Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2006

2026-05-08T11:06:37Z

Raj kumar: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 2000s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Chris de Souza

2026-05-08T06:21:54Z

Raj kumar: made article

{{Short description|English composer and teacher (born 1943)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chris de Souza
| image = Chris-de-Souza-HCS-President.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Christopher Edward de Souza
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1943|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list|[[Bristol University]]|[[Bristol Old Vic Theatre School]]}}
| occupation = Composer, opera producer, presenter, director, teacher
| years_active = 1966–present
| spouse = Elinor Kelly
| children = 2, including [[Sebastian de Souza|Sebastian]]
}}

'''Christopher Edward de Souza''' (born 6 June 1943)<ref name="debretts">{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/d/2798/Christopher+Edward.aspx|title=Chris de Souza biography|work=DeBretts|access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> is an English composer, teacher, music director, broadcaster, opera producer and author. He has presented programmes on [[BBC Radio 3]], [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]] and [[BBC World Service|World Service]].<ref name="trade">{{cite web|url=http://www.talkingtrade.com/associates.html|title=Associates The Talking Trade|access-date=4 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329194439/http://www.talkingtrade.com/associates.html|archive-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Chris de Souza is a [[Graduate school|graduate]] in music from [[University of Bristol|Bristol University]] (1966) and a graduate of the Directors' Course of the [[Bristol Old Vic Theatre School]].<ref name="trade" />

He has worked in the media as a theatre director, radio music producer and presenter. Head of Music at [[St Bernadette Catholic Secondary School]] in Bristol from 1966 to 1970, he went on to become a Producer with [[English National Opera#Sadler.27s Wells Opera|Sadlers Wells/English National Opera]] in 1971.<ref name="Artsplay">{{cite web |url=http://www.artsplay.co.uk/Arts_Play/The_de_Souzas.html |title=About Artsplay |access-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122222044/http://www.artsplay.co.uk/Arts_Play/The_de_Souzas.html |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> From then on De Souza produced over 100 operas around the world,<ref name="debretts" /> among which the soundtrack for the fireworks display in the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II]].<ref name="sinfonia">{{cite web|url=http://www.southernsinfonia.co.uk/person.html|title=Artistic Adviser |work=Southern Sinfonia |access-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234518/http://www.southernsinfonia.co.uk/person.html?id=8 |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref>

Since 1966 he wrote and performed several compositions like ''8 Epithalamia for Organ'', ''Maharajahs'', ''The Ides of March'', ''Children of the Light''. In 1977 he devised the Liszt Festival of London editing and directing the first modern performance of [[Franz Liszt]]'s opera ''[[Don Sanche]]''.<ref name="sinfonia" /> As a composer his music has been widely broadcast and performed, with recent commissions from the [[BBC Radio|BBC]], Southern Sinfonia, [[Berkshire Maestros|West Berkshire Maestros]] and the Lymington Choral Society.<ref name="Artsplay" />

In 1975 he joined the [[BBC London 94.9|BBC Radio London]] becoming the BBC first [[The Proms|Proms]] Producer in 1987. He presented Radio London's arts programme ''Look Stop Listen'', ''Performance on 3'' (with [[Humphrey Burton]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/mbradio3/html/NF2620065?thread=3335345|title=Presenters Radio 3|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=19 July 2013|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820000401/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/mbradio3/html/NF2620065?thread=3335345|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''Discovering Music'' on [[BBC Radio 3]] and [[Sky (UK and Ireland)#Sky Digital|Sky Digital]]. As a presenter his own programme ''Tuning Up'', focusing on young musicians, won a Silver Medal at the New York Radio Festival in 1992. He has also presented on TV, [[BBC World Service]], and broadcasts classical channels for many airlines.<ref name="sinfonia" /> For 25 years, he has presented the Classical Channel on [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], and most recently presented the opera broadcasts on [[Class CNBC|CNBCTV]].<ref name="cranford">{{cite web|url=http://www.cranfordchoral.org.uk/#!about-us/c1enr|title=Our conductor – Cranford Choral Society|access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref>

De Souza is an author of classical music guides like ''Looking at music'', ''Listening to Music'', ''The Kingfisher Young People's Book of Music'', and wrote articles to [[The Listener (magazine)|The Listener]], [[M Music & Musicians|Music and Musicians]], Musical Time and other magazines.<ref name="debretts" /> As narrator he appears in works like [[Peter and the Wolf]] and [[The Carnival of the Animals]], of which he performed his own version in the presence of [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|HRH Princess Alexandra]].<ref name="sinfonia" /> Recent compositions include ''Bottom's Dream'' commissioned for the [[BBC Singers]], a [[Trombone]] Concerto commissioned by Southern Sinfonia, and ''Loved and Unloved'' for the [[Lymington]] Choral Society.<ref name="cranford" />

He is a music teacher and works with many children's theatre groups. He was adjudicator at the Repton School music competitions in March 1984.<ref name="Artsplay" /> From 1986 to 1999 he was a member of the [[British Youth Opera]].<ref name="debretts" /> He is also the [[Artistic Director]] of Southern Sinfonia in [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]], a member of the [[Royal Society of Musicians]] and of the [[British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors]].<ref name="debretts" />

De Souza took over from Ann Wright as conductor of Cranford Choral Society, [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire]] in 2015.<ref name="cranford" />

De Souza once worked at the Dolphin School, Berkshire, where he taught Latin and Classical Studies, from 1 September 2011 till August 2024, and now only teaches at [[Bradfield College]], where he teaches music.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Awards and nominations==
De Souza has adjudicated for the [[BBC Young Musician of the Year]] award, the [[Royal Over-Seas League]], and the Newbury Young Musician of the Year and chairs the Parkhouse Award for [[chamber music]].<ref name="cranford" /> As a record producer, he was nominated at the [[2000 Grammy Awards]] for ''[[Powder Her Face]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalhit.com/grammy/42/nominees.shtml|title=42nd Grammy Award Nominations |work=Digital Hit Entertainment|access-date=19 July 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
De Souza lives in [[Boxford, Berkshire]], with his wife, [[Rachel de Souza]], and two sons Tristan and [[Sebastian de Souza|Sebastian]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234518/http://www.southernsinfonia.co.uk/person.html?id=8 Chris de Souza] at the Southern Sinfonia Official Site
*[http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/d/2798/Christopher+Edward.aspx Esq Christopher de Souza] at [[Debrett's]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De Souza, Chris}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English composers]]
[[Category:English writers]]
[[Category:English music educators]]
[[Category:English theatre directors]]
[[Category:British radio personalities]]
[[Category:British television directors]]
[[Category:British people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:Classical music radio presenters]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Society of Musicians]]
[[Category:BBC people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol]]
[[Category:Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School]]

Sayyid Lashkar Khan

2026-05-06T16:56:22Z

Raj kumar: creating a details

{{Short description|Prime minister of Hyderabad State from 1752 to 1755}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sayyid Lashkar Khan
| image =
| office = [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State|6th Prime Minister of Hyderabad]] [[Berar Subah|Subahdar of Berar and Aurangabad]] [[Attock|Faujdar of Attock]]
| 1blankname = Monarch
| 1namedata = [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]
| 2blankname = Nizam
| 2namedata = [[Salabat Jung]]
| term_start = 1752 A.D.
| term_end = 1755 A.D.
| predecessor = Raja Raghu Nath Das
| successor = [[Samsam ud Daula Shah Nawaz Khan]]
| office2 = [[Berar Subah|Subahdar of Berar and Aurangabad]]
| predecessor2 = Sharif Shuja'at Khan
| successor2 = [[Samsam ud Daula Shah Nawaz Khan]]
| title = Rukn-ud-daulah رکن الدوله ''Vazir-ul-mulk'' ''Vakil-ul-Mutlaq'' ''Madar-ul-Muham'' ''Diwan'' ''Musafir Khan'' ''Nasir Jung II''
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sar-e Pol Province|Sirpul]], [[Balkh]]
| birth_name = Mir Ismail Khan
| death_date = 1757 A.D.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Regani |first=Sarojini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC&q=Lashkar |title=Nizam-British Relations, 1724-1857 |date=1988 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-195-1 |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Daulatabad Fort]]<ref name="auto"/> [[Hyderabad State]]
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| spouse =
| relatives = Ra'afat-ud-daulah Bahadur Zorawar Jung
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State|Prime Minister of Hyderabad State or Vazir of Deccan]] [[Berar Subah|Subahdar of Berar and Aurangabad]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maharashtra (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgluAAAAMAAJ |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Akola |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref>
| allegiance = [[Mughal Empire]] [[Hyderabad State]]
| branch =
| service_years = 1730–1757
| rank =
| battles =
| awards =
| caption = Bust Portrait of Saadullah Khan {{C.}}16-17th century
}}
'''Sayyid Lashkar Khan-Nasir Jung II''', also known as '''Mir Isma'il''' (died 1757), was a diplomat who served as the Prime Minister of [[Hyderabad State]] under the rule of [[Salabat Jung]]. He held the title of Diwan and was noted for his expertise in warfare tactics. Prior to his tenure in Hyderabad, Lashkar Khan also worked under the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah. His career spanned both Mughal and Nizam territories, contributing to the administration and governance of [[Hyderabad State]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlkaOuG61dQC |title=Proceedings |date=1941 |publisher=Indian History Congress. |pages=625 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/MaasirAl-umaraOfShahnavazKhanAurangabadiVol.1English |title=Ma'asir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi, Vol. 1, English |pages=835–836 |language=Turkish}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Regani |first=Sarojini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC&q=Rayachoti |title=Nizam-British Relations, 1724-1857 |date=1988 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-195-1 |pages=26–27 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
===Rebellion ===
During the rebellion led by [[Nasir Jung]] against his father, [[Nizam ul Mulk]] [[Asaf Jah I]], and supported by his uncle Muzaffar Jung, Nasir attempted to seize power but was defeated at the Eid Gah Maidan in Aurangabad on 23 July 1741. Shah Nawaz Khan sided with Nasir Jung, while Sayyid Lashkar Khan fought for Nizam ul Mulk. In the battle, Nasir Jung sustained serious injuries and, after the death of his elephant driver, courageously took the reins himself. At one point, his brother-in-law Mutawassil Khan aimed an arrow at him, but Nasir's son Hidayat Moideen Khan intervened, saving his uncle's life. Recognizing Nasir Jung, Sayyid Lashkar Khan saluted him and offered him a seat on his own elephant. Moved by this gesture, Nasir Jung accepted and was taken prisoner to [[Aurangabad]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaUS7P97hgkC |title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112050248951 and Others |date=2013 |pages=151 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CAIAQAAIAAJ |title=The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772 |date=1948 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |pages=196–197 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Duff |first=James Grant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWooAAAAYAAJ&q=The+driver+of+his+own+elephant+being+killed%2C+Nasir+Jung+sprang+into+his+place%3B+when+his+brother-in-law%2C+Mutuwussil+Khan%2C+approaching+him%2C+drew+an+arrow+to+the+head%2C+which+must+have+transfixed+him%2C+had+not+his+son+Heedayet+Moideen+Khan%2C+who+sat+on+the+same+elephant%2C+stayed+his+hand%2C+and+saved+his+uncle%27s+life+at+that+moment%2C+Syud+Lushkur+Khan%2C+an+officer+of+experience%2C+who+knew+Nasir+Jung%2C+and+the+pride+as+well+as+the+generosity+of+his+disposition%2C+pushed+his+elephant+close+by+the+side+of+his%2C+saluted+him%2C+and+respectfully+made+room+on+the+seat+of+his+elephant%3B+when%2C+overcome+by+this+act+of+courtesy%2C+Nasir+Jung+took+the+place%2C+and+was+thus+carried+prisoner+to+Aurungabad. |title=A History of the Mahrattas |date=1863 |publisher=Printed at the "Exchange Press," Fort. |pages=14–15 |language=en}}</ref>

===Appointment as Bakshi of Bidar===
Rustam Beg Khan was moved from the post of the Bakshi of [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] sarkar to commanding the military forces ([[faujdar]]i) in the same area. On the other hand, Saiyid Lashkar Khan was shifted from leading the military (faujdari) to managing the administrative affairs in sair and later was promoted to the position of ''Bakshi'' of [[Bidar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRweAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D. |date=1985 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7224-325-8 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref>

===Titles===
Sayyid Lashkar Khan was conferred with the title of ''Nasir Jung'' and appointed as the commander-in-Chief of the armies. Qazi Muhammad Dayam was assigned the position of Faujdar of Baklaua. Additionally, Sayyid Sharif Khan, who served as the Subedar of [[Berar Province|Berar]], received the title of Shujaat Jang ''Vakil-ul-Mutlaq,'' ''Rukn-ud-daulah,'' ''Madar-ul-Maham''.<ref name="auto1"/>

After the assassination of Raja Raghunath Das, [[Salabat Jung]] designated Saiyid Lashkar Khan as Vakil-i-Mutlaq and Madar-ul-Muham. Salabat Jung bestowed upon him the title of 'Ruknud Daula'. The latter then assigned Allah Yar Beg Qalmaw the role of 'Bahadur Dil Khan' and placed him in charge of revenue management.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjJuAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Modern Deccan, 1720/1724-1948: Political and administrative aspects |date=2000 |publisher=Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref>

==Military career==
===Capture of Avandha Fort===
On 14 December 1746, Sayyid Lashkar Khan, prepared to capture [[Avandha Fort]] in Konkan. The strategic plans for the siege of Avandha Fort, orchestrated by Sayyid Lashkar Khan, were communicated to the Peshwa by Malhar Dadaji. Additionally, Raghunath Ganesh informed the Peshwa about Sayyid Lashkar Khan's military movements towards Avandha Fort and the [[Nizam-ul-Mulk]]'s departure towards Dharur. Acting as the Marathas' deputy, Raghunath Ganesh provided intelligence to Shahuji, revealing that the Nizam was absent in [[Hyderabad]], his troops had gained control of Avandha Fort, and his envoys had been sent to Surat, although their mission's purpose remained undisclosed.<ref name=":2" /> Despite Malhar Dadaji's efforts to defend against Sayyid Lashkar Khan's forces, he was unable to withstand the attack and consequently surrendered Avandha Fort to him. Following the capture, Malhar Dadaji informed the Peshwa about Sayyid Lashkar Khan's conquest of Avandha Fort.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW5TAAAAYAAJ |title=Selections from the Peshwa Daftar |date=1933 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=3816–3820 |language=mr}}</ref>

==Prime Minister of Hyderabad==
Within [[Salabat Jung]]'s court, there was disapproval of the [[French India|French]] intervention in [[Hyderabad]]'s affairs, with a desire to free the Nizam from foreign domination. Sayyid Lashkar Khan, the Diwan, led the opposition against French influence in the Deccan. As a trusted advisor to [[Nizam-ul-Mulk]], Sayyid Lashkar Khan consistently opposed foreign interference in [[Hyderabad State]]'s internal matters, advocating for the preservation of the region's autonomy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=P. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_q8BAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in the Foreign Relations of India, from the Earliest Times to 1947: Prof. H. K. Sherwani Felicitation Volume |date=1975 |publisher=State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh : copies can be had from the Director of Print. and Stationery |pages=251 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State]]
*[[Salabat Jung]]
*[[Vitthal Sundar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Prime ministers of Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:1757 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]

Pailan

2026-05-05T08:08:43Z

Raj kumar: New a entry

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pailan
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4293|N|88.3069|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bishnupur I]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700104
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pailan''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] of the [[Bishnupur I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Pailan is located at {{coord|22.4293|N|88.3069|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

==Transport==
Pailan is on the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Majerhat railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Education==
[[Pailan College of Management and Technology]], established in 2003, offers diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in Engineering and Technology and other allied fields.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pcmt-india.net/pcmt.html | title = Pailan College of Management and Technology | publisher = PCMT | access-date = 10 November 2019}}</ref>

Pailan World School is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2005. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pailanworldschool.com/curriculum/ | title = Pailan World School | publisher = PWS | access-date = 10 November 2019 | archive-date = 11 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191111063019/https://pailanworldschool.com/curriculum/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Chandi Doulatabad Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds, at [[Doulatabad, Bishnupur|Doulatabad]] (PO Nepalganj), is the major government medical facility in the Bishnupur I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]

Manorama (Hindi actress)

2026-05-03T16:19:39Z

Raj kumar: Put Up New Details

{{short description|Indian actress (1926–2008)}}
{{distinguish|Manorama (Tamil actress)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manorama
| image = Manorama 1943.jpg
| caption = Manorama in 1943
| birthname = Erin Isaac Daniels
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|08|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|02|15|1926|08|16|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1936–2005
| spouse = Rajan Haksar (divorced)
| children = Rita Haksar
}}
'''Manorama''' (born '''Erin Isaac Daniels'''; 16 August 1926 – 15 February 2008) was an Indian character actress in [[Bollywood]] known best for her role as the comical tyrant aunt in ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972) and in films such as ''[[Ek Phool Do Maali]]'' (1969) and ''[[Do Kaliyaan]]'' (1968). She started her career as a child artiste in 1936 in Lahore, under the name '''Baby Iris'''. Thereafter, she made her debut as an adult in 1941, and had her final role in ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' in 2005, her career extending over 60 years. Through her career she acted in over 160 films.<ref name=bolly /> After playing heroine roles in the early 1940s, she settled into playing villainous or comic roles. She played comic roles in superhit films such as ''Half Ticket'' appearing alongside [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Madhubala]]. She gave memorable performances in ''Dus Lakh'', ''Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje'', ''Mujhe Jeene Do'', ''Mehboob ki Menhdi'', ''Caravan'', ''Bombay to Goa'' and ''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Lawaris]]''.

== Biography ==
She acted in films since 1941 under her stage name Manorama. Her real name was '''Erin Issac Daniels'''. She had an [[Irish people|Irish]] mother and an [[Christianity in India|Indian Christian]] father, who was a [[professor]] in an engineering college. A trained classical singer and dancer, she used to do stage shows for the Red Cross in the 1940s in Lahore. At the age of nine, she was spotted by Roop K. Shorey in a school concert in Lahore. She started off as a child artist in ''[[Khazanchi (1941 film)|Khazanchi]]'' (1941), under the screen name Manorama (given by Shorey), and grew into a very successful and high-paid actress of Lahore. After partition she shifted to Mumbai. Actor [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi film actor)|Chandramohan]] recommended her to producers. Although she acted in the superhit Punjabi film ''Lachchi'', she was relegated to play Dilip Kumar's sister in ''Ghar ki Izzat'' (1948). After her marriage to actor Rajan Haksar, she was slotted into character roles and then to villainous or comedian roles. After several years of marriage, she got divorced. Her last Hindi movie was Akbar Khan's ''Haadsa'' (1983).

She switched to TV serials and shifted to Delhi for five years, where she worked in the series ''Dustak'' which also featured [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]. She shot for Mahesh Bhatt's ''Junoon'' (1992) too, but her role was snipped at the editing table. Around 2001, she worked with Balaji Telefilms for their serials ''Kashti'' and ''Kundali''. She also played Hiten Tejwani's grandmother's role in the serial ''Kutumb''.

Her last movie was [[Deepa Mehta]]'s ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (2005), where she mesmerised Hollywood critics with her performance. According to her, she was the first and final choice to play Madhumati in the film. The production of the film was stopped in Varanasi, and five years later it was started again in [[Sri Lanka]], the entire cast was changed except for her.<ref name=bolly>{{cite web |title=Actress Manorama was bitter about Bollywood shunning her: Deepa Mehta |publisher=Bollywood.com |author=Subhash K. Jha |url=http://www.bollywood.com/actress-manorama-was-bitter-about-bollywood-shunning-her-deepa-mehta |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135156/http://www.bollywood.com/actress-manorama-was-bitter-about-bollywood-shunning-her-deepa-mehta |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She was married to Rajan Haksar, also an actor. After the partition riots broke out in Lahore in 1947, she ran for safety to Mumbai. In Mumbai, actor [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi film actor)|Chander Mohan]] Wattal came to her help. Through Chander Mohan Wattal, she got introduced to Rajan Haksar. They fell in love and married. Rajan Haksar, who rose to popularity as character artist in Hindi cinema, belonged to a Kashmiri Pandit family from Gwalior.

Manorama suffered a stroke in 2007, though she recovered from it, she suffered from speech slurring and other complications.<ref name=bolly /> She died on 15 February 2008 in [[Charkop]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name=sify>{{cite web |title=Yesteryears' actress Manorama dead |url=http://www.sify.com/news/yesteryears-actress-manorama-dead-news-national-jegmF1ibfdj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229063612/http://www.sify.com/news/yesteryears-actress-manorama-dead-news-national-jegmF1ibfdj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2010 |website=Sify.com News |date=16 February 2008 |access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> She is survived by a daughter Rita Haksar. Rita did ''Suraj aur Chanda'' as heroine opposite Sanjeev Kumar, but later married an engineer and settled in the Dubai.

== Filmography ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''Ik Musafir'' (1940) Punjabi Movie
*''[[Khazanchi (1941 film)|Khazanchi]]'' (1941)
*''Sehti Murad'' on 24 January (1941) Punjabi Movie
*''Mera Mahi'' (1941) punjabi movie
*''[[Khandan (1942 film)|Khandaan]]'' (1942)
*''Koel'' (1944) as Taro in Punjabi Movie as a main heroine
*''[[Sandhi (1944 film)|Sandhi]]'' (1944) as Vani
*''[[Suleh (film)|Suleh]]'' (1946) as Vani
*''[[Ghar Ki Izzat (1948 film)|Ghar Ki Izzat]]'' (1948) as Radhika
*''[[Lachhi]]'' (1949) Punjabi movie
*''[[Posti (1950 film)|Posti]]'' (1950) Punjabi movie
*''Hanste Aansoo'' (1950)
*''Jugni'' (1952) Punjabi Movie as Malti
*''[[Parineeta (1953 film)|Parineeta]]'' (1953)
*''[[Kundan (1955 film)|Kundan]]'' (1955)
*''Lajwanti'' (1958)
*''Khazanchi'' (1958)
*''Dulhan'' (1958)
*''Santan'' (1959)
*''Chacha Zindabad'' (1959)
*''Fashionable Wife'' (1959)
*''Gokul Ka Chor'' (1959)
*''Patang'' (1960)
*''Miya Bibi Razi'' (1960)
*''Wanted'' (1961)
*''Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja'' (1961)
*''Pyar Ki Pyas'' (1961)
*''Shaadi'' (1962)
*''Reporter Raju'' (1962)
*''Ma Beta'' (1962)
*''[[Half Ticket (1962 film)|Half Ticket]]'' (1962)
*''Mummy Daddy'' (1963)
*''[[Mujhe Jeene Do]]'' (1963)
*''Dil Hi To Hai'' (1963)
*''[[Aap Ki Parchhaiyan]]'' (1964)
*''Neela Aakash'' (1965)
*''Namaste Ji'' (1965)
*''Janwar'' (1965)
*''Madras to Pondicherry'' (1966)
*''Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare'' (1966)
*''Johar in Kashmir'' (1966)
*''Dus Lakh'' (1966)
*''Budtameez'' (1966)
*''Mera Munna'' (1967)
*''Baharon Ke Sapne'' (1967)
*''[[Mere Huzoor]]'' (1968)
*''[[Do Kaliyaan]]'' (1968)
*''[[Ek Phool Do Maali]]'' (1969)
*''Pavitra Paapi'' (1970)
*''Mastana'' (1970)
*''My Love'' (1970)
*''Devi'' (1970)
*''Mehboob Ki Mehndi'' (1971)
*''Man Mandir'' (1971)
*''Ladki Pasand Hai'' (1971)
*''Johar Mehmood in Hong Kong'' (1971)
*''Gambler'' (1971)
*''[[Duniya Kya Jaane]]'' (1971)
*''Caravan'' (1971)
*''Bombay to Goa'' (1971)
*''Gomti Ke Kinare'' (1972)
*''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972)
*''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]'' (1972)
*''Jeet'' (uncredited)(1972)
*''[[Banarasi Babu (1973 film)|Banarasi Babu]]'' (1972)
*''[[Zehreela Insaan]]'' (1973)
*''[[Naya Din Nai Raat]]'' (1974)
*''International Crook'' (1974)
*''Dulhan'' (1974)
*''Sunehra Sansar'' (1975)
*''[[Lafange]]'' (1975)
*''Maha Chor'' (1976)
*''Aadalat'' (1976)
*''Gumrah'' (1976)
*''Giddha'' (1976)
*''Aaj Ka Mahaatma'' (1976)
*''[[Hira Aur Patthar]]'' (1976)
*''Saheb Bahadur'' (1977)
*''Ladki Jawan Ho Gayi'' (1977)
*''Charandas'' (1977)
*''[[Lawaaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]'' (1981)
*''Sahhas'' (1981)
*''Katilon Ke Kaatil'' (1981)
*''Meharbaani'' (1981)
*''Dharam kaanta'' (1981)
*''Dharam Kanta Munnibai'' (1982)
*''Teri Maang Sitaron Se Bhar Doon'' (1982)
*''Haadsa'' (1983)
*''[[Main Awara Hoon]]'' (1983)
*''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (2005)
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0543611}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manorama}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Actresses from Lahore]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]

Fish in Meitei culture

2026-05-03T06:44:59Z

Raj kumar: made article.

{{Short description|Overview of fish in Meitei civilization}}
{{Distinguish|Fishing in Meitei culture}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
[[File:Sangkhuleima and Yangkhuleima.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Women in Meitei culture|Co-wives]] catching fish and [[List of creatures in Meitei culture|other creatures]] in the [[Meitei folktale]] of [[Sandrembi Chaisra]]]]
[[File:Ngari-fish.png|thumb|[[Ngari (fish)|Ngari]], a food made of fermented fish, is a part of [[Meitei cuisine]].]]

[[File:A figure of an ancient Meitei fisherman (wearing a Khudei) trying to catch fish using a traditional Meitei wooden (bamboo) basket like cage (known as "long-oop" or "long-up" in Classical Meitei language) — MMRC, Thoubal, Kangleipak.jpg|thumb|A figure of an ancient Meitei fisherman trying to catch fish using a traditional Meitei wooden (bamboo) basket like cage (known as "long-oop" or "long-up") in [[Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre and Unity Park]]]]
In [[Meitei culture]], fish are very important and symbolize wealth, life, and nature's balance. Fish are a key part of [[Meitei cuisine|their food and traditional dishes]]. They also appear in [[Meitei folktales|stories]], [[Meitei festivals|festivals]], and [[Meitei religion|rituals]], showing their deep connection to nature and the water life of [[Manipur]] and other Meitei populated areas of [[Meitei people in Assam|Assam]], [[Meitei people in Tripura|Tripura]] as well as in [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] and [[Meitei people in Myanmar|Myanmar]].<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />
Among its numerous names, fish is commonly known as "Nga" (ꯉꯥ)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Common Indigenous Fishes of Manipur By Khuman|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Science_and_Technology.Common_Indigenous_Fishes_of_Manipur_By_Khuman|access-date=2025-03-25|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> or "Lemlei" (ꯂꯦꯝꯂꯩ) in [[Meitei language]] (also known as [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]).<ref name=":uchicago_fish">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=H. Surmangol|date=2006|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (fish related terms)|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=Fish&matchtype=default|access-date=2025-03-24|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|location=Chicago|pages=5–209|language=mni, en|publication-place=US}}</ref>

== As food ==
{{Further|Meitei cuisine|Fish as food}}

=== In cuisine ===
[[File:Dried freshwater fish.JPG|thumb|250px|Dried freshwater fish sold at the [[Ima Keithel]] market in [[Imphal]]]]
[[File:Assorted dried fishes.JPG|thumb|250px|Dried freshwater fish sold at the Ima Keithel]]
Meiteis regularly enjoy both fresh and preserved fish, and serve diverse fish dishes during feasts, gatherings, and special events. Popular fish varieties include [[Indian major carp]], exotic carp, [[boal]], and several species of [[Clarias|catfish]], [[Channa|snakeheads]], and [[Anabas|gouramis]].<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" /> Preserved fish, in the form of [[Ngari (fish)|ngari]] (fermented [[pool barb]]s), [[hentak]] (a fermented paste made with [[Indian flying barb]]s and [[giant taro]] stems<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thapa |first1=Namrata |title=Ethnic fermented and preserved fish products of India and Nepal |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |date=March 2016 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=69–77 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2016.02.003 |doi-access=free }}</ref>), and smoked fish are found in almost every Meitei home.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance">{{Cite web|title=Tradition and Sustenance: The Importance of Fish in Manipuri Culture|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382869393|website=[[ResearchGate|researchgate.net]]|publisher=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR)-[[Central Institute of Fisheries Education]], Mumbai. Fisheries Resource Harvest & Post Harvest Management School of Fisheries [[Centurion University of Technology and Management]], Orissa}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
In Meitei cooking, spices like [[Allium tuberosum|Chinese chives]] ({{langx|mni|label=none|maroi nakuppi}}) and [[garlic chives]] ({{langx|mni|label=none|maroi napakpi}}) are commonly used to mask the fishy smell in curries. Ngari (fermented fish) is also added to neutralize fishiness and enhance flavor.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

Meitei fish dishes include:<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" /><ref name=":0" />

*Kangsoi: A boiled vegetable curry enriched with fermented and smoked fish.
*[[Eromba]]: A chutney mixed with fermented fish, and optionally, smoked or shallow-fried fish for extra flavor.
*Morok metpa: A spicy chutney made from chili and ngari or hentak, topped with cilantro and onion.
*[[Singju]]: salad made with fermented fish and various vegetables like cabbage, lotus roots, pea leaves, banana stem, Colocasia stems, and spring onions.
*Atoiba thongba: mashed fish curry.
*Nganam: steamed fish.
*Nga ayaiba: smoked fish.

== In mythology, folklore and religion ==
{{Further|Meitei mythology|Meitei folklore|Meitei folktales|Meitei traditional religion}}
Fish is very important in all stages of life, from birth to death. It plays a key role in every Meitei ritual, celebration, and offering.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

[[Ngaleima]] is the goddess of fish and other aquatic life in [[Sanamahism]] and [[Meitei mythology]]. She symbolizes the connection between the spiritual world and the life found in rivers, lakes, and seas.<ref name=":Lairenlakpam_14">Devi, Lairenlakpam Bino (2002). The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai. Mittal Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-81-7099-849-5.</ref><ref name=":Anthropologist_40">The Eastern Anthropologist. Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P. 1974. p. 40.</ref>

[[Loktak Ima]] or Loktak Lairembi, a mother goddess, is believed to care for the fish in [[Loktak Lake]]. According to traditional Meitei beliefs, she is responsible for making sure that the fish population is always restored. Even if people catch a lot of fish from the lake, the fish never disappear completely. The goddess ensures that the fish population continues to grow and remain healthy.<ref>Krishna, Sumi (2020-11-29). Agriculture and a Changing Environment in Northeastern India. [[Taylor & Francis]]. pp. 78, 79. ISBN 978-1-000-08443-6.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohanty|first=Trishna|date=2020-02-08|title=Manipur's Loktak lake chokes from a catastrophic project flagged off 50 years ago|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/manipurs-loktak-lake-chokes-from-a-catastrophic-project-flagged-off-50-years-ago/article30759633.ece|access-date=2025-03-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Ngamu thaba ===
''Ngamu thaba'' is a ritual in which a [[Ceylon snakehead]] ({{langx|mni|ngamu}}), which represents all fish species because of its good health, long life, and energy, is returned to the water, with songs or rhymes, on special dates in the lunar [[Meitei calendar]]. The ''ngamu'' is thought to have been created by nature before humans, making it a symbol of life and the natural world.<ref name=":ngamu">{{Cite web|title=ngamu|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.ngamu.html..|access-date=2025-03-25|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":The_tradition_of_Ngamu_Usin">{{Cite web|title=The tradition of Ngamu Usin of the Meetei Race of Kangleipak|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.The_tradition_of_Ngamu_Usin_of_the_Meetei_Race_of_Kangleipak|access-date=2025-03-25|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

Ngamu thaba is practised in three main ways:<ref name=":ngamu" /><ref name=":The_tradition_of_Ngamu_Usin" />

* Meetam ngamu yhaba: During a [[Meetei marriage]] ceremony, two ''ngamu'' are released into a pond or river when the bride and groom exchange blessings, wishing them a happy and peaceful life together.
* Ushin nga-yhaba: a healthy, mature ''ngamu'' is released to represent a sick person. The fish is believed to take away the person's illness and bring them health and happiness.
* Chahong-ngahong nga-thaba: a ''ngamu'' is released to wish a person good health and a long life, similar to how fish live well in clean water. It is done with the help of a [[Maiba]] (a Meitei traditional singer) who sings special rhymes.

=== Ngamhai ===
A small ngamhai fish was swimming in the river when it saw Goddess [[Phouoibi]] walking towards the riverbank. Phouoibi didn't know how deep the river was, so she asked a deer on the other side if the water was shallow. The deer lied and said the river was not deep. Phouoibi tried to cross, but she couldn't swim and began to drown.<ref name=":MMR_Ngamhai">Roy, L. Somi (2021-06-21). And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-91149-65-9.</ref>

The little fish noticed Phouoibi struggling and quickly swam to her rescue. It helped her reach the shore of the other riverbank. Grateful for the fish's help, Phouoibi thanked it and gave the fish a special gift. She wished that it would shine brightly like a mirror in the clear water. Phouoibi also hoped that ballad singers would always praise ngamhai fish's silvery beauty whenever they told its story.<ref name=":MMR_Ngamhai" />

=== Shareng {{anchor|Sareng}} ===
In the [[Meitei folktale]] of [[Yenakha Paotapi]], a childless couple plays a riddle game, where the winner is rewarded with a Shareng fish ([[Wallago attu]], helicopter catfish). The husband presents a riddle about a four-spoked wheel, which the wife cannot solve. He explains the answer, and she then asks a riddle about something that cries when fed, which the husband correctly identifies as a "kaptreng." As a result, the wife owes him a fish. The fish serves as a playful prize in their tradition.<ref>B. Jayantakumar Sharma; Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh (2014). Folktales of Manipur. p. 44-50</ref>

=== Holy and sacred fish ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Holy and sacred fishes
!Associated Meitei clans (of [[Yek Salai]]/[[Meitei confederacy]])
!Romanisation
! colspan="2" |Note(s)
|-
|Saareng Angaangba/Ngaahei
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯖꯥ (ꯃꯉꯥꯡ)}}
|[[Ningthouja]] ([[Mangang]])
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=MANGANG YEK SALAI – Manipur Mirror|url=https://manipurmirror.com/mangang-yek-salai/|access-date=2025-03-25|website=manipurmirror.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467297/page/n11/mode/1up|title=Sagei Salai Apoklon|last=Monihar|first=N.|date=2000|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466642/page/n140/mode/1up|title=Erat Thouram Thounirol Lairik|last=Neelbir|first=Sairem|date=2004|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|location=India|pages=140|language=mni}}</ref>
|-
|Saareng Luwaoba/Ngaamu
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ}}
|[[Luwang]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=LUWANG SURNAME LIST – Manipur Mirror|url=https://manipurmirror.com/luwang-surname-list/|access-date=2025-03-25|website=manipurmirror.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Saareng Mureinaba/Ngaatin
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯃꯟ}}
|[[Khuman]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=KHUMAN SURNAME LIST – Manipur Mirror|url=https://manipurmirror.com/khuman-surname-list/|access-date=2025-03-25|website=manipurmirror.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Saareng Angouba/Ngaraa
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯉꯣꯝ}}
|[[Angom]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ANGOM SURNAME LIST – Manipur Mirror|url=https://manipurmirror.com/angom-surname-list/|access-date=2025-03-25|website=manipurmirror.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Saareng Naapu
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯣꯢꯔꯥꯡ ꯁꯂꯥꯢ (ꯃꯣꯢꯂꯥꯡ)}}
|[[Moirang]] ([[Moilang]])
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOIRANG SURNAME LIST – Manipur Mirror|url=https://manipurmirror.com/moirang-surname-list/|access-date=2025-03-25|website=manipurmirror.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Saareng Ngaangna Laangba
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯥ ꯉꯥꯟꯄ}}
|[[Kha-Nganpa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=KHABA NGANBA SURNAME LIST – Manipur Mirror|url=https://manipurmirror.com/khaba-nganba-surname-list/|access-date=2025-03-25|website=manipurmirror.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Saareng Sangbaannana Laangba/Ngaaren
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯂꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯁꯥꯡꯊꯦꯝ (ꯁꯂꯥꯏ ꯂꯩꯁꯥꯡꯊꯦꯝ)}}
|[[Chenglei]] (Sarang / Salang / Salai Leishangthem)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SALANG LEISHANGTHEM – Manipur Mirror|url=https://manipurmirror.com/salang-leishangthem/|access-date=2025-03-25|website=manipurmirror.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== In marriage ceremony {{anchor|In Meitei marriage}} ==
{{further|Meitei marriage}}
In Meitei marriage traditions, fish symbolize unity and the couple's shared journey. The ceremony starts with the groom's and bride's families releasing a pair of Ngamu (Channa spp.) into a water body. The fish swimming side by side reflects harmony and lifelong unity for the couple. However, if one fish moves away or behaves differently, it's seen as a bad sign. This ritual beautifully ties the natural world to human relationships, showcasing deep cultural values.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

In Meitei wedding traditions, the bride is gifted a special bamboo-woven basket called Ngarubak or Lubak, containing at least seven varieties of smoked fish. This gift marks the beginning of her new chapter. The basket usually includes Channa spp. (Ngamu), Pangio pangia (Nganap), Cirrhinus reba (Ngaton), Danio aequipinnatus (Ngasang), Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Nganap), Eutropiichthys vacha (Ngahei), Systomus sarana (Nganoi), and Amblypharyngodon mola (Muka nga).<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

Each fish is chosen for its symbolic meaning based on its local name:

* Nganap (Pangio pangia) represents lifelong togetherness.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />
* Ngasang (Danio aequipinnatus) signifies progress.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />
* Ngahei (Eutropiichthys vacha) stands for excellence.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />
* Nganoi (Systomus sarana) symbolizes wealth and prosperity.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

These meaningful names are believed to bring blessings and good fortune to the couple. On their wedding night, the newlyweds share Nganap fish (Pangio pangia or Lepidocephalichthys guntea), a tradition symbolizing their bond of lifelong unity. This ritual beautifully intertwines food with blessings and cultural values.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

=== Mapam Chakouba (5th Day Post-Marriage Ceremony) ===
After a wedding, the bride's family hosts a grand feast for the newlyweds and their families. Key dishes include fish curries made with fresh fish and Eromba (a dish with fermented fish). This event reflects the community's joy, hospitality, and their wishes for the couple's happy future.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

== In pregnancy and childbirth ==
{{Further|Women in Meitei civilization}}

=== Tha Mapan Sareng Pijaba (Third Trimester Pregnancy Ceremony) ===
During the expecting mother's 9th month, her parents organize a feast at their home to ensure her well-being. The feast features Wallago attu (Meitei-Sareng), a freshwater catfish, which is exclusively prepared for the mother-to-be. Leftover bones or scraps are ceremonially buried, symbolizing respect and care for the mother and unborn child.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

=== Eepan Thaba (Post-Birth Inaugural Ceremony) ===
On the 6th day after a baby's birth, a purification ceremony for both mother and child is held. It begins with offerings placed where the morning sunlight touches the floor, dedicated to [[Korouhanba]], the Meitei sun god. Offerings include garlands of dried fish like Ngakha (Pethia ticto), Phabou (Puntius chola), meitei-thum (salt cake), and ginger. Additional offerings to [[Emoinu]], the Meitei goddess, include raw rice, chili, fruit leaves (heibi mana), Colocasia stems (yendem), and dried Ngamu (Channa spp.). A [[Maibi]] (Meitei priestess) prepares Singju (a salad) on plantain leaves while softly uttering 'ku-ku-ku,' mimicking feeding sounds to bless the baby with a long and healthy life.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

=== Post-Partum Dietary Practice ===
After childbirth, Meitei mothers avoid oil-cooked foods and consume smoked or dried fish with salt and steamed rice for up to 12 days or longer. Fermented products like Ngari are avoided, but fresh Hentak is allowed due to its shelf life and non-fermented nature. Indigenous fish species like Pethia meinganbii and Pethia manipurensis are believed to aid the mother's healing during this period. The care for the mother reflects a belief that her skin is as delicate as her newborn's.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

=== Chagumba (First Food Feeding Ceremony) ===
This rite of passage marks an infant's first intake of solid food, usually at around six months. A priest or priestess selects an auspicious date for the ceremony. Soft rice, made with boiled rice, milk, and sugar, is prepared by the mother or grandmother. It's a festive occasion with family, friends, and neighbors celebrating with various fish dishes.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

== In death ceremony ==
{{Further|Meitei intangible cultural heritage}}

=== End-of-Life Ritual (Nga Tangba) ===
In Meitei culture, family members follow a vegetarian diet from the time of a loved one's death until the death ceremony, typically held on the 12th or 14th day. Following this, the Nga Tangba ceremony marks the return to non-vegetarian meals. A variety of fish dishes are prepared as part of this ritual, signifying closure and transition.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

== In traditional festivals ==
{{Further|Meitei festivals}}

=== Imoinu Iratpa {{anchor|Emoinu Eratpa}} ===
{{Main|Imoinu Iratpa}}
Dedicated to [[Imoinu]] ([[Emoinu]]), the goddess of wealth and prosperity, Imoinu Iratpa (also spelled as Emoinu Eratpa) festival reflects the cultural importance of fish. Sareng (freshwater catfish) or any white-colored fish and eels are the preferred offerings. Since Sareng is costly, wealthier individuals typically provide it, while others offer white or light-colored fish, showcasing the goddess's fairness and inclusivity, embracing both rich and poor. The festival is observed every year on the 12th day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of Wakching, which usually falls in January.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur celebrates "Emoinu Eratpa", offerings made to Goddess of wealth|url=https://www.uniindia.com/manipur-celebrates-emoinu-eratpa--offerings-made-to-goddess-of-wealth/east/news/2890688.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Emoinu fish festival celebrated in Imphal|url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/emoinu-fish-festival-celebrated-in-imphal|access-date=2025-03-25|website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Ningol Chakkouba ===
{{Main|Ningol Chakouba{{!}}Ningol Chakkouba}}
This annual festival strengthens the bond between married daughters (Ningol) and their paternal families. It revolves around a feast (Chakouba) featuring fish dishes, with fish curry made from premium varieties like Wallago attu and large-sized carps as the centerpiece. Fish farmers prepare for the festival by stocking ponds, while natural water bodies like [[Loktak Lake]] are often replenished with fish seeds to ensure ample supply for the celebration.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-02|title=Manipur's fish fair boosts local fish production amidst Ningol Chakouba celebrations|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/video/manipurs-fish-fair-boosts-local-fish-production-amidst-ningol-chakouba-celebrations-1114855-2024-11-02|access-date=2025-03-25|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-24|title=Manipur Fisheries Minister H Dingo Announces To Bring Back 'Sareng' On Ningol Chakouba Menu {{!}} Ukhrul Times Media|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipur-fisheries-minister-h-dingo-announces-to-bring-back-sareng-on-ningol-chakouba-menu/|access-date=2025-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur Gears Up For Ningol Chakkouba : 09th nov12 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..091112.nov12|access-date=2025-03-25|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Cheiraoba ===
{{Main|Cheiraoba}}
Celebrated as the New Year in the [[Meitei calendar]], Sajibu Cheiraoba includes offering Channa orientalis (Ngamu fish) to the [[Meitei deities]]. This ritual seeks to ensure the family's well-being and protect them from misfortune, marking a fresh start to the year with hope and positivity.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />
On Cheiraoba, the priest ([[Maiba]]) performs the Usin divination ritual with Ngamu fish in front of [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]] to protect each family member from misfortune. The fish is then released into a pond. The priest observes its movement—if the fish stays calm and swims straight, it is considered a positive sign for the individual's fortune.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sajibu Cheiraoba The ritual festival of Meiteis By Budha Kamei|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Sajibu_Cheiraoba_The_ritual_festival_of_Meiteis_By_Budha_Kamei|access-date=2025-03-25|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Saroi Khangba (Ritual to Appease Dark Gods) ===
Observed during the month of Lamta (March), Meiteis believe dark gods hold stronger influence. On the first and last Saturdays of this month, women perform Saroi Khangba by offering mixed vegetable dishes like banana stem (laphu) and Colocasia stem (yendem), combined with fermented fish (Ngari) and smoked fish. The ritual takes place at the boundary of villages or colonies and serves as a symbolic act to appease the dark gods, substituting human lives and ensuring harmony and protection.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

== In earthquake ==
The [[Meitei people]] have a unique tradition tied to earthquakes. During such events, they utter the word "chak-nga," which translates to "rice-fish." This reflects their belief that rice and fish, essential for survival, should always be available during times of crisis. From a young age, children are taught to recite this word as a prayer to God whenever an earthquake strikes, emphasizing the cultural significance of resilience and sustenance in challenging times. It's a powerful reminder of the role food plays in their traditions and values.<ref name=":Tradition_and_Sustenance" />

== In popular culture ==
=== Emoinu Fish Fest ===
The [[Emoinu Fish Fest]] or Imoinu Fish Fair, held every January at [[Hapta Kangjeibung]], offers around 80,000 kilograms (in 2025), 50,000 kg (in 2023) of fish for religious and everyday needs during the [[Imoinu Iratpa]] festival. It also provides seasonal fruits and vegetables for rituals. Popular fish like Sareng are sold at affordable prices. Celebrated on the 12th day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of Wakching, this fair honors [[Emoinu]] ([[Imoinu]]), the goddess of wealth, while supporting traditions and local farming.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-10|title=Manipur's annual Imoinu Fish Fair targets record 80,000 kg sale|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipurs-annual-imoinu-fish-fair-targets-record-80000-kg-sale-1152632-2025-01-10|access-date=2025-03-25|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fish Fest adorns Emoinu Eratpa|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/1/4/OSR-DIPRImphal-Jan-3-Fisheries-Minister-Heikham-Dingo-Singh-inaugurated-the-first-Emoinu-Fish-F.html#/google_vignette|access-date=2025-03-25|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Wooden artworks of aquatic creatures, displayed in the Joysana Retreat, a resort in Oinam town, near Nambol town, in Manipur state (Kangleipak) 02.jpg|Wooden artworks of aquatic creatures, displayed in the Joysana Retreat
File:ꯄꯦꯡꯕꯥ.jpg
File:Ingredients for making traditional Meitei food, Eromba (alias Iromba, Eronba, Ironba) - Classical Meitei cuisine of Kangleipak.jpg|Ingredients for making traditional Meitei food, Eromba
File:Ngari aka fermented fish..JPG|Ngari (fermented fish)
File:Smoked freshwater fish.JPG |Smoked fish
File:Nga Ataoba (alias Nga Atauba, Ngaa Taoba, Ngaa Tauba) - traditional Meitei oil fried fish dish - Classical Meitei cuisine 01.jpg|Nga Ataoba, a traditional Meitei fried fish dish
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Human uses of fish]]
* [[Fish in Chinese mythology|Fish in Chinese culture]]
* [[Lai Haraoba]]
* [[Meitei martial arts]]
* [[Meitei traditional games]]
* [[Meitei traditional toys]]
* [[Meitei traditional weapons]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Bangladesh|Biology|Civilization|Food|Fish|India|Literature|Myanmar|Mythology|Poetry|Religion|Zoology}}

[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei cuisine]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Meitei festivals]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Fish in art]]
[[Category:Fish in culture]]
[[Category:Fish in popular culture]]
[[Category:Fish in religion]]
[[Category:Fish as food]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Tripura]]
[[Category:Culture of Myanmar]]

Srideep Bhattacharya

2026-04-29T19:59:23Z

Raj kumar: creating a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Srideep Bhattacharya
| image = Srideep Bhattacharya.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| office1 = Member of [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start1 = 6 April 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor1 =
| office2 = Member of [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start2 = 19 April 2015
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]]
| party = [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| other_party = 
| relations =
| children =
| occupation = Politician
| parents =
| spouse = Swapna Bhattacharya
| birth_name =
| alma_mater = [[IIEST, Shibpur|Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur]]
}}

'''Srideep Bhattacharya''' is an Indian politician affiliated with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. Known for his organizational capabilities and ideological commitment,{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} he has held several key positions within the party, including District Secretary of Howrah, State Secretariat member, [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee]] member and member of [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau]].

==Early life and education==
Srideep Bhattacharya graduated from [[IIEST, Shibpur|Shibpur B.E. College]] (now IIEST Shibpur), where he studied engineering.<ref>{{cite news |title = Sridip, a strong organiser| url =https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/sridip-a-strong-organiser/ | quote = Sridip Bhattacharya joined the party full time after completing his engineering from Shibpur B E College.| website = The Indian Express}}</ref> During his student years, he became actively involved with the [[Students Federation of India]] (SFI), the student wing of CPI(M). He rose through the ranks to become a member of the SFI state committee.<ref>{{cite news |title = He started his political career as an activist of SFI and soon became its state committee member.| url =https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/sridip-a-strong-organiser/|website = The Indian Express}}</ref>

Bhattacharya was also involved in the people's science movement in West Bengal<ref>{{citation|title = Terror Tactics in Howrah By-Poll| url = https://peoplesdemocracy.in/content/terror-tactics-howrah-poll|quote = He was a state level SFI leader, a leading figure in peoples’ science movement in the state.|website = People's Democracy}}</ref> and was secretary of Paschim Banga Vigyan Mancha which is considered to be the largest people science organization in India.<ref>{{cite web| title = Paschimbanga Vigyan Mancha (PBVM), Bengal | url = https://aipsn.net/2017/09/22/paschimbanga-vigyan-mancha/| quote = PBVM is the largest people science organization in India with membership exceeding 3.42 lakhs.| website = [[All India Peoples Science Network]]}}</ref>

==Political career==
Bhattacharya began his full-time political career with the CPI(M) and gained recognition as a capable organizer. He served as the District Committee Secretary of Howrah, a key organizational position within the party.<ref>{{cite news| title = CPM : সিপিএমের নয়া রাজ্য সম্পাদক হওয়ার দৌড়ে এগিয়ে কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির সদস্য শ্রীদীপ ভট্টাচার্য| url = https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/sridip-bhattacharya-is-ahead-of-md-salim-for-cpms-new-state-secretary/cid/1333522|quote = শিবপুর বি ই কলেজের প্রাক্তনী শ্রীদীপবাবু এক সময়ে সিপিএমের হাওড়া জেলা সম্পাদক ছিলেন}}</ref>

In 2013, he was nominated by the Left Front as its candidate for the Howrah Lok Sabha by-election.<ref>{{citation| title = Srideep Bhattacharya Left Front nominee in Howrah by-poll| url = https://hillpost.in/2013/05/srideep-bhattacharya-left-front-nominee-in-howrah-by-poll/74958/}}</ref> Although he narrowly lost to [[Prasun Banerjee]] of [[Trinamool Congress]], the move demonstrated the party's growing confidence in his leadership abilities. He was then one of the members of State Secretariat of West Bengal unit of CPIM. He was again nominated for [[2014 Indian general election]] from the same consistency and he again finished in the second place.<ref>{{cite web| title = Howrah Lok Sabha Election Result| url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/howrah-lok-sabha}}</ref><ref name=loksabha2014/>

On 19 April 2015 during 21st Party Congress of CPIM, he was elected to the Central Committee of the party for the first time.<ref>{{citation|title = Central Committee Elected at the 21st Congress | url = https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2015/0426_pd/central-committee-elected-21st-congress}}</ref> He was reelected to the Central Committee for the next three Party Congresses too.<ref>{{cite news| title = Full list: CPI(M) newly elected central committee and politburo members| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/full-list-cpim-newly-elected-central-committee-and-politburo-members-sitaram-yechury-5147330/lite/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211123162645/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/full-list-cpim-newly-elected-central-committee-and-politburo-members-sitaram-yechury-5147330/lite/| archive-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref>

In March 2022, Bhattacharya was considered one of the front-runners to succeed [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]] as the [[West Bengal]] State Secretary of CPI(M).<ref>{{cite news| title = CPM : সিপিএমের নয়া রাজ্য সম্পাদক হওয়ার দৌড়ে এগিয়ে কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির সদস্য শ্রীদীপ ভট্টাচার্য| url = https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/sridip-bhattacharya-is-ahead-of-md-salim-for-cpms-new-state-secretary/cid/1333522}}</ref> Although he was reportedly favoured by [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] chairman [[Biman Bose]] and was initially ahead in the race, [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]] was elected ahead of him due to Salim having more experience and popularity.<ref>{{cite news| title =CPM State Secretary: ঘোষিত হল সিপিএমের রাজ্য সম্পাদকের নাম, সূর্যকান্তের পর দায়িত্বে এ বার মহম্মদ সেলিম| url = https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/new-state-secretary-of-west-bengal-cpm-is-md-salim-biman-bose-surjyakanta-mishra-out-dgtl/cid/1334123|quote = সূর্যকান্ত মিশ্রের জায়গায় কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির সদস্য শ্রীদীপ ভট্টাচার্যকে রাজ্য সম্পাদকের দায়িত্ব দিতে আগ্রহী ছিলেন আলিমুদ্দিন নেতৃত্ব। কিন্তু রাজ্য সম্মেলনের শেষ লগ্নে রাজ্য সম্পাদকমণ্ডলী ও বিদায়ী রাজ্য কমিটির বৈঠকে তুলনায় স্বল্প পরিচিত শ্রীদীপবাবুকে কঠিন সময়ে দলের দায়িত্ব দেওয়া নিয়ে প্রশ্ন ওঠে। শেষ পর্যন্ত রাজ্য সম্পাদক হিসেবে উঠে আসে সেলিমের নাম।}}</ref>

Reports indicated that his simplicity, ideological clarity, and deep connection with the grassroots cadre contributed to his growing influence within the party.

In February 2025, Bhattacharya was involved in a notable incident during the North 24 Parganas district conference of the CPI(M). Despite opposition from the state leadership, including Bhattacharya and fellow leader Sujan Chakraborty, delegates voted to remove the incumbent district secretary Mrinal Chakraborty.<ref>{{cite news | title = West Bengal : State committee by his side, CPIM's district secretary ousted via election| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-state-committee-by-his-side-cpims-district-secretary-ousted-via-election-9841656/lite/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250318072750/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-state-committee-by-his-side-cpims-district-secretary-ousted-via-election-9841656/lite/| archive-date = 18 March 2025| quote = Even as CPIM Central Committee members Sujan Chakraborty and Sridip Bhattacharya, who were present in the conference, requested them to avoid voting, the members refused to budge.}}</ref> The move highlighted internal democratic functioning within the party and also suggested challenges in reconciling state-level guidance with district-level sentiment.

Srideep was inducted into the Politburo on 6 April during the last day of 24th Party Congress held in [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news| title = Prakash and Brinda Karat to step down as CPM brings in 8 new Politburo members| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prakash-brinda-karat-step-down-cpm-politburo-members-9928176/lite/}}</ref> This move was widely speculated by the news media even before the Party Congress.<ref>{{cite news| title = বয়সবিধিতে প্রজন্ম বদলে যেতে চলেছে সিপিএমের পলিটব্যুরোয়, একসঙ্গে বাদ পড়বেন 'সপ্তরথী'? | url = https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/seven-leaders-may-be-dropped-from-cpm-politburo-due-to-age-dgtl/cid/1548731|quote = যেমন পশ্চিমবঙ্গ থেকে সূর্যকান্ত বাদ পড়লে কে হবেন পলিটব্যুরোর সদস্য? অনেক নাম নিয়েই আলোচনা রয়েছে। তার মধ্যে অন্যতম দু’টি হল শ্রীদীপ ভট্টাচার্য এবং সুজন চক্রবর্তী।}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = পলিটব্যুরোয় নতুনের খোঁজ, বাড়ছে বৃন্দাকে রাখার দাবি | url = https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/cpm-considers-a-number-of-fresh-faces-in-pb-demand-to-retain-brinda-gets-louder-prnt/cid/1591743| quote = এখনও পর্যন্ত যা পরিস্থিতি, সূর্য্যকান্ত অব্যাহতি পেলে তাঁর জায়গায় যেতে পারেন শ্রীদীপ ভট্টাচার্য।}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটি থেকে অবসরের পথে ত্রয়ী, সিপিএমে বাড়তে পারে মার্গদর্শকের সংখ্যা, সেই শূন্যস্থানে কারা? তালিকা লম্বা| url = https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/there-is-speculation-within-the-party-about-who-will-be-the-new-member-from-west-bengal-in-the-cpm-central-committee-dgtl/cid/1587880| quote =পলিটব্যুরোয় কে সূর্যকান্তের স্থলাভিষিক্ত হবেন? সিপিএমের একটি অংশ বলছে, এ ক্ষেত্রে প্রথম দাবিদার প্রবীণ নেতা শ্রীদীপ ভট্টাচার্য।}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhattacharya is known for his simple lifestyle and dedication to leftist ideology. His wife, Swapna Bhattacharya, is also politically active and has previously served as the Chairperson of the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Sridip, a strong organiser| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/sridip-a-strong-organiser/|website = The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2013===
{{Election box begin|| title=Bye-elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] - 2013 : [[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/ByElec_WB.pdf |title = Bye election to the House of the People from The 25 Howrah Parliamentary Constituency |work = Forms 21 D & E | publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 10 June 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Prasun Banerjee]]|votes=4,26,387|percentage=44.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate= Srideep Bhattacharya
|votes= 3,99,422
|percentage=41.85
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sanatan Mukherjee|votes=96,743|percentage=10.14 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate= Ranjan Paul|
|votes= 8,921
|percentage= 0.93
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =26,965
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,54,850
|percentage = 65.99
|change =
}}
{{election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Prasun Banerjee]]|votes=4,88,461|percentage=43.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate= Srideep Bhattacharya
|votes= 2,91,505
|percentage= 25.90
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[George Baker (Indian actor)|George Baker]]|votes=2,48,120|percentage=22.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manoj Kumar Pandey|votes=63,254|percentage=5.62 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=9,929|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,96,956
|percentage = 17.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,25,728
|percentage = 74.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist) |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Loveria

2026-04-25T19:15:45Z

Raj kumar: Put Up Entry

{{Hatnote|1=For the Hindi song "Loveria hua", see [[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Loveria
| image = Loveria Bengali movie poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Raja Chanda]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[N.K. Salil]]
| story =
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Soham Chakraborty]] [[Puja Banerjee]] [[Rajatava Dutta]]
| music = [[Samidh Mukerjee]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Anindya Chatterjee
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Surinder Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|15|Kolkata}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Loveria''''' is a 2013 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Action comedy film|action comedy]] film directed by [[Raja Chanda]] and produced under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Surinder Films]]. It is a remake of the 2009 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Bumper Offer]]'' starring [[Sairam Shankar]] and [[Bindu Madhavi]].

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=February 2022}}
Aditya ([[Soham Chakraborty]]) is from a middle-class family but has the degree of a computer engineer. But because of a recession he runs a small car garage called Biswakarma Garage where he is the car-mechanic. Aditya's mother (Tulika Basu) is eagerly waiting for the chance to get his son married. One day, while Aditya was returning from his garage, some goons beat him up and broke his leg without any reason. Later, after Aditya is released from the nursing home, he goes to the goon and finds out who told them to beat him up. The goons tell him that Sweety (Puja Bose) told them to beat him up. Aditya ask Sweety why she did so and Sweety says that the goons beat him up by mistake and actually wanted to beat up another guy who is disturbing Sweety. Aditya does not take the matter so lightly and tells Sweet to marry him as because of this accident his marriage got cancelled. Sweety insults Adi after hearing this and Adi promises to take revenge. The next day, while Adi was returning home, Sweety again beats him up badly with a hockey stick. Adi tries to stop him and by chance Sweety hits his leg which was damaged and the leg becomes fine again! Adi then tells Sweety that he has fallen in love with Sweety and she is booked from today. Sweety becomes furious at this. Meanwhile, Sweety's mother visits Adi's garage to fix her car and sees a poster of a film which shows cheap photo of a couple and calls the media in the garage as she was a social worker working for women. She tells that the film should be banned and also the garage to be closed for keeping that kind of a poster there. Adi talks to Sweety's mother against this and says that this film is not as abusive as it is said and that she is over-acting. This makes Sweety's mother furious at Adi and she complains about this to her husband. She also was furious with Adi so she asks for a pistol from her father one day with an intention to murder Adi. Sweety reaches Adi's garage with the pistol and starts shooting at him. Adi manages to escape and he catches Sweety and ties her up with a rope. Sweety still does not accept Adi's love and meanwhile, Adi's friends call the police to show how Sweety attempted to murder Adi. But the police arrests Adi with a case of insulting Sweety. The police beat Adi up but Adi tells Sweety that he will not move back from his love. An advocate comes and gets Adi out of police custody. Now, Adi's father is a worker in Shantimoy Mukherjee's custody who is Sweety's father (Rajatava Dutta). Shantimoy calls Adi's father and warns him to stop Adi from going near her daughter. In the meantime, Adi finds Sweety running and a guy running after him. Adi gets the wrong idea that Sweety was also abusing him like she did to Adi. So, Adi and the guy catches Sweety and brings her to a quiet place. There Adi gets to know that the guy was abusing Sweety and telling bad words about her character. After knowing the truth Adi beats the guy up for insulting Sweety. Here, Sweety accepts Adi's love and proposes to him.

After this, Shantimoy spots Sweety with Adi on the road. Shantimoy tells Sweety not to mix with Adi but Sweety does not listen to her father. So, Shantimoy decides to beat up Adi's father. Sweety gets to know this and informs Adi about this. Adi immediately reaches Shantimoy's site to save his father and finds him getting beat. Adi saves his father and tells Shantimoy that he will be the one to marry Sweety. Shantimoy tells Adi that he is giving him an offer which is if he can earn 10% of what Shantimoy earns, he will surely get Sweety married to her. Adi does not agree to this condition and gives Shantimoy another bumper offer that by 6 months Adi will make Shantimoy as poor as his father and will take revenge of every hit which hit his father. Sweety supports Adi to this.

After this, Adi finds out about how much property and land Shantimoy owns. After finding this out, Adi tricks Shantimoy into sending all his money and his wife's jewellery outside and Adi takes them away. He also finds out about another secret family Shantimoy has which nobody knows about. He tells the truth to his secret wife and son and his secret son (Aritra Dutta Banik) comes into Shantimoy's current house and family and tells the truth in front of the media and Shantimoy's reputation is spoiled. After this, Adi also takes Shantimoy's assistant and his Swiss bank Account's client into his team and tricks Shantimoy into giving away 300 Million for buying the Victoria Memorial to build a casino there from the Chief-Minister, Kaka (Dipankar De). But actually, the Chief Minister gets only 1 Crore and sells an old haunted house-Victoria Palace to Shantimoy. The rest of the money is divided between the Swiss Bank Account Client (Biswanath Basu) and the rest of the money is kept in Adi's garage. After this, Shantimoy is thrown out of his house and all his property and land is occupied. The only property left, near the Airport is transformed into a temple. In depression, Shantimoy suffers a heart attack and Sweety gets worried about her father's health. She requests Adi to stop all this but Adi refuses to do so. Sweety gets angry with Adi but later understands and again stays by his side.

In the meantime, Shantimoy calls a famous goon and fisherman, Karthis Das a.k.a. MEchho Karthik to kill Adi and bring back all his property. Mechho Karthik agrees to do so but asks for Sweety's hand in marriage in return. Sweety does not agree to this marriage but Shantimoy finalizes the deal with Karthik. At night, Karthik breaks up the temple in Shantimoy's property and Adi's friends records the video and gives it to the police and Karthik is arrested for breaking up other's property. Later, Shantimoy is arrested for running a chitfun and taking money from the workers illegally. But, Karthik is released from the jail and he decides to kill Adi and marry Sweety. Sweety gets scared and informs Adi about it. Adi ensures Sweety about her safety and tricks Karthik and beats him up.

The film ends as Shantimoy is released from jail and Adi telling him that all his property is still his but everything was just a play to trick him. Shantimoy and Adi's family get together and Adi and Sweety is married.<ref name="BB Loveria Bengali Movie">{{cite web|title=Loveria Bengali Movie|url=http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/160054/Loveria--Bengali-Movie|accessdate=24 January 2013}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Soham Chakraborty]] as Aditya
* [[Pooja Bose]] as Sweety
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Sweety's father, Shantimoy Roy
* [[Tulika Bose]] as Aditya's mother
* [[Supriyo Dutta]] as Aditya's father
* Mintu Mallick as Aditya's friend
* Surojit Bandopadhyay as advocate
* [[Samidh mukerjee|Samidh Mukherjee]] as Ghatok Thakur
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Swiss Bank Accountant
* [[Dipankar De]] as Kaka (Chief Minister)
* [[Aritra Dutta Banik]] as Bablu(Shantimoy's Secret Son)

==Soundtrack==

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music = [[Samidh Mukerjee]]
| title1 = Loveria Title Song
| lyrics1 = Samidh Mukherjee
| music1 =
| extra1 = Samidh Mukherjee
| length1 = 4:25
| title2 = Jalwa
| lyrics2 = Samidh Mukherjee and Priyo Chattopadhyay
| music2 =
| extra2 = Samidh Mukherjee
| length2 = 3:43
| title3 = Oh Shonaa
| lyrics3 = Samidh Mukherjee
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[Monali Thakur]], Samidh Mukherjee
| length3 = 4:17
| title4 = 36-24-36
| lyrics4 = Samidh Mukherjee
| music4 =
| extra4 = [[June Banerjee]], Samidh Mukherjee
| length4 = 3:42
}}

== References ==

;Notes
{{Reflist|group=lower-greek}}
;Citations
==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Raja Chanda}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raja Chanda]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic comedy-drama films]]
<references />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by N. K. Salil]]

Grey Line (Namma Metro)

2026-04-23T10:40:16Z

Raj kumar: made entry

{{notability|date=April 2025}}
{{Short description|Proposed line of Bengaluru's Namma Metro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Grey Line
| color = {{rcr|Namma Metro|Grey}}
| logo = Namma metro.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| other_name = {{hlist|Line 7|Hosahalli-Kadabagere Line}}
| native_name = Būdi mārga Hosahaḷḷi-Kaḍabagere mārga
| native_name_lang = Kn
| type = [[Rapid transit|Metro]]
| system = [[Namma Metro]]
| status = Approved
| locale = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| start = Hosahalli
| end = Kadabagere
| connectinglines = '''''Operational''''' (1): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} '''''Upcoming''''' (1): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}}
 '''''Planned''''' (1): [[Inner Ring Line]]
| stations = 11(Elevated)
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| linenumber =
| website = [https://english.bmrc.co.in/ bmrc.co.in]
| yearcommenced = 
| planopen = {{start date and age|2029|df=y}}
| open = 
| yearcompleted = 
| close = 
| owner = Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)
| operator =
| character = [[Elevated]] '''''(TBD)'''''
| depot = Magadi Road '''''(TBD)'''''
| stock =
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| linelength_km = 12.5
| linelength =
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| map = {{BMR Orange Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_name = Grey Line Map
}}

The '''Grey Line''' is an upcoming metro line serving [[Bangalore]] as part of the [[Namma Metro]] network in the city. This metro line will serve the industrial areas, manufacturing units, Engineering and Textile Manufacturing Units on Magadi Road, providing connectivity to the Western part of the city,{{efn|Outer Ring Road West Side, Magadi Road with its neighbouring areas}} thereby improving last-mile connectivity to commercial centres, industrial hubs, educational institutions, and healthcare facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-17 |title=Union Cabinet approves Bengaluru's Namma Metro Orange Line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/union-cabinet-approves-bengalurus-namma-metro-orange-line/articleshow/112575425.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-08-17 |title=Cabinet approves two corridors of Bangalore Metro Rail Project Phase-3 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/cabinet-approves-two-corridors-of-bangalore-metro-rail-project-phase-3-1817031 |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> The line was approved by the Union Cabinet on August 17, 2024 and is scheduled for completion in 2029.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first= |date=2024-08-17 |title=Bengaluru Namma Metro phase III expansion gets Union govt nod |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bengaluru-namma-metro-phase-iii-expansion-gets-union-govt-nod |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=|date=2025-02-02 |title=BMRCL initiates land acquisition for Namma Metro Phase 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bmrcl-initiates-land-acquisition-for-namma-metro-phase-3/article69171757.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:NammaMetro-GrayLine-2025-08-17.png|frameless|600x600px]]

BMRCL began planning Namma Metro Phase-III in 2013, shortly after announcing Phase-II, which included the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] and [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]. Later in June 2013 BMRCL partnered with RITES Limited to conduct a pre-feasibility study for each proposed corridor

By 2016, BMRCL submitted its Phase-III proposal to the Ministry of Urban Development, which initially spanned 150.94 km. However, following the feasibility the network size was reduced to 102 km, with the remaining corridors being planned for [[Light rail|Light Rail]]. The proposed lines were

* Nagavara - Kempegowda International Airport
* Carmelaram - Yelahanka
* Marathahalli - Hosakerehalli
* Silkboard - Hebbal via KR Puram.

However, in 2017 the Karnataka Government announced that the Silkboard - Hebbal line and the Nagavara - Airport line were merged to create the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] and fast tracked to Phase 2A and Phase 2B.

In 2018 the Karnataka Government officially confirmed Phase III with several modifications. Multiple new lines were introduced while some others were dropped. Following another round of modifications in 2020, only two lines were finalized to be part of Phase-III

* Magadi Road Toll Gate to Kadabagere line
*Kempapura to JP Nagara 4th Phase

In July 2020, RITES Limited was assigned to prepare the Detailed Project Report (DPR) work for Phase-III. RITES submitted the DPR to the State Government who approved it in November 2022. The final approval was received from the Central Government in August 2024 paving the way for BMRCL to start land acquisition and tender notification.

