorising them difficult, Dass simplified her dialogues. During the scene where her character faints in court, Sujatha fainted for real.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2025 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: கண்ணாம்பாவிற்கு பிறகு வசனத்தால் புகழ்பெற்ற சுஜாதா |trans-title=Flashback: Sujatha, famous for her dialogues after Kannamba |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/130582 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625150212/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/130582 |archive-date=25 June 2025 |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 1 December 1983 and was completed within two months.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=85}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by the duo [[Shankar–Ganesh]], while the lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidhi Tamil Film Super 7 EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/vidhi-tamil-film-super-7-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124050237/https://mossymart.com/product/vidhi-tamil-film-super-7-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2003 |title=Vidhi — Film Story Dialogues And Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vidhi---film-story-dialogues-and-songs/4YR0-eBrJAk_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200311035504/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vidhi---film-story-dialogues-and-songs/4YR0-eBrJAk_ |archive-date=11 March 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The songs "L O V E – Lovethaan" and "Vaadi Macchi" attained popularity.<ref name="dinamalarnellai" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Devadasum Naanum
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = Vaadi Macchi
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = L O V E – Lovethaan
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length3 = 4:21
| title4 = Vidhi Varaindha
| extra4 = [[Kalyani Menon]]
| length4 = 3:49
| total_length = 17:15 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vidhi'' was released on 26 January 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=26 January 2019 |title=கே.பாலாஜிக்குப் பிடித்த ஜனவரி 26ம் தேதி! |trans-title=K. Balaji liked the date 26 January! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/15892-kbalaji-4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190223063617/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/15892-kbalaji-4.html |archive-date=23 February 2019 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics, who compared it favourably to ''[[Velaikari]]'' (1949) and ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952) for featuring courtroom scenes with powerful dialogues.{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|pp=274–275}} The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 19 February 1984, said that though the film was a remake, it was a healthy remake, and rated it 51 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikatan Review Board |date=19 February 1984 |title=விதி |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/36944--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200311035306/https://www.vikatan.com/story-feed |archive-date=11 March 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film for the cast performances, its theme of women boldly seeking justice instead of bowing down to male authority, and felt the film was a must watch for those craving societal change.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 March 1984 |title=விதி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-03-18/page/n57/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230828134638/https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-03-18/page/n57/mode/2up? |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=23 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=56–57 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting and direction but found the music average.<ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=30 January 1984 |title=விதி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_103/3.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623133717/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_103/3.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The film became a major commercial success, running for over 500 days in theatres;<ref name="dinamalarnellai" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2016 |title=நடிகர் மோகனின் 60வது பிறந்தநாள் புகைப்பட தொகுப்பு |trans-title=Actor Mohan's 60th birthday photo gallery |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/photogallery/kollywood/actors/actor-mohan-60th-birthday-celebration-gallery/photoshow/53827701.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226101828/https://tamil.samayam.com/photogallery/kollywood/actors/actor-mohan-60th-birthday-celebration-gallery/photoshow/53827701.cms |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=26 February 2018 |work=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that ''Vidhi'' "soared high because of its well-etched women characters, commendably enacted by Sujatha and Poornima Jayaram".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 March 2014 |title=Women of Steel |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/women-of-steel/article5760715.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410221025/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/women-of-steel/article5760715.ece |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date=13 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Vidhi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sujatha Cine Arts |year=1984 |time=0:00 to 3:23 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamalarnellai">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title=சாதனை புரிந்த தமிழ் படங்கள் – 261 – எஸ்.கணேஷ் |trans-title=Achievements in Tamil Films – 261 – S. Ganesh |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/14648 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313094015/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/14648 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref>
<ref name="telugucinema.com">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2016 |title=Nyayam Kavali (1981) – Retro |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/Nyayam-Kavali-1981-Retro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174111/http://www.telugucinema.com/Nyayam-Kavali-1981-Retro |archive-date=14 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Balabharathi |title=தமிழ் சினிமா 80 பாகம்-2 |publisher=Nakkheeran Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-81828-41-0 |location=Chennai |language=ta |trans-title=Tamil Cinema 80 Part-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Vijayan}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s legal drama films]]
[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Malayattoor

2026-04-23T14:11:55Z

Rajan Singh: done

{{For|the Malayalam writer|Malayattoor Ramakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malayattoor
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Malayattoor - way to the hill top.jpg
| image_alt = Malayattoor - way to the hill top
| image_caption = Way to the Malayattoor hill top
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.20|N|76.50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 683587
| registration_plate = KL -40
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Perumbavoor]] 12km [[Angamaly]] 13km
| blank2_name_sec1 = Legislative Assembly constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Angamaly
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Chalakudy
| website = {{url|http://lsgkerala.in/malayattoorneeleswarampanchayat|Official}}
| footnotes =
| leader_party = Indian National Congress
}}
'''Malayattoor''' is a village in [[Aluva]] [[taluk]] around 15 km (9 mi) northeast of [[Angamaly]] in [[Ernakulam]] District in the state of [[Kerala]] in South India. The name 'Malayattoor' is an amalgamation of the words ''mala'' (mountain), ''arr'' (river), and ''oore'' (place).
[[File:Sunrise from Malyatoor Hill.jpg|thumb]]

==Location==
{| style="right; margin:0 0 0 0;"
|
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Kochi'''
|Northwest = [[Manjapra]]
|North = [[Ayyampuzha]]
|Northeast = [[Idamalayar Dam]]
|West = [[Nedumbassery]], [[Kalady]]
|Centre = Malayattoor
|East = [[Koovappady]]
|Southwest = [[Perumbavoor]]
|South = [[Kodanad]]
|Southeast = [[Kuttampuzha]]
}}
|}

Located 40  km from [[Kochi]], the [[Malayattoor Pilgrim|Malayatoor Kurishumdy church]] is situated atop the 609 m high Kurishumudy. The church is dedicated to [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], who is believed to have prayed at this shrine. One of the most important Christian pilgrim centres in [[Kerala]], it attracts devotees in very large numbers from Kerala and the neighbouring states. The church is situated at Kurisumudi,<ref>{{Cite web | title=Malayattoor Church | url=http://www.malayattoorkurisumudy.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502033820/http://www.malayattoorkurisumudy.in:80/ | access-date=2025-06-27 | archive-date=2007-05-02}}</ref> a hill in the [[Western Ghats]] girdled partially by the [[Periyar (river)]]. The Church has a life-size statue of St. Thomas and the imprint of the feet of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]] on a rock. This shrine has been accorded an international pilgrimage station.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

[[File:St Thomas High School Malayattoor.JPG|thumb|St Thomas High School Malayattoor]]
[[File:Kadappara Church Malayattoor.JPG|thumb|Mary Immaculate Church, Vimalagiri, Malayattoor]]
[[File:Malayattoor - church on the hill top.jpg|thumb|Church on the Malayattoor hill top]]

==Administration==
Malayattoor is part of the Malayattoor-Neeleeswaram Panchayat<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lsgkerala.in/malayattoorneeleswarampanchayat/ |title=മലയാറ്റൂര്‍ നീലീശ്വരം ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Malayattoor Neeleeswaram Grama Panchayat) |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706184043/http://lsgkerala.in/malayattoorneeleswarampanchayat/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Local governing body) of [[Ernakulam district]]. .Malayattor is a part of Angamly Block .Malayattoor Forest Division, an important Forest Division under Central Forest Circle is headquartered here. The division was established in the year 1914, much before the Ernakulam District came into existence. The jurisdiction of this division covers the greater part of Ernakulam district including the urban-suburban area and adjoining forests unto boundary of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==People==
Most people follow [[Roman Catholic]] and Hindu beliefs. All the families are known by traditional family names.
*Christian
** [[Syro-Malabar]]
*Malayattoor Ramakrishan(writer)

==Medical centres==
St.Thomas Hospital Malayattoor.

Sparsham Medical Care. Vimalagiri

Jeevadhara Institute of Neuro Development And Research.

Ayush Prana Ayurveda Hospital & Research Center For Multiple Sclerosis.

Primary Health Center Illithodu.

Government Homeo Hospital Naduvattom.

==Education==
# St. Thomas HSS Malayattoor
# St. Joseph Lp School malayattoor
# [[SNDP]] HSS Neeleeswaram
#St.Mary LP School
#Govt. LP School Malayattoor
#New Man Academy Vimalagiri
#Tolins International School Malayattoor

==Industries==
This region is in the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]]. [[Spices]] like [[nutmeg]] and crops like [[tapioca]], [[snake beans]], [[areca nuts]] are also planted. Also [[rubber plantations]] are plenty in number. These spices are then exported and foreign [[revenue]] is thus generated. Also various herbs are available in the forests which are used for making [[ayurvedic]] medicines. [[Bamboo]] corporation,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bambooworldindia.com/factory_units.html |title=Welcome to Kerala State Bamboo Corporation Ltd |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704085738/http://bambooworldindia.com/factory_units.html |archive-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> crusher units are the major industries operating in this area. Heavy vehicles like tippers and lorries are a common sight.

==Movies shot in Malayattoor.==
Malayattoor is a famous movie shooting location in South India.

[[Eeta]]

[[Thomasleeha|St. Thomas]]

[[Ulavuthurai]]

[[Bhalevadivi Basu]]

[[Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla|Maniyanpilla Adhava Maniyanpilla]]

[[Aparichithan]]

[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]

[[Orma Mathram]]

[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]

[[Pulimurugan]]

[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]

saira narasimha reddy

[[Brother's Day|Brothers Day]]

[[Kannur Squad]]

==Transportation==
Nearest railway station [[Angamaly railway station|Angamaly for Kalady]]

[[Cochin International Airport]] is about 18 kilometres from Malayattoor.<ref>{{Cite web | title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport | url=http://cial.aero/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227010844/http://cial.aero:80/ | access-date=2025-06-27 | archive-date=2011-02-27}}</ref> The airport is well connected to all major airports in India and also connected to many foreign cities. Direct flights are available to [[Chennai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.koodalmanikyam.com/locale.htm
|title = How to reach
|publisher = Koodalmanikyam Temple
|access-date = 2013-12-07
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120206122018/http://www.koodalmanikyam.com/locale.htm
|archive-date = 6 February 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Pilgrimage==
{{main|Malayattoor Pilgrim}}
St. Thomas is believed to have landed in [[Kerala]] at [[Kodungallur]] (Cranganore) in AD 52.

AD 62 St Thomas returns to Malankara coast via Malayatur where he establishes ‘the half
Church’ (a small Christian community dependent on the Church of Maliamkara).

Oral tradition says that while travelling through Malayattoor, faced with hostile natives, he fled to the hilltop where he is said to have remained in prayer and that he left his foot prints on one of the rocks. According to beliefs, during prayer, he touched a rock, upon which blood poured from it.
The chief festival is on the first Sunday after [[Easter]]. It is traditionally believed that St. Thomas used to make the [[Sign of the Cross]] on the rock, kiss it and pray at Kurisumudi. The story has it that a miraculous golden cross appeared at that particular spot. Pilgrims going up the hill to call out incessantly "Ponnum Kurishu Muthappo, Ponmala Kayattom", meaning "O Patriarch of the Golden Cross! Climb we shall, this golden hill!"
This Shrine was promoted to Archdiocesan status by [[Archbishop]] Mar Varkey Vithayathil on 4 September 1998. There is also a very ancient Church in the name of St Thomas (Estd. 900) at Malayattoor on the bank of Periyar River which serves as the parish Church at present. The annual festival of this church is known as 'Malayatoor Perunal' and it is celebrated in the months of March–April.<br />
<nowiki>St. Thomas and Thamizakam
:The place of </nowiki>St. Thomas in the life of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] believers is something not to be overlooked. Anyone would be moved at the sight of an ardent but the simple faith of a Tamil pilgrim, a usual scene on the mountain. According to Rt. Rev. Dr. Soosa Pakiam the "Archbishop of Trivandrum, "Muthappan" the name by which the devotees invoke St. Thomas on the mountain, may have come from Tamizakam. A good number of pilgrims that visit Kurisumudy and seek Muthappan's blessings is from [[Tamil Nadu]]. The vital role played by the caravan route that existed between [[Kodungalloor]] and [[Madras]] from time immemorial has certainly contributed to this spiritual and cultural bond that exists between [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Later on the hunters went to the mountain for hunting.While they stayed in the night they saw a glittering sign of cross on the rock.Out of curiosity they struck there with their rude weapons. To their surprise blood gushed out. They ran to the valley and told the locals. They went to the mountain and while they prayed there they got many miracles. This is the humble beginning of Kurisumudy Pilgrimage.

==Quarries==
[[File:Malayattoor quarry & crusher.jpg|alt=A Stone quarry near malayattoor hill.|thumb|A Stone quarry near malayattoor hill.]]
There are 25 stone quarries working near malayattooor hill.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://keralaquarry.com/search/village/malayatur |title=Search a stone Quarry in village, Kerala |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424202725/http://keralaquarry.com/search/village/malayatur |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Periyar (river)|Periyar]]
*[[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan]]
*[[Malayatoor Church]]
*[[Malayattoor Carnival]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Kerala}}

{{commons category|Malayattoor}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]

Chabbewal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:39:38Z

Rajan Singh: added a data.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chabbewal
| map_image = 44-Chabbewal.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 44
| mla = [[Ishank Kumar]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Punjab|By-Election 2024]]
| electors = {{formatnum:161535}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Chabbewal''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Sohan Singh Thandal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan=2|[[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress
|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Punjab|2024*]]
|[[Ishank Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

*By-election

== Election results ==

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Punjab|Punjab Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Chabbewal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ishank Kumar]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:51904}}
|percentage = 60.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:23314}}
|percentage = 27.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sohan Singh Thandal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = {{formatnum:8692}}
|percentage = 10.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:884}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28690}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:85403}}
|percentage = 53.43%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Chabbewal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:47375}}
|percentage = 41.4
|change = {{decrease}}8.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Harminder Singh Sandhu|votes={{formatnum:39729}}|percentage=34.7|change={{increase}}17.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Sohan Singh Thandal]]|votes={{formatnum:19329}}|percentage=16.9|change={{decrease}}7.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janta Party|candidate=Dilbag Rai|votes={{formatnum:4073}}|percentage=3.6|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:981}}|percentage=0.6|change={{decrease}}0.13}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:7646}}|percentage=6.62|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:115506}}|percentage=71.2|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:161535}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Chabbewal<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:57857}}
|percentage = 49.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Sohan Singh Thandal
|votes = {{formatnum:28596}}
|percentage = 24.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Raman Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:20505}}
|percentage = 17.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gurlal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5585}}
|percentage = 4.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:842}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 156141}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"
!Year||A C No.||Category||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||44||SC||Sohan Singh Thandal||SAD||45100||Dr. Raj Kumar||INC||38854
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.44|75.98|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Shekhupur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:01Z

Rajan Singh: started a article - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shekhupur
| constituency_no = 116
| map_image = 116-Shekhupur.svg
| mla = [[Himanshu Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Badaun district|Badaun]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 333,673 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Shekhupur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Badaun district|Badaun]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 116.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shekhupur.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Shekhupur Assembly constituency is KC Kakrala & Kakrala MB of Dataganj Tehsil; KCs Jagat, Qadarchowk, Shekhupur, Sakhanoo NP & Gulariya NP of Budaun Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Term !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ashish Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || March 2012 || March 2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Dharmendra Kumar Singh Shakya]]|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || March-2022 || - || - || <ref name=" 2017 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2017 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 December 2017|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2017/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Himanshu Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shekhupur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Himanshu Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:105531}}
|percentage = 42.84
|change = {{increase}}13.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Shakya
|votes = {{formatnum:99431}}
|percentage = 40.36
|change = {{increase}}0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Muslim Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:34932}}
|percentage = 14.18
|change = {{decrease}}13.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1773}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change = {{decrease}}0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6100}}
|percentage = 2.48
|change = {{decrease}}7.43
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:246366}}
|percentage = 61.08
|change = {{decrease}}1.38
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Shekhupur<ref name="2017 Election Results"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Kumar Singh Shakya
|votes = {{formatnum:93702}}
|percentage = 39.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ashish Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:70316}}
|percentage = 29.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd. Rizwan
|votes = {{formatnum:64327}}
|percentage = 27.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1896}}
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23386}}
|percentage = 9.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:235906}}
|percentage = 62.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Shekhupur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ashish Yadav]]
|votes = 68,533
|percentage = 32.76
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagvan Singh Shakya
|votes = 60,281
|percentage = 28.82
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Qazi Mohd. Rizwan
|votes = 51,979
|percentage = 24.85
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 13 candidates
|votes = 28,405
|percentage = 13.56
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,252
|percentage = 3.94
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 209,198
|percentage = 62.7
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Budaun district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Budaun district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Gev Manchersha Avari

2026-04-19T09:52:33Z

Rajan Singh: added new page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gev. Mancharsha Avari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|7|31}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1980
| predecessor = [[Jambuwantrao Dhote]]
| successor = [[Jambuwantrao Dhote]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
| constituency1 = [[Nagpur West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur West]]
| term_start1 = (1980-1985), (1985
| term_end1 = 1990)
| predecessor1 = Bhaurao Govindrao Mulak
| successor1 = [[Vinod Gudadhe Patil]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2309.htm
}}
'''Gev. Mancharsha Avari ''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], from [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1977.<ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1977 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Who's who | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | issue=6 | year=1977 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OBFAQAAIAAJ | access-date=9 Mar 2023 | page=33}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1979 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWY3AAAAIAAJ | access-date=9 Mar 2023 | page=57}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1979 p1. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFw3AAAAIAAJ | access-date=9 Mar 2023 | page=261}}</ref>

He was elected to Maharashtra Assembly twice, in 1980 and 1985. His father, Manchersha Awari, was also a politician.<ref name="c762">{{cite web | last=Mahotsav | first=Amrit | title=Mancharsha Rustomji Avari | website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India | date=13 September 2022 | url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?6043 | access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2309.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avari, Gev Manchersha}}
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Gharaunda Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:23Z

Rajan Singh: added new article.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gharaunda
|type= SLA
| map_image = Gharaunda Assembly constituency map.svg
|region =
|division =
|constituency_no = 22
|established = 
|abolished = 
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Karnal district|Karnal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Harvinder Kalyan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = 
| electors = 2,41,583
}}
'''Gharaunda''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Karnal district|Karnal]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gharaunda Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/gharaunda.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Randhir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Rulya Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ram Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Vedpal Dhanda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Piru Ram || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Ram Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Ramesh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Ramesh Rana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Rekha Rana
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Narender Sangwan
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=3 | [[Harvinder Kalyan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harvinder Kalyan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=87,236 |percentage=49.92 |change={{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varinder Singh Rathore |party=Indian National Congress |votes=82,705 |percentage=47.33 |change={{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Singh Alias Mannu Kashyap |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,611 |percentage=0.92 |change={{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=456 |percentage=0.26 |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,531 |percentage=2.59 |change= {{decrease}}9.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,74,738 |percentage=72.13 |change= {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,41,583 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harvinder Kalyan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,209 |percentage=46.71 |change={{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,807 |percentage=34.62 |change={{increase}}10.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umed Singh Kashyap |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=13,709 |percentage=9.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mehar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,456 |percentage=3.79 |change={{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maninder Rana |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,841 |percentage=1.97 |change={{decrease}}22.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagpal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,331 |percentage=0.93 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=868 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=743 |percentage=0.52 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,402 |percentage=12.10 |change= {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,876 |percentage=66.24 |change= {{decrease}}14.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,17,199 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harvinder Kalyan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,247 |percentage=35.50 |change={{increase}}29.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Sangwan |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=37,364 |percentage=24.01 |change={{decrease}}5.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Singh Rathore |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,896 |percentage=23.71 |change={{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=19,171 |percentage=12.32 |change={{decrease}}12.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh Rana |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=3,229 |percentage=2.07 |change={{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Khurana |party=Independent politician |votes=1,031 |percentage=0.66 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,883 |percentage=11.49 |change= {{increase}}10.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,55,615 |percentage=81.00 |change= {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,92,125 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Sangwan |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=35,256 |percentage=29.44 |change={{increase}}4.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varinder Singh Rathore |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,596 |percentage=28.05 |change={{increase}}9.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harvinder Kalyan]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=29,232 |percentage=24.41 |change={{increase}}20.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Pal Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,523 |percentage=6.28 |change={{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Sharma Bastara |party=Independent politician |votes=3,549 |percentage=2.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,233 |percentage=2.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,158 |percentage=2.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Khurana |party=Independent politician |votes=1,533 |percentage=1.28 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal Rana |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=838 |percentage=0.70 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,660 |percentage=1.39 |change= {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,19,769 |percentage=75.30 |change= {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,59,059 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}4.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rekha Rana |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=25,237 |percentage=25.14 |change={{decrease}}26.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Pal Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=25,216 |percentage=25.12 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varinder Singh Rathor |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,137 |percentage=18.07 |change={{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Singh |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=17,141 |percentage=17.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kashyap |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,006 |percentage=7.97 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rampal Kashyap |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,105 |percentage=4.09 |change={{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=792 |percentage=0.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jujhar Singh Wahla |party=Independent politician |votes=681 |percentage=0.68 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushma Kashyap |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=590 |percentage=0.59 |change={{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21 |percentage=0.02 |change= {{decrease}}27.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,00,389 |percentage=76.39 |change= {{increase}}5.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,408 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}26.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Rana |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=43,479 |percentage=51.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Pal Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=20,009 |percentage=23.63 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,460 |percentage=19.44 |change={{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Kashyap |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,761 |percentage=2.08 |change={{decrease}}2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunehra |party=Independent politician |votes=768 |percentage=0.91 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Kashyap |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=742 |percentage=0.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Col. Mahant Avinash Sharma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=509 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhajja Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=473 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baru Ram |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=467 |percentage=0.55 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,470 |percentage=27.72 |change= {{increase}}27.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,668 |percentage=71.34 |change= {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,766 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}27.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh S/O Sulekh Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,230 |percentage=24.19 |change={{increase}}10.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar Rana S/O Jagpal Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=20,219 |percentage=24.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,973 |percentage=14.32 |change={{decrease}}13.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=8,367 |percentage=10.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Parkash |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,719 |percentage=8.04 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,170 |percentage=4.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subash Chander |party=Akhil Bharatiya Shivsena Rashtrawadi |votes=3,833 |percentage=4.58 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kesho Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,670 |percentage=4.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suba Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=720 |percentage=0.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=499 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=424 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11 |percentage=0.01 |change= {{decrease}}14.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,621 |percentage=72.59 |change= {{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,189 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Singh S/O Basant Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,466 |percentage=27.92 |change={{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,692 |percentage=13.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldip Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=8,050 |percentage=11.55 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal S/O Bishan Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=7,904 |percentage=11.34 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deep Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=7,582 |percentage=10.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal S/O Kiru |party=Independent politician |votes=6,867 |percentage=9.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,176 |percentage=8.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhajja Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=827 |percentage=1.19 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=695 |percentage=1.00 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,774 |percentage=14.02 |change= {{increase}}7.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,724 |percentage=70.49 |change= {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,267 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}8.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Piru Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=23,424 |percentage=36.38 |change={{increase}}29.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,338 |percentage=30.03 |change={{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=16,850 |percentage=26.17 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baru |party=Independent politician |votes=1,128 |percentage=1.75 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=907 |percentage=1.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=855 |percentage=1.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=0.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=339 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.41 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,086 |percentage=6.35 |change= {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,393 |percentage=70.54 |change= {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,663 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,646 |percentage=23.89 |change={{increase}}9.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=11,898 |percentage=22.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishan Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=8,857 |percentage=16.73 |change={{decrease}}26.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sube Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,320 |percentage=11.94 |change={{increase}}8.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,960 |percentage=11.26 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=3,505 |percentage=6.62 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishala Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,915 |percentage=5.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=459 |percentage=0.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=372 |percentage=0.70 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=748 |percentage=1.41 |change= {{decrease}}25.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,932 |percentage=68.72 |change= {{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,474 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=17,949 |percentage=43.50 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Hari Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=6,997 |percentage=16.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,987 |percentage=14.51 |change={{decrease}}15.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Ghasi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,151 |percentage=10.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,207 |percentage=5.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,634 |percentage=3.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suba Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,551 |percentage=3.76 |change={{decrease}}17.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=430 |percentage=1.04 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narain Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=218 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,952 |percentage=26.54 |change= {{increase}}19.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,265 |percentage=64.82 |change= {{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,588 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing= {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rulya Ram |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=16,746 |percentage=36.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zila Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,537 |percentage=29.80 |change={{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suba Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,636 |percentage=21.21 |change={{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banarsi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,670 |percentage=5.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,425 |percentage=3.14 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=843 |percentage=1.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asa |party=Independent politician |votes=567 |percentage=1.25 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,209 |percentage=7.06 |change= {{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,424 |percentage=69.56 |change= {{increase}}10.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,824 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}13.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=7,766 |percentage=23.80 |change={{decrease}}7.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rulya Ram |party=Swatantra Party |votes=7,754 |percentage=23.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,653 |percentage=23.45 |change={{decrease}}10.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suba Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,632 |percentage=11.13 |change={{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Multan Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=2,594 |percentage=7.95 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,226 |percentage=3.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,082 |percentage=3.32 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanhya |party=Independent politician |votes=513 |percentage=1.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=1.25 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12 |percentage=0.04 |change= {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,629 |percentage=58.31 |change= {{decrease}}15.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,691 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gharaunda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,906 |percentage=34.27 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=12,736 |percentage=31.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=10,053 |percentage=24.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,879 |percentage=9.56 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,170 |percentage=2.88 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,574 |percentage=77.35 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,442 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Karnal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.54|76.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Karnal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Saharanpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:46:23Z

Rajan Singh: started new entry

{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saharanpur
| constituency_no = 4
| map_image = 4-Saharanpur.svg
| mla = [[Ashu Malik]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}

'''Saharanpur Assembly constituency ''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Saharanpur district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Saharanpur Assembly constituency came into existence in 1955 as a result of the "Final Order DC (1953–1955)". The extant and serial number of this constituency was last defined in "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Final Order DC (1953-1955)">{{cite news|title=Final Order DC (1953–1955)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 May 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/delimitation_pub_rpt.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 May 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 May 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Saharanpur assembly constituency comprises the following Wards / areas.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="font-size:90%"|#
!style="font-size:90%"|Name

!style="font-size:90%"|Reserved for
!style="font-size:90%"|Comments
|-
| 01 || [[Dabki Gujjar]]|| None ||
|-
| 02 || [[Dara Ali]]|| None ||
|-
| 03 || [[Dara Shivpuri]]|| None ||
|-
| 04 || [[Harora]]|| None ||
|-
| 05 || [[Manak Mau]]|| None ||
|-
| 06 || [[Megh Chhapper]]|| None ||
|-
| 07 || [[Pathanpur]]|| None ||
|-
| 08 || [[Punwarka]] || None ||
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!! Name<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |title=Saharanpur Assembly Constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/saharanpur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Manzurul Nabi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Brahm Dutt Mayor
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Abdul Khaliq
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Jagannath Khanna
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| S. Kultar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Sumer Chand
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Surendra Kapil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Virender Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| [[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" | Lal Krishan Gandhi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sanjay Garg]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Raghav Lakhanpal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Jagpal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Masood Akhtar (Politician)|Masood Akhtar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ashu Malik]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Saharanpur<ref name="election2022"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ashu Malik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:107007}}
|percentage = 41.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jagpal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76262}}
|percentage = 29.35
|change = {{increase}}4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajab Singh Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:62637}}
|percentage = 24.1
|change = {{decrease}}7.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Margoob Hasan
|votes = {{formatnum:8187}}
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:923}}
|percentage = 0.36
|change = {{decrease}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30745}}
|percentage = 11.83
|change = {{increase}}6.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:259855}}
|percentage = 72.27
|change = {{decrease}}2.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 Assembly Elections: Saharanpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Masood Akhtar
|votes = {{formatnum:87689}}
|percentage = 36.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagpal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:75365}}
|percentage = 31.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoj Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:58752}}
|percentage = 24.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saad Ali Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:10950}}
|percentage = 4.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:968}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12324}}
|percentage = 5.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:237468}}
|percentage = 74.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Elections: Saharanpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagpal Singh
|votes = 80,670
|percentage = 39.57
|change = {{increase}}29.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdul Wahid
|votes = 63,557
|percentage = 31.17
|change = {{increase}}28.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Abdul Sarfaraz Khan
|votes = 43,018
|percentage = 21.10
|change = {{decrease}}15.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vikram Singh
|votes = 10,739
|percentage = 5.27
|change = {{decrease}}42.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 11 candidates
|votes = 5,898
|percentage = 2.89
|change = {{increase}}0.26
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,113
|percentage = 8.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 203,882
|percentage = 73.79
|change = {{increase}}29.19
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

===2007===

{{Election box begin | title=2007 Assembly Elections: Saharanpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raghav Lakhan Pal
|votes = 76,049
|percentage = 47.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sanjay Garg
|votes = 57,858
|percentage = 36.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mazahir Hassan Mukhiya
|votes = 16,147
|percentage = 10.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uma Bhushan
|votes = 4,226
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 15 candidates
|votes = 4,201
|percentage = 2.63
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,191
|percentage = 11.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 159,376
|percentage = 44.60
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Saharanpur district]]
*[[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Saharanpur]]

Kudligi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:21Z

Rajan Singh: post

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kudligi
| type = SLA
| map_image = 96-Kudligi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]<small> Before, Bellary district</small>
| division = [[Kalaburagi division|Kalaburagi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
| constituency_no = 96
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| abolished =
| mla = N. T. Srinivas
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]]
| electors = {{formatnum:203802}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Kudligi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It was part of [[Bellary district]] until 2 October 2021. After 2 October 2021, it became part of [[Vijayanagara district]].

[[N. T. Srinivas]] is the current MLA from Kudligi.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kotrabasavana Goud || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || V. Nagappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. M. J. Sadyojatha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || B. S. Veerabhadrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || T. Somappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || K. Channabasavana Gowd || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | N. T. Bommanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || N. M. Nabisahib || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Siraj Sheikh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Anil Lad]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[B. Nagendra]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[N. T. Srinivas]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kudligi">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kudligi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1096.htm?ac=96 |accessdate=11 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411151758/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1096.htm?ac=96 |archivedate=11 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. T. Srinivas]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 104,753 |percentage = 63.95% |change = {{increase}}48.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lokesh. V. Nayaka |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,403 |percentage = 30.77% |change = {{decrease}}2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pujar Bheemappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,138 |percentage = 1.92% |change = {{decrease}}23.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Veeranna |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,513 |percentage = 0.92% |change = {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivas. N |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,341 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 804 |percentage = 0.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,350 |percentage = 33.18% |change = {{increase}}26.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,862 |percentage = 80.40% |change = {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 163,810}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,802 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}31.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref name=election2018>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,085 |percentage = 32.93% |change = {{increase}}31.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. T. Bommanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,272 |percentage = 25.82% |change = {{increase}}25.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lokesh. V. Nayaka |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,514 |percentage = 19.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghu Gujjal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,316 |percentage = 15.33% |change = {{decrease}}13.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Veeranna |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,414 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,055 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basappa. N |party = Sarva Janata Party |votes = 1,412 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Sharanappa |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 1,035 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadevappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,016 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,813 |percentage = 7.11% |change = {{decrease}}7.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,567 |percentage = 76.97% |change = {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,076}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,220 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}10.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Nagendra]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 71,477 |percentage = 43.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Venkatesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,674 |percentage = 28.39% |change = {{decrease}}12.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,632 |percentage = 1.60% |change = {{decrease}}46.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nataraja |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,321 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Subhash Chandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,181 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. K. Tarasalappa |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,628 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Karunesh |party = Ambedkar National Congress |votes = 1,135 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Karappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,078 |percentage = 0.66% |change = {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,012 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,803 |percentage = 15.09% |change = {{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,001 |percentage = 78.00% |change = {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,413}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,516 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Nagendra]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,443 |percentage = 48.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Venkatesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,686 |percentage = 40.72% |change = {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Honnurappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,924 |percentage = 2.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju. C |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,849 |percentage = 2.54% |change = {{decrease}}7.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Srinivas |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,387 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basamma |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,495 |percentage = 1.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddamani Raghavendra |party = Independent politician |votes = 923 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Shivaprakash |party = Independent politician |votes = 803 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Sharanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 693 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,757 |percentage = 7.80% |change = {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,216 |percentage = 71.87% |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,203}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,135 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anil Lad]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,977 |percentage = 48.88% |change = {{increase}}26.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siraj Sheikh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,796 |percentage = 34.64% |change = {{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Nabisahib |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 12,223 |percentage = 10.13% |change = {{decrease}}4.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. M. Veerasangajah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,754 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suryanarayana. K. H |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,723 |percentage = 1.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Angadi Gavisiddappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheik Mohamed Sirajuddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 986 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,181 |percentage = 14.24% |change = {{decrease}}4.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,857 |percentage = 73.85% |change = {{increase}}1.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,659}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,647 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Siraj Sheikh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,825 |percentage = 41.66% |change = {{increase}}16.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. T. Bommanna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,732 |percentage = 22.74% |change = {{increase}}17.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Nabisahib |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 13,572 |percentage = 14.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. M. Ratna Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,293 |percentage = 11.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Angadi Gavisiddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,049 |percentage = 7.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Yerriswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,134 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 983 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,093 |percentage = 18.93% |change = {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,593 |percentage = 71.96% |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,588}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,969 |percentage = 7.69% |change = {{increase}}4.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,962 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Nabisahib |party = Janata Dal |votes = 34,413 |percentage = 38.21% |change = {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. T. Bommanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,696 |percentage = 25.20% |change = {{decrease}}22.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. G. Kulkarni |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,213 |percentage = 19.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. M. Veerasangajah |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 6,362 |percentage = 7.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padma Vittal |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,960 |percentage = 5.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathyappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,154 |percentage = 2.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotresh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,427 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,717 |percentage = 13.01% |change = {{increase}}2.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,276 |percentage = 71.80% |change = {{increase}}0.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,065}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,211 |percentage = 3.44% |change = {{decrease}}4.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,914 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. T. Bommanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,728 |percentage = 47.76% |change = {{decrease}}4.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Nabisahib |party = Janata Dal |votes = 28,561 |percentage = 37.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindappa Kanakeri |party = Janata Party |votes = 6,137 |percentage = 7.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Shiva Shankara |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 4,045 |percentage = 5.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,167 |percentage = 10.62% |change = {{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,091 |percentage = 71.19% |change = {{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,898}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,193 |percentage = 7.45% |change = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,725 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. T. Bommanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,252 |percentage = 52.22% |change = {{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Nabisahib |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,734 |percentage = 44.67% |change = {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Hanumantha Setty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,764 |percentage = 2.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,518 |percentage = 7.55% |change = {{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,065 |percentage = 67.63% |change = {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,851}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,214 |percentage = 1.99% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,295 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Channabasavana Gowd |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,683 |percentage = 48.56% |change = {{increase}}19.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. T. Bommanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,281 |percentage = 47.77% |change = {{increase}}42.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 900 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hesanulla Seb |party = Independent politician |votes = 762 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 402 |percentage = 0.79% |change = {{decrease}}34.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,620 |percentage = 64.84% |change = {{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,830}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,790 |percentage = 3.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,159 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}15.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. Somappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,136 |percentage = 63.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sathyanarayana Sing |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,942 |percentage = 28.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Buddappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,590 |percentage = 5.31% |change = {{decrease}}25.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akki Rudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 676 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Kotrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 431 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,194 |percentage = 35.25% |change = {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,850 |percentage = 68.12% |change = {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,775}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,075 |percentage = 4.08% |change = {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,645 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}5.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Veerabhadrappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 34,110 |percentage = 69.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. J. Krishnavarma Raju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,056 |percentage = 30.62% |change = {{decrease}}27.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,054 |percentage = 38.75% |change = {{increase}}20.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,510 |percentage = 67.71% |change = {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,166}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,595 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.99 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. M. J. Sadyojatha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,488 |percentage = 57.83% |change = {{increase}}27.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Goud |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,840 |percentage = 39.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Virupakshappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,014 |percentage = 2.39% |change = {{decrease}}10.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,648 |percentage = 18.06% |change = {{decrease}}6.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,513 |percentage = 70.77% |change = {{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,342}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,309 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,687 |percentage = 54.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavva |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,704 |percentage = 30.08% |change = {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Danapa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,651 |percentage = 12.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunkappa Dodda |party = Independent politician |votes = 511 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lokya Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 381 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,983 |percentage = 24.13% |change = {{increase}}3.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,527 |percentage = 58.84% |change = {{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,934}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,280 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}25.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kudligi <ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kotrabasavana Goud |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,104 |percentage = 48.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Panchakshariah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,764 |percentage = 28.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chennabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,243 |percentage = 22.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,340 |percentage = 20.29% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,111 |percentage = 55.50% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,111}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,079 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vijayanagara district]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|14.9|76.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Ballari district]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

National Military School metro station

2026-04-10T11:49:14Z

Rajan Singh: creating

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Pink Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox station
| name = National Military School
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = National Military School metro station (Apr '26).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under Namma Metro's [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] as of April 2026
| address = Hosur Rd, Muniswamy Garden, Richmond Town, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560025
| coordinates = {{coord|12.96443|77.60704|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] <small>''(TBC)''</small><br>
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} <br>Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}<br><small>''Platform Numbers (TBC)''</small>
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=Mahatma Gandhi Road|to-left1=Nagawara|note-mid1=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right1=Langford Town|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''National Military School''' is an upcoming underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. This metro station consists of prime locations such as the Richmond Park, '''Karnataka State Hockey Association''', Bengaluru Football Stadium along with other important locations like the '''Shoolay Circle''', St Philomena Hospital, Victoria Layout, [[Richmond Town]], [[Austin Town]], [[Vivek Nagar]] and also connecting Bengaluru's Kanteerava Stadium to the west side and [[M G Road, Bangalore]] to the east side.

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the second phase, covering the total underground distance of 13.8 km ([[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] - [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]) is expected to be operational around ''December 2026.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-09-27 |title=Good News! Pink Line of Bengaluru Metro to be 90% Ready by Second-half of 2024 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/good-news-pink-line-of-bengaluru-metro-to-be-90-ready-by-second-half-of-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

In June 2017, Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for constructing the Shivaji Nagar metro station along the 2.76 km National Military School - Shivaji Nagar stretch of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. In November 2019, [[Larsen & Toubro|Larsen & Toubro (L&T)]] emerged as the lowest bidders for this stretch which aligned closely with the original estimate, thus leading to a successful award for this company. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreements.

==Station Layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = National Military School track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Mahatma Gandhi Road}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Langford Town}} **
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform<br>** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}>'''Platform #'''<br>'''Southbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Langford Town}}</small>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}>'''Platform #'''<br>'''Northbound'''</span>
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Mahatma Gandhi Road}}<br>'''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}'''''</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|}

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

Mirza Hassan

2026-04-05T17:34:33Z

Rajan Singh: stub

'''Mirza Hassan''' may refer to:
* Mirza Hassan, one of the sons of [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]
* [[Mirza Hasan]], village in Iran
* Mírzá Muhammad-Hasan, one of the [[Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn]] brothers
* [[Mirza Hesam]], village in Iran
* [[Mirza Hasan Kandi]], village in Iran

{{disambig}}

Munthirikkaadu

2026-04-05T11:17:06Z

Rajan Singh: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Munthirikkaadu
| image = Munthirikkaadu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kalanjiyam]]
| writer = {{Ubl|Kalanjiyam|[[Imayam (writer)|Imayam]]}}
| based_on = {{based on|''Pethavan''|Imayam}}
| producer = Kalanjiyam
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Seeman]]
| Pugazh mahendran
| Subapriya malar
| Jaya rao
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = A. K. Priyan
| studio =
| distributor = VV Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|07}}<ref name="RUN" />
| runtime = 2 Hours 59 Minutes<ref name="RUN" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Munthirikkaadu''''' ({{translation|Cashew forest}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical drama|period]] [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[Kalanjiyam]]. Produced by Kalanjiyam under the banners of Aathi Thiraikalam. It is adapted from the short story ''Pethavan'' ({{Translation|Begetter}}) written by [[Imayam (writer)|Imayam]]. The film stars [[Seeman]], Pugazh Mahendran, Subapriya and Jaya Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=Munthirikkaadu CAST movie titles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/munthirikkaadu/articleshow/98869625.cms?_gl=1*zxga3i*_ga*NHpDemFOYmM3SDg1QVRlTmpEeXJoM3l0S3doUUQ2MG9US1JoVUx5RERtY2xpeHBIaldVYXROaGRfNExoVnRodQ.. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106193015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/munthirikkaadu/articleshow/98869625.cms?_gl=1%2Azxga3i%2A_ga%2ANHpDemFOYmM3SDg1QVRlTmpEeXJoM3l0S3doUUQ2MG9US1JoVUx5RERtY2xpeHBIaldVYXROaGRfNExoVnRodQ..&from=mdr |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=10 April 2023 |quote=... Munthirikkaadu Cast: Seeman, Pugazh Mahendran, Subapriya actress and Jaya Rao. |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''Munthirikkaadu'' was released worldwide theatrically on 7 April 2023 where it received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name="RUN">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Munthirikkaadu movie; run time and release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/munthirikkaadu/movieshow/99069852.cms?_gl=1*x2knud*_ga*NHpDemFOYmM3SDg1QVRlTmpEeXJoM3l0S3doUUQ2MG9US1JoVUx5RERtY2xpeHBIaldVYXROaGRfNExoVnRodQ.. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106193043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etmoviedetailshowtimes.cms?movieid=106288819&detailid=106288819&city_name=Mumbai&city_id=2 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=27 March 2023 |language=English |quote=... the film will have a run time of 2 hours and 59 minutes. |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In a [[village]] where they used to honor kill [[Love]] couples of the opposite [[caste]] and in that village a [[girl]] and [[boy]] from the opposite caste who used to be friends are getting pressure from village [[people]] that they love each other. What happens at the end. Whether they succeed or not is the [[Narrative|story]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt27116135/plotsummary/?ref_=tt_stry_pl |title=munthiri Kaadu movie review |date=22 August 2024 |language=en |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Seeman]] as Inspector Anbarasan
* Pugazh Mahendran as Sella
* Subapriya as Deivam
* C.H. Jayarao as Murugan
* Kalai Sekaran
* Palamedu Parthipan
* Sakthivel
* Pradeep

== Production ==
[[Seeman]] plays police officer role in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2018-02-05 |title=முந்திரிகாடு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2018/02/05150302/1144148/Munthiri-Kaadu-Movie-Preview.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415074330/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2018/02/05150302/1144148/Munthiri-Kaadu-Movie-Preview.vpf |archive-date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Munthirikkaadu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = A. K. Priyan
| alt =
| caption =
| cover =
| released = 27 July 2019
| recorded = 2019–2023
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=24|s=36}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama Tamil]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|pfWNJbnZvtQ|Munthirikkaadu - Jukebox}}}}
}}

The films soundtrack is composed by A. K. Priyan.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Paithiyam
| lyrics1 = Kavi Baskar
| extra1 = Maalavika Sundar
| length1 = 5:16
| title2 = Uyire Uyire
| lyrics2 = Kavi Baskar
| extra2 = Srivardhani Kuchi
| length2 = 4:56
| title3 = Kadhalai Kollum
| lyrics3 = Ilayakamban
| extra3 = Jayamoorthy
| length3 = 4:52
| title4 = Kadhalai Kollum - Reprise
| lyrics4 = Ilayakamban
| extra4 = Murugavel
| length4 = 5:26
| title5 = Penne En Kanne
| lyrics5 = Kavi Baskar
| extra5 = Sooraj Santhosh, Vandana Srinivasan
| length5 = 4:45
| total_length = 24:36
}}

== Reception ==
A critic form ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote that "'''Munthirikkaadu''<nowiki/>' would have been a noteworthy work of the times if more attention had been paid to the screenplay and character design, and if the caste dominance in a village had been analyzed in depth and incorporated into the screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=டீம் |first=விகடன் |title=முந்திரிக்காடு விமர்சனம்: சாதி ஒழிப்பும் காதல் திருமணமும்; ஆனால், படத்திலுள்ள அரசியல் போதாமைகள்? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/munthiri-kaadu-movie-review-how-is-this-anti-caste-film-fared-as-a-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416183235/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/munthiri-kaadu-movie-review-how-is-this-anti-caste-film-fared-as-a-movie |archive-date=2023-04-16 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.vikatan.com |language=ta}}</ref> Yvani Critic of ''[[ABP News]]'' stated that "Had the point been made a little more emphatically, Mundrikkadu film would have attracted many people's attention." and gave 1.5 ratings out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=யுவஸ்ரீ |date=2023-04-07 |title=சாதியை ஒழிக்க காதல்தான் ஒரே வழியா? என்ன சொல்ல வருகிறது முந்திரிக்காடு திரைப்படம்? விமர்சனம் இதோ |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-munthiri-kaadu-review-in-tamil-seeman-subapriya-puzhal-starring-munthiri-kaadu-movie-review-rating-110578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073822/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-munthiri-kaadu-review-in-tamil-seeman-subapriya-puzhal-starring-munthiri-kaadu-movie-review-rating-110578 |archive-date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kalanjiyam]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Anthony Yaar?

2026-03-28T15:06:46Z

Rajan Singh: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anthony Yaar?
| image = Anthony Yaar.jpg
| caption = DVD cover of ''Anthony Yaar?'' and ''[[Dil Se..|Uyire..]]''
| director = C. T. Pandi
| producer = C. Vijayakumar
| writer =
| starring = [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]<br />[[Mallika Kapoor]]
| music = [[Dhina]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2009|7|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| cinematography = Santonio
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Annam Films International
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Anthony Yaar?''''' ({{Translation|Who is Anthony?}}) (spelt '''''Anthoni – Yaar?''''' onscreen)<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Anthoni – Yaar? |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Annam Films International |year=2009 |place=India |time=01:17 to 01:21 |time-caption=From}}</ref> is a 2009 [[Tamil language]] film directed by C. T. Pandi. The film stars [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] and [[Mallika Kapoor]], while [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], and [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Dhina]], and the film was released on 31 July 2009.

== Plot ==
Anthony ([[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]) is an orphan who grows up in a church situated in a coastal village near Tuticorin. The local priest ([[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]]) is his benefactor. Anthony is loving and caring towards the local fishermen and their families who are being exploited by the rowdy Michael.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Anthony
*[[Mallika Kapoor]] as Manju
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Michael
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Kingfisher
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as a priest
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Manju's sister-in-law
*Prem Sankar as Manju's brother
*[[Meenal]] as Meena
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Kumar
*[[Cell Murugan]] as Meena's brother
}}

== Production ==
During the development stages of the film, when the cast was being decided, [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] went to visit actor [[Vadivelu]] to enquire about his availability and to sign him on to play a role in the film. Vadivelu refused to be a part of the film and subsequently verbally insulted Shaam, prompting the actor to lodge a complaint with the [[Nadigar Sangam]] about Vadivelu's conduct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Settu |date=24 March 2008 |title=Vadivelu – The Imsai Arasan indeed |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2008/vadivelu-frustrated-media-240308.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217194253/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2008/vadivelu-frustrated-media-240308.html |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2008 |title=Vadivelu insults Actor Shaam |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/vadivelu-insults-actor-shaam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220143504/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/vadivelu-insults-actor-shaam/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Tuticorin]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Right on track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Right-on-track/articleshow/3550016.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104095220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Right-on-track/articleshow/3550016.cms |archive-date=4 January 2022 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 October 2008 }}</ref> Shaam plays a fisherman in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shaam strikes back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shaam-strikes-back/articleshow/3612367.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701101903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shaam-strikes-back/articleshow/3612367.cms |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 October 2008 }}</ref>

== Music ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Dhina]], with lyrics written by Palani Bharathi, [[Yugabharathi]], [[Snehan]] and Kirithiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2009 |title=Anthoni Yaar (2009) |url=https://tamiltunes.network/anthoni-yaar-2009.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217194255/https://tamiltunes.network/anthoni-yaar-2009.html |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=TamilTunes.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Kai Thattamal" || [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]] || [[Palani Bharathi]]
|-
| 2 || "Kanaa Ondru Kandaen" || [[Bombay Jayashree]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || [[Snehan]]
|-
| 3 || "Kattu Marathila" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || rowspan=2|[[Yugabharathi]]
|-
| 4 || "Malakotta Kannu" || [[Silambarasan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
| 5 || "Mani Osai Ketkalayo" || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Dhina]] || Kirithiya
|-
| 6 || "Yamma Yamma" || [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]] || Yugabharathi
|}

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "A cliched sequence of events and amateur handling of the screenplay take away all the sheen in Anthony Yaar".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Yaar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/aug/02/anthony-yaar-74059.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009183618/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/aug/02/anthony-yaar-74059.html |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' opined that the film is "a throwback to the worst commercial potboilers of the 80s when the hero cult was in full swing, and very little made sense on celluloid".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Anthony Yaar? at your own peril |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jul/31tamil-movie-review-anthony-yaar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217194250/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jul/31tamil-movie-review-anthony-yaar.htm |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' praised the bold attempt of the director, the music, and the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=அந்தோணி யார்? - விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/59// |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014025209/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/59// |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Shaam shows off his six-pack body, Mallika has hardly anything to do while Lal hams. The music is bad. Vivek's comedy track as Kingfisher is the only entertainment in the film, though he too is fast becoming repetitive. There is nothing here to recommend, and is total waste of time".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antony Yaar |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14902478&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803161736/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14902478&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=3 August 2009 |access-date=31 July 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|9159954}}

[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 action films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Satyajit Ray

2026-03-23T23:32:48Z

Rajan Singh: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and writer (1921–1992)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Satyajit Ray in New York (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ray in New York, 1981
| other_names = Manik
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|5|2}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|4|23|1921|5|2}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = {{plainlist |
* [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
* [[Visva-Bharati University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|writer|illustrator|[[music composer]]|[[lyricist]]|author|essayist|[[calligrapher]]}}
| years_active = 1950–1992
| works = {{hlist|[[Satyajit Ray filmography|Filmography]]|[[Literary works of Satyajit Ray|bibliography]]|[[#Calligraphy and design|calligraphy]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Bijoya Ray]]|1949}}
| children = [[Sandip Ray]]
| father = [[Sukumar Ray]]
| mother =
| relatives = {{plainlist |
* [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] (grandfather)
* [[Shukhalata Rao]] (aunt)
}}
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray|Full list]]
| honors = {{plainlist |
* [[Padma Shri]] (1958)
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (1965)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1976)
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1984)
* [[Academy Honorary Award]] (1992)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/ | title=Academy Awards Acceptance Speeches – Search Results | Margaret Herrick Library | Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-satyajit-ray-accepted-his-oscar-award-from-a-hospital-bed-in-kolkata-7832844/ | title=When Satyajit Ray accepted his Oscar award from a hospital bed in Kolkata: 'Best achievement of my moviemaking career' | date=26 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/ar-rahman-satyajit-ray-and-more-indians-who-won-academy-award-591233.html | title=Oscar 2023: From AR Rahman to Satyajit Ray, Here's a List of Indians Who Won the Academy Awards | date=25 January 2023 | access-date=2 May 2023 | archive-date=2 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502103405/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/ar-rahman-satyajit-ray-and-more-indians-who-won-academy-award-591233.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ray-esque-throwback-to-thirty-years-ago-when-satyajit-ray-became-the-first-indian-to-receive-the-oscar-award-10698941.html | title=Ray-esque | Throwback to thirty years ago when Satyajit Ray became the first Indian to receive the Oscar award | date=21 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/satyajit-ray-centenary-legacy-india-pather-panchali-1234964406/ | title=Satyajit Ray: India Marks Centenary of Cinema Giant, but Legacy Has Multiple Interpretations | date=2 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0006249/awards/?ref_=nm_awd | title=Satyajit Ray | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
* [[Commander of the Legion of Honour]] (1987)
* [[Bharat Ratna]] (1992)
}}
| signature = Satyajit Ray Signature.svg
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Satyajit Ray''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈʃotːodʒit ˈrae̯|lang|SatyajitRay2.ogg}}; 2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian [[film director]], screenwriter, author, lyricist, [[magazine editor]], [[illustrator]], [[calligraphy|calligrapher]], and composer. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most influential film directors in the [[history of cinema]].<ref name="Introduction">{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Introduction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838710460.0004 |journal=Screen Epiphanies |doi=10.5040/9781838710460.0004|isbn=9781838710460 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malcolm |first=Derek |date=2 May 2002 |title=The universe in his back yard |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1 |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Bernard Weinraub">{{Cite news | author = Bernard Weinraub |date=3 August 1973 |title=Satyajit Ray Finds A Freedom in Film |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/03/archives/satyajit-ray-finds-a-freedom-in-film.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Gargan">{{Cite news |last=Gargan |first=Edward A. |date=16 February 1992 |title=FILM; Satyajit Ray Honored, Without Profit in His Land |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/16/movies/film-satyajit-ray-honored-without-profit-in-his-land.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Critics on Ray, Satyajit Ray Org">{{Cite web |title=Critics on Ray, Satyajit Ray Org |url=https://satyajitray.org/critics-on-ray/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=Satyajit Ray Org |language=en-US}}</ref> He is celebrated for works including ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'' (1955–1959),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Howe |first=Desson |date=1 September 1995 |title=INDIAN SUMMER: THE FILMS OF SATYAJIT RAY |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/09/01/indian-summer-the-films-of-satyajit-ray/92fbd6e4-6fe1-4158-8e44-01654cd7a2be/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[Jalsaghar|''The Music Room'']] (1958), [[Mahanagar|''The Big City'']] (1963)'', [[Charulata]]'' (1964), and the ''[[Goopy–Bagha]]'' trilogy (1969–1992).{{Ref|a|[a]}}

Ray was born in [[Calcutta]] to author [[Sukumar Ray]] and Suprabha Ray. Starting his career as a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into [[independent film|independent film-making]] after meeting French filmmaker [[Jean Renoir]] (who was in India to make his film [[The River (1951 film)|The River]])<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/les-nuits-de-france-culture/nuit-satyajit-ray| title = Nuit Satyajit Ray – série de podcasts à écouter – France Culture}}</ref> and viewing [[Vittorio De Sica]]'s [[Italian neorealism|Italian neorealist]] film ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' (1948) during a visit to London.

