Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Gurbux Saini

2026-04-25T18:59:31Z

Rahuljogi: new the page basic info

{{Short description|Canadian politician (born 1951)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Fleetwood—Port Kells]]
| term_start = {{start date|2025|04|28}}
| party = [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
| predecessor = [[Ken Hardie]]
| website = {{URL|https://gurbuxsaini.liberal.ca/}}
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951}}<ref>https://www.surreynowleader.com/local-news/breaking-liberals-projected-to-win-in-fleetwood-port-kells-7973886</ref>
| birth_place = Bhungarni, [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab]], [[India]]<ref>https://thetimesofcanada.com/gurbux-saini/</ref>
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|MP|size=100%}}
}}

'''Gurbux Saini''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|MP}} is a Canadian politician from the [[Liberal Party of Canada]]. He was elected [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Fleetwood—Port Kells]] in the [[2025 Canadian federal election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Torstar Open Data |date=2025-04-29 |title=Fleetwood—Port Kells live federal election results |url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/election-results/fleetwood-port-kells-live-federal-election-results/article_d86cba4f-a14d-51fc-8167-94432b9ed4e7.html |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Toronto Star |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Saini was awarded a Queen’s Platinum Jubilee award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GURBUX SINGH SAINI – QUEEN'S PLATINUM JUBILEE AWARD WINNER – The Times of Canada |url=https://thetimesofcanada.com/gurbux-singh-saini-queens-platinum-jubilee-award-winner/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Saini is of Indian heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=Indian-origin candidates shine in Canadian federal elections as NDP leader Jagmeet Singh faces crushing defeat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/indian-origin-candidates-canadian-federal-elections-ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-defeat-9972542/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He migrated to Canada in 1970 from Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indo-Canadian MPs hit new high in Canada polls: How many got elected this year? {{!}} Full list |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/indo-canadian-mps-hit-new-high-in-canada-polls-sukh-dhaliwal-anita-anand-9015726 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==
{{2025 Canadian federal election/Fleetwood—Port Kells}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Gurbux}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian foresters]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Surrey, British Columbia, city councillors]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]

{{BritishColumbia-MP-stub}}

Antony John Baptist

2026-04-25T06:35:16Z

Rahuljogi: Creating First Bio Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian Catholic priest and theologian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| image = AJ Baptist.png
| caption = Antony John Baptist
| type = priest
| name = Antony John Baptist
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend|The Reverend Dr]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|4|15}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| title =
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore |Vellore]]
| other_post = Director, [[National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre]]
| occupation = Priest, biblical scholar, theologian, church historian
| module = {{Infobox academic|embed=yes
| education = [[University of Madras|University of Madras, Chennai]] {{small|(BA, PhD & DLitt)}} 
[[Pontifical Biblical Institute|Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome]] {{small|([[Licentiate in Sacred Scripture|Licentiate (LSS)]])}} [[Annamalai University]] {{small|(MA, History)}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| thesis1_title = Character of Hagar in Genesis 16:1–16: A Narrative Study from the Perspective of Dalit Women {{small|(PhD)}}
| thesis1_year = 2009
| thesis2_title = Biblical Interpretation from the Perspective of Dalit Women {{small|(DLitt)}}
| thesis2_year = 2024
| school_tradition = [[Catholic theology | Catholic]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Felix Wilfred]]
| era = 21st Century
| discipline = [[Old Testament]]
| sub_discipline = Pentateuch, Biblical Narratives, Dalit Feminist Reading
| workplaces = [[University of Madras]], [[National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre]], [[Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram|DVK Pontifical Athenaeum]], [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary|St. Peter's Pontifical Institute]]
}}}}

'''Antony John Baptist''' (born April 15, 1965) is an Indian [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] priest from [[Tamil Nadu]], biblical scholar, theologian and pastor. He serves as the director of the [[National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre]] (NBCLC) in Bangalore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2021 |title=New directors of the Biblical Departments of the CBF Full Members in India appointed. |url=https://c-b-f.org/en/News/Regions/Asia/South-Asia/Changes-India |website=Catholic Biblical Federation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Bishops Conference India, National Centers - NBCLC |url=https://www.cbci.in/nationalcentersdetails?title=national-biblical,-catechetical-and-liturgical-centre-(nbclc) |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.cbci.in}}</ref> His academic and pastoral work is focused on contextual theology and the interpretation of biblical narratives, particularly from the perspective of marginalised communities such as Dalit women.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=:: NBCLC :: |url=https://www.nbclcindia.org/johnbaptist.php |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.nbclcindia.org}}</ref>

== Education ==
Antony John Baptist holds a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD) and a [[Doctor Litterarum]] (DLitt) from the [[University of Madras]], where he studied in the Department of Christian Studies. He also earned a [[Licentiate of Sacred Theology|Licentiate in Sacred Scripture]] (LSS) from the [[Pontifical Biblical Institute]] in [[Rome]]. Apart from his theological studies, he has earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA in History]] from University of Madras and an [[Master of Arts|MA in History]] from [[Annamalai University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

Baptist served the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore|Diocese of Vellore]] as a member of the College of Consultors, a member of the Priests’ Senate, Secretary to the Diocesan Bible Commission, and Secretary to the Diocesan Vocation Commission. He held academic and formation roles as Vice-Rector of Sacred Heart College, Poonamallee, and later as Rector of St Francis Xavier Inter-diocesan Seminary, Veppoor.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Autor - Editorial Verbo Divino |url=https://verbodivino.es/autores/73906/antony-john-baptist |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=verbodivino.es |language=es-es}}</ref>

Baptist also served as Secretary to the Commission for the Bible of the Tamil Nadu Bishops’ Council. Since May 2017, he has been the Executive Secretary of the [[Conference of Catholic Bishops of India]] (CCBI), Bible Commission.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Commission |url=https://ccbi.in/commissions-bible/?hl=en-GB |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=CCBI |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=:: Conference of Catholic Bishops of India, Commission for Bible :: |url=https://www.ccbibible.in/new-secretary.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.ccbibible.in}}</ref> In January 2021, Baptist was appointed as the Director of the National Biblical Catechetical and Liturgical Centre (NBCLC) in Bangalore,<ref>{{Cite web |title="Church has a Major Role in India," says Abp. Machado |url=https://catholicconnect.in/news/church-has-a-major-role-in-india-says-abp-machado |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Catholic Connnect |language=en}}</ref> under the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] (CBCI).<ref>{{cite news |title=New directors of the Biblical Departments of the CBF Full Members in India. |url=https://c-b-f.org/en/News/Regions/Asia/South-Asia/Changes-India |work=c-b-f.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 08 30 CBF Executive Committee |url=https://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/news/2022/2022-08-30-comite-executi-fbc.html |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.christianunity.va}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ICM |first=Team |date=2024-11-26 |title=B'luru: Empowering Future Leaders – Deacons Unite for a Synodal Journey at NBCLC Seminar |url=https://www.indiancatholicmatters.org/bluru-empowering-future-leaders-deacons-unite-for-a-synodal-journey-at-nbclc-seminar/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Indian Catholic Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

Baptist is a member of the Editorial Board of ''[[Concilium (journal)|Concilium]]'' journal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors & Editors |url=https://concilium.hymnsam.co.uk/about-us/directors-editors/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=concilium.hymnsam.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Editors (2024-25) |url=https://concilium-vatican2.org/en/board-of-editors-2024-25/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Concilium: International Journal of Theology |language=en-GB}}</ref> He also serves on the Translations Committee of the [[Bible Society of India]], and as the Coordinator for the South Asian Sub-region of the [[Catholic Biblical Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 08 30 CBF Executive Committee |url=https://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/news/2022/2022-08-30-comite-executi-fbc.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.christianunity.va}}</ref>

In addition to his leadership roles, Baptist teaches as adjunct faculty at Vidya Deep College, [[Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram|DVK Pontifical Athenaeum]], [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]] and also at the Department of Christian Studies at the [[University of Madras]], where he has served as a visiting professor.<ref name=":2" />

== Selected Publications ==
===Books===
* {{cite book |title=Thus Spoke the Bible: Basics of Biblical Narratives |edition=2nd ed., revised and enlarged |publisher=Theological Publications in India |location=Bengaluru |year=2024 |isbn=978-93-95623-94-0}}
* {{cite book |title=Planted by the Stream: Biblical Themes for Today |publisher=ATC |location=Bengaluru |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-86516-77-0}}
* {{cite book |title=Thus Spoke the Bible: Basics of Biblical Narratives |publisher=ISPCK |location=New Delhi |year=2024 |isbn=978-81-8465-565-0}}
* {{cite book |title=Unsung Melodies from Margins |publisher=ISPCK |location=New Delhi |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8465-378-6}}
* {{cite book |title=Together as Sisters: Hagar and Dalit Women |publisher=ISPCK |location=New Delhi |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8465-265-9}}

===Book chapters===
* {{cite book |chapter=Evolution and Sustaining of Covenant Community in Pentateuch and Historical Books |title=Being and Becoming Ecclesia: Biblical Perspectives |series=CBAI Seminar Papers 5 |editor=Joy Philip Kakkanattu and Laurence Culas |pages=23–41 |publisher=Theological Publications in India |location=Bengaluru |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-9523-495-0}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Missionary Ongoing Formation: Biblical, Catechetical, Spiritual, and Theological |title=Faith Working through Love: Evangelization and Its Horizons |editor=Assisi Saldanha |pages=179–190 |publisher=Commission for Bible |location=Bangalore |year=2020 |isbn=978-93-8896-850-8}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Movements from a Triumphantalistic Perspective to a Kenotic Perspective in Deuteronomistic History |title=Call to Self-Emptying: Biblical Perspectives |editor=Prema Vakayil and Laurence Culas |pages=27–38 |publisher=Theological Publications in India |location=Bengaluru |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-83163-77-9}}
* {{cite book |chapter=New Avenues of Biblical Apostolate in India Today |title=Like a Watered Garden |volume=2 |editor=Stanislas Savarimuthu, P. Joseph Titus, M. David Stanly Kumar, and A. Alfred Joseph |pages=421–441 |publisher=Theological Publications in India |location=Bengaluru |year=2017}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Subalterns Speak Up: Dalit Women |title=Baruch Letter of Jeremiah, Wisdom Commentary |volume=31 |author=Marie-Theres Wacker |pages=98–99, 104–105, 110–111, 116, 120 |publisher=Liturgical Press |location=Collegeville |year=2016 |isbn=978-0814681558}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Family as Domestic Church in the Sacred Scripture |title=Word of God, Source of Life in the Family: Proceedings of the Catholic Biblical Federation, South Asia Sub-Region Convocation |editor=Rayanna Govindu |pages=47–59 |publisher=CBF South Asia |location=Bengaluru |year=2016}}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Belief of Early Church on the Resurrection of Jesus in the Light of 1 Cor 15 |title=Riches of His Grace: Studies on Johannine and Pauline Literature: A Festschrift for Professor Dr. Aloysius Xavier |editor=P. Joseph Titus, S. Stanislas, M. David Stanly Kumar, and A. Alfred Joseph |pages=341–357 |publisher=Theological Publications in India |location=Bengaluru |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-83163-37-3}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Encountering the Divine: A Study of Hagar’s Encounter with God in Gen 16 |title=Bible and Mission: Biblical Perspectives for Doing Mission in Contemporary India |editor=P. Joseph Titus and Dexter S. Maben |pages=21–35 |publisher=SBSI |location=Bangalore |year=2015}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Testimonies as Representation of Dalit Women Reality and Their Use in Researches |title=Theology for a New Community |editor=T. K. John and James Massey |pages=173–187 |publisher=Centre for Dalit/Subaltern Studies |location=New Delhi |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-81907-04-7}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Justice in the Bible |title=Christian Ethics |editor=Textbook for M.A. Christian Studies|pages=135–157 |publisher=University of Madras |location=Chennai }}
Apart from these, Baptist has also published numerous academic papers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antony John Baptist |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hGJ7zcwAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nbclc.org Official website of NBCLC]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baptist, Antony John}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Christian writers]]
[[Category:Old Testament scholars]]
[[Category:Indian biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical Biblical Institute alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

I (Malayalam)

2026-04-21T07:52:10Z

Rahuljogi:

{{Short description|Third letter of the Malayalam script}}

'''ഇ''' is the third letter of the [[Malayalam script]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steever |first=Sanford B. |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Unicode Consortium |date=2025 |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 17.0: Malayalam Code Chart (U+0D00–U+0D7F) |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf}}</ref> It is an independent vowel letter that represents the close front unrounded vowel /[[close front unrounded vowel|i]]/.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> In the Malayalam [[abugida]], ഇ is classified as a ''laghu'' (short vowel), a category that influences metrical rules in poetry and grammatical [[sandhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=A. R. Raja Raja |title=കേരളപാണിനീയം |date=1896}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Brahmic-script-stub}}
[[Category:Malayalam script]]
[[Category:Brahmic graphemes]]

Rajesh Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-20T09:16:15Z

Rahuljogi: new the pg v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rajesh Yadav राजेश यादव
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Katra (Assembly constituency)|Katra]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2012
| term_end =
| predecessor = None
| successor =
| constituency2 = [[Tilhar (Assembly constituency)|Tilhar]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 7 May
| term_end2 = 12 March
| predecessor2 = [[Virendra Pratap Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Roshan Lal Verma]]
| constituency3 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency4 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| constituency5 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| constituency6 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1969|11|21}}<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/131.pdf}}</ref>
| birth_place = Shahjahanpur district<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = [[Late Satyapal Singh Yadav]] (Father)<ref name="Member Profile"/>
[[Late Shakuntala Yadav]] (Mother)<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| citizenship =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| other_party =
| spouse = Anjana Yadav
| partner =
| relations =
| children = 2 sons: Jayant Yadav and Abhay Yadav
| alma_mater = [[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar|Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College]] [[Swami Sukhdevanand Law College]]<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=2041}}</ref>
| occupation =
| profession = Politician and farmer
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
}}
'''Rajesh Yadav''' ({{langx|hi|राजेश यादव}}) is an Indian politician and member of the [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> He represents the [[Katra (Assembly constituency)|Katra]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from constituency|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/katra.html}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rajesh Yadav was born in Shahjahanpur district. He attended the [[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar|Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College]] and [[Swami Sukhdevanand Law College]] and attained [[Bachelor of Engineering]] & [[Bachelor of Laws]] degrees.<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><ref name="Member Profile"/>

==Political career==
Rajesh Yadav has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for two terms. He represented the [[Katra (Assembly constituency)|Katra]] constituency and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>

He lost his seat in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly election]] to Veer Vikram Singh Prince of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/katra-mla-results|title = Live KATRA Seat Election Result 2022 in Uttar Pradesh}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2012 || 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
| 02 || 2007 || 2012 || Member, [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]] ||

|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Katra (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Tilhar (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:People from Shahjahanpur district]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Narayanpet Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:47Z

Rahuljogi: Adding first stub w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narayanpet
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (73-Narayanpet highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Narayanpet Assembly constituency within Telangana
| established = 2008
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 73
| mla = [[Chittem Parnika Reddy]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 1,95,740
}}
'''Narayanpet Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Mahabubnagar district]] and is a part of [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

As of 2023, the constituency is represented by [[Chittem Parnika Reddy]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028}}

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Narayanpet]]
| [[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
|-
| [[Koilkonda]]
| [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|-
| [[Damaragidda]]
| rowspan=2|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
|-
| [[Dhanwada]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 2009
| Yelkoti Yella Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=1|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|S Rajender Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=1|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2018<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2023
| [[Chittem Parnika Reddy|Dr. Chittem Parnika Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Narayanpet<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/telangana-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2023 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Narayanpet">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Narayanpet |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2973.htm |access-date=3 February 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203150630/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2973.htm |archive-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Chittem Parnika Reddy | Dr. Chittem Parnika Reddy]]|votes=84,708|percentage=46.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=S. Rajender Reddy|votes=76,757|percentage=41.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Ratanga Pandu Reddy|votes=15,708|percentage=8.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bodhigeli Srinivasulu|votes=2,468|percentage=1.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,517|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,951|percentage=4.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,82,899|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Narayanpet<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = S. Rajender Reddy
| votes = 68,767
| percentage = 42.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujana Left Front
| candidate = K. Shivakumar Reddy
| votes = 53,580
| percentage = 33.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = K. Rathanga Pandu Reddy
| votes = 20,111
| percentage = 12.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Krishna Saraf Bangaru Balappa
| votes = 6,344
| percentage = 3.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 1,948
| percentage = 1.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 15,187
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,61,754
| percentage = 79.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mahabubnagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16.75|77.50|display=title}}
{{Mahabubnagar district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

West Bengal State University

2026-04-17T13:50:38Z

Rahuljogi:

{{short description|Public state university in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = West Bengal State University
| image = West Bengal State University Logo.svg
| image_upright = .7
| motto = {{lang|sa|lakṣya viśvamānavam}}
| mottoeng = The goal is universal
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[State university (India)|State University]]
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2008|02|25}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=Feb 23, 2021|title=NAAC Grade Sheet|url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/grade_sheet_rpt/eyJpdiI6IkpNaEsxOHBKSnhKNWtJRk45Y0Nvc2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSUlxOTRaZWNoUXZVRlN3RThDUFlcL3c9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjNhNjEyMzBjZjJmMWE4MGEyNWJkODk4MWI5OWRiNzJjNWE4MWM5ZjE5OGNmYTAwZmE2YTIwMzNiMmQ5YWQ0ZDYifQ==|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922144319/https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/grade_sheet_rpt/eyJpdiI6IkpNaEsxOHBKSnhKNWtJRk45Y0Nvc2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSUlxOTRaZWNoUXZVRlN3RThDUFlcL3c9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjNhNjEyMzBjZjJmMWE4MGEyNWJkODk4MWI5OWRiNzJjNWE4MWM5ZjE5OGNmYTAwZmE2YTIwMzNiMmQ5YWQ0ZDYifQ==|archive-date=Sep 22, 2021|access-date=Feb 23, 2021|website=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]}}</ref>
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist |[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]}}
| budget = {{INRConvert|30.57|c|1|lk=on}} {{small|(2024{{ndash}}25)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| chancellor = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| vice_chancellor = Debabrata Mitra<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsu.ac.in/web/vice-chancellor/|title=Vice-Chancellor- WBSU}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 98 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 2,492 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2026 |url=https://wbsu.ac.in/web/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/NIRF-2026_West-Bengal-State-University20260218-.pdf |publisher=West Bengal State University}}</ref>
| undergrad =
| postgrad = 2,029 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 463 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Barasat]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.7391375|N|88.4350716|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| campus_type = [[Urban areas|Urban]] {{convert|27.86|acre|ha}}
| logo = West Bengal State University wardmark Logo.svg
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

[[File:WBSU roadside view.jpg|thumb|right|220px|WBSU main gate and administrative building]]
'''West Bengal State University''' ('''WBSU''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[university]] situated in Berunanpukuria, [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paraganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It was established by an Act of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=The West Bengal State University Act, 2007|url=https://wbhed.gov.in/readwrite/uploads/WEST_BENGAL_STATE_UNIVERSITY_ACT_2007.PDF |website=wbhed.gov.in|access-date=21 June 2021 |date=25 February 2008}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Government of West Bengal]] through an Act of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] has passed ''West Bengal Act XXVIII, 2007'' implementing a long-standing public demand in creating the university named West Bengal State University at [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paraganas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The West Bengal State Universities Act |url=https://wbsu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/act-pdf-1_compressed.pdf |publisher=WBSU |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108013126/https://wbsu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/act-pdf-1_compressed.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This became functional from the academic session 2008–09. On 26 May 2008, there were 63 colleges formerly affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. They were, through a government notification (''No.300-Edn (U)/ IU-38/08''), transferred to this new university.<ref name="wbsub.org">http://www.wbsubregistraion.org/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/stateuni.html |title = Untitled Page}}</ref>
The university began functioning under its first Vice-Chancellor Ashoke Ranjan Thakur, the erstwhile Pro-Vice-Chancellor of [[Jadavpur University]].

==Campus and location==
[[File:WBSU old building.jpg|thumb|250px|WBSU old building and campus]]
The total area of university campuses is {{convert|29|acres|sqkm|abbr=on}}. The university is located in very quiet place, free of crowd, at a remote village named Berunanpukuria, which is located in the [[North 24 Parganas]] district, 7 km off [[Barasat]] city (the district headquarters of North 24 Parganas), [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paraganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Organization and administration==
===Governance===
The [[Governor of West Bengal]] is the [[ex-officio]] [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the university, while the Vice-chancellor of the university is the chief executive officer of the university. The Vice-Chancellor shall hold the office for a period of four years or till the age of sixty-five, whichever is earlier.<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal Act XXVIII, 2007 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/14630/1/2007-28.pdf |website=www.indiacode.nic.in |publisher=State Gazette of West Bengal |access-date=11 November 2025 |page=7 |quote=Chapter II: Section 9 (2)(a)}}</ref> Currently, Prof. Debabrata Mitra is the Vice-Chancellor of the university.<ref>{{cite news |title=WB state univ gets VC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/wb-state-univ-gets-vc/articleshow/116721923.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=27 December 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left:1em; font-size:100%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:50em; max-width:40%;"
! style="background:#ccc;" colspan="3"| List of All Vice-Chancellors
|-
! No.
! Name
! Period
|-
|1.
|Ashok Ranjan Thakur
| May 2008 - May 2012
|-
|2.
|Kaushik Gupta
| May 2012 - May 2014
|-
|3.
|Chanchal Kumar Bose
| May 2014 - December 2014
|-
|4
|Jyotish Prakash Bose
| December 2014 - September 2015
|-
|5
|Basab Chaudhuri
| September 2015 - February 2021
|-
|6
|Mahua Das
| February 2021 - May 2023
|-
|7
|[[Raj Kumar Kothari]]
| September 2023 - June 2024
|-
|8
|Dr. Souren Bandhopadhyay
| June 2024 - December 2024
|-
|9
|[[Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee]]
| December 2024 - August 2025
|-
|10
|Debabrata Mitra
|January 2026 - present
|-
|}

===Faculties and departments===
West Bengal State University has 30 departments organized into three faculty councils.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbsubregistration.org/#|title=West Bengal State University :: Barasat :: West Bengal|website=wbsuregistration.org}}</ref>

* '''Faculty of Science'''

This faculty consists of the departments of Anthropology, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Biochemistry, Psychology, Geography, Rural Studies, Electronics, Food and Nutrition, Microbiology, Statistics, Economics, Botany, Zoology, and Physiology.

* '''Faculty of Arts'''

This faculty council consists of the departments of Bengali, English, Hindi, Sanskrit, Urdu, Arabic, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Education, Sociology, Library Science, Film Studies, and Journalism.

* '''Faculty of Commerce and Management'''

This faculty consists of the departments of Commerce and Business Administration.

===Affiliations===
The university is an affiliating institution. All the 55 colleges (including Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and B.Ed.) in the district of [[North 24 Parganas]], which were formerly affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]], are affiliated to this university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/wbsu-bags-place-in-list-of-best-public-varsities-in-bengal-294553|title=WBSU bags place in one of best Public varsities in WB|date=15 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/wbsu-undertakes-measures-to-attract-more-first-generation-learners-304976|title=Barasat University to apply UGC new CBCS syllabus from 2018-19 sesion|date=17 June 2018 }}</ref> {{as of|2025|6}} the university has 55 affiliated colleges, of which 8 are Fully Govt. funded, 7 are S.F (Self-Financing) and rests are Govt. Aided (G.A) colleges.<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliate College Name List – WBSU |url=https://wbsu.ac.in/web/affiliate-college-name-list/ |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> Out of 55 colleges, eight are NAAC-accredited A-grade colleges and 19 colleges offer [[Postgraduate]] courses.<ref name="About Us">{{cite web |title=WBSU / About Us |url=https://www.wbsu.ac.in/about-us/ |publisher=WBSU |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162351/https://www.wbsu.ac.in/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Main|Template: West Bengal State University}}

==Academics==
===Admission===
One can take admission in the undergraduate course of the university based on their results in the higher secondary (10+2) examination. For admission in the postgraduate courses and doctoral degree courses, one has to take an entrance exam (written test/interview) given by the university or any national level exam related to the subject, held by the University Grants Commission.

===Library===
The university has a library on the first floor of its main building with an internet facility.
This library is usually called as "Central library of WBSU". The recent Librarian is Dr. Sushanta Banerjee. The central library maintains various subjects like,

* Number of books - 159000 (approx)
* Number of journals - 50 (approx)
* Number of reference books - 1500 (approx)

===Accreditation===
The university is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (U.G.C.) in terms of Section 12B of the U.G.C. Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/State%20University%2012(B).pdf|website=ugc.ac.in|title= University Grants Commission, 12B list}}</ref> The university received accreditation from [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) on 23 February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NANDI |first1=SOUMITRA |title=Varsity to vie for NAAC tag post 2020 convocation |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/varsity-to-vie-for-naac-tag-post-2020-convocation-348762 |access-date=17 July 2021 |work=www.millenniumpost.in |date=12 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:WBSU administrative building side view.jpg|WBSU Administrative building side view
File:WBSU old building.jpg|WBSU first building
File:WBSU administrative block front view.jpg|Administrative building front view
File:West Bengal State University (1).jpg|Entrance of West Bengal State University (captured in 2016)
</gallery>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Raj Chakraborty]] — filmmaker
* [[Partha Bhowmick]] — theater artist
* [[Rubel Das]] — actor
* [[Shweta Bhattacharya]] — actress
* [[Sayantan Ghosal]] — Indian screenplay writer and filmmaker

== Notable Faculty==
* [[Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee]]

==See also==
* [[List of universities in India#West Bengal|List of universities in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://wbsubregistration.org/ Official website]
*[https://wbsu.ac.in/ Official Website]

{{Universities in West Bengal}}{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{West Bengal State University}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:West Bengal State University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Barasat]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in West Bengal]]

Hire Bagewadi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:39Z

Rahuljogi: Made some entry from scratch - done

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{other_uses|Belagavi Assembly constituency (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hire Bagewadi
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| division = [[Belagavi division|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
| constituency_no = 199
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| electors =
}}
'''Hire Bagewadi Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. C. Lingappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. A. Patil
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | Astekar Govind Laxman || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Shivaputrappa Channabasappa Malagi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Modagekar @desai Krishnarao Chudamani || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | Shivaputrappa Channabasappa Malagi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Abhay Bharamagouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hire Bagewadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Abhay Bharamagouda Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,854 |percentage = 27.77% |change = {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaputrappa Channabasappa Malagi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,156 |percentage = 24.64% |change = {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suntakar Shivaji Kedari |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,420 |percentage = 24.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bapugouda Shivanagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,799 |percentage = 7.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Modegekar Ashok Narayan |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 6,540 |percentage = 5.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,007 |percentage = 5.08% |change = {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Hadigouda R. Patil |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,300 |percentage = 1.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahammadhanif Mahamadali Sanadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,384 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallappa Laxman Kambale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,698 |percentage = 3.13% |change = {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,340 |percentage = 71.13% |change = {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,308}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,380 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{increase}}3.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hire Bagewadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaputrappa Channabasappa Malagi |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 24,439 |percentage = 24.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pingat Yallojirao Sidarai |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,166 |percentage = 24.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivashankar Somalingappa Malagali |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,870 |percentage = 23.78% |change = {{increase}}8.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abhay Bharamagouda Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,090 |percentage = 19.02% |change = {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavant. B. Pujer |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,814 |percentage = 4.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Appasaheb Basaprabhu |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,344 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Balakrishna Appugol |party = Independent politician |votes = 979 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jamadar Abdul-majid Goussab |party = Independent politician |votes = 657 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 273 |percentage = 0.27% |change = {{decrease}}5.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,274 |percentage = 72.98% |change = {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,359}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,896 |percentage = 6.43% |change = {{increase}}3.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,997 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hire Bagewadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaputrappa Channabasappa Malagi |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,529 |percentage = 29.10% |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Astekar Govind Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,125 |percentage = 23.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ninganagouda Basanagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,370 |percentage = 15.76% |change = {{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sambhaji Laxman |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 8,632 |percentage = 9.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mokhashi Rudrappa Veerappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha |votes = 8,346 |percentage = 9.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yallurkar Kisan Sidray |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,534 |percentage = 6.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lingaraj. B. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,000 |percentage = 5.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavali Sangappa Faseppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 828 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,404 |percentage = 5.93% |change = {{increase}}5.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,930 |percentage = 71.76% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,177}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,728 |percentage = 2.90% |change = {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,897 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.72 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hire Bagewadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Modagekar @desai Krishnarao Chudamani |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,212 |percentage = 26.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yallurkar Kisan Sidray |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,049 |percentage = 26.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaputrappa Channabasappa Malagi |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,025 |percentage = 25.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appayappa Karaveerappa Kotrasetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,786 |percentage = 14.14% |change = {{decrease}}16.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malagali Gangadhar Sangappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,591 |percentage = 3.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivanagouda Bhimagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 972 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Apoleon Bavtis Borges |party = Independent politician |votes = 875 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kademani Chandrasekhar Veerupaxi |party = Independent politician |votes = 829 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolkar Durgappa Mailappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 607 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 163 |percentage = 0.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,686 |percentage = 71.49% |change = {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,356}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,330 |percentage = 4.94% |change = {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,659 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hire Bagewadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaputrappa Channabasappa Malagi |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,553 |percentage = 35.14% |change = {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Astekar Govind Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,319 |percentage = 33.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appayappa Karaveerappa Kotrasetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,603 |percentage = 30.33% |change = {{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Omanna Kalappa Chowghle |party = Independent politician |votes = 853 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 2.01% |change = {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,718 |percentage = 66.22% |change = {{decrease}}5.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,328}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,390 |percentage = 2.22% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,712 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hire Bagewadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Astekar Govind Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,333 |percentage = 37.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ninganagouda Basanagouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,981 |percentage = 29.61% |change = {{increase}}7.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yeligar Devendra Keshappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,955 |percentage = 27.83% |change = {{increase}}16.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivanagouda Channagouda Alias Kundarnad Patil |party = Lokdal |votes = 2,000 |percentage = 3.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukkar Ningappa Yallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 489 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Maruti Bhima |party = Independent politician |votes = 415 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,352 |percentage = 7.59% |change = {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,898 |percentage = 71.75% |change = {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,340}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,558 |percentage = 2.65% |change = {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,091 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hire Bagewadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Astekar Govind Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,507 |percentage = 35.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malagali Gangadhar Sangappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,915 |percentage = 28.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balekundri Basalingu Shivshankar |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,449 |percentage = 21.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Balasaheb Bharamanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,162 |percentage = 11.74% |change = {{decrease}}26.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malagali Shidalingappa Appanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 997 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madanalli Gurappa Balappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 438 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,592 |percentage = 6.85% |change = {{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,299 |percentage = 71.50% |change = {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,468}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,831 |percentage = 3.37% |change = {{increase}}3.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,939 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hire Bagewadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,621 |percentage = 38.57% |change = {{decrease}}54.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Patil |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 10,362 |percentage = 25.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kutre Gurunath Maryappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,693 |percentage = 21.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Annappagodda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 890 |percentage = 2.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,259 |percentage = 12.98% |change = {{decrease}}26.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,276 |percentage = 63.78% |change = {{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,504}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,289 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}54.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hire Bagewadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. C. Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,092 |percentage = 93.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Basawani |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,005 |percentage = 53.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Mareppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 481 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. M. Gurunath |party = Independent politician |votes = 229 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,087 |percentage = 39.69% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,617 |percentage = 51.75% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,932}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,230 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|15.774589|74.644923|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Drao Kumar Reang

2026-04-04T20:30:42Z

Rahuljogi: new some biography needs work

{{short description| Indian Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Drao Kumar Riang
|image =
|office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start = [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|9 March 1977]]
|term_end = 1983
|predecessor =
|successor = [[Shyama Charan Tripura]]
|constituency = [[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santirbazar]]
|office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start1 = 1988
|term_end1 = 1993
|successor1 = Lenprasad Malsai
|constituency1 = [[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency|Kanchanpur]]
|birth_name =
|spouse =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Tripura]], India
|parents =
|party =
* [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
* [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]]

|other_party =
|children = [[Philip Kumar Reang]]
|alma_mater =
*[[University of Calcutta]]
*[[University of Mumbai]]
}}

'''Drao Kumar Riang''' was a [[Tripuri people|Tipra]]-[[India]]n politician from [[Tripura]]. He won the election as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing [[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santirbazar]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html|title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1977|website=Election India|access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/santirbazar-tripura-assembly-constituency|title=List of all MLA from Santirbazar Assembly Constituency Seat Tripura|website=Result University|access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref> He also won in the [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kanchanpur-tripura-assembly-constituency|title=List of all MLA from Kanchanpur Assembly Constituency Seat(Tripura)|website=Result University|access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref>

He was one of the prominent leaders of [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Subir Bhaumik|title=Insurgent Crossfire: North-east India|publisher=Lancer Publications|year=1996|isbn=1-897829-12-4|pages=137}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hamlet Bareh |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2001|isbn=81-7099-787-9|pages=124}}</ref> which was merged with [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Dey|first=Tapas|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/journey-through-50-years-of-tripuras-first-tribal-based/cid2545184.htm|title=Journey through 50 years of Tripura based first tribal based party:TUJS-INPT|website=The Northeast Today|access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reang, Drao Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1977–1983]]
[[Category:Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti politicians]]
[[Category:Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra politicians]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1988–1993]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Soukarya Ghosal