==Tendering==
As of January 2025 BMRCL has issued tenders for Geotechnical Investigations and Detailed Design Consultancy (DDC). Once the Geotechnical Investigations are finished and finalized with the DDC BMRCL plans to release the Civil Work Tender.
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
!colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Grey}};" | '''Pre-Construction Activity'''
|-
!Tendering
!Section
!Activity
!Successful Bid /Cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|Phase-3/GTI/2024/109/ Pkg-4
|Hosahalli to Kadabagere
|Geotechnical Investigation
|{{INRConvert|1.54|c}}
|SECON
|23 Jul 2024
|-
|Phase-3/DDC3/RFP/2024/117
|Hosahalli Station to Kadabagere
|Detailed Design Consultant
| colspan="3" |Bidding Underway
|-
|EPDD-5
|Traction and Power Supply
|Detailed Design Consultant
| colspan="3" |Bidding Underway
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|1.54|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|}

==Stations==

=== Interchanges ===
Passenger interchange facilities, connecting to other metro and railway lines, are proposed at the following stations:

* [[Hosahalli metro station|Hosahalli]] (Connects to the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]], which runs from [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] to [[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]])
* Sumanahalli Cross (Connects to the [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]], which runs from [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]] to Kempapura)

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Grey}};" |'''Grey Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Station Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|1
|[[Hosahalli metro station|Sri Balagangadharanatha Swamiji Station, Hosahalli]]
|[[Hosahalli metro station|ಶ್ರೀ ಬಾಲಗಂಗಾಧರನಾಥ ಸ್ವಾಮೀಜಿ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ, ಹೊಸಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
|2
|KHB Colony
|ಕೆ.ಎಚ್.ಬಿ. ಕಾಲೋನಿ
|
|Elevated
|-
|3
|Kamakshi Palya
|ಕಾಮಾಕ್ಷಿಪಾಳ್ಯ
|
|Elevated
|-
|4
|Sumanahalli Cross
|ಸುಮನಹಳ್ಳಿ ಕ್ರಾಸ್
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} ''(Approved)''
|Elevated
|-
|5
|Sunkadakatte
|ಸುಂಕದಕಟ್ಟೆ
|
|Elevated
|-
|6
|Herohalli
|ಹೇರೋಹಳ್ಳಿ
|
|Elevated
|-
|7
|Byadarahalli
|ಬ್ಯಾಡರಹಳ್ಳಿ
|
|Elevated
|-
|8
|Kamath Layout
|ಅರಣ್ಯ ದ್ವಾರ
|
|Elevated
|-
|9
|Kadabagere
|ಕಡಬಗೆರೆ
|
|Elevated
|}

==See also==
* '''[[Namma Metro]]'''
** [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]
** [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]]
** [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]]
** [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]
** [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]
** [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]]
** [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]]
** [[Aqua Line (Namma Metro)|Inner Ring Line]]
** [[List of Namma Metro stations|List of Namma Metro Stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India|Rapid transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Namma Metro lines]]

Aga Syed Mohsin Al Mosvi

2026-04-22T19:54:39Z

Raj kumar:

{{Short description|Kashmiri Shia Cleric}}
{{Distinguish|text=the BJP politician of the same name (son of Syed Ali Shah) who contested the 2025 Budgam by-election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aga Syed Mohsin Mustafa Al Mosvi
| native_name = آغا سید محسن مصطفیٰ
| image = AGA SYED MOHSIN.jpg
| birth_date = 13 May 1964
| birth_place = Budgam, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| other_party = Jammu and Kashmir Anjuman e Shari- Shian
| children = Three,

Elder Son = Aga Syed Owais Abass Al Moosvi
}}

'''Aga Syed Mohsin Mustafa Al Mosvi''' is a cleric, political leader and a member of the esteemed Aga family of [[Budgam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2014-06-09 |title=Budgam's Clan War |url=https://kashmirlife.net/a-clan-war-politics-issue14-vol06-60478/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> He is the son of the late Shia religious scholar [[Aga Syed Mustafa Moosavi]],<ref>https://english.newsnationtv.com/cities/jammu/srinagar-shia-leader-agha-syed-mohsin-quits-national-conference-and-joins-pdp-167505.html</ref> and the brother of the late Aga Syed Hussain and [[Aga Syed Mehdi]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/pdp-appoints-aga-mohsin-as-partys-additional-general-secretary|title=PDP appoints Aga Mohsin as party's additional general secretary|website=Rising Kashmir|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724223938/http://risingkashmir.com/news/pdp-appoints-aga-mohsin-as-partys-additional-general-secretary|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=6010|title=Aga Syed Mohsin(Peoples Democratic Party):Constituency- SRINAGAR(JAMMU & KASHMIR) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/Aga-Mohsin-Srinagar-s-only-contestant-with-clean-reputation--PDP-36099|title=Aga Mohsin Srinagar's only contestant with clean reputation: PDP|date=3 April 2019|website=KNS}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://jkpdp.in/news-updates/pdps-aga-mohsin-visits-slain-pattans-youths-residence|title=PDP's Aga Mohsin visits slain Pattan's youth's residence|first=Irshad Ul|last=Islam|date=18 May 2019}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/agha-mohsin-gets-rousing-welcome-at-pdp-head-office/|title=Agha Mohsin gets rousing welcome at PDP head office|date=24 March 2019|website=Greater Kashmir}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2019/05/18/wait-till-probe-on-bandipora-incident-is-over-aga-mohsin-urges-people-to-maintain-calm/|title=Wait till probe on Bandipora incident is over: Aga Mohsin urges people to maintain calm|author=Images News Network}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.kupwaratimes.org/pdps-aga-mohsin-visits-slain-pattans-youths-residence/|title=PDP's Aga Mohsin visits slain Pattan's youth's residence|publisher=kupwaratimes.org|date=18 May 2019|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020051854/https://www.kupwaratimes.org/pdps-aga-mohsin-visits-slain-pattans-youths-residence/|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-farooq-abdullah-wins-srinagar-seat-by-over-70-000-votes/story-6A44UsdTOqHLUqjboB3RjL-amp.html?_we_linker=1*fs8oj9*we_luid*ZXdoRGlYempKOGdCRWQyQjNWWHNUUGpUTW9QWHdtNUxvYUp1aDEwWjVyTWhBX210V1Y2M2pfa0JKUi1EaTUtRw..|title = Lok Sabha election results 2019: Farooq Abdullah wins Srinagar seat by over 70,000 votes|date = 23 May 2019}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/aga-syed-mohsin-2|title = AGA SYED MOHSIN : Bio, Political life, Family & Top stories|website = [[The Times of India]]}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/in-battle-for-srinagar-national-conference-fires-article-370-warning-lone-party-says-time-for-change-5679434/|title = In battle for Srinagar, National Conference fires Article 370 warning, Lone party says time for change|date = 17 April 2019}}
* [http://risingkashmir.com/home/news_description/350221/BJP-PDP-leaders-meet-Governor Rising Kashmir: Leading English newspaper in Jammu and Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213658/http://risingkashmir.com/home/news_description/350221/BJP-PDP-leaders-meet-Governor |date=2 June 2021 }}
* [https://kashmirlife.net/ls-polls-srinagar-has-the-wealthiest-candidate-in-fray-206186/amp/ LS Polls: Srinagar Has The Wealthiest Candidate In Fray | Kashmir Life]
* [https://kashmirlife.net/pdp-provincial-committee-meets-virtually-urges-admin-to-systematically-chalk-out-plan-with-stakeholders-for-gradual-easing-of-lockdown-268782/amp/ PDP Calls For Gradual Easing Of Lockdown | Kashmir Life]
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/mass-vaccination-not-lockdowns-way-out-to-deal-with-covid-crisis-mehbooba/|title=Mass vaccination, not lockdowns way out to deal with Covid crisis: Mehbooba|date=30 May 2021}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/pdp-appoints-aga-mohsin-as-partys-additional-general-secretary/|title = PDP appoints Aga Mohsin as party's additional general secretary}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohsin Al Mosvi, Aga Syed}}
[[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Budgam district]]

Ramesh Gautam

2026-04-20T09:33:36Z

Raj kumar: New stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = Dixir (SC)
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2012
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| predecessor = Babu Lal
| parents = Mata Prasad (father)
| occupation = Agriculture
| education = Graduate
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]]
| successor = ''constituency abolished'' now [[Tarabganj Assembly constituency|Tarabganj]]
}}
'''Ramesh Gautam''', or '''Ramesh Chandra''', is an Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He was a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] between 2007 and 2012, elected from Dixir (SC).<ref name="nbt"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2929|title=Ramesh Chandra(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- MANKAPUR (SC)(GONDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Gautam had started politics in 1989 and been a loyalist of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] for 31 years. In 2020, he was expelled from the party in what he called a "political conspiracy" within it. He shifted to the Samajwadi Party after that.<ref name="nbt"/><ref name="jagran">{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gonda-former-mlas-ramesh-gautam-and-masood-alam-expelled-from-bsp-21169975.html | title=पूर्व विधायक रमेश गौतम व मसूद आलम बसपा से निष्कासित - Former MLAs Ramesh Gautam and Masood Alam expelled from BSP - Uttar Pradesh Gonda Politics News }}</ref>

==Political life==
Ramesh Gautam started politics in 1989 with the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]. He became district president for 12 years, was given the charge of zonal coordinator in various divisions and was known for being a party loyalist.<ref name="jagran"/>

He contested his first legislative assembly election from Dixir (SC) in 2007 and became an MLA. He has also contested from [[Mankapur Assembly constituency|Mankapur]] (SC) in 2012 and 2017, and from [[Balha Assembly constituency|Balha]] in a 2019 by-election.<ref name="nbt"/>

In 2020, Gautam was expelled from the BSP by the district president Manoj Kumar Kanojia. He had served there for 31 years in the BSP and was expelled in what he described as a "political conspiracy" taking place within the party. He said that he was willing to come back if given the opportunity.<ref name="jagran"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-ex-mla-ramesh-gautam-and-masood-khan-suspended-from-bsp-in-anti-party-activities-gonda-3685674.html | title=बसपा में एक्शन: पूर्व विधायक रमेश गौतम और मसूद खां बसपा से निष्कासित, पार्टी विरोधी गतिविधियों का लगा था इल्जाम }}</ref> He shifted to the [[Samajwadi Party]] after finding no recourse and was again fielded from Mankapur (SC) in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 election]] as an SP candidate, where he received over 62,000 voters and came runner-up to the BJP candidate while the BSP secured around 6,500 votes at a distant third.<ref name="nbt">{{cite web | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/sp-declare-ramesh-gautam-its-candidate-from-bahraich-loksabha-seat/articleshow/107830176.cms | title=कौन हैं रमेश गौतम, जिनको सपा ने बहराइच लोकसभा सीट से बनाया प्रत्याशी }}</ref><ref name="results">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24300.htm?ac=300|website=results.eci.gov.in|title=Election Commission of India|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Ramesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mannan (caste)

2026-04-17T14:17:53Z

Raj kumar: Put Up Post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Short description|Community of Kerala, South India}}
The '''Mannan'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKq5A57tX1cC&dq=Mannan+caste&pg=PA124 |title=Rethinking Development: Kerala's Development Experience |date=1999 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-764-9 |pages=124 |language=en}}</ref> are a community in [[Kerala]], India. They are one of the [[Adivasi]]
who live in [[Idukki District]]. Mannan is a schedule caste community, which only worked as labours in the fields. It is the only existing tribal village in South India which falls under the [[Kanchiyar]] grama panchayath of Idukki [[tehsil]] (previously [[Udumbanchola]] tehsil).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2011/12/28/00017913/tribal-king-aryan-raja-manna-passes-away-kerala|title="Tribal king" Aryan Raja Manna passes away in Kerala Population: About 6,000 Literacy 19.12% {{!}} NetIndian|date=2011-12-28|website=netindian.in|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dakshinroutes.com/Tour-Packages/NewsLetterDetails.aspx?ID=1471|title=Dakshin Routes|website=www.dakshinroutes.com|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref> The village has four religious divisions such as 'Thekkottu Kattu Rajyam', 'Nadukkuda Kattu Rajyam', 'Athal Orupuram' and 'Chenkanattu Mala'. Goddess Madhura [[Minakshi]] of famed [[Meenakshi Amman Temple|Madura Temple]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] is their ''Kuladevatha'' (tutelary deity).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idukki.nic.in/culture.htm|title=Idukki District of Kerala - An official website|website=idukki.nic.in|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kozhimala]] the Mannan settlement that is the community's "headquarters"
* [[The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006]]
https://sites.google.com/view/focusonpeople/major-tribes-in-kerala

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite news |last1=NIE Staff Writers |title=The king who graduated from Maharaja's College |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2012/mar/05/the-king-who-graduated-from-maharajas-college-345939.html |access-date=28 November 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012}}
* {{cite book |last1=Suresh |first1=Lavanya |last2=Suchitra |first2=M. |title=Suicidal resistance: Understanding the opposition against the Western Ghats conservation in Karunapuram, Idukki, Kerala |date=2021 |publisher=Centre for Development Studies Prasanth Naga |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |isbn=978-81-948195-4-7 |pages=35–44 |edition=First |url=https://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/Western-Ghats_MonographSeries2.pdf |access-date=28 November 2021 |series=CDS Monograph Series: Ecological Challenges and Local Self-Government Response}}
* {{cite report |last1=Sebastian |first1=Lijo |last2=Peter |first2=Jenee |title=Living on the Edge: Impact of Peasant Migration on the Mannan Tribe of Kerala |url=https://www.academia.edu/19968940 |access-date=28 November 2021 |language=en}}
* {{cite news |last1=Surendranath |first1=Nidhi |title=The King takes up the cause of the commoner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/the-king-takes-up-the-cause-of-the-commoner/article4684159.ece |access-date=28 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2013 |language=en-IN}}
* {{cite news |last1=Harikumar |first1=A. |title=No kingdom, but kingship continues after 60 years of democracy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/217472/no-kingdom-kingship-continues-60.html |access-date=28 November 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=7 January 2012 |language=en}}
* {{cite magazine |author=Shahina KK |title=The King Who Was Not: The tragic life and death of a tribal monarch in Kerala |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-king-who-was-not/ |magazine=The Open Magazine |date=13 January 2012}}
* {{cite news |last1=Saju |first1=Sajin |title=A king and his tribe: How the Mannans of Kerala are struggling to preserve age-old tradition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/a-king-and-his-tribe-how-the-mannans-of-kerala-are-struggling-to-preserve-age-old-tradition-4633351/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 April 2017 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |last1=''Better India'' photographer |last2=''Better India'' Writer |title=In Photos: The Fascinating Story of Kerala's Forest King & His Tribe's 700-Year-Old Legacy |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/95726/kerala-forest-king-raja-raman-mannan-idukki/ |website=The Better India |language=en |date=13 April 2017}}

==External links==
* [http://idukki.nic.in Government of Kerala: Iddukki District official website]

[[Category:Mannan| ]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Kerala]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kerala]]
[[Category:Adivasi]]

Krishna Kamini Rohatgi-Mukherjee

2026-04-14T16:08:50Z

Raj kumar: added a stub

{{Short description|Indian photochemist and photophysicist (1924–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Krishna Kamini Rohatgi-Mukherjee
| other_names = K. K. Rohatgi-Mukherjee; Krishna Kamini Rohatgi Mukherjee
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|8|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = Patna, Bihar, British India (now Bihar, India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|12|31|1924|8|2|df=y}}
| death_place = Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| fields = Photochemistry; photophysics
| education = [[University of Calcutta]] (BSc, MSc); [[University of Oxford]] (DPhil)
| doctoral_advisor = [[E. J. Bowen]]
| workplaces = [[Jadavpur University]]; [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA)
| known_for = Photochemistry and photophysics of anthracene derivatives and dyes; establishment of the Indian Photobiology Group (later Indian Photobiology Society)
| awards = C. V. Raman Gold Medal (Indian Science Congress Association, 1990)
}}
'''Krishna Kamini Rohatgi-Mukherjee''' (2 August 1924 – 31 December 2009) was an Indian photochemist and photophysicist who was a professor of chemistry at [[Jadavpur University]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="INSA2010">{{cite journal |last=Bera |first=Subhash Chandra |title=Krishna Kamini Rohatgi-Mukherjee (2 August 1924 – 31 December 2009) |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |volume=38 |year=2010 |pages=111–128 |url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/BM/BM38_1010.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref> She was elected a Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) in 1984.<ref name="INSAarchive">{{cite web |title=Archive Detail Page: Professor KK Rohatgi Mukherjee |website=Indian National Science Academy |url=https://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/deceased_detail.php?id=N84-0667 |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref> Rohatgi-Mukherjee helped establish the Indian Photobiology Group (later the Indian Photobiology Society) in 1964.<ref name="INSA2010" /> She served as president of the [[Association Internationale de Photobiologie]] (AIP) from 1984 to 1988,<ref name="Tyrrell1993">{{cite journal |last=Tyrrell |first=R. M. |title=International cooperation in photobiology: Association Internationale de Photobiologie Part 3: 1984–1992 |journal=Photochemistry and Photobiology |volume=58 |issue=1 |year=1993 |pages=149–153 |url=https://iuphotobiology.org/sites/default/files/pdf/IUPB-1993.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref> and was president of the Tenth International Congress of Photobiology held in [[Jerusalem]] in 1988.<ref name="INSA2010" /> She authored the textbook ''Fundamentals of Photochemistry'' (first published 1978).<ref name="INSA2010" /><ref name="FundamentalsGB">{{cite book |last=Rohatgi-Mukherjee |first=K. K. |title=Fundamentals of Photochemistry |publisher=Wiley |year=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSspAQAAMAAJ |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rohatgi-Mukherjee was born on 2 August 1924 in [[Patna]] (then in [[Bihar]], [[British India]]).<ref name="INSA2010" /> Her family later lived in Kolkata, where she attended Gokhale Memorial Girls' School.<ref name="INSA2010" />

She studied chemistry at colleges affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]], earning a BSc with honours in 1943 and an MSc in 1945 (physical chemistry). During her undergraduate and master's studies, she received multiple awards, including the Basanti Debi Medal and Kunj Behari Basak Medal (1943), and the University Silver Medal and Jogmaya Debi Gold Medal (1945).<ref name="INSA2010" />

In 1950, she joined the [[University of Oxford]], where she completed a [[DPhil]] in 1952 under [[E. J. Bowen]] on the [[photochemistry]] of anthracene derivatives and subsequently remained a senior member of [[St Anne's College, Oxford]].<ref name="INSA2010" />

==Academic and research career==
Rohatgi-Mukherjee began research in 1948 at the Department of Chemistry of the College of Engineering and Technology, Jadavpur (later [[Jadavpur University]]), working on fluorescence and quenching phenomena in anthracene solutions. After returning from Oxford, she held a Sir P. C. Ray Research Fellowship at the University College of Science, University of Calcutta (1954–1956), during which she delivered photochemistry lectures to MSc students. In 1956, she went to the [[University of California, Berkeley]] as a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]]/Smith–Mundt grantee to work on measuring excited-state lifetimes using phase-shifting techniques.<ref name="INSA2010" />

She joined Jadavpur University in 1958 as a reader in physical chemistry and became a professor of chemistry in 1974.<ref name="INSA2010" /> She held visiting and temporary posts including assistant professor at [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] (1963–1964) and visiting scientist at the School of Life Sciences, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (1973–1974).<ref name="INSA2010" /> She served as head of the Department of Chemistry at [[Jadavpur University]] (1979–1982), retired in 1989, and continued at the department as an INSA senior scientist (1990–1993).<ref name="INSA2010" />

==Research==
Rohatgi-Mukherjee's research addressed photophysical and photochemical processes in organic and inorganic systems, with work spanning fluorescence, excited-state reactions, and spectroscopy. She also investigated dye aggregation and fluorescence quenching in systems relevant to laser dyes, including thermodynamic analysis of dimer formation and exciton-related splitting of absorption bands.<ref name="INSA2010" />

From the late 1970s, she incorporated flash photolysis and related approaches, including work with [[George Porter]] at the [[Royal Institution]] (1978), and later visiting-scientist appointments abroad, including the [[University of Notre Dame]] (1984) and an inter-academy exchange visit to [[Poland]] (1986). Her later work included photochemical and photoelectrochemical approaches to solar energy conversion and storage, including model studies using micelles and liposomes.<ref name="INSA2010" />

==Professional service and honours==
Rohatgi-Mukherjee helped establish the Indian Photobiology Group (later renamed the Indian Photobiology Society) in 1964, and the society became affiliated with the Association Internationale de Photobiologie (AIP) in the same year. She served as UGC National Lecturer in 1980 and as vice-president of the [[Indian Chemical Society]]. She was India's national representative to a committee of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (1982–1983).<ref name="INSA2010" />

Within AIP, she served as president from 1984 to 1988.<ref name="Tyrrell1993" /> In 1988, she presided over the Tenth International Congress of Photobiology in Jerusalem and was elected an honorary life member of AIP. She received the C. V. Raman Gold Medal from the Indian Science Congress Association in 1990.<ref name="INSA2010" />

==Personal life==
She was married to the chemist [[Sushil Kumar Mukherjee]], who served as vice-chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta]] and the [[University of Kalyani]].<ref name="INSA2010" />

Rohatgi-Mukherjee died on 31 December 2009 in Nagpur, India.<ref name="INSA2010" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohatgi-Mukherjee, Krishna Kamini}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:People associated with St Anne's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:University of Notre Dame people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]
[[Category:Indian women chemists]]
[[Category:Photochemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]

Ninaivellam Neeyada

2026-04-05T06:26:49Z

Raj kumar: New new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ninaivellam Neeyada
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Aadhiraajan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Royal Babu
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Prajin]]
*[[Manisha Yadav]]
*Sinamika
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Raja Bhattacharjee
| editing = Ashish
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio =Lekha Theatres
| distributor =
| released ={{Film date|df=yes|2024|2|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ninaivellam Neeyada''''' ({{Translation|All my thoughts are about you}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Aadhiraajan and starring [[Prajin]], [[Manisha Yadav]] and Sinamika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prajin-manisha-yadavs-ninaivellam-neeyada-teaser/articleshow/107330967.cms|title=Prajin & Manisha Yadav's 'Ninaivellam Neeyada' teaser|date=1 February 2024|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 April 2024|archive-date=17 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417080446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prajin-manisha-yadavs-ninaivellam-neeyada-teaser/articleshow/107330967.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/manisha-yadav-to-star-opposite-prajin-in-a-romantic-drama/articleshow/88542480.cms|title=Manisha Yadav to star opposite Prajin in a romantic drama|date=28 December 2021|work= The Times of India}}</ref> The film was released to mixed to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prajin]] as Goutham
*[[Manisha Yadav]] as Anandhi
*Sinamika as Haritha (Malarvizhi)
*Sri Priyanka as real Malarvizhi
*Rohit as younger Goutham
*Yuvalakshmi as younger Malarvizhi
*[[Redin Kingsley]]
*[[Manobala]]
*[[Jangiri Madhumitha]]
*[[R. V. Udayakumar]] as psychiatrist
* Muthuraman
*[[P. L. Thenappan]] as Anandhi's father
}}

== Production ==
As of February 2022, seventy percent of the shooting was completed in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ninaivellam-neeyada-first-look-poster-launched/articleshow/89564771.cms|title='Ninaivellam Neeyada' first look poster launched|date=14 February 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Filming was wrapped in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ninaivellam-neeyada-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/93927571.cms|title='Ninaivellam Neeyada' shooting wrapped up|date=1 September 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 April 2024|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221140114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ninaivellam-neeyada-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/93927571.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The film features the song "Idhayame Idhayame" written by Ilaiyaraaja and sung by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-sings-a-song-penned-and-composed-by-llaiyaraaja/articleshow/89704562.cms|title=Yuvan sings a song penned and composed by llaiyaraaja|date=21 February 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 April 2024|archive-date=17 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417080451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-sings-a-song-penned-and-composed-by-llaiyaraaja/articleshow/89704562.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-sings-a-song-for-ninaivellam-neeyada-which-is-penned-by-his-father-ilaiyaraaja/articleshow/89703979.cms|title=Yuvan Shankar Raja sings a song for 'Ninaivellam Neeyada' which is penned by his father Ilaiyaraaja|date=20 February 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 April 2024|archive-date=17 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417080446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-sings-a-song-for-ninaivellam-neeyada-which-is-penned-by-his-father-ilaiyaraaja/articleshow/89703979.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "''Ninaivellam Neeyada'' is basically an overlong romantic drama that goes on and on and on. The film just doesn't come to an end, and a reason for that is the completely unwarranted songs that's poorly integrated into the screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ninaivellam-neeyada/movie-review/107964523.cms|title=Ninaivellam Neeyada Movie Review : An overlong romantic drama filled with superfluous and silly moments|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309020733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ninaivellam-neeyada/movie-review/107964523.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and praised the film's unique setup with romance during two different periods including school days, the acting the music, cinematography and the editing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ninaivellam-neeyada-157907|title=Ninaivellam Neeyada|date=23 February 2024|website=www.maalaimalar.com|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327200252/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ninaivellam-neeyada-157907|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15561918}}, [https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/ninaivellam-neeyada.html Filmibeat]

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Kavi Darbar

2026-03-31T23:41:18Z

Raj kumar: added new stub...

{{Short description|17th and 18th-century Sikh court of poets}}
[[File:Painting of the court of Guru Gobind Singh.jpg|thumb|Painting of the court of Guru Gobind Singh. Illustration from a manuscript of [[Chaubis Avtar|Krishnavatar]].]]
{{Sikh literature}}

'''Kavi Darbar''' (literally "poet court") is a term that refers to historical Sikh ''[[Durbar (court)|durbars]]'' (courts) composed of congregations of poets, litterateurs, artists, and scholars that were established and had flourished during the [[Guru Gaddi|guruship]] period of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Fenech|first1=Louis E.|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|last2=McLeod|first2=William H.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4422-3600-4|edition=3rd|series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements|location=Lanham, Maryland|pages=|author-link2=W. H. McLeod}}</ref>{{Rp|page=62–63}}{{Efn|The term "Kavi Darbar" is alternatively spelt as 'Kavi Durbar'.|group=note}} These establishments served as Sikh centres of learning and scholarship. They played a pivotal role in the history of Sikh literature.

== History ==
According to popular Sikh tradition, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] established a court of poets consisting of fifty-two members, known as ''Bavanja Kavi'' (literally "fifty-two poets").<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=62–62}} According to [[Kahn Singh Nabha]]'s [[Mahan Kosh|Mahankosh]], the names of the fifty-two poets are as follows:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh|first=Roopinder|date=8 April 2018|title=Baisakhi in the City of Bliss|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/baisakhi-in-the-city-of-bliss-570219|access-date=20 January 2024|website=The Tribune|author-link=Roopinder Singh}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Uday Rai
* Ani Rai
* Amrit Rai
* Allu
* Asa Singh
* Alim
* Ishavar Dass
* Sukh Dev
* Sukha Singh
* Sukhia
* Sudama
* Sainapat
* Shyam
* Heer
* Hussain Ali
* Hans Ram
* Kallu
* Kuveresh
* Khan Chand
* Gunia
* [[Bhai Gurdas Singh|Gurdas]]
* Gopal
* Chandan
* Chanda
* Jamaal
* Tehkin
* Dharam Singh
* Dhanna Singh
* Dhayan Singh
* Nannoo
* Nishchal Dass
* Nihal Chand
* Nand Singh
* [[Bhai Nand Lal|Nand Lal]]
* Pindi Dass
* Ballabh
* Balloo
* Bidhi Chand
* Bulland
* Brikh
* Brij Lal
* Mathura
* Madan Singh
* Madan Giri
* Malloo
* Maan Dass
* Mala Singh
* Mangal
* Ram
* Rawal
* Roshan Singh
* Lakha
{{div col end}}
[[File:Kavi Kuvresh.jpg|thumb|Modern painting of Kavi Kuvresh by the Anandpur Art Project]]
The three most prominent and famous of the fifty-poets were Bhai Nand Lal Goya, Kavi Chandra Sain Sainapati, and Bhai Gurdas Singh.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=62–63}}{{Efn|Bhai Gurdas Singh is not to be confused with [[Bhai Gurdas|Bhai Gurdas Bhalla]].|group=note}} After analyzing the surviving pieces of literature produced by the Kavi Darbars, [[Sikh Studies|Sikhologists]] Louis E. Fenech and [[W. H. McLeod]] propose the number of poets in the darbars established by the tenth Sikh guru would have been considerably greater than the traditional narrative of there only being fifty-two.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=62–63}} They further state the number 52 came into popular parlance and tradition due to its auspicious associations in Sanskrit and Devanagari, and therefore was "used in order to convey an amount of sanctity on this assembly".<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=62–63}} There was a great deal of movement of intellectuals between the various sub-imperial courts during this era.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=62–63}} [[D. P. Singh (writer)|D. P. Singh]], on the other hand, states the 52 poets were the ones who were permanently employed in the Kavi Darbar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Singh|first=Devinder Pal|date=April 1999|title=The Literary Genius of Guru Gobind Singh|url=https://philarchive.org/archive/SINTLG|format=PDF|journal=The Sikh Review|volume=47|issue=4|pages=35–39|via=PhilPapers|author-link=D. P. Singh (writer)}}</ref>

Guru Gobind Singh accorded the [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] language as the "principal literary language of his court" (with Persian also being gifted a similar status) for the effect of challenging the Mughal court's status, fame, and reputation.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=72–73}} The number of intellectuals working, engaged, and associating with and in the Sikh Darbar assemblies changed over time.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=126}} The popular narrative of the Kavi Darbars claims the poets all wrote in Braj, with the exception of two who wrote in [[Persian language|Persian]] instead.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=126}} Guru Gobind Singh may have established the Kavi Darbar assemblies due to the influence of Mughal (and to a lesser extent, [[Hill States of India|Pahari Raja]]) courtly norms and functions.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=126}} The Sikh Kavi Darbars were distinguishable from their Mughal and Pahari counterparts in a few ways, with the most noteworthy being the nature of manuscript-making and music at the Sikh assemblies.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=126}} The authors of the Sikh Kavi Darbars produced literature typically about popular subjects of the era using fancy language, emulating their contemporaries found within other poetical courts of the subcontinent at the time.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=193}} Common topics covered by the writings of the Kavis were ''ritigranths'' (style manuscripts) and Braj interpretations of the [[Mahabharata]] epic but also other [[Hindu texts|Indic texts]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=193}}
[[File:Painting of Guru Gobind Singh holding court, from a Gobind Gita manuscript, circa early 19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Guru Gobind Singh holding court, from a ''Gobind Gita'' manuscript, circa early 19th century]]
According to [[Roopinder Singh]], when the guruship passed from [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] to Guru Gobind Singh, the latter inherited his father's courtly poets.<ref name=":1" /> The poets produced literature in a variety of languages, some examples being Braj, [[Sanskrit]], Persian, [[Arabic]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name=":1" /> According to [[Kavi Santokh Singh]] in the ''[[Suraj Prakash]]'', the total weight of the literature produced by the Anandpur Darbar assembly weighed a total of 350 kilograms.<ref name=":1" /> However, all of this literature, aside from a tiny surviving portion of material transferred out of the area earlier, was lost when the [[Khalsa]] evacuated Anandpur in 1704 or December 1705 due to [[Second siege of Anandpur|aggression from hostile forces]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Satnam |title=The Road to Empire: The Political Education of Khalsa Sikhs in the Late 1600s |date=15 October 2024 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520399389 |pages=200–205 |chapter=The Sikh Raj of Anandpur - The Evacuation of Anandpur and the Loss of the Vidiya Sagar}}</ref> The literature produced by the Anandpur Kavi Darbar was lost in the ensuing action of the Sikhs crossing the [[Sarsa river|Sirsa Rivulet]], splitting up from each other in confusion, and being attacked by [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal forces]], including at [[Battle of Chamkaur|Chamkaur Sahib]].<ref name=":1" /> According to D. P. Singh and [[Khushwant Singh]], it is said around fourteen ''maunds'' (approximately 498 kilograms) worth of literature produced by the Sikh Kavi Darbars was lost during the Sirsa Rivulet crossing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=January 1987|title=Guru Gobind Singh|journal=The Sikh Review|volume=35|issue=397|pages=13–18|author-link=Khushwant Singh}}</ref><ref name=":4" />{{Efn|A ''maund'' is a traditional Indic unit of weight measurement. One maund is equivalent to around 35.55 kilograms.|group=note}}

== Paonta Darbar ==
The Paonta Darbar was based in [[Paonta Sahib]]. It was established after [[Mat Prakash|Raja Medini Prakash]] of [[Sirmur State|Nahan]] invited Guru Gobind Singh to settle in his domain in April 1685.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=204}} The Guru built a fort in the area of Paonta and would establish a poetic court as a result.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=204}} As per the ''[[Guru Kian Sakhian]]'', fifty-two poets arrived at Paonta, with a literary darbar being held everyday at Paonta. Some notable poets included Amrit Rai of Lahore, Tehkan of Gujrat, Ani Rai, and Alam.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Grewal|first=Jagtar Singh|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190990381|chapter=Literary Activity Recorded in Eighteenth-Century Sikh Literature}}</ref>

== Anandpur Darbar ==
[[File:Select Overview of Literature and Scriptures Studied in the Anandpur Darbar.jpg|thumb|A selection of literature produced by the Anandpur Darbar]]
The Anandpur Darbar was based in [[Anandpur Sahib]]. The names of the poets active at the Anandpur Darbar were Amrit Rai, Ani Rai, Siam, Sainapati, Alam, Tahikan, Daya Singh, Sukha Singh, and Dharam Singh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|year=2004|edition=2nd|volume=IV: S–Z|pages=426|author-link=Harbans Singh}}</ref> They were tasked with translating [[Sanskrit literature|ancient Sanskrit treatises]] into Braj, [[Sadhu bhasha|Sadh Bhakha]], and Punjabi.<ref name=":2" />

It is at the Anandpur Kavi Darbar that the voluminous and massive ''Vidya Sagar Granth'' literary corpus and tome was commissioned and prepared.<ref name=":2" /> The literary corpus is said to have contained the compositions of the tenth Sikh guru, various poets, and scholars.<ref name=":2" /> According to popular Sikh tradition, the tome weighed nine ''[[Maund (unit)|maunds]]'' (approx. 320 kilograms) when it was finished.<ref name=":2" /> However, the tome was lost whilst the Sikhs were crossing the Sirsa Rivulet in 1705 during the evacuation of Anandpur.<ref name=":2" /> Surviving portions of the tome may have been recovered or been sourced to copies made by devotees when the tome was extant.<ref name=":2" /> The tome likely mostly consisted of translations of ancient Sanskrit works into Braj, Punjabi, and Sadh Bhakha.<ref name=":2" />

== Lakhi Jungle Darbar ==
The Lakhi Jungle Darbar was based in the [[Lakhi Jungle (jungle)|Lakhi Jungle tract]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padam |first=Piara Singh |title=Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji De Darbari Rattan |year=1976 |language=pa}}</ref> After the evacuation of Anandpur, the Guru held a poetic court within Lakhi Jungle.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Manjit |url=https://sgpc.net/gurdwara-gaz/2020/October/Oct%20-English.pdf |title=Gurdwara Gazette |last2=Vakta |first2=Harbhajan Singh |date=October 2020 |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |pages=211, 214 }}</ref> According to Piara Singh Padam, it was attended by Behari, Lal Das Khiali, Adha, Jado Rai, Fat Mal, Keso, and Bhagtu.<ref name=":3" />

== List of literature produced ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2024}}
* ''Das Gur Katha'', authored by Kavi Kankan, a versified account of the ten human [[Sikh gurus]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=94}}
* ''Ganj-namah'' ("treasure book"), authored by Bhai Nand Lal Goya, a versified account of the ten Sikh gurus with particular focus placed on Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=120}}
* ''Pingal Sar'', authored by Kavi Giridhar Lal, text on Hindi prosody.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=125}}
* ''Drona Parva'', authored by Kavi Kunvaresh, interpretation of the [[Mahabharata]]'s portion on [[Drona|Dronacharya]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=187}}
* Braj interpretation of the ''[[Shalya Parva]]'' of the Mahabharata, authored by Kavi Mangal Rai.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=199}}
* ''Prem Abodh'' ("love indiscriminate"), authored by Kavi Hari Das, a text which recounts the lives of sixteen prominent [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] saints, including [[Mirabai]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=207, 249}}
* ''Rajniti Granth'' ("book of politics"), authored by Kavi Tansukh Lahauri, Braj interpretation of the ''[[Hitopadesha]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=302}}''
* Braj interpretation of a ''Parva'' (section) of the Mahabharata by Kavi Amrit Rai.''<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=31}}''
* ''Vidya Sagar Granth'' ("book of the ocean of wisdom"), a massive tome produced as a joint effort by the Kavis.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kamalroop |title=The Granth of Guru Gobind Singh: Essays, Lectures and Translations |last2=Mann |first2=Gurinder Singh |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780199458974 |quote=It is in this rahitnāmā that we find the terms Avatār Līlā (Bachitra Nāṭak) as well as Sāgar Graṅth. The second work is accepted in the tradition to have been composed by the court poets and was also known as Vidiāsāgar. Chaupa Singh makes it quite clear that Avatār Līlā and Sāgar Graṅth were two separate works, and this is clarified further by a hagiography of the Sikh gurus by Sarup Das Bhalla.}}</ref>{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Vidia Sagar Granth'. Also known simply as the "Sagar Granth". Another name for the tome is "Samund Sagar Granth".|group=note}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh literature]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2021

2026-03-28T12:51:31Z

Raj kumar: rework citations per standard format and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|None}}
{{about|the Bengali films of West Bengal|the Bangladeshi Bengali films|List of Bangladeshi films of 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English |date=March 2021}}
{{Dynamic list}}
This is a list of [[Bengali language]] films that released in 2021.
{{Bengali films}}

== January–March ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| Opening
! style="width:20%;"|Title
! style="width:15%;"|Director
! style="width:25%;" | Cast
! style="width:20%;" | Production company
! style="width:10%;" | Genre
! style="width:4%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J A N U A R Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''1'''
|''Pratidwandi''
|[[Saptaswa Basu]]
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], Saurav Das
|G7 Entertainment, Kashish Entertainment, Neo Studios
|Action, Thriller
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pratidwandi - eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/pratidwandi/movieshow/79382322.cms|access-date=2021-02-17|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''22'''
|''[[Tumi Ashbe Bole]]''
|Sujit Mondal
|[[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Koushani Mukherjee]], [[Kaushik Banerjee]], Palash Ganguly
|[[Surinder Films]]
|Romance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/tumi-ashbe-bole/movieshow/80361217.cms|title=Tumi Ashbe Bole|date=22 January 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |F E B R U A R Y
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''12'''
|''[[Magic (2021 film)|Magic]]''
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Ankush Hazra]], Oindrila Sen
|Raja Chanda Films
|Mystery, Thriller
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magic Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/magic/movieshow/77457824.cms|access-date=2021-10-11|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Prem Tame]]''
|[[Anindya Chatterjee]]
|Susmita Chatterjee, Sweta Mishra, Soumya Mukherjee
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|Romance
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Prem Tame Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/prem-tame/movieshow/80111251.cms|access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dictionary (film)|Dictionary]]''
|[[Bratya Basu]]
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Mosharraf Karim]]
|Friend's Communication
|Drama
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Dictionary Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/dictionary/movieshow/80281138.cms|access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''19'''
|''Swapner Thikana''
|Somnath Sarkar
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Siddhartha Dey, [[Sanjukta Ghosh]], Shree Bhaumik
|Ashadeep Pictures
|Drama
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swapner Thikana (2021)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/swapner-thikana/movieshow/81105111.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''26'''
|''Miss Call''
|[[Ravi Kinagi]]
|[[Soham Chakraborty]], Rittika Sen, Supriyo Dutta, Reshmi Sen
|Surinder Films
|Romance
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miss Call (2021)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/miss-call/movieshow/81185160.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |M A R C H
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''5'''
|[[Hiralal (film)|''Hiralal'']]
|Arun Roy
|[[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Shankar Chakraborty]], Kinjal Nanda
|Easel
|Biography, Drama
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/hiralal/movieshow/81307073.cms|title=Hiralal|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''The Joker''
|Joy Bhattacharya
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Aman Reza, Mou Baidya and Sanjukta
|Sunny Entertainment
|Horror, Drama
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/the-joker/movieshow/81327059.cms|title=The Joker|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''12'''
|''[[Sleelatahanir Pore]]''
|Reshmi Mitra
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Moubani Sorcar]]
|Sonam Movies
|Drama
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/shlilatahanir-pore/movieshow/79112251.cms|title=Sleelatahanir Pore|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''19'''
|''Pappur Biye''
|Anthony Jane
|[[Biswajit Chakraborty]], Soma Chakraborty, Barun Chakraborty, Taabbu
|Clapboard Entertainment
|Comedy
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/pappur-biye/movieshow/81532486.cms|title=Pappur Biye|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''War: Journey To Win''
|Srijit
|[[Shantilal Mukherjee]], Mousumi Saha, Sudip Mukherjee, Pratik Saha
|RJ Films & workshop
|Action
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/war-journey-to-win/movieshow/81531681.cms|title=War: Journey To Win|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Chakrabyuh''
|Partha Sarthi Joardar
|[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], Veronica Mona Dutta, Arundhati Chakraborty, Saheb Bhattacharjee
|MFS Productions
|Drama
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/chakrabyuh/movieshow/81565701.cms|title=Chakrabyuh|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

== April–June ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-April
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |A P R I L
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''2'''
|''[[Flyover (film)|Flyover]]''
| Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|[[Koel Mullick]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], Ravi Shaw, [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], [[Koushik Roy]], [[Poulomi Das]]
|[[Surinder Films|Surinder Films Pvt Ltd]]
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tollywood actor Koel Mallick's thriller film Flyover to release this April 2|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/mar/17/tollywood-actor-koel-mallicksthriller-film-flyover-to-release-this-april-2-32413.html|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Indulge Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''9'''
|''[[Ei Ami Renu]]''
| Saumen Sur
|[[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Soham Chakraborty]]
|Aangsh Movies
|Drama
|<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Ei Ami Renu’ will bring back 80s memories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sohini-sarkar-ei-ami-renu-will-bring-back-80s-memories/articleshow/81685680.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''15'''
|''[[Tangra Blues]]''
| Supriya Sen
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Madhumita Sarcar]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|Musical
|<ref name="rd:zee">{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/svf-announce-release-date-of-golondaaj-kakababur-protyaborton-psycho-tangra-blues-sahanku-aar-feluda_374214.html|title='গোলন্দাজ', 'সাইকো', 'কাকাবাবুর প্রত্যাবর্তন' সহ ৫টি ছবির মুক্তির দিন ঘোষণা SVF-র|trans-title=SVF announces release date of 5 films including 'Golandaj', 'Psycho', 'Kakababu's Return'|work=Zee News|date=23 March 2021|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

== July–September ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |A U G
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''19'''
|
''[[Psycho (2021 film)|Mukhosh]]''
|[[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|[[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Chandrayee Ghosh]], [[Payel De]], [[Kaushik Sen]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|Psychological thriller
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2 July 2021|title=Bengali film producers announce release date of seven movies, three to come during Durga Puja|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jul/02/bengali-film-producers-announce-release-date-of-seven-movies-three-to-come-during-durga-puja-2324487.html|access-date=13 August 2021|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''20'''
|''[[Binisutoy]]''
|[[Atanu Ghosh]]
|[[Jaya Ahsan]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
|Friends Communication
|Drama
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali films ‘Binisutoy’, ‘Barunbabur Bondhu’ awarded |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/bengali-films-binisutoy-barunbabur-bondhu-awarded/cid/1852034}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |S
E

P

T
| style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df" | '''10'''
| ''[[Lockdown (2021 Bengali film)|Lockdown]]''
| Abhimanyu Mukherjee
| [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], Rajnandini Pal, [[Adrit Roy]], [[Om Prakash Sahani]], [[Manali Dey|Manali Manisha Dey]]
|Artage & Pandemonium Productions
|Biography, Drama
|
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df" | '''17'''
| ''Abalamban''
| Narugopal Mandal
| [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Lily Chakraborty, [[Biswajit Chakraborty]], Meghna Halder, Narugopal Mandal, Priya Paul
|Priya Films & Entertainment
|Family, Drama
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Soumitra Chatterjee Birth Anniversary: Here are His Last 5 Films |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/soumitra-chatterjee-birth-anniversary-here-are-his-last-5-films-3309530.html}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df" | '''24'''
|''[[Torulatar Bhoot]]''
|Deb Roy
|[[Ishaa Saha]], [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]]
|Green Motion Pictures
|Horror Thriller
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Torulatar Bhoot Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/torulatar-bhoot/movieshow/86474560.cms|access-date=2021-10-11|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== October–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |O C T O B E R
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''10'''
|''[[Golondaaj]]''
| Dhrubo Banerjee
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Alexx O'Nell]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] ,
[[Ishaa Saha]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Entertainment]]
|[[Historical drama|Period]] [[Sports film|sports saga]]
|rowspan=2|<ref name="rd:aajtak" />
|-
|''[[Habu Chandra Raja Gobu Chandra Montri]]''
| [[Aniket Chattopadhyay]]
|[[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee|Kharaj Mukhopadhyay]], [[Arpita Chatterjee]]
|Dev Entertainment Ventures
|[[Fairy tale]], [[political satire]]
|-
|''[[Bony (film)|Bony]]''
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Kanchan Mullick]]
|[[Surinder Films]]
|[[Science fiction|Sci-fi]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/durga-puja-2021-bengali-movies-releases-list-golondaaj-baazi-fir-hobu-chandra-raja-gobu-chandra-mantri-list-upcoming-tollywood-movies-soc-301436-2021-09-29|title= Durga Puja 2021 Movie Releases: পুরোনো ছন্দে টলিপাড়া! পুজোয় মুক্তি পাচ্ছে একগুচ্ছ বাংলা ছবি, দেখুন তালিকা... |trans-title= Durga Puja 2021 Movie Releases: Old Rhyme Tolipara! A bunch of Bengali pictures are being released in Pujo, see the list ... |work= AajTak Bangla |date= 29 September 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shororipu 2: Jotugriho]]''
|Ayan Chakraborty
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] ,
[[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Arunima Ghosh]]
|Camellia Productions
|[[Psychological thriller|Psychological crime-thriller]]
|-
|''[[F.I.R No. 339/07/06 (film)|FIR]]''
|[[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
|Roadshow Films, Shadow films
|[[Crime-thriller film|Crime thriller]]
|-
|''[[Baazi (2021 film)|Baazi]]''
|Anshuman Pratyush
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
|Jeetz Filmworks
|[[Action-thriller|Action thriller]]
|<ref name="rd:aajtak">{{cite news|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/dev-and-jeet-both-tollywood-superstar-bengali-movies-are-releasing-durga-puja-2021-baazi-golondaaj-soc-296544-2021-09-11|title=Dev - Jeet: পুজোয় বাংলা ছবির ভিড়! জব্বর টক্কর দুই সুপারস্টার জিৎ -দেবের |trans-title=Dev - Jeet: Pujo Bangla Photo Crowd! Jabbar Takkar Two Superstars Jit-Deb |work= AajTak Bangla |date=11 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |N O V E M B E R
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''12'''
|''[[Nirbhaya (2021 film)|Nirbhaya]]''
|Anshuman Pratyush
|[[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]]
|
|Courtroom drama
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Sarkar and Sreelekha Mitra give justice to ‘Nirbhaya' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/priyanka-sarkar-and-sreelekha-mitra-give-justice-to-nirbhaya/articleshow/88066615.cms}}</ref>
|-
|''Olpo Holeo Sotti''
|Soumojit Adak
|[[Sourav Das (actor)|Saurav Das]], [[Darshana Banik]]
|
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Olpo Holeo Sotti’ is a twisted tale of fate and destiny |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/olpo-holeo-sotti-is-a-twisted-tale-of-fate-and-destiny-soumojeet-impresses-in-his-first-film/articleshow/87796959.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''19'''
|''[[Ekannoborti]]''
|[[Mainak Bhaumik]]
|[[Aparajita Auddy]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Drama Film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=6 recent Bengali films where Durga Puja is central to the plot |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/6-recent-bengali-films-where-durga-puja-is-central-to-the-plot/cid/1890289}}</ref>
|-
|''Kisholoy''
|Atiul Islam
|Sudip Mukherjee,
Debleena Dutta
|
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=পড়াশোনার চাপে হারিয়ে যাওয়া শৈশবের গল্প নিয়ে আসছে 'কিশলয়' |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/a-film-about-the-lost-childhood-named-kishalay-casting-actress-debolina-dutta-sudip-mukherjee-sdg-692115.html}}</ref>
|-
|''72 Ghanta''
|[[Atanu Ghosh]]
|[[Paran Bandopadhyay|Paran Bandopadhay]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
|
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Chorki releases poster for Soumitra Chatterjee’s posthumous film ‘72 Ghanta’ |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/315133/chorki-releases-poster-for-soumitra-chatterjee%E2%80%99s}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |D E C E M B E R
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df" | '''3'''
|''[[Avijatrik]]''
|[[Subhrajit Mitra]]
|[[Arjun Chakrabarty]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty|Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Arpita Pal|Arpita Chatterjee]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Barun Chanda]], [[Biswanath Basu]], Ayushman Mukherjee, [[Ditipriya Roy]]
|[[Madhur Bhandarkar|Bhandarkar Entertainment]], Gaurang Jalan
|[[Period drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Wanderlust of Apu|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10738666/|access-date=10 December 2021|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Debolina|date=3 December 2021|title=Avijatrik Movie Review : An impressive hat-tip to an evergreen classic|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/avijatrik/movie-review/88068096.cms|access-date=10 December 2021|website=[[The Times of India|ETimes]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anusandhan (2021 film)|Anusandhan]]''
|[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee|Kamaleswar Mukherjee]]

|[[Saswata Chatterjee]],
[[Priyanka Sarkar]], [[Churni Ganguly]], [[Riddhi Sen]], [[Payel Sarkar]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anusandhan|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14322620/?ref_=tt_sims_tt_i_3|access-date=10 December 2021|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Buzarbaruah|first=Upam|date=6 December 2021|title=Anusandhan Movie Review : A familiar dark tale with a fresh twist|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/anusandhan/movie-review/88118626.cms|access-date=10 December 2021|website=[[The Times of India|ETimes]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df" | '''10'''
|''[[Antardhaan]]''
|Arindam Bhattacharya
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]],
[[Tanusree Chakraborty]]
|A Dreamliner Entertainment
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Antardhaan is a thriller with a social message |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/antardhaan-is-a-thriller-with-a-social-message/articleshow/88215843.cms}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df" | '''24'''
|''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]''
|[[Avijit Sen]]
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay|Paran Bandopadhay]],
[[Tanusree Chakraborty]]
|Dev Entertainment Ventures
|[[Drama]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=বুড়ো বয়সে বাড়ি থেকে ‘পালালো’ পরাণ, ইচ্ছেপূরণের ভরসা ‘টনিক’ দেব; প্যানিক করা চলবে না! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tonic-s-trailer-dev-paran-banerjee-starrer-film-talks-about-blacklist-of-an-elderly-couple-and-what-tonic-aka-dev-does-to-fulfill-those-dreams-31637733272631.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124185207/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tonic-s-trailer-dev-paran-banerjee-starrer-film-talks-about-blacklist-of-an-elderly-couple-and-what-tonic-aka-dev-does-to-fulfill-those-dreams-31637733272631.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/upcoming-movies/upcoming-bengali-movies Upcoming Bengali Films]

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{2021 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:2021 in Indian cinema|Bengali]]
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|2021]]
[[Category:2021 Bengali-language films|*]]
[[Category:Lists of 2021 films by language|Bengali]]
[[Category:2020s Indian films|*]]

Mahatma Phule Mandai

2026-03-27T16:11:21Z

Raj kumar: Put Up New Post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
|name = Mahatma Phule Mandai 
Lord Reay's Market
|image = Mahatma Phule Mandai - Lord Reay's Market - Since 1882.jpg
|image_width =
|caption = Mahatma Phule Mandai
|location = [[Shukrawar Peth, Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
|coordinates = {{Coord|18.512941|N|73.856298|E|display=inline,title}}
|address =
|opening_date = 1882
|closing_date = still operational
|developer =
|owner = [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
|architect = Walter Ducat Vasudev Kanitkar
|number_of_stores = 8 wings and 1 central tower
|number_of_anchors =
|floor_area = {{cvt|46,068.67|sqft}}
|floors = 1
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Mahatma Phule Mandai''' (''formerly known as Reay Market'') is the biggest retail vegetable market in the city of [[Pune]], [[India]]. The market is housed in an iconic building from the British colonial era in the [[Shukrawar Peth]] locality in the center of the city.

==History==
[[File:The Reay Market - Poona.jpg|thumb|left|Mandai in 1900's]]

In the early years of the British rule an open air vegetable market used to be held outside the [[Shaniwar Wada]]. This shifted to an indoor place built by the Poona Municipality. The construction of the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style building started in 1882 and took 4 years for completion. It was designed and built by Walter Ducat and Vasudeo Kanitkar with significant input from engineer Narso Ramchandra Godbole.<ref>Lawand, V., 2017. Architectural Character of Poona in Late Nineteenth century.[https://iris.unipa.it/retrieve/handle/10447/221004/398591/Final%20Report_Vaidehi%20Lavand_5.2.17-%20last%20two%20chapters.pdf] page 166</ref> The Market at opening was named after the then Governor of Bombay, [[Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay|Lord Reay]], and served as a retail and wholesale market in addition to being the Municipal office. There was also an older market district called [[Tulshi Baug]] close to the vegetable market that sold a variety of household items.<ref>Shankar, V.K. and Sahni, R., 2012, November. Chinese Goods for Indian Gods. In Symposium on India-China Studies held at the University of Delhi (New Delhi) during (Vol. 2, p. 3).</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dastane|first1=Sarang|title=Mahatma Phule Mandai completes 125 years|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Mahatma-Phule-Mandai-completes-125-years/articleshow/6702457.cms|access-date=3 October 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 October 2010}}</ref>
In 1938, when Acharya Atre was a member of the Pune Municipal Corporation, he renamed this market as Mahatma Phule Mandai to honour [[social reformer]] [[Jyotirao Phule]], who lived nearby.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Diwakar |url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune/renuation-of-mahatma-phule-market-1095786/ |title=Renuation Of Mahatma Phule Market |date=25 April 2015 |work=loksatta.com |language=mr |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>
The wholesale market was moved from Mandai to the outskirts of Pune in the late 1970s to the newly built [[Market Yard, Pune|Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Market Yard]] at Gultekdi. The Municipal offices moved to a purpose built new building in the [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]] area of the city many decades ago.

==The building==
The market building is designed in the [[Gothic style]]. The builders used masonry carved from the local grey stone. The structure is dominated by an 80 feet central, squat, octagonal tower. The tower is surrounded by a verandah with a tiled roof. This covers the ground and first floor. Four market wings housing the majority of the stalls radiate out from the ground floor verandah. The market is entered via gothic arches located at the ends of each of the wings.
<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mullen|first1=Wayne Thomas|title=Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries|date=2001|publisher=University of Sydney. School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry|location=Sydney, Australia|pages=91–92|hdl=2123/495}}</ref>

==The market today==
Today the market has about 526 stalls of fruits and vegetables. It is always crowded because fruits and vegetable are available at lower cost than other places in the city, but is most crowded on weekends and holidays. The market has its own Ganesh Mandal for Ganesh Festival and is one of the oldest in [[Pune]] and [[Maharashtra]]. The underground Mandai metro station of the [[Pune Metro]] [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple line]] next to the market opened in 2024 and was renamed into [[Mahatma Phule Mandai metro station]] in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-metro-renames-three-stations-after-citizen-campaign-mandai-now-honours-mahatma-phule/ |title=Pune Metro Renames Three Stations After Citizen Campaign; Mandai Now Honours Mahatma Phule |date=22 December 2025 |work=Pune Pulse |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

==Akhil Mandai Ganapati==
This is the name of Mandai's Ganesh Mandal. This is one of the oldest Ganesh Mandal in [[Pune]].The mandai Ganpati is a popular place to visit during the annual [[Ganesh chaturthi|Ganesh Festival]] for local Hindu residents as well as out of town visitors. It has an idol of Lord [[Ganesh]] sitting on a swing with Goddess [[Saraswati|Sharada]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Mahathma Phule Mandai}}

{{Pune topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Culture of Pune]]
[[Category:Retail markets in Pune]]
[[Category:Jyotirao Phule]]

Persian language

2026-03-25T04:48:21Z

Raj kumar: adjusted details additionally and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Western Iranian language}}
{{Redirect|Farsi|other uses|Farsi (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Persian
| altname =
| nativename = {{lang|fa|فارسی}} 
{{Transliteration|fa|Fārsī}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|fa|fɒːɾˈsiː||Farsi.ogg}}
| states = {{hlist|style=line-height:1.3em;
| [[Iran]]<ref name="Samadi">{{cite book |last=Samadi |first=Habibeh |title=Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars |year=2012 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-637-3 |author2=Nick Perkins |editor=Martin Ball |editor2=David Crystal |editor3=Paul Fletcher |page=169}}</ref>
| [[Afghanistan]]<ref name="Samadi"/> (as [[Dari]])
| [[Tajikistan]]<ref name="Samadi"/> (as [[Tajik language|Tajik]])
| [[Uzbekistan]] (as Tajik)<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Foltz |title=The Tajiks of Uzbekistan |journal=Central Asian Survey |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=213–216 |year=1996 |doi=10.1080/02634939608400946|issn = 0263-4937 }}</ref>
| [[Iraq]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=IRAQ |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq |access-date=7 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=17 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117111515/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq}}</ref>
| [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union |last=Akiner |first=Shirin |publisher=Routledge |year=1986 |isbn=0-7103-0188-X |location=London |pages=362}}</ref>
| [[Azerbaijan]] (as [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]])<ref name="Windfuhr417418">Windfuhr, Gernot: ''The Iranian Languages'', Routledge 2009, p. 417–418.</ref>
| Russia ([[Dagestan]]; as Tat)<ref name="Windfuhr417418" />
| [[Kuwait]]<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/kuwaiti-persian|title=Kuwaiti Persian|work=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029173237/https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/kuwaiti-persian|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Bahrain]]<ref name="worldatlas">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-bahrain.html|title=What Languages Are Spoken in Bahrain?|work=WorldAtlas|date=5 September 2019 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>}}
| speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|91.154770|2}} million
| date = 2023–2024
| ref = <ref name="e28|fas">{{e28|fas}}</ref>
| speakers2 = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|35.485140|2}} million (2020–2023)<ref name="e28|fas">{{e28|fas}}</ref> Total: {{sigfig|126.639910|3}} million (2020–2024)<ref name="e28|fas">{{e28|fas}}</ref>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]]
| fam5 = [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern]]
| ancestor = [[Old Persian]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Persian]]
| ancestor3 = [[New Persian#Early New Persian|Early New Persian]]
| dia1 = [[Iranian Persian|Iranian (Western)]]
| dia2 = [[Dari|Dari (Eastern)]]
| dia3 = [[Tajik language|Tajik]]
| dia4 = [[Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect)|Bukhori]]
| dia5 = [[Pahlavani language|Pahlavani]]
| dia6 = [[Kabuli dialect|Kabuli]]
| dia7 = [[Hazaragi dialect|Hazaragi]]
| dia8 = [[Aimaq dialect|Aimaq]]
| dia9 = [[Judeo-Persian]]
| dia10 = [[Dehwari language|Dehwari]]
| dia11 = [[Judeo-Tat]]<ref name="Windfuhr418">Windfuhr, Gernot: ''The Iranian Languages'', Routledge 2009, p. 418.</ref>
| dia12 = [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]]<ref name="Windfuhr418"/>
| dia13 = [[Armeno-Tats|Armeno-Tat]]<ref name="Windfuhr418"/>
| dia14 = [[Madaklashti dialect|Madaklashti]]
| dia15 = [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Indian]] {{extinct}}
| stand1 = [[Iranian Persian]]
| stand2 = [[Dari|Afghan Persian]] (Dari)
| stand3 = [[Tajik language|Tajik Persian]] (Tajik)
| script = {{plainlist}}
* [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Persian alphabet]]) in [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Tajik alphabet]]) in [[Tajikistan]]
* [[Old Persian cuneiform]] (525 BC – 330 BC)
* [[Pahlavi scripts]] (2nd century BC to 7th century AD)
* [[Persian Braille]]
{{endplainlist}}
| nation = {{plainlist}}
* [[Iran]]<ref name="Iran Constitution">[[Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran]]: Chapter II, Article 15: "The official language and script of Iran, the [[lingua franca]] of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian."</ref>
* [[Afghanistan]] (as [[Dari]])
* [[Tajikistan]] (as [[Tajik language|Tajik]])
{{endplainlist}}
Russia
* [[Dagestan]] (as [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]])<ref>[[Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan]]: Chapter I, Article 11: "The state languages of the Republic of Dagestan are Russian and the languages of the peoples of Dagestan."</ref>
| agency = {{plainlist}}
* [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]] (Iran)
* [[Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan]] (Afghanistan)
* [[Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature]] (Tajikistan)
{{endplainlist}}
| iso1 = fa
| iso2b = per
| iso2t = fas
| iso3 = fas
| lc1 = pes
| ld1 = [[Iranian Persian]]
| lc2 = prs
| ld2 = [[Dari]]
| lc3 = tgk
| ld3 = [[Tajik language]]
| lc4 = aiq
| ld4 = [[Aimaq dialect]]
| lc5 = bhh
| ld5 = [[Bukhori dialect]]
| lc7 = haz
| ld7 = [[Hazaragi dialect]]
| lc8 = jpr
| ld8 = [[Judeo-Persian]]
| lc9 = phv
| ld9 = [[Pahlavani language|Pahlavani]]
| lc10 = deh
| ld10 = [[Dehwari language|Dehwari]]
| lc11 = jdt
| ld11 = [[Judeo-Tat]]
| lc12 = ttt
| ld12 = [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]]
| lingua = {{longitem|58-AAC (Wider Persian) > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)}}
| image = Farsi.svg
| imagescale = 0.45
| imagecaption = ''Fārsi'' written in [[Persian calligraphy]] ([[Nastaʿlīq]])
| mapscale = 1.0
| map = Persian Language Location Map.svg{{!}}border
| mapcaption = Areas with significant numbers of people whose first language is Persian (including dialects)
| map2 = Map of Persian speakers.svg{{!}}border
| mapcaption2 = Persian linguasphere Legend
{{legend|#002255|Official language}}
{{legend|#0044AA|More than 1,000,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#0066FF|Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#5599FF|Between 100,000 and 500,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#AACCFF|Between 25,000 and 100,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#b9b9b9|Fewer than 25,000 speakers to none}}
| notice = IPA
| glotto = fars1254
| glottorefname = Farsic-Caucasian Tat
}}

{{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}}

'''Persian''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɜr|.|ʒ|ən|,_|-|.|ʃ|ən}}, {{respell|PUR|zhən|,_|-|shən}}}} also known by its [[endonym and exonym|endonym]] '''Farsi''',{{efn|{{lang|fa|فارسی}}, Fārsī {{IPA|fa|fɒːɾˈsiː||Farsi.ogg}} or {{lang|fa|پارسی}}, Pārsī {{IPA|fa|pʰɒːɾˈsiː|}}}} is a [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian language]] belonging to the [[Iranian languages|Iranian branch]] of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian subdivision]] of the [[Indo-European languages]]. Persian is a [[pluricentric language]] predominantly spoken and used officially within [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Tajikistan]] in three [[mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] [[standard language|standard varieties]], respectively [[Iranian Persian]] (officially known as ''Persian''),<ref>{{cite web |title=Persian, Iranian |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pes |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105062922/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pes |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=Ethnologue}}</ref><ref name="ISO">{{cite web |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas |title=639 Identifier Documentation: fas |publisher=Sil.org |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216202338/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran |url=https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027004409/https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution |archive-date=27 October 2016 |access-date=18 January 2022 |website=Islamic Parliament of Iran}}</ref> [[Dari|Dari Persian]] (officially known as ''Dari'' since 1964),<ref name="Olesen">{{cite book |first=Asta |last=Olesen |title=Islam and Politics in Afghanistan |volume=3 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1995 |page=205 |quote=There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) – and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958.}}</ref> and [[Tajik language|Tajiki Persian]] (officially known as ''Tajik'' since 1999).<ref name=siddikzoda2002>Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in ''Media Insight Central Asia #27'', August 2002.</ref><ref name="Baker">{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Mona |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewBfSBo8rRsC |year=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-25517-2 |page=518 |quote=All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002103438/https://books.google.com/books?id=ewBfSBo8rRsC |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within [[Uzbekistan]],<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Lena |last=Jonson |year=2006 |title=Tajikistan in the new Central Asia |page=108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cordell |first=Karl |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicitydemocra0000unse_y7f7 |title=Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=0415173124 |page=201 |quote=Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).}}</ref> as well as within other regions with a [[Persianate society|Persianate]] history in the cultural sphere of [[Greater Iran]]. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the [[Persian alphabet]], a derivative of the [[Arabic script]], and within Tajikistan in the [[Tajik alphabet]], a derivative of the [[Cyrillic script]].

Modern Persian is a continuation of [[Middle Persian]], an official language of the [[Sasanian Empire]] (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of [[Old Persian]], which was used in the [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550–330 BCE).<ref name="Lazard"/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Ulrich |last1=Ammon |first2=Norbert |last2=Dittmar |first3=Klaus J. |last3=Mattheier |first4=Peter |last4=Trudgill |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society |volume=3 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2006 |edition=2nd |page=1912 |quote=The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian (Moshref 2001).}}</ref> It originated in the region of [[Fars province|Fars]] ([[Persis|Persia]]) in southwestern Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Skjærvø |first=Prods Oktor |year=2006 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts |volume=XIII |pages=344–377 |title=Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts |quote=(...) Persian, the language originally spoken in the province of Fārs, which is descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid empire (6th–4th centuries B.C.E.), and Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian empire (3rd–7th centuries C.E.). |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423163002/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts |url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout history, Persian was considered prestigious by various empires centered in [[West Asia]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]].<ref name="Persian literature">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Persian-literature |title=Persian literature |first=J.T.P. |last=de Bruijn |date=14 December 2015 |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610213004/https://www.britannica.com/art/Persian-literature |url-status=live}}</ref> Old Persian is attested in [[Old Persian cuneiform]] on inscriptions from between the 6th and 4th century BC. Middle Persian is attested in [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]-derived scripts ([[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] and [[Manichaean script|Manichaean]]) on [[Inscriptional Pahlavi|inscriptions]] and in [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] and [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] scriptures from between the third to the tenth centuries (see [[Middle Persian literature]]). New Persian literature was first recorded in the ninth century, after the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], since then adopting the Perso-Arabic script.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation |title=Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation |first=Prods Oktor |last=Skjærvø |pages=348–366 |volume=XIII |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117083610/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation |url-status=live}}</ref>

Persian was the first language to break through the monopoly of [[Arabic]] on writing in the [[Muslim world]], with [[Persian literature|Persian poetry]] becoming a tradition in many eastern courts.<ref name="Persian literature"/> It was used officially as a language of bureaucracy even by non-native speakers, such as the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in [[Anatolia]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dEYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 |title=A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community |isbn=9781315511078 |last1=Egger |first1=Vernon O. |date=16 September 2016 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002103438/https://books.google.com/books?id=0dEYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in South Asia, and the [[Pashtuns]] in Afghanistan. It influenced languages spoken in neighboring regions and beyond, including other Iranian languages, the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. It also exerted some influence on Arabic,<ref name=Holes2001>{{cite book |last=Holes |first=Clive |title=Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg=PR30 |year=2001 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10763-0 |page=XXX |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117170320/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg=PR30 |url-status=live}}</ref> while borrowing a lot of vocabulary from it in the Middle Ages.<ref name="Lazard">{{harvnb|Lazard|1975}}: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle Persian, and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."</ref><ref name="Lazard, Gilbert 1971">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lazard |first=Gilbert |title=Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa |editor-first=R.N. |editor-last=Frye |encyclopedia=Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1971}}</ref><ref name="Nushin Namazi">{{cite web |url=http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327 |title=Persian Loan Words in Arabic |first=Nushin |last=Namazi |date=24 November 2008 |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520151330/http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Classe 2000 1057">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of literary translation into English |last=Classe |first=Olive |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=1-884964-36-2 |page=1057 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&pg=PA1057 |quote=Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature. |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173122/https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&pg=PA1057 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=lambtonexcerpt>{{cite book |first=Ann K. S. |last=Lambton |title=Persian grammar |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1953 |quote=The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized.}}</ref>

Some of the world's most famous pieces of literature from the Middle Ages, such as the ''[[Shahnameh]]'' by [[Ferdowsi]], the works of [[Rumi]], the ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám]]'', the {{Lang|fa-latn|[[Khamsa of Nizami|Panj Ganj]]}} of [[Nizami Ganjavi]], [[The Divān of Hafez|''The Divān'' of Hafez]], ''[[The Conference of the Birds]]'' by [[Attar of Nishapur]], and the miscellanea of ''[[Gulistan (book)|Gulistan]]'' and ''[[Bustan (book)|Bustan]]'' by [[Saadi Shirazi]], are written in Persian.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vafa |first1=A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNIxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Persian Literature as World Literature |last2=Abedinifard |first2=M |last3=Azadibougar |first3=O |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-501-35420-5 |location=US |pages=2–14}}</ref> Some of the prominent modern Persian poets were [[Nima Yooshij]], [[Ahmad Shamlou]], [[Simin Behbahani]], [[Sohrab Sepehri]], [[Rahi Mo'ayyeri]], [[Mehdi Akhavan-Sales]], and [[Forugh Farrokhzad]].