Ray directed 36 films, including feature films, documentaries, and [[short subject|shorts]]. Ray's first film, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali]]}} (1955), won eleven international prizes, including the inaugural Best Human Document award at the [[1956 Cannes Film Festival]]. This film, along with ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956) and {{Lang|bn-latn|[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]}} (''The World of Apu'') (1959), form ''The Apu Trilogy''. Ray did the [[screenplay|scripting]], [[Casting (performing arts)|casting]], [[Film score|scoring]], and [[editing]] for the movie and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. He also authored several short stories and novels, primarily for young children and teenagers. Popular characters created by Ray include [[Feluda]] the sleuth, [[Professor Shonku]] the scientist, [[Tarini Khuro]] the storyteller, and [[Lalmohan Ganguly]] the novelist.

Ray received [[List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray|many major awards]] in his career, including a record thirty-seven Indian [[National Film Awards]] which includes [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], a [[Golden Lion]], a [[Golden Bear]], two [[Silver Bear for Best Director|Silver Bears]], many additional awards at international film festivals and ceremonies; till date remaining the only Indian to receive two out of [[List of Big Three film festivals winners|Big Three film festivals]] top prizes. He received an [[Academy Honorary Award]] in 1992. In 1978, he was awarded an honorary degree by [[Oxford University]]. The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Bharat Ratna]], its highest civilian award, in 1992. On the occasion of the birth centenary of Ray, the [[International Film Festival of India]], in recognition of the [[auteur]]'s legacy, rechristened in 2021 its annual Lifetime Achievement Award to the "[[IFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award|Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award]]". In 2024, ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked Ray as the 8th greatest film director (worldwide) of all time in its list of "The 30 Greatest Film Directors of All Time."<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |last=Escandon |first=Rosa |date=6 April 2024 |title=The 30 Greatest Film Directors Of All Time |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/entertainment/article/greatest-directors-of-all-time/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

== Background, early life and career ==
=== Lineage ===
Satyajit Ray hailed from a [[Bengali Hindu]] family of [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal]], now [[Bangladesh]] ([[East Bengal]]).<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Seton |first=Marie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVILvhgqN6QC&pg=PA13 |title=Portrait of a Director: Satyajit Ray |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-302972-4 |pages=13–14 |language=en}}</ref>

Satyajit Ray's ancestry can be traced back to at least ten generations. His family had acquired the name "[[Ray (surname)|Ray]]". Although they were [[Bengali Kayastha]]s, the Rays were "[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]]" (worshippers of [[Vishnu]]),<ref name=":6" /> as opposed to the majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "[[Shaktism|Shaktos]]" (worshippers of the [[Shakti]] or [[Shiva]]).<ref name="ames1998">{{cite book|author=Ames, Roger and Kasulis, Thomas|title=Self as Image in Asian Theory and Practice|publisher=State University of New York press|year=1998|page=308|quote=Satyajit Ray was born into a well known family of littérateurs and social reformers in 1921. Since the sixteenth century, the Rays had a connection with eastern [[Bengal]] through their landed estates in [[Kishorganj]], now in Bangladesh. Unlike a majority of Bengali Kayastha who are Shaktos, the Rays were Vaisnvas.}}</ref>

The earliest-recorded ancestor of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born in the middle of the sixteenth century.<ref name=":6" />{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 | p=13}} He was a native of [[Chakdaha|Chakdah]] village in the [[Nadia district]] of present-day [[West Bengal]], India, and migrated to [[Sherpur district|Sherpur]] in [[East Bengal]]. He became son-in-law of the ruler of Jashodal (in the present day [[Kishoreganj District]] of [[Bangladesh]]) and was granted a ''[[jagir]]'' (a feudal land grant).{{Sfn|Seton|1971|p=38}} His descendants migrated to the village Masua in [[Katiadi Upazila]] of [[Kishoreganj]] in the first half of the eighteenth century.{{Sfn|Seton|1971|p=38}}<ref name = "sukumar1">''Sukumar Samagra Rachanabali'' 1, 1960, Asia Publishing Company, p 1</ref> Satyajit Ray's grandfather [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] was born in Masua village, Kishorganj, in 1863.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004|p=13}} Upendrakishore's elder brother [[Saradaranjan Ray]] was one of the pioneers of [[Cricket in India|Indian cricket]] and was called the [[W. G. Grace|W.G. Grace]] of India.

Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury was a writer, illustrator, [[Philosophy|philosopher]], publisher, [[amateur astronomer]], and leader of the [[Brahmo Samaj]], a religious and social movement in 19th-century [[Bengal]]. He set up a [[printing press]] named [[U. Ray and Sons]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Barnouw|first=Erik|date=1981|title=Lives of a Bengal Filmmaker: Satyajit Ray of Calcutta|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29781890|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress|volume=38|issue=2|pages=60–77|jstor=29781890|issn=0041-7939}}</ref>

Satyajit's father and Upendrakishore's son, [[Sukumar Ray]], who was also born in [[Kishorganj]], was an illustrator, critic, and a pioneering [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer of [[nonsense verse|nonsense rhyme]] (''[[Abol Tabol]]'') and children's literature.<ref name=":1" /> [[Social work]]er and children's book author [[Shukhalata Rao]] was his aunt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrating 100 years of Satyajit Ray: Satyajit Ray's best-kept secret: by Gulzar -Part 3 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/celebrating-100-years-of-satyajit-ray-satyajit-ray-s-best-kept-secret-by-gulzar-part-3/story-reald58fVE8KeOXlGaeLML.html |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Early life and education===
[[File:Sukumar Ray and his wife.jpg|thumb|Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray, parents of Satyajit Ray (1914)]]
Satyajit Ray was born to [[Sukumar Ray]] and Suprabha Ray ({{Nee|Das Gupta}}) in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata). Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=28}} Ray grew up in the house of his grandfather, [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]], and of his [[printing press]]. He was attracted by the machines and process of printing from an early age and took particular interest in the production process of ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'', a children's magazine started by Upendrakishore.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=29}}

Ray studied at [[Ballygunge Government High School]] in Calcutta, and completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in economics at [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] (then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]). During his school days, he saw a number of [[Hollywood cinema|Hollywood productions]] in cinema.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=37}} The works of [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Buster Keaton]], [[Harold Lloyd]], and [[Ernst Lubitsch]] and movies such as ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1924 film)|The Thief of Baghdad]]'' (1924) and ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927 film)|Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' (1927) made lasting impression on his mind.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=37}} He developed a keen interest in [[Western classical music]].{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=42}}
[[File:Satyajit-Ray-Young.jpg|thumb|Ray in 1940]]
In 1940, his mother insisted that he study at [[Visva-Bharati University]] in [[Santiniketan]], founded by writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Ray was reluctant to go, due to his fondness for Calcutta and low regard for the intellectual life at Santiniketan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=46}}</ref> His mother's persuasiveness and his respect for Tagore, however, finally convinced him to get admitted there for higher studies in [[Fine art|Fine Art]]. In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate [[Oriental art]]. He later admitted that he learned much from the Indian painters [[Nandalal Bose]] and [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|p=70}}</ref> He later produced a documentary, ''[[The Inner Eye]]'', about Mukherjee. His visits to the cave temples of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], and [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]] stimulated his admiration for [[Indian art]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|pp=71–72}}</ref> Three books that he read at the university influenced him to become a serious student of film-making: [[Paul Rotha]]'s ''The Film Till Now'' and two books on theory by [[Rudolf Arnheim]] and [[Raymond Spottiswoode]].{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=54}} Ray dropped out of the art course in 1942, as he could not feel inspired to become a painter.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=54}}

===Visual artist===
In 1943, Ray started working at D.J. Keymer, a British advertising agency, as a junior visualiser. Here he was trained in Indian [[commercial art]] under artist [[Annada Munsi|Annada Munshi]], the then-Art Director of D.J. Keymer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/west-bengal/annada-munshis-character-sparks-debate-in-anik-duttas-aparajito/na20220525090909619619394 | title=Annada Munshi's character sparks debate in Anik Dutta's Aparajito | date=25 May 2022 }}</ref> Although he liked [[visual design]] (graphic design) and he was mostly treated well, there was tension between the British and Indian employees of the firm. The British were better paid, and Ray felt that "the clients were generally stupid".{{Sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=56–58}} In 1943, Ray started a second job for the [[Signet Press]], a new publishing house started by D.K. Gupta.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=58}} Gupta asked Ray to create book cover designs for the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Ray established himself as a commercial illustrator, becoming a leading Indian [[Typography|typographer]] and book-jacket designer.{{Sfn|Robinson|2004|pp=57–58}}

Ray designed covers for many books, including [[Jibanananda Das]]'s ''[[Banalata Sen (book)|Banalata Sen]]'' and ''[[Rupasi Bangla]]'', [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]'s ''[[Chander Pahar]]'', [[Jim Corbett]]'s ''[[Man-Eaters of Kumaon|Maneaters of Kumaon]]'', and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s ''[[Discovery of India]]''.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=58}} He worked on a children's version of {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]}}, a classic Bengali novel by Bandyopadhyay, renamed ''Aam Antir Bhepu'' (''The Mango-Seed Whistle''). Ray designed the cover and illustrated the book and was deeply influenced by the work. He used it as the subject of [[Pather Panchali|his first film]] and featured his illustrations as shots in it.{{Sfn|Robinson|2005|p=38}}

Ray befriended the American [[G.I. (military)|soldiers]] stationed in Calcutta during World War II, who kept him informed about the latest American films showing in the city. He came to know an [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] employee, Norman Clare, who shared Ray's passion for films, [[chess]], and Western classical music.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2005|pp=40–43}}</ref> Ray was a regular in the ''[[Adda (South Asian)|addas]]'' (freestyle casual conversations) at [[College Street Coffee House|Coffee House]], where several intellectuals frequented. He formed lasting associations with some of his compatriots there, such as [[Bansi Chandragupta]] (celebrated [[art director]]), [[Kamal Kumar Majumdar]] ([[polymath]] and author of stylish prose), [[:bn:রাধাপ্রসাদ গুপ্ত|Radha Prasad Gupta]], and [[Chidananda Das Gupta]] ([[Film criticism|film critic]]).{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=62}} Along with Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Ray founded the [[Calcutta Film Society]] in 1947.{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=63}} They screened many foreign films, many of which Ray watched and seriously studied, including several American and Russian films.{{Sfn|Robinson|2004|pp=63–64}} The use of Indian music and dancing in the 1948 Indian film ''[[Kalpana (1948 film)|Kalpana]]'' ({{translation|''Imagination''}}), directed by the celebrated dancer [[Uday Shankar]], had an impact on Ray.{{Sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=64}} In 1949, Ray married [[Bijoya Ray|Bijoya Das]], his first cousin and long-time sweetheart.<ref>Arup Kr De, "Ties that Bind" by ''The Statesman'', Calcutta, 27 April 2008. Quote: "Satyajit Ray had an unconventional marriage. He married Bijoya (born 1917), the youngest daughter of his eldest maternal uncle, Charuchandra Das, in 1948 in a secret ceremony in Bombay after a long romantic relationship that had begun around the time he left college in 1940. The marriage was reconfirmed in Calcutta the next year at a traditional religious ceremony."</ref> The couple had a son, [[Sandip Ray]], who also became a film director.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 April 1994|title=Filmmaker Satyajit Ray Dies|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1992/04/24/filmmaker-satyajit-ray-dies/42fce72b-05f0-4d91-aead-c0922994e31a/|access-date=9 November 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In the same year, French director [[Jean Renoir]] came to Calcutta to shoot his film ''[[The River (1951 film)|The River]]''. Ray helped him to find locations in the countryside. Ray told Renoir about his idea of filming {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, which had long been on his mind, and Renoir encouraged him in the project.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2005|pp=42–44}}</ref>

In 1950, D.J. Keymer sent Ray to London to work at their headquarters. During his six months there, Ray watched 99 films, including [[Alexander Dovzhenko]]'s ''[[Earth (1930 film)|Earth]]'' (1930) and Jean Renoir's ''[[The Rules of the Game]]'' (1939).{{Sfn|Robinson| 2004 |pp=71–72}} However, the film that had the most profound effect on him was the [[Italian Neorealism|neorealist]] film ''Ladri di biciclette'' (''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'') (1948) by [[Vittorio De Sica]].{{Sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=72}} Ray later said that he walked out of the theatre determined to become a filmmaker.{{Sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=72}}

== Film career ==
===The Apu years (1950–1959)===
{{see also|The Apu Trilogy|Satyajit Ray filmography}}
After being "deeply moved" by {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]}},<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Udayan|last2=Ray|first2=Satyajit|date=1982|title=The Politics of Humanism: An interview with Satyajit Ray|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41686766|journal=Cinéaste|volume=12|issue=1|pages=24–29|jstor=41686766|issn=0009-7004}}</ref> the 1928 classic ''[[Bildungsroman]]'' of [[Bengali literature]], Ray decided to adapt it for his first film. {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} is a semi-autobiographical novel describing the maturation of Apu, a small boy in a Bengal village.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Stuart|date=20 October 2010|title=Pather Panchali: No 12 best arthouse film of all time|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/pather-panchali-ray-arthouse|access-date=9 November 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} did not have a script; it was made from Ray's drawings and notes.{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=44}} Before [[principal photography]] began, he created a [[storyboard]] dealing with details and continuity.{{sfn|Ray|2010|pp=45–46}} Years later, he donated those drawings and notes to [[Cinémathèque Française]].{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=76}}
[[File:Satyajit Ray with Ravi Sankar recording for Pather Panchali.jpg|thumb|Ray with [[Ravi Shankar]], recording for ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955)]]
Ray gathered an inexperienced crew, although both his cameraman [[Subrata Mitra]] and art director [[Bansi Chandragupta]] would go on to achieve great acclaim. The cast consisted of mostly amateur actors. After unsuccessful attempts to persuade many producers to finance the project, Ray started shooting in late 1952 with his personal savings and hoped to raise more money once he had some footage shot, but did not succeed on his terms.<ref name=makepanchali>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=74–90}}</ref> As a result, Ray shot {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali]]}} over two and a half years, an unusually long period.<ref name=makepanchali/> He refused funding from sources who wanted to change the script or exercise supervision over production. He also ignored advice from the Indian government to incorporate a happy ending, but he did receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.<ref>{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|p=95}}</ref>

[[Monroe Wheeler]], head of the department of exhibitions and publications at New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DC143DF935A2575BC0A96E948260 |title=Monroe Wheeler, Board Member of Modern Museum, Is Dead at 89 |last=McGill |first=Douglas c. |date=16 August 1988 |access-date=13 June 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208051113/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/16/obituaries/monroe-wheeler-board-member-of-modern-museum-is-dead-at-89.html | archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> heard about the project when he visited Calcutta in 1954. He considered the incomplete footage to be of high quality and encouraged Ray to finish the film so that it could be shown at a MoMA exhibition the following year.{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=83}} Six months later, American director [[John Huston]], on a visit to India for some early [[location scouting]] for ''[[The Man Who Would Be King (film)|The Man Who Would Be King]]'', saw excerpts of the unfinished film and recognised "the work of a great film-maker".{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=87}}

With a loan from the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]], Ray finally completed the film; it was released in 1955 to critical acclaim. It earned numerous awards and had long theatrical runs in India and abroad. ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "It is absurd to compare it with any other Indian cinema [...] {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} is pure cinema".<ref name="set1">{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|pp=112–15}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, [[Lindsay Anderson]] wrote a positive review of the film.<ref name="set1" /> However, the film also gained negative reactions; [[François Truffaut]] was reported to have said, "I don't want to see a movie of peasants eating with their hands",<ref name=filmifunda>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/calcutta/story_4634530.asp |title=Filmi Funda Pather Panchali (1955) |work=The Telegraph |date=20 April 2005 |access-date=29 April 2006 |location=Calcutta, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/calcutta/story_4634530.asp |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref> a reaction he later rescinded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rusell |first=Calum |date=19 September 2023 |title=The shocking reason why François Truffaut walked out of Satyajit Ray film 'Pather Panchali' |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-reason-francois-truffaut-walked-out-pather-panchali/ |website=Far Out |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref> [[Bosley Crowther]], then the most influential critic of ''[[The New York Times]]'', criticised the film's loose structure and conceded that it "takes patience to be enjoyed".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crowther|first=Bosley|date=23 September 1958|title=Screen: Exotic Import; Pather Panchali' From India Opens Here (Published 1958)|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/23/archives/screen-exotic-import-pather-panchali-from-india-opens-here.html|access-date=11 November 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Edward Harrison, an American distributor, was worried that Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the film enjoyed an eight months theatrical run in the United States.{{Sfn|Robinson|2003|p=105}}

Ray's international career started in earnest after the success of his next film, the second in ''The Apu Trilogy'', ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956) (''The Unvanquished'').<ref name="robintrilogy" /> This film depicts the eternal struggle between the ambitions of a young man, Apu, and the mother who loves him.<ref name="robintrilogy">{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=91–106}}</ref> Upon release, ''Aparajito'' won the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]], bringing Ray considerable acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=The awards of the Venice Film Festival|url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/history|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016035043/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/awards1.html|archive-date=16 October 2014|access-date=11 November 2020|website=La Biennale di Venezia|language=en}}</ref> In a retrospective review, Edward Guthmann of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' praised Ray for his ability to capture emotions and blend music with storytelling to create a "flawless" picture.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guthmann|first=Edward|date=18 August 1995|title=Film Review – Apu Moves Toward Manhood / 'Aparajito' explores mother-son bond|url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/FILM-REVIEW-Apu-Moves-Toward-Manhood-3026607.php|access-date=11 November 2020|website=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Critics such as [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak]] rank it higher than Ray's first film.<ref name="robintrilogy" />

Ray directed and released two other films in 1958: the comic ''[[Parash Pathar]]'' (''The Philosopher's Stone''), and ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (''The Music Room''), a film about the decadence of the [[Zamindar]]s, considered one of his most important works.<ref name="malcolm1">{{cite news|author=Malcolm D |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/jan/14/derekmalcolmscenturyoffilm.derekmalcolm |title=Satyajit Ray: The Music Room |access-date=19 June 2006 |location=London |date=19 March 1999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235408/http://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/jan/14/derekmalcolmscenturyoffilm.derekmalcolm |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' magazine gave ''Jalsaghar'' a positive review, describing it as "slow, rapt and hypnotic".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew|first=Geoff|date=9 February 2006|title=Jalsaghar|url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/jalsaghar|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Time Out Worldwide|language=en}}</ref>

While making ''Aparajito'', Ray had not planned a trilogy, but after he was asked about the idea in Venice, it appealed to him.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wood|1972|p=61}}</ref> He finished the last of the trilogy, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]}} (''The World of Apu'') in 1959. Ray introduced two of his favourite actors, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]], in this film. It opens with Apu living in a Calcutta house in near-poverty; he becomes involved in an unusual marriage with Aparna. The scenes of their life together form "one of the cinema's classic affirmative depictions of married life".<ref name="harvnb">{{Harvnb|Wood|1972}}</ref> Critics [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]] and [[Aparna Sen]] thought it was a major achievement to mark the end of the trilogy.

After {{Lang|bn-latn|Apur Sansar}} was harshly criticised by a Bengali critic, Ray wrote an article defending it. He rarely responded to critics during his filmmaking career, but also later defended his film ''Charulata'', his personal favourite.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ray|1993|p=13}}</ref> American critic [[Roger Ebert]] summarised the trilogy as, "It is about a time, place and culture far removed from our own, and yet it connects directly and deeply with our human feelings. It is like a prayer, affirming that this is what the cinema can be, no matter how far in our cynicism we may stray".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=4 March 2001|title=The Apu Trilogy movie review & film summary (1959) {{!}} Roger Ebert|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-apu-trilogy-1959|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Roger Ebert|language=en}}</ref>

Despite Ray's success, it had little influence on his personal life in the years to come. He continued to live with his wife and children in a rented house on Lake Avenue in South Calcutta,<ref>{{cite news |last1=DasguptaD |first1=Priyanka |title=Ray's other home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/priyanka-dasgupta-blog/rays-other-home/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=2 May 2018}}</ref> with his mother, uncle, and other members of his extended family.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=5}}</ref> The home is currently owned by [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]].

===From ''Devi'' to ''Charulata'' (1959–1964)===
During this period, Ray made films about the [[British Raj]] period, a documentary on [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]], a comic film (''[[Mahapurush]]''), and his first film from an original screenplay (''[[Kanchenjungha (1962 film)|Kanchenjungha]]''). He also made a series of films that, taken together, are considered by critics among the most deeply felt portrayals of Indian women on screen.<ref name="kael1">{{cite web|author=Palopoli S |publisher=metroactive.com |url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/10.08.03/apu-0341.html |title=Ghost 'World' |access-date=19 June 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518064750/http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/10.08.03/apu-0341.html |archive-date=18 May 2006 }}</ref>

Ray followed {{Lang|bn-latn|Apur Sansar}} with 1960's ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' (''The Goddess''), a film in which he examined the superstitions in society. Sharmila Tagore starred as Doyamoyee, a young wife who is [[Kali|deified]] by her father-in-law. Ray was worried that the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] might block his film, or at least make him re-cut it, but ''Devi'' was spared. Upon international distribution, the critic from ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' described the film as, "full of sensuality and ironic undertones".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenbaum|first=Jonathan|date=1 January 2000|title=Devi|url=http://onfilm.chicagoreader.com/movies/capsules/2659_DEVI.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031053329/http://onfilm.chicagoreader.com/movies/capsules/2659_DEVI.html|archive-date=31 October 2007|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Chicago Reader}}</ref>

In 1961, on the insistence of Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Ray was commissioned to make [[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|''Rabindranath Tagore'']], based on the poet of the [[Rabindranath Tagore|same name]], on the occasion of his birth centennial, a tribute to the person who likely most influenced Ray. Due to limited footage of Tagore, Ray was challenged by the necessity of making the film mainly with static material. He said that it took as much work as three feature films.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=277}}</ref>

In the same year, together with [[Subhas Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhas Mukhopadhyay]] and others, Ray was able to revive ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'', the children's magazine which his grandfather had founded.<ref name=":1" /> Ray had been saving money for some years to make this possible. A duality in the name (''Sandesh'' means both "news" in Bengali and also a sweet popular dessert) set the tone of the magazine (both educational and entertaining). Ray began to make illustrations for it, as well as to write stories and essays for children, including his detective stories about [[Feluda]] and the humorous poetry collection, ''Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim''. Writing eventually became a steady source of income.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|date=20 May 2020|title=Satyajit Ray: a moral attitude {{!}} Sight & Sound|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/satyajit-ray-moral-attitude|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905143609/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/satyajit-ray-moral-attitude|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2013|access-date=9 November 2020|website=British Film Institute|language=en}}</ref>

In 1962, Ray directed ''[[Kanchenjungha]].'' Based on his first original screenplay, it was also his first colour film. It tells the story of an upper-class family spending an afternoon in [[Darjeeling]], a picturesque hill town in [[West Bengal]]. They try to arrange the engagement of their youngest daughter to a highly paid engineer educated in London.

Ray had first conceived shooting the film in a large mansion, but later decided to film it in the town. He used many shades of light and mist to reflect the tension in the drama. Ray noted that while his script allowed shooting to be possible under any lighting conditions, a commercial film crew in Darjeeling failed to shoot a single scene, as they only wanted to do so in sunshine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=142}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]''' [[Bosley Crowther]] gave the film a mixed review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking but thought the characters were clichés.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crowther|first=Bosley|date=26 July 1966|title=Screen: Satyajit Ray's 'Kanchenjungha':Film Given Premiere at Lincoln Center (Published 1966)|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/26/archives/screen-satyajit-rays-kanchenjunghafilm-given-premiere-at-lincoln.html|access-date=11 November 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[File:Poster Mahanagar by Satyajit Ray.jpg|thumb|Poster for ''[[Mahanagar]]'' (1963)]]
In 1964, Ray directed ''[[Charulata]]'' (''The Lonely Wife''). One of Ray's favourite films, it was regarded by many critics as his most accomplished.<ref name="robinson">{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=157}}</ref> Based on Tagore's short story, ''[[Nastanirh]]'' (''Broken Nest''), the film tells of a lonely wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing feelings for her brother-in-law Amal. In retrospective reviews, ''[[The Guardian]]'' called it "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|date=21 August 2014|title=Charulata review – a vitamin boost for the mind and heart|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/21/charulata-review|access-date=11 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> while ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' praised [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]'s casting, the film's visual style, and its camera movements.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Jake|date=2 January 2014|title=Satyajit Ray's classic Charulata is a tale of yearning that retains its poignancy|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/satyajit-rays-classic-charulata-is-a-tale-of-yearning-that-retains-its-poignancy-20140102-307nd.html|access-date=11 November 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> Ray said the film contained the fewest flaws among his work and it was his only work which, given a chance, he would make exactly the same way.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goritsas|first=Helen|date=May 2002|title=Ray, Satyajit – Senses of Cinema|url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/ray/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Senses of Cinema|language=en-US}}</ref> At the [[15th Berlin International Film Festival]], ''Charulata'' earned him a [[Silver Bear for Best Director]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prizes and Honours 1965|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319033406/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html|archive-date=19 March 2015|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin}}</ref> Other films in this period include ''[[Mahanagar]]'' (''The Big City''), ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' (''Three Daughters''), ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]'' (''The Expedition''), ''[[Kapurush]]'' (''The Coward'') and ''[[Mahapurush]]'' (''Holy Man''). The first of these, ''Mahanagar'', drew praise from British critics; [[Philip French]] opined that it was one of Ray's best.<ref>{{Cite web|last=French|first=Philip|date=18 August 2013|title=The Big City – review|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/aug/18/satyajit-ray-big-city-review|access-date=11 November 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2013|title=The Big City|url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/the-big-city|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Time Out Worldwide|language=en}}</ref>

Also in the 1960s, Ray visited Japan and took pleasure in meeting filmmaker [[Akira Kurosawa]], whom he highly regarded.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2010|title=When Ray Met Kurosawa|url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/when-ray-met-kurosawa/|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===New directions (1965–1982)===
In the post-''Charulata'' period, Ray took on various projects, from [[fantasy]], [[science fiction]], and [[Detective fiction|detective stories]] to [[Historical drama film|historical dramas]]. Ray also experimented during this period, exploring contemporary issues of Indian life in response to the perceived lack of these issues in his films.

The first major film in this period is 1966's ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' (''The Hero''), the story of a screen hero travelling in a train and meeting a young, sympathetic female journalist. Starring [[Uttam Kumar]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]], in the twenty-four hours of the journey, the film explores the inner conflict of the apparently highly successful [[matinée idol]]. Although the film received a "Critics Prize" at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], it had a generally muted reception.<ref name="dasgupta">{{Harvnb|Dasgupta|1996|p=91}}</ref>

In 1967, Ray wrote a script for a film to be called ''[[The Alien (1960s film)|The Alien]]'', based on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which he wrote in 1962 for ''Sandesh'' magazine. It was planned to be a US and India co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], with [[Marlon Brando]] and [[Peter Sellers]] cast in the leading roles. Ray found that his script had been copyrighted and the fee appropriated by [[Michael Wilson (writer)|Mike Wilson]]. Wilson had initially approached Ray through their mutual friend, author [[Arthur C. Clarke]], to represent him in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]. Wilson copyrighted the script, credited to ''Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray'', although he contributed only one word. Ray later said that he never received compensation for the script.<ref name="unmaderay">{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/raysfilmography/unmaderay.aspx|title=Ordeals of the Alien|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|work=The Unmade Ray|publisher=Satyajit Ray Society|access-date=21 April 2008|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427215538/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/raysfilmography/unmaderay.aspx|archive-date=27 April 2008}}</ref> After Brando dropped out of the project, the producers tried to replace him with [[James Coburn]], but Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta.<ref name="unmaderay" /> Columbia attempted to revive the project, without success, in the 1970s and 1980s.

In 1969, Ray directed one of his most commercially successful films, a musical fantasy based on a children's story written by his grandfather, ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Rabi|date=24 June 2018|title=Reimagining Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, a Satyajit Ray cult classic|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/06/24/reimagining-goopy-gyne-bagha-byne-satyajit-ray-cult-classic.html|access-date=11 November 2020|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> It is about the journey of Goopy the singer and Bagha the drummer, endowed with three gifts by the King of Ghosts to stop an impending war between two neighbouring kingdoms. One of his most expensive projects, the film was also difficult to finance. Ray abandoned his desire to shoot it in colour, as he turned down an offer that would have forced him to cast a certain [[Hindi film]] actor as the lead.<ref>{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|pp=291–297}}</ref> He also composed the songs and music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2013|title=The World of Goopi and Bagha: Mumbai Review {{!}} Hollywood Reporter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/world-goopi-bagha-mumbai-review-649699|access-date=11 November 2020|website=www.hollywoodreporter.com}}</ref>

Next, Ray directed the film adaptation of a novel by the poet and writer, [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]. Featuring a musical motif structure acclaimed as more complex than ''Charulata'',<ref name="Wood 1972 13">{{Harvnb|Wood|1972|p=13}}</ref> ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]'' (1970) (''Days and Nights in the Forest'') follows four urban young men going to the forests for a vacation. They try to leave their daily lives behind, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes a deep study of the Indian middle class.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=Ray, Satyajit |title=Satyajit Ray : interviews|date=2007|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|others=Cardullo, Bert.|isbn=978-1-57806-936-1|edition=1st|location=Jackson|pages=53, 180|oclc=70176953}}</ref> First shown at the [[New York Film Festival]] in 1970, critic [[Pauline Kael]] wrote, "Satyajit Ray's films can give rise to a more complex feeling of happiness in me than the work of any other director [...] No artist has done more than Ray to make us reevaluate the commonplace".<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Kael|first=Pauline|date=17 March 1973|title=Lost and Found|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1973/03/17/lost-and-found-7|access-date=11 November 2020|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref> Writing for the [[BBC]] in 2002, Jamie Russell complimented the script, pacing, and mixture of emotions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=Jamie|date=23 July 2002|title=BBC – Films – review – Days and Nights in the Forest (Aranyer Din Ratri)|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/07/23/days_and_nights_in_the_forest_1969_review.shtml|access-date=11 November 2020|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> According to one critic, [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]], "a single sequence [of the film] ... would offer material for a short essay".<ref name="Wood 1972 13" />

After ''Aranyer Din Ratri'', Ray addressed contemporary Bengali life. He completed what became known as the ''Calcutta'' trilogy: ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' (1970), ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' (1971), and ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' (1975), three films that were conceived separately but had similar themes.<ref name="caltri">{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=200–220}}</ref> The trilogy focuses on repression, with male protagonists encountering the forbidden.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ganguly|first=Suranjan|date=1 January 2020|title=Encounters with the Forbidden: Satyajit Ray's Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya|journal=Film Criticism|volume=44|issue=1|doi=10.3998/fc.13761232.0044.103|hdl=2027/spo.13761232.0044.103|issn=2471-4364|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Pratidwandi'' (''The Adversary'') is about an idealist young graduate; while disillusioned by the end of film, he is still uncorrupted. ''Seemabaddha'' (''Company Limited'') portrays a successful man giving up his morality for further gains. ''Jana Aranya'' (''The Middleman'') depicts a young man giving in to the culture of corruption to earn a living. In the first film, ''Pratidwandi'', Ray introduces new [[List of narrative techniques|narrative techniques]], such as scenes in negative, [[dream sequence]]s, and abrupt flashbacks.<ref name="caltri" />

Also in the 1970s, Ray adapted two of his popular stories as detective films. Although mainly aimed at children and young adults, both ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (''The Golden Fortress'') and ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (''The Elephant God'') became cult favourites.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rushdie|1992}}</ref> In a 2019 review of ''Sonar Kella'', critic Rouven Linnarz was impressed with its use of Indian classical instruments to generate "mysterious progression".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Linnarz|first=Rouven|date=28 April 2019|title=Film Review: Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) (1974) by Satyajit Ray|url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2019/04/film-review-sonar-kella-the-golden-fortress-1974-by-satyajit-ray/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Asian Movie Pulse|language=en-US}}</ref>

Ray considered making a film on the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] but later abandoned the idea, saying that, as a filmmaker, he was more interested in the travails of the refugees and not the politics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=206}}</ref> In 1977, Ray completed ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari (film)|Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (''The Chess Players''), a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] film based on a short story by [[Munshi Premchand]]. It was set in [[Lucknow]] in the state of [[Oudh]], a year before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. A commentary on issues related to the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|colonisation of India by the British]], it was Ray's first feature film in a language other than [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. It starred a high-profile cast including [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Saeed Jaffrey]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Victor Bannerjee]], and [[Richard Attenborough]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Antani|first=Jay|date=7 April 2007|title=DVD Review: The Chess Players|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/the-chess-players/|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Slant Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Despite the film's limited budget, a ''[[The Washington Post]]'' critic gave it a positive review, writing, "He [Ray] possesses what many overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: a view of history".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Arnold|first=Gary|date=6 April 1978|title=The Chess Players|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/04/06/the-chess-players/f6cddf62-1567-4a21-8ff0-6ecd9f923aa2/|access-date=11 November 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

In 1980, Ray made a sequel to ''Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne'', a somewhat political ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'' (''Kingdom of Diamonds''). The kingdom of the evil Diamond King, or ''Hirok Raj'', is an allusion to India during [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=188–189}}</ref> Along with his acclaimed short film ''[[Pikoo (film)|Pikoo]]'' (''Pikoo's Diary'') and the hour-long [[Hindi]] film, ''[[Sadgati]]'', this was the culmination of his work in this period.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Brilliance of Satyajit Ray {{!}} BAMPFA|url=https://bampfa.org/program/brilliance-satyajit-ray|access-date=9 November 2020|website=bampfa.org|date=21 December 2014 }}</ref>

When ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.]]'' was released in 1982, Clarke and Ray saw similarities in the film to his earlier ''The'' ''Alien'' script; Ray claimed that ''E.T.'' plagiarised his script. Ray said that [[Steven Spielberg]]'s film "would not have been possible without my script of '''The Alien''<nowiki/>' being available throughout America in mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied any plagiarism by saying, "I was a kid in high school when this script was circulating in Hollywood". (Spielberg actually graduated high school in 1965 and released his first film in 1968).<ref>
{{cite news|author=Newman J|date=17 September 2001|title=Satyajit Ray Collection receives Packard grant and lecture endowment|publisher=UC Santa Cruz Currents online|url=http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/01-02/09-17/ray.html|url-status=dead|access-date=29 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104203511/http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/01-02/09-17/ray.html|archive-date=4 November 2005}}</ref> Besides ''The Alien'', two other unrealised projects that Ray had intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]], the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'', and [[E. M. Forster]]'s 1924 novel ''[[A Passage to India]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wallia, C. J.|year=1996|title=Book review: ''Satyajit Ray'' by Surabhi Banerjee|url=http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514050120/http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html|archive-date=14 May 2008|access-date=31 May 2009|publisher=India Star}}</ref>

==Years leading to death (1983–1992)==
[[File:Satyajit-ray-oscar-180.jpg|thumb|Ray became the first Indian to receive an [[Academy Honorary Award|Honorary Academy Award]] in [[64th Academy Awards|1992]].]]
In 1983, while working on ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' (''Home and the World''), Ray suffered a [[heart attack]]; it would severely limit his productivity in the remaining nine years of his life. ''Ghare Baire'', an adaptation of the novel of the [[The Home and the World|same name]], was completed in 1984 with the help of [[Sandip Ray|Ray's son]], who served as a camera operator from then onward. It is about the dangers of fervent [[nationalism]]; he wrote the first draft of a script for it in the 1940s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=66–67}}</ref> Despite rough patches due to Ray's illness, the film did receive some acclaim; critic [[Vincent Canby]] gave the film a maximum rating of five stars and praised the performances of the three lead actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=21 June 1985 |title=Film: By Satyajit Ray |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/21/movies/film-by-satyajit-ray.html |access-date=11 November 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It also featured the first kiss scene portrayed in Ray's films.

In 1987, Ray recovered to an extent to direct the 1990 film ''[[Shakha Proshakha]]'' (''Branches of the Tree'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=353}}</ref> It depicts an old man, who has lived a life of honesty, and learns of the corruption of three of his sons. The final scene shows the father finding solace only in the companionship of his fourth son, who is uncorrupted but [[mentally ill]] due to a head injury sustained while he was studying in England.

Ray's last film, ''[[Agantuk]]'' (''The Stranger''), is lighter in mood but not in theme; when a long-lost uncle arrives to visit his niece in Calcutta, he arouses suspicion as to his motive. It provokes far-ranging questions in the film about [[civilisation]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=353–364}}</ref> Critic [[Hal Hinson]] was impressed, and thought ''Agantuk'' shows "all the virtues of a master artist in full maturity".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hinson |first=Hal |date=6 October 1995 |title=The Stranger |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/thestrangernrhinson_c03113.htm |access-date=11 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

A heavy smoker but non-drinker, Ray valued work more than anything else. He would work 12 hours a day, and go to bed at two o'clock in the morning. He also enjoyed collecting antiques, manuscripts, rare [[gramophone]] records, paintings, and rare books.<ref>{{Cite web |last=T.S. |first=Satyan |date=8 June 2002 |title=A FILM-MAKER FILMED |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30245124.ece |access-date=10 November 2020 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> He was an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sumit Mitra |title=In India it is not possible to make a Costa-Gavras type of film: Satyajit Ray |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19830215-in-india-it-is-not-possible-to-make-a-costa-gavras-type-of-film-satyajit-ray-770455-2013-07-26 |website=India Today |access-date=1 April 2023 |date=15 February 1983 |quote=Interviewer: "Do you believe in God?" Ray: "No. I don't believe in religion either. At least not in organised religion. Nor have I felt the necessity for any personal religion."}}</ref>

In 1992, Ray's health deteriorated due to heart complications. He was admitted to a hospital but never recovered. Twenty-four days before his death, Ray was presented with an [[Academy Honorary Award|Honorary Academy Award]] by [[Audrey Hepburn]] via video-link; he was in gravely ill condition, but gave an acceptance speech, calling it the "best achievement of [my] movie-making career".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray |url=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020193036/http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/ |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=22 April 2013 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref> He died on 23 April 1992, at age 70.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 1992 |title=Satyajit Ray dead |page=1 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920424&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref>

==Literary works==
{{main|Literary works of Satyajit Ray}}

Ray created two popular fictional characters in Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias [[Feluda]], a sleuth, and [[Professor Shonku]], a scientist. The Feluda stories are narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his teenage cousin, something of a [[Doctor Watson|Watson]] to Feluda's [[Sherlock Holmes|Holmes]]. The [[science fiction]] stories of Shonku are presented as a diary discovered after the scientist mysteriously disappeared.

Ray also wrote a collection of [[nonsense verse]] named ''[[Today Bandha Ghorar Dim]]'', which includes a translation of [[Lewis Carroll]]'s "[[Jabberwocky]]". He wrote a collection of humorous stories of [[Nasreddin|Mullah Nasiruddin]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Unicorn Expedition and Other Fantastic Tales of India by Ray, Satyajit: hardcover (1987) 1st edition. {{!}} zenosbooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Unicorn-Expedition-Fantastic-Tales-India-Ray/22630850370/bd|access-date=9 November 2020|website=www.abebooks.com|language=en}}</ref>

His short stories were published as collections of 12 stories, in which the overall title played with the word twelve (for example, ''Aker pitthe dui'', literally "Two on top of one"). Ray's interest in puzzles and puns is reflected in his stories. Ray's short stories give full rein to his interest in the macabre, suspense, and other aspects that he avoided in film, making for an interesting psychological study.<ref name="nandy">{{Harvnb|Nandy|1995}}</ref> Most of his writings have been translated into English. Most of his screenplays have been published in Bengali in the literary journal ''Eksan''. Ray wrote an autobiography about his childhood years, ''[[Jakhan Choto Chilam]]'' (1982), translated to English as ''Childhood Days: A Memoir'' by his wife [[Bijoya Ray]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ray, Satyajit|title=Childhood days : a memoir|date=1998|publisher=Penguin Books|others=Rāẏa, Bijaẏā.|isbn=0-14-025079-4|location=New Delhi|oclc=41532327}}</ref> In 1994, Ray published his memoir, ''[[My Years with Apu]]'', about his experiences of making ''[[The Apu Trilogy]].''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhillon|first=Amrit|date=30 November 1994|title=Book review: Satyajit Ray's My years with Apu: A memoir|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19941130-book-review-satyajit-rays-my-years-with-apu-a-memoir-810309-1994-11-30|access-date=9 November 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

He also wrote essays on film, published as the collections ''[[Our Films, Their Films]]'' (1976), ''[[Bishoy Chalachchitra]]'' (1976), and ''[[Ekei Bole Shooting]]'' (1979). During the mid-1990s, Ray's film essays and an anthology of short stories were also published in English in the West. ''Our Films, Their Films'' is an anthology of [[film criticism]] by Ray. The book contains articles and personal journal excerpts. The book is presented in two sections, first discussing [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] before turning its attention toward [[Hollywood cinema|Hollywood]], specific filmmakers (e.g., [[Charlie Chaplin]] and [[Akira Kurosawa]]), and movements such as [[Italian neorealism]]. His book ''[[Bishoy Chalachchitra]]'' was published in English translation in 2006 as ''Speaking of Films''. It contains a compact description of his philosophy of different aspects of the cinemas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saran|first=Renu|title=History of Indian Cinema|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|year=2014|isbn=9789350836514}}</ref>

==Calligraphy and design==
Ray designed four typefaces for [[roman script]] named Ray Roman, Ray Bizarre, Daphnis, and Holiday script, apart from numerous [[Bengali Script|Bengali]] ones for ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'' magazine.<ref name=show>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/The-Ray-show-goes-on/263406/ |title=The Ray show goes on |last=Datta |first=Sudipta |date=19 January 2008 |access-date=10 April 2008 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121103144/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/The-Ray-show-goes-on/263406/ |archive-date=21 January 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/versatility_typography.php |title=Ray Typography |access-date=24 July 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809064842/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/versatility_typography.php |archive-date= 9 August 2014 }}</ref> Ray Roman and Ray Bizarre won an international competition in 1971.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=57}}</ref>

In certain circles of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], Ray continued to be known as an eminent [[graphic designer]], well into his film career. Ray illustrated all his books and designed covers for them, as well as creating all publicity material for his films. For example, Ray's artistic experimentation with Bengali [[grapheme]]s is highlighted in his [[Film poster|cine posters]] and cine promo-brochures' covers. He also designed covers of several books by other authors.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=57–59}}</ref> His [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] technique reflects the deep impact of (a) the artistic pattern of European [[Musical staff|musical staff notation]] in the graphemic [[syntagms]] and (b) [[alpana]], "ritual painting" mainly practised by Bengali women at the time of religious festivals (the term means "to coat with").{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Thus, the verisimilar division between [[High art|classical]] and [[folk art]] is blurred in Ray's representation of Bengali graphemes. The three-tier X-height of Bengali graphemes was presented in a manner of musical map, and the contours, curves in between horizontal and vertical meeting-point, follow the patterns of alpana. Some have noted Ray's metamorphosis of graphemes (possibly a form of "[[Arche-writing|Archewriting]]") as a living object/subject in his positive manipulation of Bengali graphemes.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/411331|title=Chobi Lekhen Sottojit (Satyajit Ray Writes Paintings)|journal=Dhrubapad. Yearbook-Vi. (Pp.392–417). Kolkata|last1=Bandyopadhyay|first1=Debaprasad}}</ref>

As a graphic designer, Ray designed most of his film posters, combining folk art and calligraphy to create themes ranging from mysterious and surreal to comical; an exhibition for his posters was held at the [[British Film Institute]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stevens, Isabel|date=13 August 2013|title=Satyajit Ray's film posters: in pictures|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/gallery/2013/aug/13/satyajit-ray-film-posters-in-pictures#/?picture=414861262&index=0|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606210407/http://www.theguardian.com/film/gallery/2013/aug/13/satyajit-ray-film-posters-in-pictures|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> He would master every style of visual art, and could mimic any painter, as evidenced in his book and magazine covers, posters, literary illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmmaking style and influences==

Ray subconsciously paid tribute throughout his career to French director [[Jean Renoir]], who influenced him greatly. He also acknowledged Italian director [[Vittorio De Sica]] as an important influence, whom he thought represented [[Italian Neorealism]] best, and who taught him how to cram cinematic details into a single shot and how to use amateur actors and actresses.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Darius|title=The cinema of Satyajit Ray : between tradition and modernity|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-62026-0|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=73|oclc=40948522}}</ref> Ray professed to have learned the craft of cinema from [[Classical Hollywood cinema|Old Hollywood]] directors such as [[John Ford]], [[Billy Wilder]], and [[Ernst Lubitsch]]. He had deep respect and admiration for his contemporaries [[Akira Kurosawa]] and [[Ingmar Bergman]], whom he considered giants.<ref name=":4" /> Among others, he learned the use of [[Freeze-frame shot|freeze frame shots]] from [[François Truffaut]], and [[jump cuts]], [[Fade (filmmaking)|fades]], and [[Dissolve (filmmaking)|dissolves]] from [[Jean-Luc Godard]]. Although he admired Godard's "revolutionary" early phase, he thought his later phase was "alien".<ref name=":3" /> Ray adored his peer [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] but hated ''[[Blowup]]'', which he considered as having "very little inner movement". He was also impressed with [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roisin|first=Fariha|date=18 August 2014|title=Why the Best American Filmmakers Owe a Debt to Satyajit Ray|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2014/08/why-the-best-american-filmmakers-owe-a-debt-to-satyajit-ray-23072/|access-date=9 November 2020|website=IndieWire|language=en}}</ref> Although Ray claimed to have had very little influence from [[Sergei Eisenstein]], films such as {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, ''Aparajito'', ''Charulata'', and ''Sadgati'' contain scenes which show striking uses of [[montage (filmmaking)|montage]], a technique Eisenstein helped pioneer. Ray also owned sketches of Eisenstein.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Satyajit Ray on cinema|date=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|others=Ray, Sandip, 1954–|isbn=978-0-231-53547-2|location=New York|oclc=836848820}}</ref>

Ray considered [[Scriptwriting|script-writing]] to be an integral part of direction. Initially, he refused to make a film in any language other than [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. In his two non-Bengali feature films, he wrote the script in English; translators adapted it into [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] under Ray's supervision.

Ray's eye for detail was matched by that of his [[art director]] [[Bansi Chandragupta]]. His influence on the early films was so important that Ray would always write scripts in English before creating a Bengali version, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able to read it. [[Subrata Mitra]]'s [[cinematography]] garnered praise in Ray's films, although some critics thought that Mitra's eventual departure from Ray lowered its quality. Mitra stopped working for him after [[Nayak (1966 film)|''Nayak'']] (1966). Mitra developed "[[Reflector (photography)#Bounce lighting|bounce lighting]]", a technique to reflect light from cloth to create a diffused, realistic light, even on a set.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Baxter|first=Brian|date=28 December 2001|title=Obituary: Subrata Mitra|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/dec/28/guardianobituaries.filmnews|access-date=9 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Subrata Mitra|url=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602164022/http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm|archive-date=2 June 2009|access-date=22 May 2009|publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers}}</ref>

Ray's regular [[film editor]] was [[Dulal Datta]], but the director usually dictated the editing while Datta did the actual work. Due to finances and Ray's meticulous planning, his films (apart from {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}) were mostly cut [[In-camera editing|in-camera]].

At the beginning of his career, Ray worked with [[Indian classical music]]ians, including [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Vilayat Khan]], and [[Ali Akbar Khan]]. He found that their first loyalty was to musical traditions, and not to his film. He obtained a greater understanding of [[Western classical music|Western classical forms]], which he wanted to use for his films set in an urban milieu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=315–318}}</ref> Starting with ''Teen Kanya'', Ray began to compose his own scores.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music of Satyajit Ray|url=https://satyajitray.org/music-of-satyajit-ray/|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Satyajit Ray Org|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] was Ray's favourite composer; Ray also went on to become a distinguished connoisseur of Western classical music in India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=18 June 2019|title=The Great Integrator|url=https://serenademagazine.com/series/music-education/the-great-integrator/|access-date=10 November 2020|website=Serenade|language=en-GB|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110230327/https://serenademagazine.com/series/music-education/the-great-integrator/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[narrative structure]] of Ray's films are represented by [[musical forms]] such as [[sonata]], [[fugue]], and [[rondo]]. ''Kanchenjunga'', ''Nayak'', and ''Aranyer Din Ratri'' are examples of this structure.<ref name=":5" />

Ray cast actors from diverse backgrounds, from well-known stars to people who had never seen a film (as in ''Aparajito'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Ray|1994|p=100}}</ref> Critics such as [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]] have lauded him as the best director of children, recalling memorable performances in the roles of Apu and Durga ({{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}), Ratan (''Postmaster''), and Mukul (''Sonar Kella''). Depending on the actor's skill and experience, Ray varied the intensity of his direction, from virtually nothing with actors such as [[Utpal Dutt]], to using the actor as a puppet (e.g., with [[Subir Banerjee]] as young Apu or [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Aparna).<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=78}}</ref>

Actors who worked for Ray trusted him but said that he could also treat incompetence with total contempt.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=307}}</ref> With admiration of his cinematic style and craft, director [[Roger Manvell]] said, "In the restrained style he has adopted, Ray has become a master of technique. He takes his timing from the nature of the people and their environment; his camera is the intent, unobtrusive observer of reactions; his editing the discreet, economical transition from one value to the next".<ref name="m.dailyhunt.in">[https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/yourstory-epaper-yourstory/remembering+the+godfather+of+indian+cinema+how+satyajit+ray+changed+the+course+of+filmmaking-newsid-67145607 Remembering the Godfather of Indian cinema: how Satyajit Ray changed the course of filmmaking – YourStory]. ''DailyHunt'' (2 May 2015). Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> Ray credited life to be the best kind of inspiration for cinema; he said, "For a popular medium, the best kind of inspiration should derive from life and have its roots in it. No amount of technical polish can make up for artificiality of the theme and the dishonesty of treatment".<ref name="m.dailyhunt.in" />

==Critical and popular responses==
Ray's work has been described as full of [[humanism]] and universality, and of a deceptive simplicity with deep underlying complexity.<ref name="malcolm2">{{cite news|author=Malcolm D |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cultures/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1 |title=The universe in his backyard |access-date=15 February 2007 |location=London |date=2 May 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235816/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1 |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="sragrow">{{cite web|author=[[Michael Sragow|Swagrow M]] |work=The Atlantic Monthly |url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |title=An Art Wedded to Truth |access-date=15 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |archive-date=12 April 2009 }}</ref> The Japanese director [[Akira Kurosawa]] said, "Not to have seen the cinema of Ray means existing in the world without seeing the sun or the moon".<ref name=Robinson-96>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 September 2013|title=In praise of … Satyajit Ray {{!}} Editorial|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/11/in-praise-of-satyajit-ray-editorial|access-date=7 January 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> His detractors often find his films glacially slow, moving like a "majestic snail".<ref name="robinson"/> Some critics find his work anti-modern, criticising him for lacking the new modes of expression or experimentation found in works of Ray's contemporaries, such as [[Jean-Luc Godard]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=306–318}}</ref> As [[Stanley Kauffmann]] wrote, some critics believe that Ray assumes that viewers "can be interested in a film that simply dwells in its characters, rather than one that imposes dramatic patterns on their lives".<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=352–353}}</ref> Ray said he could do nothing about the slow pace. Kurosawa defended him by saying that Ray's films were not slow; rather, "His work can be described as flowing composedly, like a big river".<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=314–315}}</ref>

Critics have often compared Ray to [[Anton Chekhov]], [[Jean Renoir]], [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Howard Hawks]], and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]. The writer [[V. S. Naipaul]] compared a scene in ''[[The Chess Players (film)|Shatranj Ki Khiladi]]'' (''The Chess Players'') to a Shakespearean play, writing, "Only three hundred words are spoken but goodness! – terrific things happen".<ref name="harvnb"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Ebert|first=Roger|title=The Music Room (1958)|work=Chicago Sun-Times|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990117/REVIEWS08/401010342/1023|url-status=live|access-date=29 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226145349/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19990117%2FREVIEWS08%2F401010342%2F1023|archive-date=26 December 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=246}}</ref> Even critics who did not like the [[aesthetics]] of Ray's films generally acknowledged his ability to encompass a whole culture with all its nuances. Ray's obituary in ''[[The Independent]]'' included the question, "Who else can compete?"<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2005|pp=13–14}}</ref>

His work was promoted in France by the ''[[Studio des Ursulines|Studio des Ursuline]]'' cinema. French photographer [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]] described Ray as, "undoubtedly a giant in the film world".<ref>{{cite web|title=Why the Best American Film Makers Owe a Dept to Satyajit Ray|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2014/08/why-the-best-american-filmmakers-owe-a-debt-to-satyajit-ray-23072/|website=indiewire|date=18 August 2014}}</ref> With positive admiration for most of Ray's films, American critic [[Roger Ebert]] cited ''The Apu Trilogy'' among the greatest films.<ref>[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-apu-trilogy-1959 The Apu Trilogy Movie Review & Film Summary (1959)]. Roger Ebert. Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> American critic [[Vincent Canby]] once wrote about Ray's films, "no matter what the particular story, no matter what the social-political circumstances of the characters, the cinema of Satyajit Ray (the ''Apu'' trilogy, ''The Music Room'', ''Distant Thunder'' and ''The Chess Players'', among others) is so exquisitely realized that an entire world is evoked from comparatively limited details".<ref>{{cite web|title=FILM: BY SATYAJIT RAY|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/21/movies/film-by-satyajit-ray.html|website=New York Times|date=21 June 1985}}</ref>

Praising his contribution to the world of cinema, American filmmaker [[Martin Scorsese]] said, "His work is in the company of that of living contemporaries like [[Ingmar Bergman]], Akira Kurosawa and [[Federico Fellini]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Critics on Ray|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/critics_on_ray.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526185124/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/critics_on_ray.htm|archive-date=26 May 2015|access-date=4 April 2021|website=SatyajitRay.org}}</ref> American filmmaker [[Francis Ford Coppola]] cited Ray as a major influence.<ref name="independent.co.uk">Dulworthy, Jacob. [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dunkirk-christopher-nolan-pather-panchali-india-best-film-director-satyajit-ray-a8288096.html Dunkirk director Christopher Nolan hails India's Pather Panchali as 'one of the best films ever made']. The Independent (4 April 2018). Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> He praised 1960's ''Devi'', which Coppola considers as Ray's best work and a "cinematic milestone"; Coppola admitted to learning Indian cinema through Ray's works.<ref>Gupta, Ranjan Das (27 November 2010) [http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Back-behind-the-camera/article15718304.ece Back behind the camera]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> On a trip to India, filmmaker [[Christopher Nolan]] expressed his admiration for Ray's {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, saying, "I have had the pleasure of watching {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} recently, which I hadn't seen before. I think it is one of the best films ever made. It is an extraordinary piece of work".<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>

Politics and ego have also influenced debate regarding Ray's work. Certain advocates of [[socialism]] claim that Ray was not "committed" to the cause of the nation's downtrodden classes, while some critics accused him of glorifying poverty in {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} and ''[[Ashani Sanket]]'' (''Distant Thunder'') through lyricism and aesthetics. They claim he provided no solution to conflicts in the stories and was unable to overcome his [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] background. During the [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[Naxalite]] movements in the 1970s, agitators once came close to causing physical harm to his son, [[Sandip Ray|Sandip]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=205}}</ref>

In early 1980, Ray was criticised by Indian [[Member of Parliament|M.P.]] and former actress [[Nargis Dutt]], who accused Ray of "exporting poverty". She wanted him to make films that represented "Modern India".<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=327–328}}</ref> In a highly public exchange of letters during the 1960s, Ray harshly criticised the film ''[[Akash Kusum]]'' by colleague [[Mrinal Sen]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=177}}</ref> Ray said that Sen only attacked "easy targets", for example the Bengali middle classes. That ''Akash Kusum'' bore some resemblance to ''[[Parash Pathar]]'', a film Sen had admitted to not liking, may have played a role in fracturing their previously cordial relationship. Ray would continue to make films on this "easy target" demographic, including ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' and ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' (set during the Naxalite movement in Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade praise and criticism the rest of their careers.