2026-03-24T12:47:38Z

Rahuljogi: Info

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Soukarya Ghosal
| honorific_suffix = সৌকর্য ঘোষাল
| image = Soukarya Ghosal.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Soukarya Ghosal
| caption = Soukarya Ghosal at the [[55th International Film Festival of India]] in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1986|6|7}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| citizenship =[[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[Asutosh College|University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| years_active = 2014 -
| occupation = {{flat list|
* [[Film director|Director]]
* [[Film producer|Producer]]
* [[Screenwriter]]
* [[Songwriter|Music Composer]]
* [[Cartoonist]]
* [[Animator]]
}}
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Rainbow Jelly]]''|''[[Bhootpori]]''|''[[Pokkhirajer Dim]]''|''[[OCD (film)|OCD]]''}}
| notable_works =
| height = 
| spouse = Pooja Chatterjee
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
}}

'''Soukarya Ghosal''' ({{langx|bn|সৌকর্য ঘোষাল}}; born 7 June 1986) is an Indian filmmaker, director, screenwriter, illustrator and music composer. He is widely considered for his work in [[Rainbow Jelly]], a food fantasy film for the children in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/review-of-pendulam-bengali-movie-1.7404|title=দেওয়াল ঘড়ির পিছল সুরে|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> His film [[Bhootpori]] starring [[Jaya Ahsan]], was an official selection for Indian Panorama at [[International Film Festival of India]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/three-bengali-films-shine-at-iffi-aamar-boss-bhootpori-and-onko-ki-kothin/articleshow/114601772.cms|title=3 Bengali films picked for IFFI's non- mainstream Indian Panorama|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Goa which also received the Best Screenplay award at 14 Dadasaheb Phalke Film Festival in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bengali-horror-comedy-film-starring-jaya-ahsan-receives-prestigious-award/articleshow/109778352.cms|title=Bengali horror comedy film starring Jaya Ahsan receives prestigious award|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bhootpori-is-a-strong-reminder-of-what-a-bengali-film-is-capable-of-when-its-original/cid/2000542|title=Bhootpori is a strong reminder of what a Bengali film is capable of when it's original|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The [[Pokkhirajer Dim]] was an official selection for Indian Panorama at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] in Goa 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bengali-films-barobabu-and-pokkhirajer-dim-selected-for-indian-panorama-at-56th-iffi/articleshow/125131482.cms|title= Bengali films “Barobabu” and “Pokkhirajer Dim” selected for Indian Panorama at 56th IFFI |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web |date=30 May 2025 |title=Trailer of Pokkhirajer Dim promises a fantasy adventure rooted in Bengali folklore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/trailer-of-pokkhirajer-dim-promises-a-fantasy-adventure-rooted-in-bengali-folklore/articleshow/121511599.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603120000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/trailer-of-pokkhirajer-dim-promises-a-fantasy-adventure-rooted-in-bengali-folklore/articleshow/121511599.cms |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="T2Online">{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=30 May 2025 |title=The trailer of Pokkhirajer Dim suggests a sci-fi fantasy film filled with fun and adventure |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-trailer-of-pokkhirajer-dim-suggests-a-sci-fi-fantasy-film-filled-with-fun-and-adventure/1474195 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603121500/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-trailer-of-pokkhirajer-dim-suggests-a-sci-fi-fantasy-film-filled-with-fun-and-adventure/1474195 |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2Online]]}}</ref> Ghosal's latest film [[OCD (film)]] had its world premiere in the Indian Language Competition section at the [[28th Kolkata International Film Festival]] in 2022 and theatrically released on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/jaya-ahsan-will-act-in-soukarya-ghoshal-new-film-ocd-183487.html|title=লজ্জা, ভয় আর নীরবতার বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিবাদ! প্রকাশ্যে 'ওসিডি'-তে জয়ার লুক|newspaper=[[Aajkaal]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

His first feature film [[Pendulum (2014 film)|Pendulum]] bagged three awards in the 4th [[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] in 2014. Ghosal made His second film ''Load Shedding'' in 2015<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/115037315-teenage-love-story-kolkatas-power-cut-days-soukarya-ghosals-loadshedding-bangla-mo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220034812/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/115037315-teenage-love-story-kolkatas-power-cut-days-soukarya-ghosals-loadshedding-bangla-mo|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 December 2015|title=Teenage Love Story in Kolkata's Power-Cut Days: Soukarya Ghosal's "Loadshedding" Bangla Movie on Zee Original Cinema|publisher=[[Washington Bangla Radio on Internet|Washington Bangla]]}}</ref> which he wrote and directed for [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Bangla Cinema]] Originals, was a [[teenage]] [[Romance film|love story]] set in the 90's.

His film [[Rainbow Jelly]], a food fantasy film about an autistic orphan received [[Federation of Film Societies of India|Hiralal Sen Award]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/soukaryas-rainbow-jelly-wins-big/articleshow/68672557.cms|title= Soukarya's Rainbow Jelly wins big|work=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com|The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Rituparno Ghosh]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-winners-of-the-2019-wbfja-awards/photostory/67522300.cms|title= Here's all you need to know about the winners of the 2019 WBFJA Awards|work=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com|The Times of India]]}}</ref> Memorial Award for Most Promising Director from [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]. His upcoming film ''Kalantar''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2019/aug/30/bengali-director-soukarya-ghosal-starts-shooting-bhoot-pori-with-jaya-ahsan-17824.html|title= Bengali director Soukarya Ghosal starts shooting Bhoot Pori with Jaya Ahsan|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ghosal was born and brought up in [[Kolkata]]. He attended A. K. Ghosh Memorial School and [[Jodhpur Park Boys School]], and graduated in history from [[Asutosh College]]. He did a postgraduate course in [[Media Studies]] from [[University of Calcutta]]. His admiration for [[Satyajit Ray]]'s illustrations in [[Sandesh (magazine)|''Sandesh'']] magazine was a guiding force in his desire to become a professional illustrator.

==Career==
In 2011, he joined ''Robbar'' the [[Sunday magazine]] of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' as a staff cartoonist and Illustrator. While working on [[comic series]] such as ''[[Tenida]]'' in [[Sandesh (magazine)|''Sandesh'']]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/marquee/dedicated-film-leela-majumdar-1502637893.html|title=We have dedicated the film to Leela Majumdar|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref> and [[Tenali Rama]] in ''Kishore Bharati'', he felt a strong urge for sound and motion in his art. This led him to quit his job and pursue films. Coming directly from the field of art, Ghosal made his first film, ''[[Pendulum (2014 film)|Pendulum]]'' based on a surrealist painter who could physically take people into the space he drew. It took him a year to find a producer for the film.

=== 2014–2015 ===
On 7 March 2014, his debut film ''[[Pendulum (2014 film)|Pendulum]]'', based on [[magic realism]] & [[time travel]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni56917911|title=Bengali Film Review: Pendulum|newspaper=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> was released in West Bengal. This [[hyperlink film]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-industry-is-as-much-about-pendulum-as-it-is-about-chander-pahar-says-srijit-mukherji-in-a-chat-with-debutant-soukarya-ghosal-and-t2/cid/200935|title=The industry is as much about Pendulum as it is about Chander Pahar, says Srijit Mukherji in a chat with debutant Soukarya Ghosal and t2|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]}}</ref> featured [[Radhika Apte]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Rajatabha Dutta]], [[Subhasish Mukherjee]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], [[Samadarshi Dutta]] and Anindiya Banerjee, and was produced by Cozum Analytics Ltd.

In 2015, he made his second film, ''[[Load Shedding (film)|Load Shedding]]'', for television. A teenage love story set in the 90s, it starred [[Riddhi Sen]], Meghla Dasgupta,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/preview-of-upcoming-bengali-movie-load-shedding-by-bhaswati-ghosh/articleshow/49055920.cms|title=চতুর্থ প্রজন্ম এবার অভিনয়ে|newspaper=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra|Ei Samay]]}}</ref> [[Bidipta Chakraborty]], Saili Bhattacharya and Joydeep Kundu, and was produced by Nideas Creations.

=== 2016–2018 ===
In 2016, he adapted the story of [[Taranath Tantrik]] by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] to rewrite for a television series for [[Colors Bangla]]. Inspired by the literary world of [[Leela Majumdar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/may/29/13545|title=Wanted to tell a story that carries essence of eastern culture: Soukarya Ghosal|newspaper=Cinestaan}}</ref> in 2017, his film production company Indigenous produced ''[[Rainbow Jelly]]'', a food fantasy<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rainbow-jelly-movie-bengali-indie-cinema-mahabrata-basu-5236197/|title=Adventures of a Little Prince|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] starring Mahabrata Basu, Anumegha Banerjee, [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] etc.. The film was based on an autistic orphan child who could control the human mind by cooking food with several tastes. The film depicted the gradual changes in the villain's mind and his seven different reactions<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/rainbow-jelly-a-movie-on-food-fantasy/articleshow/56774806.cms|title= দর্শকের পাতে সাতরঙা জেলি|newspaper=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra|Ei Samay]]}}</ref> as he encountered different kinds of tastes: [[sweet]], [[sour]], [[Saltiness|salty]], [[spicy]], [[pungent]], [[astringent]] and [[bitter (taste)|bitter]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecitizen.in//index.php/en/newsdetail/index/9/14014/rainbow-jelly-a-modern-day-magical-tale-around-food|title=Rainbow Jelly: A Modern Day Magical Tale Around Food}}</ref> Rainbow Jelly film got released in [[West Bengal]] on 25 May 2018 & got [[premiered]] in London<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.londonnet.co.uk/films/rainbow-jelly|title=London Cinemas Showing Rainbow Jelly|newspaper=londonnet.co.uk}}</ref> & [[Bahrain]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rainbow-jelly-in-bahrain-summer-festival/articleshow/64883380.cms|title=Rainbow Jelly in Bahrain Summer Festival|work=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com|The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film received Hiralal Sen award for best Bengali film of 2018 from FFSI ([[Federation of Film Societies of India]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/2019-hiralal-sen-award-10-bengali-films-which-competed-for-the-best-bengali-film-award/photostory/68690835.cms|title=2019 Hiralal Sen Award: The 10 Bengali films which competed for the Best Bengali Film award|work=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com|The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ghosal received the Most Promising Director Award from [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bengali/interview-of-wbfja-most-promising-director-2019-soukarya-ghoshal-1980994|title=রেনবোজেলি 2 হলে মহাব্রত আবার ঘোতন হবে: সৌকর্য ঘোষাল|newspaper=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> for [[Rainbow Jelly]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/untold-journey-in-the-world-of-cinema-of-director-soukarya-ghosal-from-pendulum-to-load-shedding-to-rainbow-jelly-an-personal-account/articleshow/75409659.cms|title=পেন্ডুলাম, লোডশেডিং আর রেনবো জেলি! কী করলাম, কেন করলাম |publisher=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra|Ei Samay]]}}</ref>

In November 2018 Ghosal made [[emotional]] [[thriller film|thriller]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/koel-mallick-to-star-in-a-new-thriller-movie-by-soukarya-ghosal-1.896858#.XyPvgox4zmu.link|title= সৌকর্য-কোয়েলের থ্রিলারে আবেগের ছোঁয়া|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> ''[[Rawkto Rawhoshyo]]'' produced by [[Surinder Films]] starred [[Koel Mallick]], [[Lily Chakravarty]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]] etc.

=== 2019–present ===
In August 2019 he made his fifth feature film [[Bhootpori]] a [[horror fantasy]]. This is a biography of a ghost who came into existence after the death of a Bengali widow in the eve of the Independence Day of India. The film starred [[Jaya Ahsan]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], Bishantak Mukherjee etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/soukarya-ropes-in-jaya-ritwick-and-sudiptaa-for-his-next-bhoot-pori/articleshow/70798823.cms|title=Soukarya ropes in Jaya, Ritwick and Sudiptaa for his next 'Bhoot Pori'|work=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com|The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/soukarya-ghoshals-bhootpori-is-a-heartwarming-blend-of-fantasy-and-comedy/cid/2000667|title=Soukarya Ghoshal's Bhootpori is a heartwarming blend of fantasy and comedy|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-bengali-movie-bhoot-pori/cid/1495517|title=এ ভূতের জন্য মনকেমন করে|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/tollywood/9xkk5fcfmx|title=পঁচাত্তর দিন পেরিয়ে জয়ার 'ভূতপরী'|publisher=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref>

[[Rawkto Rawhoshyo]] was released in theatres on 21 October 2020 during [[Durga Puja]].<ref name=toi-release>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rawkto-rawhoshyo-chronicles-the-journey-of-a-mother-soukarya-ghosal/articleshow/78531645.cms|title='Rawkto Rawhoshyo' chronicles the journey of a mother: Soukarya Ghosal|work=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com|The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was initially scheduled to release on 10 April 2020, but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/release-of-rawkto-rawhoshyo-postponed/articleshow/74955211.cms|title=Soukarya's thriller Release of 'Rawkto Rawhoshyo' postponed - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> [[Bhootpori]] was released on 9 February 2024<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bhootpori-is-a-strong-reminder-of-what-a-bengali-film-is-capable-of-when-its-original/cid/2000542|title=Bhootpori is a strong reminder of what a Bengali film is capable of when it's original|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> in West Bengal and was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]], Goa on 25 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/iffi-2024-soukarya-ghosal-bhootpori-review-article-12876996.html#goog_rewarded|title=IFFI 2024 Bhootpori review Jaya Ahsan makes for a sparkling ghost in Soukarya Ghosal's fairy tale|publisher=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> His film [[Pokkhirajer Dim]] theatrically released on 13 June 2025 and was an official selection for Indian Panorama at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] in Goa 2025. Ghosal's latest film [[OCD (film)]] had its world premiere in the Indian Language Competition section at the [[28th Kolkata International Film Festival]] in 2022 and theatrically released on 6 February 2026.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Denotes Upcoming films}}
| Denotes Upcoming films
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Film
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" width=65 |Director
! scope="col" width=65 |Writer
! scope="col" width=65 |Story
! scope="col" width=65 |Producer
! scope="col" width=65 |Lyricist
! scope="col" width=65 |Composer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014
! style= | ''[[Pendulum (2014 film)|Pendulum]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2015
! style= | ''Load Shedding''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2018
! style=" | ''[[Rainbow Jelly]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| [[Federation of Film Societies of India|Hiralal Sen Award for Best Bengali film]] [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA Awards for Most Promising Director]] [[Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival|(HBFF) award for Best Film (Jury)]] [[Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival|(HBFF) award for Best Screenplay (Jury)]] [[Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival|(HBFF) award for Best Film (Viewers' Choice)]] Nominated - [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA Awards for Best Film]] Nominated - Film Critics Guild Award for Best Bengali Film
|-
| 2020
! style=" | ''[[Rawkto Rawhoshyo]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2024
! style=" | ''[[Bhootpori]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|Best Screenplay award at 14 Dadasaheb Phalke Film Festival in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/aamar-boss-bhootpori-and-onko-ki-kothin-to-be-screened-at-iffi-2024/articleshow/114585745.cms|title=Aamar Boss, Bhootpori, and Onko Ki Kothin to be screened at|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2019/aug/30/bengali-director-soukarya-ghosal-starts-shooting-bhoot-pori-with-jaya-ahsan-17824.html|title=Bengali director Soukarya Ghosal starts shooting Bhoot Pori with Jaya Ahsan|publisher=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]]}}</ref>
Official selection for Indian Panorama at [[International Film Festival of India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2077456&fbclid=IwY2xjawHBibpleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHdJelUQin4WS_PT1WxPAMhahHR5bq5ywgqGqc8OuEHH5YUiNwYFv-2i8GQ_aem_2TCfpGCFzGwjph8AHiEbMA|title=Bhootpori' is more than a horror tale|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
! style=" | ''[[Pokkhirajer Dim]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2026
! style=| [[OCD (film)|OCD]]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/soukarya-ghoshals-next-is-a-story-of-obsessive-compulsive-disorder/articleshow/80624539.cms|title=Soukarya Ghoshal's next is a story of obsessive compulsive disorder|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
! style="background:#ffc;" | ''Kalantar''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/soukarya-ghosals-new-movie-starring-jaya-ahsan-chandan-roy-sanyal-riddhi-sen/cid/1318434|title=যাঁরা রয়ে গিয়েছেন অন্তরালে | publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Award
!Category
!Nominee
!Result
!Year
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival]]
|[[Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival|Best Film (Jury Awards)]]
|[[Rainbow Jelly]]
|{{Won}}
|2018
|-
|[[Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival|Best Screenplay (Jury Award)]]
|Soukarya Ghosal
|{{Won}}
|2018
|-
|[[Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival|Best Film (Viewers' Choice Award)]]
|[[Rainbow Jelly]]
|{{Won}}
|2018
|-
|rowspan=1| [[Federation of Film Societies of India|Hiralal Sen Award]]
|[[Federation of Film Societies of India|Best Bengali film of the year]]
|[[Rainbow Jelly]]
|{{Won}}
|2019
|-
|rowspan=2| [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA Awards]]
| [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Most Promising Director]]
|Soukarya Ghosal
|{{Won}}
|2019
|-
| [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|Soukarya Ghosal
|{{Nom}}
|2019
|-
|rowspan=1| Film Critics Guild Award
| Best Film (Bengali)
|[[Rainbow Jelly]]
|{{Nom}}
|2019
|-
|rowspan=1| [[28th Kolkata International Film Festival]]
|Indian Language Competition Section
|[[OCD (film)]]
|Official selection
|2022
|-
|rowspan=1| Dadasaheb Phalke Film Festival
|Best Screenplay
|[[Bhootpori]]
|{{Won}}
|2024
|-
|rowspan=1| [[55th International Film Festival of India]]
|Indian Panorama
|[[Bhootpori]]
|Official selection
|2024
|-
|rowspan=1| [[56th International Film Festival of India]]
|Indian Panorama
|[[Pokkhirajer Dim]]
|Official selection
|2025
|-

|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name |nm7932641}}
* {{Twitter|soukaryaghosal}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosal, Soukarya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Diskal