There are approximately 130 million Persian speakers worldwide, including [[Persians]], [[Lurs]], [[Tajiks]], [[Hazaras]], [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Iranian Azeris]], [[Iranian Kurds]], [[Baloch people|Baloches]], [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]], [[Afghan Pashtuns]], and [[Aimaq people|Aimaqs]]. The term ''Persophone'' might also be used to refer to a speaker of Persian.{{sfn|Perry|2005|p=284}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Green |first=Nile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 |title=Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780199088751 |pages=12–13 |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213125057/https://books.google.com/books?id=-PQtDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=13 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Classification==
Persian is a member of the [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian group]] of the [[Iranian languages]], which make up a branch of the [[Indo-European languages]] in their [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian subdivision]]. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] and [[Balochi language|Balochi]] are the most widely spoken.<ref name="windfuhr1987">{{cite book |last=Windfuhr |first=Gernot |url=https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse/page/523 |title=The World's Major Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-19-506511-4 |editor-last=Comrie |editor-first=Berard |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse/page/523 523–546] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Name==
The term ''Persian'' is an English derivation of [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Persiānus}}, the adjectival form of {{lang|la|Persia}}, itself deriving from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{grc-tr|Περσίς}} ({{lang|grc|Περσίς}}),<ref>{{LSJ|*persi/s|Περσίς|ref}}.</ref> a Hellenized form of [[Old Persian]] {{Transliteration|peo|Pārsa}} ({{lang|peo|𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿}}),<ref>{{OEtymD|Persia}}</ref> which means "[[Persis|Persia]]" (a region in southwestern Iran, corresponding to modern-day [[Fars province|Fars]]). According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the term ''Persian'' as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]] online'', s.v. "Persian", draft revision June 2007.</ref>

''{{Transliteration|fa|Farsi}}'', which is the Persian word for the Persian language, has also been used widely in English in recent decades, more often to refer to Iran's standard Persian. However, the name ''Persian'' is still more widely used. The [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]] has maintained that the [[exonym and endonym|endonym]] ''{{Transliteration|fa|Farsi}}'' is to be avoided in foreign languages, and that ''Persian'' is the appropriate designation of the language in English, as it has the longer tradition in western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity.<ref name="Farhangestan">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Farhangestān |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/farhangestan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=3 October 2014 |first=M. A. |last=Jazayeri |date=15 December 1999 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425200631/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farhangestan |url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian historian and linguist [[Ehsan Yarshater]], founder of the ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]'' and [[Columbia University]]'s Center for Iranian Studies, mentions the same concern in an academic journal on [[Iranian studies|Iranology]], rejecting the use of ''{{Transliteration|fa|Farsi}}'' in foreign languages.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Zaban-i Nozohur |journal=Iran-Shenasi: A Journal of Iranian Studies |volume=IV |number=I |year=1992 |pages=27–30}}</ref>

Etymologically, the term {{Transliteration|fa|Farsi}} derives from its earlier form {{Transliteration|fa|Pārsi}} ({{Transliteration|pal|Pārsik}} in [[Middle Persian]]), which in turn comes from the same root as the English term ''Persian''.<ref name="Spooner">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjibFs9JlgoC |title=Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order |year=2012 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1934536568 |first1=Brian |last1=Spooner |first2=William L. |last2=Hanaway |pages=6, 81 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213212710/https://books.google.com/books?id=CjibFs9JlgoC |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same process, the Middle Persian toponym {{Transliteration|pal|Pārs}} ("Persia") evolved into the modern name Fars.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spooner |first1=Brian |editor1-last=Schiffman |editor1-first=Harold |title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |page=94 |isbn=978-9004201453 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA94 |chapter=Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173125/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA94 |url-status=live}}</ref> The phonemic shift from {{IPA|/p/}} to {{IPA|/f/}} is due to the [[Influence of Arabic on other languages|influence of Arabic]] in the Middle Ages, from the lack of the phoneme {{IPA|/p/}} in Standard Arabic.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Campbell |editor1-first=George L. |editor2-last=King |editor2-first=Gareth |title=Compendium of the World's Languages |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |page=1339 |edition=3rd |chapter=Persian |isbn=9781136258466 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1339 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173227/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1339 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Perry, John R. "Persian morphology." Morphologies of Asia and Africa 2 (2007): 975–1019.</ref><ref>Seraji, Mojgan, Beáta Megyesi, and Joakim Nivre. "A basic language resource kit for Persian." Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012), 23–25 May 2012, Istanbul, Turkey. European Language Resources Association, 2012.</ref><ref>Sahranavard, Neda, and Jerry Won Lee. "The Persianization of English in multilingual Tehran." World Englishes (2020).</ref>

===Standard varieties' names===
The standard Persian of Iran has been called, apart from ''Persian'' and ''Farsi'', by names such as ''Iranian Persian'' and ''Western Persian'', exclusively.<ref>{{cite book |title=The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge |last=Richardson |first=Charles Francis |publisher=Dodd, Mead |year=1892 |pages=541}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Linguistics |last=Strazny |first=Philipp |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45522-4 |pages=324}}</ref> The official language of Iran is designated simply as ''Persian'' ({{lang|fa|فارسی}}, {{Transliteration|pes|fārsi}}).<ref name="Iran Constitution"/>

The standard Persian of Afghanistan has been officially named ''Dari'' ({{lang|prs|دری}}, {{Transliteration|prs|dari}}) since 1958.<ref name="Olesen"/> Also referred to as ''Afghan Persian'' in English, it is one of Afghanistan's two official languages, together with [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. The term ''Dari'', meaning "of the court", originally referred to the variety of Persian used in the court of the Sasanian Empire in capital [[Ctesiphon]], which spread to the northeast of the empire and gradually replaced the former Iranian dialects of [[Parthia]] ([[Parthian language|Parthian]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari |title=Darī |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=17 November 2011 |first=Gilbert |last=Lazard |volume=VII |pages=34–35 |quote=It is derived from the word for ''dar'' (court, lit., "gate"). ''Darī'' was thus the language of the court and of the capital, Ctesiphon. On the other hand, it is equally clear from this passage that ''darī'' was also in use in the eastern part of the empire, in Khorasan, where in the course of the Sasanian period Persian gradually supplanted Parthian and no dialect that was not Persian survived. The passage thus suggests that ''darī'' was actually a form of Persian, the common language of Persia. (...) Both were called ''pārsī'' (Persian), but it is very likely that the language of the north, that is, the Persian used on former Parthian territory and also in the Sasanian capital, was distinguished from its congener by a new name, ''darī'' ([language] of the court). |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124025639/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Ludwig |last=Paul |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian |title=Persian Language: i: Early New Persian |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=19 November 2013 |quote=''Northeast''. Khorasan, the homeland of the Parthians (called ''abaršahr'' "the upper lands" in MP), had been partly Persianized already in late Sasanian times. Following Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ, the variant of Persian spoken there was called ''Darī'' and was based upon the one used in the Sasanian capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon (Ar. ''al-Madāʾen''). (...) Under the specific historical conditions that have been sketched above, the Dari (Middle) Persian of the 7th century was developed, within two centuries, to the Dari (New) Persian that is attested in the earliest specimens of NP poetry in the late 9th century. |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317184538/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian |url-status=live}}</ref>

Tajik Persian ({{lang|tg|форси́и тоҷикӣ́}}, {{Transliteration|tg|forsi-i tojikī}}), the standard Persian of Tajikistan, has been officially designated as ''Tajik'' ({{lang|tg-Cyrl|тоҷикӣ}}, {{Transliteration|tg|''tojikī''}}) since the time of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Baker"/> It is the name given to the varieties of Persian spoken in Central Asia in general.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-ii-tajiki-persian |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=Tajik ii. Tajik Persian |first=John |last=Perry |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201053157/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-ii-tajiki-persian |url-status=live}}</ref>

===ISO codes===
The international language-encoding standard [[ISO 639-1]] uses the code <code>fa</code> for the Persian language, as its coding system is mostly based on the native-language designations. The more detailed standard [[ISO 639-3]] uses the code <code>fas</code> for the dialects spoken across Iran and Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas |title=639 Identifier Documentation: fas |publisher=Sil.org |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216202338/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas |url-status=live}}</ref> This consists of the individual languages Dari (<code>prs</code>) and Iranian Persian (<code>pes</code>). It uses <code>tgk</code> for Tajik, separately.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tgk |title=639 Identifier Documentation: tgk |publisher=Sil.org |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302020106/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tgk |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
In general, the Iranian languages are known from three periods: namely Old, Middle, and New (Modern). These correspond to three historical eras of [[History of Iran|Iranian history]]; Old era being sometime around the [[Achaemenid Empire]] (i.e., 400–300 BC), Middle era being the next period most officially around the [[Sasanian Empire]], and New era being the period afterward down to present day.<ref name=EI-IL-vi>{{harvnb|Skjærvø|2006}} vi(2). Documentation.</ref>

According to available documents, the Persian language is "the only Iranian language"<ref name="Lazard"/> for which close philological relationships between all of its three stages are established and so that Old, Middle, and New Persian represent<ref name="Lazard"/><ref name=EI-IL-vi(2)/> one and the same language of Persian; that is, New Persian is a direct descendant of Middle and Old Persian.<ref name=EI-IL-vi(2)>cf. {{harvnb|Skjærvø|2006}} vi(2). Documentation. Excerpt 1: "Only the official languages Old, Middle, and New Persian represent three stages of one and the same language, whereas close genetic relationships are difficult to establish between other Middle and Modern Iranian languages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese.'' Excerpt 2: ''New Persian, the descendant of Middle Persian and official language of Iranian states for centuries."</ref> Gernot Windfuhr considers new Persian as an evolution of the Old Persian language and the Middle Persian language<ref>{{cite book |last=Comrie |first=Bernard |title=The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IXJ1RbE8-8C |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-93257-3}}, p. 82. "The evolution of Persian as the culturally dominant language of major parts of the Near East, from Anatolia and Iran, to Central Asia, to northwest India until recent centuries, began with the political domination of these areas by dynasties originating in southwestern province of Iran, Pars, later Arabicised to Fars: first the Achaemenids (599–331 BC) whose official language was Old Persian; then the Sassanids (c. AD 225–651) whose official language was Middle Persian. Hence, the entire country used to be called Perse by the ancient Greeks, a practice continued to this day. The more general designation 'Iran(-shahr)" derives from Old Iranian aryanam (Khshathra)' (the realm) of Aryans'. The dominance of these two dynasties resulted in Old and Middle-Persian colonies throughout the empire, most importantly for the course of the development of Persian, in the north-east i.e., what is now Khorasan, northern Afghanistan, and Central Asia, as documented by the Middle Persian texts of the Manichean found in the oasis city of Turfan in Chinese Turkistan ([[Xinjiang|Sinkiang]]). This led to certain degree of regionalisation".</ref> but also states that none of the known Middle Persian dialects is the direct predecessor of Modern Persian.<ref>Comrie, Bernard (1990) ''The major languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa'', Taylor & Francis, p. 82</ref><ref>Barbara M. Horvath, Paul Vaughan, ''Community languages'', 1991, p. 276</ref> Ludwig Paul states: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian."<ref>L. Paul (2005), "The Language of the Shahnameh in historical and dialectical perspective", p. 150: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian.", ''in'' {{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Dieter |last2=MacKenzie |first2=D. N. |title=Languages of Iran: Past and Present: Iranian Studies in Memoriam David Neil MacKenzie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sz3YuyMJ5gC |year=2005 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05299-3 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117165501/https://books.google.com/books?id=4sz3YuyMJ5gC |url-status=live}}</ref>

The known history of the Persian language can be divided into the following three distinct periods:

===Old Persian===
{{Main|Old Persian}}

[[File:Persépolis. Inscription.jpg|thumb|right|An [[Old Persian]] inscription written in [[Old Persian cuneiform]] in [[Persepolis]], Iran]]
As a [[written language]], Old Persian is attested in royal [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] inscriptions. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the [[Behistun Inscription]], dating to the time of King [[Darius I]] (reigned 522–486 BC).{{sfn|Schmitt|2008|pp=80–1}}{{citation not found|date=January 2024}} Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now [[Iran]], Romania ([[Gherla]]),{{sfn|Kuhrt|2013|page=197}}{{sfn|Frye|1984|page=103}}{{sfn|Schmitt|2000|page=53}} [[Armenia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Iraq]], Turkey, and [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm |title=Roland G. Kent, Old Persian, 1953 |access-date=5 September 2015 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719155757/http://avesta.org/op/op.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OPGTL 6">Kent, R. G.: "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", page 6. American Oriental Society, 1950.</ref> Old Persian is one of the earliest attested Indo-European languages.<ref name=EI-IL-vi-vi(2)>{{harvnb|Skjærvø|2006|loc=vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian.}}</ref>

According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in [[Fars province|Southwestern Iran]] (where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called ''Parsuwash'', who arrived in the [[Iranian Plateau]] early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Fārs province. Their language, Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings.<ref name=EI-IL-vi-vi(2)/> Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE, ''Parsuwash'' (along with ''Matai'', presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of [[Lake Urmia]] in the records of [[Shalmaneser III]].<ref name=EI-IL-vi-vi(1)>{{harvnb|Skjærvø|2006|loc=vi(1). Earliest Evidence}}</ref> The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a linguistic viewpoint the word matches Old Persian {{lang|peo-Latn|pārsa}} itself coming directly from the older word {{lang|peo-Latn|*pārćwa}}.<ref name=EI-IL-vi-vi(1)/> Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language, [[Median language|Median]], according to [[Prods Oktor Skjaervo|P. O. Skjærvø]] it is probable that Old Persian had already been spoken before the formation of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE.<ref name=EI-IL-vi-vi(2)/> [[Xenophon]], a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BCE, which is when Old Persian was still spoken and extensively used. He relates that the [[Armenian people]] spoke a [[Armenian language|language]] that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.<ref>{{cite book |author=Xenophon |author-link=Xenophon |title=Anabasis |pages=IV.v.2–9 |title-link=Anabasis (Xenophon)}}</ref>

Related to Old Persian, but from a different branch of the Iranian language family, was [[Avestan]], the language of the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] liturgical texts.

===Middle Persian===
{{Main|Middle Persian}}

[[File:Stone block with Paikuli inscription.JPG|thumb|[[Middle Persian]] text written in [[Inscriptional Pahlavi]] on the [[Paikuli inscription]] from between 293 and 297. [[Sulaymaniyah Museum|Slemani Museum]], [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].]]

The complex [[grammatical conjugation]] and [[declension]] of Old Persian yielded to the structure of Middle Persian in which the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Middle Persian developed the [[ezāfe]] construction, expressed through ''ī'' (modern ''e/ye''), to indicate some of the relations between words that have been lost with the simplification of the earlier grammatical system.

Although the "middle period" of the Iranian languages formally begins with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the transition from Old to Middle Persian had probably already begun before the 4th century BC. However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in the Sassanid era (224–651 AD) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. Moreover, as a literary language, Middle Persian is not attested until much later, in the 6th or 7th century. From the 8th century onward, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with the middle-period form only continuing in the texts of [[Zoroastrianism]].

Middle Persian is considered to be a later form of the same dialect as Old Persian.<ref>Nicholas Sims-Williams, "The Iranian Languages", in Steever, Sanford (ed.) (1993), ''The Indo-European Languages'', p. 129.</ref> The [[endonym and exonym|native name]] of Middle Persian was ''Parsig'' or ''Parsik'', after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, "of ''Pars''", Old Persian ''Parsa'', New Persian ''[[Fars province|Fars]]''. This is the origin of the name ''Farsi'' as it is today used to signify New Persian. Following the collapse of the Sassanid state, ''Parsik'' came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in the [[Arabic script]]. From about the 9th century onward, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called ''[[Middle Persian|Pahlavi]]'', which was actually but one of the ''writing systems'' used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. That writing system had previously been adopted by the Sassanids (who were Persians, i.e. from the southwest) from the preceding Arsacids (who were Parthians, i.e. from the northeast). While [[Ibn al-Muqaffa']] (eighth century) still distinguished between ''Pahlavi'' (i.e. Parthian) and ''Persian'' (in Arabic text: al-Farisiyah) (i.e. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date.

===New Persian===
{{Main|New Persian}}

[[File:Rudaba.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahnameh]]'']]
"New Persian" (also referred to as Modern Persian) is conventionally divided into three stages:
*Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries)
*Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries)
*Contemporary Persian (19th century to present)

Early New Persian remains largely intelligible to speakers of Contemporary Persian, as the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jeremias |first=Eva M. |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |title=Iran, iii. (f). New Persian |edition=New Edition, Supplement |year=2004 |volume=12 |isbn=90-04-13974-5 |pages=432}}</ref>

====Early New Persian====
New Persian texts written in the [[Arabic script]] first appear in the 9th-century.{{sfn|Paul|2000}} The language is a direct descendant of Middle Persian, the official, religious, and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651).{{sfn|Lazard|1975|p=596}} However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as ''pārsīg'', commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of [[Fars province|Fars]] and used in [[Zoroastrian]] religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital [[Ctesiphon]] and the northeastern Iranian region of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], known as Dari.{{sfn|Paul|2000}}{{sfn|Perry|2011}} The region, which comprised the present territories of northwestern Afghanistan as well as parts of Central Asia, played a leading role in the rise of New Persian. Khorasan, which was the homeland of the Parthians, was Persianized under the Sasanians. Dari Persian thus supplanted [[Parthian language]] (''pahlavānīg''), which by the end of the Sasanian era had fallen out of use.{{sfn|Paul|2000}} New Persian has incorporated many foreign words, including from [[Eastern Iranian languages|eastern]] northern and northern Iranian languages such as [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] and especially Parthian.{{sfn|Lazard|1975|p=597}}
[[File:Persian notes on Quranic booklets, written by a native of Tūs called Ahmad Khayqānī (905 CE).jpg|thumb|Persian notes on [[Quran]]ic booklets, written by a native of [[Tus, Iran|Tus]] called Ahmad Khayqani in 292 AH (905 CE).]]
[[File:کتاب الابنیه عن الحقایق الادویه، برگی از دستنویس محفوظ در کتابخانه ملی اتریش در وین.jpg|thumb|A page from a manuscript of "Kitab al-Abniya 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya" by [[Abu Mansur Muwaffaq]], Copied by [[Asadi Tusi]] in 447 AH (1055 CE).]]
The transition to New Persian was already complete by the era of the three princely dynasties of Iranian origin, the [[Tahirid dynasty]] (820–872), [[Saffarid dynasty]] (860–903), and [[Samanid Empire]] (874–999).<ref name="Public Domain">Jackson, A. V. Williams. 1920. Early Persian poetry, from the beginnings down to the time of Firdausi. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.17–19. (in [https://archive.org/stream/earlypersianpoet00jackuoft/earlypersianpoet00jackuoft_djvu.txt Public Domain])</ref> Abbas of [[Merv]] is mentioned as being the earliest minstrel to chant verse in the New Persian tongue and after him the poems of [[Hanzala Badghisi]] were among the most famous between the Persian-speakers of the time.<ref>Jackson, A. V. Williams.pp.17–19.</ref>

The first significant Persian poet was [[Rudaki]]. He flourished in the 10th century, when the Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works are versified fables collected in the ''[[Kalīla wa-Dimna|Kalila wa Dimna]]''.<ref name="Persian literature"/>

The language spread geographically from the 11th century on and was the medium through which, among others, Central Asian Turks became familiar with Islam and urban culture. New Persian was widely used as a trans-regional [[lingua franca]], a task aided due to its relatively simple morphology, and this situation persisted until at least the 19th century.<ref name="turkiclanguages.com">Johanson, Lars, and Christiane Bulut. 2006. [http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/Johanson2006Cont.pdf Turkic-Iranian contact areas: historical and linguistic aspects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002000524/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/Johanson2006Cont.pdf |date=2 October 2011}}. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</ref> In the late Middle Ages, new Islamic literary languages were created on the Persian model: [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], [[Chagatai language|Chagatai Turkic]], [[Dobhashi|Dobhashi Bengali]], and Urdu, which are regarded as "structural daughter languages" of Persian.<ref name="turkiclanguages.com"/>

====Classical Persian====
{{See also|List of Persian-language poets and authors}}
[[File:Kalila wa Dimna 001.jpg|right|thumb|[[Panchatantra|''Kalilah va Dimna'']], an influential work in Persian literature]]
"Classical Persian" loosely refers to the standardized language of [[medieval Persia]] used in [[Persian literature|literature]] and [[Persian poetry|poetry]].
This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and [[lingua franca]] under the "[[Persianized]]" Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries.<ref>
according to [http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_language.php iranchamber.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629102420/http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_language.php |date=29 June 2018}} "the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Roudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam. During this period, Persian was adopted as the lingua franca of the eastern Islamic nations. Extensive contact with Arabic led to a large influx of Arab vocabulary. In fact, a writer of Classical Persian had at one's disposal the entire Arabic lexicon and could use Arab terms freely either for literary effect or to display erudition. Classical Persian remained essentially unchanged until the nineteenth century, when the dialect of Teheran rose in prominence, having been chosen as the capital of Persia by the Qajar Dynasty in 1787. This Modern Persian dialect became the basis of what is now called Contemporary Standard Persian. Although it still contains a large number of Arab terms, most borrowings have been nativized, with a much lower percentage of Arabic words in colloquial forms of the language."</ref>

Persian during this time served as lingua franca of [[Greater Persia]] and of much of the [[Indian subcontinent]].
It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids, [[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]], [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirids]], [[Ziyarid dynasty|Ziyarids]], the [[Mughal Empire]], [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]], [[Ghaznavids]], [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Karakhanids]], [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuqs]], [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmians]], the [[Sultanate of Rum]], [[Anatolian beyliks|Turkmen beyliks of Anatolia]], [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Shirvanshah]]s, [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]], [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharids]], [[Zand dynasty|Zands]], [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]], [[Khanate of Bukhara]], [[Khanate of Kokand]], [[Emirate of Bukhara]], [[Khanate of Khiva]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], and also many Mughal successors such as the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].
Persian was the only non-European language known and used by [[Marco Polo]] at the court of [[Kublai Khan]] and in his journeys through China.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Persian authors of Asia Minor part 1 |author-last=Yazıcı |author-first=Tahsin |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-authors-1 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=2010 |quote=Persian language and culture were actually so popular and dominant in this period that in the late 14th century, Moḥammad (Meḥmed) Bey, the founder and the governing head of the Qaramanids, published an official edict to end this supremacy, saying that: "The Turkish language should be spoken in courts, palaces, and at official institutions from now on!” |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117165233/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-authors-1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>John Andrew Boyle, ''Some thoughts on the sources for the Il-Khanid period of Persian history'', in [[Iran]]: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, British Institute of Persian Studies, vol. 12 (1974), p. 175.</ref>

===== Use in Asia Minor =====
[[File:Ottoman miniature painters.jpg|thumb|left|Persian on an [[Ottoman miniature]]]]
A branch of the Seljuks, the [[Sultanate of Rum]], took Persian language, art, and letters to Anatolia.<ref name="Sigfried J 1994. p 734">{{cite book |last=de Laet |first=Sigfried J. |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734 |year=1994 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-102813-7 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115400/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734 |url-status=live}}, p 734</ref> They adopted the Persian language as the [[official language]] of the empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ágoston |first1=Gábor |last2=Masters |first2=Bruce Alan |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA322 |year=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801124343/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA322 |url-status=live|page=322}}</ref> The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], who can roughly be seen as their eventual successors, inherited this tradition. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wastl-Walter |first=Doris |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Border Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gsm72h9u_IC&pg=PA409 |year=2011 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-7406-1 |page=409 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=6gsm72h9u_IC&pg=PA409 |url-status=live}}</ref> The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as Sultan [[Selim I]], despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn|Spuler|2003|p=68}} It was a major literary language in the empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Franklin D. |title=Rumi – Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT340 |year=2014 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-78074-737-8 |page=340 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226000058/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT340 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the noted earlier Persian works during the Ottoman rule are [[Idris Bitlisi|Idris Bidlisi]]'s ''Hasht Bihisht'', which began in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the ''Salim-Namah'', a glorification of Selim I.{{sfn|Spuler|2003|p=68}} After a period of several centuries, [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] (which was highly Persianised itself) had developed toward a fully accepted language of literature, and which was even able to lexically satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation.{{sfn|Spuler|2003|p=69}} However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%.{{sfn|Spuler|2003|p=69}} In the Ottoman Empire, Persian was used at the royal court, for diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, and was taught in state schools, and was also offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some ''[[madrasa]]s''.<ref>
* Chapter "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World" by Inan, Murat Umut. In Green, Nile (ed.), 2019, The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. pp. 88–89. "As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities."
* Chapter "Ottoman Historical Writing" by Tezcan, Baki. In Rabasa, José (ed.), 2012, The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211. "Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court."
* ''Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic'', B. Fortna, page 50;"''Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools....''"
* ''Persian Historiography and Geography'', Bertold Spuler, page 68, "''On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization.[..]..where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy...However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers..''"
* ''Picturing History at the Ottoman Court'', Emine Fetvacı, page 31, "''Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis "Gulistan", one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these title would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.''
* ''Persian Historiography: History of Persian Literature A, Volume 10'', edited by Ehsan Yarshater, Charles Melville, page 437;"...Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
* Chapter ''Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World'', Murat Umut Inan, page 92 (note 27), edited by [[Nile Green]], (title: ''The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca''); "Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–69."</ref>

===== Use in the Balkans =====
Persian learning was also widespread in the Ottoman-held [[Balkans]] (''[[Rumelia]]''), with a range of cities being famed for their long-standing traditions in the study of Persian and its classics, amongst them Saraybosna (modern [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina), [[Mostar]] (also in Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Vardar Yenicesi (or Yenice-i Vardar, now [[Giannitsa]], in northern Greece).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Inan |first1=Murat Umut |editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Nile |editor1-link=Nile Green |title=The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca |date=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=85–86 |chapter=Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World}}</ref>

Vardar Yenicesi differed from other localities in the Balkans insofar as that it was a town where Persian was also widely spoken.<ref name="Green">{{cite book |last1=Inan |first1=Murat Umut |editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Nile |editor1-link=Nile Green |title=The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca |date=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |page=86 |chapter=Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World}}</ref> However, the Persian of Vardar Yenicesi and of the rest of the Ottoman-held Balkans was different from formal Persian both in accent and vocabulary.<ref name="Green"/> The difference was apparent to such a degree that the Ottomans referred to it as "Rumelian Persian" (''Rumili Farsisi'').<ref name="Green"/> As learned people such as students, scholars and literati often frequented Vardar Yenicesi, it soon became the site of a flourishing [[Persianate society|Persianate]] linguistic and literary culture.<ref name="Green"/> The 16th-century Ottoman [[Aşık Çelebi]] (died 1572), who hailed from [[Prizren]] in modern-day [[Kosovo]], was galvanized by the abundant Persian-speaking and Persian-writing communities of Vardar Yenicesi, and he referred to the city as a "hotbed of Persian".<ref name="Green"/>

Many Ottoman Persianists who established a career in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (modern-day [[Istanbul]]) pursued early Persian training in Saraybosna, amongst them [[Ahmed Sudi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Inan |first1=Murat Umut |editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Nile |editor1-link=Nile Green |title=The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca |date=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |page=85 |chapter=Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World}}</ref>

===== Use in Indian subcontinent =====
{{Main|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}

{{See also|Persian and Urdu|Dobhashi}}
[[File:Agra India persian poem.jpg|thumb|Persian poem, [[Agra Fort]], India, 18th century]]
[[File:Agra castle India persian poem.jpg|thumb|Persian poem, ''Takht-e Shah Jahan'', [[Agra Fort]], India]]

The Persian language influenced the formation of many modern languages in West Asia, Europe, [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]]. Following the Turko-Persian [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Ghaznavid]] conquest of [[South Asia]], Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Clinton |last2=Ramsey |first2=Charles M. |title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |year=2012 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-5127-8 |page=18 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211194610/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live}}</ref> The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties.<ref name="Sigfried J 1994. p 734"/> For five centuries prior to the [[British Empire|British colonization]], Persian was widely used as a second language in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts on the subcontinent and became the sole "official language" under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]].

The [[Bengal Sultanate]] witnessed an influx of Persian scholars, lawyers, teachers, and clerics. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The period of the reign of Sultan [[Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah]] is described as the "golden age of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature was illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence and collaboration with the Persian poet [[Hafez]]; a poem which can be found in the ''Divan of Hafez'' today.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Persian |author=Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah}}</ref> A [[Bengali language|Bengali]] dialect emerged among the common [[Bengali Muslim]] folk, based on a Persian model and known as [[Dobhashi]]; meaning ''mixed language''. Dobhashi Bengali was patronised and given official status under the [[Sultans of Bengal]], and was a popular literary form used by Bengalis during the pre-colonial period, irrespective of their religion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421 |title=A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali |author=Sarah Anjum Bari |date=12 April 2019 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621164456/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the defeat of the [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] rule over the northwestern frontier of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]].<ref name="google2">{{cite book |title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab |author=Mir, F. |date=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520262690 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35 |page=35 |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35 |archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> Employed by [[Punjabis]] in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries.<ref name="google2"/> Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] through the early 19th century serving finally as the official state language of the [[Sikh Empire]], preceding [[Punjab Province (British India)|British conquest]] and the decline of Persian in South Asia.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1911 Page 892">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ranjit Singh |volume=22 |page=892}}</ref><ref name="Grewal112">{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC |isbn=0-521-63764-3 |page=112 |quote=The continuance of Persian as the language of administration. |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press (USA) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&q=principal+language |isbn=978-0199931453 |page=239 |quote=We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian. |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142730/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&q=principal+language |url-status=live}}</ref>

Beginning in 1843, though, English and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] gradually replaced Persian in importance on the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Eternal Iran |year=2004 |last=Clawson |first=Patrick |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=6 |isbn=1-4039-6276-6}}</ref> Evidence of Persian's historical influence there can be seen in the extent of its influence on certain languages of the Indian subcontinent. Words borrowed from Persian are still quite commonly used in certain Indo-Aryan languages, especially [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] (also historically known as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]].<ref name="google4">{{cite book |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |author1=Menon, A.S. |author2=Kusuman, K.K. |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170992141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87 |page=87 |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87 |archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> There is also a small population of Zoroastrian [[Irani (India)|Iranis]] in India, who migrated in the 19th century to escape religious persecution in [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Iran]] and speak a Dari dialect.

====Contemporary Persian====

===== Qajar dynasty =====
[[File:Persische dialekte Persian dialects.png|thumb|Persian dialects]]
In the 19th century, under the [[Qajar dynasty]], the dialect that is spoken in [[Tehran]] rose to prominence. There was still substantial Arabic vocabulary, but many of these words have been integrated into Persian phonology and grammar. In addition, under the Qajar rule, numerous [[Russian language|Russian]], [[French language|French]], and English terms entered the Persian language, especially vocabulary related to technology.

The first official attentions to the necessity of protecting the Persian language against foreign words, and to the standardization of [[Persian alphabet|Persian orthography]], were under the reign of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Naser ed Din Shah]] of the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1871.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} After Naser ed Din Shah, [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar|Mozaffar ed Din Shah]] ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1903.<ref name="Farhangestan"/> This association officially declared that it used Persian and [[Arabic]] as acceptable sources for coining words. The ultimate goal was to prevent books from being printed with wrong use of words. According to the executive guarantee of this association, the government was responsible for wrongfully printed books. Words coined by this association, such as ''rāh-āhan'' ({{lang|fa|راه‌آهن}}) for "railway", were printed in ''Soltani Newspaper''; but the association was eventually closed due to inattention.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

A scientific association was founded in 1911, resulting in a dictionary called ''Words of Scientific Association'' ({{lang|fa|لغت انجمن علمی}}), which was completed later and renamed ''Katouzian Dictionary'' ({{lang|fa|فرهنگ کاتوزیان}}).<ref>{{cite book |title=برنامه‌ریزی زبان فارسی |publisher=روایت فتح |isbn=978-600-6128-05-4 |author=نگار داوری اردکانی |page=33 |year=1389}}</ref>

===== Pahlavi dynasty =====
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
The first academy for the Persian language was founded on 20 May 1935, under the name ''Academy of Iran''. It was established by the initiative of [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]], and mainly by [[Hekmat E Shirazi|Hekmat e Shirazi]] and [[Mohammad Ali Foroughi]], all prominent names in the nationalist movement of the time.
The academy was a key institution in the struggle to re-build Iran as a nation-state after the collapse of the Qajar dynasty. During the 1930s and 1940s, the academy led massive campaigns to replace the many [[Arabic]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[French language|French]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] loanwords whose widespread use in Persian during the centuries preceding the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty had created a literary language considerably different from the spoken Persian of the time.{{cn|reason=Encyclopaedia Iranica claims the Pahlavi dynasty only attempted to replace a small number of Arabic loanwords.|date=November 2025}} This became the basis of what is now known as "Contemporary Standard Persian".

==Varieties==
There are three standard varieties of modern Persian:
*''[[Iranian Persian]]'' (''Persian'', ''Western Persian'', or ''Farsi'') is spoken in [[Iran]], and by minorities in [[Iraq]] and the [[Persian Gulf]] states.
*''[[Dari|Eastern Persian]]'' (''Dari Persian'', ''Afghan Persian'', or ''Dari'') is spoken in [[Afghanistan]].
*''[[Tajik language|Tajiki]]'' (''Tajik Persian'') is spoken in [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. It is written in the [[Cyrillic script]].

All three varieties are based on the classic Persian literature and its literary tradition. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. The [[Hazaragi dialect]] (in Afghanistan), [[Herat]]i (in Western Afghanistan), Darwazi (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan), [[Basseri dialect|Basseri]] (in Southern Iran), and the [[Tehrani accent]] (in Iran, the basis of standard Iranian Persian) are examples of these dialects. Persian-speaking peoples of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan can understand one another with a relatively high degree of [[mutual intelligibility]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf |title=Persian, Dari and Tajik |first=William |last=Beeman |work=[[Brown University]] |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025210857/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, the ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]'' notes that the Iranian, Afghan, and Tajiki varieties comprise distinct branches of the Persian language, and within each branch a wide variety of local dialects exist.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=TAJIK iii. COLLOQUIAL TAJIKI IN COMPARISON WITH PERSIAN OF IRAN |last1=Aliev |first1=Bahriddin |last2=Okawa |first2=Aya |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-iii-colloquial |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=2010 |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225005554/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-iii-colloquial |url-status=live}}</ref>

The following are some languages closely related to Persian, or in some cases are considered dialects:
*[[Luri language|Luri]] (or ''Lori''), spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian provinces of [[Lorestan province|Lorestan]], [[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province|Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad]], [[Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province|Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari]] some western parts of [[Fars province]], and some parts of [[Khuzestan province]].
*[[Achomi language|Achomi]] (or ''Lari''), spoken mainly in southern Iranian provinces of [[Fars province|Fars]] and [[Hormozgan province|Hormozgan]], unlike [[New Persian]] and its variants like [[Dari]], [[Standard Persian]], and [[Iranian Persian]], this is a branch of [[Middle Persian]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last1=Talei |first1=Maryam |last2=Rovshan |first2=Belghis |date=2024-10-24 |title=Semantic Network in Lari Language |url=https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_8091.html?lang=en |url-status=live |journal=Persian Language and Iranian Dialects |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=31–61 |language=en |doi=10.22124/plid.2024.27553.1673 |issn=2476-6585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128033018/https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_8091.html?lang=en |archive-date=2024-11-28 |quote=This descriptive-analytical research examines sense relations between the lexemes of the Lari language, the continuation of the [[Middle Persian]] and one of the endangered Iranian languages spoken in Lar, Fars province}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-16 |title=Western Iranian languages History |url=https://www.destinationiran.com/western-iranian-languages.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128034127/https://www.destinationiran.com/western-iranian-languages.htm |archive-date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Destination Iran |language=en-US |quote=Achomi or Khodmooni (Larestani) is a southwestern Iranian language spoken in southern Fars province and the Ajam (non-arab) population in Persian Gulf countries such as UAE, Bahrain, and Kuwait. It is a descendant of Middle Persian and has several dialects including Lari, Evazi, Khoni, Bastaki, and more.}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Taherkhani |first1=Neda |last2=Ourang |first2=Muhammed |year=2013 |title=A Study of Derivational Morphemes in Lari & Tati as Two Endangered Iranian Languages: An Analytical Contrastive Examination with Persian |url=https://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0911s/008_21547am0911s_38_45.pdf |journal=Journal of American Science |issn=1545-1003 |quote=Lari is of the SW branch of Middle Iranian languages, Pahlavi, in the Middle period of Persian Language Evolution and consists of nine dialects, which are prominently different in pronunciation (Geravand, 2010). Being a branch of Pahlavi language, Lari has several common features with it as its mother language. The ergative structure (the difference between the conjugation of transitive and intransitive verbs) existing in Lari can be mentioned as such an example. The speech community of this language includes Fars province, Hormozgan Province and some of the Arabic-speaking countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman (Khonji, 2010, p. 15).}}</ref>
*[[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]], spoken in parts of Azerbaijan, Russia, and Transcaucasia. It is classified as a variety of Persian.<ref>{{harvnb|Windfuhr|1979|p=4}}: "Tat-Persian spoken in the East Caucasus"</ref><ref>V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38.</ref><ref>V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38. Excerpt: "Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its characteristic features"</ref><ref>C Kerslake, Journal of Islamic Studies (2010) 21 (1): 147–151. excerpt: "It is a comparison of the verbal systems of three varieties of Persian—standard Persian, Tat, and Tajik—in terms of the 'innovations' that the latter two have developed for expressing finer differentiations of tense, aspect, and modality..." [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=+It+is+a+comparison+of+the+verbal+systems+of+three+varieties+of+Persian%E2%80%94standard+Persian%2C+tat%2C+tajik&as_sdt=80000000000000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917055925/http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=+It+is+a+comparison+of+the+verbal+systems+of+three+varieties+of+Persian%E2%80%94standard+Persian%2C+tat%2C+tajik&as_sdt=80000000000000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0|date=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borjian |first1=Habib |title=Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans |journal=Iran & the Caucasus |date=2006 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=243–258 |doi=10.1163/157338406780346005|quote=It embraces Gilani, Talysh, Tabari, Kurdish, Gabri, and the Tati Persian of the Caucasus, all but the last belonging to the north-western group of Iranian language.}}</ref> (This dialect is not to be confused with the [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati language]] of northwestern Iran, which is a member of a different branch of the Iranian languages.)
*[[Judeo-Tat]]. Part of the Tat-Persian continuum, spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia, as well as by immigrant communities in Israel and New York.

More distantly related branches of the [[Iranian languages|Iranian language family]] include Kurdish and [[Balochi language|Balochi]].

The [[Glottolog]] database proposes the following phylogenetic classification:
{{Tree list}}
* Farsic–Caucasian Tat
** Caucasian Tat
*** [[Judeo-Tat]]
*** [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Muslim Tat]] (including Armeno-Tat)
** Farsic
*** Eastern Farsic
**** [[Aimaq dialect|Aimaq]]
**** [[Dari]]
**** [[Dehwari language|Dehwari]]
**** [[Hazaragi dialect|Hazaragi]]
**** [[Pahlavani language|Pahlavani]]
**** Tajikic
***** [[Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)|Bukharic]]
***** [[Tajik language|Tajik]]
*** [[Judeo-Persian]]
*** [[Iranian Persian|Western Farsi]]
{{Tree list/end}}

==Phonology==
{{Main|Persian phonology}}

Iranian Persian and Tajik have six vowels; Dari has eight. Iranian Persian has twenty-three consonants, but both Dari and Tajiki have twenty-four consonants, due to the phonemic merger of {{IPA|/q/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} in Iranian Persian.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Vowel-system-of-Contemporary-Iranian-Persian_fig1_260510742 |title=Vowel system of Contemporary Iranian Persian |via=ResearchGate |work=Variation in Persian Vowel Systems |first1=Corey |last1=Miller |date= January 2012 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref>

[[File:WIKITONGUES- Daniel speaking Farsi.webm|thumb|Persian spoken by an Iranian. Recorded in the United States in 2018]]

===Vowels===
{|
|-
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
|+ Tehrani Persian vowel chart
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|{{IPA link|i}}ː}}
|{{IPA|{{IPA link|u}}ː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA link|æ}}
|{{IPA|{{IPA link|ɒ}}ː}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:25em;"
|+
Dari vowel chart
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!long
!short
!short
!long
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{IPA link|ɪ}} ~ ({{IPA link|ɛ}})}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| {{IPA|{{IPA link|u}}ː}}
|-
! [[mid vowel|mid]]
| {{IPA|{{IPA link|e}}ː}}
| {{IPA|{{IPA link|o}}ː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|colspan="2" | {{IPA|{{IPA link|a}} ~ {{IPA link|ä}}}}
| {{IPA|{{IPA link|ɑ}}ː}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:25em;"
|+
Tajik vowel chart
! |
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| [[Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|{{IPA link|ʉ}} ~ {{IPA link|ɵ̞}}}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[mid vowel|mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{IPA link|ɔ}}ː}}
|-
! [[open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}}
|}
|}
[[File:Farsi vowel chart.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|The vowel phonemes of modern Tehran Persian]]
Historically, Persian distinguished length. Early New Persian had a series of five long vowels ({{IPAslink|iː}}, {{IPAslink|uː}}, {{IPAslink|ɑː}}, {{IPAslink|oː}}, and {{IPAslink|eː}}) along with three short vowels {{IPAslink|æ}}, {{IPAslink|i}}, and {{IPAslink|u}}. At some point prior to the 16th century in the general area now modern Iran, {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/iː/}} merged into {{IPA|/iː/}}, and {{IPA|/oː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} merged into {{IPA|/uː/}}. Thus, older contrasts such as {{lang|fa|شیر}} ''shēr'' "lion" vs. {{lang|fa|شیر}} ''shīr'' "milk", and {{lang|fa|زود}} ''zūd'' "quick" vs {{lang|fa|زور}} ''zōr'' "strength" were lost. However, there are exceptions to this rule, and in some words, ''ē'' and ''ō'' are merged into the diphthongs {{IPA|[eɪ]}} and {{IPA|[oʊ]}} (which are descendants of the diphthongs {{IPA|[æɪ]}} and {{IPA|[æʊ]}} in Early New Persian), instead of merging into {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}}. Examples of the exception can be found in words such as {{lang|fa|روشن}} {{IPA|[roʊʃæn]}} (bright). Numerous other instances exist.

However, in Dari, the archaic distinction of {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/iː/}} (respectively known as {{lang|fa|یای مجهول}} ''Yā-ye majhūl'' and {{lang|fa|یای معروف}} ''Yā-ye ma'rūf'') is still preserved as well as the distinction of {{IPA|/oː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} (known as {{lang|fa|واو مجهول}} ''Wāw-e majhūl'' and {{lang|fa|واو معروف}} ''Wāw-e ma'rūf''). On the other hand, in standard Tajik, the length distinction has disappeared, and {{IPA|/iː/}} merged with {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} with {{IPA|/u/}}.{{sfn|Perry|2005}} Therefore, contemporary Afghan Dari dialects are the closest to the vowel inventory of Early New Persian.{{sfn|Okati|2012|p=93}}

According to most studies on the subject, the three vowels traditionally considered long ({{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/ɒ/}}) are currently distinguished from their short counterparts ({{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/æ/}}) by position of articulation rather than by length. However, there are studies that consider vowel length to be the active feature of the system, with {{IPA|/ɒ/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}} phonologically long or bimoraic and {{IPA|/æ/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, and {{IPA|/o/}} phonologically short or monomoraic.{{sfn|Okati|2012|p=92}}

There are also some studies that consider quality and quantity to be both active in the Iranian system. That offers a synthetic analysis including both quality and quantity, which often suggests that Modern Persian vowels are in a transition state between the quantitative system of Classical Persian and a hypothetical future Iranian language, which will eliminate all traces of quantity and retain quality as the only active feature. The length distinction is still strictly observed by careful reciters of classic-style poetry.{{sfn|Okati|2012|p=92}}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || || || ||
|-
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} || {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}} || ({{IPA link|q}})||{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|f}} {{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|s}} {{IPA link|z}} || {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|ʒ}} || {{IPA link|x}} {{IPA link|ɣ}}
||| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
|-
![[Tap consonant|Tap]]
| || [[Dental and alveolar flaps|ɾ]] || || || ||
|-
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| || {{IPA link|l}} || {{IPA link|j}} || || ||
|-
|}
Notes:

* in [[Iranian Persian]] {{IPAslink|ɣ}} and {{IPAslink|q}} have merged into {{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɣ}}~{{IPA link|ɢ}}]}}, as a voiced velar fricative {{IPA|[ɣ]}} when positioned [[intervocalic]]ally and unstressed, and as a voiced uvular stop {{IPA|[ɢ]}} otherwise.<ref name="ipa_handbook">{{cite book |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33BSkFV_8PEC&pg=PA125 |author=International Phonetic Association |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-63751-0 |location=Cambridge |pages=124–125}}</ref><ref name="jahani2005">{{cite book |title=Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic |last=Jahani |first=Carina |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-30804-6 |editor=Éva Ágnes Csató |location=London |pages=79–96 |chapter=The Glottal Plosive: A Phoneme in Spoken Modern Persian or Not? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdA1K3E66UgC&pg=PA79 |editor2=Bo Isaksson |editor3=Carina Jahani}}</ref><ref name="thackston1993_phonology">{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Persian |last=Thackston |first=W. M. |date=1 May 1993 |publisher=Ibex Publishers |isbn=0-936347-29-5 |edition=3rd Rev |page=xvii |chapter=The Phonology of Persian |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00thac |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00thac}}</ref>
* {{IPA|/n/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|ŋ}} before velar consonants.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Grammar==
{{Main|Persian grammar}}

===Morphology===
Suffixes predominate Persian [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], though there are a small number of prefixes.<ref name="megerdoomian2000">{{cite conference |last=Megerdoomian |first=Karine |title=Persian computational morphology: A unification-based approach |book-title=Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science: MCCS-00-320 |pages=1 |year=2000 |url=http://www.zoorna.org/papers/MCCS320.pdf |access-date=9 May 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902025912/http://www.zoorna.org/papers/MCCS320.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2013}}</ref> Verbs can express tense and [[grammatical aspect|aspect]], and they agree with the subject in person and number.<ref name="mahootian1997">{{cite book |title=Persian |year=1997 |last=Mahootian |first=Shahrzad |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-02311-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHqUjnN2_YwC&q=Mahootian+Shahrzad+1997&pg=PR1 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172349/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHqUjnN2_YwC&q=Mahootian%20Shahrzad%201997&pg=PR1 |url-status=live}}</ref> While Old Persian had [[grammatical gender]]<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Old Persian |date=2008 |editor-first=Roger D. |editor-last=Woodard |first=Rüdiger |isbn=978-0521684941 |language=en |last=Schmitt |page=86 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|date=1917 |first=Edwin Lee |language=en |last=Johnson |page=198 |publication-place=New York |publisher=American Book Company |title=Historical Grammar of the Ancient Persian Language}}</ref> there is no [[grammatical gender]] in modern Persian, and pronouns are not marked for [[grammatical gender#Grammatical vs. natural gender|natural gender]]. In other words, in Persian, pronouns are gender-neutral. When referring to a masculine or a feminine subject, the same pronoun {{wikt-lang|fa|او}} is used (pronounced "ou", ū).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Yousef |first1=Saeed|last2=Torabi |first2=Hayedeh|title=Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssrb18kDwcMC&pg=PP1|publisher=Routledge|place=New York|date=2013|isbn=9781136283888|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172943/https://books.google.com/books?id=ssrb18kDwcMC&pg=PP1|url-status=live|page=37}}</ref>

===Syntax===
Persian adheres mainly to subject–object–verb ([[Subject–object–verb word order|SOV]]) word order. But case endings (e.g. for subject, object, etc.) expressed via suffixes may allow users to vary word order. Verbs agree with the subject in person and number. Normal declarative sentences are structured as ''(S) (PP) (O) V'': sentences have optional [[subject (grammar)|subjects]], [[prepositional phrase]]s, and [[object (grammar)|objects]] followed by a compulsory [[verb]]. If the object is specific, the object is followed by the word ''rā'' and precedes prepositional phrases: ''(S) (O + ''rā'') (PP) V''.<ref name="mahootian1997"/>

==Vocabulary==
{{Main|Persian vocabulary}}

===Native word formation===
Persian makes extensive use of word building and combining affixes, stems, nouns, and adjectives. Persian frequently uses derivational [[agglutination]] to [[word formation|form new words]] from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are extensively formed by [[compound (linguistics)|compounding]] – two existing words combining into a new one.

===Influences===
{{See also|List of English words of Persian origin|List of French loanwords in Persian|Iranian languages#Comparison table}}

While having a lesser influence from [[Arabic]]<ref name="Nushin Namazi"/> and other languages of [[Mesopotamia]] and its core vocabulary being of [[Middle Persian]] origin,<ref name="Richard Davis 2006. pp. 602-603">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Richard |last=Davis |title=Persian |editor1-first=Josef W. |editor1-last=Meri |editor2-first=Jere L. |editor2-last=Bacharach |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |pages=602–603 |quote=Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi, but Arabic lexical items predominated for more abstract or abstruse subjects and often replaced their Persian equivalents in polite discourse. (...) The grammar of New Persian is similar to that of many contemporary European languages.}}</ref> New Persian contains a considerable number of Arabic lexical items,<ref name="Lazard"/><ref name="Lazard, Gilbert 1971"/><ref name="Classe 2000 1057"/> which were Persianized<ref name=lambtonexcerpt/> and often took a different meaning and usage than the [[Arabic]] original. Persian loanwords of Arabic origin especially include [[Islam]]ic terms. The Arabic vocabulary in other Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages is generally understood to have been copied from New Persian, not from Arabic itself.<ref>John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, ''Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic'', Routledge, 2005. pg 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries"</ref>

[[John R. Perry (orientalist)|John R. Perry]], in his article "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic", estimates that about 20 percent of everyday vocabulary in current Persian, and around 25 percent of the vocabulary of classical and modern Persian literature, are of Arabic origin. The text frequency of these loan words is generally lower and varies by style and topic area. It may approach 25 percent of a text in literature.<ref name="Perry">John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, ''Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic'', Routledge, 2005. p.97</ref> According to another source, about 40% of everyday Persian literary vocabulary is of Arabic origin.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idoVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA352 |last=Owens |first=Jonathan |date=2013 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-976413-6 |pages=352 |language=en}}</ref> Among the Arabic loan words, relatively few (14 percent) are from the semantic domain of material culture, while a larger number are from domains of intellectual and spiritual life.{{sfn|Perry|2005|p=99}} Most of the Arabic words used in Persian are either synonyms of native terms or could be glossed in Persian.{{sfn|Perry|2005|p=99}}

The inclusion of [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] elements in the Persian language should also be mentioned,<ref>e.g. The role of Azeri–Turkish in Iranian Persian, on which see John Perry, "The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran", ''Iran & the Caucasus'', Vol. 5 (2001), pp. 193–200.</ref> not only because of the political role a succession of Turkic dynasties played in Iranian history, but also because of the immense prestige Persian language and literature enjoyed in the wider (non-Arab) Islamic world, which was often ruled by sultans and emirs with a Turkic background. The Turkish and Mongolian vocabulary in Persian is minor in comparison to that of Arabic and these words were mainly confined to military, pastoral terms and political sector (titles, administration, etc.).<ref>Xavier Planhol, "Land of Iran", ''Encyclopedia Iranica''. "The Turks, on the other hand, posed a formidable threat: their penetration into Iranian lands was considerable, to such an extent that vast regions adapted their language. This process was all the more remarkable since, in spite of their almost uninterrupted political domination for nearly 1,500 years, the cultural influence of these rough nomads on Iran's refined civilization remained extremely tenuous. This is demonstrated by the mediocre linguistic contribution, for which exhaustive statistical studies have been made (Doerfer). The number of Turkish or Mongol words that entered Persian, though not negligible, remained limited to 2,135, i.e., 3 percent of the vocabulary at the most. These new words are confined on the one hand to the military and political sector (titles, administration, etc.) and, on the other hand, to technical pastoral terms. The contrast with Arab influence is striking. While cultural pressure of the Arabs on Iran had been intense, they in no way infringed upon the entire Iranian territory, whereas with the Turks, whose contributions to Iranian civilization were modest, vast regions of Iranian lands were assimilated, notwithstanding the fact that resistance by the latter was ultimately victorious. Several reasons may be offered."</ref> New military and political titles were coined based partially on Middle Persian (e.g. {{lang|fa|ارتش}} {{Transliteration|fa|arteš}} for "army", instead of the Uzbek {{lang|fa|قؤشین}} {{Transliteration|fa|qoʻshin}}; {{lang|fa|سرلشکر}} {{Transliteration|fa|sarlaškar}}; {{lang|fa|دریابان}} {{Transliteration|fa|daryābān}}; etc.) in the 20th century. Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially other [[Indo-European languages]] such as [[Armenian language|Armenian]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv |title=ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117011150/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv |url-status=live}}</ref> Urdu, Bengali, and Hindi; the latter three through conquests of Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan invaders;<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&q=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&pg=PA18 |title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny |access-date=23 April 2015 |isbn=9781441151278 |last1=Bennett |first1=Clinton |last2=Ramsey |first2=Charles M. |date=March 2012 |publisher=A&C Black |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172351/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&q=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&pg=PA18 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Turkic languages]] such as [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]],<ref>[http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Persian/persianloanwordsistanbulturkish.pdf Andreas Tietze, Persian loanwords in Anatolian Turkish, Oriens, 20 (1967) pp- 125–168.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911213846/http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Persian/persianloanwordsistanbulturkish.pdf |date=11 September 2007}} (accessed August 2016)</ref> [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]],<ref>L. Johanson, "Azerbaijan: Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish" in [[Encyclopedia Iranica]] {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20090412050047/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v3f2/v3f2a088.html Iranica.com]}}</ref> [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], and [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]];<ref name="Compendium of the World Languages">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA832 |title=Compendium of the World Languages |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |author1=George L. Campbell |author2=Gareth King |isbn=978-1-136-25846-6 |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927194246/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA832 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian languages]] such as [[Georgian language|Georgian]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-v- |title=Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts With Iranian Languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318211801/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-v- |url-status=live}}</ref> and, to a lesser extent, [[Avar language|Avar]] and [[Lezgin language|Lezgin]];<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dagestan |title=DAGESTAN |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429175746/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dagestan |url-status=live}}</ref> Afro-Asiatic languages like [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] ([[List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]) and [[Arabic]], particularly [[Bahrani Arabic]];<ref name=Holes2001/><ref>{{cite web |author=Pasad |url=http://www.bashgah.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=23845 |title=Bashgah.net |publisher=Bashgah.net |access-date=13 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723023057/http://www.bashgah.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=23845 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and even [[Dravidian languages]] indirectly especially [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Brahui language|Brahui]]; as well as [[Austronesian languages]] such as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] [[Malay language|Malay]]. Persian has also had a significant lexical influence, via Turkish, on [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and [[Serbo-Croatian]], particularly as spoken in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].

Use of occasional foreign synonyms instead of Persian words can be a common practice in everyday communications as an alternative expression. In some instances in addition to the Persian vocabulary, the equivalent synonyms from multiple foreign languages can be used. For example, in Iranian colloquial Persian (not in Afghanistan or Tajikistan), the phrase "thank you" may be expressed using the French word {{lang|fa|مرسی}} {{lang|fr-IR|merci}} (stressed, however, on the first syllable), the hybrid Persian-Arabic phrase {{lang|fa|متشکّرَم}} {{Transliteration|fa|motešakkeram}} ({{lang|ar|متشکّر}} {{Transliteration|ar|motešakker}} being "thankful" in Arabic, commonly pronounced {{Transliteration|fa|moččakker}} in Persian, and the verb {{lang|fa|ـَم}} ''am'' meaning "I am" in Persian), or by the pure Persian phrase {{lang|fa|سپاسگزارم}} {{Transliteration|fa|sepās-gozāram}}.

==Orthography==
[[File:Persian Nastaʿlīq's proportions.jpg|thumb|right|Example showing Nastaʿlīq's (Persian) proportion rules{{sfn|Smith|1989}}{{citation not found|date=November 2022}}]]
[[File:Dehkhoda note.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda]]'s personal handwriting, a typical [[cursive]] Persian script]]
[[File:The word Persian in Pahlavi script.png|thumb|right|The word "Persian" in the [[Book Pahlavi]] script]]

The vast majority of modern Iranian Persian and Dari text is written with the [[Arabic script]]. Tajiki, which is considered by some linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by [[Russian language|Russian]] and the [[Turkic languages]] of [[Central Asia]],{{sfn|Perry|2005}}<ref name="lazard1956">{{cite journal |title=Charactères distinctifs de la langue Tadjik |year=1956 |last=Lazard |first=Gilbert |journal=Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris |volume=52 |pages=117–186}}</ref> is written with the [[Cyrillic script]] in [[Tajikistan]] (see [[Tajik alphabet]]). There also exist several [[romanization of Persian|romanization systems for Persian]].

===Persian alphabet===
{{Main|Persian alphabet}}

Modern Iranian Persian and Afghan Persian are written using the [[Persian alphabet]], which is a modified variant of the [[Arabic alphabet]], using different pronunciation and additional letters not found in the Arabic language. After the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab conquest of Persia]], it took approximately 200 years before Persians adopted the Arabic script in place of the older alphabet. Previously, two different scripts were used, [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]], used for Middle Persian, and the [[Avestan alphabet]] (in Persian, Dīndapirak, or Din Dabire—literally: religion script), used for religious purposes, primarily for the [[Avestan]] but sometimes for Middle Persian.

In the modern Persian script, [[vowel length|historically short vowels]] are usually not written, only the historically long ones are represented in the text, so words distinguished from each other only by short vowels are ambiguous in writing: Iranian Persian ''{{Transliteration|fa|kerm}}'' "worm", ''{{Transliteration|fa|karam}}'' "generosity", ''{{Transliteration|fa|kerem}}'' "cream", and ''{{Transliteration|fa|krom}}'' "chrome" are all spelled ''{{Transliteration|fa|krm}}'' ({{lang|fa|کرم}}) in Persian. The reader must determine the word from context. The Arabic system of vocalization marks known as ''[[harakat]]'' is also used in Persian, although some of the symbols have different pronunciations. For example, a ''[[ḍammah]]'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ʊ~u]}}, while in Iranian Persian it is pronounced {{IPA|[o]}}. This system is not used in mainstream Persian literature; it is primarily used for teaching and in some (but not all) dictionaries.
[[File:Persian typewriter keyboard layout.svg|thumb|Persian typewriter keyboard layout]]
[[File:Persian keyboard layout, unshifted.gif|thumb|right|A variant of the Iranian standard ISIRI 9147 keyboard layout for Persian]]
There are several letters generally only used in Arabic loanwords. These letters are pronounced the same as similar Persian letters. For example, there are four functionally identical letters for {{IPAslink|z}} ({{lang|fa|ز ذ ض ظ}}), three letters for {{IPAslink|s}} ({{lang|fa|س ص ث}}), two letters for {{IPAslink|t}} ({{lang|fa|ط ت}}), two letters for {{IPAslink|h}} ({{lang|fa|ح ه}}).
On the other hand, there are four letters that do not exist in Arabic {{lang|fa| پ چ ژ گ}}.

====Additions====
The [[Persian alphabet]] adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet:

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"
! Sound
! Isolated form
! Final form
! Medial form
! Initial form
! Name
|-
| style="font-size: 1.25em;" | {{IPA|/p/}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|پ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـپ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـپـ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|پـ}}
| ''pe''
|-
| style="font-size: 1.25em;" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|چ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـچ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـچـ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|چـ}}
| ''če (che)''
|-
| style="font-size: 1.25em;" | {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ژ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـژ}}
| style="font-size: 2em; color: #aaa;" | {{lang|fa|ـژ}}
| style="font-size: 2em; color: #aaa;" | {{lang|fa|ژ}}
| ''že (zhe or jhe)''
|-
| style="font-size: 1.25em;" | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|گ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـگ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـگـ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|گـ}}
| ''ge (gāf)''
|}

Historically, there was also a special letter for the sound {{IPA|/β/}}. This letter is no longer used, as the {{IPA|/β/}}-sound changed to {{IPA|/b/}}, e.g. archaic {{lang|fa|زڤان}} {{IPA|/zaβaːn/}} > {{lang|fa|زبان}} {{IPA|/zæbɒn/}} 'language'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian |title=PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian |work=Iranica Online |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317184538/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"
! Sound
! Isolated form
! Final form
! Medial form
! Initial form
! Name
|-
| style="font-size: 1.25em;" | {{IPA|/β/}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ڤ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـڤ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ـڤـ}}
| style="font-size: 2em;" | {{lang|fa|ڤـ}}
| ''βe''
|}

====Variations====
The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters of the Arabic alphabet. For example, ''alef with hamza below'' ( {{lang|ar|إ}} ) changes to ''[[aleph|alef]]'' ( {{lang|fa|ا}} ); words using various [[hamza]]s get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that {{lang|fa|مسؤول}} becomes {{lang|fa|مسئول}}) even though the latter has been accepted in Arabic since the 1980s; and ''[[teh marbuta]]'' ( {{lang|ar|ة}} ) changes to ''[[he (letter)|heh]]'' ( {{lang|fa|ه}} ) or ''[[taw (letter)|teh]]'' ( {{lang|fa|ت}} ).

The letters different in shape are:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
! Arabic style letter
! Persian style letter
! Name
|-
|style="font-size: 160%"| ك
|style="font-size: 160%"| ک
| ''ke'' (kāf)
|-
|style="font-size: 160%"| ي
|style="font-size: 160%"| ی
| ''ye''
|}

However, {{lang|ar|ی}} in shape and form is the traditional Arabic style that continues in the Nile Valley, namely, [[Egyptian Arabic|Egypt]], [[Sudanese Arabic|Sudan]], and [[Juba Arabic|South Sudan]].

===Latin alphabet===
{{Main|Romanization of Persian}}

The [[International Organization for Standardization]] has published a standard for simplified [[transliteration]] of Persian into Latin, ISO 233-3, titled "Information and documentation – Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters – Part 3: Persian language – Simplified transliteration"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/2398.html |title=ISO 233-3:1999 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=13 July 2010 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606144437/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=2398 |url-status=live}}</ref> but the transliteration scheme is not in widespread use.

Another Latin alphabet, based on the [[Yañalif|New Turkic Alphabet]], was used in [[Tajikistan]] in the 1920s and 1930s. The alphabet was phased out in favor of [[Tajik Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] in the late 1930s.{{sfn|Perry|2005}}

[[Fingilish]] is Persian using [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]]. It is most commonly used in [[online chat|chat]], [[email]]s, and [[Short Message Service|SMS]] applications. The orthography is not standardized, and varies among writers and even media (for example, typing 'aa' for the {{IPA|[ɒ]}} phoneme is easier on computer keyboards than on cellphone keyboards, resulting in smaller usage of the combination on cellphones).

===Tajik alphabet===
{{Main|Tajik alphabet}}

The Cyrillic script was introduced for writing the [[Tajik language]] under the [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]] in the late 1930s, replacing the [[Tajik alphabet#Transliteration standards|Latin alphabet]] that had been used since the [[October Revolution]] and the Persian script that had been used earlier. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Persian script were banned in the country.{{sfn|Perry|2005}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil |url=http://www.smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil/search/LessonsLearned/afghanistan/groundcombat.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122154531/http://www.smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil/search/LessonsLearned/afghanistan/groundcombat.asp |archive-date=22 January 2010 |access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref>[[File:Akademijai ilmxhoi jumxhurii tojikiston.jpg|thumb|right|Tajiki advertisement for an academy]]

==Examples==
The following text is from Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].

<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable"
! Iranian Persian ([[Nastaʿlīq]])
| dir="rtl" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.}}}}
|-
! Iranian Persian ([[Naskh (script)|Naskh]])
| dir="rtl" | {{lang|fa|{{Script/Arabic|همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.}}}}
|-
! Iranian Persian transliteration
| ''{{Transliteration|fa|Hame-ye afrād-e bashar āzād be donyā mi āyand o heysiyat o hoquq-e shān bā ham barābar ast, hame andishe o vejdān dārand o bāyad dar barābare yekdigar bā ruh-e barādari raftār konand.}}''
|-
! Iranian Persian [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
| {{IPA|[hæmeje æfrɒde bæʃær ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjænd o hejsijæt o hoɢuɢe ʃɒn bɒ hæm bærɒbær æst hæme ʃɒn ændiʃe o vedʒdɒn dɒrænd o bɒjæd dær bærɒbære jekdiɡær bɒ ruhe bærɒdæri ræftɒr konænd]}}
|-
! Tajiki
| {{lang|tg-Cyrl|Ҳамаи афроди башар озод ба дунё меоянд ва ҳайсияту ҳуқуқашон бо ҳам баробар аст, ҳамаашон андешаву виҷдон доранд ва бояд дар баробари якдигар бо рӯҳи бародарӣ рафтор кунанд.}}
|-
! Tajiki transliteration
| ''{{Transliteration|tg|Hamai afrodi bashar ozod ba dunjo meoyand va haysiyatu huquqashon bo ham barobar ast, hamaashon andeshavu vijdon dorand va boyad dar barobari yakdigar bo rūhi barodarī raftor kunand.}}''
|-
! English translation
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|}
</div>

==See also==
* [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]]
* [[Indo-European copula]]
* [[Iranian languages]]
* [[Iranian Persian]], Western Persian
* [[List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language]]
* [[List of English words of Persian origin]]
* [[List of French loanwords in Persian]]
* [[Middle Persian]]
* [[Parthian language]]
* [[Persian Braille]]
* [[Persian metres]]
* [[Persian name]]
* [[Romanization of Persian]]
* [[List of lingua francas|List of link languages]]
* [[Dialect continuum]]
* [[Geolinguistics]]
* [[Language geography]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
* {{cite book |last=Frye |first=Richard Nelson |title=Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=1984 |isbn=978-3-406-09397-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye}}
* {{cite book |last=Kuhrt |first=A. |title=The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-01694-3}}
* {{The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4 |last=Lazard |first=G. |chapter=The Rise of the New Persian Language |pages=595–633|chapter-page=595}}
* {{cite book |last1=Okati |first1=Farideh |title=The Vowel Systems of Five Iranian Balochi Dialects |date=2012 |location=Sweden |isbn=978-91-554-8536-8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292972287 |access-date=2 April 2025}}
* {{cite book|last=Perry |first=John R. |year=2005 |title=A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar: Handbook of Oriental Studies |volume=2 |location=Boston |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-14323-8}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Perry |first=John R. |date=2011 |title=Persian |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |publisher=Brill Online |editor1-last=Edzard |editor1-first=Lutz |editor2-last=de Jong |editor2-first=Rudolf |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/persian-EALL_COM_vol3_0253}}
* {{cite book |last=Schmitt |first=Rüdiger |title=The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis |publisher=Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7286-0314-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|last=Skjærvø
|first=Prods Oktor
|title=Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts
|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica
|year=2006
|volume=XIII
|ref=none
}}
* {{cite book |last=Spuler |first=Bertold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC |title=Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey |publisher=Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-9971774882}}
* {{cite book |last=Windfuhr |first=Gernot |year=1979 |title=Persian Grammar: History and State of its Study |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}

==General references==
* {{Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. E. |last2=Crowe |first2=Yolande |volume=8 |title=Sāmānids |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/samanids-COM_0995}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Esmāʿīl, b. Aḥmad b. Asad Sāmānī, Abū Ebrāhīm |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esmail-b-ahmad-b-asad-samani |volume=8 |fascicle=6 |pages=636–637}}
* {{cite book |last=Crone |first=Patricia |title=The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1107642386 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7k0hAwAAQBAJ&q=false}}
* {{cite book |last=de Blois |first=Francois |title=Persian Literature – A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V) |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0947593476}}
* {{Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition |last1=de Bruijn |first1=J.T.P. |volume=4 |title=Iran, vii.—Literature |pages=52–75 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/iran-COM_0377}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=13 |fascicle=3 |last=Frye |first=R. N. |title=Iran v. Peoples of Iran (1) A General Survey |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey |pages=321–326}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Jeremiás |first=Éva |date=2011 |title=Iran |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |publisher=Brill Online |editor1-last=Edzard |editor1-first=Lutz |editor2-last=de Jong |editor2-first=Rudolf |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/iran-EALL_COM_vol2_0055}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=7 |fascicle=1 |last=Lazard |first=G. |title=Darī |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari |pages=34–35}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Litvinsky |editor-first=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |year=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&q=Divashtich}}
* {{cite book |last=Rypka |first=Jan |authorlink=Jan Rypka |title=History of Iranian Literature |year=1968 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-9401034814}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|25em}}
* {{cite book |last=Asatrian |first=Garnik |title=Etymological Dictionary of Persian |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic Publishers]] |series=[[Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-04-18341-4 |url=http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227&pid=23589 |access-date=23 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227154324/http://brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Bleeck |first=Arthur Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vroOAAAAQAAJ |title=A concise grammar of the Persian language |year=1857 |edition=Oxford University |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172906/https://books.google.com/books?id=vroOAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Dahlén |first=Ashk |title=Modern persisk grammatik |publisher=Ferdosi International Publication |date=April 2014 |isbn=9789197988674 |edition=2nd |orig-year=1st edition October 2010 |url=http://www.ashkdahlen.com/index.php?id=152 |access-date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011020855/http://www.ashkdahlen.com/index.php?id=152 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=usurped}}
* {{cite book |last=Delshad |first=Farshid |date=September 2007 |title=Anthologia Persica |publisher=Logos Verlag |isbn=978-3-8325-1620-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Doctor |first=Sorabshaw Byramji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0MOAAAAQAAJ |title=The student's Persian and English dictionary, pronouncing, etymological, & explanatory |year=1880 |publisher=Irish Presbyterian Mission Press |page=558 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723202830/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0MOAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Doctor |first=Sorabshaw Byramji |author2-last=Saʻdī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUUOAAAAQAAJ |title=Second book of Persian, to which are added the Pandnámah of Shaikh Saádi and the Gulistán, chapter 1, together with vocabulary and short notes |year=1880 |publisher=Irish Presbyterian Mission Press |edition=2 |page=120 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173200/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUUOAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Doctor |first=Sorabshaw Byramji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEMOAAAAQAAJ |title=The Persian primer, being an elementary treatise on grammar, with exercises |year=1879 |publisher=Irish Presbyterian Mission Press |page=94 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310171629/https://books.google.com/books?id=NEMOAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Doctor |first=Sorabshaw Byramji |url=https://archive.org/details/anewgrammarpers00doctgoog |title=A new grammar of the Persian tongue for the use of schools and colleges |year=1875 |publisher=Irish Presbyterian Mission Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/anewgrammarpers00doctgoog/page/n94 84] |access-date=6 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Forbes |first=Duncan |url=https://archive.org/details/agrammarpersian00lagoog |title=A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary |year=1844 |publisher=Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co. |edition=2nd |page=114 & 158 |access-date=6 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Forbes |first=Duncan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDoMAAAAYAAJ |title=A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations |year=1869 |publisher=Wm. H. Allen & Co. |edition=4th |page=238 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310171635/https://books.google.com/books?id=BDoMAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Forbes |first=Duncan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoRQAAAAYAAJ |title=A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations |year=1876 |publisher=W.H. Allen |page=238 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173105/https://books.google.com/books?id=DoRQAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Ibrâhîm |first=Muḥammad |url=https://archive.org/details/agrammarpersian00ibrgoog |title=A grammar of the Persian language |year=1841 |access-date=6 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Sir William |author-link=William Jones (philologist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkBbAAAAQAAJ |title=A grammar of the Persian language |year=1783 |edition=3 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172942/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkBbAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Sir William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T9bAAAAQAAJ |title=A grammar of the Persian language |year=1797 |edition=4 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172907/https://books.google.com/books?id=3T9bAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Sir William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEhFAQAAIAAJ |title=A grammar of the Persian language |year=1801 |publisher=Murray and Highley, J. Sewell |edition=5 |page=194 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173228/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEhFAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Sir William |editor=Samuel Lee |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p4dBAAAAYAAJ |title=A grammar of the Persian language |year=1823 |publisher=Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and co. |edition=8 |page=230 |access-date=6 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Sir William |url=https://archive.org/details/agrammarpersian01jonegoog |title=A grammar of the Persian language |editor=Samuel Lee |year=1828 |publisher=Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and Co. |edition=9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/agrammarpersian01jonegoog/page/n316 283] |access-date=6 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Lazard |first=Gilbert |title=Grammaire du persan contemporain |publisher=Institut Français de Recherche en Iran |date=January 2006 |isbn=978-2909961378 |url=http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8392 |access-date=18 February 2011 |archive-date=3 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503214743/http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8392 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Lumsden |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7dIAAAAcAAJ |title=A grammar of the Persian language; comprising a portion of the elements of Arabic inflexion [etc.] |year=1810 |place=Calcutta |publisher=T. Watley |volume=2 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172641/https://books.google.com/books?id=a7dIAAAAcAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |edition=illustrated |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |isbn=0-7007-1695-5 |last=Mace |first=John |title=Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision |date=18 October 2002}}
* {{cite book |last=Moises |first=Edward |year=1792 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3lHAAAAYAAJ |title=The Persian interpreter: in three parts: A grammar of the Persian language. Persian extracts, in prose and verse. A vocabulary: Persian and English |publisher=Printed by L. Hodgson |page=143 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172353/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3lHAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Edward Henry |author-link=Edward Henry Palmer |title=A concise dictionary, English-Persian: together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language |url=https://archive.org/details/aconcisediction00stragoog |editor=Guy Le Strange |year=1883 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |page=[https://archive.org/details/aconcisediction00stragoog/page/n60 42] |place=London |access-date=6 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Platts |first=John Thompson |year=1894 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxKkZZgJxcwC |title=A grammar of the Persian language ... |volume=Part I.—Accidence |place=London & Edinburgh |publisher=Williams and Norgate |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172644/https://books.google.com/books?id=pxKkZZgJxcwC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Ranking |first=George Speirs Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/aprimerpersianc00rankgoog |title=A primer of Persian: containing selections for reading and composition with the elements of syntax |year=1907 |publisher=The Clarendon Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/aprimerpersianc00rankgoog/page/n76 72] |access-date=6 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Richardson |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/avocabularypers00richgoog |title=A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary |editor=Sir Charles Wilkins |editor2=David Hopkins |year=1810 |publisher=Printed for F. and C. Rivingson |page=[https://archive.org/details/avocabularypers00richgoog/page/n657 643] |access-date=6 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Rosen |first=Friedrich |author2-last=Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh (Shah of Iran) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Exb_NBfBuZkC |title=Modern Persian colloquial grammar: containing a short grammar, dialogues and extracts from Nasir-Eddin shah's diaries, tales, etc., and a vocabulary |year=1898 |publisher=Luzac & C.̊ |page=400 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172355/https://books.google.com/books?id=Exb_NBfBuZkC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Schmitt |first=Rüdiger |year=1989 |title=Compendium linguarum Iranicarum |publisher=L. Reichert |isbn=3-88226-413-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Ramdhun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T1bAAAAQAAJ |title=A dictionary in Persian and English, with pronunciation (ed. by M.C. Sen). |editor=Madhub Chunder Sen |year=1841 |edition=2 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403163033/http://books.google.com/books?id=3T1bAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Ramdhun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJAvAAAAYAAJ |title=A dictionary in Persian and English |year=1829 |publisher=Printed for the author at the Baptist Mission Press |page=226 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173126/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJAvAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Ramdhun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sk4OAAAAQAAJ |title=A dictionary in English and Persian |year=1833 |publisher=Printed at the Baptist Mission Press |page=276 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203005729/https://books.google.com/books?id=sk4OAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Ramdhun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6j1bAAAAQAAJ |title=A dictionary in English and Persian |year=1833 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172352/https://books.google.com/books?id=6j1bAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book
| last=Thackston
| first=W. M.
| title=An Introduction to Persian
| edition=3rd Rev
| publisher=Ibex Publishers
| isbn=0-936347-29-5
| date=1 May 1993
| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00thac
}}
* {{cite book |last=Tucker |first=William Thornhill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT5bAAAAQAAJ |title=A pocket dictionary of English and Persian |year=1801 |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403200810/http://books.google.com/books?id=wT5bAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Tucker |first=William Thornhill |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.19273 |title=A pocket dictionary of English and Persian |year=1850 |publisher=J. Madden |page=145 |access-date=6 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Windfuhr |first=Gernot L. |date=15 January 2009 |chapter=Persian |title=The World's Major Languages |edition=2nd |editor=Bernard Comrie |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35339-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Wollaston |first=(Sir) Arthur Naylor |url=https://archive.org/details/anenglishpersia00wollgoog |title=An English-Persian dictionary |year=1882 |publisher=W. H. Allen |access-date=6 July 2011}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |auto=1 |wikt=Category:Persian language |commons=Category:Persian language |voy=Persian phrasebook |iw=fa |display=Persian}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830061043/http://www.persianacademy.ir/ Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website] {{in lang|fa}} (archived 30 August 2009)
* [http://www.persian-language.com/ Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website] {{in lang|fa}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121209222040/http://persianlanguage.ir/ Persian language Resources] {{in lang|fa}} (archived 9 December 2012)
* [http://www.parstimes.com/language/ Persian Language Resources], parstimes.com
* [http://alefbaye2om.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Ma_farsi_balad_im_EN.pdf Persian language tutorial books for beginners]
* [[Soleiman Haim|Haim, Soleiman]]. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hayyim/ New Persian–English dictionary]. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934–1936. uchicago.edu
* [[Steingass, Francis Joseph]]. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary]. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html UCLA Language Materials Project:] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170923082042/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=63&menu=004 Persian], ucla.edu (archived 20 July 2006)
* [http://www.kolahstudio.com/?p=620 How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti], Persian Graffiti
* [https://archive.org/details/mike_worldmentoringacademy_03b Basic Persian language course (book + audio files)] – USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)

{{Persian language}}
{{Iranian languages}}
{{Languages of Iran}}
{{Languages of Bahrain}}
{{Languages of Iraq}}
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{{Languages of the Caucasus}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Persian language| ]]
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Henri Bergson

2026-03-24T23:18:40Z

Raj kumar:

{{Short description|French philosopher (1859–1941)}}
{{Redirect|Bergson|the surname|Bergson (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region = [[Western philosophy]]
| era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
| image = Henri Bergson 02.jpg
| caption = Bergson in 1927
| birth_name = Henri-Louis Bergson
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1859|10|18}}
| birth_place = Paris, [[Second French Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1941|1|4|1859|10|18}}
| death_place = Paris, [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German-occupied France]]
| education = {{ubl | [[École Normale Supérieure]] | [[University of Paris]] (Ph.D., 1889)}}
| notable_works = {{ubl | ''[[Time and Free Will]]'' (1889) | ''[[Matter and Memory]]'' (1896) | ''[[Creative Evolution (book)|Creative Evolution]]'' (1907)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Louise Neuberger|1891}}
| institutions = [[Collège de France]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Paul Janet]]
| doctoral_students = [[Jean Wahl]]
| notable_students = {{hlist | [[Étienne Gilson]] | [[Vladimir Jankélévitch]] }}
| school_tradition = {{hlist | [[Continental philosophy]] | [[French spiritualism]] | [[philosophy of life]]<ref>John Ó Maoilearca, Beth Lord (eds.), ''The Continuum Companion to Continental Philosophy'', Bloomsbury Academic, 2009, p. 204.</ref> | [[process philosophy]]<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/ | title = Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) | chapter = Process Philosophy | year = 2022 | publisher = Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref>}}
| main_interests = {{hlist | [[Metaphysics]] | [[epistemology]] | [[philosophy of language]] | [[philosophy of mathematics]] | studies of [[immediate experience]]}}
| notable_ideas = {{hlist | [[Duration (philosophy)|Duration]] | [[intuition (Bergson)|intuition]] | [[affect (philosophy)|affection]] | ''[[élan vital]]'' | [[immediate data of consciousness]] | [[open society]]}}
| awards = [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (1927)
| signature = Signature of Henri Bergson.svg
}}

'''Henri-Louis Bergson''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɜr|ɡ|s|ən|,_|ˈ|b|ɛər|g|-}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bergson "Bergson"]. ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA|fr|bɛʁksɔn|lang}}; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French philosopher who was influential in the traditions of [[analytic philosophy]] and [[continental philosophy]], especially during the first half of the 20th century until the [[Second World War]],<ref>Merquior, J. G. (1987). Foucault (Fontana Modern Masters series), University of California Press, p.11. {{ISBN|0-520-06062-8}}.</ref> but also after 1966 when [[Gilles Deleuze]] published ''Le Bergsonisme''.