==Legacy==
[[File:Satyajit Ray 1994 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Ray on a 1994 stamp of India]]
[[File:SatyajitRay.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Satyajit Ray by Rishiraj Sahoo in 1997]]
Ray is considered one of the greatest film directors of all time.<ref name="Introduction"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malcolm |first=Derek |date=2 May 2002 |title=The universe in his back yard |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1 |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Bernard Weinraub"/><ref name="Gargan"/><ref name="Critics on Ray, Satyajit Ray Org"/> He is a cultural icon in India and in [[Bengali diaspora|Bengali communities]] worldwide.<ref name=HinduIcon>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/01/stories/2007120151070200.htm |title=Returning to the classics of Ray |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=1 December 2007 |access-date=1 May 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201006/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/01/stories/2007120151070200.htm |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> Following his death, the city of Calcutta came to a virtual standstill, as hundreds of thousands of people gathered around his house to pay their last respects.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ghosh, Amitav |publisher=Doom Online |url=http://www.dosco.org/pages/info_features/features_spotlights/spotlights/aghosh/ray.htm |title=Satyajit Ray |access-date=19 June 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030165352/http://www.dosco.org/pages/info_features/features_spotlights/spotlights/aghosh/ray.htm |archive-date=30 October 2007 }}</ref> Ray's influence has been widespread and deep in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. Many directors, including [[Aparna Sen]], [[Rituparno Ghosh]], and [[Gautam Ghose]] from Bengali cinema; [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Dibakar Banerjee]], [[Shyam Benegal]], and [[Sujoy Ghosh]] from [[Hindi cinema]]; [[Tareq Masud]] and [[Tanvir Mokammel]] from [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]; and [[Aneel Ahmad]] in England, have been influenced by his craft. Across the spectrum, filmmakers such as [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]], [[Mrinal Sen]], and [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] have acknowledged his seminal contribution to [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Sen, Mrinal |work=Little Magazine |url=http://www.littlemag.com/2000/mrinal.htm |title=Our lives, their lives |access-date=29 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621094424/http://www.littlemag.com/2000/mrinal.htm |archive-date=21 June 2006 }}</ref> Beyond India, filmmakers [[Martin Scorsese]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Ingui, Chris |publisher=Hatchet |url=http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml |title=Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet |access-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826214118/http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml |archive-date=26 August 2009 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raging Bull Review 1980 |author=Antani, Jay |year=2004 |publisher=contactmusic.com |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/film/review/ragingbull |access-date=4 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051757/http://www.contactmusic.com/film/review/ragingbull |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}</ref> [[Francis Ford Coppola]], [[George Lucas]],<ref>Qureshi, Huma (31 August 2013) [https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/exhibition-reveals-another-side-to-satyajit-ray-genius-of-indian-cinema-1.299627]. thenational.ae</ref> [[James Ivory (director)|James Ivory]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Hall, Sheldon |publisher=Screen Online |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html |title=Ivory, James (1928–) |access-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230165100/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html |archive-date=30 December 2006 }}
</ref> [[Abbas Kiarostami]], [[Elia Kazan]], [[William Wyler]],<ref>[http://www.indiewire.com/2014/08/why-the-best-american-filmmakers-owe-a-debt-to-satyajit-ray-23072/ Why the Best American Filmmakers Owe a Debt to Satyajit Ray]. IndieWire (18 August 2014). Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> [[François Truffaut]],<ref>{{cite news|title=The 'World' of Satyajit Ray: Legacy of India's Premier Film Maker on Display |author=Kehr, Dave |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=5 May 1995 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/world-satyajit-ray-legacy-india-premier-film-maker-display-article-1.678937 |access-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221143856/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/world-satyajit-ray-legacy-india-premier-film-maker-display-article-1.678937 |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> [[John Huston]],<ref name="huston">{{cite web|title=Restored Apu Trilogy Returns Satyajit Ray's Humane Work to Theaters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/movies/restored-apu-trilogy-returns-satyajit-rays-humane-work-to-theaters.html|website=New York Times|date=10 May 2015}}</ref> [[Carlos Saura]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Satyajit Ray is this Spanish director's inspiration |author=Ray, Suchetana |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=11 March 2008 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html |access-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707181226/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html |archive-date= 7 July 2014 }}</ref> [[Isao Takahata]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas, Daniel |title=Film Reviews: Grave of the Fireflies (Hotaru no Haka)|date=20 January 2003|url=http://www.danielthomas.org/pop/film_reviews/fireflies.htm|access-date=30 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030085422/http://www.danielthomas.org/pop/film_reviews/fireflies.htm|archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> [[Oliver Stone]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Oliver Stone 'loves' Indian cinema|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-11635754|website=bbc|date=27 October 2010}}</ref> [[Quentin Tarantino]], [[Wes Anderson]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://floortwo.wordpress.com/2007/10/28/a-review-of-wes-andersons-the-darjeeling-limited/ |title=A Review of Wes Anderson's ''The Darjeeling Limited'' |work=second floor |date=28 October 2007 |access-date=24 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104031616/http://floortwo.wordpress.com/2007/10/28/a-review-of-wes-andersons-the-darjeeling-limited/ |archive-date= 4 January 2008 }}</ref> [[Danny Boyle]],<ref name=Jivani>{{cite web|author=Jivani, Alkarim |title=Mumbai rising |work=[[Sight & Sound]] |date=February 2009 |url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49511 |access-date=1 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221145109/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49511 |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> [[Christopher Nolan]],<ref name="independent.co.uk"/> and many others have been influenced by Ray's cinematic style.<ref name=Robinson-96/>

[[Gregory Nava]]'s 1995 film ''[[My Family (1995 film)|My Family]]'' had a final scene that was reminiscent of {{Lang|bn-latn|Apur Sansar}}. [[Ira Sachs]]'s 2005 work ''[[Forty Shades of Blue]]'' was a loose remake of ''Charulata.'' Other references to Ray's films are found, for example, in 2006's ''[[Sacred Evil – A True Story|Sacred Evil]]'',<ref>{{cite news|author=Jha SK |publisher=Telegraph India |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6319302.asp |title=Sacred Ray |access-date=29 June 2006 |location=Calcutta, India |date=9 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618042430/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6319302.asp |archive-date=18 June 2006 }}</ref> and the ''[[Elements trilogy|Elements]]'' [[Elements trilogy|trilogy]] by [[Deepa Mehta]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Habib, André |work=Senses of Cinema|url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/16/godard_habib.html|title=Before and After: Origins and Death in the Work of Jean-Luc Godard|access-date=29 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614150838/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/16/godard_habib.html|archive-date=14 June 2006}}</ref> According to [[Michael Sragow]] of ''[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]]'', the "youthful [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[Drama film|dramas]] that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]''".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=An Art Wedded to Truth |first=Michael |last=Sragow |year=1994 |journal=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]] |url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |access-date=11 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |archive-date=12 April 2009 }}</ref> ''[[Kanchenjungha]]'' introduced a narrative structure that resembles later [[hyperlink cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|title=An Interview with Satyajit Ray |year=1982 |url=https://raylifeandwork.blogspot.com/2009/02/interview-with-satyajit-ray.html |access-date=24 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708061608/http://raylifeandwork.blogspot.com/2009/02/interview-with-satyajit-ray.html |archive-date= 8 July 2011 }}</ref> ''Pratidwandi'' helped pioneer [[Negative (photography)|photo-negative]] [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] and X-ray digression techniques.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Light: Satyajit Ray From the Apu Trilogy to the Calcutta Trilogy |author=Pinkerton, Nick |date=14 April 2009 |publisher=[[The Village Voice]] |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy |access-date=9 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625154630/http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy |archive-date=25 June 2009 }}</ref> Together with [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], Ray was the first Indian film figure to be featured on a foreign stamp ([[Dominica]]).

Iranian filmmaker [[Majid Majidi]] has expressed deep admiration for Ray. While discussing the inspiration for his first feature film on India, [[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|''Beyond the Clouds'']] (2017), Majidi said, "I have learned a lot about India based on the works of remarkable Indian director Satyajit Ray so it was my dream to make a film in his land. His view point is very valuable to me and I love whatever he has done, so one of the main reasons behind making this film is my admiration for Satyajit Ray and his work".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.glamsham.com/en/majid-majidi-satyajit-rays-remarkable-work-inspired-me-to-make-beyond-the-clouds|last=Sharma|first=Puja |title=Majid Majidi: Satyajit Ray's remarkable work inspired me to make BEYOND THE CLOUDS |website=Glamsham|date= 30 January 2018 |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174603/http://in.glamsham.com/en/majid-majidi-satyajit-rays-remarkable-work-inspired-me-to-make-beyond-the-clouds |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wes Anderson said that his 2007 film, ''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]'', is dedicated to Ray.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Romney|first=Jonathan|date=11 November 2007|title=Wes Anderson: Isn't it time the writer and director showed a little|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/wes-anderson-isnt-it-time-the-writer-and-director-showed-a-little-heart-399522.html|access-date=10 November 2020|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>

Many literary works include references to Ray or his work, including [[Saul Bellow]]'s ''[[Herzog (novel)|Herzog]]'' and [[J. M. Coetzee]]'s ''[[Youth: Scenes from Provincial Life II|Youth]]''. [[Salman Rushdie]]'s ''[[Haroun and the Sea of Stories]]'' contains fish characters named ''Goopy'' and ''Bagha'', a tribute to [[Goopy–Bagha|Ray's fantasy film]]. In 1993, the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], established the Satyajit Ray Film and Study collection, and in 1995, the [[Government of India]] set up the [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] for studies related to film. In 2007, the [[BBC]] declared that two [[Feluda]] stories would be made into radio programs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Datta S |work=The Financial Express |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_archive_full_story.php?content_id=152924 |title=Feluda goes global, via radio |access-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026144359/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_archive_full_story.php?content_id=152924 |archive-date=26 October 2007 }}</ref> During the [[London Film Festival]], a regular "Satyajit Ray Award" is given to a first-time feature director whose film best captures "the artistry, compassion and humanity of Ray's vision".

A number of documentary films have been produced about Ray in India. Prominent ones include: ''Creative Artists of India – Satyajit Ray'' (1964) by [[Bhagwan Das Garga]] and ''Satyajit Ray'' (1982) by [[Shyam Benegal]] (both backed by the Government of India's [[Films Division]]), ''The Music of Satyajit Ray'' (1984) by [[Utpalendu Chakrabarty]] with funding from the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]], and ''Ray: Life and Work of Satyajit Ray'' (1999) by [[Goutam Ghose]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bidyut Sarkar|title=The World of Satyajit Ray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COAmAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=UBS Publisher Distributors|isbn=978-81-85944-05-0|page=138}}</ref> In 2016, during the shooting of the film ''[[Double Feluda]]'', Satyajit's son, [[Sandip Ray|Sandip]], filmed his father's library.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/inside-rays-famous-study/ |title=Inside Satyajit Ray's famous study |last=Mukherjee |first=Amrita |date=22 November 2016 |website=www.atimes.com |access-date=2 December 2016 }}</ref>

On 23 February 2021 on the year of Satyajit Ray's birth centenary, the Union [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting Minister]] [[Prakash Javadekar]] announced that the central government would institute an award in the name of Satyajit Ray. The award is to be on par with the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre to institute award in the name of Satyajit Ray: Javadekar|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/centre-to-institute-an-award-in-the-name-of-satyajit-ray-javadekar/cid/1807557|access-date=23 February 2021|work=The Telegraph|date=23 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 February 2021|first=Priyanka |last=Dasgupta |title=Satyajit Ray award instituted by Centre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/satyajit-ray-award-instituted-by-centre/articleshow/81164244.cms|access-date=23 February 2021|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=23 February 2021|title=Centre announces 'Satyajit Ray Award' ahead of West Bengal assembly polls|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/centre-announces-satyajit-ray-award-ahead-of-west-bengal-assembly-polls/article33907936.ece|access-date=23 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Preservation===
The [[Academy Film Archive]] has preserved many of Ray's films, including ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]'' in 2001, ''[[Aparajito]]'' in 1996, ''[[Apur Sansar]]'' in 1996, ''[[Charulata]]'' in 1996, ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' in 1996, ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' in 2003, ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' in 1996, ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' in 1996, ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' in 2007, ''[[Kapurush]]'' in 2005, ''[[Mahanagar]]'' in 1996, ''[[Mahapurush]]'' in 2005, ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' in 2004, ''[[Parash Pathar]]'' in 2007, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali]]}} in 1996, ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' in 2001, ''[[Shatranj ke Khilari]]'' in 2010, ''[[Sikkim (film)|Sikkim]]'' in 2007, ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' in 1996, and the short film ''[[Two (1964 film)|Two]]'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preserved Projects|url=http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=Satyajit+Ray&category=All&collection=All|website=Academy Film Archive}}</ref> The Academy Film Archive additionally holds prints of other Ray films as part of its Satyajit Ray Collection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Satyajit Ray Collection|url=https://www.oscars.org/film-archive/collections/satyajit-ray-collection|website=Academy Film Archive|date=5 September 2014}}</ref>

===International Film Festival of India===
;Birth centenary celebrations
In the [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] (IIFI), on the occasion of his birth centenary, the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] paid tribute to him through a "Special Retrospective".
; Award in recognition of legacy
In recognition of the [[auteur]]'s legacy, the IIFI Lifetime Achievement Award was renamed the Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/52nd-iffi-to-be-held-from-20th-28th-nov-2021-in-goa-prakash-javadekar-releases-poster-717186|title=52nd IFFI to be held from 20th −28th Nov 2021 in Goa, Prakash Javadekar releases poster|date=6 July 2021|access-date=12 September 2021|website=India TV News}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Satyajit Ray filmography}}

==Awards, honours, and recognition==
{{further|List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray}}

Ray received many awards, including 36 [[National Film Awards]] by the [[Government of India]] and awards at international film festivals. He holds four [[Palme d'Or]] nominations at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. At the [[11th Moscow International Film Festival]] in 1979, he was awarded with the Honorable Prize for contributions to cinema.<ref name="Moscow1979">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1979 |title=11th Moscow International Film Festival (1979) |access-date=20 January 2013 |publisher=Moscow International Film Festival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403102012/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1979 |archive-date= 3 April 2014 }}</ref> At the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], he was one of only four filmmakers to win the [[Silver Bear for Best Director]] more than once and holds the record for the most [[Golden Bear]] nominations, with seven.<ref>{{cite web|title=Silver Bear winners (directors) |publisher=listal |date=24 November 2008 |url=http://www.listal.com/list/silver-bear-winners |access-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519152331/http://www.listal.com/list/silver-bear-winners |archive-date=19 May 2009 }}</ref> At the [[Venice Film Festival]], where he had previously won a [[Golden Lion]] for ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956), he was awarded the [[Golden Lion Honorary Award]] in 1982. That same year, he received an honorary "Hommage à Satyajit Ray" award at the [[1982 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Personal Awards |publisher=Satyajit Ray official site |url=http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/awards_personal.htm |access-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145230/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/awards_personal.htm |archive-date= 1 May 2009 }}</ref> Ray is the second film personality after [[Charlie Chaplin]] to have been awarded an [[honorary doctor]]ate by [[Oxford University]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=1}}</ref>

Ray was awarded the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 1985 and the [[Legion of Honor]] by the [[President of France]] in 1987.<ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/awards_personal.htm |title=Personal Awards |work=Awards |publisher=satyajitray.org |access-date=9 April 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404095030/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/awards_personal.htm |archive-date= 4 April 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=France's highest award: 30 years after Satyajit Ray, French honour for his Apu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/30-years-after-ray-french-honour-for-his-apu/articleshow/59090903.cms |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=11 June 2017 }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1965 and the highest civilian honour,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> the [[Bharat Ratna]], shortly before his death.<ref name="awards" /> The [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] awarded Ray an [[Academy Honorary Award|Honorary Award]] in [[64th Academy Awards|1992]] for Lifetime Achievement. In 1992, he was posthumously awarded the ''[[Akira Kurosawa]] Award for Lifetime Achievement in Directing'' at the [[San Francisco International Film Festival]]; it was accepted on his behalf by actress [[Sharmila Tagore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sffs.org/awards_tributes/search.php?search_by=6&searchfield=Satyajit+Ray|title=Awards and Tributes: Satyajit Ray|work=San Francisco International Film Festival: The First to Fifty|publisher=San Francisco Film Society|access-date=8 April 2008}}</ref>

Participants in a 2004 [[BBC]] poll placed Ray No. 13 on the ''[[Greatest Bengali of all time]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm| title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali' |publisher=BBC News |date=14 April 2004 |access-date=14 December 2017 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1992, the ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' Critics' Top Ten Poll ranked Ray at No. 7 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time, making him the highest-ranking [[Asian cinema|Asian filmmaker]] in the poll.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]] |url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |access-date=29 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618053015/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2002, the ''Sight & Sound'' critics' and directors' poll ranked Ray at No. 22 in its list of all-time greatest directors,<ref name="Lee" /> making him the fourth highest-ranking Asian filmmaker in the poll.<ref name="Lee">{{cite web|title=A Slanted Canon|author=Lee, Kevin |publisher=Asian American Film Commentary|date=5 September 2002|url=http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html|access-date=24 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224432/http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html|archive-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> In 1996, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' ranked Ray at No. 25 in its "50 Greatest Directors" list.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greatest Film Directors and Their Best Films |publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/directors5.html |access-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419012235/http://www.filmsite.org/directors5.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 }}</ref> In 2007, ''[[Total Film]]'' magazine included Ray in its "100 Greatest Film Directors Ever" list.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Greatest Directors Ever by ''Total Film'' Magazine |publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/greatdirectors-totalfilm2.html |access-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215114/http://www.filmsite.org/greatdirectors-totalfilm2.html |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> In 2022, the [[Sydney Film Festival]] showcased 10 films by Ray as an homage,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Priyanka |title=Homage To Satyajit Ray With 10 Classics At Sydney Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/homage-to-satyajit-ray-with-10-classics-at-sydney-film-festival/articleshow/92071053.cms |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=8 June 2022}}</ref> and the [[BFI Southbank]] screened a complete retrospective in July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news/july-2022-bfi-southbank-satyajit-ray-glenda-jackson-black-fantastic|title=Announcing July 2022 at BFI Southbank: Satyajit Ray, Glenda Jackson, In the Black Fantastic and more|date=18 May 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

In 2024, ''Forbes'' included Ray in its list of ''The 30 Greatest Film Directors Of All Time'', ranking him 8th—placing him ahead of legendary filmmakers such as [[Federico Fellini]] and [[Orson Welles]]. The article praised Ray's unique cinematic voice and noted his influence on directors including [[Akira Kurosawa]], [[Francis Ford Coppola]], and [[Christopher Nolan]]<ref name=":2" />

==Residence==
He lived his entire life mainly in between these apartments in Kolkata: 31 Lake Avenue (till 1959); 3 Lake Temple Road (1959–1970); 1/1 Bishop Lefroy Road (1970–1992).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/priyanka-dasgupta-blog/rays-other-home/ | title=Ray's other home | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Dasgupta | first1=Priyanka }}</ref>

==Ray family==
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart | | UPE |y| BID | | | | | | | | UPE=[[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] |BID=Bidhumukhi Devi }}
{{Tree chart | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | | |SUK|y|SUP| | |SKH| |SUB| |SBM| |PC| |SH| | | SUK=[[Sukumar Ray]] | SUP=Suprabha Ray | SKH = Sukhalata Ray | SUB=Subinoy Ray | SBM = Subimal Ray | PC = Punyalata Chakrabarti | SH = Shantilata}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | |SAT|y| BIJ| | | | | | |SAT='''Satyajit Ray''' | BIJ=[[Bijoya Ray]] }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |SAT|y| BIJ| | | | | | |SAT=[[Sandip Ray]] | BIJ=Lalita Ray}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | |SAN| | | | | | | SAN= Souradip Ray}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Bengali-language authors (chronological)]]
* [[Parallel cinema]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Bengali Science Fiction]]

== Notes ==
{{Note|a|a|Satyajit Ray only directed the first two films of the trilogy (''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'', 1969, and ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'', 1980), with his son, [[Sandip Ray]], directing the last (''[[Goopy Bagha Phire Elo]]'', 1992).}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Biswas, M|year=2006|title=Apu and after: Revisiting Ray's cinema|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-1-905422-25-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cherian |first=V. K. |year=2017 |title=India's Film Society Movement: The Journey and Its Impact |location=New Delhi |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=9789385985638 |oclc=959922484}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|given1=D|year=2000|title=The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofsatyajit00coop|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62980-5}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Dasgupta|given1=C|year=1996|title=The cinema of Satyajit Ray|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=978-0-14-024780-0}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ganguly|given1=S|year=2001|title=Satyajit Ray: In search of the modern|publisher=Indialog|isbn=978-81-87981-04-6}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Y|given1=Ishaghpour|year=2002|title=Satyajit Ray, l'Orient et l'Occident|volume=24 of Les essais|publisher=Différence|isbn=978-2-7291-1401-5}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Mitra|first1=S|year=1983|title=The Genius of Satyajit Ray|journal=India Today}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Nandy|given1=A|year=1995|chapter=Satyajit Ray's Secret Guide to Exquisite Murders|title=The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-04410-1|url=https://archive.org/details/savagefreudother00nand}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Nyce|given1=B|year=1988|title=Satyajit Ray: A Study of His Films|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0-275-92666-3}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S|year=1993|edition=3|title=Our films, their films|publisher=Asia Book Corp of Amer|isbn=978-0-86311-317-8}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S|year=1994|title=My Years with Apu|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-86215-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Apur Panchali|year=2010|publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]]|isbn=978-81-7215-367-0|language=bn}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S|year=2005|title=Speaking of films|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=978-0-14-400026-5}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|given1=A|year=2003|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-965-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Robinson | first=Andrew | title=Satyajit Ray : The Inner Eye : The Biography of a Master Film-maker | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2004 | isbn=0-19-566812-X | oclc=57075910}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|year=2005|title=Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-074-1}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Rushdie|given1=S|year=1992|title=Imaginary Homelands|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-014036-1|url=https://archive.org/details/imaginaryhomelan00rush_0}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Santas|given1=Constantin|year=2002|title=Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8304-1580-9}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Seton|given1=Marie|author-link=Marie Seton|year=1971|title=Satyajit Ray: Portrait of a director|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-16815-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofdirect0000seto}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Wood|given1=R|year=1972|title=The Apu trilogy|publisher=November Books Ltd|isbn=978-0-85631-003-4}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Britannica|492404}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/ Satyajit Ray Film and Study Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313215233/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/ |date=13 March 2007 }} – [[University of California Santa Cruz]]
* {{IMDb name|6249|Satyajit Ray}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |title= Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema |author=[[W. Andrew Robinson]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104143026/http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |archive-date=4 January 2006}}

{{Satyajit Ray}}
{{Navboxes
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{{Navboxes
| title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray|Awards for Satyajit Ray]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Satyajit}}
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[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
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[[Category:Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients]]
[[Category:Indian former Hindus]]

Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo

2026-03-23T18:21:19Z

Rajan Singh: Adding new article first draft!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Crime drama]]
| director = Homi Adajania
| story = Homi Adajania
| creator = [[Homi Adajania]]
| writer = {{ubl|Saurav Dey | Karan Vyas|Nandini Gupta |Aman Mannan}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dimple Kapadia]]
* [[Radhika Madan]]
* [[Isha Talwar]]
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]]
* [[Angira Dhar]]
* [[Jimit Trivedi]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Dinesh Vijan]]
| composer = [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
*Linesh Desai
*Sunil Borkar <br> (2nd Unit DOP)
}}
| editor = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| company = [[Maddock Films]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| runtime = 40- 50 minutes
}}

'''''Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime drama]] television series created and directed by [[Homi Adajania]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Disney+ Hotstar Sets 'Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo' From Director Homi Adajania As Latest Series Original |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/disney-plus-hotstar-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-homi-adajania-1235319238/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=6 April 2023}}</ref> Produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]] under [[Maddock Films]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2023 |title=New series 'Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo' announced, OTT sets May premiere|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/new-series-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-announced-ott-sets-may-premiere/articleshow/99314327.cms |newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=7 December 2023 | agency=PTI}}</ref> it stars [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Radhika Madan]], [[Isha Talwar]], [[Angira Dhar]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], [[Monica Dogra]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]] with an ensemble cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-08 |title=Dimple Kapadia teams up with Homi Adajania for her digital debut Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dimple-kapadia-teams-homi-adajania-digital-debut-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo/|access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 5 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Disney+ Hotstar announces new series Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo starring Dimple Kapadia and Radhika Madan|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-announces-new-series-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-starring-dimple-kapadia-and-radhika-madan/cid/1927886|access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo: चेहरे पर गुस्सा और हाथ में बंदूक, खतरनाक लुक में दिखीं डिंपल कपाड़िया, सीरीज का पोस्टर हुआ जारी |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/dimple-kapadia-new-web-series-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-will-stream-on-disney-plus-hotstar-from-5-may-see-poster-2377379|access-date=2023-04-08 |website=ABP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo announcement: Dimple Kapadia stars with Radhika Madan in action drama series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-announcement-dimple-kapadia-stars-with-radhika-madan-in-action-drama-series/142b777883400|access-date=2023-04-08 |website=OTT Play}}</ref>

At the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo'' received 5 nominations, including Best Actress in a Drama Series (Kapadia) and Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Madan).

== Plot ==
A family led by a formidable matriarch operates the largest drug cartel in South Asia deep within the mythical environment of Runjh Pradesh. Rani Cooperative, which presents itself as a herbal and doll-making venture, is a profitable business controlled entirely by women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo ending explained — who ends up on the hot seat? |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-ending-explained-who-ends-up-on-the-hot-seat |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Rani Ba (Kapadia), the gun-wielding, cigarette-smoking family matriarch in charge, is an inspiring saas to her two hardworking bahus, Kajal (Dhar) and Bijlee (Talwar), who function as henchmen, accountants, and peddlers as necessary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-07 |title=Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo review: Dimple Kapadia leads a messy family drama that tries too hard |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-review-dimple-kapadia-leads-a-messy-family-drama-that-tries-too-hard-101683450062033.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Then there's Shanta (Madan), Rani Ba's lone and spoiled daughter who manufactures the family business, flamingo, a stronger form of cocaine. Everyone envies Shanta's independence, but few realize she has affections for her adoptive brother Dhiman. Saas, Bahu, and Flamingo go about their business as normal until a series of threats force Rani Ba to decide it's time to name an heir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo Ep 1-2 Review: Dimple Kapadia's crime-drama promises to get better after a shaky start |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-ep-1-2-review-dimple-kapadias-crime-drama-promises-to-get-better-after-a-shaky-start-1219707 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Savitri alias 'Rani Baa', Bhola's widow, Harish, Kapil and Shanta's mother, Bijlee and Kajal's mother in law
* [[Isha Talwar]] as Bijlee, Harish's wife and Savitri's eldest daughter-in-law
* [[Angira Dhar]] as Kajal, Kapil's wife and Savitri's youngest daughter-in-law
* [[Radhika Madan]] as Shanta, Savitri's daughter; Harish and Kapil's younger sister
* Varun Mitra as Kapil, Savitri's younger son and Kajal's husband
* Ashish Verma as Harish, Savitri's eldest son and Bijlee's husband
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Aagyo Dao alias 'Monk', Savitri's bitter rival
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Saheb-ji, Savitri's mentor
* [[Monica Dogra]] as DJ Naina, Bijlee's lover
* Udit Arora as Dhiman, Savitri's friend's son
* [[Priyasha Bhardwaj]] as Young Savitri
* Sandeep Sharma as Bhola, Savitri's Husband
* [[Jimit Trivedi]] as Proshun Jain, Inspector [[Mumbai]] [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]] [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]]
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as Dil Samson
* Mark Bennington as Donze, Savitri's initial chemist for her operation and lover
* Sarika Singh as Shefu Jain, Proshun's wife
* Rohan Singh as Birsa
* Mahabir Singh Bhullar as Cheema
*Himanshu Awasthi as Jogi

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #CCCCFF
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
}}

{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Homecoming
|DirectedBy = [[Homi Adajania]]
|WrittenBy = Saurav Dey, Nandini Gupta, Aman Mannan, Karan Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Savitri is preparing for the return of her sons. Although she, her bahus and her daughter face a deadly threat.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Lifting the Veil
|DirectedBy = Homi Adajania
|WrittenBy = Saurav Dey, Nandini Gupta, Aman Mannan, Karan Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = They women of the haveli were successfully able to repel the attach on them but also had to hid it from Harish and Kapil.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Genesis
|DirectedBy = Homi Adajania
|WrittenBy = Saurav Dey, Nandini Gupta, Aman Mannan, Karan Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As Kapil and Harish discovers the secret, Savitri tells her life story to them. Monk joins with Dil Samson to destroy Savitri.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Remains of the Day
|DirectedBy = Homi Adajania
|WrittenBy = Saurav Dey, Nandini Gupta, Aman Mannan, Karan Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Savitri opens the pandora’s box by disclosing that she is going to pick her successor which may include her sons. Proshun comes close to discovering Savitri’s secret adventure.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = The Enemy Within
|DirectedBy = Homi Adajania
|WrittenBy = Saurav Dey, Nandini Gupta, Aman Mannan, Karan Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Savitri is running out of time as enemies attack on her ship. Proshun’s being pressured to solve the case soon following the death in Mumbai. There is a death in the haveli causing panic.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Bittersweet Bye-Bye
|DirectedBy = Homi Adajania
|WrittenBy = Saurav Dey, Nandini Gupta, Aman Mannan, Karan Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While Proshun is digging deep in Savitri’s venture, Donze and Shanta continues to work on their new drug aka Pink Unicorn. Surrounding in the haveli is getting tense day by day, revealing many hidden facts and individual goals.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = The Day the Music Died
|DirectedBy = Homi Adajania
|WrittenBy = Saurav Dey, Nandini Gupta, Aman Mannan, Karan Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Devastated by the death in haveli, Savitri seeks help from old ally Saheb-ji to save everyone from Monk's wrath.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Resurrection
|DirectedBy = Homi Adajania
|WrittenBy = Saurav Dey, Nandini Gupta, Aman Mannan, Karan Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Savitri has a tough job ahead which is to choose her ideal successor who can keep the soul of Rani corporative intact. Whom will she choose?
|LineColor =
}}
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}} (Film)
| recorded = 2022–23
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|Sangeet Music]]
| producer = [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| title1 = Folk Song (Ada Sai)
| extra1 = Divya Kumar, Devra Samatbhai Gadhvi, Vandana Devraj Gadhvi
| length1 =
| title2 = Folk Song (Kutch Minar)
| extra2 = Mubarak Gazan, Dana Bhamral, Lakha Marvada
| length2 =
| title3 =
| extra3 =
| length3 =
| title4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| extra6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| extra7 =
| length7 =
}}

== Reception ==
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The series is entertaining for its mollycoddling (in a mocking way) of fragile male egos."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |title='Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo' series review: Dimple Kapadia anchors this quirky, uneven series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-series-review-dimple-kapadia-anchors-this-quirky-uneven-series/article66815091.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote "No matter how firm and focussed the unbending Savitri is, reverses are a part of her existence. A backstory reveals the reasons behind the transformation of a Banjara woman into an imperious and impetuous ringleader."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo Review: Dimple Kapadia's Show Is Undeniably Bingeworthy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-review-dimple-kapadias-show-is-undeniably-bingeworthy-2-5-stars-4010211 |access-date=22 May 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=6 May 2023}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' felt the series overdoses on sex, violence and drugs and wrote in her review "There are attempts to document its crooked universe and its shady workings in detail like Farzi but none of the spunk. Guns and ghagras make for a fine punchline but the imagery feels bland in absence of emotions."<ref>{{cite news |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |title=Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo Review: All Sass No Soul |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-review/20230505.htm |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=5 May 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo is a show where women are the frontrunners. There’s no running-in-your-face feminism. It just feels too fair and fresh, different from the imposed shows of the same nature that you see. Here, women are no abla but can take on hordes of men, even when they are the least prepared."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anindita |title=Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo Review: Dimple Kapadia, Radhika Madan's show is a riveting cooler with a dash of red |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-review-dimple-kapadia-radhika-madan-angira-dhar-isha-talwar-show-is-a-riveting-cooler-with-a-dash-of-red-2368731-2023-05-05 |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=5 May 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The show's setting in the parched and arid land of north-western India is pitch perfect, and the costumes and makeup of each character is impressive. The rustic makeovers complete with ancient tattoos and ethnic ornaments have the requisite detailing."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |title=Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo Season 1 Review : A brutal celebration of raw women power |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo/season-1/seasonreview/99937178.cms |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 May 2023}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Category
!Nominee / work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Drama Series
|[[Dimple Kapadia]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
|[[Radhika Madan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Story (Series)
|[[Homi Adajania]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer (Series)
|Linesh Desai
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Costume Design (Series)
|Maxima Basu
|{{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt27442834}}

{{Homi Adajania}}
{{Disney+ Hotstar}}

[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

Raj Bhavan, Kolkata

2026-03-22T09:37:29Z

Rajan Singh:

{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Lok Bhavan, Kolkata
| former_names = Government House (1803–1950)<br> Raj Bhavan (1950–2025)
| image = Raj Bhaban 1.jpg
| image_size = 280 px
| caption = Front [[façade]] of Raj Bhavan
| coordinates = {{coord|22.567261|88.347520|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date = 1799
| completion_date = 1803
| number_of_rooms = 90
| elevator_count =
| current_tenants =
| cost = Rupees 13 [[lakh]] (1,300,000) <br /> (£63,300)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatacitytours.com/raj-bhavan-kolkata/,%20https://www.kolkatacitytours.com/raj-bhavan-kolkata/|title=Raj Bhavan | Kolkata City Tours}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| floor_area = {{convert|84000|sqft|m2|order=flip|abbr=off}}
| architect = [[Charles Wyatt (architect)|Charles Wyatt]]
| engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| owner = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| website = {{URL|https://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in}}
}}

'''Raj Bhavan''', officially known as '''Lok Bhavan''' and formerly as '''Government House''' (1803–1950) is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governor of West Bengal]], [[R. N. Ravi]], located in [[Kolkata]], the capital of [[West Bengal]].

Built in 1803 during the [[Company rule in India]], it became the official residence of the [[Viceroy of India]] in 1858 after the transfer of power from the Company to the British Crown. With the shifting of the Indian capital from then-Calcutta to [[New Delhi]] in 1911, it became the official residence of the [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency#Governors of Bengal (1912–1947)|Governor of Bengal]] (now West Bengal) and has served the same purpose since.

==History==
[[File:Page 568 Life in India or Madras, the Neilgherries, and Calcutta.png|thumb|300px|Illustration of Government house in 1855]]
[[File:Rajbahavan.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Government House, South Front, photographed by [[Samuel Bourne]]]]
In the early nineteenth century, Calcutta was at the height of its golden age. Known as the City of Palaces or [[St. Petersburg]] of the East, Calcutta was the richest, largest and most elegant colonial city of India.<ref>{{Cite news|author = William, Dalrymple |title = White Mughals |publisher = Penguin Books|year = 2002|page = 407}}</ref>

Before 1799, the [[Governor-General of India]] resided in a rented house, called "Buckingham House", located in the same location. The land belonged to Mohammad Reza Khan, a Nawab of Chitpur.<ref name="Dasgupta">{{Cite news|author = Das Gupta, Prosenjit |title = 10 Walks in Calcutta |publisher = Harper Collins|year = 2000|page = 5}}</ref> In 1799, [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|the 1st Marquess Wellesley]], the then Governor-General, reportedly said that "India should be governed from a [[palace]], not from a [[English country house|country house]]", and began the construction of a grand mansion.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FdQcZfuj3i8C |title=SJM Research Journal
|volume= 25–26|publisher= Salar Jung Museum|year=1988|page=24}}</ref>

After four years' construction, it was completed at a colossal cost of [[£]]63,291 (about £3.8 million in today's estimate).<ref>{{Cite news|author = William, Dalrymple |title = White Mughals |publisher = Penguin Books|year = 2002|page = 346}}</ref> Lord Wellesley was accused of misusing the [[East India Company]]'s funds and was eventually recalled back to England in 1805.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1999-12-5-1|title=Richard (Colley), 1st Marquess of Wellesley, KP, Governor General of India, 1804|publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

After the transfer of power from the [[East India Company]] to the [[British Crown]] in 1858, it became the official residence of the [[Viceroy of India]], moving here from the [[Belvedere Estate]].<ref name=suites>{{cite web|url=https://www.asian-voice.com/News/India/Colonial-names-removed-from-Kolkata-Raj-Bhawan-suites|title=Colonial names removed from Kolkata Raj Bhawan suites|date=12 April 2017|newspaper=Asian Voice|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> In 1892, the [[Otis Elevator Company]] installed the first elevator in India in the Raj Bhavan.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2014 |title=We must continue to listen to the market |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/we-must-continue-to-listen-to-the-market-says-otis-elevator-md/article6324345.ece |access-date=17 July 2016 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The construction of [[New Delhi]] as the British Raj's new planned capital began in 1911, with the chief official residence of the Viceroy and Governor-General being eventually moved there too, the new official residence being named [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Viceroy's House]]. The Lieutenant-Governor of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], who had hitherto resided in [[Belvedere Estate|Belvedere House]], was upgraded to a full governor and his residence transferred to Government House in Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Danvers|first=F.C.|title=Bengal: Its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors|date=22 June 2016|publisher=Forgotten Books|isbn=978-1332869954|pages=21–22}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Kedleston Hall 02.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Kedleston Hall]]]]
Government House was designed by Capt. Charles Wyatt on the lines of [[Kedleston Hall]], the [[:Category:Curzon family|Curzon family]] estate in [[Derbyshire]].<ref name="Roy">Roy, Nishitranjan,''Swasato Kolkata Ingrej Amaler Sthapathya'', {{in lang|bn}}, pp. 48, 1st edition, 1988, Prtikhan Press Pvt. Ltd.</ref> The building follows a [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style with distinct [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] overtones. Coincidentally, the most illustrious son of the Curzon family, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], would come to occupy the building as the Viceroy and Governor-General of India exactly 100 years after its construction started (1899-1905).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ayers|first=Sydney|date=July 2019|title=An English Country House in Calcutta: mapping networks between Government House, the statesman John Adam, and the architect Robert Adam|url=https://journals.openedition.org/abe/6193|journal=ABE Journal|volume=14-15}}</ref> Curzon described Government House as “without doubt the finest Government House occupied by the representative of any Sovereign or Government in the world.”<ref name="Doig">{{Cite news|author = Desmond, Doig |title = An Artist's Impression |publisher = The Statesman}}</ref>

In the 1860s, Viceroy [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]], added the metallic dome to the building. Lord Curzon brought electricity and an elevator (popularly known as the "birdcage lift") to Raj Bhavan.<ref name="Doig" />

[[File:KolkataRajbhavanGate.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Arched Gate of the Raj Bhavan]]
The architectural plan comprises a central core with four radiating wings. The state rooms located in the central core are accessed from the outside by a flight of grand steps on the north. On the south is another portico surmounted by a colonnaded verandah with a dome above. The four wings accommodate the various offices and residential quarters along with four sets of staircases. The plan of the wings allows for a great deal of natural ventilation in the spaces while also permitting views across the gardens. The wings are decorated with large [[coats of arms]].<ref name=chapter3>{{cite web|url=https://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/writereaddata/PDF/CHAPTERIII.pdf|title=Raj Bhavan, Kolkata Chapter III: The Exterior|publisher=Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

The Raj Bhavan covers an area of {{convert|84000|sqft|m2|order=flip|abbr=off}} and is surrounded by a compound of {{convert|27|acre|ha|order=flip}}.<ref name="Wheels">{{cite news |title=Raj Bhawan, Kolkata on Wheels |url=http://www.kolkataonwheelsmagazine.com/?module=article&content_id=5&article_id=17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127041451/http://www.kolkataonwheelsmagazine.com/?module=article&content_id=5&article_id=17 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=January 21, 2012}}</ref> The Raj Bhavan has six gateways, one each on the north and south and two each on the east and west. The four gates on the east and west have grand archways topped with lions, while the minor archways on the side are topped with sphinxes.<ref name=chapter3/>

[[File:Raj Bhavan 4.jpg|250px|thumb|Chinese cannon, Raj Bhavan]]
The best view of the Raj Bhavan is obtained from the North Gate, which also serves as the main gate. The main entrance, formed by six ionic pillars supporting a pediment, is approached by a long walk past a decorated Chinese cannon presented by [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=frHDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |title= The Indian Equator Mark Twain's India Revisited|first= Ian |last=Strathcarron|year=2013|page=109|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0486315805}}</ref> Mounted on a dragon and flanked with minor cannons, this cannon was a trophy taken from [[Nanjing|Nanking]] in 1842 after the [[First Opium War]]. An inscription on a marble plaque reads "The [[Treaty of Nanking|peace]] dictated to the [[Daoguang Emperor|Emperor of China]] under the walls of Nanking by the military force of England and of India."<ref name="Doig" />

==Interior==
The three-storey Raj Bhavan building has a massive central area, consisting of large halls with curved corridors on all four sides radiating to detached wings, each constituting a house in itself. Including public halls, there are about 60 rooms in the building.<ref name="Doig" />

In 2017, West Bengal [[List of governors of West Bengal|governor]] [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] Indianised the names of these suites. The Prince of Wales suite was renamed to [[Rabindranath Tagore]] ''Kaksh;'' Wellesley Suite to Sagar ''Kaksh;'' Dufferin Suite to [[Kangchenjunga]] ''Kaksh;'' Anderson Suite to [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] ''Kaksh''.<ref name=suites/>

===Residential suites===
The residential portion is divided into four suites. The [[Prince of Wales]] Suite in the north-west wing of the first floor hosts the [[President of India|President]], [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] and the [[Prime Minister of India]] and heads of state of other nations when they visit the state of [[West Bengal]]. The [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Wellesley]] Suite is located on the second floor in the north-eastern wing, the [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Dufferin]] Suite is on the second floor of north-west wing, and the fourth suite is the [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|Anderson]] Suite.

===Drawing and dining rooms===
'''Yellow Drawing Room:''' Located on the first floor of the Raj Bhavan, this beautiful drawing room has some wonderful paintings.

'''Blue Drawing Room:''' An elegantly furnished room used by the governor to meet guests.

'''Brown Dining Room:''' Adjacent to the Blue Dining room, it is used for small conferences and meetings.<ref name="Wheels" />

===Halls and banquet rooms===
'''Throne Room:''' The Throne Room contains the throne of [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]]. Beside it is throne of [[Tipu Sultan]]. The room contains oil paintings of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]. It also contains the urn used to carry Mahatma Gandhi's ashes.<ref name="Wheels" />

'''Council Chamber:''' The Governor-General once used the Council Chamber to preside over the Executive, and later the Legislative Council. It is now used by the Governor of West Bengal to hold large meetings. A small dining room, known as the [[Bharat Ratna]] Room, and a billiard room is located just outside the Council Chamber.

'''The Marble Hall:''' Located on the ground floor of the Raj Bhavan, this Hall is used for state and private meetings.

'''The Banquet Hall:''' With rows of [[Doric order|Doric]] pillars on each side, flowering chandeliers and black [[Mahogany]] tables, the Banquet Hall has entertained eminent guests such as Queen [[Elizabeth II]].

==Picture gallery==
===Old photos===
<gallery class="center">
Rajbhavan1.jpg|Government House, Calcutta, by [[John Christian Schetky]]
FraserCalcuttaGovernmentHouse.jpg|A View of the Government House from the eastern side-1819. Engraved by R Havell Jr In Views of Calcutta and its Environs by James Baillie Fraser
Rajbahavan.jpg|Calcutta - Government House, South Front, by [[Samuel Bourne]]
Samuel Davis - New Government House at Calcutta - B1977.14.177 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|New Government House at Calcutta by [[Samuel Davis (orientalist)|Samuel Davis]]
Gouvernementshuis te Calcutta in India, KITLV 152331.tiff|The Government House of Calcutta, bird's eye view, {{circa|1935}}
</gallery>

===Present photos===
<gallery class="center">
Government House - Kolkata 2011-12-18 0188.JPG|Raj Bhavan on a foggy winter morning
Raj Bhavan 3.jpg|Raj Bhavan from South Gate
Raj Bhaban 2.jpg|Arched gate Raj Bhavan
Governor's House.jpg|Raj Bhawan on a winter morning
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Raj Bhavan (West Bengal)}}
* [http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/ The official website of Governor of West Bengal]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.acarm.org/view.asp?ItemID=3&tname=tblComponent3&oname=Projects&pg=activities&opt=projects |title=Government House |website=Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Records Managers}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/wmward/Misc%20html/govhouse.html |title=Government House, Calcutta |website=William Carey University}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.catchcal.com/kaleidoscope/places_to_visit/raj_bhawan.asp |title=Raj Bhavan |website=Catchcal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510223840/http://www.catchcal.com/kaleidoscope/places_to_visit/raj_bhawan.asp |archive-date=10 May 2008}}
* {{cite web |url=http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/rajbhawan.html/ |title=Raj Bhavan |website=clickindia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508013709/http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/rajbhawan.html |archive-date=8 May 2012}}
*[https://www.britishempire.co.uk/art/calcuttahouse.htm Government House, Calcutta] Undated 19th Century painting

{{Raj Bhavan}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1803]]
[[Category:Palaces in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in India]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

Kammapalle

2026-03-17T08:33:45Z

Rajan Singh: stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kammapalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|33|2.5|N|79|26|40.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Ramachandrapuram mandal, Tirupati district|Ramachandrapuram mandal]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517561
| registration_plate = AP40
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kammapalle''' is a village and mandal headquarters of [[Ramachandrapuram mandal, Tirupati district|Ramachandrapuram]] mandal in the [[Tirupati district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]

{{Tirupati-geo-stub}}

Koorkenchery

2026-03-09T23:23:12Z

Rajan Singh: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[Thrissur]]

Siddhartha Basu

2026-03-09T00:10:30Z

Rajan Singh: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian television personality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=2025 expansions such as [[Special:Diff/1307234685|this]] and other edits by user; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2025 LLMs, etc}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddhartha Basu
| image = Siddhartha Basu1.jpg
| caption = Basu in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names = Babu
| notable_works = Quiz Time, Mastermind India, Kaun Banega Crorepati
| television = Quiz Time, Mastermind India, Kaun Banega Crorepati
| spouse = {{marriage|Anita Kaul Basu|1983}}
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|toknowledge.com}}
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], [[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = Television producer/director, quiz host
| years_active = 1985–present
}}

'''Siddhartha "Babu" Basu''' (born 1954), is an Indian actor, director, producer and [[quiz]] show host.

Regarded as a pioneer of Indian television quizzing, Basu rose to prominence with the show Quiz Time, and later on with the shows ''[[Mastermind India]],'' ''[[University Challenge|University Challenge India]]'' and ''[[Quizzer of the Year]].''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-04-13 |title=Siddhartha Basu, who created a buzz with his quiz shows, set to return as host after almost 20 years |url=https://theprint.in/feature/siddhartha-basu-who-created-a-buzz-with-his-quiz-shows-set-to-return-as-host-after-almost-20-years/2039547/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

He has produced and directed a number of Indian television shows including ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', ''[[Dus Ka Dum]]'', ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'', and ''[[India's Got Talent]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=2023-07-02 |title=Siddhartha Basu on a life in quizzing |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/siddhartha-basu-on-a-life-in-quizzing-111688296320646.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Basu hosts ''The Quizzitok Podcast'' on YouTube and Spotify.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Quizzitok |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjWfDukMCzdg0QNK8UgVjFQ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Quizzitok Podcast with Siddhartha Basu |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/78toINKtwTy8yYngULHo1y |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Basu was born in [[Calcutta]], India, into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] family, and spent his childhood moving between [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Delhi]] and [[Chennai|Madras]]. He attended various schools in each city, including Besant Montessori and The Cathedral and John Connon School in Bombay, and [[The Frank Anthony Public School, New Delhi|Frank Anthony Public School]] in Delhi, before completing his schooling at the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan|Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[IIT Madras]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=Episode 420: Siddhartha Basu Is in the Hot Seat |url=https://seenunseen.in/episodes/2025/6/16/episode-420-siddhartha-basu-is-in-the-hot-seat/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Seen and the Unseen |language=en-GB}}</ref>

He went on to earn a bachelor’s degree in English Literature from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen’s College, Delhi]], followed by an M.A. in English Literature from [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] at the[[Delhi University|University of Delhi]].<ref name=":2" />

==Theatre==
At St. Stephen’s College in the 1970s, Basu developed his passion for [[theatre]]. In 1973 he became a founding member of [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]]’s ''Theatre Action Group'' (TAG) in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-11-23 |title=The drama of Barry John's life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/the-drama-of-barry-johns-life/articleshow/29185414.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=How UK-born Barry John turned generations of Indians into theatre professionals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/barry-john-theatre-group-history-6719664/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Alumni Archive |url=https://bjas.in/alumni/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Barry John Acting Studio |language=en-GB}}</ref> Known as “Babu” among his peers, he acted in numerous stage plays – most memorably in the title role of ''[[Oedipus (Seneca)|Oedipus]]'' ([[Ted Hughes]]’ adaptation of [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca's]] play),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-23 |title="At 22, I was madly in love with theatre, but there was no money in it," says Lillete Dubey |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/at-22-i-was-madly-in-love-with-theatre-but-there-was-no-money-in-it-says-lillete-dubey-101621735577891.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Polonius]] in ''[[Hamlet]]'',<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010104/nation.htm#4 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> and as [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] in ''[[Amadeus (play)|Amadeus]]''.<ref name=":7" /> He also directed ''[[Macbeth|A Macbeth]]'' (for Red Curtain)and ''[[Equus (play)|Equus]]'' ( for Ninth Facet- Anamika Kala Sangam) in Kolkata in 1975 & 1976 respectively.<ref name=":7" />

TAG included several future stars (notably [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Mira Nair]], [[Lillete Dubey]], and a number of others),<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> and in its first phase, Basu was noted as “one of its brightest lights”.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Born in Kolkata: Siddhartha Basu |url=https://daakbangla.com/english/born-in-kolkata-siddhartha-basu/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Daakbangla |language=en-US}}</ref> Basu returned to the stage decades later in [[Mahesh Dattani]]’s ''Dance Like a Man'', playing dual roles of Jayaraj and Amritlal in [[Prime Time Entertainment Network|Prime Time]]'s landmark production.<ref>[https://www.bcu.ac.in/documents/text%20book/English/2022/3rd-sem/Dance%20Like%20a%20Man-Stage%20Play-min.pdf] Dance Like a Man: A Stage Play in Two Acts</ref>

==Television career==
Through his college days and after, Basu was active on [[All India Radio]] as a [[Voice acting|voice over artist]], [[Radio personality|announcer]] and feature producer on its ''Yuva Vani'' and ''[[BBC World Service|General Overseas Services]]'' programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-06 |title=80 years of AIR: Legends and milestones |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/80-years-of-air-legends-and-milestones/story-fg9nhYC1ceqI1suLSuzb5N.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Shortly after completing his master’s degree, Basu also worked as a [[documentary film]]maker for TV News Features (TVNF) starting in 1977, for about 8 years, directing numerous short features and popular science films such as ''Life Before Birth, Avalanches, Frozen in Silver, Moving Images,'' and ''Reading Rhesus Macaques.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quintessential quizmaster Siddhartha Basu talks to t2oS about his journey and how he is negotiating the rapidly changing landscape of media and entertainment |url=https://t2online.in/screen/tv/quintessential-quizmaster-siddhartha-basu-talks-to-t2os-about-his-journey-and-how-he-is-negotiating-the-rapidly-changing-landscape-of-media-and-entertainment/337855 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pradip Krishen's journey from film to forest |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/two-roads-diverged |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>

He briefly worked as a 'cultural attache' for the [[Taj Hotels|Taj Group of Hotels]] from 1982-84. In 1985, he first hosted the inaugural "Quiz Time" programme on [[Doordarshan]]. It was a national inter-college quiz show, and featured notable contestants such as [[Rajdeep Sardesai]], [[Raghuram Rajan]], and [[Jayant Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-03 |title=Siddhartha Basu says knowledge is a great leveller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/The-mastermind/article14468983.ece |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It quickly became a Sunday evening favourite on Doordarshan’s national network, then the only nationwide channel in the country (which was terrestrial) and was credited with popularizing quizzing across the country.