2026-03-23T18:34:45Z

Rahuljogi: new a stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Diskal
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|17.8138171|N|74.291193|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_type4 = Taluka H.Q.
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Khatav]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Vaduj]]
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| population_total = 4472<ref>{{cite web |last1=Diskal Population (2011) |title=District Census Handbook SATARA, Census of India 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/828/download/36180/DH_2011_2731_PART_A_DCHB_SATARA.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operation Maharashtra, Govt. of India |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_demonym = Diskalkar, Satarkar
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 415504
| registration_plate = MH-11
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''Diskal''' is a village in the [[Satara district]] of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. It is situated on the Pusegaon-Phaltan road in [[Khatav]] taluka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khatav Taluka Map |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Maharshtra/KHATAV%20(VADUJ)%20TALUKA,%20SATARA%20DISTRICT,%20part%20_i.pdf |publisher=Govt. of India |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[Yerla River|Yerla]] river flows through this village and its source is 8 km away from there.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yerla River |title=Aquifer Maps and Groundwater Management Plan, Khatav taluka, Satara District, Maharashtra |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Maharshtra/KHATAV%20(VADUJ)%20TALUKA,%20SATARA%20DISTRICT,%20part%20_i.pdf |publisher=Govt. of India}}</ref> This town is 44 km away from its district headquarters, [[Satara (city)|Satara]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Diskal to Satara distance |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Diskal,+Maharashtra/M2Q4%2B6QP+Satara+Head+Post+Office,+Shivaji+Circle,+Ajinkya+Colony,+Powai+Naka,+Satara,+Maharashtra+415001/@17.7852163,74.0059064,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bc3b5c0fdbe19cd:0xe4f2bdd7b61643b3!2m2!1d74.292754!2d17.8109162!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bc239eb27b7ff75:0xb8e55825886885e0!2m2!1d74.0069479!2d17.6880766?entry=ttu |access-date=10 June 2023 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> It is 32 km away from [[Phaltan]] and 115 km away from [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Diskal to Pune distance |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Diskal,+Maharashtra/G.P.O+Pune,+Sadhu+Vaswani+Road,+Agarkar+Nagar,+Pune,+Maharashtra/@18.1675332,73.7423461,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bc3b5c0fdbe19cd:0xe4f2bdd7b61643b3!2m2!1d74.292754!2d17.8109162!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bc2c06f0aa1f7d1:0x9f12d6ea1f067826!2m2!1d73.875721!2d18.5228439?entry=ttu |access-date=10 June 2023 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref>

== Education ==
This village has facility of education up to matriculation and there are following educational institutions:
* Z.P. Primary School, Diskal
* SHREE SHIVAJI VIDNYALAYA,DISKAL<ref>{{cite web |title=SHREE SHIVAJI VIDNYALAYA |url=https://schools.org.in/satara/27310406402/shree-shivaji-vidyalay-disakal.html |publisher=Schools.org.in |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref>

== Contribution in Indian Independence Movement ==
The people of Diskal village have contributed to the freedom movement of India. Some of them are mentioned below:
* '''SHANKAR BHAU MADANE''': He participated in [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942. He helped and sheltered the underground activists of the [[Quit India Movement]]. For that he had to serve 6 months imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Svatantrya Sainik Charitra Kosha: Maharashtra | year=1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfQLAAAAIAAJ&q=diskal%20khatav |publisher=Bhartiya Svatantrya Andolan Itihas Samiti |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref>
* '''GANPATI APPA KARNE''': During World War-II (1939–1945), he joined the [[Azad Hind|Azad Hind Fauj]] to fight against British rule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Svatantrya Sainik Charitra Kosha: Maharashtra | year=1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfQLAAAAIAAJ&q=diskal%20khatav |publisher=Bhartiya Svatantrya Andolan Itihas Samiti |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref>

== 1894 Hailstorm Incident ==
On 6 February 1894, at about 2 to 3 pm heavy rain commenced accompanied with hailstones, many of which were as big as large mango. The rain lasted for about 5 hours. The fall of hailstones, although it lasted for an hour or so, was so heavy and incessant that the accumulation of the stones rose to a height from 4 to 6 feet and it took 10 to 11 days to thaw. Six person fell victims to this occurrence. The bodies of 5 of them were buried under ice. The sixth, a boy of 11 years, was carried away by the force of the flood to the ''Ner dam'' on [[Yerla River|Yerla]] river and was lost. About 835 cattle are also said to have been lost. Crops of ''Bakshi'' and ''Khapli'' wheat have been completely damaged. The loss suffered by the people of village was apparently very serious.<ref>{{cite web |last1=1894 Hailstorm Incident in Diskal |title=Indian Meteorological Memoirs Vol. 6 |year=1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mXwUQdUXUEC&dq=diskal+hailstorm&pg=PA290 |publisher=Meteorological Dept. India |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Satara district]]

K. S. Venkataramani

2026-03-19T13:02:36Z

Rahuljogi: Made first info nd citations

{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
'''Kaveripatnam Siddhanatha Venkataramani''' (1891-1952) was an Indian lawyer and a writer in English. He wrote mainly on [[South Indian]] rural life and the [[Indian independence movement]]. His works ''Murugan the Tiller'' (1927) and ''Kandan The Patriot'' (1932) <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nGfMAgAAQBAJ&dq=Murugan+the+Tiller+and+Kandan+The+Patriot&pg=PA1607 Venkataramani's two best works]</ref> had received considerable appreciation and Venkataramani was the subject of a biography by [[N. S. Ramaswami]]. Venkataramani was met by [[Paul Brunton]] during his travels in India and this incident finds mention in his book ''A Search in Secret India''.

== Early life ==

Venkataramani was born in 1891 in [[Kaveripattinam]] in [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]]. His father Siddhanatha Iyer was a well-to-do landlord in Tanjore district and his ancestors had served as ministers in the court of the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Tanjore Maratha]] kings.

Venkataramani had his schooling at the National High School, [[Mayavaram]] and graduated from the [[Madras Christian College]]. He studied law at the [[Presidency College, Madras]] and settled down in the suburb of [[Mylapore]] where he built a profession as a lawyer.

In his early career, Venkataramani apprenticed under the legal giant [[Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]]. Throughout his life, Venkataramani campaigned for rural upliftment and wrote many monologues on the subject.

== Writings ==

Venkataramani had a penchant for writing from an early period in his life. At the age of 16, he gave an eloquent speech protesting the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] and the same was published in the magazine ''The Indian Patriot''. During his stint at the Madras Christian College, Venkataramani published a series of sketches on village life which were later published in the form of an anthology ''Jatadharan and Other Stories''.

Venkataramani met [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1928. Tagore inspired Venkataramani to start a magazine in Tamil and Venkataramani began a Tamil weekly titled ''Tamil Ulagu''.

Venkataramani's first book was ''Paper Boats'' (1921). His first novel was ''Murugan the Tiller'' (1927). His work ''Kandan the Patriot'' was serialized in ''Swarajya'' magazine in 1931 and published as a book in 1932. In his works, Venkataramani glorified the "eddy-eyed [[Kaveri River|Cauvery]]".

Some of his works were
* ''Paper Boats'' (1921)
* ''On the Sand-Dunes'' (1923)
* ''Murugan the Tiller'' (1927)
* ''Renascent India'' (1929)
* ''Kandan the Patriot'' (1932)
* ''Jatadharan and Other Stories'' (1937)

== Death ==

Little is known of Venkataramani's personal life or whether he married. Venkataramani contacted [[tuberculosis]] in [[Alwar State]] while working as Rural Development Advisor to the princely state and was subsequently in poor health throughout the remainder of his life. Venkataramani succumbed to the disease in March 1952 at the age of 61.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]

Meitei people in Nagaland

2026-03-15T10:39:49Z

Rahuljogi: Adding new pg v1 - done

{{Short description|Ethnic group in Nagaland}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Meiteis in Nagaland (Manipuris in Nagaland)
| native_name = [[File:Meitei transliteration of the term "Meitei".jpg|50px|]]
| native_name_lang = mni
| flag = Flag of Kangleipak.svg
| flag_caption = Meitei cultural flag
| image = Gambhirsingh.jpg 
| image_caption = Meitei King [[Gambhir Singh]], the ruler of [[Manipur Kingdom]], who captured [[Kohima]] of the erstwhile [[:en:Naga Hills|Naga Hills]] (in modern day [[Nagaland]] state)
| image_alt =
| image_uprigh =
| total = 
| total_year = 
| total_source = 
| total_ref = 
| total1 = 
| total1_year = 
| total1_source = 
| total1_ref = 
| genealogy =
| regions = 

| region1 = 
| pop1 = 
| ref1 = 
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| region3 = 
| pop3 = 
| ref3 = 

| languages = [[File:Meetei Mayek letter I.svg|20px]] [[Meitei language]] {{small|(officially known as [[Manipuri language]])}} and other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| religions = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] [[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|30px]] [[Sanamahism]]
| related_groups = other [[Indian people]]
| footnotes =
}}

The [[Meitei people]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ}}|}}), also called [[Manipuri people]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ}}|}}), are one of the minority ethnic groups in [[Nagaland]] state.
They were living in the region before the formation of the Indian state of "Nagaland".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuris settling in Nagaland state 'landless' : 17th mar22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..170322.mar22|access-date=2024-10-19|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Nagaland|History of Manipur}}
[[File:THE KOHIMA STONE INSCRIPTION ERECTED BY KING GAMBHIR SINGH OF MANIPUR KINGDOM AS THE TESTIMONY OF MEITEI DOMINANCE IN NAGALAND.jpg|thumb|The [[Kohima Stone Inscription]] erected by Meitei King [[:en:Gambhir Singh|Gambhir Singh]] of [[:en:Manipur Kingdom|Manipur Kingdom]] as the testimony of Meitei dominance in [[Nagaland]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQhdDwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+inscription&pg=PA30|title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|last=Johnstone|first=James|date=2018-05-23|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7326-9966-7|pages=30|language=en}}</ref>]]

After losing Meitei influence in the [[Naga hills]] for some time due to the Manipuri-Burmese military conflicts, Meitei King Raja [[Gambhir Singh]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯒꯝꯚꯤꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}|}}), also known as [[Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯂꯦꯟ ꯅꯣꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯈꯣꯝꯕ}}|}}), the ruler of [[Manipur Kingdom]] conquered the whole [[Naga Hills]] with his military power of Manipur Levy. He defeated the [[Angami Naga]] tribes of [[Kohima]]. To mark his victory over the [[Naga people]], the historic [[Kohima Stone Inscription]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯣꯍꯤꯃꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯏ ꯅꯨꯡꯄꯥꯛ}}|}}) was erected in 1833 CE as a mark of Meitei conquest and supremacy over the Naga Hills in 1832 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kohima+stone+inscriptions+Gambhir+singh+Manipur+jurisdiction+naga+hills&pg=PR77|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=77|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngtgH9RYB0EC&dq=kohima+stone+Gambhir+singh&pg=PA79|title=Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's Response|last=Sinha (Brigadier.)|first=S. P.|date=2007|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-162-1|pages=79|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+Gambhir+singh&pg=PA138|title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India|last=Singh|first=Dr Th Suresh|date=2014-06-02|publisher=Quills Ink Publishing|isbn=978-93-84318-00-0|pages=138|language=en}}</ref>

In 1896 CE, James Johnstone noted in his documents that the Meiteis (alias Manipuris) were highly respected and warmly welcomed as special and honoured guests by the Naga people in almost every village, during the time when Britishers couldn't go inside the Naga realm without having the risk of being killed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQhdDwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+inscription&pg=PA30|title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|last=Johnstone|first=James|date=2018-05-23|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7326-9966-7|pages=30|language=en}}</ref>
He also noted that the Meiteis (Manipuris) used to collect tributes from the Naga villages, as a mark of rule over them. In case if a Meitei was attacked or killed by the Nagas, the particular village was immediately attacked and destroyed, besides taking huge taxes for the deed. Many Naga people knew the [[Meitei language]] (alias [[Manipuri language]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQhdDwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+inscription&pg=PA31|title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|last=Johnstone|first=James|date=2018-05-23|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7326-9966-7|pages=31|language=en}}</ref>
The Naga villages had both [[Meitei language]] as well as their local language names.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQhdDwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+inscription&pg=PA30|title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|last=Johnstone|first=James|date=2018-05-23|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7326-9966-7|pages=30|language=en}}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
Meiteis in Nagaland have sizeable populations in [[Kuda, Dimapur|Kuda]] (Half Nagarjan), Burma Camp, Phom Colony, Y. Zhimo Colony, Metha Colony, West Yard Manipuri Colony, Manipuri Colony near Samaan Ghat and Ghorapatti villages in [[Dimapur district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuris settling in Nagaland state 'landless' : 17th mar22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..170322.mar22|access-date=2024-10-19|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Language and literature {{Anchor|Language|Literature}} ==
{{Main|Meitei language|Meitei literature}}

Historically, most Naga villages had names in both [[Meitei language]] (alias [[Manipuri language]]) as well as their local languages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQhdDwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+inscription&pg=PA30|title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|last=Johnstone|first=James|date=2018-05-23|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7326-9966-7|pages=30|language=en}}</ref>
Many Naga people knew the [[Meitei language]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQhdDwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+inscription&pg=PA31|title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|last=Johnstone|first=James|date=2018-05-23|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7326-9966-7|pages=31|language=en}}</ref>

Nagaland's [[St. Joseph University, Chümoukedima|St Joseph University]] annually organises "[[Manipuri poetry day]]" on full-moon day of the lunar month 'Mera' according to the [[Meitei calendar]]. The event helps in the development of [[Meitei language]] poems, promoting [[Meitei literature]], to a certain extent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagaland varsity readies for Manipuri poetry day : 10th oct24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp3..101024.oct24|access-date=2024-10-19|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Meitei culture|Culture of Nagaland}}
=== Clothing ===
The Meitei people of Nagaland produced a unique "Meetei waistcoat" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯐꯨꯔꯤꯠ}}|}}) for showing the Meitei ethnic identity, among the rest of the people of the state, in 2022. It was led by the Dimapur Meetei Council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dimapur Meetei Council launches new 'Meetei waistcoat'|url=https://morungexpress.com/dimapur-meetei-council-launches-new-meetei-waistcoat|access-date=2024-10-19|website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

== Bad treatments ==
=== Negligence by the government ===
Meitei people are facing negligence by the [[Government of Nagaland]]. They have no land ownership rights. They also face difficulty in getting documents such as [[Other Backward Classes|OBC]], PRC (Permanent Residential Certificate) and [[Domicile (law)|domicile]] certificates. They cannot get state [[government job]]s except for driver and technical posts. They have no alternative except [[private jobs]] or doing businesses for their living.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuris settling in Nagaland state 'landless' : 17th mar22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..170322.mar22|access-date=2024-10-19|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Banning of Meitei owned vehicles ===
In 2016, there were incidents of banning transportation of vehicles owned by Meiteis (Manipuris) in Nagaland. Regarding this issue, the [[Manipur State Police]] [[Director general of police|DGP]] talked to the [[Nagaland State Police]] DGP to look into the matter. The latter assured that he would take care of it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagaland DGP : 25th feb16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp1..250216.feb16|access-date=2024-10-19|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Associations and organizations ==
{{Expand list|date=October 2024}}
* Dimapur Meetei Council<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dimapur Meetei Council launches new 'Meetei waistcoat'|url=https://morungexpress.com/dimapur-meetei-council-launches-new-meetei-waistcoat|access-date=2024-10-19|website=MorungExpress}}</ref>
* Dimapur Meitei Union<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dimapur Meitei Union : 09th May, 2010 E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/epRelatedNews.asp?heading=Snipp6&src=090510|access-date=2024-10-19|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Asia|History|India|Language|Politics|Society}}
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]
* [[Meitei people in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei people in Meghalaya]]
* [[Meitei people in Myanmar]]
* [[Meitei people in Tripura]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
== Other websites ==
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:People from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Culture of Nagaland]]