Bergson is known for his arguments that processes of [[immediate experience]] and [[Intuition (knowledge)|intuition]] are more significant than abstract [[rationalism]] and science for understanding reality. Bergson was awarded the 1927 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented".<ref>
{{cite web|url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1927/|title= The Nobel prize in Literature|access-date= 15 November 2010}}</ref> In 1930, France awarded him its highest honour, the [[Grand-Croix de la Legion d'honneur]]. Bergson's great popularity created a controversy in France, where his views were seen as opposing the "[[Secularism in France|secular]] and scientific" attitude adopted by the [[French Third Republic|Republic]]'s officials.<ref>Robert C. Grogin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LybXAAAAMAAJ ''The Bergsonian Controversy in France, 1900–1914''], Univ of Calgary Press (May 1988), {{ISBN|0919813305}}{{page needed|date=February 2025}}{{request quotation|date=October 2023}}</ref>

==Biography==

=== Overview ===

Bergson lived the quiet life of a French professor, marked by the publication of his four principal works:

# in 1889, ''[[Time and Free Will]]'' (''Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience'')
# in 1896, ''[[Matter and Memory]]'' (''Matière et mémoire'')
# in 1907, ''[[Creative Evolution (book)|Creative Evolution]]'' (''L'Évolution créatrice'')
# in 1932, ''The Two Sources of Morality and Religion'' (''Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion'')

In 1900, the [[Collège de France]] appointed Bergson Chair of Greek and Roman Philosophy, which he remained until 1904. He then replaced [[Gabriel Tarde]] as the Chair of Modern Philosophy until 1920. The public attended his open courses in large numbers.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://antilogicalism.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/matter-and-memory.pdf|title=Matter and memory|website=antilogicalism.com|access-date=9 April 2023|date=July 2017}}</ref>

===Early years ===
Bergson was born in the Rue Lamartine in Paris, not far from the [[Palais Garnier]] (the old Paris opera house) in 1859. His father, the composer and pianist [[Michał Bergson]], was of [[Polish-Jewish]] background<ref name="Gelber">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Bergson |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587502673.html |access-date=7 December 2015 |last=Gelber |first=Nathan Michael |date=1 January 2007 |author-link=Nathan Michael Gelber |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329105853/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587502673.html |archive-date=29 March 2015 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Dynner 2008 104–105">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jVtp3s8CtScC&pg=PA102 |title= Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society |author-link= Glenn Dynner|first= Glenn|last= Dynner|year= 2008|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0195382655 |pages= 104–105}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61856/Henri-Bergson Henri Bergson]. 2014. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 13 August 2014</ref><ref name="Z ziemi polskiej do Nobla">{{Cite news | title = Z ziemi polskiej do Nobla | url = http://www.wprost.pl/ar/140524/Z-ziemi-polskiej-do-Nobla/?O=140524&pg=2 | newspaper = Wprost | publisher = Agencja Wydawniczo-Reklamowa Wprost | location = Warsaw | date = 4 January 2008
| access-date = 10 May 2010 | language = pl |trans-title= From the Polish lands to the Nobel Prize | quote = Polskie korzenie ma Henri Bergson, jeden z najwybitniejszych pisarzy, fizyk i filozof francuski żydowskiego pochodzenia. Jego ojcem był Michał Bergson z Warszawy, prawnuk Szmula Jakubowicza Sonnenberga, zwanego Zbytkowerem (1756–1801), żydowskiego kupca i bankiera. [Translation: Henri Bergson, one of the greatest French writers, physicists and philosophers of Jewish ancestry, had Polish roots. His father was Michael Bergson from Warsaw, the great-grandson of Szmul Jakubowicz Sonnenberg – known as Zbytkower – (1756–1801), a Jewish merchant and banker.] }}</ref><ref name="dziedzictwo.polska.pl">[http://dziedzictwo.polska.pl/katalog/skarb,Testament_starozakonnego_Berka_Szmula_Sonnenberga_z_1818_roku,gid,261356,cid,3312.htm?body=desc Testament starozakonnego Berka Szmula Sonnenberga z 1818 roku] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928215838/http://dziedzictwo.polska.pl/katalog/skarb%2CTestament_starozakonnego_Berka_Szmula_Sonnenberga_z_1818_roku%2Cgid%2C261356%2Ccid%2C3312.htm?body=desc |date= 28 September 2011 }}</ref> (originally bearing the name ''Bereksohn''). His great-grandmother, [[Temerl Bergson]], was a well-known patroness and benefactor of Polish Jewry, especially those associated with the [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] movement.<ref name="Gelber"/><ref name="Dynner 2008 104–105"/> His mother, Katherine Levison, daughter of a Yorkshire doctor, was from an [[History of the Jews in England|English-Jewish]] and [[History of the Jews in Ireland|Irish-Jewish]] background. The Bereksohns were a famous Jewish entrepreneurial family<ref name="britannica.com"/> of Polish descent. Henri Bergson's great-great-grandfather, {{ill|Szmul Zbytkower|lt=Szmul Jakubowicz Sonnenberg called Zbytkower|pl|Szmul Zbytkower}}, was a prominent banker and a protégé of [[Stanisław II Augustus]],<ref name="Z ziemi polskiej do Nobla"/><ref name="dziedzictwo.polska.pl"/> king of Poland from 1764 to 1795.

Bergson's family lived in London for a few years after his birth, and he obtained an early familiarity with the English language from his mother. Before he was nine, his parents settled in France, and Henri became a naturalized French citizen.

Bergson married Louise Neuberger, a cousin of [[Marcel Proust]], in 1891. (Proust served as [[groomsman#best man|best man]] at the wedding.)<ref>Suzanne Guerlac, ''Thinking in Time: An Introduction to Henri Bergson'', Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2007, p. 9.</ref> Henri and Louise Bergson had a daughter, Jeanne, born deaf in 1896. Bergson's sister, Mina Bergson (also known as [[Moina Mathers]]), married the English [[occult]] author [[Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers]], a founder of the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]], and the couple later relocated to Paris.

===Education and career===
[[File:Bergson1889Diss2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience'' (dissertation, 1889)]]
[[File:Bergson1889Diss1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Quid Aristoteles de loco senserit'' (dissertation, 1889)]]
Bergson attended the Lycée Fontanes (known as the [[Lycée Condorcet]], 1870–1874 and 1883–present) in Paris from 1868 to 1878. He had previously received a Jewish religious education,<ref>Lawlor, Leonard and Moulard Leonard, Valentine, "Henri Bergson", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/bergson/></ref> but lost his faith between the ages of 14 and 16. According to Hude (1990), this moral crisis is tied to his discovery of the theory of [[evolution]], according to which humanity shares a common ancestry with modern [[primate]]s, a process construed as needing no creative deity.<ref>Henri Hude, ''Bergson'', Paris, Editions Universitaires, 1990, 2 volumes, quoted by Anne Fagot-Largeau in her [http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/phi_sci/cours_3.jsp 21 December 2006 course] at the College of France</ref>

At the lycée, Bergson won a prize for his scientific work and another, in 1877, when he was 18, for the solution of a mathematical problem. His solution was published the next year in ''[[Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques]].''<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bergson | first=Henri | title=Question proposée au concours général de 1877, pour la classe de mathématiques élémentaires | journal=Nouvelles annales de mathématiques| volume=17 | date=1878 | issn=2400-4782 | pages=268–276 | url=https://www.numdam.org/item/NAM_1878_2_17__268_0/ | language=fr | access-date=2025-11-21}}</ref> It was his first published work. After some hesitation about whether to pursue the sciences or the [[humanities]], he decided on the latter, to his teachers' dismay.<ref name="Fagot-Largeau">[[Anne Fagot-Largeau]], [http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/phi_sci/p1184676830986.htm 21 December 2006 course] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206183341/http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/phi_sci/p1184676830986.htm|date=6 February 2009}} at the [[College of France]] (audio file of the course)</ref> When he was 19, he entered the [[École Normale Supérieure]] (during this period, he read [[Herbert Spencer]]).<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> He obtained there the degree of ''[[licence ès lettres]]'', and then an ''[[Agrégation|agrégation de philosophie]]'' in 1881 from the [[University of Paris]].

The same year, he received a teaching appointment at the lycée in [[Angers]], the ancient capital of [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]]. Two years later he settled at the {{Interlanguage link|Lycée Blaise-Pascal (Clermont-Ferrand)|fr}} in [[Clermont-Ferrand]], capital of the [[Puy-de-Dôme]] [[département]].

The year after his arrival at Clermont-Ferrand, Bergson displayed his ability in the humanities by the publication of an edition of extracts from [[Lucretius]], with a critical study of ''De Rerum Natura'', issued as ''Extraits de Lucrèce'', and of Lucretius's [[materialism|materialist]] [[cosmology]] (1884), repeated editions of which attest to its value in promoting Classics among French youth. While teaching and lecturing in this part of his country (the [[Auvergne (province)|Auvergne]] region), Bergson found time for private study and original work. He crafted his dissertation, ''[[Time and Free Will]]'' (''Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience''), along with a short [[Latin]] thesis on [[Aristotle]] (''Quid Aristoteles de loco senserit'', "On the Concept of Place in Aristotle") for his [[doctoral degree]], which was awarded by the University of Paris in 1889. The work was published in the same year by [[Félix Alcan]]. He also gave courses in Clermont-Ferrand on the [[Pre-Socratic Philosophy|Pre-Socratics]], in particular [[Heraclitus]].<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/>

Bergson dedicated ''Time and Free Will'' to [[Jules Lachelier]] (1832–1918), then [[Minister of National Education (France)|public education minister]], a disciple of [[Félix Ravaisson]] and the author of ''On the Foundations of Induction'' (''Du fondement de l'induction'', 1871; a work on [[inductive reasoning]]). Lachelier endeavoured "to substitute everywhere force for inertia, life for death, and liberty for fatalism". According to [[Louis de Broglie]], ''Time and Free Will'' "antedates by forty years the ideas of [[Niels Bohr]] and [[Werner Heisenberg]] on the physical interpretation of wave mechanics."<ref>[[Louis de Broglie]], (1969[1947]) ''The concept of contemporary physics and Bergson’s Ideas on Time and Motion'', in Bergson and the evolution of physics, Pete A.Y. Gunter (Ed. and trans.) Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, p47.</ref>

Bergson settled again in Paris in 1888,<ref>''Henri Bergson: Key Writings'', ed. Keith Ansell Pearson and John Mullarkey. London: Continuum, 2002, p. ix.</ref> and after teaching for some months at the [[municipal college]], known as the ''College Rollin'', he received an appointment at the [[Lycée Henri-Quatre]], where he remained for eight years. There, he read [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] and gave a course on his theories.<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> Although Bergson had previously endorsed [[Lamarckism]] and its theory of the [[inheritance of acquired characters|heritability of acquired characteristics]], he came to prefer Darwin's hypothesis of gradual variation, which were more compatible with his continual vision of life.<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/>

In 1896, Bergson published his second major work, ''Matter and Memory''. This rather difficult work investigates the function of the brain and undertakes an analysis of perception and memory, leading up to a careful consideration of the relationship of body and mind. Bergson spent years of research in preparation for each of his three large works. This is especially obvious in ''Matter and Memory'', which shows thorough acquaintance with the extensive pathological investigations carried out during the period.

In 1898, Bergson became ''[[maître de conférences]]'' at his alma mater, École Normale Supérieure, and later that year was promoted to a professorship. The year 1900 saw him installed as a professor at the [[Collège de France]], where he accepted the Chair of [[Greek philosophy|Greek and Roman Philosophy]] in succession to {{Interlanguage link|Charles Lévêque|fr}}.

At the first [[International Congress of Philosophy]], held in Paris during the first five days of August 1900, Bergson read a short paper, "Psychological Origins of the Belief in the Law of Causality" (''Sur les origines psychologiques de notre croyance à la loi de causalité''). In 1900, [[Felix Alcan]] published a work that had previously appeared in the ''[[Revue de Paris]]'', ''[[Laughter (book)|Laughter]]'' (''Le rire''), one of the most important of Bergson's minor works. This essay on the meaning of comedy stemmed from a lecture he had given in his early days in Auvergne. The study of it is essential to an understanding of Bergson's views of life, especially its passages dealing with the place of the artistic in life. The paper's main thesis is that laughter is a corrective evolved to make social life possible for human beings. People laugh at those who fail to adapt to society's demands of society if it seems their failure is akin to an inflexible mechanism. Comic authors have exploited this human tendency to laugh in various ways, and what is common to them is the idea that the comic consists in "something mechanical encrusted on the living".<ref>p. 39</ref><ref>Seth Benedict Graham ''[http://etd.library.pitt.edu/ETD/available/etd-11032003-192424/unrestricted/grahamsethb_etd2003.pdf A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSO-SOVIET ANEKDOT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116083634/http://etd.library.pitt.edu/ETD/available/etd-11032003-192424/unrestricted/grahamsethb_etd2003.pdf |date=16 January 2013 }}'', 2003, p. 2</ref>

In 1901, the [[Académie des sciences morales et politiques]] elected Bergson as a member. In 1903 he contributed to the ''[[Revue de métaphysique et de morale]]'' an essay, ''[[Introduction to Metaphysics (Bergson)|Introduction to Metaphysics]]'' (''Introduction à la metaphysique''), which is useful as a preface to the study of his three large books. He detailed in this essay his philosophical program, realized in the ''Creative Evolution''.<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/>

On the death of [[Gabriel Tarde]], the sociologist and philosopher, in 1904, Bergson succeeded him as Chair of Modern Philosophy. From 4 to 8 September of that year, he visited [[Geneva]], attending the Second International Congress of Philosophy, when he lectured on ''The Mind and Thought: A Philosophical Illusion'' (Le cerveau et la pensée: une illusion philosophique). An illness prevented his visiting Germany to attend the Third Congress held at [[Heidelberg]]. In these years, Bergson strongly influenced [[Jacques Maritain]], perhaps even saving Maritain and his wife Raïssa from suicide.<ref>[https://plto.stanford.edu/entries/maritain Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Jacques Maritain]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bergsonian Philosophy and Thomism |url=https://undpress.nd.edu/9780268021528/bergsonian-philosophy-and-thomism |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Notre Dame University Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bergson's third major work, ''Creative Evolution'', the most widely known and most discussed of his books, appeared in 1907. Pierre Imbart de la Tour remarked that ''Creative Evolution'' was a milestone of a new direction in thought.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gunn |first=John Alexander |title=Bergson and His Philosophy |date=2005 |publisher=Kessinger |isbn=978-1-4191-0968-3 |edition=Fac-sim |location=S.L.}}</ref> By 1918, [[Alcan]], the publisher, had issued 21 editions, making an average of two editions ''per annum'' for ten years. Following the appearance of this book, Bergson's popularity increased enormously, not only in academic circles but among the general public.

At that time, Bergson had already extensively studied biology, including the theory of [[fecundation]] (as shown in the first chapter of the ''Creative Evolution''), which had only recently emerged, ca. 1885 – no small feat for a philosopher specializing in the [[history of philosophy]], in particular Greek and Roman philosophy.<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> He also most certainly had read, apart from Darwin, [[Haeckel]], from whom he retained his idea of a unity of life and of the ecological solidarity between all living beings,<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> as well as [[Hugo de Vries]], from whom he quoted his [[mutation theory]] of evolution (which he opposed, preferring Darwin's gradualism).<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> He also quoted [[Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard]], the successor of [[Claude Bernard]] at the Chair of Experimental Medicine in the Collège de France.

Bergson served as a juror with [[Florence Meyer Blumenthal]] in awarding the [[Prix Blumenthal]], a grant given between 1919 and 1954 to painters, sculptors, decorators, engravers, writers, and musicians.<ref name="FMBlumenthal">{{Cite web
| title = Florence Meyer Blumenthal
| publisher = Jewish Women's Archive, Michele Siegel
| url = http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/blumenthal-florence-meyer}}</ref>

===Relationship with James and pragmatism===
Bergson travelled to London in 1908 and met there with [[William James]], the [[Harvard University]] philosopher who was Bergson's senior by 17 years, and who was instrumental in calling Bergson's work to the attention of the Anglo-American public. The two became great friends. James's impression of Bergson is given in his Letters under the date of 4 October 1908:

<blockquote>So modest and unpretending a man but such a genius intellectually! I have the strongest suspicions that the tendency which he has brought to a focus, will end by prevailing, and that the present epoch will be a sort of turning point in the history of philosophy.</blockquote>

As early as 1880, James had contributed an article in French to the periodical ''La Critique philosophique'', of Renouvier and Pillon, titled ''Le Sentiment de l'effort''. Four years later, a couple of articles by him appeared in the journal ''Mind'': "What is an Emotion?" and "On some Omissions of Introspective Psychology". Bergson quoted the first two of these in ''Time and Free Will''. In 1890–91 appeared the two volumes of James's monumental work ''[[The Principles of Psychology]]'', in which he refers to a pathological phenomenon Bergson observed. Some writers{{Who|date=March 2024}}, taking merely these dates into consideration and overlooking that James's investigations had been proceeding since 1870 (registered from time to time by various articles that culminated in ''The Principles''), have mistakenly dated Bergson's ideas as earlier than James's.

William James hailed Bergson as an ally. In 1903, he wrote:
<blockquote>I have been re-reading Bergson's books, and nothing that I have read for years has so excited and stimulated my thoughts. I am sure that his philosophy has a great future; it breaks through old frameworks and brings things to a solution from which new crystallizations can be reached.<ref>
[http://www.ibiblio.org/HTMLTexts/John_Alexander_Gunn/Bergson_And_His_Philosophy/chapter1.html Bergson and his philosophy] Chapter 1: Life of Bergson
</ref></blockquote>

The most noteworthy tributes James paid to Bergson come in the [[Hibbert Lectures]] (A Pluralistic Universe), which James gave at [[Manchester College, Oxford]], shortly after meeting Bergson in London. He remarks on the encouragement he gained from Bergson's thought, and refers to his confidence in being "able to lean on Bergson's authority".

Bergson's influence had led James "to renounce the intellectualist method and the current notion that logic is an adequate measure of what can or cannot be". It had induced him, he continued, "to give up logic, squarely and irrevocably" as a method, for he found that "reality, life, experience, concreteness, immediacy, use what word you will, exceeds our logic, overflows, and surrounds it".

These remarks, which appeared in James's book ''A Pluralistic Universe'' in 1909, impelled many English and American readers to investigate Bergson's philosophy, but no English translations of Bergson's major work had yet appeared. James encouraged and assisted [[Arthur Mitchell (physician)|Arthur Mitchell]] in preparing an English translation of ''Creative Evolution''. In August 1910, James died. It was his intention, had he lived to see the translation finished, to introduce it to the English reading public by a prefatory note of appreciation. The next year, the translation was completed and still greater interest in Bergson and his work ensued. By coincidence, in that same year (1911), Bergson wrote a 16-page preface, ''Truth and Reality'', to the French translation of James's book ''Pragmatism''. In it, he expressed sympathetic appreciation of James's work, together with certain important reservations.

From 5 to 11 April, Bergson attended the Fourth International Congress of Philosophy held at [[Bologna]], in Italy, where he gave an address on "Philosophical Intuition". In response to invitations he visited England in May of that year and on several subsequent occasions. These visits were well received. His speeches offered new perspectives and elucidated many passages in his three major works: ''Time and Free Will'', ''Matter and Memory'', and ''Creative Evolution''. Although necessarily brief statements, they developed and enriched the ideas in his books and clarified for English audiences the fundamental principles of his philosophy.

===Lectures on change, popularity and influence===
In May 1911, Bergson gave two lectures, ''The Perception of Change'' (''La perception du changement''), at the [[University of Oxford]]. The [[Clarendon Press]] published these in French in the same year.<ref>
{{Cite book
|last= Bergson
|first= Henri
|title= La perception du changement; conférences faites à l'Université d'Oxford les 26 et 27 mai 1911
|url= https://archive.org/details/perceptionchange00berguoft
|trans-title= The perception of change: lectures delivered at the University of Oxford on 26 and 27 May 1911
|year= 1911
|publisher= Clarendon
|location= Oxford
|language= fr
|page= [https://archive.org/details/perceptionchange00berguoft/page/n40 37]}}
</ref> His talks were concise and lucid, leading students and the general reader to his other, longer writings. Oxford later conferred on him the degree of [[Doctor of Science]].

Two days later he delivered the [[Huxley Lecture]] at the [[University of Birmingham]], taking for his subject ''Life and Consciousness''. This subsequently appeared in ''[[The Hibbert Journal]]'' (October 1911), and, revised, is the first essay in the collected volume ''Mind-Energy'' (''L'Énergie spirituelle''). In October he again travelled to England, where he had an enthusiastic reception, and delivered at [[University College London]] four lectures on ''La Nature de l'Âme'' (The Nature of the Soul).

In 1913, Bergson visited the United States of America at the invitation of [[Columbia University]] and lectured in several American cities, where very large audiences welcomed him. In February, at Columbia, he lectured both in French and English, taking as his subjects ''Spirituality and Freedom'' and ''The Method of Philosophy''. Being again in England in May of that year, he accepted the presidency of the British [[Society for Psychical Research]], and delivered to it an address, ''Phantoms of Life and Psychic Research'' (Fantômes des vivants et recherche psychique).

Meanwhile, his popularity increased, and translations of his work began to appear in a number of languages: [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]. In 1914 Bergson's countrymen honoured him by his election as a member of the [[Académie française]]. He was also made President of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and became Officier de la [[Légion d'honneur]] and Officier de l'Instruction publique.

Bergson found disciples of many types. In France he was responsible for influencing the conversion of [[Charles Péguy]] and [[Jacques Maritain]]<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=5. Jacques Maritain and the Neo-Thomist Critique of Bergson |date=2007-01-31 |work=Humanite: John Humphry's Alternative |url=https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442684447-007 |access-date=2026-01-24 |place=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press}}</ref> to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], and found particular reverence among French Catholic philosophers, namely [[Jean Guitton]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-03-23 |title=Obituary: Jean Guitton |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/obituary-jean-guitton-1082443.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> [[Emmanuel Mounier]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holland |first=Joe |date=2024-09-03 |title=Emmanuel Mounier's Four Books on Communitarian Personalism: Engaging with Existentialism, Marxism, and & Teilhard de Chardin |url=https://doi.org/10.69755/2995-2212.1302 |journal=The Journal of Social Encounters |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.69755/2995-2212.1302 |issn=2995-2212|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teilhard de Chardin Attempts to Reconcile Religion and Evolution {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> and [[Étienne Gilson|Etienne Gilson]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilson |first=Etienne |date=1947 |title=The Glory of Bergson |url=https://doi.org/10.5840/thought1947224159 |journal=Thought |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=581–584 |doi=10.5840/thought1947224159 |issn=0040-6457|url-access=subscription }}</ref> who described Bergson as "the greatest philosopher she [France] has known since Descartes". Such influence would later extend to [[Robert Schuman]], one of the founding fathers of the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schuman |first=Robert |title=Pour l'Europe. |date=1964 |publisher=Paris: Nagel. |edition=2nd}}</ref>

He would also impact [[Georges Sorel]], who took inspiration from the concept of dynamism and therefrom fashioned his revolutionary syndicalism, a feature which he saw as compatible to the Karl Marx and [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]'s hostility to the mechanistic positivism of their time, and argued, therefore, that supporters of Marxist socialism should welcome a philosophy such as Bergson's.<ref>{{Citation |title=6. Anarchy and Analogy: The Violence of Language in Bergson and Sorel |date=2020-12-31 |work=Bergson, Politics, and Religion |pages=126–143 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822395423-009 |access-date=2026-01-24 |publisher=Duke University Press}}</ref>

While social revolutionaries endeavoured to make the most out of Bergson, his influence among French Catholic intellectuals became divisive as soon as his former disciple, Jacques Maritain, became increasingly unsatisfied with the lack of certainty in Bergson's philosophical oeuvre, and instead found refuge in [[Thomas Aquinas|St. Thomas Aquinas]], which Maritain in turn used to develop a full critique of 'Bergsonism'. Maritain therefrom advocated for the placement of Bergson's work within the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]] under the accusation of implicit [[pantheism]].<ref name=":1" /> The Catholic Church eventually placed three of his works in the Index in 1914.<ref name="Fagot-Largeau" /> Nevertheless his readership and influence among Catholics remained, and Maritain eventually came to praise Bergson upon the publication of ''The Two Sources''.<ref>{{Citation |title=6. Two Versions of Human Rights |date=2007-01-31 |work=Humanite: John Humphry's Alternative |url=https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442684447-008 |access-date=2026-01-24 |place=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press}}</ref>

===Later years===
[[File:1917 Henri Bergson and daughter Jeanne Bergson.jpg|thumb|Bergson with his daughter, Jeanne, in 1917. [[Autochrome Lumière|Autochrome]] by [[The Archives of the Planet|Auguste Léon]]]]
In 1914, the Scottish universities arranged for Bergson to give the famous [[Gifford Lectures]], planning one course for the spring and another for the autumn. Bergson delivered the first course, consisting of 11 lectures, under the title ''The Problem of Personality'', at the [[University of Edinburgh]] in the spring of that year. The course of lectures planned for the autumn months had to be abandoned because of the outbreak of war.

Bergson was not silent during the conflict, and gave some inspiring addresses. As early as 4 November 1914, he wrote an article, "Wearing and Nonwearing Forces" (''La force qui s'use et celle qui ne s'use pas''), that appeared in a periodical of the ''[[poilu]]s'', ''Le Bulletin des Armées de la République Française''. A presidential address, "The Meaning of the War", was delivered in December 1914 to the Académie des sciences morales et politiques.

Bergson contributed also to the publication arranged by ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in honour of King [[Albert I of Belgium]], ''King Albert's Book'' (Christmas, 1914).<ref>
{{Cite book
|title= King Albert's book: a tribute to the Belgian king and people from representative men and women throughout the world
|url= https://archive.org/details/kingalbertsbookt00lond
|year= 1914
|publisher= The Daily Telegraph
|location= London
|page= [https://archive.org/details/kingalbertsbookt00lond/page/187 187]
}}
</ref> In 1915, he was succeeded in the office of President of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques by [[Alexandre Ribot]], and then delivered a discourse on "The Evolution of German Imperialism". Meanwhile, he found time to issue at the Minister of Public Instruction's request a brief summary of French philosophy. Bergson did a large amount of traveling and lecturing in America during the war. He participated in the negotiations that led to the [[World War I#Entry of the United States|entry of the United States]] into the war. He was there when the French Mission under [[René Viviani]] paid a visit in April and May 1917 after America's entry into the conflict. Viviani's book ''La Mission française en Amérique'' (1917) has a preface by Bergson.

Early in 1918, the [[Académie française]] received Bergson officially when he took his seat among "The Select Forty" as successor to [[Emile Ollivier]] (the author of the historical work ''L'Empire libéral''). A session was held in January in his honour at which he delivered an address on Ollivier. In the war, Bergson saw the conflict of Mind and Matter, or rather of Life and Mechanism; and thus showed his philosophy's central idea in action.

As many of Bergson's contributions to French periodicals remained relatively inaccessible, he had them published in two volumes. The first of these was being planned when war broke out. The conclusion of strife was marked by the appearance of a delayed volume in 1919. It bears the title ''Spiritual Energy: Essays and Lectures'' (reprinted as ''Mind-Energy'' – ''L'Énergie spirituelle: essais et conférences''). The advocate of Bergson's philosophy in England, [[Wildon Carr]], prepared an English translation under the title ''Mind-Energy''. The volume opens with the Huxley Memorial Lecture of 1911, "Life and Consciousness", in a revised and developed form under the title "Consciousness and Life". Signs of Bergson's growing interest in social ethics and in the idea of a future life of personal survival are manifested. The lecture before the Society for Psychical Research is included, as is also the one given in France, ''L'Âme et le Corps'', which contains the substance of the four London lectures on the Soul. The seventh and last article is a reprint of Bergson's famous lecture to the Congress of Philosophy at Geneva in 1904, ''The Psycho-Physiological Paralogism'' (Le paralogisme psycho-physiologique), which now appears as ''Le cerveau et la pensée: une illusion philosophique''. Other articles are on the False Recognition, on Dreams, and Intellectual Effort. The volume is a most welcome production and serves to bring together what Bergson wrote on the concept of mental force, and on his view of "tension" and "detension" as applied to the relation of matter and mind.

In June 1920, the [[University of Cambridge]] honoured him with the degree of [[Doctor of Letters]]. In order that he might devote his full-time to the great new work he was preparing on ethics, religion, and sociology, the Collège de France relieved Bergson of the duties attached to the Chair of Modern Philosophy there. He retained the chair, but no longer delivered lectures, his place being taken by his disciple, the mathematician and philosopher [[Édouard Le Roy]], who supported a [[conventionalism|conventionalist]] stance on the [[foundations of mathematics]], which was adopted by Bergson.<ref name=TheCreativeEvolution>See Chapter III of [https://archive.org/stream/creativeevolu1st00berguoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Creative Evolution'']</ref> Le Roy, who also succeeded to Bergson at the Académie française and was a fervent Catholic, extended to [[Revelation|revealed truth]] his conventionalism, leading him to privilege faith, heart and sentiment to [[dogma]]s, speculative theology and abstract reasoning. Like Bergson's, his writings were placed on the Index by the Vatican.

===Debate with Albert Einstein===
In 1922, Bergson's book ''Durée et simultanéité, à propos de la théorie d'Einstein'' (''Duration and Simultaneity: Bergson and the Einsteinian Universe'') was published.<ref>[[Jimena Canales|Canales J.]], ''The Physicist and the Philosopher: Einstein, Bergson and the Debate That Changed Our Understanding of Time'', Princeton, Princeton Press, 2015.</ref> Earlier that year, [[Albert Einstein]] had come to the French Society of Philosophy and briefly replied to a short speech made by Bergson.<ref>Minutes of the meeting:[http://s3.archive-host.com/membres/up/784571560/GrandesConfPhiloSciences/philosc13_einstein_1922.pdf Séance du 6 Avril 1922]</ref> It has been alleged that Bergson's knowledge of physics was insufficient and that the book did not follow up contemporary developments on physics.{{By whom|date=September 2021}} On the other hand, in "Einstein and the Crisis of Reason", a leading French philosopher, [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], accused Einstein of failing to grasp Bergson's argument. This argument, Merleau-Ponty says, which concerns not the physics of special relativity but its philosophical foundations, addresses paradoxes caused by popular interpretations and misconceptions about the theory, including Einstein's own.<ref>Signs, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, trans. Richard C. McCleary, Northwestern Univ. Press, 1964.</ref> ''Duration and Simultaneity'' was not published in the 1951 ''Edition du Centenaire'' in French, which contained all of his other works, and was only published later in a work gathering different essays, titled ''Mélanges''. This work took advantage of Bergson's experience at the [[League of Nations]], where he presided from 1920 to 1925 over the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (the ancestor of [[UNESCO]], and which included Einstein and [[Marie Curie]]).<ref>On the relation between Einstein and Bergson in this committee, see [http://www.jimenacanales.org/pdf-files/canales-Einstein,%20Bergson%20and%20the%20Experiment%20that%20Failed.pdf ''Einstein, Bergson and the Experiment that Failed: Intellectual Cooperation at the League of Nations''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081431/http://www.jimenacanales.org/pdf-files/canales-Einstein,%20Bergson%20and%20the%20Experiment%20that%20Failed.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}. On the involvement of Bergson (and Einstein) in the Committee in general, see {{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |language=fr |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne }}.</ref>

===Later years and death===
While living with his wife and daughter in a modest house in a quiet street near the [[Porte d'Auteuil (Paris Métro)|Porte d'Auteuil]] in Paris, Bergson won the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1927. Because of serious [[rheumatology|rheumatic ailments]], he could not travel to Stockholm, and sent instead a text subsequently published in ''La Pensée et le mouvant''.<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> He was elected a foreign honorary member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1928.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=16 June 2011}}</ref>

After his retirement from the Collège de France, Bergson began to fade into obscurity: he suffered from a degenerative illness (rheumatism, which left him half paralyzed<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/>). He completed his new work, ''The Two Sources of Morality and Religion'', which extended his philosophical theories to the realms of morality, religion, and art, in 1932. It was respectfully received by the public and the philosophical community, but by that time Bergson's days as a philosophical luminary were past. He was, however, able to reiterate his core beliefs near the end of his life, by renouncing all the posts and honours previously awarded him rather than accept exemption from the [[Vichy anti-Jewish legislation|antisemitic laws]] of the [[Vichy France|Vichy]] government.

Bergson inclined to convert to Catholicism, writing in his will on 7 February 1937: "My thinking has always brought me nearer to Catholicism, in which I saw the perfect complement to Judaism."<ref>Quoted in: {{Cite book
|last= Zolli
|first= Eugenio
|author-link= Israel Zolli
|title= Before the Dawn
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bq_Qp53ksMAC&pg=PA81
|orig-year= 1954
|year= 2008
|publisher= Ignatius Press
|isbn= 978-1-58617-287-9
|page= 89
}}
</ref> Though wishing to convert to Catholicism, as stated in his will, he did not do so in view of the travails inflicted on the Jewish people by the rise of [[Nazism]] and [[antisemitism]] in Europe in the 1930s; he did not want to appear to want to leave the persecuted. After the fall of France in 1940, Jews in occupied France were required to register at police stations. When completing his police form, Bergson made the following entry: "Academic. Philosopher. Nobel Prize winner. Jew."<ref>Gilbert, Martin. The Second World War: A Complete History (p. 129). Rosetta Books. Kindle Edition.</ref> It was the position of the Archbishop of Paris, [[Emmanuel Célestin Suhard]], that the public revelation of Bergson's conversion was too dangerous at the time, when the city was occupied by the Nazis, to both the Church and the Jewish population.<ref>[https://catholicism.org/forgotten-converts.html Forgotten Converts, Gary Potter, 2006.]</ref>

On 3 January 1941, Bergson died in occupied Paris of bronchitis.<ref name="TuckerWood1999">{{cite book|author1=Spencer Tucker|author2=Laura Matysek Wood|author3=Justin D. Murphy|title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC&pg=PA124|year=1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7|pages=124}}</ref> A Roman Catholic priest said prayers at his funeral per his request. Bergson is buried in the Cimetière de Garches, [[Hauts-de-Seine]].

==Philosophy==
Bergson rejected what he saw as the overly mechanistic predominant view of causality (as expressed in reductionism). He argued that free will must be allowed to unfold in an autonomous and unpredictable fashion. While Kant saw free will as something beyond time and space and therefore ultimately a matter of faith, Bergson attempted to redefine the modern conceptions of time, space, and causality in his concept of [[Duration (philosophy)|duration]], making room for a tangible marriage of free will with causality. Seeing duration as a mobile and fluid concept, Bergson argued that one cannot understand duration through "immobile" analysis, but only through experiential, first-person [[Intuition (Bergson)|intuition]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Lawlor|first1=Leonard|title=Henri Bergson|date=2016|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/bergson/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Summer 2016|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2019-12-10|last2=Moulard Leonard|first2=Valentine}}</ref>

===Creativity===
Bergson considers the appearance of novelty as a result of pure undetermined creation, instead of as the predetermined result of mechanistic forces. His philosophy emphasizes pure mobility, unforeseeable novelty, creativity and freedom; thus one can characterize his system as a [[process philosophy]]. It touches upon such topics as time and identity, [[free will]], perception, change, memory, consciousness, language, the [[foundation of mathematics]] and the limits of reason.<ref>Bergson explores these topics in ''Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness'', in ''Matter and Memory'', in ''Creative Evolution'', and in ''The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics''.
</ref>

Criticizing [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]'s theory of knowledge exposed in the ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' and his conception of truth – which he compares to [[Plato]]'s conception of truth as its symmetrical inversion (order of nature/order of thought) – Bergson attempted to redefine the relations between science and metaphysics, intelligence and [[intuition (Bergson)|intuition]], and insisted on the necessity of increasing thought's possibility through the use of intuition, which, according to him, alone approached a knowledge of the absolute and of real life, understood as pure [[Duration (philosophy)|duration]]. Because of his (relative) criticism of intelligence, he makes frequent use of images and metaphors in his writings in order to avoid the use of [[concept]]s, which (he considers) fail to touch the whole of reality, being only a sort of abstract net thrown on things. For instance, he says in ''The Creative Evolution'' (chap. III) that thought in itself would never have thought it possible for the human being to swim, as it cannot deduce swimming from walking. For swimming to be possible, man must throw himself in water, and only then can thought to consider swimming as possible. Intelligence, for Bergson, is a practical faculty rather than a pure speculative faculty, a product of evolution used by man to survive. If metaphysics is to avoid "false problems", it should not extend the abstract concepts of intelligence to pure speculation, but rather use intuition.<ref>Elie During, [http://ciepfc.rhapsodyk.net/article.php3?id_article=63 « Fantômes de problèmes »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428142556/http://ciepfc.rhapsodyk.net/article.php3?id_article=63|date=28 April 2008}}, published by the [[Centre International d'Études de la Philosophie Française Contemporaine]] (short version first published in ''[[Le magazine littéraire]]'', n°386, April 2000 (issue dedicated to Bergson)</ref>

''The Creative Evolution'' in particular attempted to think through the continuous creation of life, and explicitly pitted itself against [[Herbert Spencer]]'s evolutionary philosophy. Spencer had attempted to transpose [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[evolution]] in philosophy and to construct a [[cosmology]] based on this theory (Spencer also coined the expression "[[survival of the fittest]]"). Bergson disputed what he saw as Spencer's mechanistic philosophy.<ref>''The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics'', pages 11 to 14</ref>

Bergson's [[philosophy of life]] can be seen as a response to the [[mechanism (philosophy)|mechanistic philosophies]] of his time,<ref name="Creative_Mind">Henri Bergson, ''The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics'', pages 11 to 13.</ref> but also to the failure of [[finalism]].<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> Indeed, he considers that finalism is unable to explain "duration" and the "continuous creation of life", as it only explains life as the progressive development of an initially determined program – a notion which remains, for example, in the expression of a "[[genetics|genetic]] program";<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> such a description of finalism was adopted, for instance, by [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]].<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/>

Bergson regards planning for the future as impossible since time itself unravels unforeseen possibilities. Indeed, one can always explain a historical event retrospectively by its conditions of possibility. But, in the introduction to the ''Pensée et le mouvant'', he explains that such an event retrospectively created its causes, taking the example of the creation of a work of art, for example a symphony: it was impossible to predict a future symphony as if the composer knew what symphony would be best and wrote it. In his words, the effect created its cause. Henceforth, he attempted to find a third way between mechanism and finalism through the notion of an original impulse, the ''élan vital'', in life, which disperses itself through evolution into contradictory tendencies (he substituted for the finalist notion of a [[teleological]] aim the notion of an original impulse).

===Duration===
{{See also|Duration (philosophy)}}
The foundation of Henri Bergson's philosophy, his theory of [[Duration (philosophy)|Duration]], he discovered when trying to improve what he saw as the inadequacies of [[Herbert Spencer]]'s philosophy.<ref name="Creative_Mind"/> Bergson introduced Duration as a theory of time and [[consciousness]] in his doctoral thesis ''Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness'' as a response to another of his influences: [[Immanuel Kant]].<ref name="Stanford_Kant">[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bergson/ ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''], "Henri Bergson": "'Time and Free Will' has to be seen as an attack on Kant, for whom freedom belongs to a realm outside of space and time."</ref>

Kant believed that free will could only exist outside of time and space, indeed the only non-determined aspect of private existence in the universe, separate from water cycles, mathematics and mortality. However, it could therefore not be ascertained whether or not it exists, and that it is nothing but a pragmatic faith.<ref name="Stanford_Kant"/> Bergson responded that Kant, along with many other philosophers, had confused time with its spatial representation.<ref>Henri Bergson, ''Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness'', Author's Preface.</ref> In reality, Bergson argued, Duration is unextended yet heterogeneous, and so its parts cannot be juxtaposed as a succession of distinct parts, with one causing the other. Based on this he concluded that determinism is an impossibility and free will pure mobility, which is what Bergson identified as being the Duration.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bergson/ ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''], "Henri Bergson": "For Bergson – and perhaps this is his greatest insight – freedom is mobility."</ref> For Bergson, reality is composed of change.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lovasz|first=Adam|title=Updating Bergson|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2021|isbn=978-1-7936-4081-9|location=Lanham|pages=65}}</ref>

===Intuitionism===
{{See also|Intuition (Bergson)}}
Duration, as defined by Bergson, then is a unity and a multiplicity, but, being mobile, it cannot be grasped through immobile concepts. Bergson hence argues that one can grasp it only through his method of [[Intuition (Bergson)|intuition]]. Two images from Henri Bergson's ''An Introduction to Metaphysics'' may help one to grasp Bergson's term intuition, the limits of concepts, and the ability of intuition to grasp the absolute. The first image is that of a city. Analysis, or the creation of concepts through the divisions of points of view, can only ever offer a model of the city through a construction of photographs taken from every possible point of view, yet it can never produce the dimensional value of walking in the city itself. One can only grasp this through intuition; likewise the experience of reading a line of [[Homer]]. One may translate the line and pile commentary upon commentary, but this commentary too shall never grasp the simple dimensional value of experiencing the poem in its originality itself. The method of intuition, then, is that of getting back to the things themselves.<ref>Henri Bergson, ''The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics'', pages 160 to 161. For a Whiteheadian use of Bergsonian intuition, see [[Michel Weber]]'s ''[https://www.academia.edu/279953/Whiteheads_Pancreativism._The_Basics Whitehead’s Pancreativism. The Basics]''. Foreword by [[Nicholas Rescher]], Frankfurt / Paris, Ontos Verlag, 2006.
</ref>

===''Élan vital''===
{{See also|Élan vital}}

''Élan vital'' ranks as Bergson's third essential concept, after Duration and intuition. An idea with the goal of explaining evolution, the ''élan vital'' first appeared in 1907's ''Creative Evolution''. Bergson portrays ''élan vital'' as a kind of vital impetus which explains evolution in a less mechanical and more lively manner, as well as accounting for the creative impulse of mankind. This concept led several authors to characterize Bergson as a supporter of [[vitalism]]—although he criticized it explicitly in ''The Creative Evolution'', as he thought, against [[Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch|Driesch]] and [[Johannes Reinke]] (whom he cited) that there is neither "purely internal finality nor clearly cut individuality in nature":<ref>''L'Évolution créatrice'', pp. 42–44; pp. 226–227</ref>

<blockquote>Hereby lies the stumbling block of vitalist theories ... It is thus in vain that one pretends to reduce finality to the individuality of the living being. If there is finality in the world of life, it encompasses the whole of life in one indivisible embrace.<ref>''L'Évolution créatrice'', pp. 42–43</ref></blockquote>

===Laughter===
In ''[[Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic]]'', Bergson develops a theory not of laughter itself but of how laughter can be provoked (see his objection to Delage, published in the 23rd edition of the essay).<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> He describes the process of laughter (refusing to give a conceptual definition which would not approach its reality<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/>), used in particular by comics and [[clown]]s, as caricature of the mechanistic nature of humans (habits, automatic acts, etc.), one of the two tendencies of life (degradation towards inert matter and mechanism, and continual creation of new forms).<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> However, Bergson warns that laughter's criterion of what should be laughed at is not a moral criterion and that it can in fact cause serious damage to a person's [[self-esteem]].<ref>[http://www.timoroso.com/philosophy/writings/sketches/2006-04-09-henri-bergsons-theory-of-laughter Henri Bergson's theory of laughter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514072652/http://www.timoroso.com/philosophy/writings/sketches/2006-04-09-henri-bergsons-theory-of-laughter |date=14 May 2009 }}. A brief summary.</ref> This essay made his opposition to the [[Cartesianism|Cartesian]] theory of the animal-machine obvious.

==Reception==
From his first publications, Bergson's philosophy attracted strong criticism from different quarters, although he also became very popular and durably influenced [[French philosophy]]. The mathematician [[Édouard Le Roy]] became Bergson's main disciple. Nonetheless, Suzanne Guerlac has argued that his institutional position at the Collège de France, delivering lectures to a general audience, may have retarded the systematic reception of his thought: "Bergson achieved enormous popular success in this context, often due to the emotional appeal of his ideas. But he did not have the equivalent of graduate students who might have become rigorous interpreters of his thought. Thus Bergson's philosophy—in principle open and nonsystematic—was easily borrowed piecemeal and altered by enthusiastic admirers".<ref>Suzanne Guerlac, ''Thinking in Time: An Introduction to Henri Bergson'', Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006, p. 10</ref>

According to a 2024 article in [[Daily Nous]], in 1910 Bergson was the most cited philosopher in English academic journals, cited more than Aristotle, Kant, or Hegel.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Weinberg| first = Justin| title = A New Tool to Track and Analyze Philosophers' Mentions|work=Daily Nous| access-date = 23 November 2024| date = 20 November 2024| url = https://dailynous.com/2024/11/20/a-new-tool-to-track-and-analyze-philosophers-mentions-guest-post}}</ref>

[[Alfred North Whitehead]] acknowledged Bergson's influence on his [[process philosophy]] in his 1929 ''[[Process and Reality]].''<ref>Cf. Ronny Desmet and [[Michel Weber]] (edited by), ''[https://www.academia.edu/279940/Whitehead._The_Algebra_of_Metaphysics Whitehead. The Algebra of Metaphysics. Applied Process Metaphysics Summer Institute Memorandum]'', Louvain-la-Neuve, Éditions Chromatika, 2010 & [[Michel Weber]], ''[https://www.academia.edu/279953/Whiteheads_Pancreativism._The_Basics Whitehead’s Pancreativism. The Basics]''. Foreword by Nicholas Rescher, Frankfurt / Paris, ontos verlag, 2006.</ref> However, [[Bertrand Russell]], Whitehead's collaborator on ''[[Principia Mathematica]]'', was not so entranced by Bergson's philosophy. Although acknowledging Bergson's literary skills, Russell saw Bergson's arguments at best as persuasive or emotive speculation but not at all as any worthwhile example of sound reasoning or philosophical insight.<ref name=":0">''see'' {{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |date=1912 |title=The Philosophy of Bergson |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27900381 |journal=[[The Monist]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=321–347 |doi=10.5840/monist191222324 |issn=0026-9662 |jstor=27900381 |jstor-access=free}} reprinted in: {{Cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Bertrand |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyofberg00russ/page/14/mode/1up |title=The philosophy of Bergson |last2=Carr |first2=Herbert Wildon |date=1914 |publisher=Cambridge: Pub. for "The Heretics" by Bowes and Bowes |pages= |via=}} and largely reproduced as [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.223150/page/n815/mode/1up|"Chapter XXVIII: Bergson"]] in Russell's ''[[A History of Western Philosophy]]'' (1946)''.''</ref> The [[epistemology|epistemologist]] [[Gaston Bachelard]] explicitly alluded to him in the last pages of his 1938 book ''The Formation of the Scientific Mind''. Others influenced by Bergson include [[Vladimir Jankélévitch]], who wrote a book on him in 1931,<ref>entitled ''Henri Bergson''.</ref> [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]], and [[Gilles Deleuze]] who wrote ''Le bergsonisme'' in 1966.<ref>transl. 1988.</ref> The Greek philosopher [[Helle Lambridis]] developed an interest in Bergson early in her career, and after two publications in 1929 – a book that introduced Bergson's work to the Greek audience and a translation into Greek of Bergson's book ''L'Énergie spirituelle'' (1919) – the second part of her ''Introduction to Philosophy'' I & II (1965) included his philosophical work on the concept of 'time', although this part (II) was not published until 2004.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lambridis|first=Helle|title=Introduction to Philosophy|publisher=Academy of Athens|year=2004|isbn=9604040480|location=Athens|script-title=el: Εισαγωγή στη Φιλοσοφία}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=In Memory of Helle Lambridis|publisher=Hellenic Parliament Foundation|year=2017|isbn=9786185154189|editor-last=Karapanou|editor-first=Anna|location=Athens|pages=55|script-title=el: Έλλη Λαμπρίδη: αφιέρωμα στη μνήμη της}}</ref> Bergson also influenced the [[phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] of [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]] and [[Emmanuel Levinas]],<ref>Dermot Moran, ''Introduction to Phenomenology'', 2000, pp. 322 and 393.</ref> although Merleau-Ponty had reservations about Bergson's philosophy.<ref>
{{Cite book
|last= Merleau-Ponty
|first= Maurice
|author-link= Maurice Merleau-Ponty
|editor1-last= Bjelland
|editor1-first= Andrew G.
|editor2-last= Burke
|editor2-first= Patrick
|others= preface by Jacques Taminiaux; translation by Paul B. Milan
|title= The incarnate subject: Malebranche, Biran, and Bergson on the union of body and soul
|url= https://archive.org/details/incarnatesubject00merl
|url-access= limited
|year= 2001
|publisher= Humanity Books
|location= Amherst, N.Y.
|isbn= 1-57392-915-8
|page= [https://archive.org/details/incarnatesubject00merl/page/n152 152]
}}
</ref> The Greek author [[Nikos Kazantzakis]] studied under Bergson in Paris and his writing and philosophy were profoundly influenced as a result.<ref>Peter Bien, ''Three Generations of Greek Writers'', Published by Efstathiadis Group, Athens, 1983</ref>

Many writers of the early 20th century criticized Bergson's [[intuitionism]], indeterminism, [[psychologism]] and interpretation of the scientific impulse. Those who explicitly criticized Bergson, either in published articles or in letters, included Bertrand Russell<ref name=":0" /> [[George Santayana]],<ref>see his study on the author in "Winds of Doctrine"</ref> [[G. E. Moore]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[Martin Heidegger]],<ref>see ''Being and Time,'' esp. sections 5, 10, and 82.</ref> [[Julien Benda]],<ref>see his two books on the subject</ref> [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Wyndham Lewis]],<ref>Wyndham Lewis, ''Time and Western Man'' (1927), ed. Paul Edwards, Santa Rosa, CA: Black Sparrow, 1993.</ref> [[Wallace Stevens]] (though Stevens also praised him in his work "The Necessary Angel"),<ref>"The Irrational Element in Poetry." 1936. ''Opus Posthumous''. 1957. Ed. Milton J. Bates. New York: Random House, 1990.</ref> [[Paul Valéry]], [[André Gide]], [[Jean Piaget]],<ref>see his book ''Insights and Illusions of Philosophy 1972''</ref> [[Julius Evola]], [[Emil Cioran]], Marxist philosophers [[Theodor W. Adorno]],<ref>see "Against Epistemology"</ref> [[Lucio Colletti]],<ref>see "Hegel and Marxism"</ref> [[Jean-Paul Sartre]],<ref>see his early book ''Imagination'' – although Sartre also appropriated himself Bergsonian thesis on novelty as pure creation – see ''Situations I'' Gallimard 1947, p. 314</ref> and [[Georges Politzer]],<ref>see the latter's two books on the subject: ''Le Bergsonisme, une Mystification Philosophique'' and ''La fin d'une parade philosophique: le Bergsonisme'' both of which had a tremendous effect on French [[existential phenomenology]]</ref> [[György Lukács]] as well as [[Maurice Blanchot]],<ref>see ''Bergson and Symbolism''</ref> American philosophers such as [[Irving Babbitt]], [[Arthur Lovejoy]], [[Josiah Royce]], [[New realism (philosophy)|The New Realists]] ([[Ralph B. Perry]], [[E. B. Holt]], and [[William Pepperell Montague]]), The Critical Realists (Durant Drake, [[Roy W. Sellars]], C. A. Strong, and A. K. Rogers), [[Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler]], [[Roger Fry]] (see his letters), [[Julian Huxley]] (in ''[[Evolution: The Modern Synthesis]]'') and [[Virginia Woolf]] (for the latter, see [[Ann Banfield]], ''The Phantom Table'').{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

The [[Roman Catholic Church|Vatican]] accused Bergson of [[pantheism]], while others have characterized his philosophy as a [[emergent materialism|materialist emergentism]] – [[Samuel Alexander]] and [[C. Lloyd Morgan]] explicitly claimed Bergson as their forebear.<ref name=Fagot-Largeau/> According to Henri Hude (1990, II, p. 142), who supports himself on the whole of Bergson's works as well as his now published courses, accusing him of pantheism is a "counter-sense". Hude alleges that a [[mysticism|mystical experience]], roughly outlined at the end of ''Les Deux sources de la morale et de la religion'', is the inner principle of his whole philosophy, although this has been contested by other commentators.

[[Charles Sanders Peirce]] took strong exception to those who associated him with Bergson. In response to a letter comparing their work, Peirce wrote, "a man who seeks to further science can hardly commit a greater sin than to use the terms of his science without anxious care to use them with strict accuracy; it is not very gratifying to my feelings to be classed along with a Bergson who seems to be doing his utmost to muddle all distinctions."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perry |first=Ralph Barton |title=The thought and character of William James, as revealed in unpublished correspondence and notes, together with his published writings |publisher=Boston, Little, Brown, and company |year=1935 |language=EN}}</ref> Peirce also comments on Bergson in respect to a proposed book on his semiotics (which he never wrote) saying: "I feel confident the book would make a serious impression much deeper and surer than Bergson's, which I find quite too vague."<ref>Charles Sanders Peirce, ''Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce: Volume VII & VIII'', Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966, p. 428.</ref> Gilles Deleuze, however, saw much in common between Bergson's philosophy and that of Peirce - exploring the many connections between them in ''[[Cinema 1: The Movement Image]]'' and ''[[Cinema 2: The Time-Image]]''. As the Deleuze scholar David Deamer writes: Deleuze sets about "aligning Bergson's sensory-motor schema [from ''Matter and Memory''] with the semiosis of Charles Sanders Peirce from ''Pragmatism and Pragmaticism'' (1903).<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Deamer|title=Deleuze, Japanese Cinema, and the Atom Bomb: The Spectre of Impossibility|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2014|page=27|isbn=9781441145895}}</ref> [[William James]]'s students resisted the assimilation of his work to that of Bergson. See, for example, [[Horace Kallen]]'s book on the subject ''James and Bergson''. As [[Jean Wahl]] described the "ultimate disagreement" between James and Bergson in his ''System of Metaphysics'': "for James, the consideration of action is necessary for the definition of truth, according to Bergson, action ... must be kept from our mind if we want to see the truth".{{page needed|date=September 2010}} Gide even went so far as to say that future historians will overestimate Bergson's influence on art and philosophy just because he was the self-appointed spokesman for "the spirit of the age".

As early as the 1890s, Santayana attacked certain key concepts in Bergson's philosophy, above all his view of the new and the indeterminate:

<blockquote>"the possibility of a new and unaccountable fact appearing at any time," he writes in his book on [[Hermann Lotze]], "does not practically affect the method of investigation; ... the only thing given up is the hope that these hypotheses may ever be adequate to the reality and cover the process of nature without leaving a remainder. This is no great renunciation; for that consummation of science ... is by no one really expected."</blockquote>

According to Santayana and Russell, Bergson projected false claims onto the aspirations of scientific method, claims which Bergson needed to make in order to justify his prior moral commitment to freedom. Russell takes particular exception to Bergson's understanding of number in chapter two of ''Time and Free Will''. According to Russell, Bergson uses an outmoded spatial metaphor ("extended images") to describe the nature of mathematics as well as [[logic]] in general. "Bergson only succeeds in making his theory of number plausible by confusing a particular collection with the number of its terms, and this again with number in general", writes Russell.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |date=1912 |title=The Philosophy of Bergson |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27900381 |journal=[[The Monist]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=335 |doi=10.5840/monist191222324 |issn=0026-9662 |jstor=27900381 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

[[Suzanne Guerlac]] has argued that the more recent resurgence of scholarly interest in Bergson is related to the growing influence of his follower [[Deleuze]] within [[continental philosophy]]: "If there is a return to Bergson today, then, it is largely due to Gilles Deleuze whose own work has etched the contours of the New Bergson. This is not only because Deleuze wrote about Bergson; it is also because Deleuze's own thought is deeply engaged with that of his predecessor, even when Bergson is not explicitly mentioned."<ref>Suzanne Guerlac, ''Thinking in Time: An Introduction to Henri Bergson'', Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006, p. 175.</ref> [[Leonard Lawlor]] and Valentine Moulard agree with Guerlac that "the recent revitalization of Bergsonism ... is almost entirely due to Deleuze." They explain that Bergson's concept of multiplicity "is at the very heart of Deleuze's thought, and [[Duration (philosophy)|duration]] is the model for all of Deleuze's 'becomings.' The other aspect that attracted Deleuze, which is indeed connected to the first, is Bergson's criticism of the concept of negation in ''Creative Evolution'' ... Thus Bergson became a resource in the criticism of the [[Hegel]]ian [[Dialectic#Hegelian dialectic|dialectic]], the negative."<ref name=LawlorMoulard2011>{{citation |author=Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard |chapter=The revitalization of Bergsonism |title=Henri Bergson |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bergson/ |publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |orig-year= 18 May 2004|date= 12 July 2011 |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bergson/#7 |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> It is this aspect that Mark Sinclair focuses upon in ''Bergson'' (2020). He writes that despite the philosopher and his philosophy being very popular during the early years of the twentieth century, his ideas had been critiqued and then rejected first by [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], then by [[existentialism]], and finally by [[post-structuralism]].<ref>Mark Sinclair, ''Bergson'', New York: Routledge, 2020, pp. 256-269.</ref> As Sinclair goes on to explain, over series of publications including ''Bergsonism'' (1966) and ''[[Difference and Repetition]]'' (1968), Deleuze championed Bergson as a thinker of "difference that precedes any sense of negation".<ref name="Mark Sinclair 2020, pp. 270">Mark Sinclair, ''Bergson'', New York: Routledge, 2020, pp. 270.</ref> In this way, "Deleuze's interpretation served to keep the flame of Bergson's philosophy alive and it has been a key motivation for the renewed scholarly attention to it."<ref name="Mark Sinclair 2020, pp. 270"/>

[[Ilya Prigogine]] acknowledged Bergson's influence at his Nobel Prize reception lecture: "Since my adolescence, I have read many philosophical texts, and I still remember the spell ''L'Évolution créatrice'' cast on me. More specifically, I felt that some essential message was embedded, still to be made explicit, in Bergson's remark: 'The more deeply we study the nature of time, the better we understand that duration means invention, creation of forms, continuous elaboration of the absolutely new.'"<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1977/prigogine/biographical/ |title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977}}</ref>

Japanese philosopher Yasushi Hirai from Fukuoka University has led a collaborative and interdisciplinary project since 2007, bringing together Eastern and Western philosophers and scientists to discuss and promote Bergson's work.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://matterandmemory.jimdofree.com/ |title = Project Bergson in Japan}}</ref> This has influenced the development of specific artificial neural networks which incorporate features inspired by Bergson's philosophy of memory.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328474302 |title= Burns, Benureau, Tani (2018) A Bergson-Inspired Adaptive Time Constant for the Multiple Timescales Recurrent Neural Network Model. JNNS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://jnns.org/conference/2018/JNNS2018_Technical_Programs.pdf | title=Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Japanese Neural Network Society (October 2018) | access-date=6 February 2021 | archive-date=9 May 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509004753/http://jnns.org/conference/2018/JNNS2018_Technical_Programs.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In ''[[The Matter with Things]]'', [[Iain McGilchrist]] extensively cites Bergson. "'Bergson arrived', according to philosopher Peter Gunter, 'at insights closely resembling those of quantum physics.' Only Bergson got there first."<ref>{{cite book | last=McGilchrist |first=Iain |date=2021 |title=The Matter with Things: Our Brains, Our Delusions, and the Unmaking of the World |url=https://channelmcgilchrist.com/the-matter-with-things/ |publisher=Perspectiva Press |chapter=Chapter 24 |page=78 of 98 |isbn=978-1914568060 |edition=Kindle }}</ref>

===Comparison to Indian philosophies===
Several [[Hindu]] authors have found parallels to Hindu philosophy in Bergson's thought. The integrative evolutionism of [[Sri Aurobindo]], an Indian philosopher from the early 20th century, has many similarities to Bergson's philosophy. However, Sri Aurobindo explicitly denied any direct influence, stating that he only read a book on Bergson after his own philosophy had developed and that he "absorbed nothing" from it, deeming Bergson's errors "too evident".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Autobiographical Notes and Other Writings of Historical Interest|author=Sri Aurobindo|publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Department|year=2006|page=112}}</ref> While acknowledging that Bergson helped push thought away from rationalism, Sri Aurobindo distinguished his own spiritual "intuition" from Bergson's concept, which he characterized as a "Life Intuition" or "vital instinct" rather than a supramental knowledge.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Letters on Yoga — I|author=Sri Aurobindo|publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Department|year=2012|pages=374–375}}</ref><ref>K Mackenzie Brown. "Hindu perspectives on evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design". Routledge, Jan 2012. Page 164-166</ref> K Narayanaswami Aiyer, a member of the [[Theosophical Society]], published a pamphlet titled "Professor Bergson and the Hindu Vedanta", where he argued that Bergson's ideas on matter, consciousness, and evolution were in agreement with Vedantic and Puranic explanations.<ref>KN Aiyer. "Professor Bergson and the Hindu Vedanta". Vasanta Press. 1910. Pages 36 – 37.</ref> Nalini Kanta Brahma, Marie Tudor Garland and Hope Fitz are other authors who have comparatively evaluated Hindu and Bergsonian philosophies, especially in relation to intuition, consciousness and evolution.<ref>Marie Tudor Garland. "Hindu Mind Training". Longmans, Green and Company, 1917. Page 20.</ref><ref>Nalini Kanta Brahma. "Philosophy of Hindu Sadhana". PHI Learning Private Ltd 2008.</ref><ref>Hope K Fitz. "Intuition: Its nature and uses in human experience." Motilal Banarsidass publishers 2000. Pages 22–30.</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Bergson, H.; ''The Philosophy of Poetry: The Genius of Lucretius'' (''La Philosophie de la Poesie: le Génie de Lucrèce'', 1884), Philosophical Library 1959: {{ISBN|978-1-4976-7566-7}}
* Bergson, H.; ''[[Time and Free Will|Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness]]'' (''Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience'', 1889). Allen & Unwin 1910, Dover Publications 2001: {{ISBN|0-486-41767-0}} – Bergson's doctoral dissertation.
* Bergson, H.; ''[[Matter and Memory]]'' (''Matière et mémoire'', 1896). Swan Sonnenschein 1911, Zone Books 1990: {{ISBN|0-942299-05-1}}, Dover Publications 2004: {{ISBN|0-486-43415-X}}.
* Bergson, H.; ''[[Laughter (book)|Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic]]'' (''Le rire'', 1900). Green Integer 1998: {{ISBN|1-892295-02-4}}, Dover Publications 2005: {{ISBN|0-486-44380-9}}.
* Bergson, H.; ''[[Creative Evolution (book)|Creative Evolution]]'' (''L'Évolution créatrice'', 1907). Henry Holt and Company 1911, University Press of America 1983: {{ISBN|0-8191-3553-4}}, Dover Publications 1998: {{ISBN|0-486-40036-0}}, Kessinger Publishing 2003: {{ISBN|0-7661-4732-0}}, Cosimo 2005: {{ISBN|1-59605-309-7}}.
* Bergson, H.; ''Mind-energy'' (''L'Énergie spirituelle, 1919''). McMillan 1920. – a collection of essays and lectures. On [https://archive.org/stream/mindenergylectur00berguoft#page/n5/mode/2up Archive.org].
* Bergson, H.; ''Duration and Simultaneity: Bergson and the Einsteinian Universe'' (''Durée et simultanéité'', 1922). Clinamen Press Ltd 1999. {{ISBN|1-903083-01-X}}.
* Bergson, H.; ''The Two Sources of Morality and Religion'' (''Les Deux Sources de la Morale et de la Religion'', 1932). University of Notre Dame Press 1977. {{ISBN|0-268-01835-9}}. On [https://archive.org/stream/twosourcesofmora033499mbp#page/n1/mode/2up Archive.org].
* Bergson, H.; ''The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics'' (''La Pensée et le mouvant'', 1934). Citadel Press 1946: {{ISBN|0-8065-2326-3}} – essay collection, sequel to ''Mind-Energy'', including 1903's "An Introduction to Metaphysics."