Along with his wife, former India Today journalist Anita Kaul Basu, he formed the media company Synergy Communications Pvt. Ltd. in Delhi in 1988,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SYNERGY COMMUNICATIONS PVT LTD |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/SYNERGY-COMMUNICATIONS-PVT-LTD-U99999MH1985PTC036834 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=ZaubaCorp |language=en}}</ref> which in due course became Synergy Adlabs, then [[BIG Synergy]] - after its tie-up with [[Reliance MediaWorks|Reliance Mediaworks.]] Promoted by Siddhartha, Anita Kaul Basu, and Karun Prabhakaran, BIG Synergy built its reputation as a leader in the field of factual entertainment, starting off as one of the country's first independent television production houses.

Following three seasons of ''Quiz Time (1985, 1986 and 1988)'', Basu both hosted, produced, and directed a number of shows, namely ''The India Quiz - The New Age (1989)'' on Doordarshan'', India Quiz Series on Freedom at 50 (1990)'' on Doordarshan'', Alpha Plus (1987)'' on Doordarshan, ''Spectrum - A'' ''7-Nation'' ''SAARC Quiz (1987)'', ''Kissa Kursi Ka (1995)'', ''Akshar Mela (1995)'' on Doordarshan, ''The Beanstalk Quiz Summit'' (1997) on Doordarshan, ''Aao Guess Kare (1997)'' and, ''Jaane Kya Toone Kahi (1997) on Home TV'', ''A Question of Answers (1998)'' on [[Star World]], ''3... 2... 1... (1999)'', ''Eureka (1999)'' on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]], ''[[Mastermind India|Mastermind India (1998-2002)]]'' on [[BBC World]], ''Bluffmaster (2003)'' on [[Star One (TV channel)|Star One]], ''[[Kamzor Kadii Kaun]] (2003)'' on [[Star TV (India)|Star TV]], ''[[University Challenge]] India'' ''(2003-05)'' on BBC World, ''[[India's Child Genius]]'' (2004) on [[STAR World|Star World]], ''Howzzat (2004)'' on [[Tara TV|Tara Bangla]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-04-25 |title='Mastermind' Basu to host cricket quiz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mastermind-basu-to-host-cricket-quiz/articleshow/44419937.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Heartbeat – Dil Thhaam Ke Khelo (2005)'' on Star One'', Bollywood Ka Boss (2008)'' on [[Sahara Filmy]]'', [[10 Ka Dum|Dus Ka Dum]] (2008)'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'', [[Aap Ki Kachehri]] (2008–11)'' on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]'', [[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]] (2008)'' on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]'', [[Sacch Ka Saamna|Sach Ka Saamna]] (2009–12)'' on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]'', Khelo Jeeto Jiyo (2009)'' on Star TV'', Big Money (2010)'' on [[Imagine TV]]'', Sports Ka Superstar (2010)'' on [[Doordarshan]]'','' ''Jawab Kinte Chai (2012)'' on [[Sananda TV]]'', Tech Grandmasters (2012–13)'' on [[NDTV]]'', Spell Bee India (2014–15)'' on [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel India]]'', [[India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun?]] (2015)'' on [[&TV]]'', News Wiz (2016-19)'' on [[India Today]]'', The Big Picture (2021)'' on [[Colors TV]]'','' and ''[[Quizzer of the Year]] (2024)'' on [[SonyLIV]]'','' apart from the eight Indian regional adaptations of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' through the years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Judhajit |date=2012-12-05 |title=The riddler's next move |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/the-riddlers-next-move/100755 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=https://plus.google.com/107324234873078450867 |date=2015-08-21 |title=In conversation with Anita Kaul Basu |url=https://admin.indiantelevision.com/exec-life/people/talking-point/in-conversation-with-anita-kaul-basu-150821 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=admin.indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/t2-gets-some-answers-from-the-nbsp-ke-hobe-nbsp-banglar-kotipoti-men-mdash-prosenjit-and-siddhartha-basu/cid/1433096</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-01-17 |title=A pleasure to coach Bachchan, Ganguly, and Suresh Gopi: Siddhartha Basu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Jan/17/a-pleasure-to-coach-bachchan-ganguly-and-suresh-gopi-siddhartha-basu |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Basu's biggest television success came in the form of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati|Kaun Banega Crorepati (KBC)]]'', first produced for [[STAR Plus]] in 2000. ''KBC'', as the show is also known, is the licensed Indian version of the globally successful format ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'' with [[Bollywood]] star [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as its host. The second edition of the show began airing in August 2005 and notched up the highest-ever opening in the history of Indian television,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=V. Shankar NayarAnupama |date=2025-08-10 |title=From the India Today archives (2000) {{!}} Kaun Banega Crorepati: Big B's small-screen gamble 25 years ago |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2000-kaun-banega-crorepati-big-bs-small-screen-gamble-25-years-ago-2768914-2025-08-10 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> going on to sustain its position among the most-watched programmes in the country. The third series of ''Kaun Banega Crorepati'' was hosted by [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Throwback to the time when Shah Rukh Khan wanted to host Kaun Banega Crorepati till he was 60 like Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/throwback-to-the-time-when-shah-rukh-khan-wanted-to-host-kaun-banega-crorepati-till-he-was-60-like-amitabh-bachchan/articleshow/113111815.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in 2007. BIG Synergy produced the show till 2014, whereas Basu continued as a creative consultant on the show till 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati {{!}} Indian television show {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kaun-Banega-Crorepati |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-24 |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati: Throwback to when the Narula brothers won Rs 7 crore jackpot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaun-banega-crorepati-throwback-to-when-the-narula-brothers-won-rs-7-crore-jackpot/articleshow/122882820.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=Amitabh Bachchan panics, feels the pressure when KBC contestants give wrong answers: Siddhartha Basu says over Rs 200 cr has been given as prize money on show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-panics-when-kbc-contestants-give-wrong-answers-siddhartha-basu-200-cr-in-prize-money-8856125/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Amitabh Bachchan put one condition before he said yes to Kaun Banega Crorepati: Siddhartha Basu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-21-years-siddhartha-basu-amitabh-bachchan-7387705/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=2025-07-03 |title=KBC turns 25: Amitabh Bachchan-show was a media quake, says creator Siddhartha Basu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/amitabh-bachchan-kbc-was-a-media-quake-says-shows-producer-siddhartha-basu-exclusive-2749933-2025-07-03 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://archive.adgully.com/kbc-is-back-bigger-better-and-brighter-says-siddhartha-basu-55383.html</ref>

The first two seasons of Sony's hit show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'', the Indian version of [[BBC]]'s celebrity dance show, ''[[Strictly Come Dancing (franchise)|Strictly Come Dancing or Dancing with the Stars]]'', was produced by [[BIG Synergy]], as were the first two seasons of [[India's Got Talent]], on [[Colors TV]]. [[Big Synergy]] has also produced other landmark shows such as ''[[Aap Ki Kachehri|Aap Ki Kachehri - Kiran Ke Saath]]'' (hosted by [[Kiran Bedi]]), ''[[Sacch Ka Saamna]]'' and ''[[Dus Ka Dum]]'', with [[Salman Khan]] as host, on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-10-03 |title=In winning mode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/In-winning-mode/article16884570.ece |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

For two decades, Basu worked mainly behind the camera as Big Synergy’s CMD & creative head, but in 2024 he returned to hosting as the quizmaster of ''Quizzer of The Year (QOTY)'' on Sony LIV,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddhartha Basu, who created a buzz with his quiz shows, set to return as host after almost 20 years |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/siddhartha-basu-who-created-a-buzz-with-his-quiz-shows-set-to-return-as-host-after-almost-20-years20240413174602/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413140953/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/siddhartha-basu-who-created-a-buzz-with-his-quiz-shows-set-to-return-as-host-after-almost-20-years20240413174602/ |archive-date=2024-04-13 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> India’s first all-digital national quiz contest aimed at students in grades IX–XII. As Basu explained in an interview, the contest allowed anyone to play daily via a mobile app, adding points to a leaderboard, and eventually leading to a virtual faceoff. The contest aimed to “buttress a factual culture” among youth.<ref name=":0" /> He remarked that, after not hosting since 2005, the producers invited him to return for the finals, which brought him back in front of the camera.<ref name="Alexander">{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Deepa |date=2023-06-28 |title=Quizmaster Siddhartha Basu back in the spotlight with Sony Liv's 'Quizzer Of The Year' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/quizmaster-siddhartha-basu-back-in-the-spotlight-with-sony-livs-quizzer-of-the-year/article67014392.ece |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Beyond television, Basu and Anita have also launched Tree of Knowledge Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.toknowledge.com/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Tree of Knowledge |language=en}}</ref> (TOK),<ref>{{Cite web |title=TREE OF KNOWLEDGE DIGITAL PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/TREE-OF-KNOWLEDGE-DIGITAL-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U74999DL2018PTC334912 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=ZaubaCorp |language=en}}</ref> an edutainment venture focused on quizzes, e-learning and publishing. Basu, through TOK has produced ''News Wiz'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=exchange4media |date=2019-08-06 |title=India Today's News Wiz is back with Season 4 - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/india-todays-news-wiz-is-back-with-season-4-98635.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> ''The Indiannica Quiz League'' on [[YouTube]], ''Quizzer of the Year,'' and ''The Quizzitok Podcast'' on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWubJFQF4Wc&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF |title='Know For Sure' Quiz Contest ft. Siddhartha Basu {{!}} DPS Mathura Road {{!}} Inter-School {{!}} Special {{!}} |date=2025-03-19 |last=Quizzitok |access-date=2025-08-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soha Ali Khan Recalls Tiger Pataudi Locking The Phone, Saying Petrol Was Costly: 'I Wasn't Spoiled But...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/soha-ali-khan-recalls-tiger-pataudi-locking-the-phone-saying-petrol-was-costly-i-wasnt-spoiled-but-9232422.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Publications ==

Basu has authored and edited several books on [[quiz]]zing and [[general knowledge]]. Early in his career, he co-compiled ''Inquizitive – The India Quiz Book'' (1989). He published multiple volumes of ''Mastermind India'' (1999–2004) – tie-in books for the quiz show, and in 2010 he co-wrote ''Kaun Banega Crorepati: The Official Book''. Other titles include ''The Complete Mastermind India, Vol.1'' (2002), ''Indian Century'' (for ''[[DK (publisher)|DK]]'', 2018)<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2018-08-03 |title=KBC creator pens book on making of modern India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kbc-creator-pens-book-on-making-of-modern-india-118080300600_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023113556/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kbc-creator-pens-book-on-making-of-modern-india-118080300600_1.html |archive-date=2022-10-23 |access-date=2025-08-22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Pavni |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2018-08-03 |title=KBC creator, Siddhartha Basu pens book on making of modern India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/books-culture-kbc-creator-siddhartha-basu-pens-book-on-making-of-modern-india-456215 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=Finger on the Buzzer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/finger-on-the-buzzer-5389024/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and the ''Know for Sure'' and ''Knowledge Bee'' (for [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] India, which later was acquired by Indiannica Learning) [[general knowledge]] book series for school students. These publications reflect Basu’s commitment to promoting knowledge and quizzing as educational tools.

Basu has also engaged in digital and live quizzing. He continues to host or promote live quizzes across India (including for students, corporates, even inmates in Tihar jail<ref name=":1"/>) and to run online quiz leagues. His work is often described as building a “knowledge community and promoting factual culture” – connecting people of all ages through informed questioning. In podcasts and interviews he emphasizes quizzing’s breadth, rejecting the idea of it as mere “trivia” and aiming instead to foster curiosity about culture, history and science. In 2025, Basu appeared on [[Amit Varma (writer)|Amit Varma]]’s ''Seen and the Unseen'' podcast,<ref name=":2" /> where he was introduced as a “legend of the quizzing world” reflecting on life and the art of asking questions.

== App development ==
In 2023, Basu, the TOK team, and Sony Liv developed Quizzer of the Year (QOTY), an open quiz platform on the Sony Liv app. The application is designed as a scalable and flexible knowledge-based platform with feature-rich, interactive games suitable for multiple cohorts. Key features include instant leaderboards for benchmarking progress, multilingual support in English, Hindi, and other languages, detailed analysis and game reports for review, multimedia integration with audio, video, and images, batch registrations, and instant digital certificates and prizes.<ref name="Alexander"/>

== Film acting ==
Although known primarily for television, Basu has done a few character roles in Indian films. He made his on-screen acting debut as [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] Chief Robin Dutt (code-named “RD”) in [[Shoojit Sircar]]’s thriller ''[[Madras Cafe]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-10 |title=Look who's in the Café? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/look-whos-in-the-caf/article5009767.ece |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Vinayak |date=2013-08-23 |title=Movie review: Madras Cafe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/madras-cafe-review-174775-2013-08-22 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> (2013). He later played a barrister/mayor (Romi Mehta) in [[Anurag Kashyap]]’s ''[[Bombay Velvet]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-05 |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati producer Siddhartha Basu in Bombay Velvet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kaun-banega-crorepati-producer-siddhartha-basu-in-bombay-velvet/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (2015), and even portrayed the President of India in the Malayalam film ''[[How Old Are You (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' (2014) – a role that was reprised in the Tamil remake ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' (2015). Basu also appeared in the role of India’s External Affairs Minister in the 2017 blockbuster ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]''.<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tiger-39-s-back-with-swag/cid/1424249</ref>

In 2025, he made a cameo appearance in [[Boman Irani]]’s directorial debut ''[[The Mehta Boys]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Mehta Boys' movie review: Boman Irani owns this father-son drama |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-mehta-boys-movie-review-boman-irani-owns-this-father-son-drama-3395695 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

He is a creative consultant with [[Applause Entertainment]] on an epic web series about Mahatma Gandhi, directed by [[Hansal Mehta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittock |first=Jesse |date=2022-07-28 |title=Applause Entertainment Reunites With 'Scam 1992' Director Hansal Mehta And Siddhartha Basu As 'Gandhi' Drama Series Takes Shape |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/mahatma-gandhi-applause-entertainment-drama-series-hansal-mehta-scam-1992-siddartha-basu-1235077888/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-05 |title=Hansal Mehta to commence filming show on Mahatma Gandhi later this year: 'The preparation is going strong…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansal-mehta-to-commence-filming-on-series-gandhi-later-this-year-8364014/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Siddhartha Basu is married to Anita Kaul (now Anita Kaul Basu). Anita was a journalist with ''India Today'' (1983–88) before co-founding Synergy with Basu in 1988. The couple has two children: a son, Aditya, who works in the Hindi film industry; and a daughter, Medha, who has been working with international organizations in public policy and programmes. Basu often credits Anita for handling the business and logistics at Synergy, enabling him to focus on creative work.<ref name=":8" />

After decades leading BIG Synergy, Basu gradually stepped back from day-to-day management. In 2016, he officially relinquished his positions as Director, becoming a consultant and mentor, before signing off completely in 2018. Today, he is based in Delhi and remains active through Tree of Knowledge, DigiTOK and his quiz ventures. He is widely respected for his integrity and dedication: colleagues describe him as a “strict umpire” who insists on high standards, and media profiles emphasize his role in transforming quizzing from a niche pursuit into mainstream entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=Siddhartha Basu reveals the difference between Amitabh Bachchan and SRK as KBC hosts, says Dus Ka Dum cleaned up Salman's 'bad boy' image |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/siddhartha-basu-reveals-the-difference-between-amitabh-bachchan-and-shah-rukh-khans-hosting-log-amitji-ke-pairo-mein-aate-hai-aur-shah-rukh-ko-8854273/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards & recognition ==
In 2010, [[BIG Synergy]] was named '''"Production House of the Year"''' at the Indian Television Awards.

In 2011, the [[BIG Synergy]] team won the '''"Indian of the Year – Entertainment"''' award of [[CNN-IBN]].

== Legacy and influence ==

Over four decades, Siddhartha Basu has had a formative influence on Indian quizzing and television. He is often called the "Father of Indian TV quizzing"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quiz master Siddhartha Basu, who will host Sony Liv's Quizzer of the Year, says the show is unique in its premise and content |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/quiz-master-siddhartha-basu-who-will-host-sony-livs-quizzer-of-the-year-says-the-show-is-unique-in-its-premise-and-content-521751/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> for his role in creating, hosting and producing popular quiz programmes.

As journalist Udita Jhunjhunwala wrote in ''Mint'',<ref name=":1" /> Basu is "most famous for championing formats that test general knowledge", whether on TV or online.

In 2024, [[Amitabh Bachchan]] noted Basu's calm rigour behind the camera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-24 |title=KBC's producer Siddhartha Basu reveals how Amitabh Bachchan would panic when the contestant gave a wrong answer; shares ' People have won over Rs 200 crore on the show' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kbcs-producer-siddhartha-basu-reveals-how-amitabh-bachchan-would-panic-when-the-contestant-gave-a-wrong-answer-shares-people-have-won-over-rs-200-crore-on-the-show/articleshow/102083009.cms#:~:text=Siddhartha%20shared,%20,get%20tensed%20when%20the%20contestant |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Television credits ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year(s)
!Title
!Language
!Season(s)
!Host
!Producer
!Host (if others)
!Broadcaster
!Notes
|-
|1985–86, 1988
|''Quiz Time''
|English
|1–3
|Yes
|Yes
| -
|[[Doordarshan]]
|
|-
|1989
|''The India Quiz - The New Age''
|English
|1
|Yes
|Yes
| -
|[[Doordarshan]]
|
|-
|1990
|''India Quiz Series on Freedom at 50''
|English
|1
|Yes
|Yes
| -
|[[Doordarshan]]
|
|-
|1993
|''Alpha Plus''
|
|1
|No
|Yes
|Bhaskar Bhattacharya
|[[Doordarshan]]
|
|-
|1994
|''Spectrum - A 7-Nation SAARC Quiz''
|English
|1
|Yes
|Yes
| -
|[[Doordarshan]]
|
|-
|1995
|''Akshar Mela''
|Hindi
|1 - 2
|No
|Yes
|[[Joy Sengupta]], [[Divya Seth]]
|[[Doordarshan]]
|
|-
|1995
|''Manch Masala''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Ravi Baswani]]
|[[Doordarshan]] Metro
|
|-
|1997
|''The Beanstalk Quiz Summit''
|English
|1
|Yes
|Yes
| -
|[[Doordarshan]]
|
|-
|1997
|''Aao Guess Kare''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Divya Seth]]
|Home TV
|
|-
|1997
|''Jaane Kya Toone Kahi''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|Vandana Kilam, Ranganathan
| Home TV
|
|-
|1998
|''Kissa Kursi Ka''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Annu Kapoor]]
|Zee TV
|
|-
|1998
|''A Question of Answers''
|English
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Vir Sanghvi]]
|Star World
|
|-
|1998–2002
|''[[Mastermind (British game show)|Mastermind]] India''
|English
|1–5
|Yes
|Yes
| -
|BBC World
|
|-
|1999
|''3... 2... 1...''
|
|1
|yes
|Yes
|
|Star Plus
|
|-
|1999
|''Eureka''
|
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Partha Ghosh]]
|Star Plus
|
|-
|2000–2021
|''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]''
|Hindi
|1–13
|No
|Yes
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
|Star Plus / Sony TV
|
|-
|2003
|''Bluffmaster''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Vinod Sharawat]]
|Star One
|
|-
|2003
|''[[The Weakest Link (British game show)|Kamzor Kadii Kaun]]''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Neena Gupta]]
|Star Plus
|
|-
|2003–2004
|''[[University Challenge]] India''
|English
|1–2
|Yes
|Yes
| -
|BBC World
|
|-
|2004
|''India's Child Genius''
|English
|1
|Yes
|Yes
| -
|Star World
|
|-
|2004
|''Howzzat''
|Bengali
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[June Malia]], [[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Neel Mukherjee]]
|Tara Bangla
|
|-
|2005
|''Heartbeat – Dil Thhaam Ke Khelo''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Mohan Kapur]]
|Star One
|
|-
|2005
|''Style Today''
|English
|
|
|Yes
|Malvika Tiwari
|DD Metro
|
|-
|2006-07
|[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|''Jhalak Dikhla Jaa'']]
|Hindi
|2
|
|Yes
|[[Archana Puran Singh]], [[Parmeet Sethi]], [[Mona Singh]], [[Rohit Roy]]
|Sony Entertainment Television
|
|-
|2006-07
|''Mum Tum Aur Hum''
|Hindi
|2
|
|Yes
|[[Shruti Seth]]
|Star Plus
|
|-
|2006
|''Savithri''
|Hindi
|
|
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|2008
|''Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain''
|Hindi
|
|
|Yes
|[[Shernaz Patel]]
|Imagine TV
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Bollywood Ka Boss]]''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Boman Irani]]
|Sahara Filmy
|
|-
|2008
|''Jiya Jale''
|
|
|
|Yes
|[[Sriti Jha]], Saurabh Tiwari
|9X
|
|-
|2008
|''Champs''
|
|
|
|Yes
|
|Bindaas TV
|
|-
|2008-09
|''[[10 Ka Dum]]''
|Hindi
|2
|No
|Yes
|[[Salman Khan]]
|Sony TV
|
|-
|2008–2011
|''[[Aap Ki Kachehri]]''
|Hindi
|1–3
|No
|Yes
|[[Kiran Bedi]]
|Star Plus
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]]''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
|Star Plus
|
|-
|2009–12
|''[[Sacch Ka Saamna]]''
|Hindi
|1–2 -3
|No
|Yes
|[[Rajeev Khandelwal]]
|Star Plus
|
|-
|2009-10
|''[[India's Got Talent]]''
|Hindi
|
|
|Yes
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana|Ayushmann Khurana]], [[Nikhil Chinapa|Nikhil Chinappa]]
|Colors TV
|
|-
|2009
|''Khelo Jeeto Jiyo''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Soha Ali Khan]]
|Star TV
|
|-
|2010
|''Game Aadi Life Change Maadi''
|Kannada
|
|
|Yes
|[[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana Ramanna]]
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Big Money''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[R. Madhavan]]
|[[Imagine TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-24 |title=Maddie - Between big and small |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Maddie-Between-big-and-small/article16266636.ece |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''Vaazhvai Maatralam Vanga''
|Tamil
|
|
|Yes
|[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Dream Home Aadandi Life Marchukondi''
|
|
|
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Sports Ka Superstar''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Mini Mathur]]
|Doordarshan
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Simi Selects India's Most Desirable]]''
|English
|
|
|
|[[Simi Garewal]]
|Star World
|
|-
|2012
|''Foodistan''
|English
|
|
|Yes
|[[Ira Dubey]], [[Alyy Khan]]
|NDTV Good Times
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti]]''
|Bengali
|
|
|Yes
|[[Sourav Ganguly|Saurav Ganguly]]
|Mahua Bangla
|
|-
|2012
|''Jawab Kinte Chai''
|Bengali
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Mir Afsar Ali]]
|Sananda TV
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Ke Bani Crorepati]]''
|Bhojpuri
|
|
|Yes
|[[Shatrughan Sinha]]
|Mahua Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2012
|[[Hindustan Ke Hunarbaaz|''Hindustan ke Hunarbaaz'']]
|Hindi
|
|
|Yes
|Paras Tomar
|Life OK
|
|-
|2012
|''Laakhon Mein Ek''
|Hindi
|
|
|Yes
|
|Star Plus
|
|-
|2012–13
|''Tech Grand Masters''
|English
|1–2
|No
|Yes
|[[Rajiv Makhni]]
|NDTV
|
|-
|2014
|''Connexions''
|Tamil
|
|
|Yes
|[[K. P. Jagan|Jagan]]
|Star Vijay
|
|-
|2014
|''Connexions''
|Telugu
|
|
|Yes
|
|Maa TV
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|Yes
|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Chiranjeevi]]
|Maa TV
|
|-
|
|''[[Kannadada Kotyadhipati]]''
|Kannada
|
|
|Yes
|[[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Ramesh Aravind|Ramesh Arvind]]
|Star [[Star Suvarna|Suvarna]]
|
|-
|2012-13, 2015, 2017
|''[[Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran]]''
|Malayalam
|1-4
|
|Yes
|[[Suresh Gopi]]
|Asianet
|
|-
|2012-13, 16
|''[[Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi]]''
|Tamil
|1-3
|
|Yes
|[[Suriya]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Arvind Swamy]]
|Star Vijay
|
|-
|2014–15
|''Spell Bee India''
|English
|1–3
|No
|Yes
|[[Soha Ali Khan]]
|Discovery Channel
|
|-
|2013-23
|''[[Kon Honar Crorepati]]''
|Marathi
|1
|
|Yes
|[[Sachin Khedekar]]
|[[ETV Marathi|Colors Marathi]], [[Sony Marathi]]
|
|-
|2015
|''[[India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun?]]''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
|[[&TV]]
|
|-
|2015-16
|[[Sell Me the Answer (Indian game show)|''Sell Me The Answer'']]
|Malayalam
|2
|No
|Yes
|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|-
|2015
|''Fastest Family First - Adi Mone Buzzer''
|Malayalam
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Govind Padmasoorya]]
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-15 |title=GP's next show titled 'Fastest Family First' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gps-next-show-titled-fastest-family-first/articleshow/49748328.cms |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2016–19
|''News Wiz''
|English
|1–4
|No
|Yes
|[[Rajdeep Sardesai]]
|India Today TV
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Kus Bani Koshur Karorpaet]]''
|Kashmiri
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Rayees Mohiuddin]]
|Doordarshan Kashir
|
|-
|2019
|''The Lallantop Quiz''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Saurabh Dwivedi]]
|
|
|-
|2021
|''The Big Picture''
|Hindi
|1
|No
|Yes
|[[Ranveer Singh]]
|Colors TV
|
|-
|2024
|[[Quizzer of the Year|''Quizzer of the Year (QOTY)'']]
|English
|1
|Yes
|Yes
| -
|SonyLIV
|
|}

==Books==
* ''Inquizitive'' -''The India Quiz Book''. Seagull Books Pvt. Ltd., 1989. {{ISBN|81-7046-067-0}}
* ''Mastermind India with Siddhartha Basu''. Teksons Bookshop in association with BBC Worldwide Ltd, 1999. {{ISBN|0-563-55197-6}}.
* ''Mastermind India 2''. Penguin Books India in association with BBC Worldwide, 2000. {{ISBN|0-141-00462-2}}.
* ''Mastermind India 3''. Penguin Books India in association with BBC Worldwide, 2001. {{ISBN|0-14-302768-9}}.
* ''The Complete Mastermind India, Vol. 1''. Penguin Books India, 2002. {{ISBN|0-67-004948-4}}.
* ''Mastermind India 4''. Penguin Books India and BBC Worldwide, 2003. {{ISBN|014302940-1}}.
* ''Mastermind India 5''. Penguin Books India and BBC Worldwide, 2004. {{ISBN|0-14-303051-5}}.
* ''Kaun Banega Crorepati - The Official Book''. Rupa, 2010. {{ISBN|978-81-291-1686-4}}
* ''Know for Sure (Volume 1-8)''. Encyclopædia Britannica South Asia. {{ISBN|81-8131-262-7}}.
* ''Indian Century.'' Dorling Kindersley Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 2018 {{ISBN|978-0-2413-1747-1}}.
* ''Knowledge Bee (Volume 1-8).'' Indiannica Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2024. {{ISBN|978-81-962974-3-5}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
|-
|2013 || ''[[Madras Cafe]]'' || Robin Dutt (RD), R&AW Chief|| [[Hindi]]
|-
|2014 || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' ||rowspan=2|President of India || [[Malayalam]]
|-
|2015 || ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2015 || ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' || Romi Mehta, Barrister & Mayor of Bombay|| [[Hindi]]
|-
|2017||''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]] ''|| Indian Minister of External Affairs || [[Hindi]]
|-
|2025||''[[The Mehta Boys]] ''|| Saumik Sen, Amay's boss and head of Sen & Sons || [[Hindi]]
|}

== Podcasting ==
Siddhartha Basu is the host of ''The Quizzitok Podcast'', streaming on [[YouTube]] and [[Spotify]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Episode
!Guest(s)
!Note
!Link
|-
|1
|[[Joy Bhattacharjya]]
|Joy Bhattacharjya discusses his journey in Indian sports, quizzing, and storytelling. Topics include Shahrukh Khan's leadership in the IPL, the growth of volleyball in India, and the enduring importance of general knowledge
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wApDxeumrcs&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=1&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|2
|Rajiv Makhni
|Rajiv Makhni, India’s best-known tech presenter, talks about his journey from a tech-obsessed childhood to becoming the country’s “Tech Guru.” He shares why he calls himself an “Un-Influencer,” reflects on digital overload, and stresses the need for mindful tech detox.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xX9fihHN_8&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=2&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|3
|Archana G. Gupta, K.E. Priyamvada, Dayita B. Datta
|Three powerhouse quizzers—Archana Garodia Gupta, Priyamvada K.E., and Dayita Bira Datta—come together to share what it takes to win Mastermind India. They take us inside the rigors of the Mind Sport, from late-night reading marathons to razor-sharp recall under pressure. Each shares her personal journey of mastering the format and making a lasting mark on the quizzing world.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5tix-M4pQY&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=3&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|4
|[[Vikas Swarup]]
|Vikas Swarup delves into the making of 'Slumdog Millionaire,' his experiences with Somali pirates, and the life lessons he's learned along the way.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUzMdRdLatg&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=4&pp=iAQB0gcJCa0JAYcqIYzv}}
|-
|5
|Col. Vembu Shankar
|Colonel Vembu Shankar, a decorated Indian Army veteran and Shaurya Chakra awardee, joins Siddhartha Basu to explore themes of courage, curiosity, and service. He shares his transition from military life to quizzing and how he founded Project Sambandh, a non-profit rooted in community empowerment—revealing the deeper purpose behind his journey
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rh4IABC0oU&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=5&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|6
|[[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]]
|Derek O’Brien shares insights into his family's legacy in quizzing, the evolution of TV quiz shows, and how quizzing has transformed from a parlor game to a national movement.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lubhmixRox8&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=6&pp=iAQB0gcJCa0JAYcqIYzv}}
|-
|7
|[[Devdutt Pattanaik]]
|Devdutt Pattanaik explores the concept of Ahimsa, the role of mythology in modern life, and how ancient stories can provide insights into contemporary issues.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cs3as4VBYo&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=7&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|8
|[[Rajdeep Sardesai]]
|Veteran journalist Rajdeep Sardesai reflects on his cricket heritage stemming from his legendary father Dilip Sardesai, and discusses how sports influenced his worldview. The episode also dives into his experiences covering major elections, highlighting the rising tide of misinformation and the evolving landscape of Indian democracy.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-SkT05wl4I&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=8&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|9
|[[Shashi Tharoor]]
|Dr. Shashi Tharoor engages in a delightful conversation about language, literature, and global issues, sharing his perspectives as a diplomat, author, and politician.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqNyMKZc6k0&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=9&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|10
|[[Vir Sanghvi]]
|Vir Sanghvi discusses his journey in journalism and food writing, sharing stories from his illustrious career and insights into the art of storytelling.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C10uAWSoA3Q&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=10&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|11
|[[Ramachandra Guha]]
|Historian and author Dr. Ramachandra Guha brings his deeply reflective insight to a conversation that spans his fascination with Gandhi, the significance of cricket in Indian culture, and the intellectual path that shaped his career. The episode weaves together personal anecdotes and historical perspective, painting a rich portrait of modern Indian history
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4F48ajnOmE&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=11&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|12
|[[Soha Ali Khan]]
|Soha Ali Khan offers a candid conversation about her journey from Oxford to Bollywood, discussing her experiences beyond the glitz of the film industry and the weight of royal heritage.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSiJny2zoIA&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=13&pp=iAQB}}
|-
|13
|Arun Kapur
|Arun Kapur shares his experiences in education, discussing his work at Vasant Valley School, his insights into the educational system in Bhutan, and his vision for the future of education.
|{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mCxaN-WiOo&list=PLWpusqroxIdO6LjqA8kh6p_ez7hlX3bBF&index=14&pp=iAQB}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thedelhiwalla.com/2008/01/23/bombay-is-now-my-karmabhoomi-not-delhi-exclusive-interview-with-siddhartha-basu-indias-no-1-quiz-master/ Interview with Siddhartha Basu, India's No. 1 Quiz Master] ''23 January 2008''.
* {{IMDb name|1504630}}
* [http://www.bigsynergy.tv/ BIG Synergy, website]
* [https://www.toknowledge.com/ Tree of Knowledge, website]

{{authority control}}

{{BIG Synergy}}
{{Mastermind}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Siddhartha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian television executives]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

2019 Delhi factory fire

2026-03-09T00:04:14Z

Rajan Singh: starting new data

{{Short description|Conflagration in India}}
{{Old news|date=March 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2019 Delhi fire
| image =
| image_size =
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2019|12|08}}
| time = 4:45–5:00 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| venue = Luggage bag factory
| place = Anaj Mandi area, [[Delhi]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6594|N|77.2046|E|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| reported death(s) = 43
| reported injuries = 56+
| cause = 
| notes =
}}
{{Location map|India Delhi|lat_deg=28.6594|lon_deg=77.2046|caption=Location of the fire in Delhi}}
On 8 December 2019, a fire occurred at a factory building in Anaj Mandi area of [[Delhi]], India. At least 43 people died and more than 56 were injured.<ref name="indiatoday combustible" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-fire-accident-43-dead-as-fire-engulfs-factory-building-in-delhis-anaj-mandi-area/articleshow/72421986.cms|title=Delhi fire: 43 dead as fire engulfs factory building in Delhi's Anaj Mandi area|last=Chand|first=Sakshi|date=2019-12-08|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

The fire started at a workshop that produced school bags and shoes.<ref name="NDTV43dead" /> The [[Delhi Fire Service]] (DFS) received a call for help around 5:22 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] and reached the location within five minutes, but their entry to the building was prevented by the intensity of the fire and blockages to the entry points. Gas cutters had to be employed to remove the iron grilles. Thirty-five [[fire engine]]s extinguished the fire<ref name="NDTV43dead" /> with an estimated 150 firemen involved who were able to rescue 63 people. A team from the [[National Disaster Response Force]] was deployed to assist the fire department in the rescue work.

According to the police, most of the people who died were labourers who had been sleeping inside the factory. Doctors stated that deaths were due to asphyxiation caused by [[smoke inhalation]] and [[carbon monoxide poisoning]]. The cause of the fire is being investigated. A preliminary investigation and eye witness claims have suggested an electrical [[short circuit]] may have been the cause.

The factory was operating in a residential area and according to the local fire chief, the building lacked a proper fire license, and its use as a factory was illegal. The [[Delhi Police]] Crime Branch is investigating the case, and the owner of the building and his manager were arrested on the day of the fire. [[Arvind Kejriwal]], chief minister of Delhi, announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on|year=2020}} to the [[next of kin]] of each person that died and {{INRConvert|1|l|lk=off|year=2020}} for the injured. Whereas, [[Narendra Modi]], prime minister of India, also declared a compensation of {{INRConvert|2|l|lk=on|year=2020}} lakhs rupees for dead and {{INRConvert|50|k|lk=on|year=2020}} thousand rupees for the injured.<ref name="ElkeesMedia">{{cite news |first1=Lalit|last1=Sharma|title=Delhi Fire Update: 43 people died in the fire, factory owner arrested and… |url=https://www.elkeesmedia.com/news/delhi-fire-update-43-people-died-in-the-fire-factory-owner-arrested-11672.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807215443/https://www.elkeesmedia.com/news/delhi-fire-update-43-people-died-in-the-fire-factory-owner-arrested-11672.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 August 2020 |work=ElkeesMedia.com |date=9 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>

== Fire ==
The fire occurred at the {{Convert|600|sqft|sqm|abbr=on}} plot of a luggage bag factory in the Anaj Mandi area of Central Delhi in the early morning of 8 December 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="NDTV43dead" /><ref name=":1" /> At least 100 people were sleeping inside the factory, of whom more than 60 were rescued.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |title=Dozens dead in Delhi bag factory fire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50703659 |access-date=8 December 2019 |date=8 December 2019}}</ref> According to a report from ''[[The Hindu]]'', the fire started in the second floor of the building and quickly spread to the third and fourth floor where the workers had been sleeping.<ref name="bbc" /> The residents of the first two floors were able to escape, but those on the third and the fourth floors were trapped, since the fire blocked their exit and the windows had iron grilles over them.<ref name="death chamber">{{Cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Saurabh |title=Delhi Anaj Mandi fire tragedy: Workers trapped in death chamber with no escape |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anaj-mandi-fire-tragedy-workers-trapped-in-death-chamber-with-no-escape/article30238989.ece |access-date=8 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=8 December 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

One worker made a phone call to his family from the building and stated that they were trapped by the fire and there was no way to escape.<ref name="NDTVLastCall">{{Cite news |first1=Mukesh|last1=Singh Sengar|editor1-first=Vaibhav|editor1-last=Tiwari|title="Brother, Going To Die Today": Delhi Fire Victim In Last Phone Call |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-fire-news-delhi-fire-victim-in-last-phone-call-brother-going-to-die-today-2145403 |access-date=8 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=8 December 2019}}</ref>

==Rescue==
The [[Delhi Fire Service]] (DFS) received a call for help around 5:22 am IST ([[UTC+05:30]]).<ref name=":0" /> According to the first responders of the DFS, they had reached the location within five minutes, but their entry to the building was prevented by narrow passageways and the intensity of the fire.<ref name="death chamber" /> A total of thirty five [[fire engine]]s reached the area and eventually doused the fire.<ref name="NDTV43dead" /><ref name=":0" />

A firefighter stated that the entry from the terrace was blocked by the locked doors, and that the windows had iron grilles. Gas cutters were employed to remove the grilles.<ref name="death chamber" /> The lane leading to the main entrance was congested and could only allow the entry of one fire engine at a time. A second staircase in the building was blocked with stacks of raw materials for the factory.<ref name="death chamber" />

An estimated 150 firemen were involved in the rescue operation and rescued 63 people.<ref name="indiatoday combustible" />

A [[National Disaster Response Force]] team was deployed to assist the fire department in the rescue work. The NDRF team had searched the factory for any remaining trapped victims<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |first1=Rajendra|last1=Jadhav|editor1-first=Himani|editor1-last=Sarkar|title=Fire at New Delhi factory kills 43 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-fire/fire-at-new-delhi-factory-kills-43-idUSKBN1YC036 |accessdate=8 December 2019 |work=Reuters |date=8 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and swept the area with gas detectors.<ref name="NDTV NDRF">{{cite news |editor1-first=Chandrashekar|editor1-last=Srinivasan|title=Delhi Factory Where 43 Died In Fire Was Illegal, Didn't Have Clearances |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-fire-news-delhi-factory-where-43-died-in-fire-was-illegal-didnt-have-clearances-2145363 |accessdate=8 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> According to the NDRF deputy commander, the third and fourth floors were filled with smoke and the levels of hazardous [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) were found to be very high.<ref name="NDTVLastCall" />

==Victims==
Forty-three people died and more than 56 were injured. Two fire fighters were also injured in the incident.<ref name="indiatoday combustible">{{cite news |last1=P |first1=Tanushree |last2=Sharma |first2=Puneet Kumar |title=Delhi fire: Building did not have fire clearance, stored combustible material |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-fire-building-did-not-have-fire-clearance-stored-combustible-material-1626476-2019-12-08 |accessdate=8 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=8 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> According to fire and police officials, the injured were shifted to [[Lady Hardinge Hospital]], [[RML Hospital]], [[Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narayan Hospital|LNJP Hospital]], and [[Hindu Rao Hospital]].<ref name="NDTV43dead" /><ref name=":1" />

An LNJP Hospital official stated that thirty-four people were brought dead to the hospital''',''' with [[smoke inhalation]] being the primary cause of the death. Some of the bodies were charred. He added that among the fifteen injured, nine were under observation.<ref name=":1" />

According to the police, most of the dead were labourers who were sleeping inside the factory and died due to [[asphyxia]]tion.<ref name="NDTV43dead">{{cite news |title=43 Dead In Fire At Luggage Factory In Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal Visits Site |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/32-dead-in-fire-at-factory-in-delhi-news-agency-ani-2145193 |accessdate=8 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/08/india/india-delhi-fire-intl-hnk/index.html|title=At least 43 killed in Delhi factory fire|author=Swati Gupta and Vedika Sud|website=CNN|date=8 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

==Investigation==
The state government ordered an investigation and a report be delivered within seven days.<ref name=":0" /> The cause of the fire is still unknown and is being investigated. According to eye witnesses and the preliminary police investigation, an electrical short circuit was the probable cause.<ref name="bbc" /> A police official added that a large amount of plastic stored in the premises led to smoke after the fire started. The smoke caused asphyxiation and death among the residents.<ref name="NDTV43dead" />

The luggage bag factory was operating in a residential area.<ref name="NDTV43dead" /> According to the local fire chief, the building lacked a proper fire licence and its use as a factory was illegal.<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="indiatoday combustible" /> The [[Delhi Police]] filed a case against the two owners of the factory and assigned it to the Crime Branch for investigation.<ref name="NDTVCutting">{{cite news |title=Rescuers Seen In Video Cutting Through Wall Of Burning Building In Delhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/rescuers-seen-in-video-cutting-through-wall-of-burning-building-in-delhi-2145299 |accessdate=8 December 2019 |work=NDTV |date=8 December 2019}}</ref> The owner of the building and his manager were arrested on the same day under IPC sections 304 (culpable homicide not amounting to murder) and 285 (negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter).<ref name="OwnerArrested">{{cite news |title=Delhi fire tragedy: building owner and his manager arrested |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-fire-tragedy-building-owner-and-his-manager-arrested/article30237895.ece |accessdate=8 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=8 December 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The government of Delhi stated that [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] (MoHUA) of the Central [[Government of India]] had "minted false claims" about the Delhi factory fire to hide the "corruption and inefficiency of the municipal corporation".<ref name="NDTV centre" /> It also alleged that the MoHUA was defending the illegal factory.<ref name="NDTV centre">{{cite news |title=Centre ''Minted False Claims To Hide Corruption'' In Fire Tragedy: Delhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-minted-false-claims-to-hide-corruption-in-fire-tragedy-delhi-2145531 |accessdate=9 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> The Delhi Fire service had stated that the factory had no fire clearance or permits to operate and was illegal, and that safety equipment was unavailable.<ref name="News18Forget">{{cite news |title='Will Never Forget What I Saw': Eyewitnesses Recount Horror of Delhi Blaze That Killed 43 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/will-never-forget-what-i-saw-eyewitnesses-recount-horror-of-delhis-anaj-mandi-blaze-that-killed-43-2416685.html |accessdate=9 December 2019 |work=News18 |date=9 December 2019}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] tweeted about the incident, calling it "extremely horrific", and announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|2|l}} to [[next of kin]] of each person that died and {{INRConvert|50000}} for the injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/delhi-factory-fire-pm-modi-announces-rs-2-lakh-for-families-of-killed-4834841.htm|title=Delhi factory fire: PM Modi announces Rs 2 lakh for families of killed|website=cnbctv18.com|date=8 December 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref><ref name="NDTV43dead" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-fire-anaj-mandi-news-updates-rani-jhansi-road-factory-lnjp-hospital-jhandewalan-narendra-modi-arvind-kejriwal-2416101.html|title=Delhi Fire Incident Extremely Horrific, Says PM Modi; Kejriwal Rushes to Site to Take Stock|website=News18|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]], the chief minister of state, reached on site to make overall assessment, and announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|10|l}} to next of kin of each person that died and {{INRConvert|1|l}} for the injured.<ref name="NDTV43dead" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] state president, announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|5|l}} to the next of kin of each person that died and {{INRConvert|25000}} to those who were injured.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Dec 2019|first1=Times Now {{!}} 08|title=Delhi fire: BJP will give Rs 5 lakh compensation, says Manoj Tiwari|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-fire-bjp-will-give-rs-5-lakh-compensation-says-manoj-tiwari/videoshow/72424458.cms|access-date=2019-12-09|last2=Ist|first2=02:17 Pm |date=8 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/delhi-fire-bjp-announces-compensation-of-rs-5-lakhs-to-kin-of-deceased-95644.htm|title=Delhi fire: BJP announces compensation of Rs 5 lakhs to kin of deceased|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>

Fireman Rajesh Shukla was praised by the state Home Minister [[Satyendra Jain]] for rescuing 11 people. Shukla was an early responder and entered the building to rescue people without waiting for backup to arrive. He suffered bone injuries and was admitted to LNJP Hospital for treatment.<ref name="NDTVHero">{{cite news |title="Real Hero": Minister Showers Praise On Delhi Fireman Who Saved 11 People |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/anaj-mandi-fire-delhi-fireman-saves-11-people-earns-minister-satyendra-jains-praise-2145314 |accessdate=8 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi factory fire, 2019}}
[[Category:2019 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2019 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2019 industrial disasters]]
[[Category:2010s in Delhi|2019 factory fire]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in Delhi]]
[[Category:December 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Factory fires]]
[[Category:Industrial fires and explosions in India]]
[[Category:Urban fires in Asia]]

London Dreams

2026-03-03T11:52:51Z

Rajan Singh: updated details

{{Short description|2009 Bollywood musical drama film directed by Vipul Shah}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = London Dreams
| image = londondreamsfilm.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vipul Shah]]
| producer = Vipul Shah
| story = {{Plainlist|
* Suresh Nair
* Ritesh Shah
}}
| screenplay = Suresh Nair
| starring = {{Plainlist|

*[[Salman Khan]]
* [[Ajay Devgn]]
* [[Asin]]
* [[Aditya Roy Kapur]]
* [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]]
* [[Om Puri]]
}}
| music = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cinematography = [[Sejal Shah]]
| editing = [[Amitabh Shukla]]
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Blockbuster Movie Entertainers
* Headstart Films
* Intech
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|10|30}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}45 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=149|title=London Dreams – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}41.31 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''''London Dreams''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[drama film]] directed and produced by [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]. The film stars [[Salman Khan]], [[Ajay Devgn]], and [[Asin]] in lead roles.The film had a worldwide release on 30 October 2009 and was a commercial failure. It marks the second collaboration between Devgn and Khan after ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999).

==Plot==
The story revolves around two childhood friends, Arjun Joshi and Mannjeet "Mannu"Khosla. When Arjun was 17 years old, he was more focused on becoming a singer, but his father disagreed; therefore, he began praying for his death so he could go to London. The only one who consoled him was his 15-year-old friend Mannu. After Arjun's father dies, he finally travels to London with his uncle, whom he later runs away from after arriving.

Arjun, now 35 years old, creates a fledgling band with Zoheb and Wasim, two brothers who duped their relatives in [[Pakistan]] to travel to London in pursuit of their musical aspirations. He also brings aboard Priya Zaveri, a music enthusiast from a conservative South Indian family. Back in [[India]], Mannu seduces married women and finds himself in debt with the locals.

After paying his debt, Mannu goes to London to join Arjun's band, but becomes more popular with the crowds, whilst also flirting with Priya. The band embarks on a three-city tour spanning [[Paris]], [[Rome]], and [[Amsterdam]], where Arjun deceives a naive Mannu into a rollercoaster ride of promiscuous sex and illicit drugs. He tricks him, gets him addicted to drugs, and then gets him arrested in a car full of them. While pretending to help Mannu, Arjun leaks the drug story to the press. As the three-city tour concludes, the band heads to London to perform at [[Wembley Stadium]] in front of an audience estimated at 90,000 (which is of significance since, earlier in the movie, the viewer is told that Arjun's grandfather had failed before a similarly huge audience).

Knowing how important this is for Arjun, Mannu tries to give up drugs. But Arjun decides that his success and Mannu's total failure are related. He pays a girl to pretend to have oral sex with Mannu, which makes Priya break up with Mannu. In this fragile state, Zoheb pushes Mannu toward drugs again, and his mental state is now so fragile that he can't face appearing on stage. In the moments leading up to the stage entrance, Mannu comes to senses and chooses the righteous path and runs to support his mate.

But Arjun, who has become incensed with the crowd chanting Mannu's name, confesses his envy of Mannu's talent and what he did to finish Mannu off. The audience boos Arjun, the show ends in chaos, the band breaks up, and a sad Mannu eventually returns to his village. Arjun's uncle advises him to apologize to Mannu. Then it is revealed that after knowing the truth, Priya and Mannu reconcile. Also, she marries Mannu and lives with him in his village. In the village, however, Mannu tells him not to apologize, saying that it was his fault that he didn't see Arjun's sorrow, and Priya also pardons Arjun for his wrong deeds. They get back together, and London Dreams becomes a successful band again.

==Cast==
* [[Salman Khan]] as Manjeet "Mannu" Khosla
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Arjun Joshi
* [[Asin]] as Priya Zaveri
* [[Om Puri]] as Kanjeshwar Joshi, Arjun's uncle
* [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] as Wasim Khan, Zoheb's brother
* [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]] as Zoheb Khan, Wasim's brother
* Ajay Kalyansingh as Office Worker

== Production ==
In 2000, [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] planned a film titled ''Rashque.'' The film was reportedly set to star [[Aamir Khan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]]. However, the project never materialised. Years later, the film was remade as ''London Dreams,'' with a new cast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/when-aamir-srk-almost-got-together/story-QnFohfIB0fYOjyewnSpLKM.html|title=When Aamir, SRK almost got together!}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''London Dreams'' received mixed to negative reviews from critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] praised the performance of the principal cast, while criticizing the climax.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12833/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008105847/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12833/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2008 |title=London Dreams |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=30 October 2009}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] gave a scathing review of the movie, describing it as a "good film about foolish people."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-london-dreams-is-a-foolish-film/104300-17.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103022637/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-london-dreams-is-a-foolish-film/104300-17.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2009 |title=Masand's movie review: London Dreams is a foolish film |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref> Chandrima Pal of [[Rediff]] criticized the background music of the movie, while praising the dialogues, as well as Ajay Devgan's performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/oct/30/review-london-dreams.htm |title= London Dreams needs a reality check |publisher=[[Rediff]] |accessdate=30 October 2009}}</ref> Noyon Jyoti Parasara of [[AOL]] said "The last twenty minutes of ‘London Dreams’ take away half its spirit."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aol.in/bollywood-story/london-dreams-movie-review/645552 |title= London Dreams review}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|London Dreams (soundtrack)}}
Music was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] with lyrics written by [[Prasoon Joshi]].
The song style is generally rock inspired to match the motifs in the movie. "Khanabadosh", "Shola Shola", "Barso Yaaron", "Khwab" and "Man Ko Ati Bhavey Saiyaan" were very popular songs; "Man Ko Ati Bhavey" and "Khanabadosh" being the most popular ones.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0486615|London Dreams}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
[[Category:2000s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:2009 musical films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]
[[Category:Films about substance abuse]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]

Free Software Users Group, Thiruvananthapuram

2026-03-01T11:26:34Z

Rajan Singh: added a page.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
The origins of the Free software community in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be traced back to the group of [[TeX]] users around the [[University of Kerala]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://swatantryam.blogspot.in/2007/08/story-of-free-software-in-kerala-india.html|title=Free as in Freedom: The Story of Free Software in Kerala, India|website=swatantryam.blogspot.in|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> in early 1980s. The community then later named themselves Thiruvananthapuram LUG (Indian Linux Users Group),<ref name=":0" /> GNU/Linux Users Group, Thiruvananthapuram<ref name="A celebration of software freedom">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1342429.ece|title=A celebration of software freedom|date=2008-09-21|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> and then ultimately<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/ilug-tvm/b1UJd2QrbNA/4_qfRKCe28cJ|title=Google Groups|website=groups.google.com|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> '''Free Software Users Group, Thiruvananthapuram'''. The community has worked with the government in helping with key Free software initiatives<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/wp-content/uploads/CaseStudy_GovKerala1.pdf|title=Legislators in Kerala, India work better with Ubuntu laptops|last=|first=|date=|website=Ubuntu Case Studies|publisher=Ubuntu|access-date=}}</ref> in the government and also in promoting<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article154103.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819174928/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article154103.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2016|title=Spreading the glow of free software|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> and supporting<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.technoparktoday.com/keralas-first-gnulinux-install-fest-on-12-april-2008-in-trivandrum/|title=Kerala's First GNU/Linux Install Fest on 12-April-2008 in Trivandrum|date=2008-04-10|website=TechnoparkToday.com - Technopark Life, News, Jobs, Events & Lifestyle!|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> Free software among the general public.<ref name="CM to open free software meet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article13363.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819175802/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article13363.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2016|title=CM to open free software meet|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> The community has also been instrumental<ref name=":0" /> in creating an IT policy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/46696/IT%20Policy%202007|title=Kerala State IT Policy 2007|last=|first=|date=|website=Government of Kerala|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223203233/http://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/46696/IT%20Policy%202007|url-status=dead}}</ref> favorable to Free software in the state of [[Kerala]].