Satavahana dynasty

2026-03-12T19:33:30Z

Rahuljogi: content fix

{{Short description|Indian dynasty (2nd century BCE – 3rd century CE)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Satavahana dynasty
| common_name = Satavahana dynasty
| native_name =
| era = [[Classical India]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = {{Circa|late 2nd cent. BCE}}
| year_end = {{Circa|224 CE}}
| p1 = Maurya Empire
| p2 = Kanva dynasty
| s1 = Western Kshatrapas
| s3 = Andhra Ikshvaku
| s4 = Chutu dynasty
| s5 = Vakataka dynasty
| s6 = Pallava dynasty
| s7 = Abhira dynasty
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image=Map of the Satavahanas.png
| width=280 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|220|5|[[50 CE|South-Asia 0-50 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|130|[[Mahameghavahana dynasty|MAHAMEGHA- VAHANAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|200|115|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|65|35|[[Indo-Scythians|INDO- SCYTHIANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|50|[[Indo-Greeks|INDO- GREEKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|192|[[Chutu dynasty|CHUTUS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|70|[[Northern Satraps|NORTHERN SATRAPS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|150|100|[[Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)|MITRAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|45|95|[[Western Satraps|WESTERN SATRAPS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|20|20|[[Yuezhi|YUEZHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|20|60|[[Indo-Parthian kingdom|INDO- PARTHIANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|220|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|205|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|252|240|[[Template:South Asia in 150 BCE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 125 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption=
}}
| image_map_alt = The Satavahana (Andhra) Empire in the 1st century AD
| image_map_caption = {{center|Approximate extent of the Satavahana Empire, in the early 1st century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=182&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>}}
| capital = [[Pratishthana]] [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]] [[Pauni]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-history-and-inscriptions-of-the-satavahanas-and-the-western-kshatrapas/page/n208/mode/1up?q=Pratik+ |title=The History And Inscriptions Of The Sātavāhanas And The Western Kshatrapas |date=1981 |pages=23}}</ref> [[Junnar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lenyadri Group of Caves, Junnar - Ticketed Monument - ArchaeologicalSurvey of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|website=Asi.nic.in|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410125940/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| common_languages = [[Maharashtri Prakrit]] (literature) [[Sanskrit]] (literature) 
| official_languages = [[Prakrit]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&q=Maharashtri+Prakrit+was+the+official+language+of+the+Satavahana+dynasty |title=A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set) |date=1 December 2003 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-2503-4 |pages=103 |language=en|quote=The use of Prakrit in Ashokan inscriptions and its continuance under the Satavahanas as the official language raised Maharashtri Prakrit from a common local dialect to the stature of a literary idiom. The most important work is Satasati or Gathasaptasati-an anthology of 700 erotic verses in Maharashtri Prakrit and in the Arya metre. Gunadhya's Brihatkatha (Great Romance) probably belonged to this period.}}</ref>(official, court, literature, inscriptions)
| religion = [[Brahmanism]]{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=172}} [[Buddhism]] [[Vaishnavism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Digambar Janardhan Sonawane |url=https://archive.org/details/cultural-contribution-of-satvahanas-in-the-history-of-deccan/page/n23/mode/1up |title=Cultural Contribution Of Satvahanas In The History Of Deccan |pages=23}}</ref><ref name="academic.oup.com">{{cite web | title=The Satavahana Phase | website=academic.oup.com | date=2007 | doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195687859.003.0021 | url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27690/chapter-abstract/197831152?redirectedFrom=fulltext | access-date=29 October 2022 | last1=Sharma | first1=R.S. | pages=203–210 | isbn=978-0-19-568785-9 }}</ref> [[Shaivism]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22satavahana+rulers+were+staunch+devotees+of+saivism%22 |title=The Andhra Pradesh Journal of Archaeology |date=1995 |publisher=Director of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=106 |language=en |quote=An inscription from Sthanakundür and coins with images of Skanda and bull, issued by Siri Satakani indicate that the early Satavahanas were devotees of Siva. Though, the early Satavāhana rulers were staunch devotees of Saivism, their religious edifices have not been traced so far in coastal Andhra Desa.}}</ref> [[Jainism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-history-and-inscriptions-of-the-satavahanas-and-the-western-kshatrapas/page/n208/mode/1up?q=Pratik+ |title=The History And Inscriptions Of The Sātavāhanas And The Western Kshatrapas |date=1981 |pages=180–181}}</ref>
| title_leader = [[List of Satavahana kings|Raja]]
| leader1 = [[Simuka]] (first)
| year_leader1 = c. 2nd/1st cent. BCE
| leader2 = Pulumavi IV (last)
| year_leader2 = 217–224 CE
| today = [[India]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=K.M.|first=Dayashankar|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Koti-Lingala-a-major-pilgrim-destination/article11148987.ece|title=Koti Lingala, a major pilgrim destination|date=26 September 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref>
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
{{Satavahana}}

The '''Satavahanas''' ({{IPAc-en|,|s|a:|t|@|'|v|a:|h|@|n|@}}; ''Sādavāhana'' or ''Sātavāhana'',<ref name="auto3" /> [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Sātavāhana}}), also referred to as the '''Andhras''' (also ''Andhra-bhṛtyas'' or ''Andhra-jatiyas'') in the [[Puranas]], were an [[ancient India]]n [[dynasty]]. Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana rule began in the late 2nd century BCE and lasted until the early 3rd century CE, although some assign the beginning of their rule to as early as the 3rd century BCE based on the [[Puranas]], but uncorroborated by archaeological evidence. The Satavahana kingdom mainly comprised the present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], and [[Maharashtra]]. At different times, their rule extended to parts of modern [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Karnataka]]. The dynasty had different capital cities at different times, including [[Pratishthana]] (Paithan) and [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]] ([[Dharanikota]]).

The origin of the dynasty is uncertain, but according to the [[Purana]]s, their first king overthrew the [[Kanva dynasty]]. In the post-[[Mauryan Empire|Maurya]] era, the Satavahanas established peace in the Deccan region and resisted the onslaught of foreign invaders. In particular their struggles with the [[Indo-Scythians|Saka]] ([[Western Satraps]]) went on for a long time. The dynasty reached its zenith under the rule of [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] and his successor [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi|Vasisthiputra Pulamavi]]. The kingdom had fragmented into smaller states by the early 3rd century CE.

The Satavahanas were early issuers of Indian state [[coin]]age struck with images of their rulers. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade and the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] to the [[South India|southern tip of India]].

== Origins ==

The date and place of origin of the Satavahanas, as well as the meaning of the dynasty's name, are a matter of debate among historians. Some of these debates have happened in the context of [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]], with the present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and [[Maharashtra]], being variously claimed as the original homeland of the Satavahanas.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=168}}

=== Etymology ===
[[File:Coin of Satkarni.jpg|thumb|Early coin of [[Satakarni I]] (70-60 BCE). Obverse legend: '''{{script|Brah|(𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺) 𑀲𑀸}}'''[[File:Gupta_ashoka_t.svg|9px]] [[File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg|9px]]'''{{script|Brah|𑀡𑀺(𑀲)}}''', ''(Siri) Sātakaṇi(sa)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=356387|title=CNG: eAuction 417. INDIA, Post-Mauryan (Deccan). Satavahanas (Andhras). Śri Satakarṇi. Circa 70-60 BC. BI Karshapana (19mm, 3.44 g).|website=www.cngcoins.com|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>]]
{{IAST|Śātavāhana, Śālivāhana, Śātakarṇi}} seem to be [[Sanskritised]] versions of the indigenous name {{IAST|Sātakaṇi}}, which appear as {{IAST| Sālavāhaṇa}} in [[Prakrit]] vernacular.<ref name="sat"/>

According to one theory, the word "Satavahana" ([[Brahmi script]]: '''{{script|Brah|𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦}}''' ''Sādavāhana'' or '''{{script|Brah|𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦}}''' ''Sātavāhana'',<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last1=Burgess |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol 8 |page=93 |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndica/page/n127}}</ref> [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Sātavāhana}}) is a [[Prakrit]] form of the Sanskrit ''Sapta-Vahana'' ("driven by seven"; in [[Hindu mythology]], the chariot of the [[Surya|sun god]] is drawn by seven horses). This would indicate that the Satavahanas originally claimed association with the legendary [[solar dynasty]], as was common in ancient India.{{sfn|Shastri|1998|pp=20–21}} According to [[Inguva Kartikeya Sarma]], the dynasty's name is derived from the words ''sata'' ("sharpened", "nimble" or "swift") and ''vahana'' ("vehicle"); the expression thus means "one who rides a nimble horse".{{sfn|Sarma|1980|p=3}}

Another theory connects their name to the earlier Satiyaputa dynasty. Yet another theory derives their name from the [[Munda languages|Munda]] words ''Sadam'' ("horse") and ''Harpan'' ("son"), implying "son of the performer of a [[ashvamedha|horse sacrifice]]".{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} Several rulers of the dynasty bear the name or title "Satakarni". Satavahana, Satakarni, Satakani and [[Shalivahana]] appear to be variations of the same word. [[Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi]] theorised that the word "Satakarni" is derived from the Munda words ''sada'' ("horse") and ''kon'' ("son").{{sfn|Kosambi|1975|p=243}}

The [[Puranas]] use the name "Andhra" for the Satavahanas. The term "Andhra" may refer to the ethnicity or territory of the dynasty (see [[#Original homeland|Original homeland]] below). It does not appear in the dynasty's own records.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=166}}

The [[Five Great Epics|Tamil epic]] ''[[Silappatikaram|Cilappatikaram]]'' mentions a "Nurruvar Kannar", who helped [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] king [[Senguttuvan]] during his Himalayan campaign. The direct translation of the term Nurruvar Kannar is "the hundred Karnas" or "Satakarni"; Nurruvar Kannar has therefore been identified with the Satavahana dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|year=1992|pages=118}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Tamil literature|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|year=1975|pages=42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1991|title=The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India|journal=Numismatic Society of India|volume=53}}</ref>

The [[Kathasaritsagara]] ascribes a mythical etymology in which a widowed, childless king named Deepakarni was prophesied to find a lion-riding child as his heir. During a jungle hunt, he found such a child riding a [[yaksha]]-turned-lion named Sāta. After adoption, the child became the king eventually and came to be known as Sātavāhana or Sāta-supported.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

=== Original homeland ===
[[File:Pillar with Naga Muchalinda over the throne of the Buddha. Pauni (Bhandara District). Railing pillar from Jagannath Tekri. 2nd-1st century BCE.jpg|thumb|Early sculpture from [[Pauni]], ancient [[Vidarbha]], where coins of [[Satakarni]] were also found.<ref>"Pauni : (Vidarbha) The latest site which contributed valuable numismatic evidence confirming, once and for all, ancient Vidarbha's early Satavahana affiliation is Pauni, in district Bhandara. Two seasons of joint excavation (1968-70) by the Nagpur University and the Archaeological Survey of India yielded reliable coin data from both the Stupa sites." in {{harvnb|Sarma|1980|p=38}}</ref><ref>"Coins of a number of Satavahana rulers from Gautamiputra Satakarni onward have been discovered in large numbers in the Vidarbha region. However, no coin of any earlier king has been reported so far. The present coin is, therefore, the first coin of Sri-Satakarni to be reported from Vidarbha. Another potin coin of Sri-Satakarni has been recently discovered at Pauni 2. The discovery of these coins indicates for the first time the possibility of the rule of the early Satavahanas over the Vidarbha region." {{cite book |last1=Deo |first1=Shantaram Bhalchandra |last2=Joshi |first2=Jagat Pati |title=Pauni Excavation, 1969-70 |date=1972 |publisher=Nagpur University |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAc8AAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Pillar with Naga [[Mucalinda]] protecting the throne of the Buddha at [[Pauni]] (Bhandara District). 2nd-1st century BCE. [[National Museum of India]].<ref>"The bas-relief at Pauni or Bharhut in India, which dates back to about the second century B.C., represents a vacant throne protected by a naga with many heads. It also bears an inscription of the Naga Mucalinda (Fig. 3)" {{cite book |title=SPAFA Digest: Journal Of SEAMEO Project in Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA). |date=1987 |publisher=SPAFA Co-ordinating Unit |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1FuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>]]
The use of the names "Andhra" and "Andhra-Jatiya" in the Puranas has led some scholars, such as [[E. J. Rapson]] and [[R. G. Bhandarkar|R.G Bhandarkar]], to believe that the dynasty originated in the eastern Deccan region (the historic [[Andhra in Indian epic literature|Andhra]] region, present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]).{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=167}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-p8Zg62USYC|title=Indian Heritage and Culture|last1=Staff|first1=Rao P. R.|last2=Rao|first2=P. Raghunadha|date=1989|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120709300|pages=24|language=en}}</ref> At [[Kotilingala]] in Telangana, coins bearing the legend "Rano Siri Chimuka Satavahanasa" were found.{{sfn|Ray|1986|p=43}} Epigraphist and numismatist P. V. P. Sastry initially identified Chimuka with the dynasty's founder Simuka,{{sfn|Shastri|1999|p=306}} Coins attributed to Simuka's successors [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]] and [[Satakarni I]] were also discovered at Kotilingala.{{sfn|Rao|1993|p=5}} Based on these discoveries, historians such as Ajay Mitra Shastri, D. R. Reddy, S. Reddy, and Shankar R. Goyal theorised that Kotlingala was the original home of the Satavahanas. [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]] stated that the finding of the coins at Kotilingala give "a clear pointer to the region where we have to locate the original center of the Satavahana political authority."<ref name="auto4">Shastri, Ajay Mitra. "Sātavāhanas: Original Home and Nomenclature.” ''Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute'', 54/55, 1994, p. 381</ref> However, the coin samples from Kotlingala are small, and it is not certain if these coins were minted there or reached there from somewhere else.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=169}} Moreover, the identification of Chimuka of Kotilingala with the dynasty's founder Simuka has been contested by several scholars including P. L. Gupta and [[I. K. Sarma]], who identified Chimuka as a later ruler.{{sfn|Sarma|1980|pp=126–130}}{{sfn|Shimada|2012|p=45}} P. V. P. Sastry also later changed his view and stated that the two kings were different.{{sfn|Shastri|1999|p=306}} In addition to the Kotilinga find, a coin of the Satavahana prince Saktikumara, who was in the fourth generation of the founder, has been reported as a stratified find from the [[Kurnool district]] of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="auto4" /> As for the Puranas, these texts could have been compiled at a later date and it is not certain if the Satavahanas were referred to as Andhras during their time.{{sfn|Shimada|2012|p=45}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&q=978-3447025225.|title=The Purāṇas|last=Rocher|first=Ludo|date=1986|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=9783447025225|pages=249|language=en}}</ref>