==See also==
* [[Philosophy of biology]]
* [[Intuition (Bergson)]]
* [[Duration (philosophy)]]
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |doi=10.4324/9780203469361 |title=Philosophy and the Adventure of the Virtual |date=2002 |last1=Ansell-Pearson |first1=Keith |last2=Pearson |first2=Keith Ansell |isbn=978-1-134-55969-5 |authorlink1=Keith Ansell-Pearson }}
*{{cite book |last= Alfaro Altamirano|first= Adriana |date= 2021|title= The Belief in Intuition: Individuality and Authority in Henri Bergson and Max Scheler|location= Philadelphia |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn= 9780812297911}}
* [[Gaston Bachelard|Bachelard, Gaston]]. ''The Dialectic of Duration''. Trans. Mary Mcallester Jones. Manchester: Clinamen Press, 2000.
* Bianco, Giuseppe. ''Après Bergson. Portrait de groupe avec philosophe''. Paris, PUF, 2015.
* [[Jimena Canales|Canales, Jimena]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/physicistphiloso0000cana  The Physicist and the Philosopher: Einstein, Bergson and the Debate That Changed Our Understanding of Time]''. Princeton, Princeton Press, 2015.
* [[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze, Gilles]]. ''Bergsonism''. Trans. [[Hugh Tomlinson]] and Barbara Habberjam. New York: Zone Books, 1988.
* [[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze, Gilles]]. ''[[Cinema 1: The Movement Image|Cinema 1: The Movement-Image]]''. Trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.
* {{cite book |last1=Deleuze |first1=Gilles |title=Cinema II |date=2005 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-7706-4 |authorlink1=Gilles Deleuze }}
* {{cite book |last1=Herring |first1=Emily |title=Herald of a Restless World: How Henri Bergson Brought Philosophy to the People |date=2024 |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=978-1-5293-7194-9 }}
* Fradet, Pierre-Alexandre, ''Derrida-Bergson. Sur l'immédiateté'', [[Éditions Hermann|Hermann]], Paris, coll. "Hermann Philosophie", 2014. {{ISBN|978-2-7056-8831-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grosz |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely |date=2004 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8603-2 |authorlink1=Elizabeth Grosz }}
* {{cite book |last1=Guerlac |first1=Suzanne |title=Thinking in Time: An Introduction to Henri Bergson |date=2006 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7300-5 }}
* [[Max Horkheimer|Horkheimer, Max]]. "On Bergson's Metaphysics of Time." Trans. Peter Thomas, revised by Stewart Martin. ''Radical Philosophy'' 131 (2005) 9–19.
* {{cite book |last1=James |first1=William |title=A Pluralistic Universe |date=1909 |publisher=Longmans, Green |oclc=795554185 |authorlink1=William James |chapter=Bergson and his Critique of Intellectualism |pages=223–274 |chapter-url={{GBurl|VRkQAAAAYAAJ|p=223}} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lawlor |first1=Leonard |title=The Challenge of Bergsonism |date=2003 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-6803-1 |authorlink1=Leonard Lawlor }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lovasz |first1=Adam |title=Updating Bergson: A Philosophy of the Enduring Present |date=2021 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-7936-4081-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Merleau-Ponty |first1=Maurice |title=In Praise of Philosophy and Other Essays |date=1988 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-0796-0 |authorlink1=Maurice Merleau-Ponty |chapter=Bergson |pages=9–32 |chapter-url={{GBurl|9bt0KCx2eZkC|p=9}} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Merleau-Ponty |first1=Maurice |title=Signs |date=1964 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-0253-8 |authorlink1=Maurice Merleau-Ponty |chapter=Bergson in the Making |pages=182–191 |chapter-url={{GBurl|Qj-iZurbei4C|p=182}} }}
* [[John Mullarkey|Mullarkey, John]]. ''Bergson and Philosophy.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Mullarkey |editor1-first=John |title=The New Bergson |date=1999 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-5553-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=Keith Ansell |title=Bergson: Thinking Beyond the Human Condition |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-04397-8 |authorlink1=Keith Ansell-Pearson }}
* {{cite journal |authorlink1=Bertrand Russell |last1=Russell |first1=Bertrand |url=https://archive.org/stream/philosophyofberg00russ#page/n3/mode/2up |title=The Philosophy of Bergson |journal=[[The Monist]] |volume=22 |date=1912 |issue=3 |pages=321–347 |doi=10.5840/monist191222324 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ryder |first1=H. Osborne |title=Religious Tendencies in Eucken and Bergson |journal=Social Science |date=1927 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=419–425 |jstor=23902845 }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.4324/9781315414935 |title=Bergson |date=2019 |last1=Sinclair |first1=Mark |isbn=978-1-315-41493-5 }}.
*Stephen, Karin. ''The misuse of mind '': a study of Bergson's attack on intellectualism.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bergson/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090514072652/http://www.timoroso.com/philosophy/writings/sketches/2006-04-09-henri-bergsons-theory-of-laughter Henri Bergson's theory of laughter]. A brief summary.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113160947/http://www.ciepfc.fr/spip.php?article56 « 'A History of Problems': Bergson and the French Epistemological Tradition », by Elie During]
* Gontarski, Stanley E.: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/bergson_henri/ Bergson, Henri], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122427/http://webshells.com/spantrans/bergson.html M. C. Sanchez Rey « The Bergsonian Philosophy of the Intelligence »] translation
* {{PM20}}
* [https://nobel.bh.org.il/en/persona/Henri-Bergson/ Henri Bergson], Nobel Luminaries - Jewish Nobel Prize Winners, on the [https://www.bh.org.il/ Beit Hatfutsot-The Museum of the Jewish People] Website.
* {{Nobelprize}}
*[http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=27 List of Works]

===Works online===
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1462| name=Henri Bergson}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Henri Bergson}}
* {{Librivox author}}
* {{OL author|OL18539A}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090513043046/http://www.laphilosophie.fr/livres-de-Bergson-texte-integral.html Works by Henri Bergson in French] at [http://www.laphilosophie.fr/ "La Philosophie"]
* [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bergson_henri/bergson_henri.html Complete works in French on the "Classiques des sciences sociales" website]
* [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bergson_henri/evolution_creatrice/evolution_creatrice.html ''L'Évolution créatrice''] (in the original French, 1907)
** {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423033749/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Bergson/Bergson_1911a/Bergson_1911_toc.html |date=23 April 2006 |title=1911 English translation }} of ''Creative Evolution'' ([[HTML]])
** [https://archive.org/details/creativeevolutio00berguoft Multiple formats] at [[Internet Archive]]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424080648/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Bergson/Bergson_1910/Bergson_1910_toc.html |date=24 April 2006 |title=1910 English translation of ''Time and Free Will'' }} (HTML)
** [https://archive.org/details/timeandfreewilla00berguoft Multiple formats] at Internet Archive
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424080926/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Bergson/Bergson_1911b/Bergson_1911_toc.html |date=24 April 2006 |title=1911 English translation of ''Matter and Memory'' }} (HTML)
** [https://archive.org/details/matterandmemory00berguoft Multiple formats] at Internet Archive

{{Works of Henri Bergson|state=collapsed}}
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{{continental philosophy}}
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}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bergson, Henri}}
[[Category:Henri Bergson| ]]
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Bodhendra Saraswati II

2026-03-23T02:20:03Z

Raj kumar: made new info.

{{Short description|Hindu saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background = #F7D79C
| honorific-prefix = Sri Sri
| name = Bodhendra Saraswathi
| honorific-suffix = Swamigal
| title =
| image = Sri Bodhendra Saraswati.jpg
| caption =
| period = 1638<ref>{{citation|title=The true history and the religion of India: a concise encyclopedia of authentic Hinduism|page = 510 | author = Prakashanand Saraswati}}</ref>–1692
| predecessor = Viswakendra Saraswati swamigal
| successor =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| religion = [[Hindu]]
| birth_name = Purushottaman
| birth_date = 1610
| birth_place = [[Kanchipuram]]
| death_date = 1692
| death_place = [[Govindapuram, Thanjavur]]
| resting_place = [[Samadhi of Bodhendra Saraswathi]]
}}
'''Bodhendra Saraswathi''' was a 17th-century [[Hindu]] pontiff and the 59th ''Jagathguru'' (head) of the [[Kanchi matha]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. He spent his later life in [[Govindapuram, Thanjavur|Govindapuram]].

==Early life==
Bodhendra was born to Kesavapanduranga Yogi and Suguna in the beginning of 17th century (in the year 1610) at [[Kanchipuram]], which was then headquarters of [[Kanchi matha]]. The couple did not have children for a long time and believed that they were blessed by the devotion to Viswakendra Saraswati (Athmabodhar), the 58th Jagathguru of the [[Kanchi Matha]]. The child was named Purushotaman by Viswakendra Saraswati.

Seeing the extraordinary qualities and immense potentialities of the child, to render incalculable good to humanity, Sri Viswakendra Saraswati requested his parents to hand over the child to the [[Kanchi Matha]] with the pious hope of making the child succeed him. The parents willingly gave the child to the mutt. The child attained extra ordinary mastery over ''[[Sruti]]'' and the ''[[Smriti]]''. It gradually dawned on him that ''nama sankeerthanam'' (chanting of [[Lord Rama]]'s name) would fetter the cycles of death and birth in ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. He chanted ''Rama nama'' (the name of [[Lord Rama]]) one lakh times every day.<ref>''The Saints of the Cauvery Delta ''.P.50</ref>

==Initiation of Sainthood==
Athmabodhar instructed Bodhendra Saraswati to proceed to [[Kanchipuram]] after obtaining Lakshmi Sreedhar's ''Bhagawan Nama Koumundhi'' from the author himself at Jagannatha ''Kshetram'' ([[Puri]]), and to compose a lakh of ''Bhagawan Nama slokas'' (sacred texts on lord) on the basis of ''Bhagawan Nama Koumundhi''. The above-mentioned mandate of his ''[[guru]]'' (teacher) gave him a golden opportunity to pour out his devotion to [[Lord Rama]] and to vindicate the efficacy of ''Rama Nama'' (name of [[Lord Rama]]).

At Lakshmi Sreedhar's residence in Jagannath, a young couple were waiting to see Lakshmi Sreedhar. The husband recounted his unfortunate plight: He and his wife had embarked on a pilgrimage to Kasi, when his wife was abducted by a group of Muslims. Heart broken, he had continued to complete his pilgrimage and while returning, was taking bath at a river bank. A little distance away a group of Muslim ladies were bathing, and one of them, on perceiving him, dissociated herself from the group and ran towards him and urged him, "Dear husband let us run away and escape".Both had retired to safety, and come hither to receive instructions as to what to do further, since it was not proper to receive the spouse without undergoing a prayaschiitam (atonement). Lakshmi Sreedhar submitted that chanting Sri Rama Nama would suffice. Bodhendral asked Sreedhar for evidence. Lakshmi Sreedhar pointed out the section from "Bhagwaan Nama Koumudhi". Bodendral decided to prove the veracity of this statement and accompanied the couple to the Pushkarani (Holy water tank). At His instance, the abducted girl dipped into the waters in her muslim garb and surfaced, with Hindu attire and a bindhi on her forehead. This miracle occurred consequent to the divinity inherent in Bodendral. Following this incident at Jagannath, He was named Bhagawan Nama Bodendral.<ref>Yenipadigalil Mandargal, a spiritual treatise by Shivan Sir, Narmada Publications, Chennai, India</ref>

==Govindapuram==
Bodhendra Saraswathi, during the course of his wanderings in the Cauvery delta<ref name="cauverydeltasaintsp53">{{cite book|title=The Saints of the Cauvery Delta|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|author=R. Krishnamurthy|year=1979|place=Delhi|pages=53}}</ref> was attracted by the beauty of the place and decided to attain ''samadhi'' or [[salvation]] at the spot.<ref name="cauverydeltasaintsp53" /> One morning, in the ''[[Purattasi]] (September–October)'' month of the year 1692, Bodhendra Saraswathi attained ''[[Samadhi#Mahāsamādhi|Jeeva Samadhi]]'' sitting in a [[yoga|yogic]] state.<ref name="cauverydeltasaintsp53" /> He attained Samadhi at Govindapuram on Full Moon day in the month of Proshtapada of the cyclic year Prajotpatti (1692 AD). The Samadhi was not to be found for a couple of years and was later discovered by Sri Venkatarama Swami (Sadguru Swamigal) of Marudanallur. The Adishtanam was built by the then ruling King Saraboji, on request of Sadguru Swamigal.

==Samadhi==
{{Infobox Historic building
|name = Samadhi of Bodhendra Saraswathi Swamigal
|image = Govindapuram1.jpg
|caption = Jeeva Samadhi of Bodhendra Saraswathi Swamigal
|pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
|coordinates = {{coord|11.010833|79.463889|region:IN-TN|display=inline}}
|location = [[Govindapuram, Thanjavur|Govindapuram]]
|location_town = [[Kumbakonam]]
|location_country = [[India]]
|architectural_style = [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]
}}
[[File:Govindapuram2.jpg|thumb|left|Main entrance [[Gopuram]]]]

The [[samadhi (shrine)]] of [[Sri Bodhendra Saraswathi]], the 59th [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Kanchi matha]] is located in the town of [[Govindapuram, Thanjavur district|Govindapuram]] and is an important Hindu pilgrimage destination. The samadhi was constructed by Bodhendra's disciples over the physical space of his internment and yearly ''aradhanas'' are conducted at his samadhi.<ref name="cauverydeltasaintsp53" /> It is maintained by the [[Kanchi matha]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hinduism footer small}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraswathi, Bodhendra}}
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:1692 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:17th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas of Kanchipuram|B]]
[[Category:1610 births]]

Kolhapur day gecko

2026-03-13T17:05:24Z

Raj kumar: added new stub

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| name =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |date=2013 |title=''Cnemaspis kolhapurensis'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172585A1346782 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172585A1346782.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = kolhapurensis
| authority = (Giri, [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]] & Gaikwad, 2009)
| synonyms =
}}
The '''Kolhapur day gecko''' ('''''Cnemaspis kolhapurensis''''')<ref>{{cite journal|last=Giri|first=Varad B. |author2=Aaron M. Bauer |author3=Kshamata S. Gaikwad|date=21 July 2009|title=A new ground-dwelling species of Cnemaspis Strauch (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2164|pages=49–60|issn=1175-5334|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02164p060f.pdf|access-date=2009-07-27|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2164.1.5 }}</ref> is a species of [[gecko]] described from the hills in [[Kolhapur]] in [[Maharashtra]], India.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q431100}}

[[Category:Cnemaspis|K]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lizards of Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2009]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer]]

{{Cnemaspis-stub}}

Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister

2026-03-12T13:05:34Z

Raj kumar: made a entry.

{{Short description|NGO in India}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India|Chief Economic Advisor]] in Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister
| seal =
| formed =
| headquarters =
| employees = 25
| chief1_name = S. Mahendra Dev
| chief1_position = Chairman
| parent_agency = [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]
| website = {{URL|https://eacpm.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM)'''<ref name="EAC2">{{cite web|url=https://eacpm.gov.in/ |title=Economic Advisory Council to the prime minister|publisher=eacpm.gov.in |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> is a non-constitutional, non-permanent and independent body constituted to give economic advice to the [[Government of India]], specifically the Prime Minister.<ref name="PMEAC">{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/eacbody.htm |title=Prime Minister of India Official Website |publisher=Pmindia.nic.in |date=2004-12-29 |access-date=2011-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172852/http://pmindia.nic.in/eacbody.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> The council serves to highlight key economic issues facing the country to the government of India from a neutral viewpoint.<ref name="EAC">{{cite web|title=Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India|url=http://eac.gov.in/aboutus/about.html|publisher=eac.gov.in|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> It advises the Prime Minister on economic issues like [[inflation]], [[microfinance]], and industrial output.

==History==
The EAC-PM has been constituted several times since the independence of India.

In the latest occurrence, the council was reconstituted by [[Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 September 2017. Currently EAC-PM chairman post is held by S. Mahendra Dev.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. Mahendra Dev– EAC-PM |url=https://eacpm.gov.in/team/dr-s-mahendra-dev/|access-date=2025-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-06|title=S Mahendra Dev appointed new chief of EAC-PM|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/business/s-mahendra-dev-appointed-new-chief-of-eac-pm-10050967/lite/|access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The previous chairman, [[Bibek Debroy]], died during his tenure. After him, Suman Bery, who is also Vice President of [[Niti Aayog]], was given additional charge as interim chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Suman Bery – EAC-PM |url=https://eacpm.gov.in/team/shri-suman-bery/#:~:text=Chairman,as%20Vice%20Chairperson,%20NITI%20Aayog. |access-date=2025-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-16 |title=Suman Bery gets additional charge as chairman of PM's economic advisory panel |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/suman-bery-gets-additional-charge-as-chairman-of-pms-economic-advisory-panel/articleshow/116375463.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The chairman before him resigned on 19 May 2014. He sent his resignation to the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.He resigned following the defeat of the Congress-led UPA in the general elections 2014.

Since the term of the EAC-PM was parallel to that of the Prime Minister, with the resignation of the PM Manmohan Singh on 17 May 2014, the EAC-PM also needed to resign.

The Council headed by C Rangrajan had Saumitra Chaudhuri, V.S. Vyas, Pulin B. Nayak and Dilip M. Nachane as members.

Before this, it which was constituted on 29 December 2004, headed by [[Suresh Tendulkar]] resigned upon the completion of the then Union government's term on 21 May 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PMs-Economic-Advisory-Council-members-resign-/articleshow/4559747.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104205743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-21/india/28162780_1_pmeac-resignation-letters-upa-government |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-04 |title=PM's Economic Advisory Council members resign |date=2009-05-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-03-07}}</ref>

==Functions==
Terms of reference as defined by the EAC-PM are as follows:<ref name="EAC"/>
#Analyzing any issue, economic or otherwise, referred to it by the Prime Minister and advising him thereon;
#Addressing issues of macroeconomic importance and presenting views thereon to the Prime Minister. This could be either suo-moto or on a reference from the Prime Minister or anyone else:

#Submitting periodic reports to the Prime Minister on macroeconomic developments and issues with implications for economic policy;
#Attending to any other task as may be desired by the Prime Minister from time to time.

The primary role of the PMEAC is to give a neutral viewpoint on economic policy matters that are referred to it by the Prime Minister.<ref name="PMEAC"/> Additionally it prepares a monthly report of economic developments that need to be highlighted to the PM. For this purpose it closely monitors national and international economic developments and trends and develops appropriate policy responses for the PM.
It publishes reports on the annual ''Economic Outlook''<ref name="business1">{{cite web |url=http://business.gov.in/news_analysis.php?bid=463 |title=Economic Outlook 2010-2011 |publisher=Business.gov.in |access-date=2011-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155506/http://business.gov.in/news_analysis.php?bid=463 |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> and ''Review of the Economy'' of India.

==Organisation==
The EAC-PM is chaired by a [[Chairperson]] and consists of eminent economists as members.<ref name="EAC"/> It is supported in its functions by a team of officials and administrators. There is no fixed definition on the exact number of members and staff of the EAC-PM. At one point it was even chaired by the then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] himself.

For administrative, logistic, planning and budgeting purposes, the [[NITI Aayog]] serves as the Nodal Agency for the EAC-PM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/ |title=Planning Commission of India |publisher=Planningcommission.nic.in }}</ref>

===Chairman===
S. Mahendra Dev is the current chairman of the current EAC-PM, appointed in 2025.

Dr. [[C. Rangarajan]] was the Chairman of the previous charaiman. Chairman suggests measures to improve the economic condition.<ref name="EAC"/> He was appointed in August 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vision.sughosh.in/economic-advisory-council-pm// |title=C. Rangarajan to head PMEAC again |publisher=vision.sughosh.in |date=2014-06-26 |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306015118/http://vision.sughosh.in/economic-advisory-council-pm/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Chairman had the rank equivalent to a [[Cabinet Minister]] of India.<ref name="PMEAC"/>
===List of Chairperson===
List of Chairpersons:
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="clear:center"
!No.
!Name
! colspan="2" |Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Suresh Tendulkar]]
|2004
|2009
|-
|2
|[[C. Rangarajan]]
|2009
|2014
|-
|3
|[[Bibek Debroy]]
|2017
|2024
|-
|4
|S.Mahendra Dev
|2025
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

===Members===
The following are currently the members of the EAC-PM:<ref name="EAC"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eacpm.gov.in/about-us/part-time-members/|title=PM - Economic Advisory Council - Part-time Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-appoints-3-part-time-members-to-eac-pm-119101700406_1.html|title=Govt expands PM's Economic Advisory Council; appoints 3 part-time members|last=Roychoudhury|first=Arup|date=2019-10-17|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

* S. Mahendra Dev - [[Chairman]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=EPW Editor S. Mahendra Dev Is EAC-PM Chairman |url=https://thewire.in/economy/epw-editor-s-mahendra-dev-is-eac-pm-chairman |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=thewire.in}}</ref>
*[[Dr. Shamika Ravi]], as a full-time member who was also an earlier member of the EAC.
*[[Sanjeev Sanyal]], as a full-time member, who was Principal Economic Advisor to the Finance Minister.
*[[Sanjay Kumar Mishra]], as a full-time member, who was the former [[Enforcement Directorate]] Chief.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former ED chief appointed member EAC-PM |url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/former-ed-chief-appointed-member-eac-pm/30518 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=IndianMandarins |language=en}}</ref>
*Prof. Gourav Vallabh, as Full-time member
* Dr. Sajjid Z. Chinoy, as part-time member, who is Chief India Economist at J.P. Morgan
* Rakesh Mohan, as part-time member, President and Distinguished Fellow of the Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP), [[New Delhi]], India.
* Prof. TT Ram Mohan, as part-time member. Visiting Professor at [[IIM Ahmedabad]].
*Neelkanth Mishra, as part-time member, is a Managing Director, Co-Head of Equity Strategy, Asia Pacific, and India Strategist for Credit Suisse
*Nilesh Shah,as part-time member,is currently Managing Director of [[Kotak Mahindra Asset Management Company]] Limited
*[[Poonam Gupta (economist)|Poonam Gupta (Economist)]], as part-time member, is a [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India|Deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]

The previous EAC had, in addition to Dr C Rangarajan, the following members:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/938551/economic-advisory-council-reconstituted-members-who-raised-concerns-about-economy-dropped|title=Members who raised concerns about economy dropped from prime minister's advisory council|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

* Dr. M Govinda Rao (Director-General, National Institute of Public Finance & Policy)
* Dr. Saumitra Chaudhury (Economic Adviser, ICRA (Information and [[credit rating]] services), India)
* Dr. Vijay Shankar Vyas (President, Asian Society of Agricultural Economists)
* Dr. Dilip M. Nachane ( Professor Emeritus, [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research]], Mumbai)
*Economist Surjit Bhalla
*National Institute of Public Finance and Policy director Dr. Rathin Roy
*Brookings Institution member Shamika Ravi

In the previous PMEAC, the members of the council were given the rank of [[Minister of State]].<ref name="PMEAC"/> At one time even the former Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] was a member of the PMEAC<ref>[http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 ManMohan Singh's Profile] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207031001/http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 |date=7 December 2011 }}</ref>

===Officials===

The previous EAC had the following officials:
* Dr. Alok Sheel - Secretary
* Tapasya Obhroi Nair - Deputy Secretary
* Sh. Vibeesh E M - Senior Research Officer

==Impact==
The periodic reports of the EAC-PM - the annual ''Economic Outlook''<ref name="business1"/> and ''Review of the Economy'' - are the most widely followed. Additionally the remarks and opinions of the Chairman and members of the PMEAC get widespread media coverage and are influential in formulation of the policies of other economic agencies, financial institutions and businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_prime-minister-s-economic-advisory-council-recommends-hike-in-interest-rates_1413785 |title=PMEAC news |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2011-03-07}}</ref> Many financial periodicals publish interviews and speeches of PMEAC Chairman<ref name = "IC">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/qa-c-rangarajan-chairman-economic-advisory-council/412371/ |title=Interview with C.Rangrajan |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2010-10-22 |access-date=2011-03-07}}</ref> to understand the most critical economic woes facing the country like [[inflation]], [[Monetary policy|monetary measures]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/rbi-may-go-for-further-monetary-tightening-measures-pmeac/articleshow/7493800.cms |title=RBI may go for tightening |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2011-02-14 |access-date=2011-03-07}}</ref> etc. Views of the EAC-PM are also sought after to better understand the prospects of economic performance of India like its growth rates<ref name = "IC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/PMEAC-pegs-growth-at-8-in-10-11/articleshow/5403313.cms |title=Growth Rate of india TOI |work=The Times of India |date=2010-01-02 |access-date=2011-03-07}}</ref> as well as on policy matters like ''autonomy of regulators''<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/pmeac-chairman-backs-regulators-autonomy/articleshow/6267980.cms | work=The Times of India | title=PMEAC chairman backs regulators' autonomy | date=2010-08-07}}</ref> and cotton export policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/pmeac-finds-flaws-in-cotton-export-policy/102621/on |title=Cotton Export Policy Business standard article |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2010-07-23 |access-date=2011-03-07}}</ref> In February 2011, PMEAC recommended to the [[Government of India|government]] to initiate the process of fiscal consolidation given that the [[2008 financial crisis]] has started to ease and the [[Government of India|government]] had to re-initiate its commitment to the [[Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = PMEAC asks govt to withdraw a few tax exemptions in Budget
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/pmeac-asks-govt-to-withdrawfew-tax-exemptions-in-budget/426102/
| work = Business Standard
| date = 22 February 2011
| access-date = 22 February 2011
}}</ref>

==Reports==
Among the widely read periodic reports of the PMEAC - the annual ''Economic Outlook''<ref name="business1"/> and ''Review of the Economy'', the following are the latest editions.
#Review of the Economy 2010-11<ref name=2010report>{{cite web|title=Review of Economy 2010-11|url=http://eac.gov.in/reports/revieweconomic_201011.pdf|publisher=PMEAC|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>
#Economic Outlook for 2010-11<ref name=EO2010>{{cite web|title=Economic Outlook for 2010-11|url=http://eac.gov.in/reports/ecoout_1011.pdf|publisher=PMEAC|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>
#Review of the Economy 2009-10<ref name=2009report>{{cite web|title=Review of the Economy 2009-10|url=http://eac.gov.in/reports/eac_rv0910.pdf|publisher=PMEAC|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>
#Economic Outlook for 2009-10<ref name=EO2009>{{cite web|title=Economic Outlook for 2009-10|url=http://eac.gov.in/reports/eo09_10.pdf|publisher=PMEAC|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>
#Review of the Economy 2008-09<ref name=2008report>{{cite web|title=Review of the Economy 2008-09|url=http://eac.gov.in/reports/eac_rv0809.pdf|publisher=PMEAC|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>
#Economic Outlook 2008-09<ref name=2008EO>{{cite web|title=Economic Outlook 2008-09|url=http://eac.gov.in/reports/ecout0809.pdf|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>
#Review of the Economy 2007-08<ref name=2007report>{{cite web|title=Review of the Economy 2007-08|url=http://eac.gov.in/reports/rev_eco0708.pdf|publisher=PMEAC|access-date=7 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
#Economic Outlook for 2007-08<ref name=EO2007>{{cite web|title=Economic Outlook for 2007-08|url=http://eac.gov.in/reports/ecout0708.pdf|publisher=PMEAC|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>
#Economic Outlook 2006-07<ref name=EO2006>{{cite web|title=Economic Outlook 2006-07|url=http://eac.gov.in/reports/eac0607.pdf|publisher=PMEAC|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>

==Latest assessment 2010–11==
[[File:PMEAC-Review-of-Economy-2010-11.pdf|thumb|PMEAC Review of Economy 2010-11 Full Document]]
Based on the latest assessment of the Economy of India for the financial year 2010–11, the EAC has highlighted the following:<ref name=2010report/>
* Economic growth projected at 8.6% for FY2010-11 and 9% for FY2011-12
* Inflation estimated to be at 7% by March-end
* Agriculture sector projected to grow 5.4% in 2010-11
* Industry sector to expand at 8.1% and services sector at 9.6%
* Fiscal deficit to come down to 5.2% in FY11
* Exports estimated to increase to $230 billion in FY2010-11
* Current account deficit to be 3% of GDP
* Budgeted fiscal and revenue deficit beyond comfort zone
* Capital inflows projected at $64.6 billion this fiscal
* Investment rate expected to be 37%
* Domestic savings rate expected to be 34%

==See also==
*[[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]
*[[National Statistical Commission]]
*[[Five-Year Plans of India]]

{{Portal|India|Economics|Business and economics}}

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{Economy of India topics}}

==External links==
* [http://eac.gov.in/ Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316063041/http://eac.gov.in/ |date=16 March 2011 }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Councils of India]]

Jheel Ke Us Paar

2026-03-03T23:39:40Z

Raj kumar: typo fix

{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jheel Ke Us Paar
| image = Jheel Ke Us Paar.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bhappi Sonie]]
| producer = Bhappi Sonie
| writer = [[Nabendu Ghosh]] [[Gulshan Nanda]] Ramesh Pant
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] [[Yogeeta Bali]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
| music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| cinematography = [[Jal Mistry]]
| editing = [[M. S. Shinde]]
| studio = R.K. Studios
| distributor = Bhappi Sonie Productions Worldwide Entertainment Group
| released = {{Film date|1973|8|28|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Jheel Ke Us Paar''''' (English: ''On the other side of the lake'') is a 1973 Hindi film produced and directed by [[Bhappi Sonie]]. It is based on a novel by [[Gulshan Nanda]], and stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Yogeeta Bali]], [[Ranjeet]] and [[Shatrughan Sinha]]. The film's music is by [[R. D. Burman]]. Jal Mistry won the [[Filmfare Best Cinematographer Award]].

==Plot==
Neelu (Mumtaz) is a blind girl in a village. Sameer Rai (Dharmendra), an artist, spots her and wants to restore her eyesight as she lost it in an accident when she was bumped off by his father in her childhood. Sameer's mother wants him to marry Jugnu (Yogeeta Bali), but he has fallen in love with the blind girl. Jugnu and Sameer's mother persuades Neelu to play blind even after she regains her eyesight to dissuade Sameer from marrying a downtrodden village girl. They bring along a false husband of Neelu who carries her off into the clutches of Pratap (Prem Chopra), the illegitimate brother of Sameer. His love interest betrays him, and he is killed. His girlfriend and her dead husband, who is actually alive and playing possum to get insurance money, try to kill Neelu as she has witnessed Pratap's murder. Everything gets resolved in the final climax based on a novel of the same name. The film has many twists and turns.

==Cast==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Sameer Rai
* [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] as Neelu
* [[Yogeeta Bali]] as Jugnu
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Dr. J. P. Tandon
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Pratap
* [[Ranjeet]] as Balraj
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Rasila
* [[Iftekhar]] as Diwanji
* [[Urmila Bhatt]] as Prabha
* [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]] as Maya
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Hariya
* [[Mehmood Junior]] as Chikku

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics of all the songs were written by lyricist [[Anand Bakshi]].
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Kya Nazaren, Kya Sitaren"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Jheel Ke Us Paar"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Keh Rahe Hain Yeh Aansoo"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Babul Tere Bagan Di Main Bulbul"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Do Ghunt Mujhe Bhi Pila De"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Hay, Bichhua Das Gayo Re"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0070241|Jheel Ke Us Paar}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bhappi Sonie]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Gokarna (film)

2026-03-03T21:41:48Z

Raj kumar: fixed references and corrected details for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gokarna
| image = Gokarna DVD cover.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[Naganna]]
| producer = Sudheendra Kumar
| writer = K Nanjunda (Dialogue)
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Rakshita]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = Krishnakumar
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = Anegudda Vinayaka Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|12|25}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Gokarna''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] starring [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Rakshita]]. The film was directed by [[Naganna]] and produced by Upendra's brother Sudheendra Kumar under the banner Anegudda Vinayaka Productions.<ref name="viggy.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_gokarna.asp|title=Gokarna – Upendra starer remake film of Tamil hit Annamalai|website=viggy.com|access-date=2016-10-26}}</ref> Music for the film was scored by [[Gurukiran]]. It is the second among a series of successful films with the Upendra–Naganna combination. The film also features [[Madhu Bangarappa]], [[Tennis Krishna]], [[S. Ramesh]], [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Satyajith]], Dr. Nagesh, and Indhudhar in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-gokarna-news-kannada-kkfvNMhcabg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029143236/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-gokarna-news-kannada-kkfvNMhcabg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-10-29|title=Review: Gokarna|newspaper=Sify|access-date=2016-10-26}}</ref> The film is a remake of the 1992 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Annaamalai]]'', which was a remake of the 1987 Hindi film ''[[Khudgarz]]'', which in turn was based on [[Jeffrey Archer]]'s 1979 novel ''[[Kane and Abel (novel)|Kane and Abel]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/the-law-is-catching-up-but-is-it-enough-to-deter-bollywood-plagiarism-1.763483?outputType=amp|title = The law is catching up but is it enough to deter Bollywood plagiarism?| newspaper=The National |date = 26 August 2018| last1=Kulkarni | first1=Vishwas }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/jeffrey-archer-accuses-bollywood-of-stealing-his-bestselling-storylines-10085842.html |title=Khudgarz (Base) |work=The Independent|date=4 March 2015 }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Sidda
*[[Rakshita]] as Pooja
*[[Madhu Bangarappa]]
*[[Tennis Krishna]]
*[[S. Ramesh]]
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Satyajit]]
*Dr. K. G. Nagesh
*Indhudhar
*Sitara Vaidya
{{colend}}

==Production==
After the huge success of the previous project with the Upendra–Naganna combination ''[[Kutumba (2003 film)|Kutumba]]'', the producer of the film Shailendra Babu announced that his next film would be titled as ''Jai Ganesha'', having the same film troupe. But the film did not take off due to conflict between Upendra and him. Upendra then gathered the same team of ''Kutumba'' (barring the producer) and decided to remake the 1992 [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer ''[[Annaamalai]]''<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Now-Ramesh-caught-on-camera/articleshow/345384.cms| title = Now, Ramesh caught on camera! | website = The Times of India}} Now, Ramesh caught on camera!</ref> with his brother producing it.<ref name="viggy.com"/> Upendra stated that while ''Annamalai'' was a story of two brothers, ''Gokarna'' portrays the story of two young friends. [[Rakshita]] was cast as the female lead opposite him. The president of the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce and [[Madhu Bangarappa]] of Akash Audio made their acting debut with the film. It was reported that actress [[Shweta Menon]] was signed for an [[item number]]. A. V. Krishna Kumar served as the cinematographer, [[Gurukiran]] as composer and [[Thriller Manju]] as the stunt coordinator. The film was shot mainly in Bangalore and Hyderabad.<ref name=dh>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=Uppi and Rakshita come together in Gokarna |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov30/ent6.asp |work=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204042430/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov30/ent6.asp |archive-date=4 December 2003 |date=30 November 2003}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Gurukiran scored the music for the film while Upendra and [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] penned the lyrics for the soundtrack. The album consists of five tracks.<ref name="viggy.com"/><ref>{{Citation|title=Gokarna|date=2000-10-14|url=http://musicmazaa.com/kannada/audiosongs/movie/Gokarna.html|access-date=2016-10-26}}</ref> The audio release function was held at ''The Club'', Bangalore. Actor and politician [[Ambareesh]] released the soundtrack album. The event was followed by the ramp show and dance program performed by a local dance troupe. Two songs from the film were screened for the media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_gokarna_cassette.asp|title=Kannada film of Upendra – Gokarna audio released|website=viggy.com|access-date=2016-10-26}}</ref> G. P. Rajarathnam's poem Brahma Ninge was adapted as a song for the film.<ref name=dh />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Singers
|-
| "Aaseye Dhukkakke" || [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Chakkar Haaku" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Shamitha Malnad]]
|-
| "Bramha Ninge" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "Baro Baro" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| "Jwara Illade" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|}

==Box office==
Although ''Gokarna'' turned out to be a safe bet at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jaldi.walletwatch.com/carnaticmusic/fullstory.php?id=13517649 |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423221558/http://jaldi.walletwatch.com/carnaticmusic/fullstory.php?id=13517649 |archive-date=23 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> it was not as successful as the previous film with the Upendra–Naganna combination, ''[[Kutumba (2003 film)|Kutumba]]''. However, ''Gokarna'' completed a 175-day run in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/interview/6066.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041024165244/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/interview/6066.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 24 October 2004| title = Telugu Cinema News {{!}} Telugu Movie Reviews {{!}} Telugu Movie Trailers – IndiaGlitz Telugu}}</ref> The film was followed by yet another successful film with the same combination, ''[[Gowramma (2005 film)|Gowramma]]'' (2005).

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14440798}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films directed by Naganna]]
[[Category:2003 drama films]]

Ashtadigbandhanam

2026-03-03T09:18:11Z

Raj kumar: content fix

{{Short description|Film was released theatrically on 22 September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ashtadigbandhanam
| image =
| caption =
| director = Baba PR
| writer = Baba PR
| producer = Manoj Kumar Agarwal
| starring = {{ubl|Surya Bharath Chandra|Vishika Kota|Manoj Kumar Agarwal|Viswender Reddy|Mahesh Ravul|Mani Patel|Ranjith Narayan Kurup|Naveen Kumar Gattu|Roshni Razzak}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Babu Kollabathula }}
| editing = Satya Giduturi
| music = Jackson Vijayan
| studio = Makaka Film Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|09|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Ashtadigbandhanam''''' is a 2023 Indian Telugu language film directed by Baba PR and produced by Manoj Kumar Agarwal under Makaka Film Production. The main lead cast are Surya Bharath Chandra and Vishakha Kota. The score was composed by Jackson Vijayan and edited by Satya Giduturi. The film was released theatrically on 22 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashtadigbandhanam movie review |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/220923/ashtadigbandhanam-a-gripping-story-good-screenplay-keeps-audience-ho.html |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925133203/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/220923/ashtadigbandhanam-a-gripping-story-good-screenplay-keeps-audience-ho.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

MLA Sri Ramulu's (Viswender Reddy) devoted assistant is Shankar Goud, played by Mahesh Ravul. The MLA challenges Shankar to come up with 50 crores for the ticket in order to run in the future elections. In order to accomplish this, Shankar and his crew intend to rob a bank and enlist the aid of Gautham (Surya Bharath Chandra), who desperately needs money to pay for the medical care of his wife Priya (Vishika Kota).

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}

*Surya Bharath Chandra
*Vishika Kota
*Manoj Kumar Agarwal
*Viswender Reddy
*Mahesh Ravul
*Mani Patel
*Ranjith Narayan Kurup
*Naveen Kumar Gattu
*Roshni Razzak

{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ashtadigbandhanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jackson Vijayan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Jackson Vijayan

}}
{{Track listing
| all_music = Jackson Vijayan
| collapsed =
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = I’m With You <ref>{{cite news |title=Ashtadigbandhanam Song I'm with you |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/ashtadigbandhanam-song-im-with-you-lyrical/videoshow/103802928.cms |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926010251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/ashtadigbandhanam-song-im-with-you-lyrical/videoshow/103802928.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:26
| lyrics1 = Baba PR
| extra1 = {{ubl|Prudvi Chandra|[[Manisha Eerabathini]]}}
| title2 = Vintunnava<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashtadigbandhanam Song Vintunnava |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/ashtadigbandhanam-song-vintunnava-lyrical/videoshow/103850058.cms |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926010228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/ashtadigbandhanam-song-vintunnava-lyrical/videoshow/103850058.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
| note2 =
| length2 = 4:43
| lyrics2 = Purna Chary
| extra2 = {{ubl|[[Saisharan ]]|[[ Spoorthi Yadagiri]]}}
| title3= Ashtadigbandhanam
| note3 =
| length3 =4:31
| lyrics3 = Purna Chary
| extra3 =Prudvi Chandra
| total_length = 12
}}

==Reception==
A critic from Sakshi Post wrote Ashtadigbandhanam is a crime thriller that becomes a heist drama at one point<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashtadigbandhanam movie review |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/ashtadigbandhanam-movie-review-231163 |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=Sakshi Post |date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926184450/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/ashtadigbandhanam-movie-review-231163 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26999050}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Cheran Pandian

2026-03-03T05:00:14Z

Raj kumar: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Cheran Pandian.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
| story = [[Erode Soundar]]
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] [[Sreeja]]
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[Soundaryan]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|05|31}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Cheran Pandian''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]], from a story by [[Erode Soundar]]. The film stars [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], [[Anand Babu]] and [[Sreeja]]. It was released on 31 May 1991, emerged a box office success and won several [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Balarama Krishnulu]]'' (<abbr>1992</abbr>), and in [[Hindi]] in as ''[[Sautela]]'' (<abbr>1999</abbr>).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=RIP Chitra: A seasoned performer who left an impact |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-chitra-a-seasoned-performer-who-left-an-impact-1022032.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821070840/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-chitra-a-seasoned-performer-who-left-an-impact-1022032.html |archive-date=21 August 2021 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Manicheran Gounder or Periya Gounder is the rich head of the Muthupalayam village in [[Coimbatore District]]. He lives with his wife Paarvathi and daughter Vennila, and strictly adheres to the caste system. Rajapaandi Gounder or Chinna Gounder is Periya Gounder's half brother and also a rich landlord in the same village, and Parimalam is his sister. Since Rajapaandi's mother was from a suppressed caste, Periya Gounder stays aloof from him and always ignores and berates Rajapaandi and Parimalam. Manicheran had split his share of ancestral properties and went separate at age 18, when his father Bunglow Gounder married Rajapaandi's mother. Still Bunglow Gounder, before dying, had divided his entire self-earned property, including the house, equally between the two brothers, and they live on either side of the bungalow house, split by a wall in the middle. Yet, Periya Gounder's family gets first respect in the village and at the local temple, and he refuses to yield any privilege to Rajapaandi.

Chandran, a first cousin of Rajapaandi through his maternal uncle, comes to meet and work under him in the village since his parents are dead, and he could not find a job in [[Tirupur]]. He falls in love with Vennila. Periya Gounder is furious when he learns of this and tries to get Vennila married to his brother-in-law, and after being rebuked by him, he makes arrangements for Vennila's marriage with a womanising thug, son of a devious village elder, since he belongs to his own, supposedly higher caste. After a serious turn of events, Periya Gounder has a change of heart with some heartfelt advice from Paarvathi, Parimalam's while trying to save Vennila, renounces his caste-centric mindset and accepts Rajapaandi as his equal sibling. During the scuffle, the injured Parimalam saved her brother Periya Gounder and died by the shot. Chandran and Vennila end up getting married.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Mani Cheran Gounder (Periya Gounder)
* [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] as Raja Pandian Gounder (Chinna Gounder)
* [[Sreeja]] as Vennila<ref name="Cast">{{Cite web |last=யுவராஜ் |first=லாவண்யா |date=31 May 2024 |title=33 years of Cheran Pandian : 33 ஆண்டுகளைக் கடந்த சேரன் பாண்டியன்.. பட நாயகிகள் இப்போ என்ன செய்றாங்க |trans-title=33 years of Cheran Pandian.. What are the film's heroines doing now? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/33-years-of-cheran-pandian-what-is-the-current-situation-of-the-movie-heroines-185633 |access-date=15 February 2026 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531040229/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/33-years-of-cheran-pandian-what-is-the-current-situation-of-the-movie-heroines-185633 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Nagesh]] as Maniyam
* [[Anand Babu]] as Chandran
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as Parvathi
* [[Goundamani]] as Mechanic Manikkam (motor mechanic)
* [[Senthil]] as Thangam
* Anuja as Sundari, Manikkam's wife
* [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Parimalam<ref name="Cast"/>
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Sundaram
* [[Kumarimuthu]] as Mariappan
}}
Assistant director Krishna Mohan and [[Jiiva]] make uncredited appearances in the song "Chinna Thangam" with the former playing Parimalam's husband.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DS43UDkD5vD |user=cinemavikatan |title="Jiiva-வை சினிமாவில் அறிமுகப்படுத்தியது நாந்தான்!" - Padayappa Co-Director Krishna Mohan #Jeeva {{!}} #CheranPandian {{!}} #VellumTamilPengal {{!}} #CinemaVikatan {{!}} #VikatanReels |author=Cinema Vikatan |author-link=Ananda Vikatan |date=30 December 2025 |access-date=15 February 2026 |language=ta |trans-title=I'm the one who introduced Jiiva! - Padayappa Co-Director Krishna Mohan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=233212619723517953 |user=JiivaOfficial |title=Thts not me I did not act in tht film... I acted in perum puli n Cheran pandian |author=Jiiva |author-link=Jiiva |date=8 August 2012 |access-date=15 February 2026 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260216073630/https://x.com/JiivaOfficial/status/233212619723517953 |archive-date=16 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>


== Production ==
''Cheran Pandian'' is [[K. S. Ravikumar]]'s second film as director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=22 April 2021 |title=Pariyerum Perumal is a masala film, says filmmaker KS Ravikumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/apr/22/pariyerum-perumal-is-a-masala-film-says-filmmaker-ks-ravikumar-2293006.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127104028/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/apr/22/pariyerum-perumal-is-a-masala-film-says-filmmaker-ks-ravikumar-2293006.html |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Producer [[R. B. Choudary]] had previously stated he would finance Ravikumar's second directorial film, regardless of how well his first (''[[Puriyaadha Pudhir]]'') performed at the box office.<ref name="30YearsOfKSRavikumar">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=7 September 2020 |title=#30YearsOfKSRavikumar: I came into the film industry because of piracy: KS Ravikumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/30yearsofksravikumar-i-came-into-the-film-industry-because-of-piracy-ks-ravikumar/articleshow/77968290.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122045859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/30yearsofksravikumar-i-came-into-the-film-industry-because-of-piracy-ks-ravikumar/articleshow/77968290.cms |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] worked as an assistant director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=கோபாலகிருஷ்ணன் |first=எஸ். |date=12 December 2020 |title=சேரன் பிறந்த நாள் ஸ்பெஷல்: தமிழ் மனங்களில் தனி இடம்பெற்ற படைப்பாளி |trans-title=Cheran Birthday Special: The creator with a special place in Tamil minds |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/611007-cheran-birthday-special.html |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta |access-date=15 February 2026 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212093227/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/611007-cheran-birthday-special.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Soundaryan]], who also wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheran Pandiyan (1991) Tamil Super Hit Film LP Vinyl Record by Soundaryan |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/cheran-pandiyan-by-soundaryan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127104033/https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/cheran-pandiyan-by-soundaryan/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Disco Music Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheran Pandiyan (1991) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Cheran-Pandiyan-songs-T0001971 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521041019/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Cheran-Pandiyan-songs-T0001971 |archive-date=21 May 2015 |access-date=3 December 2016 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> Ravikumar rewrote the screenplay according to some of the songs after hearing them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: பாடலுக்காக திரைக்கதையை மாற்றிய கே.எஸ்.ரவிகுமார் |trans-title=Flashback: K. S. Ravikumar rewrote the screenplay for the songs |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/129534 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250514093754/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/129534 |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> The song "Kadhal Kaditham" is set in [[Mohanam]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parameswaran |first=Prathibha |date=7 February 2006 |title=A Sunday vibrates with razzmatazz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-sunday-vibrates-with-razzmatazz/article18395752.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111155259/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-sunday-vibrates-with-razzmatazz/article18395752.ece |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| "Kangal Ondraga" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 04:49
|-
| "Kadhal Kaditham" || Labson Rajkumar, [[Swarnalatha]] || 04:34
|-
| "Samba Naathu" || [[Swarnalatha]] || 04:41
|-
| "Va Va Endhan" ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|| 04:43
|-
| "Kodiyum Thoranamum" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Sunanda (singer)|Sunandha]] || 05:05
|-
| "Chinna Thangam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 4:33
|-
| "Ethirveetu Jannal" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Krishnaraj || 5:22
|-
| "Ooru Vittu Ooru" || [[S. P. Sailaja]] || 5:24
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Cheran Pandian'' was released on 31 May 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 1991 |title=Cheran Pandian |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910531&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the songs but criticised their abundance. He also criticised Ravikumar's direction and writing.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி.ஆர்.கே. |date=6 June 1991 |title=சேரன்–பாண்டியன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1991/jun/09-06-1991/p64.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220911160719/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1991/jun/09-06-1991/p64.jpg |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta}}</ref> ''Cheran Pandian'' won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize for Best Film]], [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]] ([[Erode Soundar]]) and Best Sound Recording (Sampath).<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1992 |title=Chinnathambi bags six awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=23 June 2016 |title=Sound knowledge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Sound-knowledge/article14397113.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426052424/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Sound-knowledge/article14397113.ece |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vijayakumar won the [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Character Actor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 1992 |title='Chinnathambhi' bags Cinema Express award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432%2C722114 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510080013/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432%2C722114 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{K. S. Ravikumar}}
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 action drama films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Films scored by Soundaryan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Maamanithan (2022 film)

2026-03-03T02:33:03Z

Raj kumar: Put Up Pg

{{short description|Tamil drama film directed by Seenu Ramasamy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maamanithan (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Seenu Ramasamy]]
| writer = Seenu Ramasamy
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] Shan Sutharasan
| starring = [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[Gayathrie]] [[Guru Somasundaram]] [[Shaji Chen]] [[Jewel Mary]] [[Anikha Surendran]]
| cinematography = [[M. Sukumar]]
| editing = [[Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]] [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = YSR Films
| distributor = [[Studio 9 Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Maamanithan''''' ({{translation| ''The Great Human''}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Seenu Ramasamy]] and produced by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] under his YSR Films banner. The film stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Gayathrie]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Anikha Surendran]], [[Jewel Mary]], and [[Shaji Chen]]. In addition, Yuvan composed the soundtrack of this film along with his father [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by [[M. Sukumar]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]. The film was theatrically released on 24 June 2022 after being delayed for five years.

== Plot ==
The film begins with Radhakrishnan hiding from the police, who are visiting the area. He then runs through the village and into the fields. Then, we see a flashback of Krishna's life and the events leading to him running.

'''Past''': Krishna is a humble auto driver who is sincere and honest. He is content with his life, which revolves around the [[auto rickshaw|auto]], his wife Savithri, and his two kids. Krishna has a good friend, Vappa Bhai. His kids study in a [[state school|government school]], and he wishes to improve their standard of education by admitting them to a [[private school]]. He teaches his kids good morals.

He also reveals to his daughter how he fell in love with Savithri. One day, a man left some gold jewellery in his automobile, and Krishna helped return it. The old man's name was Maarisaamy. Krishna and Bhai visit his house and give him the jewellery. Maarisaamy reveals that he brought the jewellery for his daughter's [[engagement]] ceremony. After that, one day, Krishna meets Savithri at a bus stand. He learns they cancelled the alliance due to concerns about [[Dowry system in India|dowry]].

Krishna, Mayilu (a house [[broker]]), and Bhai help Savithri and her father find a new home. At the same time, Krishna falls in love with Savithri. Krishna helps him find four suitable grooms. He smartly puts his [[horoscope]] with them and gives it to Maarisaamy. Krishna then tells Bhai that they accepted him as a suitable groom. So Bhai shows Maarisaamy Krishna's newly built house and tells him that Krishna wanted to marry an educated girl. Bhai persuades Maarisaamy that Krishna will care for Savithri dearly. Eventually, Maarisaamy decides to accept the engagement. Finally, after many hurdles, Krishna and Savithri get married at the temple, which concludes the love flashback.

One day, when taking his kids to school, he sees builders working on a plot of land. A man tells Krishna that a [[Malayali]] man brought a piece of land and informs him that he knows the town, and if Krishnan helps him sell, he can get the [[Commission (remuneration)|commission]] he needs to improve his children's education standards. To do so, he promises real estate businessman Madhavan that he will assist him in selling all the plots to his villagers. Eventually, he becomes a [[real estate broker|house broker]], but Savithri convinces him it's not a good choice. Soon, Krishna sells all the properties, and Madhavan collects all the money. Krishnan gets drunk with Madhavan, and Savithri gets angry. The following day, Madhavan cheats Krishnan by running away with the money. Krishna becomes confused since he feels guilty that his villagers trusted his word. Madhavan's good-hearted assistant tells him that Madhavan's house is in Kerala. It returns to the film's beginning.

'''Present''': Krishna travels to [[Kerala]] to meet Madhavan's mother, but he is not there. He works as a toilet cleaner and befriends two workers who help him. At home, Savithri realises that the house documents are gone, and the villagers become hostile to them and insult Krishna. Bhai provides support for them and gives them money and food. Krishna helps Philomy's daughter, Christy (whom he sees as his daughter). He earns the trust of Philomy. Eventually, Krishna's kids grow up, and Savithri decides to pay off Bhai using his son's salary. He reveals that his dad came to him the night he eloped and gave the house documents to Bhai. Bhai informs them that Krishna is the one who sent money for their studies. Savithri, Krishna's son, and Bhai visit Kerala. According to Krishna's friends, he left the town shortly after Madhavan's mother died, and they discovered his objective.

Eventually, in [[Varanasi]], Krishna stays with two priests. They are suspicious of him, and he tells them his children should win in the village where he lost and is seeking forgiveness. The priest says that Krishna is a Maamanithan. One day, he sees Madhavan, who is now a beggar. Madhavan begs for Krishna's forgiveness, but Krishna tells him that he left his mother orphaned, and she died. Madhavan commits [[suicide methods#Drowning|suicide by drowning]], and it breaks Krishna's heart. Eventually, the priest helps Savithri and his son reunite with him, and they go to see his daughter.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Radhakrishnan (Krishna)
* [[Gayathrie]] as Savithri, Radhakrishnan's wife
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Vappa Bhai (Ismail), Radhakrishnan's best friend
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Madhavan's mother
* [[Shaji Chen]] as Real Estate Madhavan
* [[Jewel Mary]] as Teashop Philomy
* [[Anikha Surendran]] as Christy, Philomy's Daughter
* Ragu Aditya as Savithri's brother
* [[Manikandan R. Achari]] as Mani, Radhakrishnan's friend in Kerala
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as House broker
* [[Manasvi Kottachi]] as Nithya, Radhakrishnan's daughter (young age)
* [[Saravana Sakthi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2019 |title=Kuttipuli actor turns director again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kuttipuli-actor-turns-director-again/articleshow/71313406.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213032427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kuttipuli-actor-turns-director-again/articleshow/71313406.cms |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=2 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Radhakrishnan's friend in Kerala
* [[A. Govindamoorthy]] as house owner
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as a photo in Mani's room
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In April 2017, reports surfaced that [[Vijay Sethupathi]] had signed a new project with [[Seenu Ramasamy]] after the success of ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' (2016).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Seenu Ramasamy team up again |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/apr/19/vijay-sethupathi-and-seenu-ramasamy-team-up-again-1595090.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212440/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/apr/19/vijay-sethupathi-and-seenu-ramasamy-team-up-again-1595090.html |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Seenu Ramasamy started writing the script for the project with a tentative title ''Maamanithan'', with [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] who earlier collaborated with Seenu in ''Dharma Durai'' and the unreleased film ''[[Idam Porul Yaeval]]'', expressed his interest in producing the film apart from working on the film's music.<ref name=":1" /> Later, Seenu also narrated the script to composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]] who also agreed to work with his son Yuvan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2017 |title=Will Vijay Sethupathi's new film reunite Ilaiyaraaja and Vairamuthu? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/will-vijay-sethupathi-s-new-film-reunite-ilaiyaraaja-and-vairamuthu/story-86FfClQvpwjoQTzxGGcVcJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218010446/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/will-vijay-sethupathi-s-new-film-reunite-ilaiyaraaja-and-vairamuthu/story-86FfClQvpwjoQTzxGGcVcJ.html |archive-date=18 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

It was further reported that the film biopic of a popular leader who hails from the south Tamil Nadu region,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=15 May 2017 |title=Seenuramasamy, Sethupathi's next is a biopic on a leader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/seenuramasamy-sethupathis-next-is-a-biopic-on-a-leader/articleshow/58670212.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602223850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/seenuramasamy-sethupathis-next-is-a-biopic-on-a-leader/articleshow/58670212.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> with Vijay Sethupathi playing a politician in the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi to play a politician in his next? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-play-a-politician-in-his-next/articleshow/58764563.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603014247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-play-a-politician-in-his-next/articleshow/58764563.cms |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> however the team denied such claims. Seenu Ramasamy finished working on the script in May 2017, but the shooting of the film was delayed due to Sethupathi's commitments in other films.<ref name=":2" />

=== Casting ===
[[Samuthirakani]] was announced as a pivotal character in April 2018, who plays a straightforward villager in the film. Seenu Ramasamy revealed that "his character will be the silent type, with very little dialogue and there will be no pair for him in the film". Though the film marked Samuthirakani and Seenu collaborating after ''[[Neerparavai]]'' (2012), the former did not confirm his presence in the film.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=17 April 2018 |title=Samuthirakani will have no pair in Seenu's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/samuthirakani-will-have-no-pair-in-seenus-film/articleshow/63786229.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603004108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/samuthirakani-will-have-no-pair-in-seenus-film/articleshow/63786229.cms |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> During the start of the shoot, Guru Somasundaram was announced a part of the pivotal cast, with Seenu stating his character as an important one which appears throughout the film. Guru Somasundaram played the role of a [[Muslims|Muslim]] in the film.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=16 December 2018 |title=Guru plays a Muslim in Vijay Sethupathi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/guru-plays-a-muslim-in-vijay-sethupathi-film/articleshow/67104988.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/guru-plays-a-muslim-in-vijay-sethupathi-film/articleshow/67104988.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Seenu also cast [[Gayathrie]] playing another pivotal character. He stated that "her role is that of a young woman who has finished her 10th standard and has taken up teaching typewriting".<ref name=":4" /> Other supporting casts include [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Shaji Chen]], [[Jewel Mary]].

[[Manasvi Kottachi]] was cast as Sethupathi's daughter. [[Anikha]] was cast in a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2019 |title=Anikha joins the cast of Vijay Sethupathi's 'Maamanithan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anikha-joins-the-cast-of-vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan/articleshow/67741299.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602222526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anikha-joins-the-cast-of-vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan/articleshow/67741299.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> During the schedule of Kerala, stills featuring Vijay Sethupathi and Malayalam actor [[Manikandan R. Achari|Manikandan Achari]] went viral through internet, with the latter reported to play a supporting role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Kerala fans go gaga over his simplicity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-kerala-fans-go-gaga-over-his-simplicity/articleshow/67670776.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602224037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-kerala-fans-go-gaga-over-his-simplicity/articleshow/67670776.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Vijay Sethupathi plays an auto driver hailing from a rural family in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi to take on this role for next 'Maamanithan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-take-on-this-role-for-next-maamanithan/articleshow/67526938.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602223846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-take-on-this-role-for-next-maamanithan/articleshow/67526938.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film's shooting began in [[Madurai]] with a formal pooja (prayer ceremony) on 15 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2018 |title='Makkal Selvan' Vijay Sethupathi begins shooting for Maamanithan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/makkal-selvan-vijay-sethupathi-begins-shooting-for-maamanithan-news-tamil-smplISgafjdhf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215095408/http://www.sify.com/movies/makkal-selvan-vijay-sethupathi-begins-shooting-for-maamanithan-news-tamil-smplISgafjdhf.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi begins shooting for Maamanithan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-begins-shooting-for-maamanithan/articleshow/67104564.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104064220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-begins-shooting-for-maamanithan/articleshow/67104564.cms |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The first schedule of the film began in [[Andipatti]], near Madurai which took place for 20 days.<ref name=":4" /> On 23 January 2019, the team headed to [[Kerala]] to shoot few major sequences for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2019 |title=Here's Vijay Sethupathi in Maamanithan! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-vijay-sethupathi-in-maamanithan/articleshow/67652807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-vijay-sethupathi-in-maamanithan/articleshow/67652807.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The Kerala schedule was completed in 13 days and the team shot few more sequences in [[Varanasi]] during early February and was wrapped on 12 February 2019.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=12 February 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Maamanithan' shooting wrapped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-shooting-wrapped/articleshow/67954950.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602224031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-shooting-wrapped/articleshow/67954950.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The entire filming was completed in 37 days.<ref name=":5" />

== Music ==
The film marked the first collaboration of [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and his son [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] working together and the final song recorded by his daughter and playback singer [[Bhavatharini]] before her death to cancer.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=27 January 2018 |title=Ilaiyaraaja, Karthik Raja and Yuvan, to make music together |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ilaiyaraaja-karthik-raja-and-yuvan-to-make-music-together/articleshow/62664372.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602222523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ilaiyaraaja-karthik-raja-and-yuvan-to-make-music-together/articleshow/62664372.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 May 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Maamanithan: Ilaiyaraaja, Karthik Raja and Yuvan to score music |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-maamanithan-ilaiyaraaja-karthik-raja-and-yuvan-to-score-music-1155259-2018-01-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128143226/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-maamanithan-ilaiyaraaja-karthik-raja-and-yuvan-to-score-music-1155259-2018-01-27 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |magazine=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja's inclusion in the project was announced on 25 January 2018, when he was felicitated with [[Padma Vibhushan|Padma Vibushan]] by the [[Government of India]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2018 |title=Padma Vibhushan for Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/padma-awards-2018-ilaiyaraja-awarded-padma-vibhushan-dhoni-gets-padma-bhushan/article22524146.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603062834/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/padma-awards-2018-ilaiyaraja-awarded-padma-vibhushan-dhoni-gets-padma-bhushan/article22524146.ece |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=PTI}}</ref> Yuvan stated that the collaboration with his father and brother, made his "journey of a music director being meaningful and purposeful".<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2018 |title=Ilaiyaraaja, Karthik Raja and Yuvan Shankar Raja join hands for Vijay Sethupathi, Seenu Ramaswamy film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ilaiyaraaja-vijay-sethupathi-seenu-ramaswamy-karthik-raja-yuvan-shankar-raja-film-5040336/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212500/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ilaiyaraaja-vijay-sethupathi-seenu-ramaswamy-karthik-raja-yuvan-shankar-raja-film-5040336/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film's director Seenu Ramasamy also thanked Yuvan for his initiative in bringing the Raja family collaborate on a project, in his interview with ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2018 |title=Ilaiyaraaja, Karthik Raja and Yuvan to work together for the first time |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jan/26/ilaiyaraaja-karthik-raja-and-yuvan-to-work-together-for-the-first-time-4216.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212211/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jan/26/ilaiyaraaja-karthik-raja-and-yuvan-to-work-together-for-the-first-time-4216.html |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Recording for the film's soundtrack began during September 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2019 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja excited to work with Ilaiyaraaja for Maamanithan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-excited-to-work-with-ilaiyaraaja-for-maamanithan/articleshow/71125957.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602223904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-excited-to-work-with-ilaiyaraaja-for-maamanithan/articleshow/71125957.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and completed in May 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2020 |title=Ilayaraja completes work for Seenu Ramasamy's 'Maamanithan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ilayaraja-completes-work-for-seenu-ramasamys-maamanithan/articleshow/76030074.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603004132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ilayaraja-completes-work-for-seenu-ramasamys-maamanithan/articleshow/76030074.cms |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The album featuring five songs had lyrics written by [[Pa. Vijay]] and [[Palani Bharathi]]. Ilaiyaraaja took charge of recording the songs and film score, while Yuvan made the arrangements for the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2019 |title='Raaja sir is composing the tunes, and Yuvan will do the arranging' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/raaja-sir-is-composing-the-tunes-and-yuvan-will-do-the-arranging/articleshow/71260104.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/raaja-sir-is-composing-the-tunes-and-yuvan-will-do-the-arranging/articleshow/71260104.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single track "Thattiputta" was released by [[U1 Records]] on 7 April 2021, which had vocals performed by Ilaiyaraaja and written by Pa. Vijay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2021 |title='Maamanithan' new song 'Thattiputta': The first song composed by Ilayaraja and Yuvan out now! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/maamanithan-new-song-thattiputta-the-first-song-composed-by-ilayaraja-and-yuvan-out-now/articleshow/81968196.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/maamanithan-new-song-thattiputta-the-first-song-composed-by-ilayaraja-and-yuvan-out-now/articleshow/81968196.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Another song "Ye Rasa" was released on 28 May 2021, which also had a promotional video featuring Yuvan Shankar Raja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=Watch: Yuvan Shankar Raja sings the soulful track 'Ye Rasa' from 'MaaManithan' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-yuvan-shankar-raja-sings-soulful-track-ye-rasa-maamanithan-149689 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528115028/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-yuvan-shankar-raja-sings-soulful-track-ye-rasa-maamanithan-149689 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| title1 = Thattiputta
| length1 = 3:28
| total_length = 13:53
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| title3 = Pannapurathu
| length3 = 3:30
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay
| extra3 = [[Bhavatharini|Raja Bhavatharini]], [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
| title4 = Enna Nadakkudhu
| length4 = 2:51
| lyrics4 = Karunakaran
| extra4 = Muthu Sirpi
| length2 = 4:04
| title2 = Ye Rasa
| lyrics2 = Pa. Vijay
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was reportedly scheduled for a theatrical release during September and October 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2019 |title=Maamanithan likely to release in September |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maamanithan-likely-to-release-in-september/articleshow/70126461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602230957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maamanithan-likely-to-release-in-september/articleshow/70126461.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Maamanithan to release in October? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-to-release-in-october/articleshow/70922794.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602223922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-to-release-in-october/articleshow/70922794.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> but was delayed indefinitely due to a lawsuit filed against the producers by Jayaseelan who earlier registered the same title for his film. In March 2021, Seenu Ramasamy tweeted that Yuvan Shankar Raja had acquired the title rights from Jayaseelan and further stated that the promotions will begin for the film under the title ''Maamanithan''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2021 |title=All decks cleared for Seenu Ramasamy's Maamanithan starring Vijay Sethupathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/all-decks-cleared-for-seenu-ramasamys-maamanithan-starring-vijay-sethupathi/articleshow/81278588.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413024547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/all-decks-cleared-for-seenu-ramasamys-maamanithan-starring-vijay-sethupathi/articleshow/81278588.cms |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The producers reportedly started negotiating with streaming platforms for a direct-to-streaming release, as theatres were shut down due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Maamanithan to directly release on OTT? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-to-directly-release-on-ott-news-tamil-ujpk7jbbchgid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917071633/https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-to-directly-release-on-ott-news-tamil-ujpk7jbbchgid.html |archive-date=17 September 2020 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''LetsOTT'' revealed that the film is scheduled for a digital release through either [[ZEE5]] or [[Amazon Prime Video]], although no official confirmation was made by the producers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Sajid |date=26 September 2020 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Maamanithan is heading for a Direct OTT release. |url=https://www.letsott.com/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-is-heading-for-a-direct-ott-release |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213917/https://www.letsott.com/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-is-heading-for-a-direct-ott-release |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=LetsOTT}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1527661535006339072 |user=sri50 |title=#MaamanithanFromJune23 @VijaySethuOffl @seenuramasamy @ilaiyaraaja & @thisisysr Musical A @studio9_suresh Rele… |date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2022 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's long-delayed 'Maamanithan' releases in theatres; here's what the audience has to say |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-long-delayed-maamanithan-releases-in-theatres-heres-what-the-audience-has-to-say/articleshow/92430760.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713203346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-long-delayed-maamanithan-releases-in-theatres-heres-what-the-audience-has-to-say/articleshow/92430760.cms |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title=Release date of Vijay Sethupathi's 'Maamanithan' sees a change |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/release-date-of-vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-sees-a-change/articleshow/91703918.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713203447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/release-date-of-vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-sees-a-change/articleshow/91703918.cms |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
Both the [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Kerala]] distribution rights of the film have been bagged by [[R. K. Suresh]] under the banner [[Studio 9 Productions]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2022 |title=RK Suresh bags the theatrical rights for 'Maamanithan' in Kerala and Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rk-suresh-bags-the-theatrical-rights-for-maamanithan-in-kerala-and-tamil-nadu/articleshow/90285358.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713202740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rk-suresh-bags-the-theatrical-rights-for-maamanithan-in-kerala-and-tamil-nadu/articleshow/90285358.cms |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital rights of the film has been acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |title=Aha secured the rights to Maamanithan and premiered it on 21 April 2022 |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/maamanithan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509220822/https://www.aha.video/movie/maamanithan |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=[[aha (streaming service)|Aha]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2022 |title=Digital rights of Vijay Sethupathi's 'Maamanithan' acquired by an OTT giant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/digital-rights-of-vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-acquired-by-an-ott-giant/articleshow/92454206.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711160655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/digital-rights-of-vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-acquired-by-an-ott-giant/articleshow/92454206.cms |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> where it began streaming from 15 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jul 7, 2022 |title=Maamanithan OTT release date: When and where to watch Vijay Sethupathi and Gayathrie Shankar's Maamanithan |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maamanithan-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-vijay-sethupathi-and-gayathrie-shankars-maamanithan/b3d17a7c55190 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205051802/https://www.ottplay.com/news/maamanithan-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-vijay-sethupathi-and-gayathrie-shankars-maamanithan/b3d17a7c55190 |archive-date=2025-02-05 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' after reviewing the film wrote "Maamanithan is that script where both Sethupathi and Gayathrie do more for the film than what it does to them."<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=24 June 2022 |title='Maamanithan' movie review: Vijay Sethupathi, Gayathrie try their best to save this simple melodrama from sinking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maamanithan-movie-review/article65560441.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713200238/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maamanithan-movie-review/article65560441.ece |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Karthik Keramalu of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated "''Maamanithan'' is surprisingly honest. It doesn’t beat around the bush and tells a nice story straight from the heart."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=25 June 2022 |title=Maamanithan movie review: A surprisingly good movie about what makes a man great |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maamanithan-movie-review-a-surprisingly-good-movie-about-what-makes-a-man-great-10834331.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710122624/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maamanithan-movie-review-a-surprisingly-good-movie-about-what-makes-a-man-great-10834331.html |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.0 out of 5 stars and stated "in these times when big-screen entertainment has largely come to mean action thrillers and fantasies, ''Maamanithan'' — a character-driven drama – does feel like the last of its species. And by the time that it ends, it turns into something more — a saga that is quietly affecting."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=24 June 2022 |title=Maamanithan Movie Review : A quietly affecting saga of an ordinary man |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maamanithan/movie-review/92417750.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712043601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maamanithan/movie-review/92417750.cms |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars stating that "Maamanithan is Seenu Ramasamy's meditation on life. And according to him, the man who knows to be content living on less is great."<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=24 June 2022 |title=Maamanithan movie review: Vijay Sethupathi shines in Seenu Ramasamy's meditation on life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maamanithan-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-shines-in-seenu-ramasamy-meditation-on-life-7988800/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713200731/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maamanithan-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-shines-in-seenu-ramasamy-meditation-on-life-7988800/ |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating that "Noble intentions fail to make up for the lack of novelty and entertainment in this Seenu Ramasamy directorial".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=24 June 2022 |title=Maamanithan Movie Review: A useful story, but not a riveting film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jun/24/maamanithan-movie-reviewa-useful-story-but-not-an-enjoyable-film-32318.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713200751/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jun/24/maamanithan-movie-reviewa-useful-story-but-not-an-enjoyable-film-32318.html |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and stated "Overall, Maamanithan is a moving drama with its heart in the right place."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=24 June 2022 |title=Maamanithan Movie Review: Vijay Sethupathi's stellar performance is the USP of this feel-good drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maamanithan-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-s-stellar-performance-is-the-usp-of-this-feel-good-drama-1966342-2022-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713201130/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maamanithan-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-s-stellar-performance-is-the-usp-of-this-feel-good-drama-1966342-2022-06-24 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Soundarya Athimuthu of ''[[The Quint]]'' stated that "Maamanithan has its heart at the right place for it instills hope in human relationships, explaining while there may be one or two who will cheat or hurt you, there will be dozens waiting to support and embrace you with love."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=24 June 2022 |title='Maamanithan' Review: Vijay Sethupathi's Rural Drama Instills Hope in Humanity |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/maamanithan-movie-review-realistic-drama-high-on-human-emotions#read-more |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713201131/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/maamanithan-movie-review-realistic-drama-high-on-human-emotions#read-more |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Hariharan Krishnan of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "Despite the presence of an amazing actor like Vijay Sethupathi, who is able to navigate many of his films on his shoulders, this film seems to be losing its way, and that's largely because it lacks a central dramatic focus."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Hariharan |date=25 June 2022 |title=Maamanithan Movie Review: What Could Have Been A Well-Crafted Hitchcockian Drama Becomes A Confused Affair |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/maamanithan-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815072616/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/maamanithan-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-2/ |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Seenu Ramasamy}}

[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Seenu Ramasamy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]

[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dexter (film)

2026-03-03T02:22:19Z

Raj kumar: made new entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dexter film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Suriyan G
| writer = Sivam
| producer = Prakash SV
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Rajeev Pillai]]
*Abishek Joseph George
*Yukta Pervi
}}
| cinematography = Aathitya Govindraj
| editing = Srinivas P Babu
| music = Srinath Vijay
| studio = Ram Entertainerss
| distributor = Uthraa Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Dexter''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[suspense thriller film]] directed by Suriyan G. The film stars [[Rajeev Govinda Pillai]] and Abishek Joseph George in the lead roles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=சைக்கோ படம் டெக்ஸ்டர் |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/psychomovie-dexter/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> alongside Yukta Pervi, Sithara Vijayan and [[Hareesh Peradi]]. The film was produced by Prakash SV under the banner of Ram Entertainers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-31 |title=மூன்று மொழிகளில் வெளியாகிறது கிரைம் திரில்லர் "டெக்ஸ்டர்" |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/dexter-crime-thriller-movie |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Dexter'' was released in theatres on 14 March 2025.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajeev Pillai]]
* Abishek Joseph George
* Yukta Pervi
* Sithara Vijayan
* [[Hareesh Peradi ]]
* Shobha Priya
* Ashraff Gurukkul
* Janvi Muralidharan
* Fehmin Femi

== Production ==
The film was directed by Suriyan G. Cinematography was by Aathitya Govindraj, while editing was handled by Srinivas P. Babu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-06-16 |title='டெக்ஸ்டர்' -இருமொழிகளில் வரும் சஸ்பென்ஸ் படம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/suspense-movie-in-bilingual-987592 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901220409/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/suspense-movie-in-bilingual-987592 |archive-date=2023-09-01 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Daily Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> Srinath Vijay composed the soundtrack of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தமிழில் சினிமாவாகும் ஹாலிவுட் வெப் தொடர் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/127724 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Dinakaran]]'' critic stated that "Aditya Govindaraj's different camera angles have traveled in line with the psycho crime suspense thriller. He has captured the dense forests with lush greenery."<ref>{{Cite web |title=டெக்ஸ்டர் விமர்சனம்… |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/dexter_review/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Director Sooryan has made a story of revenge after becoming an adult, keeping in mind the humiliation he suffered as a child."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2025-03-13 |title=டெக்ஸ்டர் திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Dexter Review in Tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/dexter-161539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315144820/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/dexter-161539 |archive-date=2025-03-15 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35518994}}

{{Improve categories|date=March 2025}}
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chourajit Singh

2026-02-26T18:26:17Z

Raj kumar: made a bio

{{Short description|Meitei King and Maharaja of Kangleipak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Chourjit Singh Chourajit Singh
| title = [[Ningthou]] & [[Maharaja]]
| titletext =
| more =
| image = Meitei and Bengali transliterations of "Chourajit Singh", the name of a Meitei King, the Maharaja of Kangleipak Kingdom (Manipur Kingdom).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = [[Meitei script|Meitei]] and [[Bengali script|Bengali]] transliterations of "Chourajit Singh", the name of a [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]], the Maharaja of {{langnf|mni|Kangleipak|[[Manipur kingdom]]}}

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| birth_place = [[Kangleipak]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = [[Kangleipak]]
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| burial_place = [[Kangleipak]]
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{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
{{Meitei people}}
'''Chourjit Singh''', also known as '''Charajit Singh''', was a [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] and a Maharaja of {{langnf|mni|Kangleipak|[[Manipur kingdom]]}}, who ruled between 1806 and 1812.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manipur.html |title=Manipur Princely State - (11 gun salute) |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112924/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manipur.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Manipuri kings]]
*[[Manipur (princely state)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Hodson, Thomas Callan.The Meitheis. Harvard University, 1908.
{{S-start}}
{{succession box |
before= ''[[Maduchandra Singh]]''|
title=[[Monarch|King]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] |
years=1806–1812 |
after=[[Marjit Singh]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chourjit}}
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{india-royal-stub}}
{{hindu-bio-stub}}

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pattom

2026-02-22T11:11:19Z

Raj kumar: expanded content

{{more citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.5205|76.9409|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
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| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
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}}
[[File:Independence Day Celebration at KVP.webp|thumb]]
[[File:Annual Day-Virasat.jpg|thumb]]

[[File:The basketball court of KVP.webp|thumb]]
[[File:PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya Pattom.webp|center|thumb|500x500px|[[File:PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya Pattom..webp|thumb|561x561px]]]]
'''Kendriya Vidyalaya Pattom''' (KV Pattom) is a school in [[Pattom]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India. It was established in 1964 as a civil sector school affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].