== Main Activities ==

=== Free software install fests ===
One of the organized activities of the community was to organize GNU/Linux install fests in and around the city. These were usually organized in educational institutions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article40338.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819183423/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article40338.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2016|title=Linux Install Fest at Dishaa '09|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> or public places<ref name=":2" /> where the general public could bring their computers to get a GNU/Linux distribution installed on them. As GNU/Linux distributions became more and more easy to be installed and configured the community has stopped organizing these.

=== Developer camps ===
The group has also worked with [[Swathanthra Malayalam Computing|SMC]] in organizing developer camps<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131016/news-current-affairs/article/malayalam-computing-has-come-age|title=Malayalam computing has come of age|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2016-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006094324/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131016/news-current-affairs/article/malayalam-computing-has-come-age|archive-date=6 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> in Thiruvananthapuram and outside. During developer camps developers are given hands-on experience in working with Free software tools and primarily around localization initiatives which SMC is involved with.

=== Software / Hardware Freedom Day ===
The Free software community in Thiruvananthapuram has also been involved in organizing Software Freedom Day celebrations<ref name="A celebration of software freedom"/><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://keralabiznews.com/2489/open-source-proponents-in-trivandrum-celebrate-software-freedom-day|title=Open source proponents in Trivandrum celebrate Software Freedom Day|date=2014-09-26|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> and Hardware Freedom Day celebrations<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entecity.com/news/trivandrum-to-observe-hardware-freedom-day/|title=Trivandrum to observe Hardware Freedom Day|date=2013-04-19|website=EnteCity News|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/hardware-freedom-day-fete-today/article4635906.ece|title=Hardware Freedom Day fete today|date=2013-04-20|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> in the city.

=== Free software release parties ===
The community has also organized release parties<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Free-Software-Enthusiasts-Celebrate-Ubuntu-10.04-Release|title=Free Software Enthusiasts Celebrate Ubuntu 10.04 Release - Trivandrum News {{!}} Yentha.com|website=www.yentha.com|access-date=2016-08-08|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818112217/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Free-Software-Enthusiasts-Celebrate-Ubuntu-10.04-Release|url-status=dead}}</ref> to celebrate the release of the different Free software like Ubuntu,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://keralaitnews.com/4373/free-software-ug-celebrate-ubuntu-release|title=Free Software UG celebrate Ubuntu release|date=2010-05-02|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> Firefox etc.

== Key Initiatives ==

=== Free software install fest at Technopark ===
One of the first large-scale events organized by the community was a week long Free Software Install Fest<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fsf.org.in/gnu-linux-install-fest|title=GNU/Linux Install Fest — Free Software Foundation of India|website=fsf.org.in|access-date=2016-08-08|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811215858/http://fsf.org.in/gnu-linux-install-fest|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zyxware.com/articles/2008/08/17/gnu-linux-install-fest-and-free-software-seminar-series-at-technopark-trivandrum|title=GNU / Linux Install Fest and Free Software Seminar Series at Technopark, Trivandrum|date=2008-08-17|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.technoparktoday.com/technopark-gnulinux-install-fest-program-schedules/|title=Technopark GNU/Linux Install Fest – Program Schedules|date=2008-08-22|website=TechnoparkToday.com - Technopark Life, News, Jobs, Events & Lifestyle!|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/linux-install-fest-at-technopark/article1322461.ece|title=Linux Install Fest at Technopark|date=2008-08-24|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> at [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram]] organized in 2008. The event was co-organized by SPACE, [[Zyxware Technologies]] and [[Kerala State IT Mission]]

=== Creating India's first Freedom Toaster ===
The community worked together with Zyxware Technologies to create India's first [[Freedom Toaster]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/free-software-vending-machine/article1330298.ece|title=Free software vending machine|date=2008-09-01|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/software-vending-machine-at-technopark/article1331417.ece|title=Software vending machine at Technopark|date=2008-09-03|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> which is a kiosk which can vend Free software CDs and DVDs. The Freedom toaster was made available at Technopark<ref name=":3" /> and at different engineering colleges to make available its services to the public.

=== Organizing Freedom Walk ===
The Free Software Users Group, Thiruvananthapuram along with Free software communities across Kerala<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/freedom-walk|title=Freedom Walk: A walk to claim, ensure and preserve freedom — Free Software Foundation — working together for free software|website=www.fsf.org|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> and Zyxware Technologies<ref name="Freedom Walk, rooted in IT">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/freedom-walk-rooted-in-it/article1331738.ece|title=Freedom Walk, rooted in IT|date=2008-09-05|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> organized a 44-day [[peace walk]] called [[Peace walk|Freedom Walk]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/long-walk-to-freedom/article1430325.ece|title=Long walk to freedom|date=2008-12-01|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> Three volunteers from the community walked from Kasargod to Thiruvananthapuram covering all 14 districts in the state on foot and conducted Free software events in schools and colleges to promote the message and philosophy of Free software.<ref name="Freedom Walk, rooted in IT"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article4970.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819183034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article4970.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2016|title=A walk for freedom|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref>

=== Organizing Free Software Free Society conferences ===
The community has been jointly involved with organizing of the Free Software Free Society conferences<ref name="CM to open free software meet"/> conducted by the [[government of Kerala]] through [[ICFOSS]] and SPACE.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
# [[Free software in Kerala]]
# [[Free software in India]]
# [[ICFOSS]]
# [[Swathanthra Malayalam Computing|SMC]]
# SPACE
# [[Free software movement]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Software}}
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:Software industry in India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Information technology organisations based in India]]

Peopling of India

2026-02-28T15:25:42Z

Rajan Singh: adding new entry - done

{{Short description|Immigration patterns of different lineages of people of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}

[[File:Migraciones humanas en haplogrupos de ADN-Y.PNG|thumb|320px|Successive dispersal of human lineages during the peopling of [[Afro-Eurasia]].]]

The '''peopling of India''' refers to the migration of ''[[human|Homo sapiens]]'' into the [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Early modern human|Anatomically modern humans]] settled India in multiple waves of [[early human migrations|early migrations]], over tens of millennia.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/migrant-nation |title=Migrant Nation |date=13 February 2019 }}</ref> The first migrants came with the [[Southern Dispersal|Coastal Migration/Southern Dispersal]] 65,000 years ago, whereafter complex migrations within South and Southeast Asia took place. West Asian [[Iranian hunter-gatherers]] migrated to South Asia after the [[Last Glacial Period]] but before the onset of farming. Together with ancient South Asian hunter-gatherers they formed the population of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (IVC). The population of the IVC was the result of mixing between Iranian hunter gatherers and Ancient Ancestral South Indian (AASI).

With the decline of the IVC, and the migration of [[Indo-European migrations|Indo-Europeans]], the IVC-people contributed to the formation of both the Ancestral North Indians ("ANI"), who were related to contemporary [[genetic history of Europe|West Eurasians]], and the Ancestral South Indians ("ASI"), who were formed out of "''Indus Periphery''-related groups" who moved south and mixed further with local hunter-gatherers. These two ancestral populations, ASI and ANI, mixed somewhere between 1,900-4,200 years ago, after which a switch to endogamy took place. After the fall of the IVC there was significant southward migration of the IVC people, these groups are considered the ancestors of modern day Dravidians.<ref name="Perur2">[https://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Press_files/Fountain%20Ink%20-%20December%202013%20-%20Cover.pdf Srinath Perur, ''The origins of Indians. What our genes are telling us.'', Fountain Ink] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073824/https://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Press_files/Fountain%20Ink%20-%20December%202013%20-%20Cover.pdf|date=2016-03-04}}

Quote: "Sometime between 1,900 to 4,200 years ago, profound, pervasive convulsive mixture occurred, affecting every Indo-European and Dravidian group in India without exception."</ref> The intermixing between ASI and ANI groups was substantial and affected both modern Indo-European populations as well as the Dravidian populations in the subcontinent. While the migrations of the [[Munda peoples|Munda people]] and the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan-speaking]] people from [[East Asia]] also added new elements.

==First modern human settlers==
{{Main|Recent African origin of modern humans}}
{{See also|Paleolithic}}
{{Further|Behavioral modernity}}

===Pre- or post-Toba===
The dating of the earliest successful migration of modern humans out of [[Africa]] is a matter of dispute.{{sfn|Appenzeller|2012}} It may have pre- or post-dated the [[Toba catastrophe theory|Toba catastrophe]], a volcanic [[Supervolcano|super eruption]] that took place between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago at the site of present-day [[Lake Toba]]. According to Michael Petraglia, stone tools discovered below the layers of ash deposits in India at [[Jwalapuram]], Andhra Pradesh point to a pre-Toba dispersal. The population who created these tools is not known with certainty as no human remains were found.{{sfn|Appenzeller|2012}} An indication for post-Toba is [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|haplogroup L3]], that originated before the dispersal of humans out of Africa, and can be dated to 60,000–70,000 years ago, "suggesting that humanity left Africa a few thousand years after Toba."{{sfn|Appenzeller|2012}}

====Impact====
It has been hypothesized that the [[Toba catastrophe theory|Toba supereruption]] about 74,000 years ago destroyed much of India's central forests, covering it with a layer of volcanic ash, and may have brought humans worldwide to a state of near-extinction by suddenly plunging the planet into an ice-age that could have lasted for up to 1,800 years.<ref name="sciencedaily2009hds">{{cite journal | title=Supervolcano Eruption – In Sumatra – Deforested India 73,000 Years Ago | date=24 November 2009 | access-date=1 March 2011 | journal=ScienceDaily | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091123142739.htm | quote=''... new study provides "incontrovertible evidence" that the volcanic super-eruption of Toba on the island of Sumatra about 73,000 years ago deforested much of central India, some 3,000 miles from the epicenter ... initiating an "Instant Ice Age" that – according to evidence in ice cores taken in Greenland – lasted about 1,800 years ...''}}</ref> If true, this may "explain the apparent [[population bottleneck|bottleneck in human populations]] that geneticists believe occurred between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago" and the relative "lack of genetic diversity among humans alive today".<ref name="sciencedaily2009hds"/>

Since the Toba event is believed to have had such a harsh impact and "specifically blanketed the Indian subcontinent in a deep layer of ash", it was "difficult to see how India's first colonists could have survived this greatest of all disasters".<ref name="ref59movel">{{cite book|last=Oppenheimer Chaudhuri|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_zwAAAAMAAJ|title=Out of Eden: the peopling of the world|date=2004|publisher=Robinson|isbn=978-1-84119-894-1|quote=}}</ref> Therefore, it was believed that all humans previously present in India went extinct during, or shortly after, this event and these first Indians left "no trace of their DNA in present-day humans" – a theory seemingly backed by genetic studies.<ref name="ref67curug">{{cite book | title=The evolution and history of human populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics | first1 = Michael D. | last1 = Petraglia | first2 = Bridget | last2 = Allchin | name-list-style = vanc | publisher=Springer, 2007 | isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC | quote=... had H. sapiens colonized India before the eruption? The majority of genetic evidence seems to suggest that the initial colonization of India took place soon after the Toba event. It should be noted, however, that on the basis of this evidence, the hypothesis that modern human populations inhabited India before ~74ka and underwent extinction as a result of Toba cannot be ruled out. If population extinction occurred, there would be no trace of their DNA in present-day humans ...|date=22 May 2007 }}</ref>

====Pre-Toba tools====
Research published in 2009 by a team led by Michael Petraglia of the [[University of Oxford]] suggested that some humans may have survived the hypothesized catastrophe on the Indian mainland. Undertaking "[[Pompeii]]-like excavations" under the layer of Toba ash, the team discovered tools and human habitations from both before and after the eruption.<ref name="oxford2009jhs">{{cite web | title=New evidence shows populations survived the Toba super-eruption 74,000 years ago | publisher=University of Oxford | date=22 February 2009 | access-date=1 March 2011 | url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_releases_for_journalists/100222_1.html | quote=... Newly discovered archaeological sites in southern and northern India have revealed how people lived before and after the colossal Toba volcanic eruption 74,000 years ago. The international, multidisciplinary research team, led by Oxford University in collaboration with Indian institutions, has uncovered what it calls 'Pompeii-like excavations' beneath the Toba ash ... suggests that human populations were present in India prior to 74,000 years ago, or about 15,000 years earlier than expected based on some genetic clocks,' said project director Dr Michael Petraglia ... | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230210026/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_releases_for_journalists/100222_1.html | archive-date=30 December 2010 }}</ref> However, human fossils have not been found from this period, and nothing is known of the ethnicity of these early humans in India.<ref name="oxford2009jhs"/> Recent research also by Macauly et al. (2005){{who|date=August 2023}}<ref name="Bradshaw-migration" /> and Posth et al. (2016),{{sfn|Posth|Renaud|Mittnik|Drucker|2016}} also argue for a post-Toba dispersal.<ref name="Bradshaw-migration">[http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/science-magazine.php Bradshaw Foundation, ''Human Migration'']</ref>
Early [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]] hominin fossils have been found in the Narmada valley of Madhya Pradesh. Some have been dated to 200- 700,000 BP. It is uncertain what species they represent.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kennedy KA, Sonakia A, Chiment J, Verma KK | title = Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus? | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | pages = 475–96 | date = December 1991 | pmid = 1776655 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330860404 | bibcode = 1991AJPA...86..475K }}</ref>

====Post-Toba Southern Coastal dispersal====
{{further|Southern dispersal}}
[[File:Early migrations mercator.svg|thumb|Map of the peopling of the world by early humans during the [[Upper Paleolithic]].]]
By some 70-50,000 years ago,<ref name="Hirst">{{cite web | url = http://archaeology.about.com/od/sterms/qt/southern_disper.htm | first = K. Kris | last = Hirst | name-list-style = vanc | title = Southern Dispersal Route – Early Modern Humans Leave Africa | work = About.com | access-date = 27 March 2016 | archive-date = 3 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103173325/http://archaeology.about.com/od/sterms/qt/southern_disper.htm }}</ref>{{sfn|Posth|Renaud|Mittnik|Drucker|2016}}<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, Rootsi S, Ilumäe AM, Mägi R, Mitt M, Pagani L, Puurand T, Faltyskova Z, Clemente F, Cardona A, Metspalu E, Sahakyan H, Yunusbayev B, Hudjashov G, DeGiorgio M, Loogväli EL, Eichstaedt C, Eelmets M, Chaubey G, Tambets K, Litvinov S, Mormina M, Xue Y, Ayub Q, Zoraqi G, Korneliussen TS, Akhatova F, Lachance J, Tishkoff S, Momynaliev K, Ricaut FX, Kusuma P, Razafindrazaka H, Pierron D, Cox MP, Sultana GN, Willerslev R, Muller C, Westaway M, Lambert D, Skaro V, Kovačevic L, Turdikulova S, Dalimova D, Khusainova R, Trofimova N, Akhmetova V, Khidiyatova I, Lichman DV, Isakova J, Pocheshkhova E, Sabitov Z, Barashkov NA, Nymadawa P, Mihailov E, Seng JW, Evseeva I, Migliano AB, Abdullah S, Andriadze G, Primorac D, Atramentova L, Utevska O, Yepiskoposyan L, Marjanovic D, Kushniarevich A, Behar DM, Gilissen C, Vissers L, Veltman JA, Balanovska E, Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Metspalu A, Fedorova S, Eriksson A, Manica A, Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Veeramah KR, Bradman N, Hammer MF, Osipova LP, Balanovsky O, Khusnutdinova EK, Johnsen K, Remm M, Thomas MG, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Willerslev E, Nielsen R, Metspalu M, Villems R, Kivisild T | display-authors = 6 | title = A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture | journal = Genome Research | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 459–66 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25770088 | pmc = 4381518 | doi = 10.1101/gr.186684.114 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Jones AL, Connell BA, Arciero E, Yang H, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C | display-authors = 6 | title = A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa | journal = Genetics | volume = 212 | issue = 4 | pages = 1421–1428 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31196864 | pmc = 6707464 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.119.302368 }}</ref> only a small group, possibly as few as 150 to 1,000 people, crossed the Red Sea.<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |first=Gary |last=Stix | name-list-style = vanc |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-migration-history-of-humans|title=The Migration History of Humans: DNA Study Traces Human Origins Across the Continents|website=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> The group that crossed the Red Sea travelled along the coastal route around the coast of [[Arabia]] and [[Persia]] until reaching India, which appears to be the first major settling point.<ref name="pmid15339343">{{cite journal | vauthors = Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, Kaldma K, Serk P, Karmin M, Behar DM, Gilbert MT, Endicott P, Mastana S, Papiha SS, Skorecki K, Torroni A, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 5 | article-number = 26 | date = August 2004 | issue = 1 | pmid = 15339343 | pmc = 516768 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-5-26 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2004BMCGe...5...26M }}</ref> Geneticist [[Spencer Wells]] says that the early travellers followed the southern coastline of Asia, crossed about {{convert|250|km|0|abbr=out}} of sea, and colonized Australia by around 50,000 years ago. The [[Australian Aborigines|Aborigines of Australia]], Wells says, are the descendants of the first wave of migrations.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7358868.stm |title= Human line 'nearly split in two' |publisher= BBC News |date= 24 April 2008 | access-date=31 December 2009 | first=Paul | last=Rincon | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref>

The oldest definitively identified Homo sapiens fossils yet found in South Asia are [[Balangoda Man]]. Named for the location in Sri Lanka where they were discovered, they are at least 28,000 years old.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deraniyagala|first=Siran U.| name-list-style = vanc |date=1 June 1989|title=Fossil Remains of 28,000-Year-Old Hominids from Sri Lanka|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=30|issue=3|pages=394–399|doi=10.1086/203757|s2cid=144744380|issn=0011-3204}}</ref>

Theories around [[Indigenous Aryanism]] are popular among certain [[Hindutva]] circles, and do not have any support in peer-reviewed literature.<ref>"Hindutva thinkers propagate an Out of India theory, which stipulates that Sanskrit-speaking Aryans originated in India and from there traveled to the rest of the world. As Tony Joseph has pointed out, the Out of India theory lacks support from even "a single, peer-reviewed scientific paper" and is best considered nothing "more than a kind of clever and angry retort." {{harvcol|Trushcke|2020|p=4}}</ref>

===AASI===
Narasimhan et al. (2018) introduced the term AASI, "Ancient Ancestral South Indian"{{refn|group=note|ASI was synonymous to AASI before 2018.{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}}} (AASI) for these oldest human inhabitants, which were possibly distantly related to the common ancestors of [[Genetic history of East Asians|East-Eurasians]] such as Andaman Islanders (such as the [[Onge]]), East Asians, and Australian Aboriginals.{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009|p=40}}<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moorjani P, Thangaraj K, Patterson N, Lipson M, Loh PR, Govindaraj P, Berger B, Reich D, Singh L | display-authors = 6 | title = Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 422–38 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23932107 | pmc = 3769933 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006 }}</ref>{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016|p=1598}}{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019|p=9}} According to Narasimhan et al. (2019), "essentially all the ancestry of present-day eastern and southern Asians (prior to West Eurasian-related admixture in southern Asians) derives from a hypothetical single eastward spread, which gave rise in a short span of time to the lineages leading to AASI, East Asians, Onge, and Australians.",{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2018}} a lineage often referred to as "East-Eurasians".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=2022-01-06 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=http://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |article-number=0001 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005|doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Relation to Andaman Islanders====
{{see also|Andaman Islands|Andamanese people|Sentinelese people|Sentinelese language}}

Several genetic studies have found evidence of a distant common ancestry between native Andaman Islanders and the AASI/ASI ancestral component found in South Asians.{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009|p=40}} Modern South Asians have not been found to carry the paternal lineages common in the Andamanese, which has been suggested to indicate that certain paternal lineages may have become extinct in India, or that they may be very rare and have not yet been sampled.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Endicott P, Gilbert MT, Stringer C, Lalueza-Fox C, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Cooper A | title = The genetic origins of the Andaman Islanders | language = en | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 178–84 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12478481 | pmc = 378623 | doi = 10.1086/345487 | bibcode = 2003AmJHG..72..178E }}</ref> Chaubey and Endicott (2013) further noted that "Overall, the Andamanese are more closely related to Southeast Asian Negritos than they are to present-day South Asians."<ref name="Chabey-Endicott2103">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chaubey G, Endicott P | title = The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia | journal = Human Biology | volume = 85 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 153–72 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24297224 | doi = 10.3378/027.085.0307 | s2cid = 7774927 | url = https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Chaubey and Endicott (2013):<ref name="Chabey-Endicott2103" />
* "these estimates suggest that the Andamans were settled less than ~26 ka and that differentiation between the ancestors of the Onge and [[Great Andamanese]] commenced in the Terminal Pleistocene." (p.167)
* "In conclusion, we find no support for the settlement of the Andaman Islands by a population descending from the initial out-of-Africa migration of humans, or their immediate descendants in South Asia. It is clear that, overall, the Onge are more closely related to Southeast Asians than they are to present-day South Asians." (p.167)}}

Shinde et al. 2019 found either Andamanese or East Siberian hunter-gatherers fit as proxy for AASI "due to shared ancestry deeply in time."{{sfn|Shinde|2019}} According to Yelmen et al. (2019) the native South Asian genetic component (AASI) is distinct from the Andamanese and not closely related, and that the Andamanese are thus an imperfect and imprecise proxy for AASI. According to Yelmen et al, the Andamanese component (represented by the Andamanese Onge) was not detected in the northern Indian [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], and thus it is suggested that the South Indian tribal [[Paniya people]] (who are believed to be of largely AASI ancestry) would serve as a better proxy than the Andamanese (Onge) for the "native South Asian" component in modern South Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yelmen|first1=Burak|last2=Mondal|first2=Mayukh|last3=Marnetto|first3=Davide|last4=Pathak|first4=Ajai K.|last5=Montinaro|first5=Francesco|last6=Gallego Romero|first6=Irene|last7=Kivisild|first7=Toomas|last8=Metspalu|first8=Mait|last9=Pagani|first9=Luca|date=1 August 2019|title=Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=36|issue=8|pages=1628–1642|doi=10.1093/molbev/msz037|pmid=30952160|pmc=6657728|issn=0737-4038}}</ref>

According to Narasimhan et al. (2019), the "AASI" component in South Asians shares a common root with the Andamanese (as exemplified by the Onge) and is distantly related to the Onge (Andamanese), as well as to East Asians, and Aboriginal Australians (with those groups and the AASI sharing a deep ancestral split around the same time),{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019|p=9}} which would place them in the East-Eurasian lineage.

====Relation to "Negritos"====
{{see also|Negrito|Andaman Islands|Andamanese people}}

The present-day Andamese are considered to be part of the "[[Negrito]]s", several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of southeast Asia.<ref>Snow, Philip. ''The Star Raft: China's Encounter With Africa.'' Cornell University Press, 1989 ({{ISBN|0801495830}})</ref> Based on their physical similarities, Negritos were once considered a single population of related people, but the appropriateness of using the label 'Negrito' to bundle together peoples of different [[ethnicity]] based on similarities in stature and complexion has been challenged.<ref name=Manickham-2009>{{cite book|last=Manickham|first=Sandra Khor|editor=Hägerdal, Hans|title=Responding to the West: Essays on Colonial Domination and Asian Agency|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Onr3-thtL2MC&pg=PA69|year=2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8964-093-2|pages=69–79|chapter=Africans in Asia: The Discourse of 'Negritos' in Early Nineteenth-century Southeast Asia}}</ref> Recent research suggests that the Negritos include several separate groups, as well as demonstrating that they are not closely related to the Pygmies of Africa.<ref>S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), ''New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory'' (2017), [https://books.google.com/books?id=CDDFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 p. 92].</ref>

According to Vishwanathan et al. (2004), the typical "negrito" features could also have been developed by [[convergent evolution]].{{sfn|Vishwanathan|2004}} According to Gyaneshwer Chaubey and Endicott (2013), "At the current level of genetic resolution, however, there is no evidence of a single ancestral population for the different groups traditionally defined as 'negritos'."<ref name="Chabey-Endicott2103" /> Basu et al. 2016 concluded that the Andamanese have a distinct ancestry and are not closely related to other South Asians, but are closer to Southeast Asian Negritos, indicating that South Asian peoples do not descend directly from "Negritos" as such.{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016|p=1594}}

===Sri Lankan Vedda===
{{see also|Vedda}}

Groups ancestral to the modern [[Vedda people|Veddas]] were probably the earliest inhabitants of Sri Lanka. Their arrival is dated tentatively to about 40,000–35,000 years ago. They are genetically distinguishable from the other peoples of Sri Lanka, and they show a high degree of intra-group diversity. This is consistent with a long history of existing as small subgroups undergoing significant [[genetic drift]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deraniyagala SU | title = Pre-and protohistoric settlement in Sri Lanka. | journal = XIII UISPP Congress Proceedings | date = September 1996 | volume = 5 | pages = 277–285 | url = http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dera1.html }}</ref><ref name="Ranaweera_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ranaweera L, Kaewsutthi S, Win Tun A, Boonyarit H, Poolsuwan S, Lertrit P | title = Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: their relations within the island and with the Indian subcontinental populations | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–36 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24196378 | doi = 10.1038/jhg.2013.112 | s2cid = 41185629 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A 2013 study by Raghavan et al. showed that the Vedda are closely related to other groups in Sri Lanka and [[India]], especially to [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] and [[Tamils]]. They additionally found deep relations between the indigenous Vedda and other South Asian populations with the modern populations of [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa|Northern Africa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raghavan |first1=Pathmanathan |last2=Bulbeck |first2=David |last3=Pathmanathan |first3=Gayathiri |last4=Rathee |first4=Suresh Kanta|date=2013|title=Indian Craniometric Variability and Affinities|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2013|article-number=836738|doi=10.1155/2013/836738|issn=2090-8032|pmc=3886603|pmid=24455409|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Latest Glacial Maximum==
{{main|Holocene|Neolithic|Neolithic Revolution}}

After the [[Last Glacial Period]], human populations started to grow and migrate. With the invention of agriculture, the so-called Neolithic revolution, larger numbers of people could be sustained. The use of metals ([[copper]], [[bronze]], [[iron]]) further changed human ways of life, giving an initial advance to early users, and aiding further migrations, and admixture.

According to Silva et al. (2017), multiple waves of migration from western Eurasia took place after the last Ice Age, both before and after the advent of farming in South Asia.{{sfn|da Silva|2017}} According to Narasimhan et al. (2019), people related to Iranian hunter-gatherers were present in South Asia before the advent of farming. They mixed with Ancestral Ancient South Asians (AASI) to form the Indus Valley population. With the decline of the IVC after 1900 BCE and the arrival of the Indo-Aryans, IVC-people mixed with incoming Indo-Aryans, forming the Ancestral North Indians (ANI). Other IVC-people mixed with AASI forming the Ancestral South Indians (ASI).{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Metspalu et al.|2011}}{{sfn|Moorjani et al.|2013}}

These two ancestral groups mixed in India between 4,200 and 1,900 years ago (2200 BCE – 100 CE), whereafter a shift to [[endogamy]] took place,{{sfn|Moorjani et al.|2013}} possibly by the enforcement of "social values and norms" during the Hindu [[Gupta Empire|Gupta rule]].{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016|p=1598}} Reich et al. stated that "ANI ancestry ranges from 39–71% in India, and is higher in traditionally upper caste, [[Martial Race|martial races]] and Indo-European speakers.
".{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}}

Basu et al. (2016) note that mainland India harbors two additional distinct ancestral components which have contributed to the gene pools of the [[Indian subcontinent]],{{refn|group=note|Basu et al. (2016): "By sampling populations, especially the autochthonous tribal populations, which represent the geographical, ethnic, and linguistic diversity of India, we have inferred that at least four distinct ancestral components—not two, as estimated earlier have contributed to the gene pools of extant populations of mainland India."{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016|p=1598}}}} namely Ancestral Austro-Asiatic (AAA) and Ancestral Tibeto-Burman (ATB).{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016|p=1598}}

==Pre-Indo Aryan West Eurasian ancestry==
===Pre-farming Iranian hunter-gatherers===
{{Main|Iranian hunter-gatherers}}

Narasimhan et al. (2019) and Shinde et al. (2019) conclude that west Eurasian ancestry was already present before the advent of farming in South Asia.{{sfn|da Silva|2017}}{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}{{refn|group=note|According to Narasimhan et al. (2019) Iranian farmer related people arrived before 6000 BCE in Pakistan and north-west India, before the advent of farming in northern India. They suggest the possibility that this "Iranian farmer–related ancestry [...] was [also] characteristic of northern Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers."{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019|p=11}}}}

Metspalu et al. (2011) detected a genetic component in India, k5, which "distributed across the Indus Valley, Central Asia, and the Caucasus".{{sfn|Metspalu et al.|2011|pp=734–735}} According to Metspalu et al. (2011), k5 "might represent the genetic vestige of the ANI", though they also note that the geographic cline of this component within India "is very weak, which is unexpected under the ASI-ANI model", explaining that the ASI-ANI model implies an ANI contribution which decreases toward southern India.{{sfn|Metspalu et al.|2011|p=739}} According to Metspalu et al. (2011), "regardless of where this component was from (the Caucasus, Near East, Indus Valley, or Central Asia), its spread to other regions must have occurred well before our detection limits at 12,500 years."{{sfn|Metspalu et al.|2011|p=740}}

Speaking to Fountain Ink, Metspalu said, "the West Eurasian component in Indians appears to come from a population that diverged genetically from people actually living in Eurasia, and this separation happened at least 12,500 years ago."<ref group=web name=Perur />{{refn|group=note|Note that according to Jones et al. (2015), Caucasian Hunter Gatherers and "the ancestors of Neolithic farmers" split circa 25,000 years ago: "Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) belong to a distinct ancient clade that split from western hunter-gatherers ~45 kya, shortly after the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Europe and from the ancestors of Neolithic farmers ~25 kya, around the Last Glacial Maximum. CHG genomes significantly contributed to the Yamnaya steppe herders who migrated into Europe B3,000 BC, supporting a formative Caucasus influence on this important Early Bronze age culture."{{sfn|Jones|2016}}}} Moorjani et al. (2013) refer to Metspalu (2011){{refn|group=note|The reference is to a "recent study", and gives Kivisild et al. (1999). Kivisild (1999) does not mention the number 12,500, nor does it explicitly make such a statement. What it does state is that western-Eurasian and Indian mtDNA lineages overlap in haplogroup U;{{sfn|Kivisild et al.|1999|p=1331}} that the split between the western-Eurasian and Indian U2 lineages appeared circa 53,000 ± 4,000 years before present;{{sfn|Kivisild et al.|1999|p=1331}} and that "despite their equally deep time depth, the Indian U2 has not penetrated western Eurasia, and the European U5 has almost not reached India."{{sfn|Kivisild et al.|1999|p=1332}} They further note that wester-Eurasian mtDNA lineages did spread in India at the time of the spread of agricultural crops from the fertile Crescent.{{sfn|Kivisild et al.|1999|pp=1332–1333}} Metspalu et al. (2011) ''do'' refer to 12,500 years ago.{{sfn|Metspalu et al.|2011|p=740}} Apparently, the reference to Kivisld (1999) is incorrect, and was not noticed by the authors.}} as "fail[ing] to find any evidence for shared ancestry between the ANI and groups in West Eurasia within the past 12,500 years".{{sfn|Moorjani et al.|2013|p=430}} CCMB researcher Thangaraj believes that "it was much longer ago", and that "the ANI came to India in a second wave of migration{{refn|group=note|After the initial settlement of India by the ASI.}} that happened perhaps 40,000 years ago."<ref group=web name=Perur>[https://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Press_files/Fountain%20Ink%20-%20December%202013%20-%20Cover.pdf Srinath Perur (December 2013), ''The origins of Indians. What our genes are telling us.'', Fountain Ink] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073824/http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Press_files/Fountain%20Ink%20-%20December%202013%20-%20Cover.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Possible migration of Indian Neolithic farmers===
[[File:Centres of origin and spread of agriculture.svg|thumb|upright=2.0|Map of the world showing approximate centres of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory]]
According to Gallego Romero et al. (2011), their research on lactose tolerance in India suggests that "the west Eurasian genetic contribution identified by Reich et al. (2009) principally reflects gene flow to Iran and the Middle East."{{sfn|Metspalu et al.|2011|p=9}} Gallego Romero notes that Indians who are lactose-tolerant show a genetic pattern regarding this tolerance which is "characteristic of the common Indian
mutation."<ref name="ScienceLife2011">{{cite journal |last=Mitchum |first=Rob |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 September 2011 |title=Lactose Tolerance in the Indian Dairyland |url=https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/gastrointestinal-articles/2011/september/lactose-tolerance-in-the-indian-dairyland |journal=ScienceLife |publisher=UChicago Medicine}}</ref> According to Romero, this suggests that "the most common lactose tolerance mutation made a two-way migration out of the Middle East less than 10,000 years ago. While the mutation spread across Europe, another explorer must have brought the mutation eastward to India – likely traveling along the coast of the Persian Gulf where other pockets of the same mutation have been found."<ref name="ScienceLife2011" />

According to Broushaki et al. (2016), evidence indicates that the Neolithic farmer component forms the main ancestry of many modern South Asians. These Neolithic farmers migrated from the [[Fertile Crescent|fertile crescent]], most likely from a region near the [[Zagros Mountains]] in modern day Iran, to South Asia some 10,000 years ago.<ref>F. Broushaki et al. Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent. Science, 2016 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf7943</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160714151201.htm|title=Prehistoric genomes from the world's first farmers in the Zagros mountains reveal different Neolithic ancestry for Europeans and South Asians|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref>

Mehrgarh (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE), to the west of the [[Indus River]] valley,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4882968.stm |title=Stone age man used dentist drill | work = BBC News | date = 6 April 2006 }}</ref> is a precursor of the Indus Valley Civilisation, whose inhabitants migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation.{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=17}} It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite web | work = UNESCO World Heritage | date = 2004 | url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1876/ | title = Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Hirst | first = K. Kris | name-list-style = vanc | date = 2005 | url = http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/mehrgarh.htm | title = Mehrgarh | work = Guide to Archaeology | access-date = 26 March 2016 | archive-date = 18 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170118071157/http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/mehrgarh.htm }}</ref> According to Lukacs and Hemphill, while there is a strong continuity between the Neolithic and [[Chalcolithic]] (Copper Age) cultures of Mehrgarh, dental evidence shows that the Chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh,{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=114}} which "suggests moderate levels of gene flow."{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=114}} They further noted that "the direct lineal descendents of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, in northwestern India and the western edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]]", with Neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with Chalcolithic [[Inamgaon]], south of Mehrgarh, than with Chalcolithic Mehrgarh.{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=114}}

===Indus Valley Civilisation ===
{{Main|Indus Valley Civilisation|Mehrgarh}}

Shinde et al. (2019) and Narasimhan et al. (2019), analysing remains from the Indus Valley civilisation (of parts of Bronze Age Northwest India and East Pakistan) and "outliers" from surrounding cultures, conclude that the IVC-population was a mixture people related to Iranian herders and AASI:{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}
{{blockquote|The only fitting two-way models were mixtures of a group related to herders from the western Zagros mountains of Iran and also to either Andamanese hunter-gatherers or East Siberian hunter-gatherers (the fact that the latter two populations both fit reflects that they have the same phylogenetic relationship to the non-West Eurasian-related component likely due to shared ancestry deeply in time){{sfn|Shinde|2019}}}}

According to Shinde et al. (2019) about 50–98% of the IVC-genome came from people related to early Iranian farmers, and from 2–50% of the IVC-genome came from native South Asian hunter-gatherers sharing a common ancestry with the Andamanese.{{sfn|Shinde|2019}} Narasimhan et al. (2019) found the IVC-genome to consist of 45–82% Iranian farmer-related ancestry and 11–50% AASI (Andamanese-related hunter-gatherer) ancestry.{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}} Narasimhan et al. (2019) conclude that the Iranian farmer-related ancestry is related to but distinct from Iranian agri-culturalists, lacking the Anatolian farmer-related ancestry which was common in Iranian farmers after 6000 BCE.{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019|p=11}}{{refn|group=note|Narasimhan et al.: "[One possibility is that] Iranian farmer–related ancestry in this group was characteristic of the Indus Valley hunter-gatherers in the same way as it was characteristic of northern Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers. The presence of such ancestry in hunter-gatherers from Belt and Hotu Caves in northeastern Iran increases the plausibility that this ancestry could have existed in hunter-gatherers farther east."{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019|p=11}} Shinde et al. (2019) note that these Iranian people "had little if any genetic contribution from ... western Iranian farmers or herders";{{sfn|Shinde|2019|p=6}} they split from each other more than 12,000 years ago.{{sfn|Shinde|2019|p=4}} See also Razib Kkan, [https://www.gnxp.com/WordPress/2019/09/05/the-day-of-the-dasa/ ''The Day of the Dasa'']: "it may, in fact, be the case that ANI-like quasi-Iranians occupied northwest South Asia for a long time, and AHG populations hugged the southern and eastern fringes, during the height of the Pleistocene."}} Those Iranian farmers-related people may have arrived in India before the advent of farming in northern India,{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019|p=11}} and mixed with people related to Indian hunter-gatherers c. 5400 to 3700 BCE, before the advent of the [[Indus Valley civilisation#Chronology|mature IVC]].{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019|p=5}}

The analysed samples of both studies have little to none of the "Steppe ancestry" component associated with later Indo-European migrations into India. The authors found that the respective amounts of those ancestries varied significantly between individuals, and concluded that more samples are needed to get the full picture of Indian population history.{{sfn|Shinde|2019}}{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}

==== Elamite-Dravidian hypothesis ====
{{Main|Elamo-Dravidian languages}}

While the IVC has been linked to the early [[Dravidian peoples]], some scholars have suggested that their Neolithic farmer predecessors may have migrated from the [[Zagros Mountains]] to northern South Asia some 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanthimathi |first1=S. |last2=Vijaya |first2=M. |last3=Ramesh |first3=A. |date=20 June 2008 |title=Genetic study of Dravidian castes of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jgen/087/02/0175-0179 |journal=Journal of Genetics |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=175–179 |doi=10.1007/s12041-008-0027-1 |pmid=18776648 |via=Indian Academy of Sciences|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to David McAlpin, the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from [[Elam]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = McAlpin D, Emeneau MB, Jacobsen Jr WH, Kuiper FB, Paper HH, Reiner E, Stopa R, Vallat F, Wescott RW | chapter = Elamite and Dravidian: Further Evidence of Relationship [and Comments and Reply] | title = Current Anthropology | date = March 1975 | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 105–115 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = McAlpin DW | chapter = Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation. | title = Aryan and Non-Aryan | date = 1979 | pages = 175–189 | publisher = Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan | location = Ann Arbor}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McAlpin DW | title = Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The evidence and its implications. | journal = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society | date = January 1981 | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–55 | doi = 10.2307/1006352 | jstor = 1006352 | s2cid = 129838682 }}</ref><ref name="kumar2004">{{cite book | title=Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent | first = Dhavendra | last = Kumar | name-list-style = vanc | publisher=Springer | year=2004 | access-date=25 November 2008 | isbn=978-1-4020-1215-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC | quote=The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus Valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ...}}</ref> [[Franklin Southworth]] also states that the Dravidian Languages originated in western Iran and that publications and research are "further evidence of [the relationship between Dravidian languages and Elamite] viability".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Southworth|first=Franklin|date=2012-01-18|title=Rice in Dravidian|journal=Rice|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=142–148|doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9076-9|issn=1939-8433|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza, proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent,{{sfn|Cavalli-Sforza|1994|p=221-222}}<ref name="mukherjee2001" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Mukherjee N, Nebel A, Oppenheim A, Majumder PP | title = High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India | journal = Journal of Genetics | volume = 80 | issue = 3 | pages = 125–35 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11988631 | doi = 10.1007/bf02717908 | s2cid = 13267463 | quote = More recently, about 15,000-10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ... }}</ref>{{sfn|Derenko|2013}}{{refn|group=note|Derenko: "The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo-European languages in southern Asia. It is hypothesized that the proto-Elamo-Dravidian language, most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran, spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent."{{sfn|Derenko|2013}} Derenko refers to:
* Renfrew (1987), ''Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins''
* Renfrew (1996), ''Language families and the spread of farming.'' In: Harris DR, editor, ''The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', pp. 70–92
* Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza (1994), ''The History and Geography of Human Genes''.}} but more recently Heggerty and Renfrew (2014) noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian language with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India.<ref name=Heggarty_Renfrew>{{cite book |last1=Heggarty |first1=Paul |last2=Renfrew |first2=Collin | name-list-style = vanc |year=2014|chapter=South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages|editor-last1=Renfrew|editor-first1=Colin|editor-last2=Bahn|editor-first2=Paul|title=The Cambridge World Prehistory|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWbwAwAAQBAJ|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-64775-6 }}</ref> Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out."<ref name=Heggarty_Renfrew/>{{refn|group=note|The Elamite-hypothesis has drawn attention in the scholarly literature, but has never been fully accepted:
* According to Mikhail Andronov, Dravidian languages were brought to India at the beginning of the third millennium BCE.{{sfn|Andronov|2003|p=299}}
* Kivisild et al. (1999) note that "a small fraction of the West Eurasian mtDNA lineages found in Indian populations can be ascribed to a relatively recent admixture"{{sfn|Kivisild et al.|1999|p=1331}} at c. 9,300 ± 3,000 years before present,{{sfn|Kivisild et al.|1999|p=1333}} which coincides with "the arrival to India of cereals domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]]" and "lends credence to the suggested [[Elamo-Dravidian languages|linguistic connection]] between the Elamite and Dravidic populations."{{sfn|Kivisild et al.|1999|p=1333}}
* According to Palanichamy et al. (2015), "The presence of mtDNA haplogroups (HV14 and U1a) and Y-chromosome haplogroup ([[Haplogroup L-M20|L1]]) in Dravidian populations indicates the spread of the Dravidian language into India from west Asia."{{sfnp|Palanichamy|2015|p=645}}<br /><br /> According to Krishnamurti, Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in the Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium."{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=501}} Krishnamurti further states that South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including Pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=501–502}}}}

==Indo-Aryans==
{{Main|Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan migration theory#genetics}}
[[File:Indo-European expansions.jpg|thumb|right|Scheme of the theoretical Indo-European migrations, of which the Indo-Aryan migrations form a part, from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the [[Kurgan hypothesis]].
{{unordered list| [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] area corresponds to the assumed ''[[Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses|Urheimat]]'' ([[Samara culture]], [[Sredny Stog culture]]) and the subsequent [[Yamna culture]].
{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=30}}}}]]
[[File:Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png|thumb|Migration of Arya tribes]]
In the second millennium BCE people from the [[Sintashta culture]]{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pp=408–411}}{{sfn|Kuz'mina|2007|p=222}} migrated through [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria-Margiana culture]] and into the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] (modern day [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]). The Indo-Aryan migrations started in approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the [[Chariot|war chariot]], and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the [[Levant]] and possibly [[Inner Asia]]. {{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=33}}{{sfn|Witzel|2005|p=348}}{{refn|group=note|Pathak et al. (2018) concluded that the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] speakers of [[Gangetic Plains]] and some [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] speakers in central India have significant [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya Early-Middle Bronze Age]] (Steppe_EMBA) ancestry. The "North-Western Indian and Pakistani" populations (PNWI) showed additionally significant Steppe_MLBA ancestry along with Yamnaya (Steppe_EMBA) ancestry. The study also suggested that the [[Ror]]s could be used as a proxy for the ANI.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Villems|first1=Richard|last2=Pathak|first2=Ajay|date=December 2018|title=The Genetic Ancestry of Modern Indus Valley Populations from Northwest India|url= |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=103|issue=6|pages=918–929|name-list-style=vanc|pmid=30526867|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.022|pmc=6288199}}</ref>}}

The [[Proto-Indo-Iranians]], from which the [[Indo-Aryans]] developed, are identified with the [[Sintashta culture]] (2100–1800 BCE),{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} and the [[Andronovo culture]],{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} which flourished c. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the [[Aral sea]], present-day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The proto-Indo-Iranians were influenced by the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria-Margiana culture]], south of the Andronovo culture, from which they borrowed their distinctive religious beliefs and practices. The Indo-Aryans split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=408}} whereafter the Indo-Aryans migrated into the Levant and north-western India and possibly [[Inner Asia]].

Lazaridis et al. (2016) notes that the demographic impact of steppe related populations on South Asia was substantial and forms a major component in northern India.{{sfnp|Lazaridis et al.|2016|pp=123}} Lazaridis et al.'s 2016 study estimates 6.5–50.2% steppe related admixture in all modern South Asians with higher caste and Indo-Aryan speaking groups having more steppe admixture than others.{{refn|Lazaridis et al. (2016) Supplementary Information, Table S9.1: "Kalash – 50.2%, Tiwari Brahmins – 44.1%, Gujarati (four samples) – 46.1% to 27.5 %, Pathan – 44.6%, Burusho – 42.5%, Sindhi – 37.7%, Punjabi – 32.6%, Balochi – 32.4%, Brahui – 30.2%, Lodhi – 29.3%, Bengali – 24.6%, Vishwabhramin – 20.4%, Makrani – 19.2%, Mala – 18.4%, Kusunda – 8.9%, Kharia – 6.5%."|group=note}}

==Post-IVC: ANI and ASI ancestral components in the Indian population==
A series of studies from 2009 to 2019 have shown that the [[Indian subcontinent]] harbours two major ancestral components,{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Metspalu et al.|2011}}{{sfn|Moorjani et al.|2013}} formed in the 2nd millennium BCE,{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}} namely the ''Ancestral North Indians'' (ANI), which is closely related to contemporary West-Eurasians, and the ''Ancestral South Indians'' (ASI) which is distinct from any outside population.{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}{{refn|group=note|Basu et al. (2016) discern four major ancestries in mainland India, namely ANI, ASI, Ancestral Austro-Asiatic tribals (AAA) and Ancestral Tibeto-Burman (ATB).{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016|p=1594}}}} ANI formed out of a mixture of IVC-people and migrants from the steppe, while ASI was formed out of IVC-people who moved south and mixed further with local hunter-gatherers.{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}

These IVC-people did not carry steppe admixture and were instead a mixture of mostly Neolithic Iran-related ancestry and minor AASI (native South Asian hunter-gatherer) ancestry. According to Narasimhan et al. 2019, the genetic makeup of the ASI population consisted of about 73% AASI and about 27% from Iranian-related peoples.{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}} This estimate is similar to that of Reich et al., who in 2018 note that the ASI have a West-Eurasian ancestry component (derived from Iranian-related farmers) which Reich estimates at about 25% of their ancestry (not detected in his initial 2009 analysis), with the remaining 75% of the ancestry of the ASI deriving from native South Asian hunter-gatherers.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4gqDwAAQBAJ&q=dravidian+iranian+farmers&pg=PT206 | title=Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past| isbn=978-1-101-87033-4| last1=Reich| first1=David| date=27 March 2018| publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing}}</ref>

ANI formed out of a mixture of IVC-people and migrants from Bronze age steppe.{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}} Lazaridis et al. (2016){{refn|group=note|According to Lazaridis et al. (2016) ANI-related ancestry in South Asians can be modeled as a mix of ancestry related to both early farmers of Iran and to people of the Bronze Age Eurasian steppe ([[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya component]]).{{sfn|Lazaridis et al.|2016}}}} notes that the demographic impact of steppe related populations on South Asia was substantial. According to the results, the [[Mala (caste)|Mala]], a south Indian [[Dalit]] population with minimal Ancestral North Indian (ANI) along the 'Indian Cline' have nevertheless {{circa|18%}} steppe-related ancestry, showing the strong influence of ANI ancestry in all populations of India. The [[Kalash people|Kalash]] of Pakistan are inferred to have {{circa|50%}} steppe-related ancestry, with the rest being of Iranian farmers ancestry.{{sfn|Lazaridis et al.|2016}}{{refn|group=note|Lazaridis et al. (2016) Supplementary Information, Table S9.1: "Kalash – 50.2 %, Tiwari Brahmins – 44.1 %, Gujarati (four samples) – 46.1 % to 27.5 %, Pathan – 44.6 %, Burusho – 42.5 %, Sindhi – 37.7 %, Punjabi – 32.6 %, Balochi – 32.4 %, Brahui – 30.2 %, Lodhi – 29.3 %, Bengali – 24.6 %, Vishwabhramin – 20.4 %, Makrani – 19.2 %, Mala – 18.4 %, Kusunda – 8.9 %, Kharia – 6.5 %."}} Reich et al. stated that "ANI ancestry ranges from 39–71% in India, and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-Aryan speakers".{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}} Compared to other adjoining groups, [[Ror]] are the modern population that is closest of the first prehistorical and early historical south Asian ancient samples near the Indus Valley, hence they are considered a realistic proxy for the Ancestral North Indian. The Ror population also harbour similar Steppe-related, AASI, EHG(and Neolithic Anatolian) ancestry, and they show less affinity with the Neolithic Iranians.The Ror population can plausibly be used as an alternative proxy for ANI in future demographic modeling of South Asian Population.<ref name="Pathak2018">{{cite journal
| last = Pathak
| first = Ajai K.
| title = The genetic ancestry of modern Indus Valley populations from Northwest India
| journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet.
| date = 6 December 2018
| volume = 103
| issue = 6
| pages = 918–929
| doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.022
| pmid = 30526867
| pmc = 6288199
}}</ref>

==Austroasiatic==
{{See also|Austroasiatic languages|Munda peoples|Khasi people}}
[[File:Austro-asiatic dispersal map.jpg|thumb|Austro-asiatic dispersal]]
According to Ness, there are three broad theories on the origins of the Austroasiatic speakers, namely [[northeastern India]], central or [[southern China]], or southeast Asia.{{sfn|Ness|2014|p=265}} Multiple researches indicate that the Austroasiatic populations in Central India are derived from (mostly male dominated) migrations from southeast Asia during the Holocene.{{sfn|van Driem|2007}}{{sfn|Chaubey|2011}}<ref name="Riccio2011" />{{sfn|Zhang|2015}}{{sfn|Arunkumar|2015}}{{refn|group=note|name="ASI-AAA"|Nevertheless, according to Basu et al. (2016), the AAA were early settlers in India, related to the ASI: "The absence of significant resemblance with any of the neighboring populations is indicative of the ASI and the AAA being early settlers in India, possibly arriving on the "southern exit" wave out of Africa. Differentiation between the ASI and the AAA possibly took place after their arrival in India (ADMIXTURE analysis with K <nowiki>=</nowiki> 3 shows ASI plus AAA to be a single population in SI Appendix, Fig. S2).{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016|p=1598}}}} According to Van Driem (2007),
{{blockquote|the mitochondrial picture indicates that the Munda maternal lineage derives from the earliest human settlers on the Subcontinent, whilst the predominant Y chromosome haplogroup argues for a Southeast Asian paternal homeland for Austroasiatic language communities in India.{{sfn|van Driem|2007|p=7}}}}

According to Chaubey et al. (2011), "AA speakers in India today are derived from dispersal from Southeast Asia, followed by extensive sex-specific admixture with local Indian populations."{{sfn|Chaubey|2011}}{{refn|group=note|See also:
* {{cite web | work = Dienekes Anthropology Blog | url = http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2010/10/origin-of-indian-austroasiatic-speakers.html | title = Origin of Indian Austroasiatic speakers | date = 27 October 2010 }}
* {{cite web | first = Razib | last = Khan | name-list-style = vanc | year = 2010 | url = http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/10/sons-of-the-conquerers-the-story-of-india/#.UQfBCVQR-Sp | title = Sons of the conquerors: the story of India? | work = Gene Expression | access-date = 31 March 2016 | archive-date = 11 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160411234614/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/10/sons-of-the-conquerers-the-story-of-india/#.UQfBCVQR-Sp | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | first = Razib | last = Khan | name-list-style = vanc | date = 2013 | url = http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2013/01/phylogenetics-implies-austro-asiatic-are-intrusive-to-india/ | title = Phylogenetics implies Austro-Asiatic are intrusive to India | work = Gene Expression | access-date = 31 March 2016 | archive-date = 24 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160324155737/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2013/01/phylogenetics-implies-austro-asiatic-are-intrusive-to-india/ | url-status = dead }} }} According to Zhang et al. (2015), Austroasiatic (male) migrations from southeast Asia into India took place after the latest Glacial maximum, circa 4000 years ago.{{sfn|Zhang|2015}} According to Arunkumar et al. (2015), Y-chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95, which is typical for Austroasiatic speaking peoples, clearly decreases from Laos to east India, with "a serial decrease in expansion time from east to west", namely "5.7 ± 0.3 Kya in Laos, 5.2 ± 0.6 in Northeast India, and 4.3 ± 0.2 in East India". This suggests "a late Neolithic east to west spread of the lineage O2a1-M95 from Laos".{{sfn|Arunkumar|2015}}<ref>{{cite web | first = Miguel | last = Vilar | name-list-style = vanc | date = 2015 | url = http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/21/genographic-southeast-asia/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150611183849/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/21/genographic-southeast-asia/ | archive-date = 11 June 2015 | title = DNA Reveals Unknown Ancient Migration Into India | work = National Geographic }}</ref>

According to Riccio et al. (2011), the Munda people are likely descended from Austroasiatic migrants from southeast Asia.<ref name="Riccio2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Riccio ME, Nunes JM, Rahal M, Kervaire B, Tiercy JM, Sanchez-Mazas A | title = The Austroasiatic Munda population from India and Its enigmatic origin: a HLA diversity study | journal = Human Biology | volume = 83 | issue = 3 | pages = 405–435 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21740156 | doi = 10.3378/027.083.0306 | s2cid = 39428816 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1 = Alejandro | last1 = Gutman | first2 = Beatriz | last2 = Avanzati | name-list-style = vanc | work = The Language Gulper | url = http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html | title = Austroasiatic Languages }}</ref> According to Ness, the Khasi probably migrated into India in the first millennium BCE.{{sfn|Ness|2014|p=265}}

According to a genetic research (2015) including linguistic analyses, suggests an [[East Asia]]n origin for proto-Austroasiatic groups, which first migrated to Southeast Asia and later into India.{{sfn|Zhang|2015}}

==Sino-Tibetan==
{{Main|Sino-Tibetan}}

According to Cordaux et al. (2004), the [[Sino-Tibetan]] possibly came from the Himalayan and north-eastern borders of the subcontinent within the past 4,200 years.<ref name="cordaux2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cordaux R, Weiss G, Saha N, Stoneking M | title = The northeast Indian passageway: a barrier or corridor for human migrations? | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 21 | issue = 8 | pages = 1525–33 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15128876 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msh151 | quote = ... Our coalescence analysis suggests that the expansion of [[Sino-Tibetan]] speakers to northeast India most likely took place within the past 4,200 years ... | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The ancient people, who lived in the upper-middle [[Yellow River]] basin about 10,000 years ago and developed one of the earliest Neolithic cultures in [[East Asia]], were the ancestors of modern [[Sino-Tibetan]] populations.{{Refn|Bing Su (2012): "Furthermore, the extremely high frequency of H8, a haplotype derived from M122C, in the Sino-Tibetan speaking populations in the Himalayas including Tibet and northeast India indicated a strong bottleneck effect that occurred during a westward and then southward migration of the founding population of Tibeto-Burmans. We, therefore, postulate that the ancient people, who livedin the upper-middle Yellow River basin about 10,000 years ago and developed one of the earliest Neolithic cultures in East Asia, were the ancestors of modern Sino-Tibetan populations."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Bing |last2=Xiao |first2=Chunjie |last3=Deka |first3=Ranjan |last4=Seielstad |first4=Mark T. |last5=Kangwanpong |first5=Daoroong |last6=Xiao |first6=Junhua |last7=Lu |first7=Daru |last8=Underhill |first8=Peter |last9=Cavalli-Sforza |first9=Luca |last10=Chakraborty |first10=Ranajit |last11=Jin |first11=Li |date=2000-12-01 |title=Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=582–590 |doi=10.1007/s004390000406 |pmid=11153912 |s2cid=36788262 |issn=1432-1203}}</ref>}} [[Haplogroup O-M122|Haplogroup O2-M122]] is primarily found among males of [[Sino-Tibetan]] ancestry in the Himalayas and Northeast India and which is generally absent among other linguistic families other than Northeast India. O-M134, a subclade of O-M122, has a high percentage, 86.6%, among [[Tamang people|Tamang]]s of Nepal, with similar frequencies, ~85%, among the northeastern Indian Tibeto-Burman groups, including [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Naga people|Naga]], [[Apatani people|Apatani]], and [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]].<ref name="Gayden">{{cite journal |last1=Gayden |first1=Tenzin |last2=Cadenas |first2=Alicia M. |last3=Regueiro |first3=Maria |last4=Singh |first4=Nanda B. |last5=Zhivotovsky |first5=Lev A. |last6=Underhill |first6=Peter A. |last7=Cavalli-Sforza |first7=Luigi L. |last8=Herrera |first8=Rene J. |title=The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=1 May 2007 |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=884–894 |doi=10.1086/516757 |pmid=17436243 |pmc=1852741 |language=en |issn=0002-9297}}</ref> In [[Assam]], [[Tibeto-Burman]] expansion throughout [[Brahmaputra Valley]] associated with the patrilinial lineage of O-M134{{Refn|BM Reddy (2007): "The presence of O-M134 in high frequency among the Tibeto-Burman populations, both from India and East/southeast Asia, strongly suggests possibility of its correlation with the migration and spread of Tibeto-Burman populations into India."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=B. Mohan |last2=Langstieh |first2=B. T. |last3=Kumar |first3=Vikrant |last4=Nagaraja |first4=T. |last5=Reddy |first5=A. N. S. |last6=Meka |first6=Aruna |last7=Reddy |first7=A. G. |last8=Thangaraj |first8=K. |last9=Singh |first9=Lalji |date=2007-11-07 |title=Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=2 |issue=11 |article-number=e1141 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001141 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2065843 |pmid=17989774|bibcode=2007PLoSO...2.1141R |doi-access=free }}</ref>}} which occurs at a high frequency of 85% in [[Boro people|Kachari (Boro Kachari) peoples]] and 76.5% in [[Rabha people]]s.<ref name = "Su2012">Bing Su, Chunjie Xiao, Ranjan Deka, Mark T. Seielstad, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Junhua Xiao, Daru Lu, Peter Underhill, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Ranajit Chakraborty, Li Jin, "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas." ''Hum. Genet.'' (2000) 107:582-590. DOI 10.1007/s004390000406 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225570045_Y_chromosome_haplotypes_reveal_prehistorical_migrations_to_the_Himalayas</ref>{{Refn|B.M. Das (1987): "Boro Kacharis: The Khacharis which form a Mongoloid tribe, are distributed all over Assam. The tribe has several divisions of which mention may be made of the Boro Kacharis, Dimasas, Sonowals, Thengals and Jahruas. The Dimasas are primarily a hill people and are concentrated in the North Kachar hills. The Sonowals, Jahruas and Thengals are met with in the plains district of Upper Assam. The Kacharis of Lower and Middle Assam are very often referred to as the Boro Kacharis or simply Kacharis." (p.330)<ref>{{cite web |title=Genetic variation of five blood polymorphisms in ten populations of Assam India (Kacharis (Boro Kacharis), Sonowals, Sutiyas, Karbis, Ahoms etc.)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227190470}}</ref>}} It has a significant presence among the [[Khasi people|Khasis]] (29%), despite being generally absent in other Austroasiatics of India, and it shows up at 55% among the neighbouring [[Garo people|Garos]], a Tibeto-Burmun group.<ref name="Vikrant2007">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Vikrant |last2=Reddy |first2=Arimanda NS |last3=Babu |first3=Jagedeesh P |last4=Rao |first4=Tipirisetti N |last5=Langstieh |first5=Banrida T |last6=Thangaraj |first6=Kumarasamy |last7=Reddy |first7=Alla G |last8=Singh |first8=Lalji |last9=Reddy |first9=Battini M |title=Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=28 March 2007 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=47 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-47 |pmid=17389048 |pmc=1851701 |issn=1471-2148 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007BMCEE...7...47K }}</ref>

A wide variety of [[Sino-Tibetan]] languages are spoken on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Sizable groups that have been identified are the [[West Himalayish languages]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and western Nepal, the [[Tamangic languages]] of western Nepal, including [[Tamang language|Tamang]] with one million speakers, and the [[Kiranti languages]] of eastern Nepal. The remaining groups are small, with several isolates.