Another section of scholars believe that the Satavahanas originated in western Deccan (present-day [[Maharashtra]]).{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=167}} All four extant inscriptions from the early Satavahana period (c. 1st century BCE) have been found in and around this region. One of the earliest known Satavahana inscriptions was that found at [[:File:Nasik cave 19.jpg|Cave No.19]] of the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik district]], which was issued during the reign of Kanha (100–70 BCE).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brancaccio|first1=Pia|title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004185258|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA61|language=en}}</ref> An inscription found at [[Naneghat]] was issued by Nayanika (or Naganika), the widow of [[Satakarni I]]; another inscription found at Naneghat has been dated to the same period on a paleographic basis. A slightly later inscription dated to the reign of Satakarni II has been found at [[Sanchi]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], located to the north of Maharashtra.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=168}} The majority of the other Satavahana inscriptions have also been found in western Deccan.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=169}} On the other hand, the epigraphic evidence from eastern Deccan does not mention the Satavahanas before the 4th century CE.{{sfn|Shimada|2012|p=45}} At [[Nevasa]], a seal and coins attributed to Kanha have been discovered.{{sfn|Rao|1976|p=8}} Coins attributed to Satakarni I have also been discovered at Nashik, Nevasa, and [[Pauni]] in Maharashtra (besides places in eastern Deccan and present-day Madhya Pradesh).{{sfn|Ray|1986|p=43}} Based on this evidence, some historians argue that the Satavahanas initially came to power in the area around their capital [[Pratishthana]] (modern Paithan, Maharashtra) and then expanded their territory to eastern Deccan.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=381–382}} Carla Sinopoli cautions that the inference about the western Deccan origin of the Satavahanas is "tentative at best" given the small sample of early inscriptions.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|pp=168–170}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| header=Inscription of king Kanha (100–70 BCE)
| total_width=300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Nasik cave 19.jpg
| caption1 = Cave No.19 of Satavahana king [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]] at the [[Nasik Caves]], 1st century BCE.
| image2 = Inscription Cave 19 Nasik.jpg
| caption2 = Inscription of king [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]] in cave No.19, Nasik Caves. This is one of the oldest known Satavahana inscription, circa 100–70 BCE.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=168}} [[Brahmi script]]: '''{{script|Brah|𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑀓𑀼𑀮𑁂 𑀓𑀦𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀺𑀦𑀺 𑀦𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀦}}''' '''{{script|Brah|𑀲𑀫𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀫𑀸𑀢𑁂𑀡 𑀮𑁂𑀡 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀢}}''' ''Sādavāhanakule Kanhe rājini Nāsikakena Samaṇena mahāmāteṇa leṇa kārita'' "Under King Kanha of the Satavahana family this cave has been caused to be made by the officer in charge of the [[Sramana]]s at [[Nasik]]".<ref name="auto3"/>
| footer=
}}

[[File:Complete view of Inscription in cave at Naneghat.jpg|thumb|290px|[[Naneghat]] inscription. Dated to 70-60 BCE, in the reign of [[Satakarni I]].{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=168}}]]
Kanha's Pandavleni mentions the term ''maha-matra'' (officer-in-charge), which indicates that the early Satavahanas followed the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] administrative model.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1974|pp=17–56}} C. Margabandhu theorised that the Satavahanas were called Andhras because they were natives of eastern Deccan (the Andhra region), although they first established their empire in western Deccan after having served as Mauryan subordinates. Himanshu Prabha Ray (1986) opposes this theory, stating that the Andhra was originally an ethnic term, and did not come to denote the geographical region of eastern Deccan until well after the Satavahana period.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=168}} According to [[Vidya Dehejia]], the writers of the Puranas (which could have been written after the Satavahana period) mistook the Satavahana presence in eastern Deccan as evidence for their origin in that region, and wrongly labelled them as "Andhra".{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|pp=167–168}}

Puranas called the Satavahana kings as [[Andhras]], Andhra-bhṛtya, or Andhra-jatiya. Andhras is both a tribal and a territorial name.<ref>{{Cite book |last=V.D |first=Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA297 |title=Ancient India |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |pages=297 |language=en}}</ref> The term ''Andhrabhrityas'' (Andhra servants) may imply two things, one being that the Andhras were originally servants of the Mauryas or the Sungas. The other one, as per some scholars is that the expression is taken to indicate the servants of some other Andhra rulers. These scholars also suggest Kannada origin for the Satavahanas meaning that the dynasty originated in present-day [[Karnataka]], and initially owed allegiance to some Andhra rulers.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=172}} A Satavahana inscription found on a slab of the upper drum (medhi) of the [[Kanaganahalli]] mahastupa mentions year 16 of Vasisthiputra Sri Chimuka Satavahana's reign, which can be dated from ca. 110 BCE.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=194}}<ref name="auto7"/><ref name="auto"/> [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|V. S. Sukthankar]] theorised that the territorial division Satavahani-Satahani (Satavahanihara or Satahani-rattha), in present-day [[Bellary district]], was the homeland of the Satavahana family.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|pp=342, 360, 363–364}} However, Dr. Gopalchari challenged Sukthankar's theory by pointing out that not a single inscription of the early Satavahanas is found in Bellary District and that the only Satavahana inscription in Bellary District was that of Pulumavi, who belongs to the later-phase of Satavahana history.<ref>Ranade, P. V. "A New Interpretation—The Origin of The Satavahanas." ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 26, 1964, p. 62</ref> A stupa in [[Kanaganahalli]] village of Karnataka, dated between the first century BCE and first century CE, features limestone panels depicting portraits of Chimuka (Simuka), Satakani (Satakarni) and other Satavahana rulers.{{sfn|Shimada|2012|p=43}} As per historian Parmanand Gupta, in the medieval times, Srisailam region or the Sriparvata area was known as ''Kannadu'' and ''Kannavisaya'' which is the contracted form of ''Satakarninadu'' and ''Satakarnivisaya'', which seem to be identical with the territorial indicator ''Satavahanihara'' of the Myakadoni inscription of Pulumayi or the ''Satavahaniratta'' of the Hirahadagalli grant consisting of the [[Bellary district|Ballari]] region indicated to be the original homeland of the Satavahanas as per another historian V. S. Sukthankar.{{sfn|Shrimali|1992|p=151}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Parmanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&q=pulumavi&pg=PA23 |title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-7022-248-4 |pages=22–23 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi]], the Satavahanas, likely originated in Western Maharashtra. [[Jain literature]] traces the Pratishthāna (present-day [[Paithan]] in the [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra) as the early Satvahana ruler's capital, Saktikumara.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dr. Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-history-and-inscriptions-of-the-satavahanas-and-the-western-kshatrapas |title=The History And Inscriptions Of The Sātavāhanas And The Western Kshatrapas |date=1981 |pages=12}}</ref> Similarly, the ancient geographer [[Ptolemy]] mentioned a king called Puļumāvi ruled from the same city sometime in around 140 CE. Now, the question is, why are these rulers referred to as "Andhra"? This can be explained through the dynastic lists recorded in the [[Puranas]], which were likely compiled around 320 CE.<ref name=":1" /> He infers that these lists do not reference dynasties or rulers after this period, and the Satavahanas had already declined by circa 230 CE. By the time of their decline, the center of Satvahana power had shifted to the [[Andhradesa|Andhra region]]. An inscription of the later king Gautamiputra Vijaya [[Satakarni]] was found at [[Nagarjunakonda]] in Andhra Pradesh, where he is said to have made Vijayapuri, the city mentioned as [[Nagarjunakonda]], his capital. His coins also do not exist in [[Desh region|Western Maharashtra]], which was then the dominion of another king known as Chutukula [[Satakarni II|Satakarni]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Varna ===

The [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] of the dynasty is debated by modern scholars, who have variously argued for [[Shudra]], [[Kshatriya]], and [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] origins of the dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |author=B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao |title=The Age of Satavahanas |year=1976 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppc8AAAAMAAJ |page=10 |quote=Arguments are put forth trying to prove differently that they were Sudras, Kshatriyas and Brahmins. }}</ref>

The [[Puranas]] call the founder of the Satavahana family a ''vṛṣala'' (Shudra or low-born).<ref>{{cite book |author=Dineschandra Sircar |title=The Guhilas of Kiṣkindhā |year=1965 |publisher=Sanskrit College |location=Calcutta |oclc=161579 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VzRAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

The Nashik inscription of Gautami Balashri describes her son Gautamiputra Satakarni as ''eka-bamhana'' (Sanskrit: ''eka-brahmana''). Some scholars, such as [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi|V.V. Mirashi]], have interpreted the term as "sole Brahmana", and argued that Satavahanas were Brahmanas.<ref name="VSRS_1990">{{cite journal |author=V. Sundara Rama Sastry |title=Social Significance of Metronymic Epithets in Early Indian Ruling Dynasties : A Study |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=51 |year=1990 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=4414819 |pages=117–118 }}</ref> [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri]] interprets the term as "unique Brahmana", and notes that the inscription also describes Gautamiputra as "the destroyer of the pride and conceit of Kshatriyas", which according to him strongly suggests that Gautamiputra claimed to be a Brahmana.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |title=Political History of Ancient India |date=23 February 2024 |edition=Seventh |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12916/page/n413/mode/1up?q=Satavahana&view=theater |pages=365–366 |publisher=University of Calcutta,Kolkata }}</ref>

The critics of this theory point out that Gautamiputra's family had matrimonial relations with the non-Brahmana [[Western Satraps|Shakas]], and the Satavahanas could not have been Brahmanas because the same inscription also describes Gautamiputra as the one who stopped admixture of varnas (''vinivatita chatu vana sankara'').<ref>{{cite journal |author=P. Krishna Mohan Reddy |title=God, Trade and Worship: A Glimpse into the Religion of Early Āndhradeśa |journal=East and West |volume=48 |issue=3/4 |year=1998 |page=298 |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO) |jstor=29757390 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao |title=Address of the Sectional President: Religion, Politics and Society in Early Deccan |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=53 |year=1992 |jstor=44142769 |page=50 }}</ref> Historian V. Sundara Rama Sastry argues that the interpretation of the term "eka-bamhana" as "the only Brahmana" does not make sense as the king was obviously not the only member of his varna: instead, he interprets the term as an epithet indicating that the king "excelled even the Brahmans".<ref name="VSRS_1990"/> Historian [[R. G. Bhandarkar]] interprets the term "the only protector" of the Brahmanas.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=173–174}}

Some [[Jain literature|Jain]] works and the ''[[Singhasan Battisi|Dvātriṃśat-Puttalikā]]'' represent [[Shalivahana]] (whom some modern scholars identify as a Satavahana king) as of mixed Brahmana and Naga origin. Based on this, some scholars, such as [[Dineshchandra Sircar|D.C. Sircar]], theorise that the Satavahanas were originally non-Brahmanas who started claiming Brahmana status after establishing matrimonial relations with some Brahmana families.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dineschandra Sircar |title=Ancient Malwa and the Vikramāditya Tradition |year=1969 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=9788121503488 |pages=67–68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Occ9AAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

== History ==
Information about the Satavahanas comes from the [[Puranas]], some Buddhist and Jain texts, the dynasty's inscriptions and coins, and foreign (Greek and Roman) accounts that focus on trade.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|pp=162–163}} The information provided by these sources is not sufficient to reconstruct the dynasty's history with absolute certainty. As a result, there are multiple theories about the Satavahana chronology.{{sfn|Dhavalikar|1996|p=133}}

=== Foundation ===
{{South Asia in 150 BCE}}
[[Simuka]] is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at [[Naneghat]]. The various [[Puranas]] state that the first king of the dynasty ruled for 23 years, and mention his name variously as Sishuka, Sindhuka, Chhismaka, Shipraka, etc. These are believed to be corrupted spellings of Simuka, resulting from copying and re-copying of manuscripts.{{sfn|Shastri|1998|p=42}} Simuka cannot be dated with certainty based on available evidence. Based on the following theories, the beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously from 271 BCE to 30 BCE.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=381–384}} According to the Puranas, the first Andhra king overthrew the [[Kanva dynasty|Kanva]] rule. He is named as Balipuccha in some texts.{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=296}} D. C. Sircar dated this event to c. 30 BCE, a theory supported by many other scholars.{{sfn|Dhavalikar|1996|p=133}}

The ''Matsya Purana'' mentions that the Andhra dynasty ruled for around 450 years. As the Satavahana rule ended in the early 3rd century, the beginning of their rule can be dated to the 3rd century BCE. The ''[[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]]'' of [[Megasthenes]] (350 – 290 BCE) mentions a powerful tribe named "Andarae", whose king maintained an army of 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. If Andarae is identified with the Andhras, this can be considered additional evidence of Satavahana rule starting in the 3rd century BCE. The ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' states that "the four Kanvas will rule the earth for 45 years; ''then'' (it) will ''again'' go to the Andhras". Based on this statement, the proponents of this theory argue that the Satavahana rule began immediately after the [[Maurya]] rule, followed by a Kanva [[interregnum]], and then, a revival of the Satavahana rule. According to one version of the theory Simuka succeeded the Mauryans. A variation of the theory is that Simuka was the person who restored the Satavahana rule by overthrowing the Kanvas; the compiler of the Puranas confused him with the founder of the dynasty.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1974|pp=17–56}}

Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana ruler began in the 1st century BCE and lasted until the 2nd century CE. This theory is based on Puranic records as well as archaeological and numismatic evidence. The theory that dates their rule to an earlier period is now largely discredited because the various Puranas contradict each other, and are not fully supported by epigraphic or numismatic evidence.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=166}}

The oldest Satavahana inscription is the one found on a slab of the upper drum (medhi) of the [[Kanaganahalli]] Great Stupa mentioning year 16 of Vasisthiputra Sri Chimuka Satavahana's reign, which can be dated from ca. 110 BCE.<ref name="auto7">Poonacha, K.P., (2013). Excavations at Kanaganahalli, Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi</ref><ref name="auto">Nakanishi, Maiko, and Oskar von Hinuber, (2014). Kanaganahalli Inscriptions (Supplement to the Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2013, Vol. 17., Tokyo.</ref>{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=194}}

{{Blockquote|𑀭𑀸𑀜𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀙𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑀲 𑀲𑁄𑀟𑁂 𑀯𑀙𑀭𑁂 𑁛𑁗 𑀫𑀸𑀢𑀺𑀲𑁂𑀓 
''Rano siri chimu(ka) sātavāhanasa soḍe vachare 10 6 mātiseka'' 
"In the year sixteen 16 of King Siri Chimuka Sātavāhana"|Kanaganahalli inscription of the 16th year of Simuka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zin |first1=Monika |title=Kanaganahalli in Satavahana art and Buddhism |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |date=2018 |volume=41 |page=540, note 7 |url=https://www2.gko.uni-leipzig.de/fileadmin/user_upload/indologie/pdf/Mitarbeiter_Akademie_Zin/Zin2018_KanaganahalliInSatavahanaArtAndBuddhism-KingAshaokaAInFrantOfTheBodhiTree__JIABS41b.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2021 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002150218/https://www2.gko.uni-leipzig.de/fileadmin/user_upload/indologie/pdf/Mitarbeiter_Akademie_Zin/Zin2018_KanaganahalliInSatavahanaArtAndBuddhism-KingAshaokaAInFrantOfTheBodhiTree__JIABS41b.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

On another stone slab at Kanaganahalli, the king is possibly shown together with a [[Nagaraja]], and the inscription reads:

{{Blockquote|𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀸 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀙𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓𑁄 𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑁄 𑀦𑀸𑀕𑀭𑀸𑀬 𑀲𑀔𑀥𑀸𑀪𑁄 ''Rājā Siri Chimuko Sādavāhano nāgarāya Sakhadhābho'' "Lord King Simuka the Satavahana, [[Nagaraja]] Sakhadhābho"|Kanaganahalli inscription of Simuka.<ref>"Looking at that one slab from Kanaganahalli (fig. 14), 40 in the upper panel, we see a king. We do not know exactly what the lower part showed because its large part is missing; in any case it is a male person of rank. The label of the inscription reads: rājā Siri Chimuko Sādavāhano nāgarāya Sakhadhābho (?). The inscription lets us believe that it is the historical person of Śrī Simuka founder of the Sātavāhana dynasty who is depicted here, and that he was portrayed on the slab together with a nāgarāja." in {{cite journal |last1=Zin |first1=Monika |title=The Buddha's Relics and the Nāgas an Attempt to Throw Light on Some Depictions in the Amaravati School |journal=South Asian Archaeology and Art |date=2012 |volume=2 |page=763, and fig.14 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36090116 |language=en}}</ref>}}

=== Early expansion ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Sanchi donations (50 BCE- 0 CE)
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = South Gateway - Rear Side - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4383 with arrow.jpg
| caption1 = The southern gateway of the Great Stupa at [[Sanchi]] was, according to an inscription (see arrow), donated under the rule of "King Satakarni", probably [[Satakarni II]].Sinopoli{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=169}}
| image2 = Siri-Satakani inscription Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gateway Rear of top architrave.jpg
| caption2 = The inscription appears on the relief of a stupa at the center of the top architrave, at the rear. It is written in three lines in early [[Brahmi script]] over the dome of the stupa in this relief.<ref name="auto6">John Marshall, "A guide to Sanchi", [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p.48]</ref> Dated circa 50 BCE- 0 CE.
| footer = Text of the inscription: {{Script|Brah|𑀭𑀸𑀜𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀓𑀡𑀺𑀲}} / {{Script|Brah|𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀲𑀡𑀺𑀲 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀣𑀻𑀧𑀼𑀢𑀲}} / {{Script|Brah|𑀆𑀦𑀁𑀤𑀲 𑀤𑀸𑀦𑀁}} ''Rāño Siri Sātakaṇisa'' / ''āvesaṇisa vāsitḥīputasa'' / ''Ānaṁdasa dānaṁ'' "Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of [[Raja|rajan]] [[Satakarni II|Siri Satakarni]]"<ref name="auto6"/>
| footer_align = center
}}