KV Pattom runs with two shifts from Class I to Class XII, with a roll of 3500+ students and 100+ staff.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==History==
In 1964, the [[Kerala|Government of Kerala]] donated five acres to build KV Pattom In 1968, the buildings were completed.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}<ref>From 1969, Kendriya Vidalya (Pattom) was enhanced to provide higher education to students.</ref> In 1969 the first group of [[Higher secondary school|Higher Secondary Students]] (Class XI) completed their courses.

In 1977, KV Pattom started a "10+2" system started.{{clarify|date=January 2014|reason=Nothing mentioned about the type of science block}} In 1982 a new science block was opened.

In 1996, KV Pattom was declared as a Model KV.{{clarify|date=January 2014}} In 1998, the primary block was inaugurated. On 10 September 2004, the second shift was introduced.

In April 2008, KV Pattom inaugurated a fully automated library. In 2009 the school won the KVS-[[Intel]] Technology in Education Award for Schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Library Junction|url=https://librarykvpattom.wordpress.com/tag/library-junction/|access-date=2021-08-08|website=Library@Kendriya Vidyalaya Pattom|language=en}}</ref> In 2010, the Online Academic Social Networking Project Library Junction won the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] National Innovation and Experimentation Award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EW India School Rankings 2020-21|url=https://www.educationworld.in/ew-india-school-rankings-2020-21/|access-date=2021-08-08|website=EducationWorld|language=en-US}}</ref>

KV Pattom was ranked as the Best Govt Day School in the country by ''Education World'' in 2015, 2016, 2017<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2017-09-09|title=KV Pattom top govt day school|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kv-pattom-top-govt-day-school/article19652769.ece|access-date=2021-07-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schools in Kerala shine in EducationWorld India School Rankings 2020-21|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/10/schools-in-kerala-shine-in-educationworld-india-school-rankings-2020-21-2221890.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In August 2021 the librarian, S L Faisal, was awarded the [[National Award for Teachers (India)|National Teacher's Award]], which is one of the most prestigious and coveted recognition given to the meritorious teachers in primary, middle, and secondary schools in India, for his services in redesigning the concept of school libraries and enabling the students to acquire skills through innovative learning programs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three pathbreakers in education in Kerala bag National Teacher's award|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/aug/19/three-pathbreakers-in-education-in-kerala-bag-national-teachers-award-2347083.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Alumni==
{{alumni|date=October 2024}}
*[[Thushara Pillai|Thushara G S Pillai]] (Scientist)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayali scientist finds how stars form, makes state proud|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/feb/06/malayali-scientist-finds-how-stars-form-makes-state-proud-2260216.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*[[Keerthy Suresh]] (Actor)
*[[Shashi Warrier]] (Writer)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://trivandrumpattom.kvs.ac.in}}
*[https://www.rgics.org/ RGICS]
*[https://kvsangathan.nic.in/ kvsangathan.nic.in]

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas in Kerala]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Itora

2026-02-14T22:53:00Z

Raj kumar: added new post...

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{for|the village in Jalaun district|Itaura}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Itora
| native_name = Itaura
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Itaura.png
| map_caption = Map showing Itora in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0604|N|78.48065|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.601
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3675
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Itaura''' ({{IAST|Iṭorā}}), also spelled '''Itaura''', is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 3,675, in 594 households.

== Geography ==
Itora is located southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. The surrounding terrain is basically all level farmland. Nearby villages include [[Jendamai]] to the east, [[Kolamai]] to the northeast, [[Matsena, India|Matsena]] to the north, [[Wazirpur Anandipur]] to the west, [[Dhakpura, Firozabad|Dhakpura]] and [[Sengai, India|Sengai]] to the south, and [[Nanpi Pithni]] to the southeast.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Itora had a population of 3,675, in 594 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 53.9% male (1,979) and 46.1% female (1,696). The 0–6 age group numbered 679 (362 male and 317 female), making up 18.5% of the total population. 1,919 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 52.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Itora as having a population of 1,999 people (1,117 male and 882 female), in 354 households and 349 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Itora as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 1,511 people (820 male and 691 female), in 278 households and 206 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,137 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Itora had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Communications-based train control

2026-02-08T23:43:10Z

Raj kumar: expanded information further and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Railway signaling system}}
{{redirect|CBTC}}
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{{Automated track-bound traffic}}
'''Communications-based train control''' ('''CBTC''') is a [[railway signaling]] system that uses [[telecommunications]] between the [[train]] and track equipment for traffic management and infrastructure control. CBTC allows a train's position to be known more accurately than with traditional signaling systems. This can make railway traffic management safer and more efficient. [[Rapid transit]] systems (and other railway systems) are able to reduce [[headway]]s while maintaining or even improving safety.

A CBTC system is a "continuous, [[automatic train control]] system utilizing high-resolution train location determination, independent from [[track circuits]]; continuous, high-capacity, bidirectional train-to-wayside data communications; and trainborne and wayside [[Processor (computing)|processors]] capable of implementing [[automatic train protection]] (ATP) functions, as well as optional [[automatic train operation]] (ATO) and '''automatic train supervision''' ('''ATS''') functions," as defined in the [[IEEE]] 1474 standard.<ref name="IEEE1474">1474.1–1999 – IEEE Standard for Communications-Based Train Control (CBTC) Performance and Functional Requirements.[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/815310] (Accessed at January 14, 2019).</ref>

== Background and origin ==

CBTC is a signalling standard defined by the [[IEEE]] 1474 standard.<ref name="IEEE1474" /> The original version was introduced in 1999 and updated in 2004.<ref name="IEEE1474" /> The aim was to create consistency and standardisation between digital railway signalling systems that allow for an increase in train capacity through what the standard defines as high-resolution train location determination.<ref name="IEEE1474" /> The standard therefore does not require the use of [[moving block]] railway signalling, but in practice this is the most common arrangement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wu |first1=Qing |url=https://acquire.cqu.edu.au/articles/conference_contribution/Communication_based_train_control_CBTC_Train_controller_and_dynamics/25806895 |title=Communication based train control (CBTC): Train controller and dynamics |last2=Ge |first2=Xiahau |last3=Cole |first3=Colin |last4=Spiryagin |first4=Maksym |last5=Bernal Arango |first5=Esteban |date=2023-01-01 |publisher=CQUniversity |isbn=978-1-925627-79-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="SSR" /><ref name="mdm" /><ref name="ttc-service-2019-03" /><ref name="TTC-2017-01-18" />

=== Moving block ===
{{Main|Moving block}}

Traditional signalling systems detect trains in discrete sections of the track called '[[Block signal|blocks]]', each protected by signals that prevent a train entering an occupied block. Since every block is a fixed section of track, these systems are referred to as [[fixed block]] systems.

In a moving block CBTC system the protected section for each train is a "block" that moves with and trails behind it, and provides continuous communication of the train's exact position via radio, inductive loop, etc.<ref name="digitalradio">Digital radio shows great potential for Rail [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_5_41/ai_80931845/] Bruno Gillaumin, International Railway Journal, May 2001. Retrieved by findarticles.com in June 2011.</ref>

[[File:AirTrain SFO tracks.jpg|thumb|The SFO [[AirTrain (SFO)|AirTrain]] in [[San Francisco Airport]] was the first radio-based CBTC system. | alt=]]

As a result, [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] opened the world's first radio-based CBTC system at [[San Francisco airport]]'s [[automated people mover]] (APM) in February 2003.<ref name="CBTC15">{{Cite press release |date=March 29, 2018 |title=Bombardier Marks 15th Anniversary of Its World-First Radio-Based, Driverless Rail Control System |publisher=Bombardier Transportation |agency=MarketWired |url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/bombardier-marks-15th-anniversary-its-world-first-radio-based-driverless-rail-control-tsx-bbd.a-2246505.htm |access-date=January 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122095005/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/bombardier-marks-15th-anniversary-its-world-first-radio-based-driverless-rail-control-tsx-bbd.a-2246505.htm |archive-date=January 22, 2019}}</ref> A few months later, in June 2003, [[Alstom]] introduced the railway application of its radio technology on the [[North East Line|Singapore North East Line]]. CBTC has its origins in the [[Inductive loop|loop-based]] systems developed by [[Alcatel-Lucent|Alcatel SEL]] (later [[Thales Group|Thales]], now [[Hitachi Rail]]) for the [[Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit|Bombardier Automated Rapid Transit]] (ART) systems in [[Canada]] during the mid-1980s.

These systems, which were also referred to as [[transmission-based train control]] (TBTC), made use of [[inductive loop]] transmission techniques for track to train communication, introducing an alternative to [[track circuit]] based communication. This technology, operating in the 30–60 [[kHz]] [[frequency]] range to communicate trains and wayside equipment, was widely adopted by the [[Rapid transit|metro]] operators in spite of some [[electromagnetic compatibility]] (EMC) issues, as well as other installation and maintenance concerns (see [[SelTrac]] for further information regarding transmission-based train-control).

As with new application of any technology, some problems arose at the beginning, mainly due to compatibility and interoperability aspects.<ref name="cbtcprojects">CBTC Projects. [http://www.tsd.org/cbtc/projects/index.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614033641/http://www.tsd.org/cbtc/projects/index.htm|date=2015-06-14}} www.tsd.org/cbtc/projects, 2005. Accessed June 2011.</ref><ref name="radiopdf">CBTC radios: What to do? Which way to go? [http://www.tsd.org/papers/CBTCRadios.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134242/http://www.tsd.org/papers/CBTCRadios.pdf|date=2011-07-28}} Tom Sullivan, 2005. www.tsd.org. Accessed May 2011.</ref> However, there have been relevant improvements since then, and currently the reliability of the radio-based communication systems has grown significantly.

Moreover, it is important to highlight that not all the systems using [[radio communication]] technology are considered to be CBTC systems. So, for clarity and to keep in line with the [[state-of-the-art]] solutions for operator's requirements,<ref name="radiopdf" /> this article only covers the latest [[moving block]] principle based (either true [[moving block]] or [[virtual block]], so not dependent on track-based detection of the trains)<ref name="IEEE1474" /> CBTC solutions that make use of the [[radio communications]].

== Main features ==

=== CBTC and moving block ===

CBTC systems are modern railway signaling systems that can mainly be used in urban railway lines (either [[Light rail|light]] or [[Rapid transit|heavy]]) and [[Automated people mover|APMs]], although it could also be deployed on [[Commuter rail|commuter lines]]. For [[Main line (railway)|main lines]], a similar system might be the [[European Railway Traffic Management System]] ERTMS Level 3 (not yet fully defined {{when|date=November 2017}}).
In the modern CBTC systems the trains continuously calculate and communicate their status via radio to the wayside equipment distributed along the line. This status includes, among other parameters, the exact position, speed, travel direction and [[braking distance]].

This information allows calculation of the area potentially occupied by the train on the track. It also enables the wayside equipment to define the points on the line that must never be passed by the other trains on the same track. These points are communicated to make the trains automatically and continuously adjust their speed while maintaining the [[safety engineering|safety]] and comfort ([[Jerk (physics)|jerk]]) requirements. So, the trains continuously receive information regarding the distance to the preceding train and are then able to adjust their [[safety distance]] accordingly.

[[File:FB vs MB.jpg|thumb|center|800px|The safety distance (safe-braking distance) between trains in fixed block and moving block signalling systems|alt=Source: Bombardier Transportation for Wikimedia Commons]]
From the [[Railway signal|signalling system]] perspective, the first figure shows the total occupancy of the leading train by including the whole [[Block signal|blocks]] which the train is located on. This is due to the fact that it is impossible for the system to know exactly where the train actually is within these [[Block signal|blocks]]. Therefore, the [[fixed block]] system only allows the following train to move up to the last unoccupied [[Block signal|block]]'s border.

In a [[moving block]] system as shown in the second figure, the train position and its [[braking curve]] is continuously calculated by the trains, and then communicated via radio to the wayside equipment. Thus, the wayside equipment is able to establish protected areas, each one called Limit of Movement Authority (LMA), up to the nearest obstacle (in the figure the tail of the train in front). Movement Authority (MA) is the permission for a train to move to a specific location within the constraints of the infrastructure and with supervision of speed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.era.europa.eu/node/641/210_en|title=Subset-023. "ERTMS/ETCS-Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations"|publisher=ERTMS USERS GROUP|year=2014|access-date=2018-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134721/https://www.era.europa.eu/node/641/210_en|archive-date=2018-12-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

End of Authority is the location to which the train is permitted to proceed and where target speed is equal to zero. End of Movement is the location to which the train is permitted to proceed according to an MA. When transmitting an MA, it is the end of the last section given in the MA.<ref name=":0" />

It is important to mention that the occupancy calculated in these systems must include a safety margin for location uncertainty (in yellow in the figure) added to the length of the train. Both of them form what is usually called 'Footprint'. This safety margin depends on the accuracy of the [[odometry]] system in the train.

CBTC systems based on moving block allows the reduction of the [[safety distance]] between two consecutive trains. This distance is varying according to the continuous updates of the train location and speed, maintaining the [[safety engineering|safety]] requirements. This results in a reduced [[headway]] between consecutive trains and an increased transport [[headway#Capacity|capacity]].

=== Grades of automation ===
Modern CBTC systems allow different levels of automation or [[Automatic train operation|grades of automation]] (GoA), as defined and classified in the [[IEC]] 62290–1.<ref name="iec">IEC 62290-1, Railway applications – Urban guided transport management and command/control systems – Part 1: System principles and fundamental concepts.[http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/ArtNum_PK/36384?OpenDocument] IEC, 2006. Accessed February 2014</ref> In fact, CBTC is not a synonym for "[[Automatic train operation|driverless]]" or "automated trains" although it is considered as a basic enabler technology for this purpose.

There are four grades of automation available:
* GoA 0 - On-sight, with no automation
* GoA 1 - Manual, with a driver controlling all train operations.
* GoA 2 - Semi-automatic Operation (STO), starting and stopping are automated, but a driver who sits in the cab operates the doors and drives in emergencies
* GoA 3 - Driverless Train Operation (DTO), starting and stopping are automated, but a crew member operates the doors from within the train
* GoA 4 - Unattended Train Operation (UTO), starting, stopping and doors are all automated, with no required crew member on board

=== Main applications ===

CBTC systems allow optimal use of the railway infrastructure as well as achieving maximum [[headway#Capacity|capacity]] and minimum [[headway]] between operating trains, while maintaining the [[safety engineering|safety]] requirements. These systems are suitable for the new highly demanding urban lines, but also to be overlaid on existing lines in order to improve their performance.<ref name="mdm">''CITYFLO'' 650 Metro de Madrid, Solving the capacity challenge.[http://Bombardier.com/files/en/supporting_docs/RCS_Case_Study_Metro_Madrid_en.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330161346/http://bombardier.com/files/en/supporting_docs/RCS_Case_Study_Metro_Madrid_en.pdf|date=2012-03-30}} Bombardier Transportation Rail Control Solutions, 2010. Accessed June 2011</ref>

Of course, in the case of upgrading existing lines the design, installation, test and commissioning stages are much more critical. This is mainly due to the challenge of deploying the overlying system without disrupting the [[revenue]] service.<ref name="silent">Madrid's silent revolution.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-12316026/Madrid-s-silent-revolution-the.html] in International Railway Journal, Keith Barrow, 2010. Accessed through goliath.ecnext.com in June 2011</ref>

=== Main benefits ===
The evolution of the technology and the experience gained in operation over the last 30 years means that modern CBTC systems are more reliable and less prone to failure than older train control systems. CBTC systems normally have less wayside equipment and their diagnostic and monitoring tools have been improved, which makes them easier to implement and, more importantly, easier to maintain.<ref name="IRSE">Semi-automatic, driverless, and unattended operation of trains.[http://www.irse-itc.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85:semi-automatic-driverless-and-unattended-operation-of-trains&catid=36:published-itc-publications&Itemid=29] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119000836/http://www.irse-itc.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85:semi-automatic-driverless-and-unattended-operation-of-trains&catid=36:published-itc-publications&Itemid=29|date=2010-11-19}} IRSE-ITC, 2010. Accessed through www.irse-itc.net in June 2011</ref>

CBTC technology is evolving, making use of the latest techniques and components to offer more compact systems and simpler architectures. For instance, with the advent of modern electronics it has been possible to build in redundancy so that single failures do not adversely impact operational availability.

Moreover, these systems offer complete flexibility in terms of operational schedules or timetables, enabling urban rail operators to respond to the specific traffic demand more swiftly and efficiently and to solve traffic congestion problems. In fact, automatic operation systems have the potential to significantly reduce the [[headway]] and improve the [[headway#Capacity|traffic capacity]] compared to manual driving systems.<ref name="madridorg">CBTC: más trenes en hora punta.[http://www.madrid.org/cs/Satellite?c=CM_InfPractica_FA&cid=1142612783785&idTema=1142598699551&language=es&pagename=ComunidadMadrid%2FEstructura&perfil=1273044216036&pid=1273078188154]{{Dead link|date=April 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Comunidad de Madrid, www.madrig.org, 2010. Accessed June 2011</ref><ref>How CBTC can Increase capacity – communications-based train control. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1215/is_4_202/ai_75214234/?tag=mantle_skin;content] William J. Moore, Railway Age, 2001. Accessed through findarticles.com in June 2011</ref>

Finally, it is important to mention that the CBTC systems have proven to be more energy efficient than traditional manually driven systems.<ref name="IRSE" /> The use of new functionalities, such as automatic driving strategies or a better adaptation of the transport offer to the actual demand, allows significant energy savings reducing the power consumption.

=== Risks ===
The primary risk of an electronic train control system is that if the communications link between any of the trains is disrupted, all or part of the system might have to enter a [[failsafe]] state until the problem is remedied. Depending on the severity of the communication loss, this state can range from vehicles temporarily reducing speed, coming to a halt or operating in a degraded mode until communications are re-established. If communication outage is permanent, some sort of [[Contingency plan|contingency operation]] must be implemented which may consist of manual operation using [[absolute block]] or, in the worst case, the [[Bustitution|substitution of an alternative form of transportation]].<ref>ETRMS Level 3 Risks and Benefits to UK Railways, pg 19 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204131707/http://www.trl.co.uk/downloads/general/20100929_ERTMS_Level_3_Final_Report.pdf] Transport Research Laboratory. Accessed December 2011</ref>

As a result, high availability of CBTC systems is crucial for proper operation, especially if such systems are used to increase transport capacity and reduce headway. System redundancy and recovery mechanisms must then be thoroughly checked to achieve a high robustness in operation.
With the increased availability of the CBTC system, there is also a need for extensive training and periodical refresh of system operators on the [[recovery procedure]]s. In fact, one of the major system hazards in CBTC systems is the probability of human error and improper application of recovery procedures if the system becomes unavailable.

Communications failures can result from equipment malfunction, [[electromagnetic interference]], weak signal strength or saturation of the communications medium.<ref>ETRMS Level 3 Risks and Benefits to UK Railways, Table 5 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204131707/http://www.trl.co.uk/downloads/general/20100929_ERTMS_Level_3_Final_Report.pdf] Transport Research Laboratory. Accessed December 2011</ref> In this case, an interruption can result in a service brake or [[emergency brake (train)|emergency brake]] application as real time situational awareness is a critical safety requirement for CBTC and if these interruptions are frequent enough it could seriously impact service. This is the reason why, historically, CBTC systems first implemented radio communication systems in 2003, when the required technology was mature enough for critical applications.

In systems with poor [[line of sight]] or spectrum/bandwidth limitations a larger than anticipated number of transponders may be required to enhance the service. This is usually more of an issue with applying CBTC to existing transit systems in tunnels that were not designed from the outset to support it. An alternate method to improve system availability in tunnels is the use of leaky feeder cable that, while having higher initial costs (material + installation) achieves a more reliable radio link.

With the emerging services over open ISM radio bands (i.e. 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz) and the potential disruption over critical CBTC services, there is an increasing pressure in the international community (ref. report 676 of UITP organization, Reservation of a Frequency Spectrum for Critical Safety Applications dedicated to Urban Rail Systems) to reserve a frequency band specifically for radio-based urban rail systems. Such decision would help standardize CBTC systems across the market (a growing demand from most operators) and ensure availability for those critical systems.

As a CBTC system is required to have [[high availability]] and particularly, allow for a graceful degradation, a secondary method of signaling might be provided to ensure some level of non-degraded service upon partial or complete CBTC unavailability.<ref>ETRMS Level 3 Risks and Benefits to UK Railways, pg 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204131707/http://www.trl.co.uk/downloads/general/20100929_ERTMS_Level_3_Final_Report.pdf] Transport Research Laboratory. Accessed December 2011</ref> This is particularly relevant for brownfield implementations (lines with an already existing signalling system) where the infrastructure design cannot be controlled and coexistence with legacy systems is required, at least, temporarily.<ref name="web.archive.org">CBTC World Congress Presentations, Stockholm, November 2011 [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303131523/http://www.cbtcworldcongress.com/presentations] Global Transport Forum. Accessed December 2011</ref>

For example, the [[BMT Canarsie Line]] in New York City was outfitted with a backup [[automatic block signaling]] system capable of supporting 12 trains per hour (tph), compared with the 26 tph of the CBTC system. Although this is a rather common architecture for resignalling projects, it can negate some of the cost savings of CBTC if applied to new lines. This is still a key point in the CBTC development (and is still being discussed), since some providers and operators argue that a fully redundant architecture of the CBTC system may however achieve high availability values by itself.<ref name="web.archive.org"/>

In principle, CBTC systems may be designed with centralized supervision systems in order to improve maintainability and reduce installation costs. If so, there is an increased risk of a single point of failure that could disrupt service over an entire system or line. Fixed block systems usually work with distributed logic that are normally more resistant to such outages. Therefore, a careful analysis of the benefits and risks of a given CBTC architecture (centralized vs. distributed) must be done during system design.

When CBTC is applied to systems that previously ran under complete human control with operators working on sight it may actually result in a reduction in capacity (albeit with an increase in safety). This is because CBTC operates with less positional certainty than human sight and also with greater [[margin of error|margins for error]] as worst-case train parameters are applied for the design (e.g. guaranteed emergency brake rate vs. nominal brake rate). For instance, CBTC introduction in Philly's [[SEPTA Subway–Surface Trolley Lines|Center City trolley tunnel]] resulted initially in a marked increase in travel time and corresponding decrease in capacity when compared with the unprotected manual driving. This was the offset to finally eradicate vehicle collisions which on-sight driving cannot avoid and showcases the usual conflicts between operation and safety.

== Architecture ==
[[File:CBTC Arch.jpg|thumb|center|400px|The architecture of a CBTC system]]
The typical architecture of a modern CBTC system comprises the following main subsystems:

# '''Wayside equipment''', which includes the [[interlocking]] and the subsystems controlling every zone in the line or network (typically containing the wayside [[Automatic Train Protection|ATP]] and [[Automatic train operation|ATO]] functionalities). Depending on the suppliers, the architectures may be centralized or distributed. The control of the system is performed from a central command [[automatic train supervision|ATS]], though local control subsystems may be also included as a fallback.
# '''CBTC onboard equipment''', including [[Automatic Train Protection|ATP]] and [[Automatic train operation|ATO]] subsystems in the vehicles.
# '''Train to wayside communication subsystem''', currently based on [[radio communication|radio links]].

Thus, although a CBTC architecture is always depending on the supplier and its technical approach, the following logical components may be found generally in a typical CBTC architecture:
* '''Onboard ATP system'''. This subsystem is in charge of the continuous control of the train speed according to the safety profile, and applying the brake if it is necessary. It is also in charge of the communication with the wayside ATP subsystem in order to exchange the information needed for a safe operation (sending speed and braking distance, and receiving the limit of movement authority for a safe operation).
* '''Onboard ATO system'''. It is responsible for the automatic control of the traction and braking effort in order to keep the train under the threshold established by the ATP subsystem. Its main task is either to facilitate the driver or attendant functions, or even to operate the train in a fully automatic mode while maintaining the traffic regulation targets and passenger comfort. It also allows the selection of different automatic driving strategies to adapt the runtime or even reduce the power consumption.
* '''Wayside ATP system'''. This subsystem undertakes the management of all the communications with the trains in its area. Additionally, it calculates the limits of movement authority that every train must respect while operating in the mentioned area. This task is therefore critical for the operation safety.
* '''Wayside ATO system'''. It is in charge of controlling the destination and regulation targets of every train. The wayside ATO functionality provides all the trains in the system with their destination as well as with other data such as the [[terminal dwell time|dwell time]] in the stations. Additionally, it may also perform auxiliary and non-safety related tasks, for instance alarm/event communication and management, or handling skip/hold station commands.
* '''Communication system'''. The CBTC systems integrate a [[Digital radio|digital networked radio]] system by means of [[antennas]] or [[leaky feeder]] cable for the bi-directional communication between the track equipment and the trains. The 2,4[[GHz]] [[Radio frequency|band]] is commonly used in these systems (same as [[WiFi]]), though other alternative [[Radio frequency|frequencies]] such as 900 MHz ([[US]]), 5.8 GHz or other licensed bands may be used as well.
* '''ATS system'''. The ATS system is commonly integrated within most of the CBTC solutions. Its main task is to act as the interface between the operator and the system, managing the traffic according to the specific regulation criteria. Other tasks may include the event and alarm management as well as acting as the interface with external systems.
* '''[[Interlocking]] system'''. When needed as an independent subsystem (for instance as a fallback system), it will be in charge of the vital control of the trackside objects such as [[Railway switch|switches]] or [[Railway signal|signals]], as well as other related functionality. In the case of simpler networks or lines, the functionality of the interlocking may be integrated into the wayside ATP system.

==Projects==
CBTC technology has been (and is being) successfully implemented for a variety of applications as shown in the figure below (mid 2011). They range from some implementations with short track, limited numbers of vehicles and few operating modes (such as the airport [[Automated people mover|APMs]] in Heathrow or Gatwick), to complex overlays on existing railway networks carrying more than a million passengers each day and with more than 100 trains (such as [[London Underground]] [[Jubilee Line]] and [[Northern Line]], [[MTR]] [[Tuen Ma Line]], [[Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit]] [[Kajang Line]] and [[Putrajaya Line]]).<ref name="SSR">Bombardier to Deliver Major London Underground Signalling.[http://www.bombardier.com/en/transportation/media-centre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d80181411] Press release, Bombardier Transportation Media Center, 2011. Accessed June 2011</ref>

 
Despite the difficulty, the table below tries to summarize and reference the main radio-based CBTC systems deployed around the world as well as those ongoing projects being developed. Besides, the table distinguishes between the implementations performed over existing and operative systems ([[Brownfield land|brownfield]]) and those undertaken on completely new lines ([[Greenfield project|greenfield]]).

===List===
{{dynamic list|date=July 2018}}
{{self-reference inline|This list is sortable, and is initially sorted by year. Click on the [[File:Sort both.gif]] icon on the right side of the column header to change sort key and sort order.}}




{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" ; width: 200px;" | Location/system
! scope="col" class="unsortable" ; width: 200px;" | Lines
! scope="col" ; width: 150px;" | Supplier
! scope="col" ; width: 150px;" | Solution
! scope="col" ; width: 80px;" | Commissioning
! scope="col" ; width: 75px;" | km
! scope="col" ; width: 75px;" | No. of trains
! scope="col" class="unsortable" ; width: 150px;" | Type of field
! scope="col" width: 100px;" | [[Automatic train operation|Grade of automation]]
! scope="col" class="unsortable" ; width: 150px;" | Notes
|-
| [[Toronto Subway]] || [[Line 3 Scarborough|Line 3 (SRT)]] || {{center|Thales}} || [[SelTrac]] || {{center|1985}} || {{center|6.4}} || {{center|7}} || Greenfield || UTO || With train attendants who monitor door status, and drive trains in the event of a disruption.
|-
|''[[Réseau express métropolitain]]'' ''(Montréal)''
|A1-4
|{{center|Alstrom}}
|Urbalis 400<ref>{{Cite web |last1=November 16 |last2=Staff |first2=2020 • METRO |title=Montreal Unveils first Alstom REM Car |url=https://www.metro-magazine.com/10130428/montreal-unveils-first-alstom-rem-car |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.metro-magazine.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{center|2023-2027}}
|{{center|67}}
|{{center|212}}
|Greenfield
|UTO
|Initially opened in 2023, The full 67 km is projected to be opened in 2027
|-
| [[SkyTrain (Vancouver)]] || [[Expo Line (TransLink)|Expo Line]], [[Millennium Line]], [[Canada Line]] || {{center|Thales}} || [[SelTrac]] || {{center|1985}} || {{center|85.4}} || {{center|176}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Detroit]] || [[Detroit People Mover]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|1987}} || {{center|4.7}} || {{center|12}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[London]] || [[Docklands Light Railway]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|1987}} || {{center|38}} || {{center|149}} || Greenfield || DTO || With train attendants (T\train captains) who drive trains in the event of a disruption.
|-
| [[San Francisco Airport]] || [[AirTrain (San Francisco International Airport)|AirTrain]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2003}} || {{center|5}} || {{center|38}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Seattle-Tacoma Airport]] || [[Satellite Transit System]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2003}} || {{center|3}} || {{center|22}} || Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Singapore MRT]] || [[North East Line]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis 300 || {{center|2003}} || {{center|20}} || {{center|43}} || Greenfield || UTO || With train attendants (train captains) who drive trains in the event of a disruption.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hong Kong MTR]] || [[Tuen Ma line]] || rowspan="2" | {{center|Thales}} || rowspan="2" | SelTrac || 2020 (Tuen Ma Line Phase 1)
2021 (Tuen Ma Line and former West Rail Line)
| {{center|57}} || {{center|65}} || Greenfield (Tai Wai to Hung Hom section only)
Brownfield (other sections)
| STO || Existing sections were upgraded from SelTrac IS
|-
| [[Disneyland Resort line]] || {{center|2005}} || {{center|3}} || {{center|3}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] || [[Las Vegas Monorail|Monorail]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2004}} || {{center|6}} || {{center|36}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas–Fort Worth Airport]] || [[DFW Skylink]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || [[Cityflo 650 CBTC|''CITYFLO'' 650]] || {{center|2005}} || {{center|10}} || {{center|64}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Lausanne Metro]] || [[Lausanne Métro line 2|M2]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis 300 || {{center|2008}} || {{center|6}} || {{center|18}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[London Heathrow Airport]] || [[Heathrow Terminal 5#Satellite terminal buildings|Heathrow APM]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2008}} || {{center|1}} || {{center|9}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Madrid Metro]] {{rint|madrid|metro}} || {{rint|madrid|1}}, {{rint|madrid|6}} || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2008}} || {{center|48}} || {{center|143}} || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[McCarran Airport]] || [[McCarran International Airport Automated People Movers|McCarran Airport APM]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2008}} || {{center|2}} || {{center|10}} || Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[BTS Skytrain|Bangkok BTS Skytrain]] || [[Silom Line]], [[Sukhumvit Line]] || rowspan="2" | {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 450<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title=Mass transit signalling |url=https://rail.bombardier.com/en/solutions-and-technologies/signalling-and-infrastructure/mass-transit-signalling.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101063113/https://rail.bombardier.com/en/solutions-and-technologies/signalling-and-infrastructure/mass-transit-signalling.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 }}</ref> || {{center|2009 (Mo Chit - On Nut & National Stadium - Wongwian Yai sections)}}{{center|2011 (On Nut extension)}}{{center|2015 (Samrong extension)}}{{center|2018 (Kheha extension)}}{{center|2019 (Khu Khot extension)}} || {{center|64.26}} || {{center|98}} || Brownfield (Mo Chit to On Nut and National Stadium to Saphan Taksin sections)
 Greenfield (other sections)
| STO ||Upgraded from Siemens Trainguard LZB700M CTC in 2009.
|-
|[[Gold Line (Bangkok)|Gold Line]]
|''CITYFLO'' 650
|{{center|2020}}
|{{center|1.7}}
|{{center|3}}
|Greenfield
|UTO
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangkok MRT]]
|[[MRT Purple Line|Purple Line]]
| rowspan="2" |{{center|Bombardier}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Cityflo 650 CBTC|''CITYFLO'' 650]]
|{{center|2015}}
|{{center|23}}
|{{center|21}}
| rowspan="2" |Greenfield
|STO
|With train attendants who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are on standby in the train.
|-
|[[MRTA Pink Line|Pink]], [[MRTA Yellow Line|Yellow]]
|{{center|2021}}
|{{center|62.52}}
|{{center|58}}
|UTO
|
|-
| [[Barcelona Metro]] {{rint|barcelona|metro}} || {{rint|barcelona|L9|size=15}}, {{rint|barcelona|L10|size=15}}, {{rint|barcelona|L11|size=15}} || {{center|Siemens}} || [[Trainguard MT CBTC]] || {{center|2009 (Line 9, Line 11)}}{{center|2010 (Line 10)}} || {{center|46}} || {{center|50}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[New York City Subway]] || [[BMT Canarsie Line]], [[IRT Flushing Line]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2009}} || {{center|17}} || style="text-align:center;" |69<ref group="note" name="nyc subway canarsie line">This is the number of four-car train sets available. The BMT Canarsie Line runs trains with eight cars.</ref> || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Singapore MRT]] || [[Circle Line (Singapore)|Circle Line]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis 300 || {{center|2009}} || {{center|35}} || {{center|64}} || Greenfield || UTO || With train attendants (Rovers) who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are also on standby between [[Botanic Gardens MRT station|Botanic Gardens]] and [[Caldecott MRT station|Caldecott]] stations.
|-
| [[Taipei Metro]] || [[Neihu Line (TRTS)|Neihu-Mucha]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || [[Cityflo 650 CBTC|''CITYFLO'' 650]] || {{center|2009}} || {{center|26}} || {{center|76}} || Greenfield and Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Washington Dulles International Airport|Washington-Dulles Airport]] || [[AeroTrain (Washington Dulles International Airport)|Dulles APM]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2009}} || {{center|8}} || {{center|29}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[São Paulo Metro]] || [[Line 1 (São Paulo Metro)|1]], [[Line 2 (São Paulo Metro)|2]], [[Line 3 (São Paulo Metro)|3]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || rowspan="2" | {{center|2010}} || {{center|62}} || {{center|142}} || Greenfield and Brownfield || rowspan="2" | UTO || CBTC operates in Lines 1 and 2 and it is being installed in Line 3
|-
| [[Line 4 (São Paulo Metro)|4]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|13}} || {{center|29}} || Greenfield || First UTO line in Latin America
|-
| [[London Underground]] || [[Jubilee line]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2010}} || {{center|37}} || {{center|63}} || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[London Gatwick Airport]] || [[Gatwick Airport Shuttle Transit|Shuttle Transit APM]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2010}} || {{center|1}} || {{center|6}} || Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Milan Metro]] || [[Milan Metro Line 1|1]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2010}} || {{center|27}} || {{center|68}} || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[SEPTA|Philadelphia SEPTA]] || [[SEPTA subway–surface trolley lines]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2010}} || {{center|8}} || {{center|115}} || || STO ||
|-
| [[B&G Metro]] || [[Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2011}} || {{center|23.5}} || {{center|25}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Dubai Metro]] || [[Red Line (Dubai Metro)|Red]], [[Green Line (Dubai Metro)|Green]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2011}} || {{center|70}} || {{center|85}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Madrid Metro]] {{rint|madrid|metro}} || {{rint|madrid|7}} [[Line 7 (Madrid Metro)|Extension MetroEste]] || {{center|Invensys}} || Sirius || {{center|2011}} || {{center|9}} || data-sort-value="0" style="text-align:center;" |? || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Paris Métro]] || [[Paris Métro Line 1|1]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2011}} || {{center|16}} || {{center|53}} || Brownfield || DTO ||
|-
| [[Sacramento International Airport]] || Sacramento APM || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2011}} || {{center|1}} || {{center|2}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Yongin]] || [[EverLine]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || [[Cityflo 650 CBTC|''CITYFLO'' 650]] || {{center|2011}} || {{center|19}} || {{center|30}} || || UTO ||
|-
| [[Algiers Metro]] || [[Algiers Metro#History of the project|1]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2012}} || {{center|9}} || {{center|14}} || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Istanbul Metro]] || [[M4 (Istanbul Metro)|M4]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2012}} || {{center|21.7}} || || Greenfield || ||
|-
|[[M5 (Istanbul Metro)|M5]] || [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] || [[Cityflo 650 CBTC|CityFLO 650]] || {{center|2017-2018}}|| {{center|16.9}} || {{center|21}} || Greenfield || UTO ||Opened in 2 phases the first in 2017 and the second in 2018
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Ankara Metro]]
|M1
|[[Ansaldo STS]]
|CBTC
|{{center|2018}}
|{{center|14.6}}
|
|Brownfield
|STO
|
|-
|M2
|[[Ansaldo STS]]
|CBTC
|{{center|2014}}
|{{center|16.5}}
|
|Greenfield
|STO
|
|-
|M3
|[[Ansaldo STS]]
|CBTC
|{{center|2014}}
|{{center|15.5}}
|
|Greenfield
|STO
|
|-
|M4
|[[Ansaldo STS]]
|CBTC
|{{center|2017}}
|{{center|9.2}}
|
|Greenfield
|STO
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mexico City Metro]] || {{rint|mexicocity|12}} || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2012}} || {{center|25}} || {{center|30}} || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| {{rint|mexicocity|1}} || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2022-2024}} || {{center|18}} || {{center|39}} || Brownfield || DTO ||
|-
| [[New York City Subway]] || [[IND Culver Line]] || {{center| Thales & Siemens }} || Various || {{center|2012}} || || || Greenfield || || A test track was retrofitted in 2012; the line's other tracks will be retrofitted by the early 2020s.
|-
| [[Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport]] || [[PHX Sky Train]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2012}} || {{center|3}} || {{center|18}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Riyadh]] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161017/http://us.mobile.reuters.com/article/article/idUS45885+11-Apr-2011+HUG20110411 KAFD Monorail] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2012}} || {{center|4}} || {{center|12}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos|São Paulo Commuter Lines]] || [[Line 8 (CPTM)|8]], [[Line 10 (CPTM)|10]], [[Line 11 (CPTM)|11]] || {{center|Invensys}} || Sirius || {{center|2012}} || {{center|107}} || {{center|136}} || Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Caracas Metro]] || [[List of Caracas Metro stations|1]] || {{center|Invensys}} || Sirius || {{center|2013}} || {{center|21}} || data-sort-value="0" |{{center|48}} || Brownfield ||
|-
| [[Málaga Metro]] {{rint|malaga|metro}} || {{rint|malaga|1}}, {{rint|malaga|2}} || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2013}} || {{center|17}} || {{center|15}} || Greenfield || ATO ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Paris Métro]] || [[Paris Métro Line 3|3]], [[Paris Métro Line 5|5]] || style="text-align:center;" |Ansaldo STS / Siemens || Inside RATP's Ouragan project || rowspan="2" data-sort-value="2013" | {{center|2010, 2013}} || {{center|26}} || {{center|40}} || rowspan="2" | Brownfield || rowspan="2" | STO || rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Paris Métro Line 13|13]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|23}} || {{center|66}}
|-
| [[Toronto subway]] || [[Line 1 Yonge–University|1]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis 400 || {{center|2017 to 2022 }} || style="text-align:center;" |76.78<ref name="ttc-service-2019-03" /> || style="text-align:center;" |65<ref name="ttc-service-2019-03">{{cite web|url=http://www.ttc.ca/PDF/Transit_Planning/Service%20Summary_2019-03-31.pdf|title=Service Summary|website=Toronto Transit Commission}}</ref> || Brownfield (Finch to Sheppard West) Greenfield (Sheppard West to Vaughan) || STO || CBTC active between [[Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station|Vaughan Metropolitan Centre]] and [[Eglinton station|Eglinton]] stations as of October 2021.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1444431122998431746 |user=TTCStuart |title=This weekend's scheduled #TTC subway closure is now over and full service has resumed. Crews have completed the work on this phase of the new Automatic Train Control signaling system on Line 1. ATC now operating Vaughan MC to Eglinton. |author=Stuart Green |date=2021-10-02}}</ref> The entire line is scheduled to be fully upgraded by 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cp24.com/news/new-signal-system-is-three-years-behind-schedule-and-98m-over-budget-report-1.4367107|title=New signal system is three years behind schedule and $98M over budget: report|last=Fox|first=Chris|date=2019-04-05|website=CP24|language=en|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref><ref name="TTC-2017-01-18">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcGhkh10Q3I|title=Modernizing the signal system: 2017 subway closures|date=January 18, 2017|publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]]|access-date=January 23, 2017|quote=[video position 1:56]Trains will be able to operate as frequently as every 1 minute and 55 seconds instead of the current limit of two and a half minutes. [2:19]When installation is completed along the entire line in 2019, it will allow for as much as 25% more capacity. [2:33]ATC will come online on all of Line 1 in phases by the end of 2019 starting with the portion of Line 1 between Spadina and Wilson stations and with the Line 1 extension into [[York Region]] that opens at the end of this year.}}</ref>
|-
| [[Singapore MRT]] || [[Downtown Line]] || {{center|Invensys}} || Sirius || {{center|2013}} || {{center|42}} || {{center|92}} || Greenfield || UTO || With train attendants who drive trains in the event of a disruption.
|-
| [[Budapest Metro]] || [[Line 2 (Budapest Metro)|M2]], [[Line 4 (Budapest Metro)|M4]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || data-sort-value="2014" style="text-align:center;" |2013 (M2) 2014 (M4) || {{center|17}} || {{center|41}} ||
| Line M2: STO

Line M4: UTO
|
|-
| [[Dubai Metro]] || [[Al Sufouh Tramway|Al Sufouh LRT]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2014}} || {{center|10}} || {{center|11}} || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Edmonton LRT]] || [[Capital Line]], [[Metro Line]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2014}} || {{center|24 double track}} || {{center|94}} || Brownfield || DTO ||
|-
| [[Helsinki Metro]] || [[Helsinki metro#Network|1]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2014}} || {{center|35}} || data-sort-value="0" | {{center|45.5}} || Greenfield and Brownfield || STO<ref name="Helsinki_STO">Helsinki Metro automation ambitions are scaled back. [http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban-rail/single-view/view/helsinki-automation-ambitions-scaled-back.html Urban Rail News] ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' 2012</ref> ||
|-
| Hong Kong International Airport || [[Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2014}} || {{center|4}} || {{center|14}} || Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Incheon Subway]] || [[Incheon Subway Line 2|2]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2014}} || {{center|29}} || {{center|37}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Jeddah Airport]] || [http://www.tradearabia.com/news/TTN_198715.html King Abdulaziz APM] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2014}} || {{center|2}} || {{center|6}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[London Underground]] || [[Northern line]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2014}} || {{center|58}} || {{center|106}} || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Salvador Metro]] || [[Line 4 (São Paulo Metro)|4]] || style="text-align:center;" |Thales<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/transportation/press-release/thales-awarded-signalling-contract-new-salvador-metro |title=Thales awarded signalling contract for new Salvador metro |publisher=Thales Group |date=2014-03-24 |access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref>|| SelTrac || data-sort-value="9999" | {{center|2014}} || {{center|33}} || {{center|29}} || Greenfield || DTO ||
|-
| [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] || [[Mattapan Line]] || {{center|Argenia}} || SafeNet CBTC || {{center|2014}} || {{center|6}} || {{center|12}} || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Munich Airport]] || [[Munich Airport#Terminal 2 Satellite|Munich Airport T2 APM]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2014}} || {{center|1}} || {{center|12}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Shinbundang Line]] || [[Dx Line]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2014}} || {{center|30.5}} || {{center|12}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Panama Metro]] || [[Panama Metro|1]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2014}} || {{center|13.7}} || {{center|17}} || Greenfield || ATO ||
|-
| [[São Paulo Metro]] || [[Line 15 (São Paulo Metro)|15]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2014}} || {{center|14}} || {{center|27}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Amsterdam Metro]] || [[Amsterdam Metro|50]], [[Amsterdam Metro|51]], [[Amsterdam Metro|52]], [[Amsterdam Metro|53]], [[Amsterdam Metro|54]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2015}} || {{center|62}} || {{center|85}} || Greenfield and Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Delhi Metro]] || Line 7, Line 9 || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2018 (Temp. Driver on Board) 2021 (Full ATO Operations) 2024 (transitioning to UTO)}} || {{center|55}} || || || ||
|-
| [[São Paulo Metro]] || [[Line 5 (São Paulo Metro)|5]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || ''CITYFLO'' 650 || {{center|2015}} || {{center|20}} || {{center|34}} || Brownfield & Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Buenos Aires Underground]] || {{rint|buenosaires|H}} || rowspan="2" | {{center|Siemens}} || rowspan="2" | Trainguard MT CBTC || rowspan="2" | {{center|2016}} || {{center|8}} || {{center|20}} || rowspan="2" | ? || rowspan="2" | ? ||
|-
| {{rint|buenosaires|C}} || {{center|4.5}} || {{center|18}} ||
|-
| [[Hong Kong MTR]] || [[South Island line]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis 400 || {{center|2016}} || {{center|7}} || {{center|10}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Hyderabad Metro]] || L1, L2, L3 || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2016}} || {{center|72}} || {{center|57}} || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Kochi Metro]] || L1 || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis 400 || {{center|2016}} || {{center|26}} || {{center|25}} || Greenfield || ATO ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[New York City Subway]] || [[IRT Flushing Line]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2016}} || {{center|17}} || style="text-align:center;" |46<ref group="note" name="nyc subway flushing line">This is the number of eleven-car train sets available. The IRT Flushing Line runs trains with eleven cars, though they are not all linked together; they are arranged in five- and six-car sets.</ref> || Brownfield and Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| [[IND Queens Boulevard Line]] || style="text-align:center;" |Siemens/Thales || Trainguard MT CBTC || data-sort-value="2017" | {{center|2017–2022}}<ref group="note">Work being done in phases; the main phase between [[50th Street station (IND lines)|50th Street]] and [[Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike station]]s was completed in 2022</ref> || {{center|21.9}}<ref group="note">Includes a 1.48 km "express bypass" where non-stopping [[express train]]s take a different route than stopping local trains.</ref> || style="text-align:center;" |309{{refn|name=Crosstown-QBL|group="note"|1=This is the number of four- and five- car sets to be equipped with CBTC; they will be linked up in sets of 8 or 10 cars each. The routes that use the Queens Boulevard and Crosstown lines are serviced by trains from [[Jamaica Yard]] and [[East New York Yard]].}} || Brownfield || ATO || Train conductors will be located aboard the train because other parts of the routes using the Queens Boulevard Line will not be equipped with CBTC.
|-
| [[Rapid Rail|Kuala Lumpur Metro (LRT)]] || [[Kelana Jaya Line|Line 5, Kelana Jaya Line]]
| {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2016}} || {{center|91.5}}|| {{center|126}}|| Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Metro Santiago]] || {{rint|santiago|1}} || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2016}} || {{center|20}} || {{center|42}} || Greenfield and Brownfield || DTO ||
|-
| [[Walt Disney World]] || [[Walt Disney World Monorail System]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2016}} || {{center|22}} || {{center|15}} || Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| Delhi Metro || Line-8 || Nippon Signal || SPARCS || 2017 (Temp. Driver on Board) 2021 (Full ATO Operations) || || || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Lille Metro]] || [[Lille Metro|1]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2017}} || {{center|15}} || {{center|27}} || Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Lucknow Metro]] || L1 || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2017}} || {{center|23}} || {{center|20}} || Greenfield || ATO ||
|-
| [[Metro Santiago]] || {{rint|santiago|6}} || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2017}} || {{center|15.4}} || {{center|15}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Stockholm Metro]] || [[Stockholm Metro#Lines|Red line]] || {{center|Ansaldo STS}} || CBTC || {{center|2017}} || {{center|41}} || {{center|30}} || Brownfield || STO->UTO ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Singapore MRT]] || [[North–South Line (Singapore)|North–South Line]] || rowspan="2" | {{center|Thales}} || rowspan="2" | SelTrac || {{center|2017}} || {{center|45.3}} || {{center|198}} || Brownfield || rowspan="2" | UTO<ref name="thales-sg">{{cite news|last=Cheng|first=Kenneth|date=2017-04-12|url=https://www.todayonline.com/new-nsl-signalling-system-be-tested-sundays-two-months|title=Full-day signalling tests on North-South Line to start on Sunday|work=TODAY Online|language=en|access-date=2022-05-22}}</ref> || With train attendants (train captains) who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are on standby in the train.
|-
| [[East–West Line (Singapore)|East–West Line]] || {{center|2018}} || {{center|57.2}} || {{center|198}} || Brownfield (original line) Greenfield (Tuas West Extension only) || With train attendants who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are on standby in the train.
|-
| [[Copenhagen S-Train]] || All lines || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2021}} || {{center|170}} || {{center|136}} || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Doha Metro]] || L1 || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2018}} || {{center|33}} || {{center|35}} || Greenfield || ATO ||
|-
| [[New York City Subway]] || [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]] || style="text-align:center;" |Siemens/Thales || Trainguard MT CBTC || data-sort-value="2018" | {{center|2018–2024}}<ref group="note">Work being done in phases; the first phase is between [[59th Street–Columbus Circle station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|59th]] and [[High Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|High Street station]]s.</ref> || {{center|9.3}} || || Brownfield || ATO || Train conductors will be located aboard the train because other parts of the routes using the Eighth Avenue Line will not be equipped with CBTC.
|-
| [[O-Train]] || {{rint|ottawa|1}} || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2018}} || {{center|12.5}} || {{center|34}} || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH)]] || All lines || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2018}} || {{center|22.2}} || {{center|50}} || Brownfield || ATO ||
|-
| [[Rennes Metro|Rennes ART]] || [[Rennes Metro#Plans|B]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2018}} || {{center|12}} || {{center|19}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Riyadh Metro]] || L4, L5 and L6 || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2018}} || {{center|64}} || {{center|69}} || Greenfield || ATO ||
|-
| Sosawonsi Co. ([[Gyeonggi-do]]) || [[Seohae Line]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2018}} || {{center|23.3}} || {{center|7}} || {{center|Greenfield}} || ATO ||
|-
| [[Buenos Aires Underground]] || {{rint|buenosaires|D}} || {{center|TBD}} || TBD || {{center|2019}} || {{center|11}} || {{center|26}} || TBD || TBD ||
|-
| [[Gimpo]] || [[Gimpo Goldline]] || {{center|Nippon Signal}} || SPARCS || {{center|2019}} || {{center|23.63}} || {{center|23}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Jakarta MRT]] || [[Jakarta MRT#Network|North–south line]] || {{center|Nippon Signal}} || SPARCS || {{center|2019}} || {{center|20.1}} || {{center|16}} || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Panama Metro]] || [[Panama Metro|2]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis || {{center|2019}} || {{center|21}} || {{center|21}} || Greenfield || ATO ||
|-
| [[Metro Santiago]] || {{rint|santiago|3}} || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2019}} || {{center|21.7}} || {{center|22}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Sydney Metro]] || [[Metro North West & Bankstown Line]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis 400 || {{center|2019}} || {{center|37}} || {{center|22}} || Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Singapore MRT]] || [[Thomson–East Coast Line]] || {{center|Alstom}} || Urbalis 400 || {{center|2020}} || {{center|43}} || {{center|91}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Suvarnabhumi Airport APM]] || [[MNTB to SAT-1]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2020}} || {{center|1}} || {{center|6}} || Greenfield || UTO ||
|-
|[[Bucharest Metro]] || Line M5 || Alstom || Urbalis 400 || {{center|2020}} || {{center|6.9}} || {{center|13}} || || STO || To be fully operational after the delivery of the 13 Alstom Metropolis BM4 trains.
|-
| [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] || [[Red Line (BART)|Red Line]], [[Orange Line (BART)|Orange Line]], [[Yellow Line (BART)|Yellow Line]], [[Green Line (BART)|Green Line]], [[Blue Line (BART)|Blue Line]] || {{center|Hitachi Rail STS}} || CBTC || {{center|2030}} || || {{center|211.5}} || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| Lahore || Orange Line || Alstom-Casco || Urabliss888 || {{center|2020}} || {{center|27}} || {{center|27 (CRRC)}} || Greenfield || ATO ||
|-
| [[Hong Kong MTR]] || [[East Rail line]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2021}} || {{center|41.5}} || {{center|37}} || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Lisbon Metro]] || [[Lisbon Metro Blue Line|Blue Line]], [[Lisbon Metro Yellow Line|Yellow Line]], [[Lisbon Metro Green Line|Green Line]]<ref>{{Cite press release |date=May 10, 2021 |title=Siemens Mobility and Stadler consortium wins contract to modernize and upgrade the Lisbon Metro |publisher=Siemens Mobility |url=https://press.siemens.com/global/en/pressrelease/siemens-mobility-and-stadler-consortium-wins-contract-modernize-and-upgrade-lisbon?linkId=300000001147478 |access-date=September 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925154746/https://press.siemens.com/global/en/pressrelease/siemens-mobility-and-stadler-consortium-wins-contract-modernize-and-upgrade-lisbon?linkId=300000001147478 |archive-date=September 25, 2024}}</ref> || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2021-2027}} || {{center|33.7}} || {{center|84}} || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Baselland Transport|Baselland Transport (BLT)]] || [[Waldenburg railway|Line 19 Waldenburgerbahn]] || [[Stadler Rail|{{center|Stadler}}]] || NOVA Pro CBTC || {{center|2022}} || {{center|13.2}} || {{center|10}} || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| [[São Paulo Metro]] || [[Line 17 (São Paulo Metro)|17]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2022}} || {{center|17.7}} || {{center|24}} || Greenfield || UTO || Under construction
|-
|[[Metro Trains Melbourne|Melbourne]] || [[Cranbourne line]], [[Pakenham line]], [[Sunbury line]], [[Metro Tunnel]] || {{center|Bombardier}} || CITYFLO 650 || {{center|2023}} || {{center|115.8}} || {{center|70}} || Brownfield || STO || CBTC only available between [[West Footscray railway station|West Footscray]] and [[Clayton railway station, Melbourne|Clayton]] stations
|-
| [[São Paulo Metro]] || [[Line 6 (São Paulo Metro)|Line 6]] || {{center|Nippon Signal}} || SPARCS || {{center|2023}} || {{center|15}} || {{center|24}} || Greenfield || UTO || Under construction
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Tokyo]] || [[Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line]]<ref>[https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20180222-587991/ 三菱電機、東京メトロ丸ノ内線に列車制御システム向け無線装置を納入] {{in lang|ja}}, [[Mynavi Corporation]], February 22, 2018</ref> || {{center|Mitsubishi}} || ? || rowspan="2" data-sort-value="9999" style="text-align:center;" |2023 || {{center|27.4}} || {{center|53}} || rowspan="2" | Brownfield || ? ||
|-
| [[Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line]] || style="text-align:center;" |? || ? || {{center|20.3}} || {{center|42}} || ? ||
|-
|[[Seoul]]
|[[Sillim Line]]
|{{center|[[LS Group|LS ELECTRIC]]}}
|LTran-CX
|{{center|2023}}
|{{center|7.8}}
|{{center|?}}
|{{center|?}}
|{{center|?}}
|
|-
| [[JR West]] || [[Wakayama Line]] || style="text-align:center;" |? || ? || data-sort-value="9999" | {{center|2023}} || {{center|42.5}} || style="text-align:center;" |? || Brownfield || ? ||
|-
| [[Rapid Rail|Kuala Lumpur Metro (LRT)]] || [[Shah Alam Line|Line 11, Shah Alam Line]] || {{center|Thales}} || SelTrac || {{center|2024}} || {{center|36}} || {{center|25}}|| Brownfield || UTO ||
|-
| [[Marmaray]] Lines || Commuter Lines || {{center|Invensys}} || Sirius || data-sort-value="9999" style="text-align:center;" |? || {{center|77}} || style="text-align:center;" |? || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Hong Kong MTR]] || [[Kwun Tong line]], [[Tsuen Wan line]], [[Island line (MTR)|Island line]], [[Tseung Kwan O line]] || {{center|Alstom-Hitachi Rail (formerly Thales)}}|| Advanced SelTrac || style="text-align:center;" |2025-2029 || {{center|58.1}} || {{center|128}} || Brownfield || STO & DTO ||
|-
| [[New York City Subway]] || [[IND Crosstown Line]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Artymiuk | first=Simon | title=MTA awards Crosstown Line CBTC contract to Thales and TCE | website=International Railway Journal | date=March 7, 2023 | url=https://www.railjournal.com/signalling/mta-awards-crosstown-line-cbtc-contract-to-thales-and-tce/ | access-date=August 4, 2024}}</ref> || {{center|Hitachi Rail (formerly Thales)}}|| SelTrac || {{center|2029}} || {{center|16}} || style="text-align:center;" | 309{{refn|name=Crosstown-QBL|group="note"}} || Brownfield || STO ||
|-
| [[Porto Metro]] || {{rint|porto|g}}<ref>{{Cite press release |date=March 12, 2024 |title=Alstom's leading urban signalling technology selected to enhance passenger connectivity on the Metro do Porto Pink Line in Portugal |publisher=Alstom |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2024/3/alstoms-leading-urban-signalling-technology-selected-enhance-passenger-connectivity-metro-do-porto-pink-line-portugal |access-date=September 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524034020/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2024/3/alstoms-leading-urban-signalling-technology-selected-enhance-passenger-connectivity-metro-do-porto-pink-line-portugal |archive-date=May 24, 2024}}</ref> || {{center|Alstom}} || Cityflo 250 || {{center|2024}} || {{center|3.0}} || {{center|18}} || Greenfield || STO ||
|-
| Ahmedabad || MEGA || Nippon Signal || SPARCS || style="text-align:center;" |? || {{center|39.259}} || {{center|96 coaches (rolling stock)}}|| ? || ? ||
|-
| [[Baltimore]] || [[Baltimore Metro SubwayLink]] || {{center|Hitachi Rail STS}} || CBTC || {{center|2025}} || {{center|24.8}} || {{center|78<ref group="note">Total number of railcars ordered, service is typically operated using four-car trains.</ref>}} || Brownfield || STO || New railcars and signalling system undergoing testing, expected to enter service in mid-2025<ref>{{cite press release |date=October 2, 2024 | title=MDOT MTA to test CTBC system on Metro Subway stations | website=Mass Transit Magazine | url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/rail/railroad-signals-ptc-control-systems-and-products/press-release/55180169/maryland-transit-administration-mta-mdot-mta-to-test-ctbc-system-on-metro-subway-stations | access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Transport for London]] || [[Elizabeth line]] || {{center|Siemens}} || Trainguard MT CBTC || {{center|2022}} || {{center|42}} || {{center|70}} || Brownfield || STO || Paddington to Abbey Wood / Stratford
|-
|[[Jabodebek LRT]]
|[[Bekasi Line]]
[[Cibubur Line]]
|{{center|PT. INKA}}
|?
|{{center|2023}}
|{{center|44.4}}
|{{center|31}}
|Greenfield
|DTO
|
|-
|[[Oslo Metro]]
|All lines
|{{center|Siemens}}
|Trainguard MT CBTC
|{{center|2025-2030}}
|{{center|85}}
|{{center|115}}
|Greenfield ([[Fornebu Line]]) Brownfield (other lines)
|STO
|Being gradually rolled out throughout the system, first commissioned between [[Brattlikollen (station)|Brattlikollen]] and Lambertseter on [[Lambertseter Line]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Juven |first=Olav |date=2025-12-02 |title=T-banen får nytt signalanlegg – skal bli flere tog og færre forsinkelser |url=https://www.nrk.no/stor-oslo/t-banen-far-nytt-signalanlegg-_-skal-bli-flere-tog-og-faerre-forsinkelser-1.17675373 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=NRK |language=nb-NO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Siemens powers Oslo's metro digitalization with state-of-the-art ... |url=https://press.siemens.com/global/en/pressrelease/siemens-powers-oslos-metro-digitalization-state-art-cbtc-system |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=press.siemens.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[MARTA|Atlanta MARTA]]
|All lines
|{{center|Stadler}}
|NOVA Pro CBTC
|{{center|2024}}
|{{center|77}}
|{{center|354}}
|Brownfield
|STO
|
|-
|[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]]
|[[The Plane Train]]
|{{center|Alstom}}
|?
|{{center|2024}}
|{{center|4.5}}
|{{center|63}}
|Brownfield
|UTO
|
|}

== Notes and references ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== References ===
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* [http://www.argeniarailwaytech.com Argenia Railway Technologies SafeNet CBTC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140218094134/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/content/seltracr-cbtc-communications-based-train-control-urban-rail Thales SelTrac(R) CBTC]
{{refend}}
{{Railwaysignalling}}

[[Category:Train protection systems]]
[[Category:Telematics]]
[[Category:Railway signalling block systems]]

Markand Bhatt

2026-02-08T12:10:34Z

Raj kumar: quick cleanup article per sources and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati theatre actor and director (1929–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Markand Bhatt
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|alt =
|birth_name = Markand Jashbhai Bhatt
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|10|2}}
|birth_place = [[Vadodara|Baroda]], [[Gujarat]], India
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|2|5|1929|10|2}}
|death_place = [[Vadodara]], Gujarat, India
|occupation = Theatre actor and director
|known_for = [[Gujarati theatre]]
}}
'''Markand Jashbhai Bhatt''' (2 October 1929 – 5 February 2016) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Gujarati theatre]] actor and director. Born and studied in [[Vadodara]], he taught theatre for more than thirty years at [[M. S. University]]. He acted in and directed several Gujarati plays.