The [[Newar language]] (Nepal Bhasa) of central Nepal has a million speakers and a literature dating from the 12th century, and nearly a million people speak [[Magaric languages]], but the rest have small speech communities. Other isolates and small groups in Nepal are [[Dura language|Dura]], [[Raji–Raute languages|Raji–Raute]], [[Chepangic languages|Chepangic]] and [[Dhimal languages|Dhimalish]]. [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] is spoken in an area from eastern Nepal to western Bhutan.{{sfnp|van Driem|2007|p=296}} Most of the languages of Bhutan are Bodish, but it also has three small isolates, [['Ole language|'Ole]] ("Black Mountain Monpa"), [[Lhokpu language|Lhokpu]] and [[Gongduk language|Gongduk]] and a larger community of speakers of [[Tshangla language|Tshangla]].{{sfnp|van Driem|2011}}

==Crossovers in languages and genetic ancestry==
{{See also|Adivasi}}

One complication in studying various population groups is that genetic and linguistic affiliations in India only are partially correlated, especially in cases where Austric-related peoples have adopted languages from their non-Austric neighbors. For example, while the [[Kurukh people|Oraon]]s have Austric-related ancestry, their language, called [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], is Dravidian.<ref name="cummins1999">{{cite book | title=Bilingual Education | first1 = Jim | last1 = Cummins | first2 = David | last2 = Corson | name-list-style = vanc | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-7923-4806-1 | publisher=Springer | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1aw6j7xHpwC | quote=... over one million speakers each: Bhili (Indo-Aryan) 4.5 million; Santali (Austric) 4.2 m; Gondi (Dravidian) 2.0 m; and Kurukh (Dravidian) 1.3 million ...}}</ref> The [[Bhil]]s and [[Gondi people|Gonds]] are frequently classified as "Austric" groups,<ref name="shankarkumar2003">{{cite journal |title=A Correlative Study of HLA, Sickle Cell Gene and G6PD Deficiency with Splenomegaly and Malaria Incidence Among Bhils and Pawra Tribes from Dhadgon, Dhule, Maharastra | vauthors = Shankarkumar U |journal=Studies of Tribes and Tribals |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=91–94 |date=2003 |access-date=25 November 2008 |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-01-0-000-000-2003-Web/T%20&%20T-01-2-091-174-2003-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-01-2-091-094-2003-Shankar/T%20&%20T-01-2-091-094-2003-Shankar.pdf |quote=... The Bhils are one of the largest tribes concentrated mainly in Western Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Eastern Gujarat and Northern Maharastra. Racially they were classified as Gondids, Malids or Proto-Australoid, but their social history is still a mystery (Bhatia and Rao, 1986) ...| doi=10.1080/0972639X.2003.11886488 | s2cid = 74301896 }}</ref> yet [[Bhil languages]] are [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and the [[Gondi language]] is Dravidian.<ref name="cummins1999" /> On the other hand, the Khasis and the Nicobarese are considered to be a Mongoloid group,<ref name="khongsdier2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khongsdier R, Mukherjee N |date=October 2003 |title=Growth and nutritional status of Khasi boys in Northeast India relating to exogamous marriages and socioeconomic classes |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/104533560/abstract |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=162–70 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10305 |pmid=12949836 |bibcode=2003AJPA..122..162K |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105170233/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/104533560/abstract |archive-date=5 January 2013 |access-date=25 November 2008 |quote=... The Khasis are one of the Indo-Mongoloid tribes in Northeast India. They speak the Monkhmer language, which belongs to the Austro-Asiatic group (Das, 1978) ...|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="rath2006">{{cite book |last=Rath |first=Govinda Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxDKhOnWwOsC |title=Tribal Development in India: The Contemporary Debate |publisher=SAGE |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7619-3423-3 |quote=... The Car Nicobarese are of Mongoloid stock ... The Nicobarese speak different languages of the Nicobarese group, which belongs to an Austro-Asiatic language sub-family ... |access-date=25 November 2008 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> and the [[Munda people|Mundas]] and [[Santals]] are "Austric" groups,<ref name="srivastava2007">{{cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Malini |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf |journal=Anthropologist |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=327–330 |doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891020 |s2cid=73737689 |access-date=25 November 2008 |quote=... Racially, they are proto-australoid and speak Mundari dialect of Austro-Asiatic ...}}</ref><ref name="culshaw1949">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpFCAAAAIAAJ |title=Tribal Heritage: A Study of the Santals |vauthors=Chaudhuri AB |publisher=Lutterworth Press |year=1949 |quote=''... The Santals belong to his second "main race", the Proto-Australoid, which he considers arrived in India soon after the Negritos ...'' |access-date=25 November 2008}}</ref> but all four speak Austro-Asiatic languages.<ref name="khongsdier2003" /><ref name="rath2006" /><ref name="srivastava2007" />

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia]]
* [[Early Indians]]
* [[Early human migrations]]
* [[Andamanese peoples]]
* [[Irulas]]
* [[Immigration to India]]
* [[Indo-Aryan migrations]]
* [[List of R1a frequency by population]]{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
;Printed sources
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* {{Citation | last =da Silva |display-authors=etal |article-number=88| year =2017 | title =A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals | journal =BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=17|issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9 |pmid=28335724 |pmc=5364613 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17...88S }}
* {{Citation | last =Shinde |display-authors=etal | year =2019 | title = An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers | journal = Cell | volume = 179 | issue = 3 | pages = 729–735.e10 | pmid = 31495572 | pmc = 6800651 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Truschke |first1=Audrey |author1-link=Audrey Truschke |title=Hindutva's Dangerous Rewriting of History |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |date=15 December 2020 |issue=24/25 |doi=10.4000/samaj.6636 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/6636 |issn=1960-6060 |doi-access=free }}

* {{cite journal|vauthors=Vishwanathan H, Deepa E, Cordaux R, Stoneking M, Usha Rani MV, Majumder PP|title=Genetic structure and affinities among tribal populations of southern India: a study of 24 autosomal DNA markers|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=68|issue=Pt 2|pages=128–38|date=March 2004|pmid=15008792|doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00083.x|s2cid=24230856|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/21333/1/328.pdf|ref={{harvid|Vishwanathan|2004}}}}

* {{cite book|last=Wells|first=Spencer|name-list-style=vanc|title=The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey|year=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-11532-0|url=https://archive.org/details/journeyofmangene00well}}
* * {{cite book|last=Wells|first=Spencer|name-list-style=vanc|year=2012|title=The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-691-11532-0|url=https://archive.org/details/journeyofmangene00well}}
* {{cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|name-list-style=vanc|year=2005|chapter=Indocentrism|editor-last1=Bryant|editor-first1=Edwin|editor-last2=Patton|editor-first2=Laurie L.|title=TheE Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history|publisher=Routledge|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/EdwinBryantLauriePattonIndoAryanControversyEvidenceAndInferenceInIndianHistoryRoutledge2005}}

* {{cite journal|vauthors=Zhang X, Liao S, Qi X, Liu J, Kampuansai J, Zhang H, Yang Z, Serey B, Sovannary T, Bunnath L, Seang Aun H, Samnom H, Kangwanpong D, Shi H, Su B|display-authors=6|title=Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro-Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=5|article-number=15486|date=October 2015|pmid=26482917|pmc=4611482|doi=10.1038/srep15486|bibcode=2015NatSR...515486Z|ref={{harvid|Zhang|2015}}}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web}}

== External links ==
;Overview
* Akhilesh Pillalamarri, ''Where Did Indians Come from'', [https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/unraveled-where-indians-come-from-part-1/ part1], [https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/where-indians-come-from-part-2-dravidians-and-aryans/ part 2], [https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/where-did-indians-come-from-part-3-what-is-caste/ part 3]

;Genetics
* Tony Joseph (16 June 2017), [http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-genetics-is-settling-the-aryan-migration-debate/article19090301.ece ''How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate''], The Hindu
* Tony Joseph (2018), [https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/genomic-study-vedic-aryan-migration-dravidian-languages-sanskrit ''How We, The Indians, Came to Be''] (summary of Narasimhan, 2018)
* Scroll.in, {{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/874102/aryan-migration-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-study-on-indian-genetics|title=Aryan migration: Everything you need to know about the new study on Indian genetics|date=2 April 2018 }}, on Narasimhan (2018)
* The Economic Times (12 October 2019), [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/steppe-migration-to-india-was-between-3500-4000-years-ago-david-reich/articleshow/71556277.cms?from=mdr Steppe migration to India was between 3500-4000 years ago: David Reich]

;Negritos
* [https://thepeoplingofindia.wordpress.com/tag/negrito/ thepeoplingofindia.wordpress.com, ''Negrito'']

{{Human genetics}}

[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:Peopling of the world|India]]

VMV College

2026-02-26T11:53:29Z

Rajan Singh: started post - done

{{Short description|Higher-educational institution in Nagpur, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=May 2024}}
{{Sources exist|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = VMV Commerce JMT Arts and JJP Science College, Nagpur
| native_name = Vrajlal Manilal Vasant Commerce, Jaydeoshankar Manishankar Thakar Arts and Jashbhai Jijibhai Patel Science College, Nagpur
| image =
| caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1969}}
| type = [[Private college|Private]]
| visitor = 199226
| principal = Dr. Muralidhar Govindrao Chandekar<ref>{{Cite web |title=VMV Commerce JMT Arts and JJP Science College - Fees, Placement, Admission 2024, Courses, Ranking {{!}} CollegeSearch |url=https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/vmv-commerce-jmt-arts-and-jjp-science-college-nagpur/faculty |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.vmvjmtjjpc.2du.in |language=en}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 39
| students = 3841<ref>{{Cite web |title=VM Vasant Commerce, JM Thakar Arts and JJ Patel Science College, Nagpur: Admission, Fees, Courses, Placements, Cutoff, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/vm-vasant-commerce-jm-thakar-arts-and-jj-patel-science-college-nagpur |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref>
| address = Wardhaman Nagar, Central Avenue
| city = [[Nagpur]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postalcode = 440008
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|3|acre}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[English language|English]]
| sports_nickname = VMV College
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] Re-Accredited 'B' Grade
| affiliations = [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.vmvjmtjjpc.edu.in}}
}}

'''VMV Commerce JMT Arts and JJP Science College''', commonly known as '''VMV College''', established in 1969, is one of the oldest general degree colleges in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. This college offers different courses in science, arts and commerce. It is affiliated to [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University |url=http://www.nagpuruniversity.org/pdf/LIST_OF_AFFILIATED_COLLEGES.pdf |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214182001/http://www.nagpuruniversity.org/pdf/LIST_OF_AFFILIATED_COLLEGES.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VMV Commerce JMT Arts & JJP Science College, Nagpur- Courses, Admissions, Seats, Eligibility, Exams |url=https://entrance-exam.net/vmv-commerce-jmt-arts-jjp-science-college-nagpur/ |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VMV COMMERCE JMT ARTS & JJP SCIENCE COLLEGE - College - Nagpur - Maharashtra {{!}} Yappe.in |url=https://yappe.in/maharashtra/nagpur/vmv-commerce-jmt-arts-jjp-science-college/309433 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=yappe.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brindha |date=2023-07-28 |title=VMV Commerce JMT Arts and JJP Science College, Nagpur Wanted Assistant Professor {{!}} FacultyPlus |url=https://www.facultyplus.com/vmv-commerce-jmt-arts-and-jjp-science-college-nagpur-wanted-assistant-professor/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.facultyplus.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Departments==
*Commerce
*Hindi
*Marathi
*English
*History
*Economics
*Political Science
*Home Economics
*Physics
*Chemistry
*Mathematics
*Computer Department (BCA / B.Sc Data science/ B.Sc. Artificial intelligence/ BCCA / MCM)
*Master of Computer Application (MCA)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institution of Computer Studies and Research |url=https://www.vmvjmt.com/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.vmvjmt.com}}</ref>
*Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
*Bachelor of Vocation
*Gujarati
*Physical Education
*Library

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Colleges, State-wise and University wise, under the jurisdiction of UGC (WRO), Pune, eligible to receive General Development Grant |url=https://wro.ugc.ac.in/pdf/College%20list.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.vmvnagpur.org/ |website=www.vmvnagpur.org |title=VMV Commerce JMT Arts and JJP Science College, Nagpur |access-date=10 January 2024}}

{{authority control}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nagpur]]

{{Maharashtra-university-stub}}

Baiga tribe

2026-02-22T17:31:51Z

Rajan Singh: improve section further and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Baiga people]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Da (Indic)

2026-02-21T05:23:45Z

Rajan Singh:

{{short description|Letter "Da" in Indic scripts}}

{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Da
|bengcp = 09A6 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Da.svg
|tibtcp = 0F51 |tibtimg = Tibetan Da.svg
|thaicp = 0E17
|mlymcp = 0D26
|sinhcp = 0DAF
|brahcp = 11024 |ashokaimg = Brahmi d.svg
|devacp = 0926 |devaimg = Devanagari द.svg
| hbchar = ד
| grchar = Δ
| lachar = D
| cychar = Д
|ipa = d |iast = d |iscii = C4
|ipa2 = t | ipa2note = In [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
}}

'''Da''' is a consonant of [[Indic abugidas]]. In modern Indic scripts, Da is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad d.svg|13px]].

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of द are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>
*द {{IPA|hi|də|}} = 18 (१८)
*दि {{IPA|hi|dɪ|}} = 1,800 (१ ८००)
*दु {{IPA|hi|dʊ|}} = 180,000 (१ ८० ०००)
*दृ {{IPA|hi|dri|}} = 18,000,000 (१ ८० ०० ०००)
*दॢ {{IPA|hi|dlə|}} = 18{{e|8}} (१८×१०<sup>८</sup>)
*दे {{IPA|hi|de|}} = 18{{e|10}} (१८×१०<sup>१०</sup>)
*दै {{IPA|hi|dɛː|}} = 18{{e|12}} (१८×१०<sup>१२</sup>)
*दो {{IPA|hi|doː|}} = 18{{e|14}} (१८×१०<sup>१४</sup>)
*दौ {{IPA|hi|dɔː|}} = 18{{e|16}} (१८×१०<sup>१६</sup>)

==Historic Da==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Da as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|Da]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad d.svg|13px|Da]]. The Tocharian Da [[Image:Tocharian letter da.gif|18px|Da]] did not have an alternate [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form. The third form of da, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква DА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DA.svg|15px|Da]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

===Brahmi Da===
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|Da]], Da, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[D]] and Greek [[Delta (letter)|Delta]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Da can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Da historic forms
|-
!Ashoka<br />([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar<br />(~150 BCE) !! Kushana<br />([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat<br />(~250 CE) !! Gupta<br />([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi d.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar d.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka d.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat d.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad d.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Da===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter da.gif|25px|Da]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|Da]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Da with vowel marks
|-
! Da !! Dā !! Di !! Dī !! Du !! Dū !! Dr !! Dr̄ !! De !! Dai !! Do !! Dau !! Dä
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter da.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter daa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter di.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter du.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter duu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dr.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter de.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter do.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dä.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Da===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква DА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DA.svg|15px|Da]] is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[D]] and [[Delta (letter)|Delta]], in addition to the Brahmi Da.<ref name="Buhler"/>

==Devanagari Da==
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Da''' ('''द''') is a consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad d.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''દ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘟.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, द is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|də|}} or {{IPAblink|d}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari द with vowel marks
|-
! Da !! Dā !! Di !! Dī !! Du !! Dū !! Dr !! Dr̄ !! Dl !! Dl̄ !! De !! Dai !! Do !! Dau !! D
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|द
|दा
|दि
|दी
|दु
|दू
|दृ
|दॄ
|दॢ
|दॣ
|दे
|दै
|दो
|दौ
|द्
|}


===Conjuncts with द===
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Da either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with [[Virama]]. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

====Ligature conjuncts of द====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|rda}}: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RDa.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|rda}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDa.svg|125px]]
* द্ (d) + न (na) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dna}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DNa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dra}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DRa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + द (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dda}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ddra}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDRa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ddya}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDYa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ddʱa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ddʱma}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDhMa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ddʱva}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDhVa.svg|100px]]
* न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|nddʱa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NDDha.svg|100px]]
* Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|rddʱa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RDDha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dya}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DYa.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of द====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* छ্ (cʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|cʰda}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChDa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dba}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DBa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dbʰa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DBha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dbra}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DBRa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + च (ca) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dca}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DCa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dcʰa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DCha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + द (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ḍda}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dḍa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDda.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dḍʱa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDdha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + द (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ḍʱda}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhDa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ग (ga) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dga}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DGa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dɡʱa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DGha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dgra}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DGRa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ह (ha) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dha}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DHa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ज (ja) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dja}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DJa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|djʰa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DJha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|djña}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DJNya.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + क (ka) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dka}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DKa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dkʰa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DKha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dkṣa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DKSsa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ल (la) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dla}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DLa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dḷa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DLla.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + म (ma) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dma}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DMa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dŋa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DNga.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dṇa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DNna.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dña}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DNya.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dpa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DPa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dpʰa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DPha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + स (sa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dsa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DSa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dʃa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DSha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dṣa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DSsa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + त (ta) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dta}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DTa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dtʰa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DTha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dṭa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DTta.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dṭʰa}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DTtha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dva}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DVa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + व্ (v) + य (ya) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dvya}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DVYa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ŋda}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDa.svg|100px]]
* Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|rdva}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RDVa.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + द (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ṭda}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtDa.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ṭʰda}}:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthDa.svg|100px]]

==Bengali Da==
The Bengali script দ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham d.svg|13px]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, द. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter দ will sometimes be transliterated as "do" instead of "da". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪o/.
Like all Indic consonants, দ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali দ with vowel marks
|-
! da !! dā !! di !! dī !! du !! dū !! dr !! dr̄ !! de !! dai !! do !! dau !! d
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|দ
|দা
|দি
|দী
|দু
|দূ
|দৃ
|দৄ
|দে
|দৈ
|দো
|দৌ
|দ্
|}

===দ in Bengali-using languages===
দ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. 

===Conjuncts with দ===
Bengali দ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
* ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|bda}}:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Bda.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dbʰa}}:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Dbha.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dbʰra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Dbhra.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + দ (da) gives the ligature dda:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Dda.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ddʱa}}:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ddha.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ddva}}, with the [[va phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ddva.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + গ (ga) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dga}}:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Dga.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dɡʱa}}:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Dgha.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + ম (ma) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dma}}:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Dma.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dra}}, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Dra.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|drya}}, with the ra phala and [[ya phala]] suffixes
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Drya.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dva}}, with the va phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Dva.svg |100px]]
* দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|dya}}, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Dya.svg |100px]]
* ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|nda}}:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Nda.svg |100px]]
* ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ndra}}, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ndra.svg |100px]]
* ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ndva}}, with the va phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ndva.svg |100px]]
* ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|ndya}}, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ndya.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|rda}}, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rda.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|rdra}}, with the repha prefix and ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rdra.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature {{lang|UND-Latn|rdva}}, with the {{lang|UND-Latn|repha}} prefix and {{lang|UND-Latn|va phala}} suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rdva.svg |100px]]

==Gujarati Da==
[[File:Gujarati letter Da.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Da.]]
'''Da''' ('''દ''') is the eighteenth consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Da [[Image:Devanagari द.svg|13px|Da]] with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|Da]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, દ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|də|}} or {{IPAblink|d}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Da !! style="width:7%;"| Dā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Di !! style="width:7%;"| Dī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Du !! style="width:5%;"| Dū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Dr !! style="width:5%;"| Dl !! style="width:5%;"| Dr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Dl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Dĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| De !! style="width:5%;"| Dai !! style="width:7%;"| Dŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Do !! style="width:6%;"| Dau !! style="width:7%;"| D
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Da Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Da syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with દ===
Gujarati દ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Da does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Da will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RDa.svg|100px]]
* દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DRa.svg|100px]]
* દ્ (d) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature DGa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DGa.svg|100px]]
* દ્ (d) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature DGha:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DGha.svg|100px]]
* દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DDha.svg|100px]]
* દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DNa.svg|100px]]
* દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DBa.svg|100px]]
* દ્ (d) + મ (ma) gives the ligature DMa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DMa.svg|100px]]
* દ્ (d) + વ (va) gives the ligature DVa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DVa.svg|100px]]

==Javanese Da==
{{main|Da (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Da==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Da.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Da
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Da.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Da
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Da.
}}
'''Da''' ('''ద''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|D]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ದ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Malayalam Da==
[[File:Malayalam letter Da.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Da]]
'''Da''' ('''ദ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|D]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Da.svg|x15px|Da]] ''Da''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
[[File:Malayalam Da matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Da matras: Da, Dā, Di, Dī, Du, Dū, Dr̥, Dr̥̄, Dl̥, Dl̥̄, De, Dē, Dai, Do, Dō, Dau, and D.]]

===Conjuncts of ദ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
* ഗ് (g) + ദ (da) gives the ligature gda:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct GDa.svg]]
* ദ് (d) + ദ (da) gives the ligature dda:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct DDa.svg]]
* ന് (n) + ദ (da) gives the ligature nda:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NDa.svg]]
* ബ് (b) + ദ (da) gives the ligature bda:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct BDa.svg]]
* ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct DDha.svg]]

==Odia Da==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Da.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Da
| image2 = Odia subjoined Da.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Da
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Da.
}}
'''Da''' ('''ଦ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|D]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham d.svg|x15px|Da]] ''Da''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Da with vowel matras
|-
! Da !! Dā !! Di !! Dī !! Du !! Dū !! Dr̥ !! Dr̥̄ !! Dl̥ !! Dl̥̄ !! De !! Dai !! Do !! Dau !! D
|-
| {{big|ଦ}} || {{big|ଦା}} || {{big|ଦି}} || {{big|ଦୀ}} || {{big|ଦୁ}} || {{big|ଦୂ}} || {{big|ଦୃ}} || {{big|ଦୄ}} || {{big|ଦୢ}} || {{big|ଦୣ}} || {{big|ଦେ}} || {{big|ଦୈ}} || {{big|ଦୋ}} || {{big|ଦୌ}} || {{big|ଦ୍}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of ଦ ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
* ଦ୍ (d) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature dda:
[[File:Odia conjunct DDa.svg]]
* ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
[[File:Odia conjunct DDha.svg]]
* ନ୍ (n) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature nda:
[[File:Odia conjunct NDa.svg]]

==Kaithi Da==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Da.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Da
| footer = Kaithi consonant Da.
}}

'''Da''' ('''𑂠''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|D]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham d.svg|x15px|Da]] ''Da''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Da with vowel matras
|-
! Da !! Dā !! Di !! Dī !! Du !! Dū !! De !! Dai !! Do !! Dau !! D
|-
| {{big|𑂠}} || {{big|𑂠𑂰}} || {{big|𑂠𑂱}} || {{big|𑂠𑂲}} || {{big|𑂠𑂳}} || {{big|𑂠𑂴}} || {{big|𑂠𑂵}} || {{big|𑂠𑂶}} || {{big|𑂠𑂷}} || {{big|𑂠𑂸}} || {{big|𑂠𑂹}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑂠 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂠 (da) gives the ligature rda:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RDa.svg|100px]]

==Tirhuta Da==
[[File:TIRHUTA LETTER DA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Tirhuta consonant Da]]

'''Da''' ('''𑒠''') is a consonant of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi d.svg|13px|D]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham d.svg|x15px|Da]] ''Da''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Tirhuta Da with vowel matras
|-
! Da !! Dā !! Di !! Dī !! Du !! Dū !! Dṛ !! Dṝ !! Dḷ !! Dḹ !! Dē !! De !! Dai !! Dō !! Do !! Dau !! D
|-
| {{big|𑒠}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒰}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒱}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒲}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒳}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒴}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒵}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒶}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒷}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒸}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒹}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒺}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒻}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒼}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒽}}
| {{big|𑒠𑒾}}
| {{big|𑒠𑓂}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑒠 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit [[virama]]. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

* 𑒥୍ (b) + 𑒠 (da) gives the ligature bda:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct BDa.svg]]
* 𑒠୍ (d) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct DDha.svg]]
* 𑒠୍ (d) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature dra:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct DRa.svg]]
* 𑒠 (d) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature du:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct Du.svg]]
* 𑒠୍ (d) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature dva:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct DVa.svg]]
* 𑒠୍ (d) + 𑒨 (ya) gives the ligature dya:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct DYa.svg]]
* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒠 (da) gives the ligature nda:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NDa.svg]]
* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒠 (da) gives the ligature rda:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct RDa.svg]]
* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒠 (da) gives the ligature tda:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct TDa.svg]]


==Comparison of Da==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Da, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Da
|devacp = 0926 |devaimg = Devanagari द.svg
|bengcp = 09A6 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Da.svg
|telucp = 0C26
|oryacp = 0B26
|kndacp = 0CA6
|mlymcp = 0D26
|gujrcp = 0AA6
|gurucp = 0A26

|brahcp = 11024 |ashokaimg = Brahmi d.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka d.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad d.svg
|kharcp = 10A21
|siddcp = 1159F |siddimg = Siddham d.svg
|grancp = 11326
|tibtcp = 0F51 |tibtimg = Tibetan Da.svg
|phagcp = A84A
|zanbcp = 11A1B
|newacp = 11421
|bhkscp = 11C1F
|shrdcp = 111A2
|mymrcp = 1012
|lanacp = 1A34
|talucp = 1991
|khmrcp = 1791
|laoocp = 0E97
|thaicp = 0E17
|tavtcp = AA92
|tavt2cp = AA93
|sinhcp = 0DAF
|kalicp = A918
|cakmcp = 11118
|ahomcp = 11713
|diakcp = 1191D
|saurcp = A8A3
|chamcp = AA15
|modicp = 1161F
|nandcp = 119BF
|soyocp = 11A6D
|sylocp = A816
|gongcp = 11D78
|kthiimg = Kaithi Da.svg | kthicp = 110A0
|tirhcp = 114A0
|lepccp = 1C0C
|limbcp = 190D
|mteicp = ABD7
|marccp = 11C7C
|takrcp = 1169B
|dogrcp = 1181B
|khojcp = 1121B
|sindcp = 112CF
|mahjcp = 11165
|multcp = 11298
|balicp = 1B24
|batkcp = 1BD1
|bugicp = 1A09
|javacp = A9A2
|makacp = 11EE7
|rjngcp = A934
|sundcp = 1B93
|tglgcp = 1707
|tagbcp = 1767
|buhdcp = 1747
|hanocp = 1727
|gonmcp = 11D1D
|hangcp = 3137
|tochimg = Tocharian letter da.gif
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi da.svg
| armiimg = Daleth.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Da.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana d.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Da==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Da in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Da from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Da
|devacp = 0926 |devaimg = Devanagari द.svg
|bengcp = 09A6 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Da.svg
|telucp = 0C26
|oryacp = 0B26
|kndacp = 0CA6
|mlymcp = 0D26
|gujrcp = 0AA6
|gurucp = 0A26
|iscii = C4

|brahcp = 11024 |ashokaimg = Brahmi d.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka d.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad d.svg
|kharcp = 10A21
|siddcp = 1159F |siddimg = Siddham d.svg
|grancp = 11326
|tibtcp = 0F51 |tibtimg = Tibetan Da.svg
|tibtaltcp = 0FA1
|phagcp = A84A
|zanbcp = 11A1B
|newacp = 11421
|bhkscp = 11C1F
|shrdcp = 111A2
|mymrcp = 1012
|lanacp = 1A34
|talucp = 1991
|khmrcp = 1791
|laoocp = 0E97
|thaicp = 0E17
|tavtcp = AA92
|tavt2cp = AA93
|sinhcp = 0DAF
|kalicp = A918
|cakmcp = 11118
|ahomcp = 11713
|diakcp = 1191D
|saurcp = A8A3
|chamcp = AA15
|modicp = 1161F
|nandcp = 119BF
|soyocp = 11A6D
|sylocp = A816
|gongcp = 11D78
|kthiimg = Kaithi Da.svg | kthicp = 110A0
|tirhcp = 114A0
|lepccp = 1C0C
|limbcp = 190D
|mteicp = ABD7
|marccp = 11C7C
|takrcp = 1169B
|dogrcp = 1181B
|khojcp = 1121B
|sindcp = 112CF
|mahjcp = 11165
|multcp = 11298
|balicp = 1B24
|batkcp = 1BD1
|bugicp = 1A09
|javacp = A9A2
|makacp = 11EE7
|rjngcp = A934
|sundcp = 1B93
|tglgcp = 1707
|tagbcp = 1767
|buhdcp = 1747
|hanocp = 1727
|gonmcp = 11D1D
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Da (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Harsh Dagar

2026-02-14T00:01:50Z

Rajan Singh: done...

{{Short description|Indian basketball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
'''Harsh Dagar''' (born 23 February 2005) is an Indian basketball player from Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harsh Dagar - India - Player Profile - FIBA Asia Cup 2025 Qualifiers {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-asiacup-2025-qualifiers/teams/india/282528-harsh-dagar |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> He plays for the [[India men's national basketball team]] as a shooting guard. He plays for Uttar Pradesh in the domestic tournaments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=Harsh Dagar (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/282528-harsh-dagar |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Dagar lives in Gurugram. His father died when he was five years old. His mother, a tailor, brough him up.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Abhijit |date=2022-10-22 |title=Harsh Dagar and his band of brothers take India to U18 3x3 Basketball World Cup |url=https://thebridge.in/basketball/india-u18-fiba-world-cup-qualify-harsh-dagar-36553 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> He started playing football as a child but soon shifted to basketball due to his elder brother Apurv, a state-level basketball player and local coach. His first basketball coach was Vikram encouraged him to attend ACG NBA Jump programme in 2018 and then he got a scholarship for the NBA India Academy.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Dagar was part of the Indian team that won the South Asian Games in 2019 in Nepal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Aashin |date=2020-06-13 |title=Harsh Dagar, 15, makes hoop to train during lockdown |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/basketball/harsh-dagar-nba-academy-india-basketball-mac-pulles-coronavirus-lockdown/article31821837.ece |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> He represented the NBA India Academy at the European Youth Basketball League and NBA Academy Youth Games in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=":1" />

In 2022, he played the FIBA U16 Asian Championship and also represented India in the FIBA U18 Asian Championship 2022. In 2023, he represented India in the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 Asian Qualifiers. In 2023, he was also part of the Indian team that played the FIBA Olympic Pre-Qualifying Tournament at Syria.<ref name=":0" />

In March 2025, he played 6 matches in the FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers at Manama, and in the crucial match against Bahrain, he was the top scorer 28 points, including 18 from three pointers, as India beat the higher-ranked team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-24 |title=Harsh Dagar shines as India stun Bahrain to confirm Asia Cup berth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/harsh-dagar-shines-as-india-stun-bahrain-to-confirm-asia-cup-berth/articleshow/119407330.cms |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He went on to play the FIBA Asia Cup in August 2025. He was also part of the Indian team that played the World Cup 2027 Asian Qualifiers.<ref name=":0" />

In 2025, he played for BCH Knights in the Mongolian Professional Basketball League.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monteiro |first=Leandra |title=Indian Basketball Players Returning from Mongolia for National Team Stint |url=https://www.ekalavyas.com/p/indian-players-return-from-mongolia-national-team |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.ekalavyas.com |language=en}}</ref>

He also plays for the Indian 3x3 team. In October 2022, the Indian men's U17 3x3 basketball team qualified for the 2023 FIBA U18 3x3 World Cup by finishing second in the 3x3 Asia Cup.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dagar, Harsh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Shooting guards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]

Gaura (festival)

2026-02-10T11:01:51Z

Rajan Singh: added new article.

{{Short description|Hindu festival in Nepal}}
{{other uses|Gaura (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox holiday
| type = nepali
| holiday_name = Gaura Parva
| image = Gaura festival1.jpg
| observedby = [[Nepali people|Nepali]] and [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] [[Hindus]]
| date =
| caption = Gaura celebration in [[Nepal]]
| official_name = {{lang|ne|गौरा पर्व}}
| nickname = Gamara, Saton–Athon, Satu–Athu, Gora
| significance = Commemorates the wedding of Goddess Gaura/Gauri (Parvati) to Lord [[Shiva]]
| begins = [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra Krishna/Shukla]] [[Panchami]]
| ends = Bhadra Krishna/Shukla [[Ashtami]]
| litcolor =
| date2022 = 3 September
| date2021 = 30 August
| alt = Gaura celebration in Nepal
}}

'''Gaura Parva''' ({{Langx|ne|गौरा पर्व}}; '''Saton–Athon''' ([[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]: {{Lang|kfy|सातों-आठों}}) or '''Gamara''') is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] festival celebrated by the people residing in [[Sudurpashchim Province]] and parts of [[Karnali Province]] of [[Nepal]] as well as in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region of [[Uttarakhand]] state of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sansar |first=Nepali |last2=Bureau |first2=Nepali Sansar |date=2020-08-26 |title=Nepal Celebrates Gaura Parva Festival with Great Fervor! |url=https://www.nepalisansar.com/culture/nepal-celebrates-gaura-parva-festival-with-great-fervor/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Nepali Sansar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अनोखा है उत्तराखंड का लोकपर्व सातों- आठों, जानें क्या हैं मान्यताएं, क्यों मनाते हैं लोग |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-know-about-the-saton-athon-folk-festival-of-uttarakhand-jagran-special-20658592.html |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The festival commemorates the wedding of the goddess Gaura/Gauri ([[Parvati]]) to Shiva. The festival falls in the [[Vikram Samvat|Hindu]] month of [[Bhadra (Nepali calendar)|Bhadra]] (August/September).<ref>{{Cite web |title=सुदूरपश्चिममा सुरु भयो गौरा पर्व |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2018/08/702918 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref>

Over the years, the festivals has become an identifying factor for the people of Sudurpashchim region. It is considered to be one of the most important festivals of the [[Khas people|Khas community]] of Sudurpashchim and Karnali provinces of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-25 |title=सुदूरपश्चिमकाे माैलिक पर्व "गाैरा" एक चिनारी - Lekhapadhi.com हाम्राे संस्कृति हाम्राे पहिचान - गाैरा विशेष : Lekhapadhi.com |url=https://lekhapadhi.com/2020/08/25/gaura-festival-of-sudurpaschim-nepal/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=lekhapadhi.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317110355/https://lekhapadhi.com/2020/08/25/gaura-festival-of-sudurpaschim-nepal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The celebration of the festival has also spread to other parts of the country. In the Nepalese capital city of [[Kathmandu]], people also gather at [[Tundikhel|Tundikhel ground]] nowadays on the final day of the festival and perform [[Deuda (genre)|deuda]] dance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=टुंडिखेलमा गौरा, गौरामा देउडा |url=https://www.lokpath.com/story/55345 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Lokpath |language=en}}</ref> In India, the festival is celebrated in the regions around [[Pithoragarh district]] of [[Kumaon division]] of Uttarakhand state.

== Etymology ==
The name of the festival is derived from the local name of the goddess [[Gauri (goddess)|Gauri]]. Gauri is the consort of the Shiva, one of the principal deities of [[Hinduism]]. Since Gauri is the daughter of [[Himavat|Himavan]], the embodiment of the [[Himalayas]], the people of hilly and mountainous region of western Nepal and Uttarakhand consider the goddess as their kin.

In Kumaon region of Uttarakhand state of India, the festival is known as Saton–Athon or Satu–Athu, translating to seventh and eight. The festival is called so because the main celebration of the festival takes place on the seventh and eight-day of the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=उत्तराखंड- देवभूमि में सातों- आठों (गौरा- महेश) पर्व की धूम, जानिए महत्व |url=https://khabarpahad.com/uttarakhand-dust-know-how-of-seven-eight-gora-mahesh-festival-in-the-devbhumi/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Khabar Pahad |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Origin==

There are many tales regarding the origin of the Gaura. On this occasion, women worship goddess Gauri, the wife of Shiva for their husbands' health and long age.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141004064600/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2014-09/02/c_133615363.htm Gaura Parva festival celebrated in Nepal] Xinhua, September 2, 2014</ref> The loving bond of Shiva (Maheshvara) and Parvati (Gaura) is celebrated during the festival. Gauri is believed to have undergone a rigorous penance to obtain Shiva as her husband. The penance of the goddess is venerated in this festival.

According to another tale, [[Kartavirya Arjuna|Sahastrarjuna]], one of the [[Heheya Kingdom|Heheya dynasty]] kings, killed [[Brahmin]]s of the [[Bhargava|line]] of [[Bhrigu]] while demanding the return of his wealth. The grieving widowed wives of the Brahmins fasted and prayed to the goddess Gauri, to protect their integrity. One of the Brahmin woman then gave birth to a skillful son who went to blind the king Sahastrarjuna. The king then apologised to the women for his crime. In honour of the benevolence and omnipotence of the goddess Gauri, this festival is said to be celebrated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=नारायण महर्जन |title=काठमाडौमा मनाइयो गौरा पर्व |url=https://www.setopati.com/social/79805/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Setopati |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Occurrence ==
{{Hindu festival date info|expanded}}Gaura Parva is a lunar festival. The date of the festival is calculated by the official astrological committee (''Panchang Samiti'') every year. The occurrence of festival usually falls in the month of either August or September according to [[Gregorian calendar]] and either [[Shrawan (Nepali calendar)|Shrawan]] or [[Bhadra (Nepali calendar)|Bhadra]] month according to [[Vikram Samvat|Nepali calendar]].

=== Nepal ===
In Nepal, the celebration period of Gaura Parva could either fall in the bright lunar phase of Bhadra month (Bhadra [[Shukla Paksha|śukla]] [[Paksha|pakṣa]]) or in the dark lunar phase of the Bhadra month (Bhadra ''[[Krishna Paksha|kṛṣṇa]]'' [[Paksha|pakṣa]]), which is determined according to astrological calculations. The Gaura which falls on Krishna Paksha (dark lunar phase) is known as ''Adheri Gaura'' and which falls on Shukla Paksha (bright lunar phase) is known as ''Ujeli Gaura''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सुदूरपश्चिममा गौरा पर्वको चहलपहल सुरु |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/21516 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref>

During ''Ujeli Gaura'', the celebration of Gaura Parva begins at [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]] [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar|māsa]] [[Paksha|śukla pakṣa]] [[panchami]] [[tithi]] and ends on the day of Bhadra masa śukla paksha [[ashtami]] tithi. However, on the year while the rise of [[Canopus|Agastya constellation (Canopus)]] is prior to Bhadra śukla ashtami, the festival is celebrated 15 days later during the dark phase of the month (''kṛṣṇa'' [[Paksha|pakṣa]]). And during ''Adheri Gaura'', the celebration of Gaura Parva usually begins at [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]] [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar|māsa]] ''[[Paksha|kṛṣṇa]]'' [[Paksha|pakṣa]] [[panchami]] [[tithi]] and ends on the day of Bhadra masa ''kṛṣṇa'' paksha [[ashtami]] tithi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=उज्याली गौरा, दुर्वाष्टमी पर्व |url=https://www.ghatanarabichar.com/198110 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Nepali Digital Newspaper |language=en}}</ref>

=== India ===
In India, the festival is celebrated from the day of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]] [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar|māsa]] [[Paksha|śukla pakṣa]] [[panchami]] [[tithi]] to day of Bhadra masa śukla paksha [[ashtami]] tithi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UK |first=Samachar |date=2021-08-29 |title=सृष्टि के संतुलन को बनाए रखने का पर्व है सातों- आठों |url=https://samacharuk.com/there-is-a-festival-to-maintain-the-balance-of-creation-seven-eight/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Samachar UK |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Celebration==
The major celebration of the festival lasts for four days. The festival officially begins on the day of Biruda Panchami and ends on Gaurashtami, however the preparation for the celebration is started few days earlier. The place where the idol of Gaura is to be established, needs to be painted with red clay. The clay is collected on the day of [[Janai Purnima]] (or [[Kushe Aunsi]], for Adheri Gaura). On the next day ([[Prathama (day)|Pratiprada]]), a specific place in the house,where rituals are to be carried out, is cleaned and then painted with clay. On the third and fourth day ([[Dwitiya]] and [[Tritiya]]), the celebrants clean their house and gather items required for the celebration. On the fourth day ([[Chaturthi]]), the seeds that are to be soaked on the day after, are collected and cleaned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=बम |first=अरुण |title=आज विरुडा पञ्चमीः गौरा पर्व सुरु |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/social-affairs/188199-1566286740.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}}</ref>

=== Biruda Panchami ===
[[File:Gaura festival2.jpg|alt=Biruda (soaked grains and beans) being flung up in the air on the final day of the festival. The devotees catch the grains as a prasad.|thumb|[[Biruda]] (soaked grains and beans) being flung up in the air on the final day of the festival. The devotees catch the grains as a [[Prasada|prasad]].]]
The festival officially begins on the day of Biruda Panchami (fifth day of the fortnight according to Hindu calendar). On this day, the married women soak five types of seeds (wheat, [[Macrotyloma uniflorum|horse gram]], [[pea]], [[rhododendron]] and [[Vigna mungo|black gram]]), also known as ''Pancha [[Biruda]]'' following specified rituals, in a bronze or brass vessel''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaura Festival begins in Sudurpaschim |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/27/205557/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=किन मनाइन्छ गौरा पर्व |url=https://www.khojpatrika.com/breaking-news/45841/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=KhojPatrika |language=en-US}}</ref> The women fast for a whole day on this day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-08 |title=सुदुरपश्चिमको गौरा पर्व |url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/multimedia/2014/09/140908_gaura_farwest |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=BBC News नेपाली |language=ne}}</ref>

=== Shashthi ===
In the day after, known as Shashthi (sixth day according to lunar calendar), the soaked grains are taken to nearest pond, river and spring and then washed. On this day, the women gather in the washing spot and sing deuda songs and dance. The grains are then brought back to the house.

=== Saptami ===
[[File:Gaura festival 2016 Baitadi1.jpg|alt=Idol of goddess Gaura|thumb|272x272px|Idol of goddess Gaura]]
On the day of Saptami (seventh day according to lunar calendar), the ''Biruda'' is taken to nearest temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सुदूर पश्चिममा गौराको रौनक, हेर्नुस् बिरुडा धुने दिनका दृष्य |url=https://pahilopost.com/content/20180901165250.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=pahilopost.com}}</ref> The women pluck plants of five different grains from a specified field and take it to the village elder's house. The house where the plants are taken is known as ''Gaura Ghar''. In absence of village elder, the celebration could be carried out in any specified house.

An idol of goddess Gaura is made using the grasses. The grasses are kept in a bamboo basket and covered with red cloth. The women performing the ritual fast for the whole day and wear a holy thread made of ''[[Cynodon dactylon|dubo]]'' grass on their neck.<ref>{{Cite web |title=आज गौरा पर्व मनाइँदै |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/aaj-gauraa-prv-mnaaindai-107238 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=आज गौरा पर्व मनाइँदै |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गौरा पर्व आज, यस्तो त गौरा पर्वको महत्व |url=https://www.nepalaaja.com/2017/8/2017829888 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=NepalAajaV3 |language=en |archive-date=2019-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908132919/http://nepalaaja.com/2017/8/2017829888 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the evening the idol is worshipped and different garment and cosmetic items are offered to the goddess.<ref>{{Cite web |title=यसरी मनाइन्छ गाैरा पर्व |url=https://www.nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/49918/2020-08-25 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Naya Patrika |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ashtami/Athebali/Gaurashtami ===
The next day of Ashtami (eighth day according to lunar calendar, also known as Athebali and Gaurashtami) is the most important day of festival. On this day, the women gather at a place known as ''Gaura khalo'' and fast and sing prayers dedicated to Gauri and [[Shiva|Maheshwar]]. In the afternoon, married women who had soak [[Biruda]] and completed the rituals, offer blessings to their relatives for good health and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=काठमाडौँ |first=यज्ञराज उपाध्याय |title=पुरुषको जनैपूर्णिमा, नारीको गौरा |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/social-affairs/313371-1598066601.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}}</ref>

An idol of Shiva is made using stones or wood. The wedding ceremony of goddess Gaura and Shiva is performed using those idols. The women carry the idols on their head and dance singing folk religious songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=रासस |title=सुदूरपश्चिममा गौरा पर्व सुरु |url=https://www.setopati.com/social/166116/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Setopati |language=en-US}}</ref> The soaked ''biruda'' is offered as [[prasada]] to people on this day. The idol are then dispersed on the nearest river after five to eleven days and the festival concludes.

The [[deuda (genre)|deuda]] dance is major part of this festival in which participants hold hands and form a circle as they stepped to traditional music. Apart from the many ceremonies that happen during this festival, it is the occasion for married women to put on the sacred thread.