Simuka was succeeded by his brother [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]] (also known as Krishna), who extended the kingdom up to Nashik in the west.{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}}{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1974|pp=17–56}} His successor [[Satakarni|Satakarni I]] conquered western [[Malwa]], [[Anupa kingdom|Anupa]] ([[Narmada]] valley) and [[Vidarbha]], taking advantage of the turmoil caused by [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Greek]] invasions of northern India. He performed [[Vedic sacrifice]]s including [[Ashvamedha]] and [[Rajasuya]]. Instead of the Buddhists, he patronised Brahmins and donated a substantial amount of wealth to them.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} The [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] king [[Kharavela]] mentions a king named "Satakani" or "Satakamini", who some{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=382}} identify with Satakarni I. The inscription describes dispatching of an army and Kharavela's threat to a city. Since the inscription is only partially legible, different scholars interpret the events described in the inscription differently. According to R. D. Banerji and Sailendra Nath Sen, Kharavela sent out an army against Satakarni.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=176–177}} According to Bhagwal Lal, Satakarni wanted to avoid an invasion of his kingdom by Kharavela. So, he sent horses, elephants, chariots and men to Kharavela as a tribute.<ref name="Bhagwan_1883">{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Leyden International Oriental Congress for 1883 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=womFcFAtU7MC&pg=PA144 |year=1885 |author=Bhagwanlal Indraji |chapter=The Hâtigumphâ and three other inscriptions in the Udayagiri caves near Cuttack |pages=144–180 |author-link = Bhagwanlal Indraji}}</ref> According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, Kharavela's army diverted its course after failing to advance against Satakarni.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1974|pp=44–50}} According to Alain Daniélou, Kharavela was friendly with Satakarni, and only crossed his kingdom without any clashes.<ref name="Alan_2003">{{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani |url-access=registration |date=11 February 2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/139 139]–141}}</ref>

Satakarni's successor [[Satakarni II]] ruled for 56 years, during which he captured eastern [[Malwa]] from the [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian History |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=9781259063237 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORnlAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA251 |language=en}}</ref> This allowed him access to the Buddhist site of [[Sanchi]], in which he is credited with the building of the decorated gateways around the original [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Sunga]] [[stupa]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa Through The Ages |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120808249 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA154 |language=en}}</ref> Satakarni II is known from a dedicatory inscription at [[Sanchi]].{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=169}} He was succeeded by Lambodara. The coins of Lambodara's son and successor Apilaka have been found in eastern Madhya Pradesh.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} However, Andrew Ollett argues that there is only one Satakarni, as the alleged first Satakarni is assigned ten years, and the second, fifty years by other scholars, but the only dated inscription of this king is Candankheda seal from his reign's year 30, around 60 BCE, and he ruled ca. 88–42 BCE.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|pp=190, 195}}<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/8133768/Two_dated_S%C4%81tav%C4%81hana_epigraphs Falk, Harry, (2009). "Two Dated Satavahana Epigraphs"], in Indo-Iranian Journal 52, pp. 197-200.</ref>

==== Art of Sanchi ====
The Satavahanas contributed greatly to the embellishment of the Buddhist stupa of [[Sanchi]]. It was heavily repaired under King Satakarni II. The gateways and the balustrade were built after 70 BCE, and appear to have been commissioned by the Satavahanas. An inscription on the Southern Gateway records that it was the work of Satakarni II's royal architect Ananda.{{sfn|Dhavalikar|2004|p=19}} An inscription records the gift of one of the top [[architrave]]s of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana Emperor [[Satakarni]]:

{{Blockquote|Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni<ref>Original text "L1: Rano Siri Satakarnisa L2: avesanisa Vasithiputasa L3: Anamdasa danam", {{cite book |first=John |last=Marshall |author-link=John Marshall (archaeologist) |title=A guide to Sanchi |page=52}}</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="3" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#FFDAB9; font-size: 100%;"| '''Sanchi under the Satavahanas''' 1st century BCE/CE.
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"style="font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"|[[File:East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4398.JPG|250px]]
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Sanchi 6-09.jpg|Architrave
File:Sanchi2 N-MP-220.jpg|Architrave
File:Yakshini Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|[[Yakshini]].
File:Elephants Eastern Gateway Stupa 1 Sanchi.jpg|Pillar capital.
File:Sanchi lion pillar with flame palmette.jpg|Lion pillar capital.
</gallery> 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Chankrama Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway Left pillar Front top panel.jpg|The Miracle of Walking in the air at Savrasti.
File:Pipal tree temple of Bodh Gaya depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|[[Pipal tree]].
File:Miracle of the Buddha walking on a River - East Face - South Pillar - East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi.jpg|Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River [[Nairanjana]]
File:Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.jpg|[[Bimbisara]] with his royal cortege issuing from the city of [[Rajagriha]] to visit the Buddha.
File:Foreigners making a dedication to Stupa 1at the Northern Gateway of Stupa 1 Sanchi.jpg|Foreigners making a dedication to the Great Stupa at Sanchi.
File:Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu in full Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|Procession of king [[Suddhodana]] from [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]].
</gallery>
|}

=== First Western Satraps invasion under Nahapana ===
{{Main|Western Satraps}}
{{see also|Saka-Satavahana Wars}}

Little is known about Apilaka's successors, except cryptic references to one Kuntala Satakarni. The next well-known ruler of the dynasty was [[Hāla]], who composed ''[[Gaha Sattasai]]'' in Maharashtri Prakrit. Like Hala, his four successors also ruled for very short periods (a total of 12 years), indicating troubled times for the Satavahanas.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

Epigraphic and numismatic evidence suggests that the Satavahanas earlier controlled the northern [[Deccan Plateau]], the northern [[Konkan]] coastal plains, and the mountain passes connecting these two regions. During 15–40 CE, their northern neighbours – the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s – extended their influence into these regions.{{sfn|Fynes|1995|p=43}} The Western Kshatrapa ruler [[Nahapana]] is known to have ruled the former Satavahana territory, as attested by the inscriptions of his governor and son-in-law, [[Rishabhadatta]].{{sfn|Fynes|1995|p=44}}

=== First revival ===
[[File:Gautamiputra Sri Satakarni overstruck on a coin of Nahapana.jpg|thumb|A coin of [[Nahapana]] restruck by the [[Satavahana]] king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]. Nahapana's profile and coin legend are still clearly visible.]]
[[File:Saka-Yavana-Pahlava inscription in the Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri.jpg|thumb|The defeated "[[Western Satraps|Saka]]-[[Indo-Greeks|Yavana]]-[[Indo-Parthians|Palhava]]" ([[Brahmi script]]: '''{{script|Brah|𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀯𑀦 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀯)}}''' mentioned in the [[Nasik Caves|Nasik cave 3]] inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (end of line 5 of the inscription).<ref name="EI60">{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 |date=1906 |page=60 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654#page/n75/mode/2up}}</ref>]]

The Satavahana power was revived by [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], who is considered the greatest of the Satavahana rulers.{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}} Charles Higham dates his reign {{circa|103|127 CE}}.{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}} S. Nagaraju dates it 106–130 CE,<ref name="RKS_2013">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXwcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes |author=Rajesh Kumar Singh |publisher=Hari Sena |year=2013 |isbn=9788192510750 |pages=15–16 }}</ref> the new consensus is shared by Shailendra Bhandare, Akira Shimada, and Oskar von Hinuber, who regard [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]'s reign was ca. 60–85 CE, as it is evident from history that "Gautamiputra Saatakarni" in the year 78 CE defeated Vikramaditya of Ujjain, which in turn was celebrated and named "Yug Aadi" means Beginning of New Era (New Year for Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra (Gudi padwa), Telangana states). Ever since these states people followed Saatavaahana calendar.<ref name="auto2">Bhandare, Shailendra, (1999). Historical Analysis of the Satavahana Era: A study of Coins, University of Mumbai, pp. 168-178.</ref><ref>Shimada, Akira, (2012). Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca 300 BCE - 300 CE), Brill, p. 51.</ref><ref>von Hinuber, Oskar, (2016). "Buddhist Texts and Buddhist Images: New Evidence from Kanaganahalli (Karnataka/India)", ARIRIAB Vol. XIX (March 2016), p. 16.</ref> Andrew Ollett considers it as 60–84 CE.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=189}} The king defeated by him appears to have been the Western Kshatrapa ruler [[Nahapana]], as suggested by Nahapana's coins overstuck with names and titles of Gautamiputra.{{sfn|Fynes|1995|p=44}} The [[Nashik]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription of Gautamiputra's mother Gautami Balashri, dated to the 20th year after his death, records his achievements. The most liberal interpretation of the inscription suggests that his kingdom extended from the present-day Rajasthan in the north to Krishna river in the south, and from Saurashtra in the west to Kalinga in the east. He assumed the titles ''Raja-Raja'' (King of Kings) and ''Maharaja'' (Great King), and was described as the Lord of [[Vindhya range|Vindhya]].{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

During the last years of his reign, his administration was apparently handled by his mother, which could have been a result of an illness or military preoccupation.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} According to the Nasik inscription made by his mother Gautami Balashri, he was the one ...<ref>Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at [[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE)|Cave No.3]] of the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik]]</ref>

{{Blockquote|… who crushed down the pride and conceit of the [[Kshatriyas]]; who destroyed the [[Saka]]s ([[Western Satraps]]), [[Yavana]]s ([[Indo-Greek]]s) and [[Pahlava]]s ([[Indo-Parthians]]),... who rooted out the Khakharata family (the Kshaharata family of [[Nahapana]]); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race.|Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at [[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE)|Cave No.3]] of the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik]].}}

Gautamiputra was succeeded by his son [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi]] (or Pulumayi). According to Sailendra Nath Sen, Pulumavi ruled from 96 to 119 CE.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} According to Charles Higham, he ascended the throne around 110 CE,{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}} according to Shailendra Bhandare, Akira Shimada, and Oskar von Hinuber [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi]] ruled ca. 85–125 CE,<ref name="auto2"/><ref>Shimada, Akira, (2012). Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca 300 BCE - 300 CE), Brill, p. 52.</ref><ref>von Hinuber, Oskar, (2016). "Buddhist Texts and Buddhist Images: New Evidence from Kanaganahalli (Karnataka/India)", ARIRIAB Vol. XIX (March 2016), p. 15.</ref> and Andrew Ollett considers it to be ca. 84–119 CE.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=189}} Pulumavi features in a large number of Satavahana inscriptions and his coins have been found distributed over a wide area. This indicates that he maintained Gautamiputra's territory, and ruled a prosperous kingdom. He is believed to have added the Bellary region to Satakarni's kingdom. His coins featuring ships with double mast have been found on the [[Coromandel Coast]], indicating involvement in maritime trade and naval power. The old [[Amaravati Stupa|stupa at Amaravati]] was perhaps renovated during his reign.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} though recent scholarship tends to spread the dates of this wider.

=== Second Western Satraps invasion under Rudradaman I ===
[[File:Vashishtiputra Sri Satakarni.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]].]]
Pulumavi's successor was his brother [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]]. According to S. N. Sen he ruled during 120–149 CE;{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} according to Charles Higham, his regnal years spanned 138–145 CE.{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}} He entered into a marriage alliance with the Western Satraps, marrying the daughter of [[Rudradaman I]].{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

The [[Junagadh]] inscription of Rudradaman I states that he defeated Satakarni, the lord of Dakshinapatha (Deccan), twice. It also states that he spared the life of the defeated ruler because of close relations:{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}}

{{Blockquote|"Rudradaman (...) who obtained good report because he, in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated Satakarni, the lord of [[Dakshinapatha]], on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him."|Junagadh rock inscription}}

According to [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] and [[Dineshchandra Sircar]], the ruler defeated by Rudradaman was Gautamiputra Satakarni. However, [[E. J. Rapson]] believed that the defeated ruler was his son [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]].{{sfn|Dutta|1990|p=52}} Shailendra Nath Sen and [[Charles Higham (archaeologist)|Charles Higham]] believe that the defeated ruler was Vashishtiputra's successor Shivaskanda or Shiva Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi).{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}}{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

As a result of his victories, Rudradaman regained all the former territories previously held by Nahapana, except for the extreme south territories of [[Pune]] and [[Nasik]]. Satavahana dominions were limited to their original base in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and eastern central India around [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]].

=== Second revival ===
[[File:Gautamiputra Rajni Shri Satakarni.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Yajna Sri Satakarni]], [[British Museum]].]]

[[Sri Yajna Sātakarni]], the last person belonging to the main Satavahana dynastic line, briefly revived the Satavahana rule. According to S. N. Sen, he ruled during 170–199 CE.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} Charles Higham dates the end of his reign to 181 CE. His coins feature images of ships, which suggest naval and marine trade success.{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}} Wide distribution of his coins, and inscriptions at Nashik, Kanheri and Guntur indicate that his rule extended over both eastern and western parts of Deccan. He recovered much of the territory lost the Western Kshatrapas, and issued silver coinage, imitating them. During the last years of his reign, the [[Abhira dynasty#Abhira Sivadatta|Abhiras]] captured the northern parts of the kingdom, around Nashik region.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

=== Decline ===
After Yajna Satakarni, the dynasty was soon extinguished following the rise of its feudatories, perhaps on account of a decline in central power.<ref>""The different branches of the Satavahana family, which ruled in different parts of the kingdom after the decline in central authority, were soon ousted by new powers some of which were probably feudatories at the outset." {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |title=Ancient India |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2003}}</ref> On the other hand, the Western Satraps would continue to prosper for the next two centuries, until their extinction by the [[Gupta Empire]]. Yajna Sri was succeeded by Madhariputra Swami Isvarasena. The next king Vijaya ruled for 6 years. His son Vasishthiputra Sri Chadha Satakarni ruled for 10 years.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} Pulumavi IV, the last king of the main line, ruled until {{circa|225 CE}}. During his reign, several Buddhist monuments were constructed at sites including [[Nagarjunakonda]] and [[Amaravati Stupa|Amaravati]].{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}} Madhya Pradesh was also part of his kingdom.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

After the death of Pulumavi IV, the Satavahana empire fragmented into five smaller kingdoms:{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

# Northern part, ruled by a collateral branch of the Satavahanas (which ended in early 4th century{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}})
# Western part around [[Nashik]], ruled by the [[Abhira dynasty]]
# Eastern part ([[Krishna district|Krishna]]-[[Guntur district|Guntur]] region), ruled by the [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s
# South-western parts (northern Karanataka), ruled by the [[Chutu dynasty|Chutus]] of [[Banavasi]]
# South-eastern part, ruled by the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]

== Territorial extent ==
{{Continental Asia in 100 BCE}}
The Satavahana territory included northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region, spanning the present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]] states. At times, their rule also extended to present-day [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The Nashik ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription issued by Gautami Balashri, the mother of [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], claims that her son ruled an extensive territory that stretched from [[Gujarat]] in the north to [[North Karnataka|northern Karnataka]] in the south. It is not clear if Gautamiputra had effective control over these claimed territories. In any case, historical evidence suggests that his control over these territories did not last long.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=170}} Moreover, this realm was not continuous: many areas in this region remained under the control of the hunter-gatherers and other tribal communities.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=439}}

As per historian [[M. Govinda Pai]], Ptolemy (100–170 CE) states that when Siro Polemaios ([[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi|Vasishthiputra Sri Pulumayi]]) was ruling from his capital Paithan in the north (reign c. 85-125 CE), another Satavahana prince called Baleokouros or Baleokoura (Vilivayakura) was ruling from Hippokoura ([[Huvina Hipparagi]]) of Basavana Bagewadi taluk of [[Vijayapura district]] of present Karnataka in the south who was none other than his own son. Pai identifies this prince Vilivaya-kura as another form of Vilivaya Kumara (meaning the son of Vilivaya), and he goes on to prove that Vilivaya is indeed merely another rendering of Pulumayi which was transformed as per [[Prakrit]] rules, the spoken form of this language during that period, and due to common parlance. Thus, Vilivayakura means a son of [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi|Pulumayi]] who was ruling from Huvina Hipparagi in present Karnataka. Pai identifies all the 10 cities mentioned by Ptolemy as lying between the river Benda (or Binda) or [[Bhima River|Bhima river]] in the north and Banaouasei ([[Banavasi]]) in the south, viz. Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Inde ([[Indi, Karnataka|Indi]]), Tiripangalida ([[Gadhinglaj]]), Hippokoura ([[Huvina Hipparagi]]), Soubouttou ([[Savadi, Gadag|Savadi]]), Sirimalaga ([[Malkheda|Malkhed]]), Kalligeris ([[Kalkeri]]), Modogoulla ([[Mudgal]]) and Petirgala ([[Pattadakal]]), as being located in Northern Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=M. Govinda |date=1942 |title=THE VIḶIVĀYAKURAS AND SIVALAKURA OF THE KOLHAPUR COINS |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44002572 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=23 |issue=1/4 |pages=319–329 |jstor=44002572 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>