==Life==
Markand Bhatt was born on 2 October 1929 in [[Vadodara]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Champaklal|first=Mahesh|author-link=Mahesh Champaklal|title=ભટ્ટ, માર્કંડ જશભાઈ|encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]|year=|publisher=Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|location=Ahmedabad|url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/ભટ્ટ-માર્કંડ-જશભાઈ/|access-date=10 October 2021|language=gu}}</ref><ref name="NetIndian 2016">{{cite web | title=Renowned Gujarati stage actor, director Markand Bhatt passes away | website=NetIndian | date=5 February 2016 | url=http://netindian.in/news/2016/02/05/00036745/renowned-gujarati-stage-actor-director-markand-bhatt-passes-away | accessdate=9 February 2016 | archive-date=16 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216004802/http://netindian.in/news/2016/02/05/00036745/renowned-gujarati-stage-actor-director-markand-bhatt-passes-away | url-status=live }}</ref> He started acting at the age of ten in local stage troops. He received master's degree in Drama in 1958 from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref name="GSA2016">{{cite web | title=તખ્તાના તાજ, નાટયગુરૃ પ્રો.માર્કંડ ભટ્ટનું ૮૭ વર્ષની ઉંમરે અવસાન | website=www.gujaratsamachar.com | date= 5 February 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160207004651/http://gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/amdavad-markand-bhatt-died-at-age-87|url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/amdavad-markand-bhatt-died-at-age-87 |archive-date=7 February 2016| language=gu | accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Inx2016">{{cite web | title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awardee Markand Bhatt passes away | website=The Indian Express | date=5 February 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sangeet-natak-akademi-awardee-markand-bhatt-passes-away/ | accessdate=9 February 2016 | archive-date=6 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206080515/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sangeet-natak-akademi-awardee-markand-bhatt-passes-away/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

He served as the Head of the Department of Drama at Saurashtra Sangeet Natak Akademi, Rajkot for two years. He served as the Head of Department of Theatre Art from 1969 to 1989 and the dean of the Faculty of Performing Arts from 1984 to 1989 at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. He was chairman of the Gujarat Sangeet Natak Akademi from 1992 to 1995.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web | title=Markand Jashbhai Bhatt | website=Welcome to Sangeet Natak Akademi | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/sna-awards2008/markand-jashbhai-bhatt.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105145701/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/sna-awards2008/markand-jashbhai-bhatt.htm|archive-date=5 January 2016| accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Inx2016"/><ref name="dna 2016"/><ref name="toi2016">{{cite web | title=Veteran Gujarati theatre artist Markand Bhatt dies | website=The Times of India | date=6 February 2016 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Veteran-Gujarati-theatre-artist-Markand-Bhatt-dies/articleshow/50874883.cms | accessdate=9 February 2016 | archive-date=10 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210022823/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Veteran-Gujarati-theatre-artist-Markand-Bhatt-dies/articleshow/50874883.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

He had acted in more than 1,500 shows of Gujarati plays. He is considered as a pioneer of modern Gujarati theatre who revived the theatre in 1960s.<ref name="GSA2016"/> The plays in which he acted include [[Chandravadan Mehta]]'s ''Atrulupta Saraswati'' and ''Param Maheshwar''; [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ''Nandini'', ''Muktadhara'' and ''Arup Ratan''; Bhasa's ''Karnabhar'', [[Shankar Shesh]]'s ''Raktabeej'', [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]]'s ''Sikandar Saani'' and [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''Agni Ane Vaarsad''.<ref name="SNA"/><ref name="toi2016"/> Some other plays are ''Vasundhara na Vahala Davala'', ''Gagane Megh Chhavayo'', ''Venice no Vepari'', ''Janani Janmabhoomi'', ''Nava Klevar Dharo Hansala'', ''Sumanlal T Dave''.<ref name="GSA2016"/> He acted in two Gujarati films including ''Reti na Ratan''.<ref name="Sandesh2016">{{cite web | title= માર્કંડ ભટ્ટના અવસાનથી નાટયકારો અને ચાહકોમાં દુઃખની લાગણી ફેલાઈ| website=Sandesh| date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209202614/http://www.sandesh.com/article.aspx?newsid=3226985| url=http://www.sandesh.com/article.aspx?newsid=3226985 | language=gu | accessdate=9 February 2016|archive-date=9 February 2016}}</ref>

He directed several plays including some acclaimed ones; ''Dhara Gurjari'', ''Paritran'', ''Shetal Ne Kanthe'', ''Finger Print'' and ''Hoholika''.<ref name="SNA"/><ref name="GSA2016"/><ref name="dna 2016">{{cite web | title=Gujarati theatre actor Markand Bhatt passes away at 87 | website=dna | date=6 February 2016 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gujarati-theatre-actor-markand-bhatt-passes-away-at-87-2174503 | accessdate=9 February 2016 | archive-date=8 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208044023/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gujarati-theatre-actor-markand-bhatt-passes-away-at-87-2174503 | url-status=live }}</ref> He played as an actor and directed plays till 2000. He was associated with an organization, Triveni, to work in field of theatre.<ref name="Inx2016"/><ref name="toi2016"/>

He died on 5 February 2016 at Vadodara at the age of 87.<ref name="Inx2016"/><ref name="dna 2016"/>

==Recognition==
He received Gujarat Sangeet Natak Akademi award in 1973. He also received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2008.<ref name="toi2016"/><ref name="SNA"/> He was felicitated by London-based Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans in 1984.<ref name="Inx2016"/><ref name="dna 2016"/>

==Personal life==
He was married to [[Urmila Bhatt]], a Hindi film and Gujarati theatre actress whom he met during studies.<ref name="GSA2016"/> She predeceased him on 22 February 1997.<ref name="toi2016"/> They had two sons and a daughter.<ref name="dna 2016"/><ref name="Sandesh2016"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Markand}}
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]

Murali (Tamil actor)

2026-02-04T21:15:17Z

Raj kumar: quick cleanup page for accuracy additionally and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Tamil actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Murali
| image = Murali (Tamil actor).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| birth_name = Murali Siddalingaiah
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1964|05|19}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]],
[[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<ref name="dinakaran1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com:80/cinema/english/cinebio/2000/27-2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210025138/http://www.dinakaran.com:80/cinema/english/cinebio/2000/27-2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2001|title=dinakaran|date=10 February 2001}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|09|08|1964|05|19}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Film producer|Producer]]}}
| yearsactive = 1980–2010
| spouse = {{marriage|Shobha|1987}}
| children = 3, including [[Atharvaa]] and [[Akash Murali|Akash]]
| parents = [[S. Siddalingaiah]] Dhanalakshmi
| relatives = [[Daniel Balaji]] (Cousin)
}}

'''Murali Siddalingaiah''' (19 May 1964 – 8 September 2010), known professionally as '''Murali''', was an Indian actor who worked predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]], where he was known as ''Puratchi Nayagan''. He has mainly acted in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films as well as few [[Kannada]] films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jointscene.com/artists/Kollywood/Murali/152|title=Jointscene - Tamil Actor Murali |access-date=2009-10-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029142330/http://www.jointscene.com/artists/Kollywood/Murali/152|archive-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> He was famous for roles that portrayed him as a perceptive singer or a tragic lover. His son, [[Atharvaa]], debuted as an actor in the 2010 film ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]''.

==Early life==
Murali Siddalingaiah was born on 19 May 1964 in [[Madras]] to a [[Tamils|Tamil]] mother and [[Kannadiga]] father. Murali had two siblings; a younger brother Suresh (who worked as a child actor) and a sister Santhi. He lived and studied up to his [[Fifth grade|5th Standard]] in Chennai, and from [[Sixth grade|6th Standard]] to [[Tenth grade|10th Standard]] he studied in Bangalore. When he was 14 years old, he joined as an assistant director to his father, film director and writer [[S. Siddalingaiah]]. For some time, he worked as an editing assistant.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article620877.ece|title=Tamil actor Murali dies of heart attack|author=Ramya Kannan, S. R. Ashok Kumar|work=The Hindu|date=8 September 2010|access-date=8 September 2010|archive-date=11 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911074355/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article620877.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dinakaran1"/>

==Career==
Murali started his acting career as a lead with the Kannada film ''[[Prema Parva]]'' (1983) directed by his father;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/caught-in-colour/articleshow/21784731.cms|title=Caught in colour|website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=2023-12-19|archive-date=2023-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516025818/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/caught-in-colour/articleshow/21784731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> however, ''Geluvina Hejje'' (1982) directed by Eranki Sharma was released first. ''Bili Gulabi'', ''[[Ajeya]]'', ''Prema Gange'', ''Thayikotta Thali'', ''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge'', and ''[[Ajay Vijay]]'' are the Kannada films he did; however, he only gained fame after entering into Tamil film industry through the film ''[[Poovilangu]]'' (1984).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/59932.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910221459/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/59932.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2010|title=Murali passes away|work= Indiaglitz|access-date=2010-09-09|date=2010-09-08}}</ref> He earned a good name with that film. He then acted in ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'', along with actress [[Revathi Menon|Revathi]] and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]] who made his directorial debut in [[Tamil cinema]]. Though this film garnered Murali great recognition, he could not sustain his success much longer. His films started failing at the box-office one after another and during that period, he even acted in double hero subjects : ''[[Vanna Kanavugal]]'' (1987) with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], ''[[Thangamani Rangamani]]'' (1989) with [[S. Ve. Shekher]] and ''[[Ninaivu Chinnam]]'' (1989) with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2010/tribute-actor-murali-080910.html |title=A tribute to actor Murali |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=2010-09-09 |date=2010-09-08 |author=Prakash Upadhyaya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707175809/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2010/tribute-actor-murali-080910.html |archive-date=7 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 1990, he starred in [[Vikraman]]'s ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]'' along with [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] and [[Anand Babu]], where he plays one amongst four friends who find themselves unexpectedly saddled with a young woman. The film was successful and set off a trend of "friendship" based movies and also propelled his career.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.rediff.com/column/2010/sep/08/south-murali-obit.htm |title=Mourning the loss of a mild-mannered hero |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2010-09-09 |date=2010-09-08 |author=Pavithra Srinivasan |archive-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320224526/http://movies.rediff.com/column/2010/sep/08/south-murali-obit.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1991, he acted in ''[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]'', where he portrayed the soft hero who was incapable of expressing his love due to his inferiority complex.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/High-Five/article14504773.ece|title=High Five|first=Sridhar|last=Srinivasan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 July 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214063946/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/High-Five/article14504773.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon, Murali found himself playing in rural drama films: ''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]'' (1992), ''[[Manikuyil]]'' (1993), ''[[Manju Virattu (film)|Manju Virattu]]'' (1994), ''[[Adharmam]]'' (1994), ''[[En Aasai Machan]]'' (1994) and ''[[Poomani (film)|Poomani]]'' (1996).

In 1997, he acted in three films including the romantic-drama ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]'' and the rural drama ''[[Porkkaalam]]'' directed by [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]. The two films received critical acclaim and were blockbusters at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com:80/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101015430/http://www.indolink.com:80/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 November 2017|title=A-Z (III)|date=1 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/05ss.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Titans together|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012901/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/05ss.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The next year, he acted in eight films including the long-delayed ''[[Veera Thalattu]]'', the romantic-drama films, ''[[Kaadhale Nimmadhi]]'', ''[[Poonthottam]]'', ''[[Unnudan]]'', the village drama films ''[[Rathna (film)|Rathna]]'' and ''[[En Aasai Rasave]]''. The six films flopped at the box office. ''[[Dhinamdhorum]]'' was an average grosser while the much-hyped ''[[Desiya Geetham]]'', despite positive reviews, bombed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/dhinandhorum-nagaraj-back-in-reckoning-with-mathapoo-92903.html|title=Dhinandhorum Nagaraj back in reckoning with Mathapoo - KOLLY TALK|date=27 April 2013|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716223856/https://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/dhinandhorum-nagaraj-back-in-reckoning-with-mathapoo-92903.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/29sld3-cherans-pokkisham.htm|title=rediff.com: Cheran's Pokkisham in pix|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716224154/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/29sld3-cherans-pokkisham.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/13ss.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Madras calling|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103021055/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/13ss.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904155058/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 September 2017|title=A-Z (V)|date=4 September 2017}}</ref> In 1999, his flop streak continued with ''[[Ooty (film)|Ooty]]'', the fictional biography ''[[Iraniyan (film)|Iraniyan]]'', based on the life of the freedom fighter Vattakudi Iraniyan and ''[[Kanave Kalaiyadhe]]'' becoming box office failures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/gokima/gcnnov99.html|title=Gokul's Tamil Cinema News|website=www.geocities.ws|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207075525/http://www.geocities.ws/gokima/gcnnov99.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2000, he acted in ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' alongside [[Parthiban]]. The movie was a success at the box-office enabling [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] to develop his own style of film-making. The film also won critical acclaim as well winning a State Award and a National Award in the process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://csrags.wordpress.com/2017/04/23/review-of-cherans-vetri-kodi-kattu/|title=Review of Cheran's 'Vetri Kodi Kattu'.|date=23 April 2017|access-date=31 August 2019|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831232617/https://csrags.wordpress.com/2017/04/23/review-of-cherans-vetri-kodi-kattu/|url-status=live}}</ref> Followed by drama movies, ''[[Kannukku Kannaga]]'' and ''[[Manu Needhi]]''. In 2001, he appeared in five films. He plays in multi-starrers including ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kathala]]'', ''[[Aanandham]]'', ''[[Samudhiram]]'', ''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' and ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]''. Murali received the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]] for this film. In 2002, the drama, ''[[Kamarasu]]'', the comedy, ''[[Sundhara Travels]]'' as well as the family film, ''[[Namma Veetu Kalyanam]]'' was released. The next is ''[[Kadhaludan]]'' (2003), produced by [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] and directed by her husband [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kathaludan-review-tamil-pcluzVejdchci.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201134454/http://www.sify.com/movies/kathaludan-review-tamil-pcluzVejdchci.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2017|title=Kathaludan|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In the early 2000s, Murali lost his appeal at the box office and several of his films, where he collaborated with new directors, subsequently became delayed or shelved. This included project such as Pandian's ''Kalvettu'', Olichandran's ''Oli'', Ramanan's ''Entrum Sugamae'', Abhimanyu's ''Thala'', ''Paattu Chatham Ketkuthamma'' and ''Lovers''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/apri/19-04-03.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025125959/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/apri/19-04-03.htm|archive-date=25 October 2004|title=19-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/apri/11-04-03.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025214857/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/apri/11-04-03.htm|archive-date=25 October 2004|title=11-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/july/08-07-03.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025130003/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/july/08-07-03.htm|archive-date=25 October 2004|title=08-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/08-06-00/murali.htm |title=Dinakaran |website=www.dinakaran.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040521032245/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/08-06-00/murali.htm |archive-date=21 May 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2001/feb/murali2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030814115903/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2001/feb/murali2.htm|archive-date=14 August 2003|title=Dinakaran}}</ref>

In 2006, he starred in the film, ''[[Pasa Kiligal]]'' alongside [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], written by [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/the-last-10-films-of-kalaignar-karunanidhi/pasa-kiligal.html|title=Pasa Kiligal (2006) | The last 10 films of Kalaignar M Karunanidhi|date=7 August 2018|website=Behindwoods|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901225135/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/the-last-10-films-of-kalaignar-karunanidhi/pasa-kiligal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Murali was last seen in a cameo role in ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' (2010), in which his son [[Atharvaa]] made his film debut as an actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/baana-kaathadi-review-tamil-movie-10988|title=Baana Kaathadi review. Baana Kaathadi Tamil movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901225136/https://www.indiaglitz.com/baana-kaathadi-review-tamil-movie-10988|url-status=live}}</ref> His 100th film was the unreleased ''Kavasam'', after which he died at the age of 46 due to cardiac arrest.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/sep/20/to-murali-with-love-188583.html|title=To Murali, with love|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407232917/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/sep/20/to-murali-with-love-188583.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Tamil-actor-Murali-passes-away/articleshow/6518757.cms|title=Tamil actor Murali passes away!|website=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828092240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Tamil-actor-Murali-passes-away/articleshow/6518757.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Praveen |date=2021-06-03 |title=100வது படத்தின் போது உயிரை விட்ட ஒரே பிரபலம்.. 46 வயதில் நடந்த சோகம்! |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/100th-movie-hero-death-in-46-age-kollywood/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Cinemapettai |language=ta-IN |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619124601/https://www.cinemapettai.com/100th-movie-hero-death-in-46-age-kollywood/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death==
Murali died in the early hours of 8 September 2010 from a sudden massive [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in Chennai. His death was a big shock to the Tamil film industry and all his fans alike, even to this day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/95012/popular-kannada-tamil-actor-murali.html|title=Popular Kannada, Tamil actor Murali dead|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2017-08-28|archive-date=11 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911074649/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/95012/popular-kannada-tamil-actor-murali.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was 46.

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|rowspan="3"|1984
| ''[[Poovilangu]]'' || Pandiyan || Remake of ''Prema Parva''
|-
| ''[[Ingeyum Oru Gangai]]'' || Kathamuthu ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhiavan]]'' || Manohar / Kishore ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|1985
|''Elan Kandru'' || Velan ||
|-
|| ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'' || Selvam ||
|-
| ''[[Geethanjali (1985 film)|Geethanjali]]'' || James ||
|-
| ''[[Anthasthu]]'' || Murali ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |1986
|| ''[[Puthir]]'' || Vijay / Azhagu || Tamil version of ''Ajeya''
|-
| ''[[Oru Malarin Payanam]]'' || Moorthy ||
|-
| ''Kaalamellaam Unn Madiyil'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Mannukkul Vairam]]'' || Mayilsamy ||
|-
|rowspan="7" |1987
| ''[[Kudumbam Oru Koyil]]l'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Valayal Satham]]'' || Sundar ||
|-
|| ''[[Vanna Kanavugal]]'' || Moorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Aval Mella Sirithal]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''Meendum Mahaan'' || Murali ||
|-
|| ''[[Puyal Paadum Paattu]]'' || Student leader ||
|-
| ''[[Thulasi (1987 film)|Thulasi]]'' || Sivalingam ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |1989
|| ''[[Thangamani Rangamani]]'' || Rangamani ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaivu Chinnam]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Kai Veesamma Kai Veesu]]'' || Balu ||
|-
| ''Dharma Devan'' || Arun ||
|-
|rowspan="9"|1990
| ''[[Paalam (1990 film)|Paalam]]'' || Jeeva ||
|-
|| ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]'' || Balu ||
|-
| ''Vetri Malai'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| ''Chilambu'' || Marudhu ||
|-
| ''[[Naanum Indha Ooruthan]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Nangal Puthiyavargal]]'' || Gowri ||
|-
| ''[[Sirayil Sila Raagangal]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
| ''Pudhiya Kaatru'' || Jeeva ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Ooru Poovatha]]'' || Ponarasu || Got title 'Puratchi Nayagan'
|-
|rowspan="4"|1991
|| ''[[Sami Potta Mudichu]]'' || Kathirvelan ||
|-
| ''Iravu Sooriyan'' || Vijay ||
|-
| ''[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]'' || Raja || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| ''Kurumbukkaran'' || Muthurajah ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|1992
|| ''[[Thanga Manasukkaran]]'' || Murugesh (Murugan) ||
|-
|''Thangarasu'' || Thangarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]'' || Muthukaalai ||
|-
| ''[[Thaali Kattiya Raasa]]'' || Pandiyan ||
|-
| ''[[Endrum Anbudan]]'' || Thyagu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1993
|| ''[[Manikuyil]]'' || Muthuvelu ||
|-
| ''[[Thangakkili]]'' || Moorthy ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|1994
| ''[[Adharmam]]'' || Arjuna ||
|-
| ''[[En Aasai Machan]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyavan]]'' || Diwakar ||
|-
|| ''[[Manju Virattu (film)|Manju Virattu]]'' || Pandian ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1995
| ''[[Thondan (1995 film)|Thondan]]'' || Jeeva || Also singer for song "Nattu Nadu Center"
|-
| ''Aakaya Pookal'' || Siva ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1996
|| ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' || Murali || Special appearance in song "Machini Vara Neram"
|-
| ''[[Poomani (film)|Poomani]]'' || Poomani ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|1997
|| ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]'' || Jeeva ||
|-
| ''[[Porkkaalam (1997 film)|Porkkalam]]'' || Manikkam ||
|-
| ''[[Roja Malare]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
|rowspan="8"|1998
|| ''[[Kaadhale Nimmadhi]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Dhinamdhorum]]'' || Aadhi ||
|-
| ''[[Veera Thalattu]]'' || Pandian ||
|-
| ''[[Rathna (film)|Rathna]]'' || Rathna / Muthuvel ||
|-
| ''[[Poonthottam]]'' || Moorthy ||
|-
| ''[[En Aasai Rasave]]'' || Muthumani ||
|-
| ''[[Unnudan]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
| ''[[Desiya Geetham]]'' || Pandian ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|1999
| ''[[Poo Vaasam]]'' || Kanna ||
|-
|| ''[[Kanave Kalaiyadhe]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Ooty (film)|Ooty]]'' || Balakumar ||
|-
| ''[[Iraniyan (film)|Iraniyan]]'' || Iraniyan ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2000
|| ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' || Sekhar ||
|-
|| ''[[Kannukku Kannaga]]'' || Dharma ||
|-
| ''[[Manu Needhi]]'' || Chinnakannu ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2001
| ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kathala]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Aanandham]]'' || Madhavan ||
|-
| ''[[Samuthiram]]'' || Thangarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' || Madhavan || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]'' || Karuthayya ||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2002
| ''[[Kamarasu]]'' || Kamarasu ||
|-
|| ''[[Sundhara Travels]]'' || Gopikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Veetu Kalyanam]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| 2003
|| ''[[Kadhaludan]]'' || Kalyan ||
|-
|2004
|| ''[[Arivumani]]'' || Arivumani ||
|-
|2006
|| ''[[Pasa Kiligal]]'' || Sevathayya ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|| ''[[Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Unnai Arindhaal]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2010
|| ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' || 'Idhayam' Raja || Guest appearance
|}

=== Kannada films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Biligiriya Banadalli]]'' || Lakshmana || Child actor
|-
|rowspan="1"|1982 || ''Geluvina Hejje'' || Manchu ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|1983 || ''[[Prema Parva]]'' || Sadhguru ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Bili Gulabi'' || Suresh ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Ajeya]]'' || Ajey || Also producer
|-
| 1986 || ''Prema Gange'' || Krishna ||Remake of ''[[Ingeyum Oru Gangai]]''
|-
| 1987 || ''Thayi Kotta Thaali'' || Sevu ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge'' || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Padma Vyuha'' || Kiran ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Ajay Vijay]]'' || Ajay || Partially re-shot in Tamil as ''Puthiya Natchathiram''
|}

=== Shelved films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref
|-
| 1988 || ''Chithiram Pesuthadi'' || rowspan="11" | Tamil || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bollywoodvinyl.in/products/chithiram-pesuthadi-tamil-bollywood-vinyl-lp-1|title = Chithiram Pesuthadi}}</ref>
|-
| 1989 || ''Nal Valthukkal'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/9363246-Sangeetharajan-Nal-Valthukkal|title = Nal Valthukkal}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''Santharppam'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/santharppam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1581611061|title = Santharppam}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sooriya Namaskaaram'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pendujatt.net/tamil-songs/albums/sooriya-namaskaaram-djkcd.html|title = Sooriya Namaskaaram}}</ref>
|-
| 1995 || ''Karutha Machan'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://masstamilan.me/karutha-machan/|title = Karutha Machan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''Contractor Mappillai'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/contractor-mappillai|title = Contractor mappillai}}</ref>
|-
| ''Irulum Oliyum'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/irullum-oliyum|title = Irulum Oliyum}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''Vaazhthukkal '' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/vaazhthukkal|title = Vaazhthukkal}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kaadhal Chinnam'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/ilayaraja-audio-cd/kavalai-padathae-sagotharaa-kadhal-chinnam-tamil-audio-cd/|title = Kaadhal Chinnam}}</ref>
|-
| 2000 || ''Oli''|| || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mymazaa.com/tamil/audiosongs/movie/Oli.html#Murali|title = Oli}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''Kavasam''|| 100th Film
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPNB0QUku8Y|title = Kavasam}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1980731}}

{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murali}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kannada actors]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Bihar State Election Commission

2026-01-29T23:46:10Z

Raj kumar: made a details.

{{Short description|Electoral agency of Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Bihar State Election Commission
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 1966
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Bihar]]
| headquarters = Sone Bhawan, 3rd Floor, Beerchand Patel Marg, Patna-800001
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Deepak Prasad.<ref name="bsec ref7">{{cite news |title=Bihar panchayat elections to automate vote counting with Staqu's AI tech |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bihar-panchayat-elections-to-automate-vote-counting-with-staqu-s-ai-tech-121102701537_1.html |access-date=8 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=27 October 2021}}</ref>
| chief1_position = State Election Commissioner, Bihar.<ref name="bec ref1">{{cite web |title=OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ELECTORAL OFFICER, BIHAR |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/ |website=OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ELECTORAL OFFICER, BIHAR |access-date=8 December 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| website = {{URL|https://sec.bihar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bihar State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]] for ensuring that elections are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of Election Commission. Bihar State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Bihar State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Bihar.

== History and Administration ==

Bihar State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113835/http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Bihar state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

Bihar State Election Commission had adopted bio-metric system of voter identification in the panchayat polls conducted during November 2021.<ref name="bsec ref3">{{cite news |title=Biometric voter identification in Bihar panchayat polls draws praise, likely in Delhi civic polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/biometric-voter-identification-in-bihar-panchayat-polls-draws-praise-likely-in-delhi-civic-polls-101638028918204.html |access-date=8 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=27 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Bihar State Election Commission had partnered with Staqu, AI implementation enabler, to automate the vote counting for Panchayat elections held in November 2021.<ref name="bsec ref5">{{cite news |title=Bihar Panchayat Election Results 2021: Full List of Winning Candidates |url=https://www.india.com/bihar/bihar-panchayat-election-results-2021-live-full-list-of-winning-candidates-motihari-bhojpur-samastipur-kaliaganj-panchayat-5111630/ |access-date=8 December 2021 |publisher=www.india.com |date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="bsec ref4">{{cite news |last1=Ahaskar |first1=Abhijit |title=Officials use AI analytics to keep Bihar panchayat polls free and fair |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/officials-use-ai-analytics-to-keep-bihar-panchayat-polls-free-and-fair-11635446470554.html |access-date=8 December 2021 |publisher=mint |date=29 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Powers and Responsibilities ==

Bihar States Election Commissioner is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="bsec ref6">{{cite news |title=Bihar Panchayat Election 2021: 11-phase Bihar panchayat polls to begin on September 24 {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/panchayat-polls-in-state-from-sept-24/articleshow/85596647.cms |access-date=8 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=25 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="bsec ref5" />

== Composition ==

Bihar State Election Commission consists of Chief Elector Officer<ref name="sec ref3" /> and as many members and staff specified as are required by the Acts of respective state Governments. State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations.<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

Deepak Prasad, Retd IAS, is the Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar.<ref name="bec ref1" />

== Constitutional Requirements ==

Bihar State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ceobihar.nic.in/ Official Website]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Elections in Bihar]]

Keraleeyam (festival)

2026-01-22T03:11:48Z

Raj kumar: added data...

{{short description|Festival in Thiruvananthapuram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Keraleeyam
| logo = Keraleeyam logo.png
| logo_caption =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Festival of Malayaees
| status =
| genre = [[Festival]]
| dates = 1 to 7 November
| frequency = Annually
| venue = Multiple venues from [[Kowdiar]] to [[East Fort]]
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| coordinates =
| country = India
| established = 2023
| attendance =
| activity =
| organized =
| website = {{url|https://keraleeyam.kerala.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Keraleeyam''' is an annual [[festival]] held in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of Kerala.<ref name="annualkeraleeyam">{{cite news |title=Keraleeyam: Kerala to hold annual cultural festival, trade fair on Nov 1 every year |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/kerala-to-hold-annual-trade-fairkeraleeyamon-nov-1-every-year/article67196645.ece |access-date=3 November 2023 |agency=Businessline |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="about">{{cite web |title=About |url=https://keraleeyam.kerala.gov.in/?page_id=1670 |website=Keraleeyam |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="festofmal">{{cite news |title=Viral pic: Mohanlal, Mammootty and Kamal Haasan attend Keraleeyam 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/viral-pic-mohanlal-mammootty-and-kamal-haasan-attend-keraleeyam-2023-2456486-2023-11-01 |access-date=3 November 2023 |agency=India Today |date=1 November 2023}}</ref> It celebrates the development and achievements of [[Kerala]] and its [[Culture of Kerala|culture]].<ref name="about"></ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Keraleeyam all set to showcase State's cultural, social achievements to world |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/all-set-for-keraleeyam/article67481910.ece |access-date=3 November 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 October 2023}}</ref> The festival includes [[seminar]]s, [[exhibition]]s, [[trade fair]]s, [[film festival]]s, [[food festival]]s, [[flower show]], [[holiday lighting technology|light shows]], [[cultural fest]]s, [[Business-to-business|B2B meetings]] etc, and is spread across more than 40 venues.<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrate the beauty of Kerala during Keraleeyam Festival at Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/celebrate-the-beauty-of-kerala-during-keraleeyam-festival-at-thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/104888278.cms |access-date=3 November 2023 |agency=Times Travel |newspaper=Times of India |date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

==Events==
Over 25 curated expos and seminars, [[trade fair]] featuring over 400 stalls, 11 different types of food fests curated [[art exhibitions]] with a camp of [[Contemporary art|contemporary painters]] and live [[caricature]] events, a [[film festival]] organised by the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], [[flower show]]s across six venues, cultural fests showcasing Kerala's art and culture at 42 venues across the city, thematic illumination spanning from Kowdiar to East Fort, encompassing 8 distinct color themes across 8 designated areas are part of the festival.<ref name="events1">{{cite news |title=Keraleeyam 2023 to feature expos, trade fair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/keraleeyam-2023-to-feature-expos-trade-fair/article67473874.ece |access-date=3 November 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=കേരളീയം 41 വേദികളിൽ; നിക്ഷേപ സംഗമവും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2023/10/25/keraleeyam-program-in-41-venues.html |access-date=3 November 2023 |agency=Malayala Manorama |date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Keraleeyam's food fest: Here's what you can eat at various stalls |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2023/10/31/kerala-piravi-keraleeyam-food-festival-thiruvananthapuram-details.html |access-date=3 November 2023 |agency=Malayala Manorama |date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mapping the soul of Kerala through art at Keraleeyam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/nov/03/mapping-the-soul-of-kerala-through-art-at-keraleeyam-2629509.html |access-date=3 November 2023 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flower shows planned at six venues as part of Keraleeyam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/flower-shows-planned-at-six-venues-minister/article67470858.ece |access-date=3 November 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Keraleeyam mega fest in Thiruvananthapuram from November 1 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/oct/31/keraleeyam-mega-fest-in-thiruvananthapuramfrom-november-1-2628519.html |access-date=3 November 2023 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Special Illumination |url=https://keraleeyam.kerala.gov.in/?p=13664 |website=Keraleeyam |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Organised events in Thiruvananthapuram]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2023}}

Chandril Bhattacharya

2026-01-18T17:19:34Z

Raj kumar: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP one source|date=January 2026}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=January 2026}}
{{Original research|date=January 2026}}
{{No significant coverage|date=January 2026}} }}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Chandril Bhattacharya
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| occupation = Essayist, Lyricist, Poet, Filmmaker, Orator
| current_member_of = [[Chandrabindoo (band)]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Chandril Bhattacharya''' ({{langx|bn|চন্দ্রিল ভট্টাচার্য}}) is a popular [[Bengali people|Bengali]] essayist, lyricist, poet, filmmaker and orator from [[Kolkata]].

==Music==
Bhattacharya is one of the main lyricists of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] band [[Chandrabindoo (band)|Chandrabindoo]] and also occasionally sings for them. His [[idiom]]atic lyrics are laced with satire and critiques of modern society. Chandril, together with Anindya Chatterjee won the 2010 [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for the song "Pherari Mon" in the film ''[[Antaheen]]'' (2009).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100129025757/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-45633220100123 Bollywood wins big at National Film Awards] Reuters. Retrieved 4 October 2012</ref>

==Education==
He completed his schooling at [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur]]. He credited his alma mater for the nourishment of his cultural side.
He earned an undergraduate degree in economics as a student at [[Bidhannagar College]] and subsequently pursued an MSc degree in economics from the [[University of Calcutta]].
He studied at Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute (1st Batch) (1996-2000) and earned a Diploma in Film Direction and Screenwriting.
He married Sanchari Mukherjee in 2006.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Writing==
Chandril Bhattacharya formerly wrote the monthly column "Uttam Madhyam" for ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', contributing to occasional [[op-ed]]s and Cover stories for Sunday Supplement in the same newspaper. His ''Uttam Madhyam'' pieces were collected as a book. Later, he began to air his views in the weekly ''[[Robbar Pratidin]]'', in a column entitled "Du Chhokka Pnaach" ("two sixes and a five" – the highest score you can get in a single turn in the popular board game [[Ludo (board game)|Ludo]]). In January 2011 his "Du Chhokka Pnaach" became bi-weekly. His satirical viewpoints addressed cultural phenomena, national and international [[News|current affairs]], [[human psychology]] and [[social norm]]s. He coins peculiar idioms, playful [[jargon]], [[Spoonerisms]] and reconstructs colloquial Bengali phrases and expressions to formulate absurdist, humorous puns in most of his articles.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Published books==
# Dhur Dhur A Porobaase Ke Thakbe (ধুর ধুর এ পরবাসে কে থাকবে): Collection of poems [Pratibhaas Publications] (2008)
# Uttam Maadhyom (উত্তম মাধ্যম): Collection of bi-weekly Sunday columns of the same name, published in Anandabazar Patrika [Pratibhaas Publications] (2009)
#Ras Kosh Singara Bulbuli Mastak (রস কষ সিঙাড়া বুলবুলি মস্তক): Collection of articles from Anandabazar Patrika [Dey's Publishing] (2011)
# Ha Ha Hi Hi Ho Ho O Onyanyo (হাহা হিহি হোহো ও অন্যান্য): Collection of seven articles published in Robbar, Pratidin [Dey's Publishing] (2011)
# Ugo Bugo Chouko Chugo (উগো বুগো চৌকো চুগো): Collection of poems [Dey's Publishing] (2012)
# Du Chhokka Pnaach (দু ছক্কা পাঁচ): Collection of selected writings from the column 'Du Chhokka Pnaach' published in Robbar, Pratidin [Dey's Publishing] (2015)
# Sondher Songe Casual Guley (সন্ধের সঙ্গে ক্যাজুয়াল গুলে): Collection of poems [Dey's Publishing] (2015)
# Soruchaakli (সরুচাকলি): Collection of poems [Guruchandali] (2017)
# Rowabnaama (রোয়াবনামা): Collection of selected writings from a 'Person of the week' type satirical column in Anandabazar Patrika [Saptarshi Prakashan] (2018)
# Ghawno Chokkor (ঘন চক্কর): Collection of selected essays from Anandabazar Patrika [Dey's Publishing] (2018)
# Chattikhani (চাট্টিখানি): Collection of 4-line poems (clerihews) about renowned people [Dey's Publishing] (2021)
# Something Something (সামথিং সামথিং): Collection of selected essays from the column 'Something Something' published in Cultural Portal Daakbangla.com [Daakbangla & Dey's Publishing] (2022)
# Kaak Khaa Bawk Khaa Electiri Shock Khaa (কাক খা বক খা ইলেকটিরি শক খা): Collection of poems [Dey's Publishing] (2024)
14. Chandril Bhattacharjer Koyekta Boktrita (চন্দ্রিল ভট্টাচার্যের কয়েকটা বক্তৃতা): Collection of 8 long speeches [Dey's Publishing] (2025)

==Film==
Chandril has written and directed these short films:

1. Y2K (Athoba, 'Sex Krome Aasitechhe') (Y2K (অথবা 'সেক্স ক্রমে আসিতেছে')) (30 mins.) (2000) [Diploma Film, Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute] (Youtube)

2. Talent (ট্যালেন্ট) (19 mins.) (2017) [New Animal Films] (Youtube)

3. Praay Kafka (প্রায় কাফকা) (30 mins.) (2020) (a part of anthology 'Paanch Phoron 2') [SVF] (Hoichoi)

4. Aatpourey (আটপৌরে) (15 mins.) (2024) [Nandanik Studios] (Youtube)

5. Brotokotha (ব্রতকথা) (14 mins.) (2025) [Nandanik Studios] (Youtube)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{National Film Award Best Lyrics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Chandril}}
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Best Lyrics National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian satirical columnists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Satirical musicians]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Chandrashekhar S. Jog

2026-01-07T13:42:57Z

Raj kumar: General improvements to article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Chandrashekhar S. Jog''' is a professor in the department of mechanical engineering at [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="ernet">{{cite web|url=https://mecheng.iisc.ac.in/people/c-s-jog/|title=Chandrashekhar S. Jog | Department of Mechanical Engineering|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|accessdate=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125031003/https://mecheng.iisc.ac.in/people/c-s-jog/|archive-date=25 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> He works in the areas of [[Solid mechanics]], [[Continuum mechanics]], and [[Finite element methods]]. He has authored books on [[Continuum mechanics]],<ref name="book1">{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/continuum-mechanics/8E4AE467BC749395284A5A34B3BCC25F|title= Continuum mechanics, Foundation and Application of Mechanics, Vol: 1|date= 2015|publisher= Cambridge-IISc Press|doi= 10.1017/CBO9781316134054|last1= Jog|first1= C. S.|isbn= 978-1-107-09135-1}}</ref> and [[Fluid mechanics]].<ref name= "book2">{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/fluid-mechanics/19E6D4B9E35E0749CAAD298DDC3530E4 | title= Fluid Mechanics, Foundation and Applications of Mechanics, Vol: 2 | date= 2015 | publisher= Cambridge-IISc Press.| doi= 10.1017/CBO9781316134030 | last1= Jog | first1= C. S. | isbn= 978-1-107-09129-0 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jog, Chandrashekhar S}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-engineer-stub}}
{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

2023 Rajouri attacks

2025-12-14T08:13:06Z

Raj kumar: started initial article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Terror attack in Rajouri, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2023 Rajouri attacks
| image = Rajouri_Attack_2023.jpg
| caption = Last rites of Rajouri attack victims
| location = [[Dangri, Jammu and Kashmir|Dangri]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| partof = [[Kashmir conflict]]
| date = 1–2 January 2023
| target = [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Pahari]]-[[Hindus]]<ref name="attackonhindus">{{Cite news|last=Bhat|first=Sunil|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajouri-terror-attack-jammu-and-kashmir-terrorists-barge-into-hindu-houses-kill-civilians-2316140-2023-01-02|title=Rajouri attack: Terrorists barged into Hindu homes, opened fire after confirming identity|date=2 January 2023|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102041614/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajouri-terror-attack-jammu-and-kashmir-terrorists-barge-into-hindu-houses-kill-civilians-2316140-2023-01-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
| type = Shooting, explosion
| weapons = Rifles, [[improvised explosive device]] (IED)
| fatalities = 7
| injuries = 12
| perps =
}}
The '''2023 Rajouri attacks''' were [[terrorist]] attacks that occurred on 1 and 2 January 2023 in the [[Dangri, Jammu and Kashmir|Dangri]] village of the [[Rajouri district]] in the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The first attack, a shooting, resulted in the death of four and injured nine others.<ref name="massacre2kids">{{Cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=M Saleem |last2=Khajuria |first2=Sanjay |date=3 January 2023 |title=2 kids killed in IED blast in Rajouri village, day after New Year's Day massacre |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-kids-killed-in-ied-blast-in-rajouri-village-day-after-new-years-day-massacre/articleshow/96692018.cms |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102233118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-kids-killed-in-ied-blast-in-rajouri-village-day-after-new-years-day-massacre/articleshow/96692018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Masoodi |first=Nazir |date=2 January 2023 |title=Rajouri Terror Attack's Death Count Climbs To 4, Call For Bandh Today |publisher=[[NDTV]] |editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Saikat Kumar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajouri-terror-attack-rajouri-civilian-deaths-rajouri-terror-attacks-death-count-climbs-to-4-search-on-for-suspects-3656080 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102021421/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajouri-terror-attack-rajouri-civilian-deaths-rajouri-terror-attacks-death-count-climbs-to-4-search-on-for-suspects-3656080 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the second attack, an [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] exploded near the same attack site, resulting in the death of a child at the scene and injuring five others.<ref>{{Cite news|title=One child dead, 5 injured in IED blast in J&K's Rajouri; 2nd terror attack in 12 hours|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kasshmir-one-child-dead-5-injured-in-ied-blast-in-rajouri-2nd-terror-attack-in-12-hours-101672635333060.html|date=2 January 2023|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102051128/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kasshmir-one-child-dead-5-injured-in-ied-blast-in-rajouri-2nd-terror-attack-in-12-hours-101672635333060.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A second child injured in that blast died from injuries, raising the overall death toll to six.<ref name="d2january">{{Cite news|title=Rajouri Blast: Another Minor Dies, Toll 2|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/01/02/rajouri-blast-another-minor-dies-toll-2/|date=2 January 2023|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313100901/https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/01/02/rajouri-blast-another-minor-dies-toll-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 January 2023, one of the injured succumbed in hospital and the death toll rose to seven.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajouri terror attack: One more civilian succumbs; toll climbs to 7 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/rajouri-terror-attack-one-more-civilian-succumbs-toll-climbs-to-7-468553/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The regional political parties of Jammu and Kashmir blamed New Delhi's policies for [[Kashmir]] and security lapses due to the administration of Lieutenant Governor of the union territory [[Manoj Sinha]] for the Rajouri terror attack. Meanwhile, leaders of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] blamed [[Pakistan]] for the attack.<ref name="blameslg" />

The [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Hurriyat Conference]], led by [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], denounced the deaths of innocent civilians in Rajouri. [[The Resistance Front]] (TRF), a Kashmiri separatist militant group, which according to Indian claims is a "shadow organisation" of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]],<ref>{{cite web | last=Iqbal | first=Naveed | title=What is The Resistance Front, active in Jammu and Kashmir, recently declared a terrorist organisation | website=The Indian Express | date=7 January 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-the-resistance-front-recently-declared-a-terrorist-organisation-8367077/ | access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> denied that it was a terror strike.<ref name="trfdeny" /><ref name="hurriyat"/>

==Background==
On 16 December 2022, the [[Indian Army]] reportedly killed two civilians while injuring another during firing outside an army camp in the [[Rajouri district]]. Eyewitnesses claimed a sentry posted at the entrance opened fire at approaching civilians, causing the casualties, despite the army's statement that some "unidentified terrorists" had opened firing at the camp.

The incident triggered protests by the locals, who demanded a fair probe.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 December 2023|title=2 civilians killed in firing outside Army camp in J-K's Rajouri|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/2-civilians-killed-as-army-sentry-opens-fire-in-j-ks-rajouri-461503|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105161408/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/2-civilians-killed-as-army-sentry-opens-fire-in-j-ks-rajouri-461503|url-status=live}}</ref> After 14 days of the incident, two unidentified gunmen reached [[Dangri, Jammu and Kashmir|Dangri]] village of [[Rajouri district]] and started firing in the residential houses on 1 January 2023.<ref name="firsttribune" />

The incident occurred around 7 p.m. IST, when two unidentified men allegedly entered houses of Hindu residents, checked the victim's [[Aadhaar]] identity cards, and then started firing on them with the rifles.<ref name="attackonhindus"/>

==Attacks==
===Shooting===
On the evening of 1 January 2023 at around 7 p.m., suspected militants broke into at least three houses of a [[Hindus|Hindu community]] in [[Dangri, Jammu and Kashmir|Dangri]] village in Jammu and Kashmir's border region of [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]] and opened fire, leaving four civilians dead and six more injured. According to reports, the eyewitnesses claimed that two unidentified men carrying rifles fired upon three residential houses.<ref name="attackonhindus"/>

Bal Krishan, an armed villager of Dhangri village, scared the unidentified men who had been on a killing spree. Krishan had a weapon that was given to villagers to prevent militancy, and these villagers' groups are known as [[Village Defence Committees|Village Defense Committees (VDCs)]], established in the middle of the 1990s. Now, after Krishnan's act of scaring the unidentified gunmen, which has increased pressure in [[Jammu division]] to bring back the committees.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Arjun|date=4 January 2023|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/after-rajouri-killings-clamour-grows-for-strengthening-village-defence-panels-467399|title=After Rajouri killings, clamour grows for strengthening village defence panels|access-date=5 January 2023|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105005253/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/after-rajouri-killings-clamour-grows-for-strengthening-village-defence-panels-467399|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Explosion===
On 2 January at 9 a.m., a suspected IED blast near the home of Pritam Sharma, one of the victims of the 1 January Rajouri shooting, injured seven people, mostly children, in which siblings Vihan Sharma and Sanvi were killed.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Raina |first=Muzaffar |date=3 January 2023 |title=Kids die in Rajouri killers' booby trap |work=[[Telegraph India]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kids-die-in-rajouri-killers-booby-trap/cid/1907416 |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103020342/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kids-die-in-rajouri-killers-booby-trap/cid/1907416 |url-status=live }}</ref> A child was killed on the spot and six others were injured in a blast, including one badly, at one of the militants' target homes just hours after the gun attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri: Four Killed, Six Injured in 'Indiscriminate Firing' by Militants|url=https://thewire.in/security/rajouri-jammu-toll-security|date=2 January 2023|publisher=[[The Wire (India)]]|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102032415/https://thewire.in/security/rajouri-jammu-toll-security|url-status=live}}</ref> The improvised explosive device was planned to target senior security officials, according to [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri IED blast had been planned to target senior officers, say J&K Police|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1041058/rajouri-ied-blast-had-been-planned-to-target-senior-officers-say-j-k-police|date=3 January 2023|work=[[Scroll.in]]|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103033742/https://scroll.in/latest/1041058/rajouri-ied-blast-had-been-planned-to-target-senior-officers-say-j-k-police|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Victims===
The deceased and injured of the 1 January attack in Rajouri were identified. The deceased were Deepak Kumar (23), Satish Kumar (45), Pritam Lal (57), Shiv Pal (32) and the injured: Pawan Kumar (38), Rohit Pandit (27), Saroj Bala (35), Ridham Sharma (17), Sushil Kumar (32).<ref name="firsttribune">{{Cite news|title=Terror attack in Rajouri, 4 dead|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/terror-attack-in-rajouri-4-dead-466554|date=2 January 2023|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> A 16 year old girl who was injured in the blast succumbed to her injuries, raising the death toll to 6.<ref name="d2january"/> On 2 January 2023, the two killed in the blast were identified as Vihan Kumar (4) and Samiksha Devi (14);<ref name="massacre2kids"/> the injured were identified as Sanvi Sharma (7), Angel Sharma (8), Kanhaya Sharma (14), Vansh Bhargav (15), Sejal Sharma (18), Sumiksha Sharma (20), Sharda Devi (38), Santosh Sharma (45), and Kamlesh Devi (48).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2023 |title=4-year-old child killed in blast day after terror attack in J-K's Rajouri |publisher=Rediff News |editor-last=Waje |editor-first=Hemant |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ied-blast-day-in-j-ks-rajouri-after-terror-attack/20230102.htm |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102063911/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ied-blast-day-in-j-ks-rajouri-after-terror-attack/20230102.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The mortal remains of six persons, including two minor cousins, slain in twin attacks in Rajouri district were cremated on 3 January 2023 in their native village.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tearful adieu to 6 killed in twin terror incidents in JK's Rajouri|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tearful-adieu-to-6-killed-in-twin-terror-incidents-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-rajouri/cid/1907542|date=3 January 2023|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104080748/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tearful-adieu-to-6-killed-in-twin-terror-incidents-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-rajouri/cid/1907542|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 January 2023, one of the injured victims died in hospital, raising the death toll to seven.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri terror attack: One more civilian succumbs; toll climbs to 7|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/rajouri-terror-attack-one-more-civilian-succumbs-toll-climbs-to-7-468553|date=8 January 2023|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109085644/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/rajouri-terror-attack-one-more-civilian-succumbs-toll-climbs-to-7-468553|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Police response ===
Mukesh Singh, [[Additional Director General of Police]] of the Jammu Zone, said that a search operation was launched in response to the attacks, with the police, [[Central Reserve Police Force]], and army troops cordoning off the area in an effort to neutralize the militants.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 January 2023|title=Rajouri attack: Operation underway to neutralise 2 terrorists, says J-K Police|url=https://theprint.in/india/rajouri-attack-operation-underway-to-neutralise-2-terrorists-says-j-k-police/1293466/|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102085139/https://theprint.in/india/rajouri-attack-operation-underway-to-neutralise-2-terrorists-says-j-k-police/1293466/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 January 2023, the [[National Investigation Agency]] was mulling a visit to the site of the terror attack in the Upper Dangri village of Rajouri in accordance with a new modus operandi developed by the agency to examine locations where such terror attacks occur.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NIA To Visit Upper Dhangri Village In J&K's Rajouri Where 5 Killed In Terror Attacks Since Sunday|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/nia-to-visit-upper-dhangri-village-in-jks-rajouri-where-5-killed-in-terror-attacks-since-sunday/|date=2 January 2023|publisher=[[Daily Excelsior]]|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102091238/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/nia-to-visit-upper-dhangri-village-in-jks-rajouri-where-5-killed-in-terror-attacks-since-sunday/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] officials expressed the belief that some recently recruited but well-trained "hybrid terrorists" were responsible for the killings in Rajouri.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New terror recruits may be behind Rajouri killings: Police|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/new-terror-recruits-may-be-behind-attack-police-467403|date=5 January 2023|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105005241/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/new-terror-recruits-may-be-behind-attack-police-467403|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political reactions==
Regional J&K parties blamed New Delhi's policies in Kashmir and the administration of [[Lieutenant Governor (India)|Lieutenant Governor]] (LG) [[Manoj Sinha]] for the recent spike in violence in the Union Territory.<ref name="blameslg">{{Cite news|title=Rajouri attack: J&K parties target L-G govt., Centre for spurt in violence|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajouri-attack-jk-parties-target-l-g-govt-centre-for-spurt-in-violence/article66331195.ece|date=3 January 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102230516/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajouri-attack-jk-parties-target-l-g-govt-centre-for-spurt-in-violence/article66331195.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The politicians from [[Kashmir]] denounced the killings in Rajouri and criticised the LG-led government for failing to root out terrorism even after [[Article 370]] had been abrogated for four years. [[Farooq Abdullah]], a former chief minister of J&K, denounced the attacks that occurred on Sunday and Monday and said that terrorists do not distinguish between their victims' religions—whether they are Muslims or Hindus. In the wake of the first attack, [[Omar Abdullah]], vice president of the National Conference, questioned the authorities for allegedly failing to follow the usual operating procedure.<ref name="reactpolkmr"/>

[[Mehbooba Mufti]], the president of the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (PDP), also denounced the killings and criticised the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) for making "bogus claims" about putting an end to militancy in the region. Mufti urged the people to maintain their sense of brotherhood while accusing the BJP of using the deaths of Hindus for political gain.<ref name="reactpolkmr">{{Cite news|title=Kashmiri leaders condemn Rajouri attack|url=https://theprint.in/india/kashmiri-leaders-condemn-rajouri-attack/1294049/|date=2 January 2023|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102123745/https://theprint.in/india/kashmiri-leaders-condemn-rajouri-attack/1294049/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tarun Chugh, national general secretary of the BJP, accused Pakistan's ISI of attempting to disrupt the peace in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri attack cowardly act, Pak's ISI will be defeated in its nefarious designs: Chugh|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/rajouri-attack-cowardly-act-paks-isi-will-be-defeated-in-its-nefarious-designs-chugh|date=2 January 2023|publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102114246/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/rajouri-attack-cowardly-act-paks-isi-will-be-defeated-in-its-nefarious-designs-chugh|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dr [[S. Jaishankar|Jaishankar]], the minister of external affairs in India, claimed [[Pakistan]] was an "epicenter of terror." He condemned Pakistan for allegedly sending terrorism to India while speaking in [[Vienna]], but he avoided mentioning Pakistan by name.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jaishankar shames Pak as 'terror epicentre' as terrorists massacre Hindu civilians in Rajouri|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/jaishankar-shames-pak-as-terror-epicentre-as-terrorists-massacre-hindu-civilians-in-rajouri-101672711686167.html|date=3 January 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103030237/https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/jaishankar-shames-pak-as-terror-epicentre-as-terrorists-massacre-hindu-civilians-in-rajouri-101672711686167.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Mallikarjun Kharge]], President of the [[Indian National Congress]], said that terrorism has no place in a civilised society.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri attacks {{!}} Terror has no place in civilised society, says Congress president Mallikarjun Kharge|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajouri-attacks-terror-has-no-place-in-civilised-society-says-congress-president-mallikarjun-kharge/article66332818.ece|date=3 January 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103071400/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajouri-attacks-terror-has-no-place-in-civilised-society-says-congress-president-mallikarjun-kharge/article66332818.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Separatists reaction===
On 3 January 2023, the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Hurriyat Conference]], led by [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], denounced killings of civilians in Rajouri. The Hurriyat said that decisions and acts taken on an individual basis "cannot undo the conflict or stop it."<ref name="hurriyat">{{Cite news|date=3 January 2023|title=J-K: Hurriyat Conference condemns Rajouri killings|url=https://theprint.in/india/j-k-hurriyat-conference-condemns-rajouri-killings/1296124/|work=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104055753/https://theprint.in/india/j-k-hurriyat-conference-condemns-rajouri-killings/1296124/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Government response==
Manoj Sinha announced Rs 10 lakh ({{Currency|1,000,000|INR}}) ex-gratia and a government job to the next of kin of the civilians killed in the incident.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri attack: LG announces Rs 10 lakh ex-gratia, jobs to kin of those killed|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/rajouri-attack-lg-announces-rs-10-lakh-ex-gratia-jobs-to-kin-of-those-killed-1177153.html|date=2 January 2023|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102144219/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/rajouri-attack-lg-announces-rs-10-lakh-ex-gratia-jobs-to-kin-of-those-killed-1177153.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He later met with the families of those killed in the attacks on Monday and offered his condolences. He told the family that both the government and the entire country would be behind them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parashar |first=Devendra |date=2 January 2023 |title=Jammu and Kashmir LG meets family members of martyred civilians in Rajouri terror attack |publisher=[[India TV]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-lg-meets-family-members-martyred-civilians-rajouri-terror-attack-expresses-condolences-over-death-dandgri-latest-updates-2023-01-02-836017 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102134910/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-lg-meets-family-members-martyred-civilians-rajouri-terror-attack-expresses-condolences-over-death-dandgri-latest-updates-2023-01-02-836017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In response to attacks in the Rajouri, the [[Central Reserve Police Force|Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)]] would send an additional 18 companies to [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The additional 1,800 troops would primarily be stationed in the Rajouri and Poonch districts to bolster anti-militancy operations there. As of 4 January 2023, nine companies have already arrived in Rajouri and the remaining forces will reach in the night.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dangri Killing: 20 CRPF Companies Being Deployed In Rajouri, Poonch - JKYouth Newspaper |url=https://www.jkyouth.com/dangri-killing-20-crpf-companies-being-deployed-in-rajouri-poonch.html |access-date=5 January 2023 |publisher=JKYouth Newspaper |date=5 January 2023 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105085221/https://www.jkyouth.com/dangri-killing-20-crpf-companies-being-deployed-in-rajouri-poonch.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Khajuria|first=Ravi Krishnan|editor-last=Gaurav|editor-first=Kunal|date=4 January 2023|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajouri-killings-crpf-to-send-1-800-more-troops-for-anti-terror-ops-in-jk-101672832708088.html|title=Rajouri killings: CRPF to send 1,800 more troops for anti-terror ops in J&K|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104123232/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajouri-killings-crpf-to-send-1-800-more-troops-for-anti-terror-ops-in-jk-101672832708088.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 January 2023, job appointment letters were distributed by authorities to the next of kin of seven individuals who were killed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajouri Attack Victims Given Job Letters - Kashmir Observer |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2023/01/21/rajouri-attack-victims-given-job-letters/ |access-date=22 January 2023 |work=Kashmir Observer |date=21 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122031049/https://kashmirobserver.net/2023/01/21/rajouri-attack-victims-given-job-letters/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
In Rajouri, the attack sparked protests and strikes as residents hold the local administration accountable for the security lapse.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri: Tension in Kashmir after five killed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64143191|date=2 January 2023|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102151314/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64143191|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the evening of 2 January 2023, Manoj Sinha ordered an in-depth investigation into "security lapses" in the wake of twin terror attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri terror attacks: J&K L-G says in-depth probe will be conducted into 'security lapses'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajouri-terror-attacks-jk-l-g-says-in-depth-probe-will-be-conducted-into-security-lapses-2316525-2023-01-02|date=2 January 2023|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102194326/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajouri-terror-attacks-jk-l-g-says-in-depth-probe-will-be-conducted-into-security-lapses-2316525-2023-01-02|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the [[improvised explosive device]] explosion and firing suggest a professional hand according to intelligence sources, The Resistance Front (TRF) denied that it was a terror strike.<ref name="trfdeny">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Manoj |date=3 January 2023 |title=Rajouri Firing a Terror Attack, Say Intel Sources: Need for Local Defence Groups? Exclusive |work=[[News 18]] |editor-last=Joshi |editor-first=Manjiri |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rajouri-firing-a-terror-attack-say-intel-sources-time-to-bring-back-local-defence-committees-in-jammu-exclusive-6742921.html |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102200221/https://www.news18.com/news/india/rajouri-firing-a-terror-attack-say-intel-sources-time-to-bring-back-local-defence-committees-in-jammu-exclusive-6742921.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 January 2023, roughly a dozen people were taken into custody reportedly for helping militants in terror attack.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri Terror Attack {{!}} 12 Suspects Taken Into Custody Link With Terrorist Attack|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/mirror-now/society/rajouri-terror-attack-12-suspects-taken-into-custody-link-with-terrorist-attack-mirror-now-news-video-96784413|date=6 January 2023|work=[[Times Now]]|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=6 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106191128/https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/mirror-now/society/rajouri-terror-attack-12-suspects-taken-into-custody-link-with-terrorist-attack-mirror-now-news-video-96784413|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 January 2023, Vikas Kundal, the deputy commissioner of [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]], visited the Baljaralan area to check on the distribution of guns and ammunition to the [[Village Defence Guards|village defence guards (VDGs)]], which will increase security in the region. The VDGs are obtaining the weapons and ammunition from the police. A camp was set up for the purpose.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Weapons issued to village defence guards in Rajouri|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/weapons-issued-to-village-defence-guards-in-rajouri-1503144824.html|date=7 January 2023|work=[[The Statesman (India)]]|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107140318/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/weapons-issued-to-village-defence-guards-in-rajouri-1503144824.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Protests and shutdown over the incident===
On 2 January 2023, several social, political, and student organisations denounced the killing of people in the Dangri terror incident in Rajouri on Monday. [[University of Jammu|Jammu University]] students held a candlelight march on campus to voice their outrage over the killings. Meanwhile, the J&K Shiv Sena / Dogra Front condemned the targeted killing of minority communities based on their identity cards. Activists from [[IkkJutt Jammu]], led by chairman Ankur Sharma, staged a protest demonstration outside Jammu's Press Club to condemn the government' failure to prevent the terror attack. The [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and the [[Bajrang Dal]] staged a similar rally in [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] in response to the killings of innocent people in Rajouri. To express their distress at the killings, they set fire to a [[Pakistan]]i effigy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Syed Amjad |date=2 January 2023 |title=Jammu, Udhampur witness protests against Rajouri killings |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]] |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/jammu-udhampur-witness-protests-against-rajouri-killings |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102200131/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/jammu-udhampur-witness-protests-against-rajouri-killings |url-status=live }}</ref>

While this was going on, numerous Muslim organizations including the Seerat Committee Doda and Majlis-e-Shaura Committee Kishtwar in [[Chenab Valley]] denounced the killings and referred to the Rajouri terror incident as an "act of cowardice." On 3 January, a complete bandh (strike) was called in the districts of [[Doda district|Doda]] and [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]] in protest against the killings of Rajouri's civilians. In [[Thathri]], President Beopar Mandal (Market Association) Parvez Kichloo called for a complete strike on 3 January.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chenab Valley: Various religious, political leaders condemns "Rajouri terror attack"; Calls for Bandh tomorrow|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/01/02/chenab-valley-various-religious-political-leaders-condemns-rajouri-terror-attack-calls-for-bandh-tomorrow/|date=2 January 2023|work=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102175909/https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/01/02/chenab-valley-various-religious-political-leaders-condemns-rajouri-terror-attack-calls-for-bandh-tomorrow/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 January 2023, [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] was completely shut down in protest of the terror attacks in Rajouri. The [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and [[Bajrang Dal]] supported the Sanatan Dharam Sabha's call for a shutdown. The shutdown and protest held against terrorism and UT government led by LG Administration.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhatt|first=Sunil|date=4 January 2023|title=Total shutdown in J&K's Poonch against Rajouri terror attack|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/total-shutdown-jammu-kashmir-poonch-against-rajouri-terror-attack-2317171-2023-01-04|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104083921/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/total-shutdown-jammu-kashmir-poonch-against-rajouri-terror-attack-2317171-2023-01-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shutdowns and protests were observed across [[Chenab Valley]]. Shops and businesses were closed on 3 January in protest against Rajouri attack on civilians. Protesters raised slogans against [[Pakistan]] and the LG administration led by [[Manoj Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shutdown, protests held across parts of Chenab Valley over Rajouri attack|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/01/03/shutdown-protests-held-across-parts-of-chenab-valley-over-rajouri-attack/|date=3 January 2023|work=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103160927/https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/01/03/shutdown-protests-held-across-parts-of-chenab-valley-over-rajouri-attack/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2023, the shutdown in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] reached its second day. Protests were held in [[Kathua]] and [[Jammu]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 January 2023|title=Bandh in Poonch over Rajouri killings enters second day; Protests in Kathua, Jammu|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bandh-in-poonch-over-rajouri-killings-enters-second-day-protests-in-kathua-jammu/articleshow/96736918.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=6 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106061430/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bandh-in-poonch-over-rajouri-killings-enters-second-day-protests-in-kathua-jammu/articleshow/96736918.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2025 Pahalgam attack]]
* [[2019 Pulwama attack]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Crime|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajouri attacks, 2023}}
[[Category:January 2023 in India]]
[[Category:January 2023 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2020s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 2023]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2023]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2023]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in India]]
[[Category:Rajouri district|2023 attacks]]
[[Category:2023 murders in India]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in 2023|Rajouri attacks]]
[[Category:2023 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in Kashmir]]

Toradar

2025-11-25T19:15:01Z

Raj kumar:

{{Short description|Indian rifle}}
[[File:Matchlock Gun MET DP166283.jpg|thumb|480px|right|This toradar is probably used for hunting. The decoration on the stock shows various animal figures e.g. buffaloes, panthers, etc.]]
A '''toradar''' ({{langx|hi|तोरादार}}, {{langx|fa|تورادار}}, {{langx|pa|ਤੋਰਾਦਾਰ}}) is a [[South Asian]] matchlock primarily found in the [[Mughal Empire]], dating from the 16th century. It was a preferred firearm in India well until the mid-19th century because of its economical and simple design.

==History==
When the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] reached India in 1498, they brought with them firearms, among them the [[matchlock]] [[musket]]. However, expert armorers were already plentiful in India, and native craftsmen began to copy the weapons and adapting them for their own needs. Most of these craftsmen started to apply a style of decoration that normally would be applied to their traditional weapon. Soon a distinctive local style evolved, and the toradar was invented in the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=156}}

Toradar matchlock remained to be the preferred firearms mechanism well until about 1830. Part of the reason why the matchlocks were still more popular than the [[wheellock]]s and [[flintlock]]s was because the matchlocks were easier and cheaper to produce.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=260}} Toradar was sometimes used as a hunting gun.

==Description==
A toradar is basically an Indian matchlock. They were found mostly in the Mughal-influenced Northern and Central India. Two types of toradar exist: one has a very slim, from {{convert|3|ft|cm}} to {{convert|6|ft|cm}} long, straight stock with pentagonal-shaped section, and a light barrel; the other type is always between {{convert|5|ft|cm}} to {{convert|6|ft|cm}} long, has a curved stock with diamond-shaped section and a very heavy barrel, much enlarged at the breech. Both have the regular Indian type of lock, which is covered with a pan cover that usually swings on a pin. The iron side plates which reinforce each side of the stock extend for some distance on each side of the lock.{{sfn|Stone|2013|pp=623-4}}

The barrel is usually fastened to the stock by wire band or leather thongs which frequently pass over silver saddles on the barrel. The [[Iron sights|rear sight]] of the first type have ogival shape, or an open V, while the second usually has a very large open rear sight. Both types' muzzles are generally fastened with moulded ring. The front sight are made very long so as to show above them. This front sights were often shaped into figurative forms e.g. the nose of a man, or shaped like tiger's head.{{sfn|Blair|1979}} Some toradar have square-shaped barrel, even with square bores. Both types generally have a clevis for a sling strap and some have two.{{sfn|Stone|2013|pp=623-4}}

Compared with the European matchlocks, the stock of a toradar has a more simple shape than the fish-tail shaped butt of the European matchlock. The stock is also too small to be placed against the shoulder, so the Indian toradar were normally held beneath the arm.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=261}}

A toradar used for sporting gun had painting of hunting figures, e.g. birds, other animals, and landscapes.

==Artistic decoration and depiction==
[[File:Matchlock Gun MET DP216838.jpg|thumb|left|A Rajasthani Toradar with paintings of flowers.]]
[[File: Officer of the Mughal Army, c.1585 (colour litho).jpg|thumb|Officer of the [[Mughal Army]] with large Matchlock during Akbar's reign]]
Decoration of a toradar reflects the local culture where the toradar is created. For the toradar, craftsmen produced some very complex ornate art from ivory bone or precious metal inlays on the barrels and the stocks. 16th century paintings, especially in the paintings during Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]'s time, depict a few soldiers using matchlocks. Akbar's reign saw the rise of the ''[[Matchlock|tufang]]''. {{sfn|Richards|1995|p=288}} Up to the middle of the 18th century, the weapon was looked on with less favour than the bow and arrow. 17th century Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] was depicted holding a matchlock with floral decoration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/32138 |title=Matchlock Gun |author= |date=2017 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=November 15, 2017 }}</ref> A toradar from 18th-century Mysore, in the southern Indian state of [[Karnataka]] is exquisitely decorated with incised flowers and foliage. The decorations are entirely gilded. The incised side plates are made of iron. Animal figures are thoroughly represented in the toradar; the match holder of toradar usually has a serpentine [[Nāga|naga]]-like shape, figures of tiger are impressed in the trigger of the Mysore toradar. A 19th-century toradar from [[Narwar]] has a tiger's head shaped around the muzzle.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=157}}

== See also ==
* [[Military history of India]]
* [[Gunpowder warfare]]
* [[History of gunpowder]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Cited works==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Enciclopedia ragionata delle armi |last=Blair |first=Claude |year=1979|publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|location=Milano }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 }}
* {{Cite book
| title= The Mughal Empire
| last1 = Richards
| first1 = J.F.
| isbn = 9780521566032
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC
| year = 1995
| publisher = Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290}}
=== Further reading ===
* Iqtidar Alam Khan. "Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India". Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Jos Gommans. "Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500–1700". Routledge, 2002.

{{refend}}
{{Early firearms}}
[[Category:Firearm actions]]
[[Category:Muskets]]
[[Category:Early firearms]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Firearms of India]]
[[Category:Indo-Persian weaponry]]

INSAT-2D

2025-11-24T10:58:18Z

Raj kumar:

{{Short description|Indian geostationary communications satellite}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = INSAT-2D
| image =
| image_caption =
| mission_type = Multipurpose communication
| operator = [[INSAT]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website =
| mission_duration = 7 Years
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| launch_mass = {{convert|2079|kg|abbr=on}}
| dry_mass = {{convert|995|kg|abbr=on}}
| power = 1650 [[watt]]s
| launch_date = 4 June 1997
| launch_rocket = Ariane-4
| launch_site = French Guiana
| entered_service =
| disposal_type =
| deactivated = 4 Oct, 1997
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit|Geostationary]]
| orbit_longitude = 93.5 Degree East
| orbit_slot =
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period =
| orbit_epoch =
| apsis =
| trans_band =
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth =
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage =
| trans_TWTA =
| trans_EIRP =
| trans_HPBW =
| programme = [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| previous_mission = [[INSAT-2C]]
| next_mission = [[INSAT-2DT]]
}}

'''INSAT-2D''' was an Indian [[communications satellite]]. Launched on 4 June 1997, and similar to [[INSAT-2C]], INSAT-2D went out of order on October 4, 1997, because of a power inconsistency problem and was later replaced by [[INSAT-2DT]], an in-orbit satellite which was previously known as ARABSAT-1C. The main aim of the satellite was improved communication.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=INSAT-2D - ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/insat-2d|access-date=2021-06-18|website=www.isro.gov.in|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200518/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/insat-2d|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=INSAT-2D|url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC/index.php/insat-2d|access-date=2021-06-18|website=www.vssc.gov.in|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201825/https://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC/index.php/insat-2d|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the INSAT-2 ([[Indian National Satellite System]]) series, INSAT-2D was the fourth consecutive communication satellite. The satellite was launched using an [[Ariane 4]] rocket from [[French Guiana]].<ref name=":0" />

The satellite was placed into [[geostationary orbit]] at an inclination of 93.5 degrees east.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Welcome To ISRO :: Satellites :: Geo-Stationary Satellite :: INSAT-2D|url=http://resource.itschool.gov.in/physics-web/isro/www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2d.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=resource.itschool.gov.in}}</ref> INSAT-2D's lift-off mass was {{convert|2079|kg|abbr=on}} with [[propellant]]s of which {{convert|995|kg|abbr=on}} were the dry weight.<ref name=":1" /> The satellite was expected to have a nominal lifespan of around 7–9 years.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Insat 2C, 2D|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/insat-2c.htm|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Gunter's Space Page|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> But it became inoperable just four months later on 4 October 1997, due to a power bus anomaly and associated problems, most likely a short circuit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INSAT-2D |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/INSAT_2D.html?timeline=timeline#:~:text=INSAT-2D%20Home%20/%20Activities%20/,Orbit |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> The onboard power of the satellite was estimated to be 1,650 watts.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:BepiColombo NBO 2020-04-10.webm|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Insat-2D, imaged at [[Northolt Branch Observatories]], satellite can be seen as a bright spot passing by fast. [[BepiColombo]] satellite of [[JAXA]] can also be seen as a dot moving slowly across the screen.]]

Its communication payload consisted of 16C-band [[transponder]]s (extended C-band, for [[fixed-satellite service]]), two high-power C-band transponders (for [[broadcasting-satellite service]], BSS), one S-band transponder (for BSS), one C/S-band mobile communication transponder, and three [[Ku band|Ku-band]] transponders.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

==References==
<references />

{{INSAT Satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 1997}}

[[Category:INSAT satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 in India]]
[[Category:1997 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth]]

Mysuru–Talaguppa Express

2025-11-11T09:52:59Z

Raj kumar: Put Up A Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mysore–Talaguppa Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|07|28}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mysuru Junction}} (MYS)
| stops = 29
| end = {{stnlnk|Talaguppa}} (TLGP)
| distance = {{convert|509|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11h 30m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16227/16228
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Mysuru–Talaguppa Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Mysuru Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Talaguppa}} in India. It is currently being operated with 16227/16228 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1800&did=1500101820040B9B7C21664530ECEA6221BE2EF3138F9.web107 | title=Conversion of Mysuru – KSR Bengaluru – Mysuru Passenger into express | date=15 July 2017 | publisher=South Western Railway | accessdate=25 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1800&id=0,4,268 CONVERSION OF MYSURU - KSR BENGALURU - MYSURU PASSENGER INTO EXPRESS]</ref><ref>[http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F622720%2Fstarting-july-28-pay-double.html Starting 28 July, pay double for B'luru-Mysuru 'passenger']</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Corridors-of-Power/article17042852.ece No rallying for rail projects]</ref>

== Service==

The 16227/Mysuru- Talaguppa Express has average speed of 44 km/h and covers 509 km in 11h 30m. The 16228/Talaguppa Mysuru Express has average speed of 45 km/h and covers 509 km in 11h 25m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mandya}}
* {{stnlnk|Bangalore City}}
* {{stnlnk|Malleswaram}}
* {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tumakuru}}
* {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhadravati}}
* {{stnlnk|Shimoga}}
* {{stnlnk|Shimoga Town}}
* {{stnlnk|Talaguppa}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:{{clarify|date=December 2020|reason=These figures sum to 20 not 22}}

* 1 First AC
* 2 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper coaches
* 5 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Mysore to Talaguppa and vice versa wef 1/06/2025

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 16219/16220 [[Chamarajanagar–Tirupati Express]] and 56206/56205 [[Nanjangud–Mysuru Passenger]].

== See also ==

* [[Mysore Junction railway station]]
* [[Talaguppa railway station]]
* [[Chamarajanagar–Tirupati Fast Passenger]]
* [[Nanjangud–Mysuru Passenger]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1549 16227/Mysuru–Talguppa (via Bangalore) Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/138 16228/Talguppa–Mysuru (via Bangalore) Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore-Talaguppa Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mysore]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Azhagiyasingar Temple, Thiruvali

2025-10-26T06:12:18Z

Raj kumar: made a bio.

{{short description|Hindu temple in Thiruvali, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Alagiyasingar Temple
| image = Thiruvali4.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|12|13|N|79|46|28|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Thiruvali Temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = Thiruvali
| elevation_m =
| deity = Alagiyasingar ([[Vishnu]])
Purnavalli ([[Lakshmi]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
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| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
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| website =
}}

The '''Alagiyasingar Temple''' in Thiruvali, a village in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 [[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]] dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Alagiyasingar and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Purnavalli.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=1993}}</ref>

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple is originally believed to have been built by the [[Cholas]], with later additions by the [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara]] and [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak]] kings during the 16th century.