== See also ==

* [[Gangaur]], a similar festival celebrated in [[Rajasthan]], India around the month of March/April.
* [[Gauri Habba]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[[:dty:गौरा पर्व|Gaura Festival in Doteli language]]
{{Hindu festivals}}
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Khas culture]]
[[Category:Kumaon division]]
[[Category:Culture of Sudurpashchim]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnali]]

KK Goswami

2026-02-07T23:15:59Z

Rajan Singh: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian television actor (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K K Goswami
| image = KK Goswami.jpg
| caption = Goswami in 2022
| birth_name = Krishnakant Goswami
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|09|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = Actor
| height_m = 1.15
| spouse = Pinku Goswami
| children = 2
| years_active = 1997–present
}}

'''Krishnakant (K K) Goswami''' is an Indian television and film actor who appears in [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] films and serials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gutur Gu actor K K Goswami reveals he's out of work for 6 years, seeks help from Ektaa Kapoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/gutur-gu-actor-k-k-goswami-reveals-hes-out-of-work-for-6-years-seeks-help-from-ekta-kapoor-2360999-2023-04-17 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=India Today |date=17 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaktimaan Actor KK Goswami Struggling to Make Ends Meet: Waiting For Good Work |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/shaktimaan-actor-kk-goswami-struggles-to-make-ends-meet-waiting-for-good-work-6000821/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-12 |title=Pics: K. K. Goswami shares BTS from the Bhojpuri film 'Mang Bharo Sajna' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/pics-k-k-goswami-shares-bts-from-the-bhojpuri-film-mang-bharo-sajna/articleshow/103597679.cms?_gl=1*u20ndb*_ga*NTQ4OTQ5NTcwLjE3MTEyMTIzOTU.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMTIxMjM5NS4xLjEuMTcxMTIxMjQwNS41MC4wLjA.#_ga=2.174513898.975088473.1711212395-548949570.1711212395 |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is one of the shortest actors of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/actor-kk-goswami-famous-and-lives-happy-life-with-wife|title=3 फुट के इस अभिनेता का टीवी पर राज, दोगुनी लंबी इस युवती से ऐसे हुई थी लव मैरिज|trans-title=This 3 feet actor rules the TV, this is how love marriage happened with this double tall girl|website=[[Amar Ujala]]|language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Goswami began his career in ''[[Junior G|Junior-G]]'' as supportive villain, followed by a leading role in ''[[Vikraal Aur Gabraal]]'' as Gabroo/Gabraal. Goswami continued playing the role of Gabroo in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'', ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]''. Later, Goswami played the role of Khali Bali in the daily show ''[[Shaktimaan|Shaktiman]]'' and Pappu Maharaj the Chief in ''[[Gutur Gu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/actor-k-k-goswami-s-car-catches-fire-son-safe-despite-iconic-shows-i-do-not-have-work-today-101681706873636.html|title=Shaktimaan's K K Goswami laments having no work: Kabhi socha nahi tha ki mere pass shows hi nahi honge; reveals reaching out to Ekta Kapoor|date=17 April 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=Gutur Gu Fame KK Goswami's Car Catches Fire In Mumbai. Police Initiate Probe |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/gutur-gu-fame-kk-goswamis-car-catches-fire-in-mumbai-police-initiate-probe-article-99518490 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2006
|''[[Bhoot Unkle]]''
|Tingu
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Aur Pappu Paas Ho Gaya]]''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Ram Singh Charlie]]''
| Cut
|
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Series
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Shaktimaan]]'' || Khalli/ Balli || Double role
|-
| 2001–2003 || ''[[Junior G]]'' || Bonapart ||
|-
| 2002–2004|| '' [[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]] '' || Crystal ||
|-
|2002–2003 || ''[[Aryamaan – Brahmaand Ka Yodha]]'' || Various characters||
|-
|2002–2004 || ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' || rowspan="2"|Gabroo (Gabraal) ||
|-
|2003–2004 || ''[[Vikraal Aur Gabraal]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Out Of Work Since 6 Years, 'Vikraal Aur Gabraal' Actor KK Goswami Struggles To Make Ends Meet |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/out-of-work-since-6-years-vikraal-aur-gabraal-actor-kk-goswami-struggles-to-make-ends-meet-599572.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> ||spin-off series of [[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]
|-
| 2003–2006 || '' [[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]] '' || Phullu ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Majooba ka Ajooba]]'' || Bagdam Buta ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Akkad Bakkad Bambey Bo]]'' || Gappu's nephew ||
|-
| 2007–2008 || ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' || Various characters |Goh
|-
| 2010–2013 || ''[[Gutur Gu]]'' || Pappu Maharaj ||
|-
|2013–2018 || ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C. I. D.]]'' || Dhenchu ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'' || Varahmir ||
|-
|2015–2017 || ''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]]'' || Atibal ||
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hai!]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/k-k-goswami-enters-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-2876808/|title=K.K. Goswami enters Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!|date=26 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627180226/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/k-k-goswami-enters-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-2876808/|archive-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> || Various characters ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Trideviyaan]]'' || Missile Thief ||
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bhojpuri actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1220818}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, KK}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Actors with dwarfism]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Langar (Sikhism)

2026-02-06T21:42:30Z

Rajan Singh: formatting fix

{{Short description|Sikh community kitchen}}
{{For|the Sufi practice|Langar (Sufism)}}
{{missing information|meal content, types of food|date=September 2023}}
[[File:Langar.jpg|thumb|A community meal in progress at a Sikh langar|261x261px]]
{{Sikh practices}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
In [[Sikhism]], a '''langar''' ({{langx|pa|ਲੰਗਰ}}, pronunciation: {{IPA|pa|lʌŋɾ|}}, 'kitchen'<ref name=maha5>Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech, 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&dq=mahaprasad+similar+to+langar&pg=PT530 The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies]{{dead link|date=July 2019}}</ref>) is the community kitchen of a [[gurdwara]], which serves meals to all free of charge, regardless of religion, [[caste]], gender, economic status, or ethnicity. People sit on the floor and eat together, and the kitchen is maintained and serviced by Sikh community volunteers who are doing ''seva'' ("selfless services").<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark McWilliams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yj8QDgAAQBAJ|title=Food & Material Culture: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2013|publisher=Oxford Symposium|year=2014|isbn=978-1-909248-40-3|page=265}}</ref> The meals served at a langar are always [[lacto-vegetarian]].<ref>William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723134}}, page 148</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Langar'' is a [[Persian language|Persian]] word that was eventually incorporated into the Punjabi language and [[lexicon]].<ref>Kathleen Seidel, ''[http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/essay_serving_love.html Serving Love]'', ''Serving the Guest: A Sufi Cookbook'', September 2000. Accessed 15 January 2010.</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmxzoKBm30C&pg=PA245|title=My Hindu Faith and Periscope, Volume 1|author=Satish C. Bhatnagar|date=November 2012|page=245|publisher=Trafford |isbn=9781466960978}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knA9NptP7xsC&pg=PA1130|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary|page=1130|isbn=9788120606708|last1=Steingass|first1=Francis Joseph|year=1992|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref>

==Origins==
[[File:Sikhs paying homage to Guru Nanak Wellcome V0045987.jpg|thumb|Sikh painting showing a langar in the bottom right, c. 19th century]]
The concept of charity and providing cooked meals or uncooked raw material to ascetics and wandering [[yogi]]s has been known in eastern cultures for over 2000 years. However, in spite of institutional support from several kings and emperors of the [[Delhi sultanate]] (up to the [[Mughal Empire]]), it could not be institutionalized into a sustainable community kitchen, but continued as volunteer-run free food opportunities.

Within the Jammu hills, a significant component of the Sufi missionaries' social outreach was to organize community kitchens, known locally as langar. In addition to providing meals to the needy, they were also intended to promote inclusion within their society and discourage segregation and untouchability, both of which were widely practised throughout the Indian subcontinent. This practice, largely facilitated through donations, allowed participants to discard their social identity and was considered a sacred duty. The tradition was inaugurated in the 12–13th century by Shaikh Farid.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohammed |first=Jigar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A13bEAAAQBAJ&dq=langar+sufi&pg=PT136 |title=Sufism in Punjab: Mystics, Literature and Shrines |date=2023-12-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-83414-4 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Surinder |language=en |chapter=A Panoramic Reconstruction of Sufism in the Jammu Hills}}</ref>

The community kitchen started by the Sikh Gurus, was universal and accepting of people from all faiths and backgrounds, a tradition which has continued to this day. The type of food served and the method of cooking employed, further helped make Sikh langar universally accepted by all faiths and castes.

Several writers such as Gurinder Singh Mann and Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair have alluded to this fact of cooked food (or raw material) being provided to travelers, ascetics and wandering yogis,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mann|first=Gurinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC4d-5xrysIC&q=langar+nath+yogis&pg=PA140|title=The Making of Sikh Scripture|date=2001-05-03|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802987-8|language=en}}</ref> free food distribution practices being in vogue in fifteenth century among various religious groups like [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Nath]] [[Yogi]]s and [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] saints.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&q=langar-type+nath+yogis&pg=PA319|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|last2=Fenech|first2=Louis E.|date=March 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mandair2013p252">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEP0Ty-GuVEC|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-1708-3}}</ref> However, no evidence exists of formal institutionalized community kitchens, providing cooked free meals, continuously, over a period of time by any particular community.

The roots of such volunteer-run charitable feeding is very old in Indian tradition; for example: Hindu temples of the [[Gupta Empire]] era had attached kitchen and [[almshouse]] called ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharma-shala]]'' or ''dharma-sattra'' to feed the travelers and poor, or whatever donation they may leave.<ref>{{cite book|author=Manabendu Banerjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_YyAAAAIAAJ|title=Historical and Social Interpretations of the Gupta Inscriptions|publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar|year=1989|pages=83–84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vasudeva Upadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgBAAAAMAAJ|title=The Socio-religious Condition of North India, 700-1200 A. D.: Based on Archaeological Sources|publisher=[[Munshi Manoharlal]]|year=1964|page=306}}</ref> These community kitchens and rest houses are evidenced in epigraphical evidence, and in some cases referred to as ''satram'' (for example, ''Annasya Satram''), ''[[choultry]]'', or ''chathram'' in parts of India.<ref>[a] {{cite book|author=Prabhavati C. Reddy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkUsAwAAQBAJ|title=Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-80631-8|page=99}};

[b] [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/sanctuaries-of-times-past/article487938.ece Sanctuaries of times past] The Hindu (June 27, 2010)</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=A.K.|year=2002|title=A Śaiva Monastic Complex of the Kalacuris at Chunari in Central India|journal=South Asian Studies|publisher=Taylor & Francis|volume=18|issue=1|pages=47–52|doi=10.1080/02666030.2002.9628606|s2cid=191573026}}</ref> In fact, Sikh historian Kapur Singh refers to Langar as an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] institution.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siṅgha|first=Prakāsha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4XXAAAAMAAJ&q=Langar+Aryan+institution|title=Community Kitchen of the Sikhs|date=1994|publisher=Singh Bros.|isbn=978-81-7205-099-3|language=en}}</ref>

The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim [[Yijing (monk)|I Ching]] (7th century CE) wrote about monasteries with such volunteer-run kitchens.<ref>{{cite book|author=William M. Johnston|author-link=William M. Johnston|title=Encyclopedia of Monasticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iepJAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-78716-4|pages=953–954}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Nancy Auer Falk|author2=Rita M. Gross|title=Unspoken worlds: women's religious lives in non-western cultures|url= https://archive.org/details/unspokenworldswo00falkrich|url-access=registration|year=1980|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=978-0-06-063492-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/unspokenworldswo00falkrich/page/210 210]–211}}</ref> The institution of the Langar emerged from [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]],<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2l56GzQ7d0C&pg=PA45|title=Epilogue, Vol 4, Issue 1 |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fI7AQAAIAAJ|title=Transactions, Volume 4|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|author=R. Nivas|others=The word langar, and this institution has been borrowed, so to speak, from the Sufis. The khanqas of the Chisti and other Sufi saints had a langar open to the poor and the rich, though the Hindus mostly kept away from them. To make the Brahmin sit with the pariah and do away with untouch- ability, and to make the Hindus and Muslims eat from the same kitchen and destroy all social|page=190|year=1967}}</ref> a Sufi Muslim saint living in the Punjab region during the 13th century. This concept further spread and is documented in ''Jawahir al-Faridi'' compiled in 1623 CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara D. Metcalf|author-link=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC |year=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04660-3|pages=336–339}}</ref>

The concept of langar—which was designed to be upheld among all people, regardless of religion, caste, colour, creed, age, gender, or social status—was an innovative charity and symbol of equality introduced into Sikhism by its founder, [[Guru Nanak]] around 1500 CE in North Indian state of Punjab.<ref name="Mandair2013p252" />

The second Guru of Sikhism, [[Guru Angad]], is remembered in Sikh tradition for systematizing the institution of langar in all Sikh [[Gurdwara]] premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a simple and equal seating.<ref name="Mandair2013p252"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=319}}</ref> He also set rules and training method for volunteers (''[[sevadar]]s'') who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, and being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.<ref name="Mandair2013p252"/>

It was the third Guru, [[Guru Amar Das]], who established langar as a prominent institution, and required people to dine together irrespective of their caste and class.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD8SDAAAQBAJ|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|date=28 April 2016|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-106277-3}}</ref> He encouraged the practice of langar, and made all those who visited him attend langar before they could speak to him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Prithi Pal|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhGkVkhUuqoC&pg=PA38|title=The History of Sikh Gurus|publisher=Lotus Press|year=2006|isbn=81-8382-075-1|location=New Delhi|page=38|chapter=3 Guru Amar Das}}</ref>

==Contemporary practice==
[[File:A group of volunteers helping with daily food preparation for Langar at the Golden Temple.jpg|thumb|250px|Volunteers helping preparing food for langar at the [[Golden Temple]]]]
Langars are held in [[gurdwara]]s all over the world, most of which attract members of the [[homeless]] population. The volunteers feed people without any discrimination, alongside the Sikh devotees who gather.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-31557192|title=Why homeless Britons are turning to the Sikh community for food|work=BBC News |date=22 February 2015|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/14903892.on-the-streets-with-the-sikh-charity-helping-to-feed-those-most-in-need/ | title=Scotland: Sikh charity feeds those most in need | work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] | date=July 14, 2016 | access-date=September 30, 2019 | author=Paterson, Kirsteen }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/sikh-volunteers-take-hot-food-to-homeless-in-melbourne | title=Sikh volunteers take hot food to homeless in Melbourne | publisher=[[SBS Punjabi]] | date=March 8, 2017 | access-date=September 30, 2019 | author=Shamsher Kainth}}</ref> Almost all gurdwaras operate langars where local communities, sometimes consisting of hundreds or thousands of visitors, join for a simple lacto-vegetarian meal.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Harold Coward|author-link=Harold Coward|author2=Raymond Brady Williams|author3=John R. Hinnells|author3-link=John R. Hinnells|title=The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zsj7MfYXSZ4C |year=2000|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-4509-9|pages=196–198}}</ref> As seen in Canadian gurdwaras, the langar provides for studying students when low on funds at the end of a semester, enabling them to put food into less traditional styrofoam containers to get back to campus to continue their studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Michel Desjardins; Ellen Desjardins |first= |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Food that Builds Community: The Sikh Langar in Canada – Cuizine |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/cuizine/2009-v1-n2-cuizine3336/037851ar/ |access-date=November 4, 2025 |website=Érudit |language=en}}</ref>

== Role in Protest and Covid-19 Pandemic Relief ==
The pandemic effectively stopped all engagement of the Sikh religious community, including the ritual of Langar. Langar is not akin to an idea like a soup kitchen but a religiously driven charity where the hungry are always welcomed<ref name=":0" /> and a demonstration of equality in mankind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Langar: The Communal Meal {{!}} The Pluralism Project |url=https://pluralism.org/langar-the-communal-meal |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=pluralism.org |language=en}}</ref> This core idea caused gurdwaras to not close and instead look for different ways to complete their "seva", the third principle reflected in the ritual of Langar<ref name=":0" />, to help those in need during the pandemic. At least 80 gurdwaras around the United states took action to provide for their local communities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Priya |date=June 8, 2020 |title=How to Feed Crowds in a Protest or Pandemic? The Sikhs Know (Published 2020) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/dining/free-food-sikh-gundwara-langar.html |access-date=November 17, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> An example of this is the Sikh Center of New York in Queens Village, who within a two-month period, served more than 145,000 free meals to those in need.<ref name=":1" /> During the [[Black Lives Matter]] protests in April 2019, the Queens Village gurdwara used their vast equipped cookhouse and sevaders to produce 15,000 meals in a single day.<ref name=":1" /> Another method implemented by some gurdwaras was the "drive-through" Langars, when the hungry couldn't come within the temple due to restriction, they came outside to serve. This was most notably implemented by the Khalsa Care Foundation<ref name=":1" /> in Los Angeles as well as the Riverside Gurdwara.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Simko-Bednarski |first=Evan |date=July 9, 2020 |title=How to Feed Crowds in a Protest or Pandemic? The Sikhs Know (Published 2020) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/dining/free-food-sikh-gundwara-langar.html |access-date=November 17, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Sikh volunteers in California handed out hot food and water as well as hand sanitizer and medical supplies.<ref name=":1" /> In New Delhi, India, the practice of a "oxygen langar" was introduce to help provide free oxygen tanks to individuals suffering hypoxemia or low oxygen blood levels, a common symptom of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2021 |title=Free oxygen at Sikh temples as India’s COVID crisis worsens |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/30/free-oxygen-at-sikh-temples-as-indias-covid-crisis-worsens |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Janamsakhi painting showing Guru Nanak's dialogue with Sant Ren during the Sacha Sauda episode.jpg|[[Janamsakhis]] painting of Guru Nanak's dialogue with Sant Ren feeding the hungry ascetics during the Sacha Sauda episode
File:The Camp of Bhai Bir Singh Naurangabad, Punjab, ca.1850.jpg|Langar at the camp of Bir Singh Naurangabad, Punjab, c. 1850
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bhog#In Sikhism|Bhog]]
* [[Pangat]]
* [[Karah Parshad|Karah Parshad (Sikhism)]]
* [[Prasad (Hinduism)]]
* [[Bhandara (community kitchen)]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Desjardins | first1=Michel | last2=Desjardins | first2=Ellen | title=Food that Builds Community: The Sikh Langar in Canada | journal=Cuizine: The Journal of Canadian Food Cultures | publisher=Consortium Erudit | volume=1 | issue=2 | year=2009| doi=10.7202/037851ar| doi-access=free }}

{{Sikhism}}
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Sikh practices]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Free meals]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]

Rizvi College of Engineering

2026-01-23T12:13:17Z

Rajan Singh: Adding the data first draft

{{short description|Engineering college in Maharastra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rizvi College of Engineering
| native_name =
| image = [[File:RCoE logo.jpg|RCoE_logo]]
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = Humanise, Equalise, Spiritualise.
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date|1998}}
| closed = 
| type = Private, undergraduate, Muslim religious minority college of engineering
| affiliation = [[All India Council for Technical Education]], Directorate of Technical Education of Maharashtra state
| accreditation = [[National Accreditation and Assessment Council|NAAC Grade:B+]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Institutes with valid Accreditation |url=http://naac.gov.in/images/docs/ACCREDITATION_STATUS/Institutions_accredited_by_NAAC_whose_accreditation_period_is_valid_030622nn.xls |website=NAAC |publisher=National Assessment and Accreditation Council |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref>
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal = Varsha Shah
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = > 80
| administrative_staff =
| students = {{circa|1600}}
| undergrad = c. 1600
| postgrad = 0
| doctoral = 0
| other =
| city = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coor =
| campus = Urban
| former_names =
| colours =
| athletics_affiliations =
| sports_nickname =
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[University of Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges/ENGINEERING.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218120312/http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges/ENGINEERING.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|eng.rizvi.edu.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:RCoE - RCoA common entrance.jpg|400 px|thumb|right|The common entrance of Rizvi College of Engineering and Rizvi College of Architecture.]]

'''Rizvi College of Engineering''' is a private engineering college, located in the [[Bandra]] (west) suburb of [[Mumbai]], in [[Maharashtra]] state of India. It was established in 1998, and is managed by the Rizvi Education Society. It is a [[Muslim]] religious minority college (i.e., half of all seats are reserved for students from the Muslim religious minority community). It is affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges/ENGINEERING.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218120312/http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges/ENGINEERING.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (a public university funded by the [[Government of Maharashtra|state government of Maharashtra]]), is accredited by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) of the [[Government of India]], and is recognized by the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3201 |title=..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai ::.. |website=www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103225155/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3201 |archive-date=2014-01-03}} </ref> of the state government of Maharashtra.

It offers undergraduate education leading to the University of Mumbai's "Bachelor of Engineering" (B.E.) degree in any 1 of the following 6 disciplines: [[mechanical engineering]], [[electronics engineering]], [[computer engineering]], [[biotechnology]], [[civil engineering]], and electronics and telecommunication engineering. The ordinary duration of these undergraduate courses is 4 years.

==History==
The college was established in the year 1998 by the Rizvi Education Society, which is a "Public Charitable Trust" established under the Societies Act 1950 and registered under the provisions of The Bombay Public Act, 1950. The Society started with the Rizvi College of Arts, Science and Commerce and Rizvi High School in the year 1985. It later established Rizvi College of Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Rizvi College of Engineering, Rizvi Law College, Rizvi College of Education and Rizvi College of Fashion Designing & Creative Arts. All these are located at Rizvi Educational Complex near Carter Road, Bandra (West), Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/AboutUs.htm |title=RCOE - About Us |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051527/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/AboutUs.htm |archive-date=2011-06-17}} </ref>

Rizvi College of Engineering initially offered instruction leading to the University of Mumbai's Bachelor of Engineering degree (four-year duration) in 3 disciplines: civil engineering, electronics engineering, and mechanical engineering. The first batch of students graduated in the year 2002. New departments were subsequently started: electronics and telecommunication engineering in 2002 (first batch graduating in 2006), computer engineering in 2008 (first batch graduating in 2012), and biotechnology in 2012 (first batch to graduate in 2016).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3201 |title=..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai ::.. |website=www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103225155/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3201 |archive-date=2014-01-03}} </ref> All departments offer degrees of the University of Mumbai.

==Campus and location==
The college is located near [[Carter Road Promenade|Carter Road]], in the [[Bandra]] (west) suburb of [[Mumbai]]. The campus is an eight-storied building, in which the Rizvi College of Engineering occupies the bottom six floors and the Rizvi College of Architecture occupies the top two floors. (The administrative and other offices are separate for both the colleges. Except a few minor things like the elevator, there is hardly any sharing of facilities between the two colleges, as is required by rules governing colleges in India.)

Other institutes of the Rizvi Education Society (Rizvi College of Arts, Science and Commerce; Rizvi High School; Rizvi College of Hotel Management & Catering Technology; [[Rizvi Law College]]; Rizvi College of Education; and Rizvi College of Fashion Designing & Creative Arts) are located nearby. Together, all these institutes form the "Rizvi Education Complex".

==Admissions==
The admissions to the undergraduate programs are made on the basis of scores of engineering entrance examination.

Admissions to half of all seats in each course are managed by the "Common Admission Process" (CAP) of the Directorate of Technical Education of the state government of Maharashtra. Various cast-, region- and gender-based reservations are implemented in these, as per the government rules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Courses.htm |title=RCOE - Courses Offered |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612031411/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Courses.htm |archive-date=2011-06-12}} </ref>

Admissions to the other half of the seats are managed by the college administration. These include seats for the Muslim religious minority, as well as "management quota" in which admission may be obtained via a special donation to the college. Here, too, scores of the engineering entrance examination are used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Courses.htm |title=RCOE - Courses Offered |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612031411/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Courses.htm |archive-date=2011-06-12}} </ref>

Among other requirements, a candidate has to secure at least 50% marks in aggregate of physics, chemistry and mathematics in the class 12 board examinations (or equivalent), as per the rules of the Directorate of Technical Education.

==Departments==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Department !! No. of academic staff members || Annual student intake
|-
| Civil engineering || 14 || 60

|-
| Electronics & Computer Science engineering || 05 || 60
|-
| Mechanical engineering || 13 || 60
|-
| Artificial Intelligence & Data Science engineering || 07 || 60
|-
| Computer engineering || 10 || 60
|-
| Applied sciences and humanities || 10 || -
|-
| '''Total''' || '''85''' || '''300'''
|}

The college has 7 academic departments: one for each of the 6 engineering disciplines, and a department for "Applied Sciences and Humanities". Each is governed by a "Head of Department" (HoD).

===Civil Engineering===
[[File:RCoE - civil - Applied hydraulics lab.jpg|thumb|200px| Applied hydraulics lab]]
It has the following laboratories:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Civil.htm |title=RCOE - Civil Department |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618022516/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Civil.htm |archive-date=2012-06-18}} </ref>
* Concrete technology laboratory
* Fluid mechanics laboratory
* Applied hydraulics laboratory
* Foundation engineering laboratory
* [[Soil mechanics]] laboratory
* Environmental engineering laboratory

===Electronics and Computer Science Engineering===
[[File:RCoE - electronics - Control systems lab.jpg|thumb|200px|Control systems lab]]
It has the following laboratories:<ref>{{cite web |title=RCOE - Electronics and Computer Science Department |url=https://eng.rizvi.edu.in/ecs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620194532/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Electronics.htm |archive-date=2012-06-20 |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in}} </ref>
* Control systems laboratory
* Digital communications laboratory
* Digital systems design laboratory
* Electronic circuit analysis laboratory
* Microprocessor and micro-controller laboratory
* Microwave devices and circuits laboratory
* Power electronics laboratory
* Robotics laboratory

===Mechanical Engineering===
[[File:RCoE - mechanical - Workshop.jpg|thumb|200px|Workshop and machine-shop]]
It has the following laboratories:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Mechanical.htm |title=RCOE - Mechanical Department |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051543/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Mechanical.htm |archive-date=2011-06-17}} </ref>
* Heat and mass transfer laboratory
* Hydraulics machinery laboratory
* Mechanical vibrations laboratory
* Strength of materials laboratory
* Theory of machines laboratory
* Internal combustion engines laboratory
* Refrigeration and air-conditioning laboratory
* Workshop and machine-shop

===Computer Engineering===
[[File:RCoE - computer - Data Warehousing and Mining lab.jpg|thumb|200px|Data warehousing and mining lab]]
This department maintains the following laboratories:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Computers.htm |title=RCOE - Computers Department |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518021409/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Computers.htm |archive-date=2012-05-18}} </ref>
* AutoCAD laboratory (used by the department of mechanical engineering)
* Data warehousing and mining laboratory
* Computer graphics laboratory
* Computer networks laboratory
* Server room

===Biotechnology===

{{Empty section|date = January 2014}}

===Applied Sciences and Humanities===

{{Empty section|date=January 2014}}

==Library==

[[File:RCoE - Library 3.jpg|thumb|200px|RCoE Library]]

<div style = "float: right; padding-left: 7px;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type of document !! Copies available
|-
| Books || 26175
|-
| Journals || 50
|-
| Online databases || 4
|-
| CD ROMs || 450
|-
| Newspapers || 13
|-
| E-books || 165
|}
</div>

The college library has around 26,000 books, periodicals, newspapers, CD-ROMs, journals, magazines & online journals. It possesses institutional membership of the Library of [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Library.htm |title=RCOE - Library |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618023653/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Library.htm |archive-date=2011-06-18}} </ref>

The library has an "Open Access System" (OAS) where 3 dedicated computers allow the students and staff members to retrieve the bibliographic details of the documents to be located.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Library.htm |title=RCOE - Library |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618023653/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Library.htm |archive-date=2011-06-18}} </ref>

There are 2 reading rooms: one for students, and another one for staff members. Library timings may be extended before and during examinations, to assist students in studying.

Each student can apply for, and is then issued, two library cards, on which he/she can take books for "reference" (returning them on the same day) or for "issue" (returning them after maximum duration of 1 week). Like in most other libraries, a nominal fine is charged on defaulters, to ensure prompt return of all materials that may be issued.

==Placements of graduating students==
The "Training and Placement Cell" of the college handles placements of final year students. Some of the major companies in which students have been placed, are given below:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Placements.htm |title=RCOE - Placements |website=eng.rizvi.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051548/http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Placements.htm |archive-date=2011-06-17}} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Mahindra British Telecom || NUC SOFT Ltd.
|-
| L & T Infotech || Shapoorji Pallanji & Co. Ltd.
|-
| Tata Infotech || Man Construction Ltd.
|-
| Mahindra & Mahindra || National Rayon Corporation Ltd.
|-
| Blue Star India Ltd. || Neelyog Construction Ltd.
|-
| Accenture India Ltd. || RDC Concrete India Ltd.
|-
| National Stock Exchange (NSE-IT) || Cybermarine (I) Ltd.
|-
| Financial India Ltd. || WIPRO
|-
| [[Mandhana Industries]] Ltd. || GTL Ltd.
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:RCoE auditorium.JPG|RCoE auditorium.
File:Classroom in RCoE - 2.JPG|A classroom in RCoE.
File:Classroom in RCoE - 3 - view 1.JPG|Another classroom in RCoE.
File:Corridor in RCoE - 2.JPG|A corridor in RCoE.
File:View of RCoHM&CT from RCoE.JPG|View of another Rizvi college from RCoE.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Portal| Education }}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rizvi College of Engineering}}
* [http://eng.rizvi.edu.in/Index.html Official website of the Rizvi College of Engineering.]
* [http://www.mu.ac.in Official website of the University of Mumbai.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120519115358/http://www.dte.org.in/ Official website of the Directorate of Technical Education of Maharashtra state.]
* [http://www.aicte-india.org Official website of the All India Council for Technical Education.]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]

Kolkata Thunderbolts

2025-12-26T15:39:49Z

Rajan Singh: stub...

{{Short description|Indian volleyball team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox volleyball club
| clubname = Kolkata Thunderbolts
| colour1 = white
| colour2 = #D50B1D
| short name =
| nickname =
| image = [[File:Kolkata_Thunderbolts_official_logo.png|300px]]
| fullname =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2021}}
| dissolved =
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = Kolkata Sports Ventures
| mgrtitle =
| manager = Narayan Alva
| captain = Ashwal Rai
| league = [[Prime Volleyball League]]
| season = [[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]]
| position = {{Gold1}} Champions
| website =
| pattern_b1 = _redhorizontal2
| pattern_ra1 = FF0000
| pattern_la1 = FF0000
| pattern_s1 =
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 = FF0000
}}

'''Kolkata Thunderbolts''' is a men's [[volleyball]] team from [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] playing in the [[Prime Volleyball League]] in India.<ref name="KT Preview TI" /> The team was founded in 2021 and owned by Kolkata Sports Ventures. They won the inaugural, [[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022 PVL season]] by defeating [[Ahmedabad Defenders]] 3-0 in the final.<ref name="KT Season 1" />

==Honors==
* '''[[Prime Volleyball League]]'''
:: '''Winners (1):''' [[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]]

==Team==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;"
! colspan=6 | Team roster 2024<ref name="KT PVL" />
|-
!style=" text-align:center;"|No.
!style=" text-align:center; width:16em"|Name
!style=" text-align:center; width:9em"|Position
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|Turkey}}Onur Cukur || Setter
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Vinayak Rokhade || Setter
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Hari Prasad || Libero
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Arjun Nath || Blocker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Ashwal Rai || Blocker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Deepesh Sinha || Blocker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Praful S || Blocker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Sudheer Shetty || Blocker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Amit Chokker || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|Poland}}[[David Kisiel]] || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Deepak Kumar || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Prabagaran || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Rahul K || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Rakesh Kumar || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Vinit Kumar<ref name="KT Captain ANI" /> || Attacker
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; width:55%;"
|-
! style=" text-align:center;"| Position
! style=" text-align:center;"| Name
|-
|Owner|| {{flagicon|IND}} Kolkata Sports Ventures
|-
|Chairman|| {{flagicon|IND}} Pawan Kumar Patodia
|-
|Co-Owner|| {{flagicon|IND}} Vinay Kishan
|-
|Co-Owner|| {{flagicon|IND}} Vineet Bhandari
|-
|Team director|| {{flagicon|IND}} Sumedh Patodia
|-
|Head coach|| Rahman Mohammadrad<ref name="KT Coach SS" />
|-
|Assistant coach|| Davoud Mogbehli
|-
|Team manager|| {{flagicon|IND}} Vaibhav Choudhary
|-
|Senior manager|| {{flagicon|IND}} Nayan Kumar
|-
|Physio|| {{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Utkarsh Kulshreshtha
|-
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="KT PVL">{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Thunderbolts {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team
|url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/kolkata-thunderbolts/ |access-date= |website=www.primevolleyballleague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="KT Preview TI">{{Cite web |title=Thunderbolts gear up for a ball in Prime Volleyball League
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/thunderbolts-gear-up-for-a-ball-in-prime-volleyball-league/cid/1848360 |access-date= 20 January 2022 |website=[[Telegraphindia.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="KT Captain ANI">{{Cite web |title=Want to do something magical in PVL, says Kolkata Thunderbolts captain Ashwal Rai
|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/want-to-do-something-magical-in-pvl-says-kolkata-thunderbolts-captain-ashwal-rai20220202205935 |access-date= 2 February 2022 |website=[[ANI News]]}}</ref>

<ref name="KT Coach SS">{{Cite web |title=Prime Volleyball League: Kolkata Thunderbolts has "high calibre" players, says head coach
|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/prime-volleyball-league-kolkata-thunderbolts-has-high-calibre-players-says-head-coach/article38345254.ece |access-date= 29 January 2022 |website=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

<ref name="KT Season 1">{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Thunderbolts rout Ahmedabad Defenders to become inaugural PVL champions
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/kolkata-thunderbolts-rout-ahmedabad-defenders-to-become-inaugural-prime-volleyball-league-champions/cid/1853797 |access-date= 28 February 2022 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>

</references>

{{Prime Volleyball League}}
[[Category:Prime Volleyball League teams]]
[[Category:Volleyball clubs in India]]
[[Category:Men's volleyball teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]

Sirhind Canal

2025-12-26T07:30:35Z

Rajan Singh: update information for clarity further and added references

{{Short description|Canal in Punjab, India}}
[[File:Budki superpassage.png|thumb|Photograph of the Budki superpassage over the Sirhind Canal in Punjab, 1905]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
The '''Sirhind Canal''' is a large irrigation canal that carries water from the [[Sutlej River]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, [[India]]. It is one of the oldest and biggest irrigation works in the [[Indus River]] system, and was inaugurated in 1882 CE.<ref name="ref82jexay">{{Citation | title=Bhakra-Nangal Project: socio-economic and environmental impacts | author=R. Rangachari | year=2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press, 2006 | isbn=978-0-19-567534-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHbbAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... Sirhind Canal The Ropar headworks feeding the Sirhind canal system are among the oldest developments in the Indus basin, particularly based on the flows of the Sutlej. The project was undertaken in 1873 ... irrigation commenced in 1882 ...''}}</ref> The canal begins at Ropar headworks near [[Ropar]] city in [[Rupnagar district]] of Punjab.<ref name="ref82jexay" />

==Geography of the canal==
The Sirhind Canal begins at Ropar and heads southwest to [[Doraha, Ludhiana|Doraha]] in [[Ludhiana district]]. At Doraha, the canal splits into three: the [[Abohar]] branch, the [[Bathinda]] branch and the [[Patiala]] branch. Each of these further subdivides extensively to irrigate a large swathe of the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa region]] of Punjab. Once a partially arid zone, this area is now extremely fertile due to the water distributed by the canal network.<ref name="ref21yipif">{{Citation | title=The Britannica Quizmaster | publisher=Popular Prakashan | isbn=978-81-7154-881-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQzwNU0-s-cC | quote=''... From Ropar the canal runs west- southwest to Doraha where it splits into three branches: Abohar, Bathinda, and Patiala ... irrigating a large part of western Malwa ...''}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1885, the British created a branch of the canal that irrigated [[Faridkot State]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Parihar |first=Subhas |date=February 11, 2012 |title=The Sikh Kingdom of Faridkot |url=https://sikhchic.com/architecture/the_sikh_kingdom_of_faridkot |access-date=26 December 2025 |website=sikhchic}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Map of the Sirhind Canal System of Punjab Province, British India, 1891.jpg|Map of the Sirhind Canal System of Punjab Province, British India, 1891
File:Map of older canals of Punjab Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916).jpg|Map of canals, including the Sirhind Canal, of Punjab Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916)
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Sutlej River]]
*[[Sirhind]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Punjab, India}}

{{coord|30|59|17|N|76|31|3|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Canals in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Canals opened in 1882]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Archana Kamath

2025-10-19T07:12:12Z

Rajan Singh: starting a details!

{{Short description|Indian table tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox table tennis player
| name = Archana Kamath
| image =Table tennis at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Women's Singles Bronze Medal Match 060.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|6|17}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Archana Kamath''' (born 17 June 2000) is an Indian former [[table tennis]] player. She won the gold medal at the [[2023 National Games of India]] in women's singles. She was a part of Indian table tennis contingent at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Paris 2024 Olympics: Sharath Kamal, Manika Batra to lead Indian table tennis team - full squad | date=16 May 2024 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-olympics-india-table-tennis-team}}</ref><ref name="e711">{{cite web | title=Archana Kamath Clinches Women's Singles Title at National Table Tennis Championships | website=The Times of India | date=25 November 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/archana-kamath-womens-singles-title/articleshow/105486525.cms | access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="z681">{{cite web | title=Who is Archana Kamath? Five things to know about India's rising table tennis star | website=Olympics.com | date=9 November 2021 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/who-is-archana-kamath-five-things-to-know-about-india-s-rising-table-tennis-star | access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="j008">{{cite web | last=Selvaraj | first=Jonathan | title=No stranger to bouncing back from setbacks, Kamath makes double upset at WTT Star Contender Goa | website=Sportstar | date=25 January 2024 | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/table-tennis/archana-kamath-comeback-wtt-star-contender-goa-results-background-commonwealth-games-controversy/article67777711.ece | access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="x541">{{cite web | title=Table Tennis, Star Contender Goa: Archana Kamath defeats world No 53 Jieni Shao in comeback win | website=Scroll.in | date=26 January 2024 | url=https://scroll.in/field/1062774/table-tennis-star-contender-goa-archana-kamath-defeats-world-no-53-jieni-shao-in-comeback-win | access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Archana comes from Bangalore. She was born in a family of doctors in Karnataka. Her parents, Girish and Anuradha Kamath are both doctors, specialists in ophthalmology.<ref name="z681" /><ref name="l599">{{cite web | last=| first=| title=Archana Kamath quits professional table tennis to pursue academic career in US | website=The New Indian Express | date=22 August 2024 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2024/Aug/22/archana-kamath-quits-professional-table-tennis-to-pursue-academic-career-in-us | access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="n821">{{cite web | last= | first=| title=Archana Kamath gives up on table tennis dream, chooses 'passion for academics' | website=India Today | date=22 August 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/archana-kamath-table-tennis-retirement-academics-passion-financial-viability-2586195-2024-08-22 | access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamath, Archana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian female table tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Table tennis players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic table tennis players for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Syed Salahuddin

2025-10-18T18:48:32Z

Rajan Singh: added info

{{Short description|Kashmiri militant leader (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Mohammed Yusuf Shah
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|2|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Soibugh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]], [[British India]]<br /> (now in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India)
| alma_mater = [[University of Kashmir]]
| spouse = Nafisa
| children = 7
}}

'''Mohammad Yusuf Shah''' (born 18 February or December 1946), commonly known as '''Syed Salahuddin''', is the head of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], a militant organization operating in [[Kashmir]]. He also heads the [[United Jihad Council]], a Pakistan-based conglomeration of jihadist militant groups sponsored by the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]],<ref>{{citation |author= |title=Kashmir: Confrontation and Miscalculation |date=2002 |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/kashmir/kashmir-confrontation-and-miscalculation |page=6 |publisher=International Crisis Group |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426134321/https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/kashmir/kashmir-confrontation-and-miscalculation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>
{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-5029-898-5 |page=198 |orig-date=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012}}
</ref> with the goal of merging [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory) |Jammu and Kashmir]] with Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |title=Hizb chief Syed Salahuddin warns Pakistan against withdrawing support on Kashmir |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Hizb-chief-Syed-Salahuddin-warns-Pakistan-against-withdrawing-support-on-Kashmir/articleshow/13932562.cms |access-date=8 June 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 Jun 2012 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411062635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Hizb-chief-Syed-Salahuddin-warns-Pakistan-against-withdrawing-support-on-Kashmir/articleshow/13932562.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="arab_news_pak">{{cite news |last=Sheikh |first=Zafar Mahmood |date=31 May 2012 |title=Normalization of Indo-Pak ties hurts Kashmir cause: Salahuddin |newspaper=[[Arab News]] |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/413443 |access-date=8 June 2012 |archive-date=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609043511/http://www.arabnews.com/node/413443 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shahid |first=Kunwar Khuldune |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Time for Pakistan to Cut Ties With Hizbul Mujahideen |language=en-US |work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/time-for-pakistan-to-cut-ties-with-hizbul-mujahideen/ |access-date=2017-06-27 |archive-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117012758/https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/time-for-pakistan-to-cut-ties-with-hizbul-mujahideen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hum.htm |title=Hizb-ul-Mujahideen |last=Pike |first=John |website=www.globalsecurity.org |access-date=2017-06-27 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714213800/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hum.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Salahuddin vowed to block any peaceful resolution to the Kashmir conflict, threatened to train more Kashmiri suicide bombers, and vowed to turn the Kashmir valley "into a graveyard for Indian forces."<ref name="U.S. Department of State">{{Cite news |url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/06/272168.htm |title=State Department Terrorist Designations of Mohammad Yusuf Shah AKA Syed Salahuddin |work=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2017-06-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121144706/https://www.state.gov/press-releases/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1341914/kashmiri-militant-leader-punished-as-modi-visits-us |title=Kashmiri militant leader punished as Modi visits US |last=Siddiqui |first=AP {{!}} Naveed |date=2017-06-26 |work=DAWN.COM |access-date=2017-06-27 |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918050039/https://www.dawn.com/news/1341914/kashmiri-militant-leader-punished-as-modi-visits-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He is listed on the [[NIA Most Wanted|Most Wanted List]] of India's [[National Investigation Agency]].{{sfn|Bloeria, Conflicts in Jammu and Kashmir|2012}} He is named as a [[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]] by the [[United States Department of State|US Department Of State]].<ref>
{{cite web |date=June 26, 2017 |title=State Department Terrorist Designations of Mohammad Yusuf Shah AKA Syed Salahuddin |url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/06/272168.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809195128/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/06/272168.htm |archive-date=9 August 2017 |website=US Department of State}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2017 |title=India stands vindicated as US names Hizbul chief Syed Salahuddin 'global terrorist' |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-stands-vindicated-as-us-names-hizb-man-syed-salahuddin-global-terrorist/articleshow/59326622.cms |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121145016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-stands-vindicated-as-us-names-hizb-man-syed-salahuddin-global-terrorist/articleshow/59326622.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Salahuddin dismissed the listing as "a joint move by the US, Israel, and India to express their animosity towards Pakistan."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mir |first=M A |date=2017-07-01 |title=Top Kashmiri militant sees 'India-US-Israel nexus' behind his terrorist designation |work=The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1448045/declaring-terrorist-joint-move-us-israel-india-hum-chief-syed-salahuddin/ |access-date=2017-07-03 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718003038/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1448045/declaring-terrorist-joint-move-us-israel-india-hum-chief-syed-salahuddin/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bhairavi |date=3 July 2017 |title=In TV Interview, Hizbul Mujahideen's Syed Salahuddin Exposes Pakistan's Role In Terror |work=NDTV |editor-last=Panicker |editor-first=Raija Susan |url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-shouldnt-give-space-to-terrorists-government-sources-on-hizbul-mujahideens-syed-salahuddin-1719953 |access-date=2017-07-03 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812035127/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-shouldnt-give-space-to-terrorists-government-sources-on-hizbul-mujahideens-syed-salahuddin-1719953 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2017 |title=Blacklisted Kashmiri Leader Vows To Continue Fight Over Kashmir |work=TOLOnews |url=http://www.tolonews.com/world/blacklisted-kashmiri-leader-vows-continue-fight-over-kashmir |access-date=2017-07-03 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030723/https://www.tolonews.com/world/blacklisted-kashmiri-leader-vows-continue-fight-over-kashmir |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan also dismissed sanction against him.<ref name=":0" /> In May 2020, Indian media called an attack on him a warning by Pakistani intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2020 |title=Attack on Hizbul Mujahideen chief Syed Salahuddin in Pak rattles terrorists in J&K |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-attack-on-hizbul-mujahideen-chief-syed-salahuddin-in-pak-rattles-terrorists-in-jk-2826374 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426133421/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-attack-on-hizbul-mujahideen-chief-syed-salahuddin-in-pak-rattles-terrorists-in-jk-2826374 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2020 India's [[Enforcement Directorate]] filed a charge-sheet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-25 |agency=PTI |title=ED files charge sheet against HM chief Syed Salahuddin and others for terror funding |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ed-files-charge-sheet-against-hm-chief-syed-salahuddin-and-others-for-terror-funding-877703.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426132151/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ed-files-charge-sheet-against-hm-chief-syed-salahuddin-and-others-for-terror-funding-877703.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A court in New Delhi issued a summons in 2021 in relation to a terror funding case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2021 |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Terror funding: Court issues summons against HM chief Syed Salahuddin, others |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/terror-funding-court-issues-summons-against-hm-chief-syed-salahuddin-others |access-date=2022-04-26 |newspaper=Greater Kashmir |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426131920/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/terror-funding-court-issues-summons-against-hm-chief-syed-salahuddin-others |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, India's NIA court ordered charges to be framed against him and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2022 |title=NIA court orders framing of charges against Yasin Malik, Pakistani terrorists Hafiz Saeed, Syed Salahuddin |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nia-court-orders-framing-of-charges-against-yasin-malik-pakistan-terrorists-hafiz-saeed-syed-salahuddin/2465101/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Financial Express |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426131920/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nia-court-orders-framing-of-charges-against-yasin-malik-pakistan-terrorists-hafiz-saeed-syed-salahuddin/2465101/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Syed Mohammad Yusuf Shah was born in December 1946 in [[Soibugh]], [[Budgam]], a village in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. His maternal grandfather Gulla Saheb was a well-known spiritual figure. His father was a farmer.<ref name=Rediff>[https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/08inter.htm 'Nobody can hand me over to India'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111034239/https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/08inter.htm |date=11 January 2022 }}, Rediff, 8 August 2006.</ref>

Yusuf Shah studied under his maternal grandfather's guidance, who took an interest in his education. In high school, Shah composed poetry in [[English poetry|English]] and regularly participated in debate competitions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=Neil Krishan |title=Militant Leadership: Person-Centered Studies from Kashmir |date=2023 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-764041-8 |series=Oxford scholarship online Psychology |location=New York, NY |pages=68}}</ref> He finished Intermediate in science with first-class marks.<ref name=Rediff/> Then he studied arts at the [[Sri Pratap College]], Srinagar and Masters in Political Science at the [[University of Kashmir]], receiving his degree in 1971.<ref name=Rediff/> Later he became an Islamic teacher at a [[madrasa]] or traditional religious seminary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syed Salahuddin: teacher to terror commander|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/salahuddin-teacher-to-terror-commander-4725290/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 June 2017 |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Jamaat-e-Islami ===
A year after his graduation, Yusuf Shah was appointed as the tehsil chief of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]] for Budgam. Later he became the chief Nizam-e-Aala for the Jamaat-e-Islami's student wing, Tehreek-e-Talaba. In 1986, he was appointed the district chief of Jamaat for the Srinagar district.<ref name="Rediff" /> According to a biography in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', he was a notable Islamic scholar and preacher.<ref name="HT">Abhishek Saha, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/syed-salahuddin-kashmiri-islamic-preacher-to-global-terrorist/story-lJuoHxTv5Tvd1SKpeIJDeP.html Syed Salahuddin: From political science student in Kashmir to 'global terrorist'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111034231/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/syed-salahuddin-kashmiri-islamic-preacher-to-global-terrorist/story-lJuoHxTv5Tvd1SKpeIJDeP.html |date=11 January 2022 }}, Hindustan times, 27 June 2017.</ref> His [[Friday prayer|Friday sermons]] at the Exhibition Grounds in Srinagar were popular with the youth. His sermons were contemporary and "had the power to articular what was in our minds", according to Showkat Ahmad Bakhshi of the [[Islamic Students League]].<ref name="Battleground">Saima Bhat, [https://kashmirlife.net/battleground-amira-kadal-issue-01-vol-08-100167/ Battleground Amira Kadal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112141939/https://kashmirlife.net/battleground-amira-kadal-issue-01-vol-08-100167/ |date=12 January 2022 }}, Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.</ref>

=== Muslim United Front ===
In 1987, Yusuf Shah contested the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|J&K assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Muslim United Front]], in Srinagar's [[Amira Kadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amira Kadal]] constituency.<ref name="Rediff" /> The Islamic Students League campaigned for him and provided the "street power" to counter the cadres of the National Conference. [[Yasin Malik]] served as his campaign manager and Ajaz Dar, who had a licensed gun, served as his unofficial bodyguard.<ref name="Battleground" />
There is consensus among the scholars that the election was 'stolen' and Ghulam Mohiuddin Shah of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] was declared as the winner despite Yusuf Shah having had the lead.<ref name="Battleground" /><ref>
{{harvp|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|loc=pp. 48–49: "As counting of ballots begins, it becomes clear that the MUF's Yusuf Shah, a member of a conservative religious party called the Jama'at-i-Islami, is winning by a landslide. This is his third attempt to be elected to the IJK assembly, and finally the public seems to be en masse on his side. The other Shah, routed in the contest, leaves the counting center in a visibly dejected mood and goes home. But he is summoned back—to be declared the winner by presiding officials."}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Habibullah |first=Wajahat |title=My Kashmir: Conflict and the Prospects for Enduring Peace |publisher=United States Institute for Peace Press |location=Washington DC |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-60127-031-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=en4OMQAACAAJ |page=61 |quote=Having spoken to several participants, I am satisfied that there is not the slightest exaggeration in Bose's account of what transpired in the Amira Kadal constituency.}}
</ref>
Yusuf Shah as well as Yasin Malik, along with other supporters, were arrested and put in jail without trial.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|loc=pp. 48–49}}

== Militancy career ==

=== Hizbul Mujahideen ===
After his arrest for violent protests and release in 1989, he then joined [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] founded by [[Muhammad Ahsan Dar]] alias "Master" who later parted from Hizbul Mujahideen. He soon took over as the chief of Hizbul Mujahideen and then adopted ''nom de guerre'' "Syed Salahuddin", named after [[Saladin]],<ref>{{cite news |title=What Connects Syed Salahuddin and Kashmir's Separatists |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/what-connects-syed-salahuddin-and-kashmirs-separatists_in_5c11edf0e4b0508b2135fa23 |work=HuffPost India |date=14 June 2017 |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref> the 12th century Sunni Muslim political and military leader, who fought in [[The Third Crusade]].
{{rquote|right|We are fighting Pakistan's war in Kashmir and if it withdraws its support, the war would be fought inside Pakistan|Syed Salahuddin<ref name=toi_pak_war/>}}

In June 2012 in an interview, Hizb-ul-Mujahideen chief Syed Salahuddin accepted that Pakistan had been backing Hizb-ul-Mujahideen for fight in Kashmir.<ref name=toi_pak_war/> He had declared to start attacking Pakistan if it ceased support of [[Jihadism|jihadis]] in Jammu and Kashmir, as they were fighting "Pakistan's war".<ref name=toi_pak_war>
{{cite news |last=PTI |title=Hizb chief Syed Salahuddin warns Pakistan against withdrawing support on Kashmir |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 June 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-08/pakistan/32123109_1_kashmir-issue-jammu-and-kashmir-india-and-pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617051248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-08/pakistan/32123109_1_kashmir-issue-jammu-and-kashmir-india-and-pakistan |archive-date=17 June 2013}}
</ref><ref name=arab_news_pak/>

=== Designation as a terrorist by U.S. ===
On 26 June 2017 the [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] has designated Mohammad Yusuf Shah, also known as Syed Salahuddin, as a [[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]] (SDGT) under Section 1(b) of [[Executive Order (E.O.) 13224]], which imposes sanctions on foreign persons who have committed, or pose a significant risk of committing, acts of terrorism that threaten the security of U.S. nationals or the national security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States. As a consequence of this designation, U.S. persons are generally prohibited from engaging in transactions with Salahuddin and all of Salahuddin's property and interests in property subject to United States jurisdiction are blocked.<ref name="U.S. Department of State"/> He is designated as an Indian national with a date of birth of 1952 and addresses in [[Muzaffarabad]] (the capital of [[Pak administered Kashmir]], Pakistan), [[Rawalpindi]] (the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Pakistan military headquarters]]) and [[Islamabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHAH, Mohammad Yusuf |url=https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=22563 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909021951/https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=22563 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pakistan rejected the US sanctions against him.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Kay |date=2017-06-27 |title=Pakistan rejects US sanctions against Hizbul chief Syed Salahuddin |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/C1H9wq8dyc9AgolrFwCWkJ/Pakistan-rejects-US-sanctions-against-Hizbul-chief-Syed-Sala.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Livemint |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426132729/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/C1H9wq8dyc9AgolrFwCWkJ/Pakistan-rejects-US-sanctions-against-Hizbul-chief-Syed-Sala.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==

=== Family ===
Shah is married, with five sons and two daughters. Writing in 2017, Indian journalist [[Barkha Dutt]], who met him in [[Rawalpindi]], stated that none of Syed Salahuddin's children had been involved in militancy, and that four of them had held government jobs.<ref>Barkha Dutt. "[https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/when-i-met-salahuddin-in-pakistan.html When I met Salahuddin in Pakistan]." ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'', July 9, 2017.</ref>

Two sons were removed from government offices in Jammu and Kashmir in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2021-07-10 |title=Hizbul Mujahideen chief Syed Salahuddin's sons among 11 terminated from J&K government services |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hizbul-mujahideen-chief-syed-salahuddins-sons-among-11-terminated-from-jk-government-services/article61444044.ece |access-date=2022-04-26 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426131054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hizbul-mujahideen-chief-syed-salahuddins-sons-among-11-terminated-from-jk-government-services/article61444044.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In the next month one of his sons, Syed Shakeel Yousuf was arrested, in a terror funding case. Shahid, another son, had been arrested before.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2018-08-30 |title=Terror funding: NIA arrests Syed Salahuddin's son |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/terror-funding-nia-arrests-syed-salahuddins-son/article24817268.ece |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602040011/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/terror-funding-nia-arrests-syed-salahuddins-son/article24817268.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Islamic terrorism]]
* [[Islamic extremism]]
* [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Bloeria |first=S. S. |chapter=Conflict overview |editor=V. R. Raghavan |title=Conflicts in Jammu and Kashmir: Impact on Polity, Society and Economy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_6pCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |date=2012 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82573-33-3 |pages=15–56 |ref={{sfnref|Bloeria, Conflicts in Jammu and Kashmir|2012}}}}

==Further reading==
* Most Wanted Profiles of Terror by K.P.S Gill, {{ISBN|81-7436-207-X}}

==External links==
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-syed-salahuddin-hizbul-mujahideen-pakistan-kashmir-india-united-states-4723798/ Who is Syed Salahuddin, chief of Hizbul Mujahideen?], ''Indian Express'', 30 June 2017.
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/27inter.htm Interview with rediff.com, dated 27 August 2001]
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/09inter.htm Interview with rediff.com, dated 9 January 2007]
* [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2317/stories/20060908003111100.htm Terror in twilight, dated 26 August – 8 September 2006]

{{Fugitives wanted by India}}
{{Kashmir separatist movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salahuddin, Syed}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by India]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian Islamists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:People from Budgam district]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:People charged with terrorism]]
[[Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]]
[[Category:Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government]]
[[Category:Leaders of jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir politicians]]

Ambala Cantonment

2025-09-28T03:43:44Z

Rajan Singh: improved article

{{More citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambala Cantonment
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nickname = Science City
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Busy Grand Trunk Road in India, section Ambala ←→ Delhi 1940s.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Grand Trunk Road]], at Ambala Cantonment, during British Raj
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.361915|N|76.8480778|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ambala district|Ambala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1843(cantonment)
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Cantonment Board Ambala
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 55,370
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800366-ambala-cantt--haryana.html|title=Ambala Cantt. City Population Census 2011 - Haryana|work=Census 2011}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 85–86 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |accessdate = 24 March 2019 |df = dmy-all |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="punjabiofficial">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=IANS |date=28 January 2010 |accessdate=24 March 2019|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 1330XX
| registration_plate = HR 01, HR 85, HR 37
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ambala Cantonment''' is a [[cantonment]] town in [[Ambala district]] in the state of [[Haryana]], [[India]]. It is 200 km north of [[Delhi]] and 55 km southwest of [[Chandigarh]]. This cantonment was established in the year 1843 and is an important centre for manufacturing of scientific and surgical instruments.