Alagiyasingar is believed to have appeared to [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]] at this place. The legend of the temple is closely associated with [[Vedarajan temple, Thirunagari|Thirunagari temple]]. The temple follows [[Thenkalai]] tradition of worship. Four daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Thirumangai Alvar Utsavam during ''Thai'' being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Narasimha oil colour.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Image of [[Narasimha]] slaying [[Hiranyakasipu]], [[Prahlada]] is also seen praying]]
As per Hindu legend, a son of [[Brahma]] named Karthama Prajapathi did penance worshipping Vishnu to attain [[moksha]]. Vishnu was not pleased and Lakshmi, his consort, wanted to give moksha to him immediately. During [[Kali Yuga]], Karthama was born as prince named Sangabalan. During his young age, he wanted to marry Kumudavalli, who was an ardent devotee of Vishnu. She stipulated that she would marry him only if he feeds thousand devotees of Vishnu. Sangabalan started feeding the devotees and at one point, when he was short of money, resorted to burglary. Vishnu came with Lakshmi incognito and Sangabalan tried to rob them as well. Vishnu uttered the Ashtatra Mantra in his ears and he turned into [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]].<ref name="dinamalar"/> It is believed that Thirumangai Alvar worshipped five Narasimhars including this one. The temple is also called Lakshmi Narasimha Kshetram and Vayalali Manavalan temple.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=62–67|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref> Another variant states that the Vishnu directed his wife Lakshmi to be born as the daughter of sage Purna so that he can grace both her and Thirumangai Alvar together.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=447–8}}</ref>

As per another legend, Vishnu took the [[avatar]] of [[Narasimha]] to slay the demon king Hiryankasipu. Hiranyakasipu was troubling the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] as he got a boon from [[Brahma]] that no human can kill him. His son [[Prahlada]] was an ardent devotee of Vishnu, against the likes of his father. Hiranyakasipu tried to slay Prahlada by various means, but was saved by the divine grace of Vishnu. Vishnu took the avatar of Narasimha and appeared from a pillar. Narasimha was a human with lion face and slayed Hiranyakasipu on an evening time in a doorway, which was neither land nor air. His anger was not quenched even after slaying the demon king and Lakshmi came and sat on his lap, after which he calmed down. It is believed that since Narasimha did an ''aalinganam'' (meaning hug), the place came to be known as Thiruvali.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The uniqueness of this temple is that Lakshmi is seen sitting in right side of Narasimmar which is very rare to have darshan as in most temples Lakshmi is seen in left side of swamy Narasimmar. Ahishekam in swathy star day gives very good blessings of the divine couple.

==History and literary mention==
[[File:Thiruvali1.jpg|200x250px|Shrine of Alagiyasingar|thumb]]
The exact history of the temple could not be ascertained. It is believed to have been built by the [[Cholas]], with later additions by the Vijayanagar and Thanjavur Nayak kings. Alagiyasingar temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Kulasekara Alvar]] and [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]].<ref name=Prabandam>{{cite book|title=Nalayira Divya Prabandam|last=T.|first=Bhashyam Ramanujadasan|publisher=Sri Vaishnava Peravai|year=2009|edition=6th|location=Chennai|language=Tamil}}</ref> The temple is classified as a [[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]], one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. The songs of the Alvars refer both this temple and the [[Vedarajan temple, Thirunagari|Thirunagari temple]] and hence both are counted as one Divya Desam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzPCOVQGP3wC&q=thiruvali&pg=PT157|last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant|page=157|publisher=Pustak Mahal|year=2008|isbn=9788122309973}}</ref> During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple is mentioned in ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=A/> The temple is the capital of [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]], who was the ruler of a kingdom and also the birthplace of Kumudavalli, the wife of Alvar.<ref name=R/>

==Architecture==
Alagiyasingar temple covers an area of about {{convert|0.5|acre|hectare|abbr=on}}. The temple in enclosed in a rectangular enclosure with surrounded by granite walls. The central houses the image of the presiding deity, Alagiyasingar. The image is made of granite is sported in sitting posture, with Lakshmi seated on his lap on the right side. This posture is unique as usually the image of Lakshmi on Narasimhar temples are sculpted on the left side. The festival deity is named Thiruvali Nagaralan and the image is also housed in the sanctum. A south facing shrine of Thirumangai Alvar is located outside the temple walls, opposite to the Garuda Mandapam. It is believed that the image of [[Narasimha]]r in the temple are among the five original images of Narasimha worshipped by Thirumangai Alvar.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=534|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref> The temple mast, the shrine of Garuda and a four pillared hall are located axial to the sanctum, outside the compound wall.<ref name=A/>

==Religious practices and festival==
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The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai]] sect and follows ''Vaikasana aagama''. The temple is open from 7:30-11:30 am and between 4-7:30 pm. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m., and ''Sayatrakshai'' at 7:30 p.m. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Azhagiya Singar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=653|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam is the most prominent festival of the temple. During the new moon day of the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month ''Thai'' (January - February), the [[utsavar|festival deity]] of presiding deity is taken in a Garuda mount to [[Thirumanimadam]] from Thiruvali.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Shrine dedicated to Arjuna|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=654|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2012|access-date=12 November 2015|last=S.|first=Prabhu}}</ref> The major event of the festival is ''Garudasevai'' in which the festival images of the eleven [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupathis]] are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda Vahana, to Thirunangur. The festive image of Thirumangai Alvar is brought on a ''Hamsa Vahanam'' (palanquin) from Thirunagari and his ''paasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these eleven temples are recited during the occasion. The festival images of Thirumangai Alvar and his consort Kumudavalli Naachiyar are taken in the palanquin to each of the eleven temples and the verses dedicated to the temples are chanted in the respective shrines.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name="Garuda Sevai Festival">{{cite news| title=Garuda Sevai| work=Ramanuja.org|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ramanuja/archives/feb08/pdfUQOxvBFB4v.pdf|access-date= 19 September 2008}}</ref> The other festivals celebrated in the temple are the ten-day Vaikasi Swathi festival, Pavitrotsavam during ''Aani'' (June - July), Swathi every month, and Panguni Uthiram during ''Panguni'' (March - April).<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thiruvali}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

National Highway 51 (India, old numbering)

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Rajput architecture

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Raj kumar: New entry

{{Short description|Overview of the architecture by the Rajput rulers of Rajasthan}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Pritam niwas with.jpg|thumb|''Chandramahal'' in [[City Palace, Jaipur]], built by [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh II]]]]
[[File:Jal Mahal.jpg|thumb|[[Jal Mahal]], [[Jaipur]]]]
[[File:Udaipur City Palace.jpg|thumb|[[City Palace, Udaipur]]]]
[[File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|thumb|230px|[[Chittor Fort]]]]
'''Rajput architecture''' is an architectural style associated with the forts and palaces of the many [[Rajput]] rulers. Many of the Rajput forts are [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] and popular tourist attractions.

Rajput architecture represents different types of buildings, which may broadly be classed either as religious or military. These include temples, forts, stepwells, gardens, and palaces. The forts were specially built for defense and military purposes.<ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orBAYzCRJhIC&q=Rajput+architecture+was+influenced+by+Islamic+architecture&pg=PA7|title=The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators|last1=Kossak|first1=Steven|last2=Watts|first2=Edith Whitney|date=2001|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=9780870999925|language=en|access-date=14 March 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135449/https://books.google.com/books?id=orBAYzCRJhIC&q=Rajput+architecture+was+influenced+by+Islamic+architecture&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Europe]]an architecture influenced indigenous Rajput styles of art and architecture.<ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=G.S |title=Rajput architecture |publisher=Popular Prakashan Pvt. Limited |year=2005 |isbn=9788171544462 |pages=44 |language=English}}</ref>

Rajput architecture continued well into the 20th and 21st centuries, as the rulers of the [[princely state]]s of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] commissioned vast palaces and other buildings, such as the [[Albert Hall Museum]], [[Lalgarh Palace]], and [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]]. These usually incorporated European styles as well, a practice which eventually led to the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]].<ref name="Michell1990">Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, pg -288-301 {{ISBN|0140081445}}</ref>

The [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]] ([[Amer Fort|Amer]], [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]], [[Gagron Fort|Gagron]], [[Jaisalmer Fort|Jaisalmer]], [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]]), a group of six forts built by various Rajput kingdoms and principalities during the medieval period, are among the best examples of Rajput architecture. The ensemble is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other forts include the [[Mehrangarh Fort]] and [[Jaigarh Fort]].

==Rajasthan==
{{See also|Architecture of Rajasthan}}

===Forts, Palaces and Temples===
{{See also|List of palaces in Rajasthan}}
[[File:Jaipur 03-2016 13 Jorawar Singh Gate.jpg|thumb|Zorawar Singh Gate of [[City wall of Jaipur]]]]
[[File:Junagarth Fort, Bikaner.jpg|thumb|Entrance eastern façade of the [[Junagarh Fort]], [[Bikaner]]]]
The [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]] ([[Amer Fort|Amer]], [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]], [[Gagron Fort|Gagron]], [[Jaisalmer Fort|Jaisalmer]], [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]]), a group of six forts built by various Rajput kingdoms and principalities during the medieval period are among the best examples of Rajput Architecture. The ensemble is also a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Other forts include the [[Mehrangarh Fort]] and [[Jaigarh Fort]].

The [[City wall of Jaipur|walled]] city of [[Jaipur]] was formed in 1727 by Kacchwaha Rajput ruler [[Jai Singh II]], and is "a unique example of traditional Hindu [[town planning]]",<ref name="Michell1990"/> following the precepts set out in much Hindu texts.  Subsequently, the [[City Palace, Jaipur|City Palace]], [[Hawa Mahal]], [[Rambagh Palace]], [[Jal Mahal]] and [[Albert Hall Museum]] were also built. [[Udaipur]] also has several palaces, including the [[Bagore-ki-Haveli]], now a museum, built by an 18th-century chief minister.

The rulers of the [[princely state]]s of Rajputana continued the tradition of building elaborate palaces almost until independence, with examples such as the [[Lalgarh Palace]] in [[Bikaner]], [[Monsoon Palace]] in Udaipur, and [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]] in [[Jodhpur]].  Many of these are in versions of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]], often using European architects.<ref name="Michell1990"/>

===Cenotaphs===
[[File:Ahar Cenotaphs.JPG|thumb|Some of the [[Ahar Cenotaphs]] outside Udaipur]]
A number of the Rajput dynasties built groups of [[cenotaph]] memorials for their members, mostly using the [[chatri]] form, and often at the traditional site for cremations. These include the [[Ahar Cenotaphs]] outside Udaipur, and [[Bada Bagh]] near [[Jaisalmer]]. Individual examples include the [[Jaswant Thada]] at [[Jodphur]], and [[Chaurasi Khambon ki Chhatri, Bundi]]; there are [[Chhatri#In Rajasthan|many others]].

==Gujarat==
[[File:Rani_ki_vav1.jpg|thumb|[[Rani ki vav]], [[Patan, Gujarat]], 11th century]]
[[Māru-Gurjara architecture]], or Solaṅkī style, is a distinctive style that began in Rajputana and neighbouring [[Gujarat]] around the 11th century by the [[Chaulukya|Solanki Rajputs]]. Examples of Solanki Rajput architecture include [[Taranga Jain temple]], [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]], and [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera Sun Temple]]. The [[Dilwara Temples|Dilwara Jain Temples]] of [[Mount Abu]] built between the 11th and 13th centuries CE, The [[Rani ki vav]] was also built during this period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/make-them-well-again-trying-to-save-gujarats-ancient-stepwells/article26553408.ece|title=Make them well again: trying to save Gujarat's ancient stepwells|last=Rahman|first=Azera Parveen|date=2019-03-16|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605142137/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/make-them-well-again-trying-to-save-gujarats-ancient-stepwells/article26553408.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Michell1990"/>

The small but richly carved Hindu [[Ambika Mata temple]] in Jagat, built before 960, and The five [[Kiradu temples]], of the 11th or 12th century, are examples of the [[Pratihar Rajput]] style.<ref>Michell, 295-96</ref> The [[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur]] (completed 1651), is an example of a Hindu temple using the Māru-Gurjara style at a late date; in this case a commission of [[Jagat Singh I]], ruler of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]].<ref>Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, pg -311 {{ISBN|0140081445}}</ref><ref name="Michell1990"/> On the exteriors, this style is distinguished from other north Indian temple styles of the period
{{Blockquote|that the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of moldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and [[kīrttimukha]]s. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned.}}

The main [[shikhara]] tower usually has many ''[[urushringa]]'' subsidiary spirelets on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hegewald|first=Julia A. B.|title=The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=45|doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005|issn=2328-1286|year=2011|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Madhya Pradesh==
[[File:Teli ka mandir fort Gwalior - panoramio - Gyanendrasinghchauha… (1).jpg|150px|thumb|[[Teli ka Mandir]] was built inside the [[Gwalior Fort]] by the Pratihara Rajput ruler [[Mihira Bhoja]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Two+consecutive+Rajput+kings+,+Mihira+Bhoja+I+and+Mahendrapala+I+,+ruled+with+force+from+Kanauj&tbm=bks |title=A History of India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day - Page 85 |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718182954/https://www.google.com/search?q=Two+consecutive+Rajput+kings+,+Mihira+Bhoja+I+and+Mahendrapala+I+,+ruled+with+force+from+Kanauj&client=ms-android-asus-tpin&prmd=vni&sxsrf=ALeKk02B_SThbAAAl1eF4dvvQ_KjTOB99w:1622965445489&source=lnms&tbm=bks&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwizgfG2wYLxAhWCbysKHYiQDdkQ_AUoBnoECAIQBg&biw=360&bih=593&dpr=3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bajpai2006">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=History of Gopāchala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3KcwLKuRnYC&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1155-2|page=31}}</ref>]]
[[File:Khajuraho.KandariyaMahadeva.jpg|thumb|[[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]] were built by [[Chandela]] Rajputs<ref name=khaju>[https://www.google.com/search?q=The+temples+of+Khajuraho+are+India%27s+unique+gift+to+the+world+,+representing+paean+to+life+,+love+and+joy+%3B+perfect+in+execution+...+in+stone+,+testifying+to+the+craftsman%27s+artistry+and+the+pote+extraordinary+breadth+of+vision+of+the+Chandela+Rajputs+.&client=ms-android-asus-tpin&prmd=inv&sxsrf=ALeKk032Ov1hSRoJQ9EsAUWsAqySkUamnQ:1622965870976&source=lnms&tbm=bks&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji-eKBw4LxAhXHdCsKHS-CAbcQ_AUoBnoECAIQBg&biw=360&bih=593&dpr=3 Explore India: The Official Newsletter of the Ministry of Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718182952/https://www.google.com/search?q=The+temples+of+Khajuraho+are+India%27s+unique+gift+to+the+world+,+representing+paean+to+life+,+love+and+joy+%3B+perfect+in+execution+...+in+stone+,+testifying+to+the+craftsman%27s+artistry+and+the+pote+extraordinary+breadth+of+vision+of+the+Chandela+Rajputs+.&client=ms-android-asus-tpin&prmd=inv&sxsrf=ALeKk032Ov1hSRoJQ9EsAUWsAqySkUamnQ:1622965870976&source=lnms&tbm=bks&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji-eKBw4LxAhXHdCsKHS-CAbcQ_AUoBnoECAIQBg&biw=360&bih=593&dpr=3 |date=18 July 2021 }} Quote: "The temples of Khajuraho are India's unique gift to the world, representing paean to life, love and joy; perfect in execution ... in stone, testifying to the craftsman's artistry and the pote extraordinary breadth of vision of the Chandela Rajputs."</ref>]]
[[File:Gwalior Fort Palace.JPG|thumb|220px|[[Gwalior Fort]]]]
[[File:OrchhaPalace.jpg|thumb|[[Jahangir Mahal]] was built by [[Vir Singh Deo]] as a symbol of welcome to the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]]]]
[[File:Sailana_Palace.jpg|thumbnail|[[Sailana]] Palace, built by the Rathores of Malwa<ref>Art, Archaeology, and History of Ratlam, Madan Mohan Upadhyaya
Sharada Prakashan, 1992.</ref>]]

The [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]] were built by the [[Chandela]] Rajput rulers from 885 AD to 1050 AD.<ref name=khaju/>

The [[Gwalior Fort]] is a hill fort near [[Gwalior]]. The fort has existed at least since the 10th century, and the inscriptions and monuments found within what is now the fort campus indicate that it may have existed as early as the beginning of the 6th century. The fort is considered among the finest of Rajput architecture.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpJ7ry7B5TYC&dq=gwalior+fort+finest+rajput+architecture&pg=PA158 |title=Textbook of Indian history and culture |isbn=9781403932006 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=fpJ7ry7B5TYC&dq=gwalior+fort+finest+rajput+architecture&pg=PA158 |url-status=live |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan India Limited }}</ref> Most part of the present day fort was built by [[Man Singh Tomar]], the Rajput king who ruled the region from 1486 to 1516.<ref name=last>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&dq=gwalior+fort+built+by+rajputs&pg=PT1085 |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of the Great Mughals |isbn=9789351181286 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135451/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&dq=gwalior+fort+built+by+rajputs&pg=PT1085 |url-status=live |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |date=14 October 2000 |publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref>

The [[Orchha State|Orchha state]] was founded in 1531 (the 16th century AD)<ref>[http://tikamgarh.nic.in/tourism.htm Orchha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718190603/http://tikamgarh.nic.in/tourism.htm |date=18 July 2019 }} [[Tikamgarh district]] Official website.</ref> by the [[Bundela]] Rajput chief, Rudra Pratap Singh,<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=187}}</ref> who became the first King of Orchha, (r. 1501-1531) and also built the [[Orchha Fort complex|Fort of Orchha]].<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/m/019pho000430s21u00011000.html Mausoleum of Raja Rudra Pratap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718182955/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/m/019pho000430s21u00011000.html |date=18 July 2021 }}, [[British Library]].</ref> The [[Chaturbhuj Temple (Orchha)|Chaturbhuj Temple]] was built during the reign of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]], by the queen of Orchha, Ganesh Kunwar,<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000050S2U00134000 Orchha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207053923/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000050S2U00134000 |date=7 February 2009 }} British Library.</ref> while ''Raj Mandir'' was built by 'Raja Madhukar Shah' during his reign, 1554 to 1591.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/o/orchha.html|title=UQconnect, The University of Queensland|access-date=23 July 2016|archive-date=21 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040121140739/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/o/orchha.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S4U00056000 Raj Mandir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112035021/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S4U00056000 |date=12 January 2012 }} [[British Library]].</ref> The [[Jahangir Mahal]] was built in 17th century by [[Vir Singh Deo]] as a symbol of welcome to the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]].

The [[Singorgarh fort]] was built by Raja Belo from the Chandela dynasty of [[Mahoba]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=I_pndNDyhtoC&dq=According+to+Sir+William+Sleeman%2C+the+fort+of+Singorgarh+was+built+by+R%C3%A1j%C3%A1+Belo%2C+one+of+the+Chandel+R%C3%A1j%C3%A1s+of+Mahoba&pg=PA19 Gbooks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135503/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=I_pndNDyhtoC&pg=PA19&dq=According+to+Sir+William+Sleeman,+the+fort+of+Singorgarh+was+built+by+R%C3%A1j%C3%A1+Belo,+one+of+the+Chandel+R%C3%A1j%C3%A1s+of+Mahoba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyiPPnq5TxAhVCWysKHXcNCdcQ6AEwAXoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q=According%20to%20Sir%20William%20Sleeman%2C%20the%20fort%20of%20Singorgarh%20was%20built%20by%20R%C3%A1j%C3%A1%20Belo%2C%20one%20of%20the%20Chandel%20R%C3%A1j%C3%A1s%20of%20Mahoba&f=false |date=14 March 2023 }} Quote: "According to Sir William Sleeman, the fort of Singorgarh was built by Rájá Belo, one of the Chandel Rájás of Mahoba."</ref>

==Uttar Pradesh==
[[File:Panoramic view of Rani Mahal Kalinjar fort.jpg|thumb|Rani Mahal, [[Kalinjar Fort]]]]
[[File:Temple GovindaDev.JPG|thumb|Govind Dev Temple, [[Vrindavan]]]]
[[File:Chhatris of Barsana 02.jpg|thumb|[[Radha Rani Temple]], [[Barsana]]]]
Many Rajput dynasties ruled over Uttar Pradesh in the medieval era. Many forts, palaces and temples were built by the Rajputs. The [[Kalinjar Fort]] was built by the Chandela Rajput dynasty in the 10th century.<ref name=kal>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&dq=Kalinjar+fort+built+by+rajput&pg=PT122 |title=Kalinjar Fort ''Google Books'' |date=5 May 2018 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351952404 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135452/https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&dq=Kalinjar+fort+built+by+rajput&pg=PT122 |url-status=live }}</ref> Built on a rocky hill, the fort was also used by the [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]]s of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]].<ref name=kal/> The Jaichandra fort was built by the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] Rajputs of [[Kannauj]].

The [[Jhansi Fort]] is attributed to the Bundela Rajput ruler Raja Bir Singh Ju Deo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jhansi.nic.in/tourist-place/jhansi-fort/#:~:text=The%20fort%20of%20Maharani%20Jhansi,has%20ten%20gates%20(%20Darwaza). |title=Jhansi Fort - Govt of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613101654/https://jhansi.nic.in/tourist-place/jhansi-fort/#:~:text=The%20fort%20of%20Maharani%20Jhansi,has%20ten%20gates%20(%20Darwaza). |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1TuDwAAQBAJ&dq=jhansi+fort+built+by+bundela+rajputs&pg=PT150 |title=Indian Stories: Images and Thoughts |isbn=9789390040346 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135503/https://books.google.com/books?id=K1TuDwAAQBAJ&dq=jhansi+fort+built+by+bundela+rajputs&pg=PT150 |url-status=live |last1=Valluri |first1=Ravi |date=30 June 2020 |publisher=BecomeShakespeare.com }}</ref> The Sun temple and forts of Charkhari and Mangal Garh in the [[Mahoba district]] were built by the Chandela rulers of [[Bundelkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bundelkhand.in/charkhari-bundelkhand-ka-kashmir |title=चरखारी : बुन्देलखण्ड का काश्मीर |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718183003/https://bundelkhand.in/charkhari-bundelkhand-ka-kashmir |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mahobas-sun-temple-in-shadow-of-ignorance/articleshow/63810149.cms |title=On World Heritage Day, Mahoba's Sun Temple in shadow of ignorance ''The Times of India'' 18 April 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 April 2018 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328073412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mahobas-sun-temple-in-shadow-of-ignorance/articleshow/63810149.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Himachal Pradesh==
[[File:A side view of part of Palace of Arki princely state, now residence of its heirs, Himachal Prades, India.jpg|thumb|right|Side view of Arki Palace built inside the [[Arki Fort]]]]
The [[Kangra Fort]] was built by the ruling [[Katoch]] [[Rajput]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUezEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kangra+fort+built+by+katoch+rajputs&pg=PA8 | title=A Study of Ancient Monuments & Historic Heritage Sites of Himachal Pradesh | isbn=9789390835003 | last1=Kanda | first1=Ravi Kumar | last2=Mahajan | first2=Varun | publisher=Rudra Publications | access-date=16 March 2023 | archive-date=29 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429075130/https://books.google.com/books?id=tUezEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kangra+fort+built+by+katoch+rajputs&pg=PA8 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Arki Fort]] was built between 1695 - 1700 by [[Rana (title)|Rana]] Prithvi Singh. The [[Kutlehar Fort]] was built by [[Sansar Chand]]ra, the Rajput ruler of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqnBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sansar+chand+rajput&pg=PT124 | title=Himalaya: A Human History | isbn=9781473546141 | last1=Douglas | first1=Ed | date=27 August 2020 | publisher=Random House | access-date=16 March 2023 | archive-date=19 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419091137/https://books.google.com/books?id=oqnBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sansar+chand+rajput&pg=PT124 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Pakistan==
[[File:Islam Garh Fort Cholistan.jpg|thumb| [[Islamgarh Fort]]]]
[[File:Derawar Fort, Bahawalpur I.jpg|thumb|right|[[Derawar Fort]] in Cholistan, an example of [[Architecture of Rajasthan|Rajput architecture]]]]
The forts of [[Derawar Fort|Derawar]] and [[Umerkot Fort|Amarkot]] were built by Hindu Rajput rulers during the medieval era, and are examples of early Rajput architecture.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300">
File:Jagat 22-76 (cropped).jpg|[[Ambika Mata temple]] in Jagat, Rajasthan, by 960
File:Worshippers leaving the temple in Ranakpur.jpg|[[Ranakpur Jain temple]]
File:Dev Somnath Temple, Dungarpur.jpg|Dev Somnath Temple, [[Dungarpur]]
File:Deshnoke Karni Mata.jpg|Detailed Stone work, Karni Mata Temple, Bikaner Rajasthan
File:Umaid Bhawan palace, Jodhpur 02.jpg|The [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]] at [[Jodhpur]] built between 1929 and 1942 is one of the largest royal palaces in the world. It was designed by [[Henry Vaughan Lanchester]] in a blend of [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] and traditional Rajput styles
File:Laxmi Niwas Palace.jpg|[[Lalgarh Palace]], [[Bikaner]], designed in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]] by [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]]
File:Albert Hall ( Jaipur ).jpg|The [[Albert Hall Museum]] was designed by [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]], and was opened as public museum in 1887
File:Amber Fort (आमेर का किला ).jpg|[[Amer Fort]]
File:Hawa Mahal Located in Jaipur.jpg|[[Hawa Mahal]], Jaipur
File:Mehrangarh Fort.jpg|[[Mehrangarh Fort]], Jodhpur
File:Nagda2.jpg|One of the [[Sahastra Bahu Temples]] built during the 10th century CE in [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] era
File:N-RJ-87 Fort including Ancient Temples Jaisalmer SolReyes20100917 332.JPG|Jain Temple inside [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
File:Amer Fort Entrance.jpg|Ganesh Pol Entrance, [[Amer Fort]]
File:Sheesh Mahal, Amer Fort.jpg|Sheesh Mahal, [[Amer Fort]]
File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|[[Jaisalmer Fort]]
File:Aerial view of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|Aerial view of [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
File:Temple in Kumbalgarh fortress 01.JPG|Hindu temple, [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
File:Looking down on Ranthambore Fort.jpg|[[Ranthambhore Fort]]
File:Ranthambore Fort Jain Temple.jpg|Jain Temple, [[Ranthambore Fort]]
File:Gagron fort 2nd view.jpg|[[Gagron Fort]]
File:Victory tower.jpg|[[Vijay Stambha]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajput architecture]]

Masti's

2025-09-06T02:16:55Z

Raj kumar: Put Up Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Masti's.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Navdeep]]
*[[Hebah Patel]]
*[[Bindu Madhavi]]
*[[Chandini Chowdary]]
*[[Akshara Gowda]]
*Raja Chembolu
}}
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
| writer = Krish Jagarlamudi
| director = Ajay Bhuyan
| theme_music_composer =
| runtime =
| endtheme =
| composer = Smaran
| cinematography =
| editor =
| list_episodes =
| opentheme =
| network = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|02|8|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| executive_producer =
| company =
| budget =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
}}

'''''Masti's''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[streaming television]] miniseries written by [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] and directed by Ajay Bhuyan. It stars
[[Navdeep]], [[Hebah Patel]], [[Bindu Madhavi]], [[Chandini Chowdary]], [[Akshara Gowda]] and Raja Chembolu. The series released to mixed to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/webseries/director-krish-jagarlamudis-mastis-registers-big-numbers-617999|title=Director Krish Jagarlamudi's Masti's registers big numbers!|date=18 April 2020|work=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=10 January 2024|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627052541/https://www.thehansindia.com/webseries/director-krish-jagarlamudis-mastis-registers-big-numbers-617999|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Navdeep]] as Pranav
*Raja Chembolu as Anand
*[[Hebah Patel]] as Tanya
*[[Bindu Madhavi]] as Gowri
*[[Chandini Chowdary]] as Lekha
*[[Akshara Gowda]] as Simran
*Siddharth Gollapudi as Deepak

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Smaran.

{{Infobox album
| name = Masti's
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Smaran
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 33:08
| language = Telugu
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Kotha Poradu]]
| prev_year = 2020
| year = 2020
| next_title = [[Pitta Kathalu]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| OIIpG2ax1IM | Masti's - Full Jukebox}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:08
| title1 = Theme/Kuduruga Nilavani
| extra1 = Damini Bhatla, Krishna
| lyrics1 = Niklesh Sunkoji
| title2 = Good Old Blues
| extra2 = Damini
| lyrics2 = Smaran
| title3 = Feels Good
| extra3 = Damini, Smaran
| lyrics3 = Smaran
| title4 = Just a Matter of Time & Pretty Babe
| extra4 = Venu
| lyrics4 = Smaran
| title5 = Khali Peeli
| extra5 = Smaran
| lyrics5 = Niklesh Sunkoji
| title6 = Rock Paper Scissors
| extra6 = Taniya, Karthik, Dinesh Bunty, Rishi
}}

==Reception==
Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 2 {{fraction|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "''Masti’s'' is one of those rare shows that manage to humanise its flawed characters without glorifying them. Each of them come with their own set of problems and every single one of them get closure. But it's due to lacking emotional depth such characters warrant, the series passes muster".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/mastis/mastis-season-1/seasonreview/76814944.cms|title=Masti's Season 1 Review: Lacks emotional depth|first= Neeshita|last=Nyayapati|date=31 July 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On the contrary, Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''Binged'' rated the series six out of ten and wrote that "''Masti’s'' is the closest that the Telugu digital space has got in representing the concerns of an urban lot right".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/mastis-aha-web-series-review/|title=Masti's Review – A Breezy Show With Fine Performances|date=10 February 2020|work=Binged|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|access-date=10 January 2024|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920095937/https://www.binged.com/reviews/mastis-aha-web-series-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|12234738}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television miniseries]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:Films scored by Smaran]]

St. John's Church, Kolkata

2025-08-30T10:56:48Z

Raj kumar:

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2017}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. John's Church, Kolkata
| fullname =
| image = St. John's Church at Hastigns Street,Kolkata.JPG
| imagesize = 270px
| imagealt =
| landscape =
| caption = St. John's Church, Kolkata at Hastings Street.
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| iso region =
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5699|88.3459|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates format =
| coordinates display =
| osgraw =
| osgridref =
| location = 2/2, Council House St and opp. Dewars Garage, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| denomination = [[Church of North India]]
| tradition =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| website = {{URL|https://stjohnschurchcnikolkata.org/}}
| former name = St. John's Cathedral, Calcutta
| bull date =
| consecrated date =
| people =
| status =
| functional status =
| heritage designation = Protected Monument ASI
| designated date =
| previous cathedrals =
| architect = James Agg
| architectural type =
| style =
| years built = {{start date and age|1787}}
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity =
| length =180m
| length nave =
| length choir =
| width =120m
| width nave =
| width transepts =
| height =
| height nave =
| height choir =
| dome quantity =
| dome height outer =
| dome height inner =
| dome dia outer =
| dome dia inner =
| tower quantity =
| tower height =
| spire quantity =
| spire height =
| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Diocese of Calcutta]]
| diocese start =
| province =
| archbishop =
| bishop =
| dean =
| provost =
| canon =
| precentor =
| archdeacon =
| reader =
| director =
| organist =
| logo =
| logosize =
| logolink =
| logoalt =
}}
{{Christianity}}
'''St. John's Church''', originally a cathedral, was among the first public buildings erected by the [[East India Company]] after [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) became the effective capital of [[British India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040119224833/http://www.kolkatainformation.com/calhert/stjchurch.htm Kolkata: Heritage Tour: Religious Buildings: St. John's Church], kolkatainformation.com (archived version). Retrieved 13 May 2018.</ref> It is located at the North-Western corner of [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]], and served as the [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Anglican Cathedral of Calcutta]] till 1847, when the see was transferred to [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]]. Construction of the building, modelled on [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] of London,<ref name="Das">{{cite news |title=Gour to St. John's |last1=Das |first1=Soumitra |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080622/jsp/calcutta/story_9421910.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055850/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080622/jsp/calcutta/story_9421910.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2015 |newspaper=The Telegraph|date=22 June 2008 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> started in 1784, with Rs 30,000 raised through a public lottery,<ref name="Samhita"/> and was completed in 1787. The land the church stands on was gifted by Maharaja Nabo Kishen Bahadur of Sobhabazar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/church-organ-falls-silent/cid/1412881|title=Church organ falls silent|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927235616/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/church-organ-falls-silent/cid/1412881|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the third oldest church in the city, next to the [[Armenian Church of the Holy Nazareth]] and the [[Old Mission Church, Kolkata|Old Mission Church]].<ref name = "Roy">Roy, Nishitranjan,''Swasato Kolkata Ingrej Amaler Sthapathya'', {{in lang|bn}}, pp. 24, 1st edition, 1988, Prtikhan Press Pvt. Ltd.</ref>

==History and architecture==
[[File:St John's Cathedral Calcutta by Frederick Fiebig 1851.jpg|thumb|right|150px| St John's Cathedral [[Calcutta]] 1851]]
[[Image:StJ16.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Foundation Plaques, St. John's Church, [[Kolkata]]]]
{{See also|History of Kolkata}}

The land for the St. John's Church was donated by the [[Maharaja]] Nabo Kishen Bahadur, the founder of the Shovabazar Raj Family. The foundation stone was laid by [[Warren Hastings]], the [[Governor General of India]] on 6 April 1784. Two marble plaques at the entrance mark the two historic events.

Built by architect James Agg, the St John's church is built with a combination of brick and stone and was commonly known as the "Pathure Girja"<ref name = "Roy"/> (Stone Church). Stone was a rare material in the late 18th century [[Kolkata]]. The stones came from the medieval ruins of Gour, and were shipped down the [[Hooghly River]]. The minutes book in the church office tell in detail the story of how the ruins of [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]] were [[Repurposed building stone|robbed]] to build St John's church.<ref name="Das"/>

[[File:St John's Church Kolkata.jpg|thumb|St John's Church Kolkata]]
The church is a large square structure in the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] architectural style. A stone spire 174 ft tall is its most distinctive feature. The spire holds a giant clock, which is wound every day.<ref name="Samhita">{{cite news |title=Wicked man on the wall |last1=Chakraborty, Lahiri |first1=Samhita |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100103/jsp/calcutta/story_11934814.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107113308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100103/jsp/calcutta/story_11934814.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2010 |newspaper=The Telegraph|date=3 January 2010 |access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>

One of the driving forces behind the construction of the cathedral was Chaplain [[William Johnson (reverend)|William Johnson]], the husband of [[Begum Johnson]].{{cite wikisource |chapter=Chapter 7 |wslink=Calcutta: Past and Present |plaintitle=Calcutta: Past and Present}}
[[File:St. John's Church , Kolkata.jpg|thumb|St. John's Church, Kolkata]]

==Interior==
Tall columns frame the church building on all sides and the entrance is through a stately portico. The floor is a rare hue of blue-grey marble, brought from [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]]. Large windows allow the sunlight to filter through the coloured glass.

[[Image:STJ2.jpg|thumb|500 px|centre|Interior of St. John's Church, [[Kolkata]]]]

[[Image:Pipe Organ - St Johns Church - Kolkata 2016-01-15 8562.JPG|thumb|200 px|right|The [[Pipe Organ]] of St John's Church in Kolkata]]

The main altar is of a simple design. Behind the altar is a semi-circular dome and the floor is of dark blue, almost black, stone. To the left of the altar hangs a painting of The Last Supper by the British artist of German origin, [[Johann Zoffany]]. On the right is a beautiful [[stained glass]] window.

The walls of the church contain memorial tablets, statues and plaques, mostly of British army officers and civil servants.

The pipe organ was installed in the early nineteenth century and remains the grandest in Calcutta. It was manufactured by William Hill & Son & Norman & Beard Ltd. in England. This company was famous for manufacturing of pipe organs for movie theaters in the silent era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianvagabond.com/2017/06/05/st-johns-church-kolkata-a-complete-guide/|title=St. John's Church Kolkata – A Complete Guide|last=Mukherjee|first=Subhadip|date=2017-06-05|website=Subhadip Mukherjee ~ The Indian Vagabond|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804104919/https://indianvagabond.com/2017/06/05/st-johns-church-kolkata-a-complete-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Memorial of James Achilles Kirkpatrick===
[[Image:StJ9.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|Memorial of [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick|"White Mughal"]]]]
[[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]], popularly known as the White Mughal was the central character of [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] best selling work of history [[White Mughals]] died in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] on 15 October 1805 at the age of 41. He was buried at the North Park Street Cemetery, but neither his grave nor the cemetery exists today.

James Achilles Kirkpatrick's father James Kirkpatrick, popularly known as the Handsome Colonel, along with his brothers erected a memorial in memory of James Achilles Kirkpatrick on the southern wall of the St. John's Church. The overblown and oddly inappropriate epitaph, erected still stands to this day.<ref>{{Cite news|author = William, Dalrymple |title = White Mughals |publisher = Penguin Books|year = 2002|page = 401}}</ref>

===Memorial of James Pattle===
[[Image:STJ3.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|Memorial of James Pattle, St. John's Church, [[Kolkata]]]]
The memorial of James Pattle, the great-great-grandfather of [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] is also located on the south walls of St. John's Church.

According to Dalrymple:

{{blockquote|Seven generations of my family were born in Calcutta, there are three Dalrymples sitting inside St John's graveyard. And a great-great-grandfather's plaque is on the St John's Church wall, James Pattle.

James Pattle was known as the greatest liar in India. A man supposed to be so wicked that the Devil wouldn't let him leave India after he died. Pattle left instructions that when he died, his body should be shipped back to Britain. So, after his demise (in 1845) they pickled the body in rum, as was the way of transporting bodies back then. The coffin was placed in the cabin of Pattle's wife and the ship set sail from Garden Reach. In the middle of the night, the corpse broke through the coffin and sat up. The wife had a heart attack and died.

Now both bodies had to be preserved in rum. But the casks reeked of alcohol and the sailors bored holes through the sides of the coffins and drank the rum… and, of course, got drunk and the ship hit a sandbank and the whole thing exploded, cremating Pattle and his wife in the middle of the Hooghly! That's why you see a plaque on the wall and not a grave in the graveyard of my great-great-grandfather.<ref name="Samhita"/>}}

===Johann Zoffany's Last Supper===
[[Image:STJ4.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|Last Supper by [[Johann Zoffany]] after its restoration, completed in 2010]]
On the walls of the St. John's Church hangs a painting modeled after [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|The Last Supper]]''. Painted by [[Johann Zoffany]] for the inauguration of the church as the new Cathedral,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neogi |first1=Tathagata |title=Zoffany and his “The Last Supper” - the painter and Kolkata’s most famous painting |url=https://immersivetrails.com/blogs/661a1ca038740200150df381 |website=Immersive Trails |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> the painting is not, however, an exact replica of Leonardo's masterpiece.

The top left-hand corner of the painting shows a sword, which represents a common peon's [[tulwar]]. A [[water ewer]] standing near the table is a copy of Hindustani spittoon and next to it lies a water-filled [[Bhishti|bhisti bag]] (a goatskin bag used for storing water).

The most unusual feature of Zoffany's Last Supper lies in the selection of models used to represent Jesus and his twelve disciples. Jesus was portrayed as the Greek priest Father Constantinos Parthenios.<ref>[https://elinepa.org/en/father-constantinos-parthenios-and-the-last-supper-by-johann-zoffany-in-the-st-johns-church-kolkata/ Father Constantinos Parthenios and the Last Supper by Johann Zoffany in the St. John's Church, Kolkata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230253/https://elinepa.org/en/father-constantinos-parthenios-and-the-last-supper-by-johann-zoffany-in-the-st-johns-church-kolkata/ |date=20 December 2018 }}, ELINEPA, 2017</ref> while John is represented by W.C. Blacquiere, the police magistrate of Calcutta during the 1780s, in a female form.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neogi |first1=Tathagata |title=Zoffany and his “The Last Supper” - the painter and Kolkata’s most famous painting |url=https://immersivetrails.com/blogs/661a1ca038740200150df381 |website=Immersive Trails |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> Judas was portrayed as the auctioneer William Tulloh<ref>{{Cite news|author = William, Dalrymple |title = White Mughals |publisher = Penguin Books|year = 2002|page = 268 note}}</ref> In short, these are all people of power at the time, including people from the [[East India Trading Company]].

Zoffany's Last Supper has been restored as the result of a co-operation between the [[INTACH]] Art Conservation Centre and the [[Goethe Institut]], both of Calcutta. They sponsored the German painting conservator Renate Kant (based in Singapore) to supervise the restoration and train the restorers of the INTACH Centre. The restoration of Zoffany's Last Supper was completed on 3 July 2010.<ref name="Das1">{{cite news |title=Look, Last Supper restored |last1=Das |first1=Soumitra |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100701/jsp/calcutta/story_12628679.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705031536/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100701/jsp/calcutta/story_12628679.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2010 |newspaper=The Telegraph|date=1 July 2010 |access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>

==Compound==
The St John's Church was constructed on an old graveyard, so the compound houses a number of tombs and memorials, but only a few dates back to the date of construction of the church. The compound also serves as a parking lot for the nearby offices.

===Job Charnock's Mausoleum===
{{further|Job Charnock}}
[[Image:Job Charnock’s Tomb & Epitaph.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|[[Job Charnock]]'s Tomb & Epitaph]]
On 24 August 1690 an ambitious trader, [[Job Charnock]], of the British East India Company landed in the village of Sutanuti (present day North Calcutta) never to return. Although Charnock died two years later, but he combined the three villages of Sutanuti, Govindopur & Kolikata to form the city of Calcutta.

The octagonal Moorish style tomb was erected by Charnock's son in law Charles Ayer. Built of stones brought all the way from [[Pallavaram]] near [[Chennai]], which later came out to be known as [[Charnockite]].<ref name = "Roy1">Roy, Nishitranjan,''Swasato Kolkata Ingrej Amaler Sthapathya'', {{in lang|bn}}, pp. 18, 1st edition, 1988, Prtikhan Press Pvt. Ltd.</ref>

The grave also contains the body of Charnock's wife and several other people, including the famous surgeon [[William Hamilton (surgeon)|William Hamilton]]

The Epitaph of Charnok's grave is in Latin. The English translation is: "In the hands of God Almighty, Job Charnock, English knight and recently the most worthy agent of the English in this Kingdom of Bengal, left his mortal remains under this marble so that he might sleep in the hope of a blessed resurrection at the coming of Christ the Judge. After he had journeyed onto foreign soil he returned after a little while to his eternal home on the 10th day of January 1692. By his side lies Mary, first-born daughter of Job, and dearest wife of Charles Eyre, the English prefect in these parts. She died on 19 February AD 1696–7.<ref name = "Das11">Das, Soumitra,''Jay Walkers Guide to Calcutta'', Jan 2007, Eminence Designs.</ref>"

===Black Hole of Calcutta Monument===
{{further|Black Hole of Calcutta}}
[[Image:STJ5.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|Memorial of [[Black Hole of Calcutta]]]]
For some, the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]] event is a controversial part of Indian history; for others it was an atrocity that befell its victims. According to one British survivor ([[John Zephaniah Holwell|John Holwell]]), during the siege of Calcutta Siraj – ud – Daulah took 146 prisoners and confined them in a room measuring 14 feet by 8 feet and locked them up overnight. Only 23 survived: the remaining 123 perished of suffocation and heat stroke.

[[John Zephaniah Holwell|John Holwell]] later became the Governor of Bengal and went on to build a memorial at the site of the Black Hole (present day GPO). However, some historians have objected to Holwell's account, claiming that the British escaped through a secret tunnel to the banks of the Hooghly, from where they were carried to Madras by an awaiting ship. One such historian, [[R. C. Majumdar]], claims without evidence to support his assertion that the "Holwell story is completely baseless and can not be considered reliable historical information." In this regard, although it is possible that Holwell exaggerated the number of persons who were confined and died, his account was an eye-witness version of the events that befell the hapless victims and therefore represents direct evidence of the atrocity itself.

The story of the Black Hole Monument is no less interesting. Holwell erected a monument at the site of the Black Hole tragedy but it disappeared in 1822 to be rebuilt by [[George Nathaniel Curzon|Curzon]] in 1901 at the SouthWest corner of the [[Writers' Building]]. During the height of the Indian independence movement in 1940, the British removed the monument to its present location at the compound of St. John's Church.

===Second Rohilla War Memorial===
{{further|Second Rohilla War}}
[[Image:Second Rohilla War Cenotaph - St John's Churchyard - Kolkata.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|[[Second Rohilla War]] Memorial]]
[[First Rohilla War|First]] and [[Second Rohilla War]] (1772–74) was fought between the Rohillas and the Nawab of Oudh, with the British backing the later. Rohillas are a branch of the Pashtun tribe of the Pakistan and Afghanistan border. Some of the Rohillas settled in the Oudah region and soon a conflict began between the Rohillas and the Nawab of Oudh, Shuja – ud – Daula. This resulted in Rohilla War.

The British backed the Nawab of Oudh and in January 1774 the Rohilla chief Hafez Ruhmet was killed resulting in the defeat of the Rohillas. A treaty in October 1774 brought the dispute to a close. With their power somewhat restricted the Rohillas continued to live in their territory of Rohilkhand, which still exists in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

The Rohilla Memorial at the St. John's Church compound consists of a circular dome supported by 12 pillars. The memorial contains a plaque with the names of several British Military Officers, killed in the Rohilla War.

===Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning Memorial===
{{further|Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning}}
[[Image:Memorial of Lady Canning, St. John's Church, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|[[Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning|Lady Canning's]] Memorial]]
[[Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning|Charlotte Canning]] (1817–1861) was the wife of Charles Canning the Governor General and Viceroy of India. She died of malaria and was buried in Barrackpore (Barrackpurthe)a memorial was also constructed in the St. John's Church graveyard.

Lady Canning's name has been immortalised by the famous sweet maker Bhim Nag, who specially designed the sweet Pantua in her honour and named it Ladykeni.

Lady Canning's elaborately decorated memorial lies on the Northern corridor of the St. John's Church.

===Frances (Begum) Johnson's grave===
[[Image:Francis Johnson's Grave, St. John's Church.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|Frances (Begum) Johnson's grave]]
Located at the far end of the St. John's Church complex and next to Job Chranok's tomb lies the circular temple-like tomb of Frances Johnson (1725–1812). The grave stone inside the grave is no less interesting than the grave itself.{{According to whom|date=May 2012}}

Frances Johnson (popularly known as [[Begum Johnson]]), the grand old lady of Calcutta, lived up to an age of 89 and married four times. The epitaph makes an interesting reading,{{According to whom|date=May 2012}} as its describes her entire life, with details of her four husbands and their respective children.

Frances Johnson was also the grandmother of [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Robert Jenkinson, the second Earl of Liverpool]], the latter who was the British prime minister for fifteen years from 1812 to 1827.

==See also==
* [[Osmond Memorial Church]]
* [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St Paul's Cathedral]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040119224833/http://www.kolkatainformation.com/calhert/stjchurch.htm St. John's Church, Kolkata]

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Christianity footer}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Churches in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:18th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1787 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1787]]
[[Category:Neoclassical church buildings in India]]
[[Category:18th-century Anglican church buildings]]
[[Category:Anglican church buildings in India]]

List of Vijayanagara emperors

2025-08-10T08:53:45Z

Raj kumar: Put Up Data

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| border = imperial
| royal_title = Devaraya (God-King)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Indira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym17YA_jhCgC&pg=PT4 |page=14|title=Rhythms in Stone: The Temples of South India |date=2013 |publisher=Ambi Knowledge Resource |isbn=978-81-903591-3-9 |language=en}}</ref>
| realm = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Karnata]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K. A. |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |year=1955|orig-year=reissued 2002 |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7|title-link=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|page=268}}</ref>
| coatofarms =
| coatofarmscaption =
| image =
| caption =
| image2 = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|}}
| caption2 = '''Last to reign''' '''[[Sriranga III]]''' 29 October 1642{{ndash}}1646
| first_monarch = [[Harihara I]]
| last_monarch = [[Sriranga III]]
| style = [[His Imperial Majesty]]
| residence = {{plainlist|
*[[Vijayanagara]] (1336–1565)
*[[Penukonda]] (1565–1592)
*[[Chandragiri]] (1592–1604)
*[[Vellore]] (1604–1646)
}}
| appointer = [[Line of hereditary succession|Hereditary]]
| began =[[Harihara I|18 April 1336]]; {{age|1336|04|18}} years ago
| ended = [[Sriranga III|1646]]; {{age|1646|00|00}} years ago
| pretender = [[Nayaka dynasties]]
|
}}
The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1646) was the most prominent [[medieval India|medieval]] [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties|Hindu empire]] of [[southern India]]. It was established on the banks of [[Tungabhadra River]] in present-day [[Karnataka]] and consisted of parts or all of the modern states of Karnataka, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Goa]] and some parts of [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The Vijayanagara Empire was established in 1336 by the brothers [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka Raya I]] of the [[Sangama dynasty]].<ref name=talbot281>{{cite book|first=Cynthia|last=Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281 |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=281–282}}</ref>

Under the rule of [[Krishnadevaraya]], the empire reached its peak. The empire lasted until 1646, although its power greatly declined after a major military defeat in the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 by the combined armies of the [[Deccan sultanates]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Vijaya|last=Ramaswamy|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6445-0|pages=11–12}}</ref>

[[File:Vijayanagara_Empire_c.1485.png|thumb|Expansion of Vijayanagara empire under Sangama rulers]]

== Family trees ==

=== Sangama dynasty ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Sangama dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=[[Bhavana Sangama|Bhavana Sangama]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Harihara I]]''' (1) r. 1336–1356|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Bukka Raya I|Bukka Raya I]]''' (2) r. 1356–1377|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Harihara II]]''' (3) r. 1377–1404|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Virupaksha Raya|Virupaksha Raya I]]''' (4) r. 1404–1405|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Bukka Raya II|Bukka Raya II]]''' (5) r. 1405–1406|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Deva Raya I|Deva Raya I]]''' (6) r. 1406–1422|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ramachandra Raya|Ramachandra Raya]]''' (7) r. 1422|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya|Bukka Raya III]]''' (8) r. 1422–1424|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Deva Raya II|Deva Raya II]]''' (9) r. 1424–1446|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mallikarjuna Raya|Deva Raya III]]''' (10) r. 1446–1465|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Son of Deva Raya}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Virupaksha Raya II|Virupaksha Raya II]]''' (11) r. 1465–1485|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Praudha Raya|Praudha Deva Raya IV]]''' (12) r. 1485|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

=== Saluva dynasty ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Saluva dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasimha Raya I]]''' (13) r. 1485–1491|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Bhupala]]''' (14) r. 1491|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Narasimha Raya II|Narasimha Raya II]]''' (15) r. 1491–1505|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

=== Tuluva dynasty ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Tuluva dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka|Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]]''' (16) r. 1491–1503|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Viranarasimha Raya|Narasimha Raya III]]''' (17) r. 1503–1509|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Deva Raya]]''' (18) r. 1509–1529|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Achyuta Deva Raya|Achyuta Deva Raya]]''' (19) r. 1529–1542|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700|
A04=Son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Venkata I|Venkata Raya I]]''' (20) r. 1542|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Sadasiva Raya|Sadasiva Raya]]''' (21) r. 1542–1569|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

=== Aravidu dynasty ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Aravidu dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]]''' (22) r. 1542–1565|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Tirumala Deva Raya|Tirumala Deva Raya]]''' (23) r. 1565–1572|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Son of Rama Raya|
A02='''[[Sriranga Deva Raya|Sriranga Deva Raya I]]''' (24) r. 1572–1586|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03=Rama Deva|
A04='''[[Venkatapati Raya|Venkata Raya II]]''' (25) r. 1586–1614|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Peda Venkata Raya|Venkata Raya III]]''' (28) r. 1632–1642|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Grandson of Rama Raya|
A03='''[[Sriranga II|Sriranga Chika Raya II]]''' (26) r. 1614–1617|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Sriranga III]]''' (29) r. 1642–1652|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Rama Deva Raya|Rama Deva Raya]]''' (27) r. 1617–1632|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== List of Emperors ==
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) was ruled by four different dynasties for about 310 years on entire [[South India]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Ramchandra |last=Dhere |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |isbn=9780199777648 |pages=243}}</ref>

=== Sangama dynasty (1336–1485) ===
{{main|Sangama dynasty}}

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Serial no.
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Regnal names
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Reign
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Notes
|-
|1
|[[Harihara I]]
|18 April 1336 – 20 November 1355
|Founder
|-
|2
|[[Bukka Raya I]]
|January/February 1356 – 24 February 1377
|
|-
|3
|[[Harihara II]]
|21 June 1377 – 31 August 1404
|
|-
|4
|[[Virupaksha Raya]]
|September 1404 – July 1405
|
|-
|5
|[[Bukka Raya II]]
|27 July 1404 – September 1406
|
|-
|6
|[[Deva Raya]]
|5 November 1406 – 25 February 1423
|
|-
|7
|[[Ramachandra Raya]]
|4 April 1423 – 1423
|
|-
|8
|[[Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya]]
|1422–1424
|
|-
|9
|[[Deva Raya II]]
|10 February 1423 – 24 May 1446
|
|-
|10
|[[Mallikarjuna Raya]]
|1446 – 14 July 1465
|
|-
|11
|[[Virupaksha Raya II]]
|1465–1485
|
|-
|12
|[[Praudha Raya]]
|1485
|
|-
|}

=== Saluva dynasty (1485–1505) ===
{{main|Saluva dynasty}}

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Serial no.
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Regnal names
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Reign
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Notes
|-
|13
|[[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]]
|1485–1491
|
|-
|14
|[[Thimma Bhupala]]
|1491
|
|-
|15
|[[Narasimha Raya II]]
|1491–1505
|
|-
|}

=== Tuluva dynasty (1491–1570) ===
{{main|Tuluva dynasty}}

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Serial no.
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Regnal names
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Reign
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Notes
|-
|16
|[[Thimma Bhupala]]
|1491–1505
|
|-
|17
|[[Viranarasimha Raya]]
|1503 – 17 July 1509
|
|-
|18
|[[Krishnadevaraya]]
|26 July 1509 – 17 October 1529
|
|-
|19
|[[Achyuta Deva Raya]]
|30 November 1529 – 1542
|
|-
|20
|[[Venkata I]]
|September 1542 – January 1543
|
|-
|21
|[[Sadasiva Raya]]
|1542–1570
|
|-
|}

=== Aravidu dynasty (1542–1646) ===
{{main|Aravidu dynasty}}

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Serial no.
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Regnal names
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Reign
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Notes
|-
|22
|[[Aliya Rama Raya]]
|1542 – 23 January 1565
|
|-
|23
|[[Tirumala Deva Raya]]
|1565–1572
|
|-
|24
|[[Sriranga Deva Raya|Sriranga I]]
|1572–1586
|
|-
|25
|[[Venkatapati Deva Raya|Venkata II]]
|1586 – mid-October 1614
|
|-
|26
|[[Sriranga II]]
|October 1614 – February 1615
|
|-
|27
|[[Rama Deva Raya]]
|1617–1632
|
|-
|28
|[[Peda Venkata Raya|Venkata III]]
|1632 – 10 October 1642
|
|-
|29
|[[Sriranga III]]
|29 October 1642 – 1646
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijayanagara emperors| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Vijayanagara emperors]]

Travel

2025-08-07T18:48:14Z

Raj kumar: adjusted page for accuracy and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Movement of people between relatively distant geographical locations}}
{{About}}
{{redirect|Travelling}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2021}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Cross Harbour Tunnel (1).JPG
| image2 = Rush hour, Hong Kong MTR.jpg
| footer = Methods of travel in [[Hong Kong]], the [[List of cities by international visitors|most visited city]] according to [[Euromonitor]]. Top to bottom: the [[Cross-Harbour Tunnel]] and the [[MTR]].
| direction = vertical
}}
{{Hospitality service}}
[[File:Nilgiri Mountain Train.jpg|thumb|[[Train]] travel{{spaced ndash}} Passengers on a train on a bridge of the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], between [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] and [[Ootacamund]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]]]

'''Travel''' is the movement of people between distant geographical [[Location (geography)|location]]s. Travel can be done by [[Pedestrian|foot]], [[bicycle]], [[automobile]], [[train]], [[boat]], [[bus]], [[airplane]], [[ship]] or [[Mode of transport|other means]], with or without [[Baggage|luggage]], and can be one way or round trip.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/travel |website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=16 April 2021 |date=12 Apr 2021}}</ref> Travel can also include relatively short stays between successive movements, as in the case of [[tourism]].

== Etymology ==
The origin of the word "travel" is most likely lost to history. The term "travel" may originate from the [[Old French]] word ''travail'', which means 'work'.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=travail&allowed_in_frame=0 Entymoligical dictionary] (definition). Retrieved on 10 December 2011</ref> According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the first known use of the word ''travel'' was in the 14th century. It also states that the word comes from Middle English {{lang|enm|travailen}}, {{lang|enm|travelen}} (which means to torment, labor, strive, journey) and earlier from Old French {{lang|fro|travailler}} (which means to work strenuously, toil).

In English, people still occasionally use the words {{lang|en|travail}}, which means struggle. According to Simon Winchester in his book ''The Best Travelers' Tales (2004)'', the words ''travel'' and ''travail'' both share an even more ancient root: a Roman instrument of torture called the {{lang|la|tripalium}} (in Latin it means "three stakes", as in to impale).{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} This link may reflect the extreme difficulty of travel in ancient times. Travel in modern times may or may not be much easier, depending upon the destination. Travel to [[Mount Everest]], the [[Amazon rainforest]], [[extreme tourism]], and [[adventure travel]] are more difficult forms of travel. Travel can also be more difficult depending on the method of travel, such as by [[bus]], [[cruise ship]], or even by [[bullock cart]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Buzard |first=J. |date=1993 |title=The Beaten Track. European Tourism literature, and the Ways to 'Culture' 1800 - 1918 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>

==Purpose and motivation==
[[File:Traveler Motorcycle.jpg|thumb|Traveler's motorcycle with large rear box]]
Reasons for traveling include [[recreation]],<ref name="ufl">[http://plaza.ufl.edu/hwinger/byz/purpose.html "The Road to Travel: Purpose of Travel."] [http://www.clas.ufl.edu University of Florida, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]. (Compilation for History 3931/REL 3938 course.) Accessed July 2011.</ref> holidays, rejuvenation,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Motivations of Travel |url=https://www.ustravel.org/sites/default/files/media_root/document/Motivations%20for%20Travel%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |website=[[U.S. Travel Association]]}}</ref> [[tourism]]<ref name="ufl"/> or [[vacation]]ing,<ref name="ufl"/> [[research]] travel,<ref name="ufl"/> the gathering of information, visiting people, [[volunteer travel]] for [[charity (practice)|charity]], [[Human migration|migration]] to begin life somewhere else, religious [[pilgrimage]]s<ref name="ufl"/> and [[mission trip]]s, [[business travel]],<ref name="ufl"/> [[trade]],<ref name="ufl"/> [[commuting]], obtaining health care,<ref name="ufl"/> waging or [[Refugee|fleeing war]], for the enjoyment of traveling, or other reasons. Travelers may use [[human-powered transport]] such as [[walking]] or [[cycling|bicycling]]; or [[vehicle]]s, such as [[public transport]], [[automobile]]s, [[train]]s, [[Ferry|ferries]], [[boat]]s, [[cruise ship]]s and [[airplane]]s.

Motives for travel include:

* [[Pleasure]]<ref name="conservancy">{{cite journal|title=So Your Community Wants Travel/Tourism? Guidelines for Attracting and Servicing Visitors|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/178439|website=conservancy.edu|year=1988 |access-date=10 April 2018|last1=Simonson |first1=Lawrence R. |last2=Koth |first2=Barbara A. |last3=Kreag |first3=Glenn M. |hdl=11299/178439 }}</ref>
* [[Relaxation technique|Relaxation]]
* [[Discovery (observation)|Discovery]] and [[exploration]]<ref name="ufl"/>
* [[Adventure]]
* [[Intercultural communication]]s<ref name="ufl"/>
* Taking personal time for building [[interpersonal relationship]]s.
* Avoiding stress<ref name="ustravel.org">{{Cite web |title=Motivations for Travel Fact Sheet |url=https://www.ustravel.org/sites/default/files/media_root/document/Motivations%20for%20Travel%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=U.S. Travel Association}}</ref>
* Forming memories<ref name="ustravel.org"/>
* Cultural experiences<ref name="worldpackers.com">{{Cite web |title=Cultural Experiences |url=https://www.worldpackers.com/articles/cultural-experiences |website=Worldpackers}}</ref>
* [[Volunteering]]
* [[Festivals]] and events

== History ==
Travel dates back to [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]] where wealthy Greeks and Romans would travel for leisure to their [[Summer house|summer homes]] and [[villa]]s in cities such as [[Pompeii]] and [[Baiae]].<ref name=matador>{{cite web|title=A History Of Why People Travel |url=https://matadornetwork.com/bnt/a-history-of-why-people-travel/ |website=Matador Network}}</ref> While early travel tended to be slower, more dangerous, and more dominated by trade and migration, cultural and technological advances over many years have tended to mean that travel has become easier and more accessible.<ref>[https://www.gapyear.com/history-of-travel/ "A Brief Visual History of Travel"]. Accessed May 2017.</ref> Humankind has come a long way in transportation since [[Christopher Columbus]] sailed to the New World from Spain in 1492, an expedition which took over 10 weeks to arrive at the final destination; to the 21st century when [[aircraft]] allows travel from Spain to the United States overnight.

Travel in the [[Middle Ages]] offered hardships and challenges, though it was important to the economy and to society. The [[Wholesaling|wholesale sector]] depended (for example) on [[merchants]] dealing with/through [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]] or sea-voyagers, end-user [[retailing]] often demanded the services of many itinerant [[peddler]]s wandering from village to hamlet, [[gyrovague]]s (wandering monks) and wandering [[friar]]s brought [[theology]] and [[Pastoral care|pastoral support]] to neglected areas, [[traveling minstrel]]s toured, and armies ranged far and wide in various crusades and in sundry other wars.<ref name=matador/> Pilgrimages were common in both the European and Islamic world and involved streams of travelers both locally and internationally.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164 |year=1994 |page=164 |isbn=9780691026190}}</ref>

In the late 16th century, it became fashionable for young European [[aristocrat]]s and wealthy upper-class men to travel to significant European cities as part of their education in the arts and literature. This was known as the [[Grand Tour]], and included cities such as London, Paris, Venice, Florence, and Rome. However, the [[French Revolution]] brought with it the end of the Grand Tour.<ref name=matador/>

Travel by water often provided more comfort and speed than land-travel, at least until the advent of a network of [[railway]]s in the 19th century. Travel for the purpose of tourism is reported to have started around this time when people began to travel for fun as travel was no longer a hard and challenging task. This was capitalized on by people like [[Thomas Cook]] selling tourism packages where trains and hotels were booked together.<ref name=DW>{{cite news|title=A brief history of travel: From elite hobby to mass tourism |url=http://www.dw.com/en/a-brief-history-of-travel-from-elite-hobby-to-mass-tourism/a-16996047 |access-date=13 February 2018 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Airship]]s and [[airplane]]s took over much of the role of long-distance surface travel in the 20th century, notably after the Second World War where there was a surplus of both aircraft and pilots.<ref name=matador/> Air travel has become so ubiquitous in the 21st century that one woman, [[Alexis Alford]], visited all 196 countries before the age of 21.<ref name="twsLL222">{{cite web |first=Shauna |last=Beni |date=July 29, 2019 |publisher=Conde Nast Traveler |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/this-gen-zer-just-became-the-youngest-person-to-travel-to-every-country |title=This Gen Zer Just Became the Youngest Person to Travel to Every Country: Alexis Alford—or Lexie Limitless, as she's known on Instagram—has set the record at just 21 years old. |access-date=March 6, 2020 |quote=... By age 12, Alexis Alford ... Alford, now 21, has accomplished her goal...}}</ref>

== Geographic types ==
Travel may be local, regional, national (domestic) or international. In some countries, non-local internal travel may require an [[internal passport]], while international travel typically requires a [[passport]] and [[Visa (document)|visa]]. Tours are a common type of travel. Examples of travel tours are expedition cruises,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unrivaled Expedition Cruises |url=https://www.nationalgeographicexpeditions.co.uk/expedition-cruises/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[National Geographic]] Expeditions |language=en-UK}}</ref> small group tours,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book a small group tour with National Geographic Journeys and see more of the world for less. |url=https://www.nationalgeographicexpeditions.co.uk/journeys/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[National Geographic]] Expeditions |language=en-UK}}</ref> and river cruises.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Cruises from National Geographic - Book one of our new authentic River Cruises across Europe or Asia |url=https://www.nationalgeographicexpeditions.co.uk/river-cruises/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[National Geographic]] Expeditions |language=en-UK}}</ref>

== Safety ==
{{See also|Air safety|Automobile safety}}
[[File:British Airways 747-400 World Traveller cabin.jpg|thumb|Travelers in a [[British Airways]] 747 [[airplane]]. [[Air travel]] is a common means of transport.]]
[[File:MF Skania 2.jpg|thumb|[[MS Skania]] ferry in the [[port of Szczecin]]]]

Authorities emphasize the importance of taking precautions to ensure travel [[safety]].<ref name="travel.state.gov">[https://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/tips_1232.html "Tips for Traveling Abroad."] [http://travel.state.gov Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State]. Accessed July 2011.</ref> When traveling abroad, the odds favor a safe and incident-free trip, however, travelers can be subject to difficulties, crime and violence.<ref>[https://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/safety/safety_1747.html "A Safe Trip Abroad."] [http://travel.state.gov Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State]. Accessed July 2011.</ref> Some safety considerations include being aware of one's surroundings,<ref name="travel.state.gov"/> avoiding being the target of a crime,<ref name="travel.state.gov"/> leaving copies of one's [[passport]] and [[Travel itinerary|itinerary]] information with trusted people,<ref name="travel.state.gov"/> obtaining [[Health insurance|medical insurance]] valid in the country being visited<ref name="travel.state.gov"/> and registering with one's national [[Diplomatic mission|embassy]] when arriving in a foreign country.<ref name="travel.state.gov"/> Many countries do not recognize drivers' licenses from other countries; however most countries accept [[international driving permit]]s.<ref name="travel.state.gov.permits">[https://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/safety/safety_1179.html#permits "Road Safety Overseas."] [http://travel.state.gov Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State]. Accessed July 2011.
</ref> [[Vehicle insurance|Automobile insurance]] policies issued in one's own country are often invalid in foreign countries, and it is often a requirement to obtain temporary auto insurance valid in the country being visited.<ref name="travel.state.gov.permits"/> It is also advisable to become oriented with the driving rules and regulations of destination countries.<ref name="travel.state.gov.permits"/> Wearing a [[seat belt]] is highly advisable for safety reasons; many countries have penalties for violating [[Seat belt legislation|seatbelt laws]].<ref name="travel.state.gov.permits"/>

There are three main statistics which may be used to compare the safety of various forms of travel (based on a [[DETR|Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions]] survey in October 2000):<ref>The risks of travel {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=2001-09-07}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable
!rowspan=2|Mode
!colspan=3|Deaths per billion
|-
! Journeys
! Hours
! Kilometers
|-
| [[Bus]]|| 4.3||11.1||0.4
|-
| [[Rail travel|Rail]]|| 20||30||0.6
|-
| [[Air travel|Air]]|| 117||30.8||0.05
|-
| [[Ship transport|Ship]]|| 90||50||2.6
|-
| [[Van]]||20||60||1.2
|-
| [[Automobile|Car]]||40||130||3.1
|-
| [[Walking]]|| 40||220||54
|-
| [[Bicycle]]|| 170||550||45
|-
| [[Motorcycle]]||1640||4840||109
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|Transport}}
{{div col||colwidth=30em}}
* [[Environmental impact of aviation]]
* [[Layover]]
* [[List of travelers]]
* [[Mode of transport]]
* [[Recreational travel]]
* [[Right of return]]
* [[Science tourism]]
* [[Transport]]
* [[Tourism]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Sister project links|wikt=travel|b=Airplane Travel|q=Travel|s=no|commons=Category:Travel|n=no|v=Tourism/Travel|voy=Travel topics|d=y}}
* {{Merriam-Webster|Travel}}

{{Tourism}}
{{Adventure travel}}
{{Commercial air travel}}
{{Public transport}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Travel| ]]
[[Category:Tourism]]
[[Category:Tourist activities]]
[[Category:Transport culture]]

Madhabdihi

2025-07-27T07:36:04Z

Raj kumar: Put Up New Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhabdihi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0194|N|87.8758|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,584
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03211
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raina (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raina]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Madhabdihi''' is a village in [[Raina II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|6|20|N|87|55|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|11|4|N|88|6|12|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Memari | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Memari]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|8|36|N|88|9|2|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Alipur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Alipur, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|6|56|N|87|48|18|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Seharabazar | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Seharabazar]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|45|N|87|59|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jamalpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Jamalpur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|4|43|N|87|53|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Raina| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Raina, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|1|9|N|87|52|33|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Madhabdihi| numbered6=R| mark-title6= Madhabdihi (R)|shape-color6=black| label-size11=6|label-color6=black
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|12|56|N|87|41|23|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Khandaghosh| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Khandaghosh]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|14|35|N|88|5|57|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Paharhati| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Paharhati]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|16|N|87|51|59|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Shyamsundar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Shyamsundar]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|9|10|N|87|48|58|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Sagrai| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sagrai]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|10|14|N|87|43|18|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Ukhrid| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ukhrid]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|58|46|N|87|55|33|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Gotan| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Gotan]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|4|34|N|87|54|22|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Maheshbati| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Maheshbati]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|18|N|88|2|26|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Masagram| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Masagram]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|11|6|N|88|1|47|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Rasulpur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Rasulpur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|9|13|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Sat Deul| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Sat Deul]] (H)| shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|23.0486|87.6836}}| label17=Dwarakeswar River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=50| label-pos17=right| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|23.1967|87.8661}}| label18=Damodar River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=20| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none}}

===Urbanisation===
95.54% of the population of Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 4.46% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Police station===
Madhabdihi police station has jurisdiction over Raina II CD Block.Great revolutionary Rash Behari Bose was born under this police station area. The area covered is 225.5 km2.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | title = Purba Bardhaman District Police | work = Police Station | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180927234333/http://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | archive-date = 27 September 2018 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Raina II CD block are located at Madhabdihi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 27 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | title = BDO Offices under Burdwan District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 8 February 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181005055734/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | archive-date = 5 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Madhabdihi had a total population of 2,584, of which 1,315 (51%) were males and 1,269 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 289. The total number of literates in Madhabdihi was 1,866 (81.31% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Mandela Road links Madhabdihi to Bardhaman Road.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
Saknara High School on Kabikankan Road is a coeducational Bengali-medium high school.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiastudychannel.com/schools/48224-Saknara-High-School-Madhabdihi.aspx| title = Saknara High School| publisher = India Study Channel|access-date = 23 January 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Madhabdihi Rural Hospital at Madhabdihi, PO Chhoto-bainan (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in [[Raina II]] CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Binodpur, PO Bajekamarpur (with 2 beds), [[Gotan]] (with 6 beds), Kaity (with 10 beds), Painta (with 4 beds) and Subaldaha (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also - [[Healthcare in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]