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
| title = Religions in Ambala Cantonment, 2011 Census data<ref name="Census2011"/>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]| darkkhaki|4.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.26}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.28}}}}
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Ambala Cantonment had a population of 55,370. Males constitute 61% of the population and females 39%. Ambala Cantonment has an average literacy rate of 91.24%, higher than the national average of 74%; with 95.07% of the males and 85.32% of females literate. 11.41% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref name="Census2011"/>{{better source needed|reason=site not considered reliable|date=February 2019}}

==Economy==
Scientific and surgical instruments are manufactured in Ambala Cantonment.<ref name="YellowPages">[http://www.ambalayellowpages.com/about.html Ambala info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028010919/http://www.ambalayellowpages.com/about.html |date=28 October 2016 }}, yellowpages.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2019}}

==Transport==
===Railways===
[[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station]] is a major junction. [[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi-Kalka]] and Saharanpur-Ludhiana's railway lines pass through this junction<ref name="YellowPages"/>

===By road===
[[Grand Trunk Road|G.T. Road]] passes through Ambala Cantonment.

==Places of interest==
* [[European Cemetery]]

==Education==
Historic Colleges which were established before independence of [[India]] are also present. An example of that is [[Sanatan Dharma College]] on [[Ambala–Jagadhri Highway]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambala: Convocation |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040305/region.htm |date=5 March 2004| accessdate=6 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=S.D. College graduates get degrees|work=The Tribune, Chandigarh |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000415/haryana.htm#5 |date= 15 April 2000| accessdate=6 February 2019 }}</ref> [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Ambala|Convent of Jesus and Mary]] is a girls' day-school in Ambala Cantonment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Divjot Kaur Jaggi a topper from Ambala Cantonment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/divjot-kaur-jaggi-a-topper-from-ambala-cantonment/articleshow/69208095.cms |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=6 May 2019}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:A Temple in Ambala.jpeg|Ambala Cantonment Temple.
File:Gurudwara Panjokhra Sahib, Haryana.jpg|Panjokhra sahib.
File:St Paul's Church Ambala Haryana - c1868.jpg|St Paul's Church before being bombed by the Pakistani Air Force in the 1965 conflict.
File:12920 (JAT-INDB) Malwa Express at Ambala Cantonment station.jpg|[[Ambala Cantonment railway station]].
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ambala district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ambala district]]
[[Category:Cantonments of India]]
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:Ambala]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1843]]

Satbankura

2025-09-22T19:08:06Z

Rajan Singh: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Satbankura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_name = Chandrakona Road
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right E
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|43|19.0|N|87|20|22.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,118
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721253 (Satbankura)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03227
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Salboni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salboni]]
| website = {{URL|paschimmedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Satbankura''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Garhbeta III]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Medinipur Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The headquarters of this block are located here.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=480| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|37|30|N|87|18|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Medinpur Sadar subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, F: facilities<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|50|50|N|87|20|2|E}}| label-pos1=bottom|label1=Amlagora | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Amlagora]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|20|4|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Durllabhganj | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Durllabhganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|43|58|N|87|20|51|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Dwarigeria | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dwarigeria]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|51|36|N|87|21|36|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Garbeta | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Garbeta]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|43|0|N|87|21|16|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Naba Kola | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Naba Kola]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|33|47|N|87|24|33|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6=Anandapur | numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Anandapur, Paschim Medinipur]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|27|52|N|87|8|52|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Chandra| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Chandra, Paschim Medinipur]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|45|30|N|87|20|11|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chandrakona Road| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Chandrakona Road]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|42|30|N|87|10|16|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Goaltore| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Goaltore]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|31|48|N|87|19|45|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Godapiasal| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Godapiasal]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|33|16|N|87|27|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Keshpur| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Keshpur]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|42|30|N|87|8|30|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12= Pingboni| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Pingboni]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|33|55|N|87|9|17|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Salboni| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Salboni]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|43|10|N|87|20|22|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satbankura| numbered14=R| mark-title14= Satbankura (R)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|25|50|N|87|19|8|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15= Midnapore| numbered15=M| mark-title15= [[Midnapore]] (M)| shape-color15= #800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|30|52|N|87|21|13|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16= Karnagarh| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Karnagarh]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|24|52|N|87|25|9|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17= Pathra| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Pathra, Paschim Medinipur]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|51|31|N|87|20|26|E}}| label-pos18=top|label18= Gongoni Danga| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Gongoni Danga]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|25|55|N|87|17|52|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19= Vidyasagar University| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[Vidyasagar University]] (F)|shape-color19=#967117
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|34|55|N|87|18|29|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20= JSW Cement Plant| numbered20=F| mark-title20= [[Godapiasal]] (F) |shape-color20=#967117
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|52|0|N|87|11|0|E}}|label21= Shilabati|labela21= River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=60| label-pos21=top| label-size21=11| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|23|0|N|87|17|0|E}}|label22= Kangsabati River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=10| label-pos22=top| label-size22=11| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|48|20|N|87|15|20|E}}| label23= Hoomgarh |labela23= Forest | label-color23 = #C42222 | label-angle23=0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|46|19|N|87|15|16|E}}| label24= Gohaldanga |labela24= Forest Range | label-color24 = #C42222 | label-angle24=0| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|37|50|N|87|6|30|E}}| label25= Lalgarh-Jhitka |labela25= Forest Range | label-color25 = #C42222 | label-angle25=0| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|37|19|N|87|14|40|E}}| label26= Salboni |labela26= Forest Range | label-color26 = #C42222 | label-angle26=0| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|42|50|N|87|9|10|E}}| label27= Goaltore |labela27= Reserve Forest | label-color27 = #C42222 | label-angle27=0| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|39|14|N|87|21|55|E}}| label28= Arabari |labela28= Range Forest | label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|32|30|N|87|16|42|E}}| label29= Godapiasal |labela29= Forest | label-color29 = #C42222 | label-angle29=0| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|30|14|N|87|14|54|E}}| label30= Bhadutola |labela30= Reserve Forest | label-color30 = #C42222 | label-angle30=0| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Location===
Satbankura is located at {{coord|22|43|19.0|N|87|20|22.3|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Paschim Medinipur district (before separation of Jhargram) had a total forest area of 1,700 km<sup>2</sup>, accounting for 14.31% of the total forested area of the state. It is obvious from the map of the Midnapore Sadar subdivision, placed alongside, is that there are large stretches of forests in the subdivision. The soil is predominantly [[Laterite|lateritic]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report| title = District Human Development Report Paschim Medinipur, 2011| work= page 7, 27| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 10 September 2020}}</ref> Around 30% of the population of the district resides in this subdivision. 13.95% of the population lives in urban areas and 86.05% lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook Paschim Medinipur, 2013| work= Table 2.2, 2.4 (a)| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics |accessdate = 10 September 2020}}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==Demographics==
According to per [[2011 Census of India]] Satbankura had a total population of 3,118 of which 1,574 (50%) were males and 1,544 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 398. The total number of literate persons in Satbankura was 1,857 (59.56% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 27 October 2016 }}</ref>

.*For language details see [[Garhbeta III#Language and religion]]

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Garhbeta III block are located at Satbankura.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1918_PART_A_DCHB_PASCHIM%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Paschim Medinipur | work= Map of Paschim Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]], (old numbering [[National Highway 60 (India, old numbering)|NH 60]]), running from [[Morgram]] to [[Kharagpur]], passes through Satbankura.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|accessdate=5 August 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Gourav Guin Memorial College]] was established at [[Chandrakona Road]], PO Satbankura in 2008. Affiliated with [[Vidyasagar University]], it offers honours courses in Bengal, English and history and a general course in arts.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ggmc.ac.in/ | title = Gourav Guin Memorial College| publisher = GGMC|accessdate = 7 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegeadmission.in/GouravGuinMemorialCollege/GouravGuinMemorialCollege.shtml | title = Gourav Guin Memorial College| publisher = College Admission |accessdate = 7 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Villages in Paschim Medinipur district]]

2015 Assam State Premier League

2025-09-22T03:52:42Z

Rajan Singh: starting new entry!

{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
|competition = [[Assam State Premier League]]
|season = 2015
|winners = [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]] (1st title)
|relegated =
|dates = 29 May – 25 July
|num_teams = 12
|best player = {{flagicon|IND}} Sibra Narzary
|league topscorer = {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Orok Essien]] (23 goals)
|biggest home win = [[Trinayanjyoti FC]] 7–1 [[Barekuri FC]]<br />(13 June)
|biggest away win = [[Udalguri FC]] 0–8 [[Guwahati F.C.]]<br />(24 June)
|highest scoring = [[Trinayanjyoti FC]] 7–1 [[Barekuri FC]]<br />(13 June)<br />[[Udalguri FC]] 0–8 [[Guwahati F.C.]]<br />(24 June)
|matches = 73
|total goals = 221
|longest wins = [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]<br />[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]<br />(7 games)
|longest unbeaten = [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]<br />(remain unbeaten)
|longest winless = [[Jorhat Town Club]]<br />(6 games)
|longest losses = [[Udalguri FC]]<br />(5 games)
|highest attendance =
|lowest attendance =
|average attendance = 2699
|prevseason = 2013–14
|nextseason = [[2016–17 Assam State Premier League season|2016]]
|updated = 23 October 2015
}}

The '''2015 Assam State Premier League''' was the first season of the [[Assam State Premier League]] in its new format, and 8th as highest state-level league. The league was re-launched in May 2015 and was kicked off on 29 May, concluding with the final on 25 July.<ref name=SPLL>{{cite news|title=State Premier League launched|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may1315/sports051|accessdate=24 May 2015|work=Assam Tribune|date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]] became champion of 2015 Assam State Premier League by defeating [[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]] in the final held at [[KASA Stadium]], [[Diphu]].<ref>[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6622 Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC crowned champions of ASPL 2015] AIFF Media Team. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.</ref>

==Format==
As per the new format of ASPL 2015 a total of 12 city-based clubs across Assam has been divided in Two Zonal Groups - Upper Assam Zonal Group and Lower Assam Zonal Group. At the Zonal Group Stage, each club shall play all the other 5 teams in the Group twice on Home and Away basis. At the end of the Zonal Group stage, top 4 Clubs from each group shall advance to the Final stage of ASPL 2015. The Final stage shall be played on knock-out format in Home and Away basis. Once the Zonal Group stage is over, there will be a draw for the Final stage.

==Key regulations==
ASPL has introduced few key regulations to ensure future, all round development of the game of football in the state of Assam. As per the regulations, each team can register a maximum of 3 overseas player out of which only a maximum of 2 can be included in the playing XI. Each club shall also have to register a minimum of 6 players from its defined catchment area aged not more than 25 years and 6 Indian players aged not more than 20 years. Each club has to also include a minimum of 1 Catchment player and 1 U-20 player in its Playing XI.

As per the Regulation of ASPL 2015, each club shall be responsible to organize all of its Home matches and enjoy 70% of the gate revenue generated. The clubs shall also receive fixed assistance per match for all of its Away matches from the League.

==Prize money==
ASPL 2015 offers lucrative prize money for all the participating clubs and is the highest ever for any Club competition in the state of Assam. The clubs eliminated from the Zonal Group stage shall receive INR 100,000 each as prize money. The clubs eliminated in the quarter-final Stage shall receive INR 150,000 each. The Clubs eliminated at the semi-final stage shall receive INR 250,000 each. The runner up shall receive INR 350,000 and the ASPL 2015 Champion club shall receive a prize money of INR 500,000.

In addition, there are several other prizes on offer, such as, Golden Ball winner (Best Player), Golden Boot winner (Highest Scorer), Golden Gloves (Best Goalkeeper), Best Defender, Best Midfielder, Best Overseas Player Best U-20 Player, Best Catchment Player etc.

==Teams==
The list of clubs divided into two zones.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075807/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150513/jsp/northeast/story_19732.jsp ASPL to wear new look] The Telegraphy. 13 May 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015</ref>

{{location map+ |India Assam
|float=right
|width=590px
|alt=Locations of the ASPL Teams
|caption=Locations of the ASPL Teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=27.500|long=95.367|label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Barekuri FC]]}}</div>|position=top}}
{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=26.52|long=93.97|label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=26.75|long=94.22|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Jorhat Town Club]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=26.98|long=94.63|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Moran Town Club]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=25.83|long=93.43|label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;"> {{nobreak|[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=27.48|long=95|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=26.4|long=90.27|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Baarhoongkha AC]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=26.40|long=90.00|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Global FC Gossaigaon|Global FC]]}}</div>|position=top}}
{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=26.11|long=91.44|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]<br>[[Guwahati F.C.]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=26.63|long=92.8|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Tezpur United FC|Tezpur United]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India Assam |lat=26.7452|long=92.0962|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Udalguri FC]]}}</div>|position=top}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="200px"| Team
! width="80px"| Location
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:15px;" colspan="2"|'''Upper Assam Zone'''
|-
| [[Barekuri FC]]
| [[Tinsukia]]
|-
| [[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
| [[Golaghat]]
|-
| [[Jorhat Town Club]]
| [[Jorhat]]
|-
| [[Moran Town Club]]
| [[Moranhat]]
|-
| [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
| [[Diphu]]
|-
| [[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
| [[Dibrugarh]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:15px" colspan="2"|'''Lower Assam Zone'''
|-
| [[Baarhoongkha AC]]
| [[Kokrajhar]]
|-
| [[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
| [[Gossaigaon]]
|-
| [[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
| [[Guwahati]]
|-
| [[Guwahati F.C.]]
| [[Guwahati]]
|-
| [[Tezpur United FC]]
| [[Tezpur]]
|-
| [[Udalguri FC]]
| [[Udalguri]]
|}

==Round==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Phase
!Round
!First leg
!Second leg
|-
|rowspan=6|Group stage
|Matchday 1
|colspan=2|29–31 May 2015
|-
|Matchday 2
|colspan=2|3–7 June 2015
|-
|Matchday 3
|colspan=2|10–14 June 2015
|-
|Matchday 4
|colspan=2|17–21 June 2015
|-
|Matchday 5
|colspan=2|24–28 June 2015
|-
|Matchday 6
|colspan=2|2–7 July 2015
|-
|rowspan=3|Knockout phase
|Quarter-finals
|7–8 July 2015
|11–12 July 2015
|-
|Semi-finals
|15–16 July 2015
|18–19 July 2015
|-
|Final
|colspan=2|25 July 2015 at KSSA, [[Diphu]]
|-
|}

==Group Stage League Table==

===Upper Assam Zone===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|show_matches=yes
|update=complete
|source=[http://asplsoccer.com/ ASPLsoccer]
|teamwidth = 135 


|team1=MS |team2=TFC |team3=MTC |team4=RFC |team5=BFC |team6=JTC
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=KO |result4=KO


|win_BFC=2 |draw_BFC=2|loss_BFC=6 |gf_BFC= 8 |ga_BFC=25
|win_RFC=2 |draw_RFC=2|loss_RFC=6 |gf_RFC=13 |ga_RFC=22
|win_JTC=1 |draw_JTC=4|loss_JTC=5 |gf_JTC= 7 |ga_JTC=15
|win_MS =9 |draw_MS =1|loss_MS =0 |gf_MS =30 |ga_MS = 5
|win_MTC=5 |draw_MTC=1|loss_MTC=4 |gf_MTC=13 |ga_MTC=18
|win_TFC=6 |draw_TFC=0|loss_TFC=4 |gf_TFC=25 |ga_TFC=11


|name_BFC=[[Barekuri FC]]
|name_RFC=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|name_JTC=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|name_MS=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|name_MTC=[[Moran Town Club]]
|name_TFC=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[#Knockout phase|Quarter-finals]]

|match_BFC_RFC=1–2
|match_BFC_JTC=1–0
|match_BFC_MS=2–0
|match_BFC_MTC=1–1
|match_BFC_TFC=1–3

|match_RFC_BFC=1–2
|match_RFC_JTC=1–1
|match_RFC_MS=1–3
|match_RFC_MTC=5–1
|match_RFC_TFC=1–2

|match_JTC_BFC=1–1
|match_JTC_RFC=0–0
|match_JTC_MS=0–0
|match_JTC_MTC=1–2
|match_JTC_TFC=1–4

|match_MS_BFC=6–0
|match_MS_RFC=[[#MSFC v RFC|5–1]]
|match_MS_JTC=3–0
|match_MS_MTC=2–1
|match_MS_TFC=2–1

|match_MTC_BFC=2–0
|match_MTC_RFC=3–1
|match_MTC_JTC=2–1
|match_MTC_MS=0–5
|match_MTC_TFC=1–0

|match_TFC_BFC=7–1
|match_TFC_RFC=4–0
|match_TFC_JTC=1–2
|match_TFC_MS=1–2
|match_TFC_MTC=2–0
}}



{{Football box
|date=29 May 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|score=2–1
|report=
|team2=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Diphu]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=30 May 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Moran Town Club]]
|score=2–0
|report=
|team2=[[Barekuri FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Sivasagar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=31 May 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|score=0–0
|report=
|team2=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jorhat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=3 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Moran Town Club]]
|score=0–5
|report=
|team2=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Sivasagar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=4 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|score=1–1
|report=
|team2=[[Barekuri FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jorhat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=4 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|score=4–0
|report=
|team2=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Dibrugarh]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=6 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|score=3–0
|report=
|team2=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Diphu]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=7 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|score=2–0
|report=
|team2=[[Moran Town Club]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Dibrugarh]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=7 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Barekuri FC]]
|score=1–2
|report=
|team2=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tinsukia]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=10 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|score=1–2
|report=
|team2=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Dibrugarh]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=10 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|score=6–0
|report=[http://asplsoccer.com/news_details.php?id=3 Report]
|team2=[[Barekuri FC]]
|goals1=A.K Martin {{goal|1|o.g.}}<br />V. Kivi Zhimomi {{goal|3}}<br />[[Orok Essien]] {{goal|9||14||67}}<br />Sanjeeva Rongpi {{goal|90}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Diphu]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=11 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Moran Town Club]]
|score=3–1
|report=[http://asplsoccer.com/news_details.php?id=4 Report]
|team2=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|goals1=Amol Bora {{goal|65}}<br />Indrajit Sonowal {{goal|73}}<br />Laldhuawma {{goal|75}}
|goals2=Simanta Konwar {{goal|42}}
|stadium=[[Sivasagar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=13 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|score=7–1
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7711/ Report]
|team2=[[Barekuri FC]]
|goals1=Sankar Bagh{{goal|25||60}}<br/>Chayaram Basumatary{{goal|34}}<br/>Abhijit Duwarah{{goal|54}}<br/>Sunday Oayuk{{goal|46||74||88}}
|goals2=Eric Obiora{{goal|85}}
|stadium=[[Dibrugarh]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=14 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Moran Town Club]]
|score=2–1
|report=[http://asplsoccer.com/news_details.php?id=6 Report]
|team2=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|goals1= Hope Rally {{goal|17}}<br />Dhabesh Daimary {{goal|59}}
|goals2=Laltansanga {{goal|10}}
|stadium=[[Sivasagar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|id="MSFC v RFC"
|date=14 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|score=5–1
|report=[http://asplsoccer.com/news_details.php?id=5 Report]
|team2=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|goals1=Sibra Narzary {{goal|11||83}}<br />[[Orok Essien]] {{goal|26||78}}<br />Jelendra Bramha {{goal|33}}
|goals2=Manjit Rabha {{goal|65}}
|stadium=[[Diphu]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=17 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|score=1–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7732/ Report]
|team2=[[Morning Star F.C.]]
|goals1=Chayaram Basumatary{{goal|82}}
|goals2=[[Orok Essien]]{{goal|56||61}}
|stadium=[[Dibrugarh]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=17 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Barekuri FC]]
|score=1–1
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7736/ Report]
|team2=[[Moran Town Club]]
|goals1=Eric Obiora{{goal|34}}
|goals2=Dhabesh Daimariy{{goal|72}}
|stadium=[[Tinsukia]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=18 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|score=1–1
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7738/ Report]
|team2=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|goals1=Biju Barik{{goal|40}}
|goals2=Lalamwiazuala{{goal|52}}
|stadium=[[Golaghat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=20 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|score=2–1
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7740/ Report]
|team2=[[Moran Town Club]]
|goals1=[[Orok Essien]]{{goal|10||52}}
|goals2=J. Laldhuawma{{goal|30}}
|stadium=[[Diphu]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=21 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Barekuri FC]]
|score=1–0
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7746/ Report]
|team2=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|goals1=Santosh Shutia{{goal|10}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tinsukia]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=21 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|score=1–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7741/ Report]
|team2=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|goals1=Faniyan Abidemi{{goal|63}}
|goals2=Sonam Lepcha{{goal|2}}<br/>Sunday Ogar Ayuk{{goal|9}}
|stadium=[[Golaghat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=24 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|score=0–0
|report=
|team2=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jorhat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=24 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Moran Town Club]]
|score=1–0
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7770/ Report]
|team2=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|goals1=Hope Rally{{goal|4}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Sivasagar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=25 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|score=1–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7774/ Report]
|team2=[[Barekuri FC]]
|goals1=Gorachand Marandi{{goal|61}}
|goals2=Shyam Murah{{goal|24}}<br/>Sahajyoti Kalita{{goal|27}}
|stadium=[[Golaghat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=27 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|score=1–4
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7785/ Report]
|team2=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|goals1=Hemanta Garh{{goal|48}}
|goals2=Sankar Bagh{{goal|15||86}}<br/>Sunday Ogar Ayuk{{goal|68||92}}
|stadium=[[Jorhat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=28 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Barekuri FC]]
|score=0–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7786/ Report]
|team2=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Orok Essien]]{{goal|19||71}}
|stadium=[[Tinsukia]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=28 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|score=5–1
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7787/ Report]
|team2=[[Moran Town Club]]
|goals1=F.O. Abidemi{{goal|15||88}}<br/>Sirondeep Moran{{goal|41||90+2}}<br/>Gorachand Marandi{{goal|45+3}}
|goals2=Rizatmi Singh{{goal|23}}
|stadium=[[Golaghat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=2 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|score=1–3
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7790/ Report]
|team2=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|goals1=Faniyan Abidemi{{goal|64}}
|goals2=Michael Joute{{goal|44}}<br/>[[Orok Essien]]{{goal|48||84}}
|stadium=[[Golaghat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=2 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Barekuri FC]]
|score=1–3
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7792/ Report]
|team2=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|goals1=Santosh Shutia{{goal|53}}
|goals2=Sunday Orok Ayuk{{goal|40}}<br/>Pedar Koch{{goal|63}}<br/>Sanam Lepcha{{goal|83}}
|stadium=[[Tinsukia]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=2 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Jorhat Town Club]]
|score=1–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/7793/ Report]
|team2=[[Moran Town Club]]
|goals1=Alan Lalhriatpuia{{goal|90+2}}
|goals2=Hope Rally{{goal|11}}<br/>Dabesh Daimari{{goal|83}}
|stadium=[[Jorhat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Lower Assam Zone===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|show_matches=yes
|update=complete
|source=[http://asplsoccer.com/ ASPLsoccer]
|teamwidth = 135 


|team1=GV |team2=BAC |team3=TU |team4=GU |team5=GFC |team6=UFC
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=KO |result4=KO


|win_BAC=6|draw_BAC=0|loss_BAC=4|gf_BAC=19|ga_BAC= 11
|win_GFC=3|draw_GFC=2|loss_GFC=5|gf_GFC= 9|ga_GFC= 13
|win_GV =8|draw_GV =1|loss_GV =1|gf_GV =18|ga_GV = 5
|win_GU =3|draw_GU =3|loss_GU =4|gf_GU =15|ga_GU = 10
|win_TU =4|draw_TU =1|loss_TU =5|gf_TU = 8|ga_TU = 12
|win_UFC=2|draw_UFC=1|loss_UFC=7|gf_UFC= 7|ga_UFC= 25


|name_BAC=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|name_GFC=[[Global FC Gossaigaon|Global FC]]
|name_GV=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|name_GU=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|name_TU=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|name_UFC=[[Udalguri FC]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[#Knockout phase|Quarter-finals]]

|match_BAC_GFC=2–1
|match_BAC_GV=0–1
|match_BAC_GU=2–1
|match_BAC_TU=3–1
|match_BAC_UFC=6–0

|match_GFC_BAC=2–3
|match_GFC_GV=2–3
|match_GFC_GU=0–0
|match_GFC_TU=1–0
|match_GFC_UFC=1–0

|match_GV_BAC=1–0
|match_GV_GFC=4–0
|match_GV_GU=1–0
|match_GV_TU=0–1
|match_GV_UFC=2–1

|match_GU_BAC=2–1
|match_GU_GFC=1–0
|match_GU_GV=1–1
|match_GU_TU=1–2
|match_GU_UFC=1–3

|match_TU_BAC=0–2
|match_TU_GFC=0–2
|match_TU_GV=0–2
|match_TU_GU=0–0
|match_TU_UFC=2–0

|match_UFC_BAC=2–0
|match_UFC_GFC=0–0
|match_UFC_GV=0–3
|match_UFC_GU=0–8
|match_UFC_TU=1–2
}}



{{Football box
|date=30 May 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|score=0–0
|report=
|team2=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tezpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=31 May 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Udalguri FC]]
|score=0–0
|report=
|team2=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Udalguri]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=31 May 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|score=0–1
|report=
|team2=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Kokrajhar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=3 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|score=2–0
|report=
|team2=[[Udalguri FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tezpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=3 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|score=2–1
|report=
|team2=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Kokrajhar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=4 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|score=1–1
|report=
|team2=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=6 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|score=0–2
|report=
|team2=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tezpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=7 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|score=1–3
|report=
|team2=[[Udalguri FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=7 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|score=2–3
|report=
|team2=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Gossaigaon]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=10 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|score=0–2
|report=
|team2=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tezpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=10 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|score=2–1
|report=
|team2=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=11 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Udalguri FC]]
|score=0–3
|report=
|team2=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Udalguri]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=13 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|score=1–0
|report=
|team2=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=14 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|score=0–2
|report=
|team2=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tezpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=14 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Udalguri FC]]
|score=2–0
|report=
|team2=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Udalguri]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=17 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|score=1–2
|report=
|team2=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=17 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|score=1–0
|report=
|team2=[[Udalguri FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Gossaigaon]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=18 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|score=1–0
|report=
|team2=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=20 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Udalguri FC]]
|score=1–2
|report=
|team2=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Udalguri]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=21 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|score=1–0
|report=
|team2=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=21 June 2015
|time=5:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|score=2–3
|report=
|team2=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Gossaigaon]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=24 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|score=3–1
|report=
|team2=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Kokrajhar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=24 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Udalguri FC]]
|score=0–8
|report=
|team2=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Udalguri]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=25 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|score=4–0
|report=
|team2=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=27 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|score=2–1
|report=
|team2=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Kokrajhar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=28 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|score=1–0
|report=
|team2=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Gossaigaon]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=28 June 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|score=2–1
|report=
|team2=[[Udalguri FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=2 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|score=1–3
|report=
|team2=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Golaghat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=2 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Global FC Gossaigaon]]
|score=1–1
|report=
|team2=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Gossaigaon]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}


{{Football box
|date=2 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|score=6–0
|report=
|team2=[[Udalguri FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Kokrajhar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==Knockout phase==

===Bracket===
{{8TeamBracket
| sets=2/2/1
| aggregate=y
|RD1=[[#Quarter.E2.80.93finals|Quarter-finals]]
|RD2=[[#Semi.E2.80.93finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD3=[[#Final|Final]]

|team-width=150
|nowrap=yes

|RD1-team1 = '''[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]'''
|RD1-score1-1 = 4
|RD1-score1-2 = 4
|RD1-score1-agg = 8
|RD1-team2 = [[Tezpur United FC]]
|RD1-score2-1 = 0
|RD1-score2-2 = 1
|RD1-score2-agg = 1

|RD1-team3='''[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]'''
|RD1-score3-1 = 2
|RD1-score3-2 = 3
|RD1-score3-agg = 5
|RD1-team4 = [[Moran Town Club]]
|RD1-score4-1 = 2
|RD1-score4-2 = 2
|RD1-score4-agg = 4

|RD1-team5 = '''[[Baarhoongkha AC]]'''
|RD1-score5-1 = 1
|RD1-score5-2 = 2
|RD1-score5-agg = 3
|RD1-team6 = [[Guwahati F.C.]]
|RD1-score6-1 = 1
|RD1-score6-2 = 2
|RD1-score6-agg = 3

|RD1-team7 = '''[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]'''
|RD1-score7-1 = 3
|RD1-score7-2 = 1
|RD1-score7-agg = 4
|RD1-team8 = [[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|RD1-score8-1 = 2
|RD1-score8-2 = 2
|RD1-score8-agg = 4

|RD2-team1 = '''[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]'''
|RD2-score1-1 = 2
|RD2-score1-2 = 2
|RD2-score1-agg = 4
|RD2-team2 = [[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|RD2-score2-1 = 0
|RD2-score2-2 = 1
|RD2-score2-agg = 1

|RD2-team3 = [[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|RD2-score3-1 = 1
|RD2-score3-2 = 2
|RD2-score3-agg = 3
|RD2-team4 = '''[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]'''
|RD2-score4-1 = 3
|RD2-score4-2 = 3
|RD2-score4-agg = 6

|RD3-team1 = '''[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]'''
|RD3-score1 = '''2'''
|RD3-team2 = [[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|RD3-score2 = 1
}}

==Quarter–finals==

The first legs were played on 7 and 8 July, and the second legs were played on 11 and 12 July 2015.
{{TwoLeg start}}
{{TwoLegResult|'''[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]'''||4–4|[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]||3–2|2–1}}
{{TwoLegResult|'''[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]'''||8–1|[[Tezpur United FC]]||4–0|4–1}}
{{TwoLegResult|'''[[Baarhoongkha AC]]'''||3–3|[[Guwahati F.C.]]||1–1|2–2}}
{{TwoLegResult|'''[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]'''||5–4|[[Moran Town Club]]||2–2|3–2}}
{{End}}

===First leg===


{{Football box
|date=7 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|score=3–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8019/ Report]
|team2=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|goals1=Micheal Lucky{{goal|36}}<br/>Rudra Boro{{goal|46}}<br/>George Prince{{goal|90}}
|goals2=Bishal Hojai{{goal|2}}<br/>Sirondeep Moran{{goal|24}}
|stadium=[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=7 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|score=4–0
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8017/ Report]
|team2=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|goals1=Lachit Borah{{goal|45}}<br/>V. Kivi Zhimomi{{goal|52||70}}<br/>Shibra Narzary{{goal|55}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Diphu]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=8 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|score=1–1
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8021/ Report]
|team2=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|goals1=Ashok Brahma{{goal|16}}
|goals2=Lalrinunga{{goal|51}}
|stadium=[[Kokrajhar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=8 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|score=2–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8020/ Report]
|team2=[[Moran Town Club]]
|goals1={{goal|53}}<br/>Sunday Ogar Ayuk{{goal|63}}
|goals2=Hope Rally{{goal|3}}<br/>Rajkumar Panging{{goal|16}}
|stadium=[[Dibrugarh]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Second leg===


{{Football box
|date=11 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Golaghat Rhino FC]]
|score=1–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8023/ Report]
|team2=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|goals1=Sirondeep Moran{{goal|45}}
|goals2=Jagjit Singh{{goal|84}}<br/>Michael Lucky Kelechukwu{{goal|90+1}}
|stadium=[[Golaghat]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=12 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Tezpur United FC]]
|score=1–4
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8022/ Report]
|team2=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|goals1=Francis Oneyama{{goal|51}}
|goals2=[[Orok Essien]]{{goal|13||45}}<br/>V. Kivi Zhimomi{{goal|18}}<br/>Rakib Boro{{goal|32}}
|stadium=[[Tezpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=11 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|score=2–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8025/ Report]
|team2=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|goals1=Newson Kom{{goal|50||86}}
|goals2=Nwukwu Michael Okudili{{goal|3||71}}
|stadium=[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=12 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Moran Town Club]]
|score=2–3
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8024/ Report]
|team2=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|goals1=Hope Rally{{goal|23}}<br/>Dhabesh Daimary{{goal|59}}
|goals2=Swnwam Basumatary{{goal|78}}<br/>Sunday Ogar Ayuk{{goal|87||90+2}}
|stadium=[[Sivasagar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==Semi–finals==

The first legs was played on 15 and 16 July, and the second legs was played on 18 and 19 July 2015.
{{TwoLegStart}}
{{TwoLegResult|'''[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]'''||4–1|[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]||2–0|2–1}}
{{TwoLegResult|[[Baarhoongkha AC]]||3–6|'''[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]'''||1–3|2–3}}
{{End}}

===First leg===


{{Football box
|date=15 July 2015
|time=6:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|score=2–0
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8127/ Report]
|team2=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|goals1=[[Orok Essien]] {{goal|24}}<br/>Benjamin Hanse {{goal|34}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Diphu]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=16 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|score=3–1
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8128/ Report]
|team2=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|goals1=George Prince {{goal|9}}<br/>Rudra Boro {{goal|44||90+1}}
|goals2=Pranab Das {{goal|41}}
|stadium=[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Second leg===


{{Football box
|date=18 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|score=1–2
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8129/ Report]
|team2=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|goals1=Sunday Ogar Ayuk {{goal|77}}
|goals2=[[Orok Essien]] {{goal|67}}<br/>Jelendra Brahma {{goal|80}}
|stadium=[[Dibrugarh]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----

{{Football box
|date=19 July 2015
|time=3:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|score=2–3
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/8130/ Report]
|team2=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|goals1=Ashok Brahma {{goal|39}}<br/>N. Suraj Singh {{goal|45}}
|goals2=Micheal Lucky {{goal|12}}<br/>George Prince {{goal|19}}<br/>Gaiham Rongmai{{goal|43}}
|stadium=[[Kokrajhar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==Final==

The final was played on 25 July 2015 at [[KASA Stadium]], [[Diphu]].
{{Football box
|date=25 July 2015
|time=6:30PM
|team1=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
|score=2–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6622 Report]
|team2=[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|goals1= Immanuel L.Intaote {{goal|67}}<br />[[Orok Essien]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2= George Prince {{goal|53}}
|stadium= [[KASA Stadium]], [[Diphu]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==Statistics==

===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Orok Essien]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Morning Star F.C.]]
|23
|-
|2
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|NGA}} Sunday Ogar Ayuk
|style="text-align:left"|[[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|14
|-
|3
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|NGA}} Micheal Lucky
|style="text-align:left"|[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|11
|-
|4
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[David Opara]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Guwahati F.C.]]
|rowspan=2|6
|-
|5
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|NGA}} George Prince
|style="text-align:left"|[[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|}

==Awards==
List of awards winners.<ref>{{cite news|title=ASPL cash awards distributed|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec0715/sports052|accessdate=7 December 2015|work=[[The Assam Tribune]]|date=6 December 2014}}</ref>

===Club awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Award
!Club
|-
|Champions || [[Morning Star F.C.]]
|-
|Runners-up || [[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|-
|Fair Play Award || [[Morning Star F.C.]]
|-
|}

===List of Individual Awards Winner===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Award !!Play !!Club
|-
|Top Scorer || {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Orok Essien]] || [[Morning Star F.C.]]
|-
|Best Player || {{flagicon|IND}} Sibra Narzary || [[Morning Star F.C.]]
|-
|Best Goalkeeper || {{flagicon|IND}} Mulya Rabha || [[Moran Town Club]]
|-
|Best Defender || {{flagicon|IND}} Maneswar Musahary || [[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|-
|Best Midfielder || {{flagicon|IND}} C A Laldinsang Pudaite || [[Morning Star F.C.]]
|-
|Best U-20 Player || {{flagicon|IND}} Sonom Lepcha || [[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|-
|Best Catchment Player || {{flagicon|IND}} Ashok Brahma || [[Baarhoongkha AC]]
|-
|Best Overseas Player || {{flagicon|NGA}} Sunday Ogar Ayuk || [[Trinayanjyoti FC]]
|-
|Man of The Final || {{flagicon|NGA}} Micheal lucky || [[Green Valley F.C.|F.C. Green Valley]]
|-
|Best Coach || {{flagicon|IND}} L Kamalakanta Singh || [[Morning Star F.C.]]
|-
|}

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Assam State Premier League]]
* [[Bordoloi Trophy]]
* [[Assam Football Association]]
* [[All India Football Federation]]
* [[Green Valley F.C.]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.asplsoccer.com}}
* [http://thif-live.com/leagues/assam-state-premier-league-2015/ Assam State Premier League 2015 – The Home of Indian Football]

{{Assam State Premier League}}
{{2014–15 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Assam State Premier League seasons]]
[[Category:2014–15 in Indian football leagues|4]]
[[Category:2015–16 in Indian football leagues|4]]

Syed Ahmad Dehlavi (academic)

2025-09-13T14:08:54Z

Rajan Singh: started a post

{{Short description|British Indian Islamic scholar (d. 1894)}}
{{About|Deobandi Hadith scholar and academic|the linguist and lexicographer|Syed Ahmad Dehlvi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|office1= 2nd Principal and Sheikh al-Hadith of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|term_start1= 1884
|term_end1= 1890
|predecessor1 =[[Yaqub Nanautawi]]
|successor1= [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
| module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=Islam
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date = 1894 [[AD]] (1311 [[Hijri year|AH]])
|death_place = [[Bhopal]], Bhopal State, British India
|alma_mater =
|influences =
|denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]
|Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
|creed = [[Maturidi]]
|Sufi_order =
|disciple_of =
|occupation = [[Islamic scholar]], [[muhaddith]]
}}
}}
'''Syed Ahmad Dehlavi''' (died 1894) was an Indian Muslim academician and [[muhaddith|hadith scholar]] who served as the second principal and [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] between 1884 and 1890.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datla |first=Kavita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1gEEAAAQBAJ&dq=Syed+Ahmad+Dehlavi&pg=PA188 |title=The Language of Secular Islam: Urdu Nationalism and Colonial India |date=2013-01-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-3791-4 |language=en}}</ref> He specialised in [[Islamic astronomy]] and mathematics. His students included [[Abdul Hayy Hasani]], [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]], [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], [[Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani]], [[Usmani family of Deoband#Miyānji Shukrullah|Muhammad Yasin Deobandi]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], and [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]].

== Biography ==
Syed Ahmed Dehlvi belonged to a [[Sayyid]] family in [[Delhi]]. His father, Maulvi Imamuddin, privately tutored Mughal princes, and his maternal uncle, Mir Syed Mehboob Ali Jafari, was a student of [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi]].{{Sfn|Nadwi|1970|p=62}}{{Sfn|ar-Rahman|1976|p=35}}

Syed pledged allegiance to [[Qasim Nanawtawi]] in Sufism. In 1868 AD (1285 AH), he began his career as a teacher at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and succeeded [[Yaqub Nanautawi]] as the seminary's second principal and [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] (Senior Professor of Hadith) in 1886 ([[Rabi' al-Thani]] 1302 AH). He resigned from the seminary in 1890 AD (1307 AH) and joined Madrasa Jahangiri in [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] as a principal and rector at the invitation of [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hayat-e-abdul-hai-abul-hasan-ali-nadvi-ebooks |title=Hayāt-e-Abdul Hai|trans-title=The life of Abdul Hai|publisher=[[Nadwatul Musannifeen]] |edition=1st|date=November 1970 |location= Delhi |pages=61–62|language=ur |author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizwi |first=Syed Mehboob |translator= Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi|url=https://archive.org/details/2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband/HistoryOfTheDarulUloomDeoband-VolumeTwo1981/page/n143/mode/1up |title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |publisher=Idara-e Ihtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |year=1981 |volume=2 |location=UP, India |pages=131–132 |language=en |oclc=20222197 |author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=2nd|date= October 2020|location=India |pages=505–506, 748|language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=ar-Rahman |first1=Fuyūz|title=Mashāhīr-e-Ulama-e-Deoband|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/mashaheer-ulama-e-deoband-qari-fuyuzur-rahman-ebooks |year=1976|publisher=Azīzia Book Depot|location=Urdu Bazar, [[Lahore]] |pages=34–35 |contribution=Maulana Sharif Hasan Sahab|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="CLODUD">{{cite book |last1=Tayyib|first1=Qari Muhammad|author1-link=Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Sad-Sāla Zindagi|trans-title=Centenary Life of Darul Uloom Deoband|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/darul-uloom-deoband-ki-sad-saala-zindagi-qari-muhammad-tayyab-ebooks |publisher=VC Office, Darul Uloom|location=Deoband|page=98|date=June 1965|edition=1st|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nehtauri |first=Azizur Rahman |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tazkira-e-mashaikh-e-deoband-mufti-azizurrahman-ebooks |title=Tadhkira Mashāikh-e-Deoband |date=July 1967 |publisher=Madani Dar-ut-Talīf |edition=2nd |location=Bijnor |pages=177 |language=ur}}</ref>

During his tenure as principal at Darul Uloom Deoband, thirty students completed graduation in [[Dars-i Nizami|Dars-e-Nizami]], including [[Ghulam Rasool Hazarvi]] and [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Qasmi|first1=Muhammad Tayyib |title=Darul Uloom Diary: Disciples of Imām al-Falsafa Maulana Syed Ahmad Dehlavi and Shaikhul Hind Maulana Mahmud Hasan Deobandi|publisher=Idara Paigham-e-Mahmud|location=Deoband |page=37|date=2013|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="CLODUD"></ref> [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shahjahanpuri |first=Abu Salman |author-link=Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maulana-mahmood-hasan-devbandi-abu-salman-shahjahanpuri-ebooks |title=Shaikhul Hind Maulana Mahmud Hasan Deobandi: Ek Siyāsi Mutāla'ah |publisher=Majlis-e-Yāgār-e-Shaikhul Islam |year=1988 |location=[[Karachi]] |pages=23 |language=ur |trans-title=Shaikh-ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud Hasan Deobandi: A Political Study}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Asir |author-link=Asir Adrawi |url= |title=Hadhrat Shaikh-ul-Hind: Hayāt Aur Kārnāme |publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy |year=1998 |location=Deoband |pages=41 |language=ur |trans-title=Hazrat Shaikh-ul-Hind: Life and Achievements}}</ref> [[Usmani family of Deoband#Miyānji Shukrullah|Muhammad Yasin Deobandi]],{{Sfn|Deobandi|2005|p=62}} [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ansari |first=Ziyauddin |date=April–June 2002 |title=Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi by Dr. Wafa Rashidi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/journal-khuda-bakhsh-library-patna-shumara-number-128-mohammad-ziauddin-ansari-magazines-1 |journal=Khuda Bakhsh Library Journal |location=Patna |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |issue=128 |pages=84 |via=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]}}</ref> [[Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani]],{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=184}} [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ghouri |first1=Aziz al-Hasan |author-link1=Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/ashraf-us-sawaneh-part-001-khwaja-aziz-ul-hasan-majzuub-ebooks |title=Ashraf-us-Sawānih |last2=al-Haque |first2=Abd |publisher=Kutub Khana Ashrafiya |year=1935 |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=[[Jama Masjid, Delhi]] |pages=33 |language=ur |chapter=Asātidha-e-Kirām}}</ref> and [[Abdul Hayy Hasani]] were also among his students in Deoband and Bhopal, respectively.{{Sfn|ar-Rahman|1976|p=24}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Deobandi|first=Muhammad Shafi|author-link=Muhammad Shafi Deobandi|title= Mere Walid-e-Mājid Aur Unke Mujarrab Amaliyyāt|url=https://archive.org/details/mere-walid-e-majid-aur-unke-mujarrab-amaliyyat|publisher=Idārat-ul-Ma'ārif|location= [[Karachi]]|edition=|date=December 2005|page=62|language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nadwi|1970|p=61}}

He died in Bhopal in 1894 (1311 AH).{{Sfn|Nadwi|1970|p=62}}{{Sfn|ar-Rahman|1976|p=35}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dehlavi, Syed Ahmad}}
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Principals of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Sheikh al-Hadith of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

Sukhandeep Singh

2025-08-26T07:55:58Z

Rajan Singh:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sukhandeep Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dibbipura, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| height = 1.83 m
| position = [[Right-back]]
| currentclub = [[Namdhari FC]]
| clubnumber = 19
| youthyears1 = 2015–2016
| youthclubs1 = [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
| years1 = –2020
| clubs1 = [[Ozone FC|Ozone]]
| caps1 = 2
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2020
| clubs2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2020–2021
| clubs3 = Dalbir FC
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2021–2023
| clubs4 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| caps4 = 30
| goals4 = 0
| club-update = 5/5/24 @ 12:25PM(AEST)
| years5 = 2023-
| clubs5 = [[Namdhari FC]]
| caps5 = 22
| goals5 = 0
}}

'''Sukhandeep Singh''' (born 31 December 2001) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[right-back]] for [[I-League]] club [[Namdhari FC]].

== Career ==
Born in ''Dibipura'' village in [[Tehsil]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He started his career with Sant Baba Hazara Singh football Academy, [[Gurdaspur]].

== Career statistics ==
{{updated|11 March 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|sukhandeep-singh/810689}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Ozone FC|Ozone]]
|[[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|2||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||2||0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|11||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||14||0
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|19||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||22||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!30!!0!!6!!0!!0!!0!!36!!0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!32!!0!!6!!0!!0!!0!!38!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football full-backs]]
[[Category:Sudeva Delhi FC players]]
[[Category:Namdhari FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]

Nexus Mall (Koramangala)

2025-07-14T11:16:56Z

Rajan Singh:

{{redirect|The Forum (shopping mall)|other uses|Forum Mall (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Nexus Koramangala
| image = The-Forum-Mall-BLR-1.jpg
| image_width = 255px
| caption =
| location = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9344|N|77.6111|E|display=inline,title}}
| address = [[Hosur Road]], [[Koramangala]]
| opening_date = 2004
| closing_date =
| developer = [[Prestige Group]]
| manager =
| owner =
| architect =
| number_of_stores =
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{convert|72000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| floors = 5
| website = {{URL|https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-koramangala}}
| belowstyle =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nexus Mall''' (formerly Forum Mall) is a [[shopping mall]] located on [[Hosur Road]] in [[Koramangala]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India developed by [[Prestige Group]]. It is the first shopping mall in the city of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], Going previous to [[JW Marriott]] hotel.

Nexus Koramangala is the oldest full-fledged mall in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] with a multi-story book store, 12 cinema screens and other entertainment facilities. The mall is an attraction for tourists. The shopping mall houses {{convert|72000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} of shops over five levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forummalls.in/forum-koramangala/floorplan|title=Nexus Koramangala Mall: Overview|publisher=Prestige Estates Projects Pvt. Ltd|access-date=2009-02-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301024443/http://www.theforumexperience.com/mallinfo.htm|archive-date=2009-03-01}}</ref> A major attraction at the mall is the multiplex, [[PVR Cinemas|PVR]].

Blackstone renamed the mall from Forum to Nexus in 2022 following its acquisition of the mall from Prestige Group.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/forum-malls-to-become-nexus/articleshow/92094127.cms | title=Forum malls to become Nexus | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Tanmay | last=Gupta | date=9 June 2022 | accessdate=14 May 2023 }}</ref>

==Entertainment and leisure==
* Retail Shops over 5 floors
* [[PVR Cinemas]]
* The Transit Lounge Food court.
* It also houses the first [[McDonald's]] outlet in Bengaluru,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2004/oct/13mac.htm|title=McDonalds finally goes to Bangalore}}</ref> along with KFC at food area, and several other food and beverage outlets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theforumexperience.com/mallinfo.htm|title=About Nexus Mall|publisher=Prestige Group – The Nexus Mall|access-date=2014-02-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226115825/http://www.theforumexperience.com/mallinfo.htm|archive-date=2014-02-26}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{gallery|mode=packed
|Image:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-2.jpg|Nexus Mall, Koramangala during the day
|Image:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-3.png|Aerial view of The Nexus Mall
|Image:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-4.png|Inside The Nexus Mall
|Image:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-5.png|Outside view
}}

==See also==
*[[Nexus Vijaya Mall]]
*[[List of shopping malls in India]]
*[[List of shopping malls in Bangalore|List of shopping malls in Bengaluru]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}
{{Bangalore topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nexus Mall}}
[[Category:Shopping malls in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 1999]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Prestige Group]]

Narsapur G, Nirmal district

2025-06-19T09:09:52Z

Rajan Singh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narsapur G
| native_name = Gaajula Narsapur
| native_name_lang = te
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Farming near Narsapur
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = downward
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.10|N|78.16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 340
| population_total = 17586
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = -
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 504104
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08734
| registration_plate = '''TS-18'''
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 50:50 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Narsapur(G)''' is a Town Mandal in [[Nirmal district]] in [[Telangana]] State. It was previously famous for its bangles. Thus, it is commonly called Gajula Narsapur. It is approximately 20 km away from its nearest Municipality [[Nirmal]] city and 20 km from Bhainsa town. It is famous for its Mallikarjuna temple near Devuni cheruvu.

==Climate==
The climate of the town is characterized by the hot summer and is generally dry except during the southwest monsoon. The year may be divided into four seasons. The winter season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to May. The period from June to September constitutes the southwest monsoon season, while October and November form the post-monsoon season. The weather of the area is also dictated by the seven lakes around the town.

The relative humidity is high during the southwest monsoon season. The air is generally dry during the rest of the year, the district part of the year being the summer season when the humidity in the afternoon is 25%.

The town's rainfall generally increases from the southwest towards the northeast. About 85% of annual rainfall is received during the southwest monsoon season. The peak rainy month is July. The variation in the Annual rainfall of a year is not very large. Annual rainfall of the district is 1044.5m.m.

The cold weather commences towards the end of November when the temperature begins to fall rapidly. December is generally the coldest month, with a daily maximum temperature of about 29 C and a minimum of 3 c.

In summer, from mid-April, the temperature begins to rise rapidly. May is generally the hottest month, with a daily maximum temperature of around 48 c.

Winds are light to moderate with some strengthening from May to August. During the post-monsoon and cold season, winds blow mostly from the east or northeast. By March, south westerlies start blowing and continue the rest of summer. The southwest monsoon season winds are mostly from directions between the southwest and northwest.

==Villages in Narsapur G Mandal==
1.Narsapur G
2.Kusli
3.Rampur
4.Temburni
5.Dharyapur
6.Naseerabad
7.Nandan
8.Bamni
9.Turati
10.Arli K
11.Burgupally K
12.Dongurgaon
13.Gollamada
14.Thimmapur
15.Burugupally G

==Assembly Constituency==
Narsapur comes under Nirmal constituency is assembly constituency in Telanga State. There were 165,322 registered voters in Nirmal constituency in 2009 elections. In the future, it may become a constituency.

'''List of Elected Members:'''<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/S01/Partycomp240.htm Election Commission of India.APAssembly results.1978-2004]</ref>
*1957 - Koripelly Muthyam Reddy
*1978 - P. Ganga Reddy
*1962 - [[P. Narsa Reddy]]
*1983 - Aindla Bheema Reddy
*1985 - [[Samudrala Venugopal Chary]]
*1996- Nalla Indrakaran Reddy
*1999 & 2004 - [[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]
*2009 - Aleti Maheswara Reddy
*2014 - Allola Indrakaran Reddy
*2019 - Allola Indrakaran Reddy

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nirmalcity.com/ NirmalCity]

{{Cities and towns in Adilabad district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Adilabad district]]

Ananku (sacred forces)

2025-04-15T04:33:32Z

Rajan Singh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Ananku''' (pronounced Aṇaṅku), according to the early historic [[Tamil language|Tamil]] belief system, refers to the sacred forces inhabiting various objects, including humans.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India |date=2023 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-93-570-5618-2 |edition=2nd |pages=1132-33 |orig-year=2008}}</ref>'''<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George L. |url=https://archive.org/details/poemsofancientta00hart |title=The Poems of Ancient Tamil, Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts |publisher=University of California Press |year=1975 |isbn=0-520-02672-1 |location=Berkeley |pages= |doi= |oclc= |url-access=registration |authorlink=George L. Hart |accessdate=}}</ref>''' It was controlled through the performance of specific rites and rituals. Ananku was also believed to manifest in women, with the notion that in [[Chastity|chaste]] women, it remained controlled and possessed auspicious potential.<ref name=":5" />

Certain communities were tasked with performing the rites and rituals needed to regulate the ananku.<ref name=":5" />

The belief in the ananku is notably attested in the ancient Tamil literature or the [[Sangam Literature]] of the early historic period.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Sangam literature]]
[[Category:Indian poetics]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-culture-stub}}
{{Tamil-stub}}