The Satavahana capital kept shifting with time. The Nashik inscription describes Gautamiputra as the lord of Benakataka, suggesting that this was the name of his capital. [[Ptolemy]] (2nd century CE) mentioned [[Pratishthana]] (modern [[Paithan]]) as the capital of Pulumavi.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=170}} At other times, the Satavahana capitals included [[Dharanikota]] and [[Junnar]].<ref name="sat">{{citation |last=Kosambi|first=Damodar Dharmanand|title=Introduction to the study of India history|publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Mumbai|year=1956|edition=second 1975|pages=243, 244|chapter=Satavahana Origins|isbn=978-81-7154-038-9}}</ref> [[M. K. Dhavalikar]] theorised that the original Satavahana capital was located at Junnar, but had to be moved to Pratishthana because of [[Western Kshatrapa|Saka]]-[[Kushana]] incursions from the north-west.{{sfn|Dhavalikar|2004|p=22}}

Several Satavahana-era inscriptions record grants to religious monasteries. The settlements most frequently mentioned as the residences of donors in these inscriptions include the sea ports of [[Sopara]], [[Kalyan]], [[Bharuch]], Kuda (unidentified), and [[Chaul]]. The most frequently mentioned inland settlements include Dhanyakatakam/[[Dharanikota]], Junnar, [[Nashik]], Paithan, and [[Karad]].{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=170}}

Other important Satavahana sites in western Deccan include Govardhana, Nevasa, [[Ter, Maharashtra|Ter]], and Vadgaon-Madhavpur. The ones in eastern Deccan include Amaravati, Dhulikatta, Kotalingala and Peddabankur.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=171}}

== Administration ==
[[File:Kanaganahalli Asoka with inscription.jpg|thumb|upright|Ashoka with his Queens, at [[Sannati]] ([[Kanaganahalli|Kanaganahalli Stupa]]), 1st-3rd century CE. The inscription "Rāya Asoko" ('''{{script|Brah|𑀭𑀸𑀬 𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓𑁄}}''', "King Ashoka") in [[Brahmi script]] is carved on the relief.<ref name="auto8">{{cite book |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088683 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=333}}{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=176}}]]
The Satavahanas followed the administration guidelines of the [[Shastra]]s. Their government was less top-heavy than that of the Mauryans, and featured several levels of feudatories:{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

* Rajan, the hereditary rulers
* Rajas, petty princes who struck coins in their own names
* Maharathis, hereditary lords who could grant villages in their own names and maintained matrimonial relations with the ruling family
* Mahabhojas
* Mahasenapati (civil administrator under Pulumavi II; governor of a [[janapada]] under Pulumavi IV)
* Mahatalavara ("great watchman")

The royal princes (''kumara''s) were appointed as viceroys of the provinces.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

The {{transliteration|pra|ahara}} appears to have been the largest geographical subdivision of the Satavahana polity. Several inscriptions refer to {{transliteration|pra|aharas}} named after the governors appointed to rule them (e.g. Govardhanahara, Mamalahara, Satavanihara and Kapurahara).{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=170}} This suggests that the Satavahanas attempted to build a formal administrative and revenue collection structure.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=173}}

The inscriptions of Gautamiputra Satakarni suggest the existence of a bureaucratic structure, although it is not certain how stable and effective this structure was. For example, two inscriptions from Nashik Cave 11 record donations of agricultural land to ascetic communities. They state that the ascetics would enjoy tax exemption and non-interference from the royal officials. The first inscription states that the grant was approved by Gautamiputra's minister Sivagupta on the king's verbal orders, and preserved by the "great lords". The second inscription records a grant by Gautamiputra and his mother, and mentions Syamaka as the minister of the Govardhana {{transliteration|pra|ahara}}. It states that the charter was approved by a woman named Lota, who according to archaeologist [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]]' interpretation, was the chief [[lady-in-waiting]] of Gautamiputra's mother.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=177}}

The Satavahana-era inscriptions mention three types of settlements: ''nagara'' (city), ''nigama'' (market town) and ''gāma'' (village).{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=170}}

According to Sastri, "the Satavahanas were described as 'lords of the three oceans' and promoted overseas colonization and trade. Under them, Buddhist art attained the superb forms of beauty and elegance preserved to this day in the cave-temples of western India and the survivals from the stupa of Amaravati, Goli, Nagarjunikonda".<ref name="kans-ahosi">{{cite book |last1=Sastri|first1=Nilakanta K. A. |title=A History of South India |date=1955|publisher=Oxford University Press |page=3|url=https://archive.org/stream/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/A-History-of-South-India#page/n11/mode/2up |language=en}}</ref> This tradition was followed by successors of Satavahana in the eastern and western Deccan.<ref name="kans-ahosi"/>

== Economy ==

[[File:Indian ship on lead coin of Vashishtiputra Shri Pulumavi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Indian ship on lead coin of [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi]], testimony to the naval, seafaring and trading capabilities of the Satavahanas during the 1st–2nd century CE.]]

The Satavahanas participated in (and benefited from) economic expansion through intensification of agriculture, increased production of other commodities, and trade within and beyond the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=178}}

During the Satavahana period, several large settlements emerged in the fertile areas, especially along the major rivers. The amount of land under agricultural use also expanded significantly, as a result of forest clearance and construction of irrigation reservoirs.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=173}}

The exploitation of sites with mineral resources may have increased during the Satavahana period, leading to the emergence of new settlements in these areas. Such sites facilitated commerce and crafts (such as ceramic ware). The increased craft production during the Satavahana period is evident from archaeological discoveries at sites such as [[Kotalingala]], as well as epigraphic references to artisans and [[guild]]s.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=173}}

The Satavahanas controlled the Indian sea coast, and as a result, they dominated the growing Indian trade with the Roman Empire. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' mentions two important Satavahana trade centres: Pratishthana and Tagara. Other important urban centres included Kondapur, Banavasi and Madhavpur. [[Nanaghat]] was the site of an important pass that linked the Satavahana capital Pratishthana to the sea.{{sfn|Higham|2009|p=299}}

== Religion ==

[[File:Statuetta indiana di Lakshmi, avorio, da pompei, 1-50 dc ca., 149425, 02.JPG|thumb|200px|The [[Pompeii Lakshmi]] ivory statuette was found in the ruin of [[Pompeii]] (destroyed in an eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 79 CE). It is thought to have come from [[Bhokardan]] in the Satavahana realm in the first half of the 1st century CE. It testifies to [[Indo-Roman trade relations]] in the beginning of our era.]]
The Satavahanas patronised [[Brahmanism]] and [[Mahayana Buddhism]], performed Vedic sacrifices, and claimed Brahmanical status.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=172}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thien |first=Phan Dong |page=128|quote=The Sätavahanas are said to be supporters of Mahayana Buddhism and Brahmanism. A.K. Warder says that Mahāyānism was most prosperous and many stupas, monasteries and caves were built in the Sätavahana empire.|url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.an-analytical-study-of-the-emergence-and-growth-of-mahayana-buddhism-in/page/128/mode/1up |title=An Analytical Study of the Emergence and Growth of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India (1st Century B.C. – 6th Century A.D.)|date=31 December 2011 |publisher=Maharshi Dayanand University |language=English}}</ref> They also made generous donations to Buddhist monasteries.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=176}} The lay people in the Satavahana period perhaps generally did not exclusively support a particular religious group .{{sfn|Fynes|1995|p=43}}

The [[Naneghat]] inscription of Nayanika, recorded on the walls of a cave, mentions that her husband Satakarni I performed several [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] sacrifices, including ''[[ashvamedha]]'' (horse sacrifice), ''[[rajasuya]]'' (royal consecration), and ''agnyadheya'' (fire ceremony).{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=175}} The inscription also records substantial fees paid to Brahmin priests and attendees for these sacrifices. For example, 10,001 cows were granted for the ''Bhagala-Dasaratra'' sacrifice; and 24,400 coins were granted for another sacrifice, whose name is not clear.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|pp=175–176}}

A number of Buddhist monastic sites emerged in the Deccan region during the Satavahana period. However, the exact relations between these monasteries and the Satavahana government is not clear.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=171}} The [[Pandavleni Caves]] inscription issued during the reign of Kanha states that the cave was excavated by ''maha-matra'' (officer-in-charge) of the [[shramana]]s (non-[[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] ascetics). Based on this, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya concludes that Kanha favoured [[Buddhism]], and had an administrative department dedicated to the welfare of Buddhist monks.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1974|pp=17–56}} The most common among donors were merchants, and many of the monasteries were located along the important trade routes.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=171}} The merchants probably donated to the monasteries, because these sites facilitated trade by serving as rest houses, and possibly by directly participating in the trade.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=172}} The monasteries appear to have been an important venue for displaying charitable donations, including the donations made to non-Buddhists (especially Brahmins).{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=176}}

== Language ==
Most of the known Satavahana inscriptions and coin legends are in [[Monumental Prakrit]].{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=13}} These inscriptions are often termed "[[Prakrit]]", defined broadly to include every [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan language]] that is "not exactly Sanskrit". The language of the inscriptions is actually closer to Sanskrit than to the literary Prakrit, [[Maharashtri Prakrit]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&q=Maharashtri+Prakrit+was+the+official+language+of+the+Satavahana+dynasty |title=A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set) |date=1 December 2003 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-2503-4 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref> used in the ''[[Gaha Sattasai]]'' anthology.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=38}}
Considered an ancestor language of [[Marathi language|modern Marathi]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC&q=official+language+Maharashtri+Prakrit+Satavahanas&pg=PA118|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last=Austin|first=Peter|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0520255609|location=California|pages=118}}</ref> Maharashtri Prakrit was adopted as a courtly,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karve |first1=Irawati Karmarkar |title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People |date=1968 |publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLkLAQAAIAAJ&q=maharashtri+prakrit+was+the+official+language+of+the+satavahana+dynasty |language=en}}</ref> or official,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniélou |first1=Alain |title=A Brief History of India |date=11 February 2003 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 |language=en}}</ref> language by the Satavahana dynasty.

The Satvahanas also used [[Sanskrit]] in political inscriptions, but this was rare.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=39}} A fragmentary inscription found close to the Nashik [[prashasti]] of Gautamiputra Satakarni uses Sanskrit verses in ''vasanta-tilaka'' metre to describe a deceased king (probably Gautamiputra). A Sanskrit inscription found at [[Sannati]] probably refers to Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni, one of whose coins also features a Sanskrit legend.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=41}}

According to Gunadhya, besides Sanskrit and Prakrit there is another language called 'Desi' which may mean the native language or the language of common man. Commenting on the Desi language Dr.D.C.Sircar remarks "It was apparently Early [[Telugu language|Telugu]] which was in older times very much closer to [[Tamil language|Tamil]] than it is now was the mother tongue of the common people". Later Satavahana kings like Gauthamiputra Satakarni, Vastistiputra pulamovi and Yajna Satakarni had their names in two languages i.e.; Prakrit and Desi (possibly [[Old Tamil]]), a native language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanumantha Rao |first=B. S. L. |title=The age of Satavahanas |date=2001 |publisher=Potti Sreeramulu Telugu Univ |isbn=81-86073-86-8 |edition=2. print |location=Hyderabad |oclc=634973239}}</ref>

The Satavahanas also issued bilingual coins featuring Middle Indo-Aryan language on one side, and Desi language (possibly [[Old Tamil]]) on the other.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=43}}

== Inscriptions ==
[[File:017 Cave 3, Inscription (33928306816).jpg|thumb|400px|Inscription of [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], [[Nasik Caves]] No.3, Inscription No.4. Circa 150 CE.]]
Several [[Brahmi script]] inscriptions are available from the Satavahana period, but most of these record donations to Buddhist institutions by individuals, and do not provide much information about the dynasty. The inscriptions issued by the Satavahana royals themselves also primarily concern religious donations, although some of them provide some information about the rulers and the imperial structure.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=163}}

The earliest extant Satavahana inscription is from [[Nasik Caves|Nashik Cave 19]], which states that the cave was commissioned by [[Mahamatra]] Saman of Nashik during the reign of king Kanha.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=168}}

At [[Naneghat]], an inscription issued by Nayanika, the widow of [[Satakarni I]], has been found. It records Nayanika's lineage and mentions the Vedic sacrifices performed by the royal family.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=168}} Another inscription at Naneghat comprises names of Satavahana royals, appearing as labels over their [[bas-relief]] portraits. The portraits are now completely eroded, but the inscription is believed to be contemporary to Nayanika's inscription on a paleographic basis.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=169}}

The next oldest Satavahana-era inscription appears on a sculpted gateway element of Stupa 1 at [[Sanchi]]. It states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of [[Satakarni II]].{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=169}}

== Coinage ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = Satavahana bilingual coinage in Prakrit and Dravidian (possibly [[Old Tamil]]) (c.150 CE)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nākacāmi |first1=Irāmaccantiran̲ |last2=Nagaswamy |first2=R. |title=Tamil Coins: A Study |date=1981 |publisher=Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjsfAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Satavahanas. Sri Vasisthiputra Pulumavi.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Vasishthiputra Pulumavi coin legend.jpg
| caption2 = Bilingual coinage of Sri [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]] in [[Prakrit]] and [[Dravidian language|Dravidian]] (possibly [[Old Tamil]]), and transcription of the obverse [[Prakrit]] legend.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nākacāmi |first1=Irāmaccantiran̲ |last2=Nagaswamy |first2=R. |title=Tamil Coins: A Study |date=1981 |publisher=Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjsfAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
 '''Obverse:''' Portrait of the king. Legend in [[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]] (starting at 12 o'clock): '''{{script|Brah|𑀭𑀜𑁄 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀣𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑀲 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀧𑀼𑀎𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀲}}''' ''Raño Vāsiṭhiputasa Siri-Puḷumāvisa'' "Of King Lord Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi" '''Reverse:''' [[Ujjain]] and [[Arched-hill symbol|arched-hill]] symbols. Legend in [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] (much more closer to [[Tamil language|Tamil]],<ref name="Sircar113">{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=9788120829732 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA113 |language=en}}</ref> and the Dravidian script,<ref name="Sircar113"/> essentially similar to the Brahmi script<ref name="AEX"/> (starting at 12 o'clock): '''{{script|Brah|𑀅𑀭𑀳𑀡𑀓𑀼 𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀣𑀺 𑀫𑀸𑀓𑀡𑀓𑀼 𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀼 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀓𑀼}}''' ''Arahaṇaku Vāhitti Mākaṇaku Tiru Pulumāviku''<ref>{{cite book |title=Epigraphia Āndhrica |date=1969 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |page=XV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek5mAAAAMAAJ&q=Arahanaku+Vahitti+Makanaku+Tiru+Pulumaviku |language=en}}</ref> or: ''Aracanaku Vācitti Makaṇaku Tiru Pulumāviku''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nākacāmi |first1=Irāmaccantiran̲ |last2=Nagaswamy |first2=R. |title=Tamil Coins: A Study |date=1981 |publisher=Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjsfAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> "Of King Tiru Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi"<ref name="AEX">"The Sātavāhana issues are uniscriptural, Brahmi but bilingual, Prākrit and Old Tamil/Proto-Telugu." in {{cite book |title=Epigraphia Andhrica |date=1975 |page=x |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7u1AAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
| footer =
}}

The Satavahanas were the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], a practice derived from that of the [[Western Kshatrapas]] he defeated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Art |first1=Los Angeles County Museum of |last2=Pal |first2=Pratapaditya |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700 |date=1986 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520059917 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa/page/72 72]–73 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref> The Western Satraps themselves had been following the features of the coins of the [[Indo-Greek]] kings to the northwest.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=53}}

Thousands of lead, copper and [[potin]] Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature uniform design or size, and suggest that multiple minting locations existed within the Satavahana territory, leading to regional differences in coinage.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=163}}

The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a [[Prakrit]] dialect without exception. In addition, some reverse coin legends are in [[Dravidian language|Dravidian]]<ref name="Sircar113"/> (much more similar to [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="RP_1969">{{cite journal |author=R. Panneerselvam |year=1969 |title=Further light on the bilingual coin of the Sātavāhanas |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=281–288 |doi=10.1163/000000069790078428 |jstor=24650366|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James D. Ryan |chapter=The Heterodoxies in Tamil Nadu |editor1=Keith E. Yandell |editor2=John J. Paul |title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8UeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81801-1 |pages=235, 253 }}</ref> than [[Telugu language|Telugu]],<ref name="Sircar113"/>{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=163}} in the Dravidian script (similar to the [[Brahmi script]] apart from a few variations).<ref name="Sircar113"/><ref name="AEX"/>

Several coins carry titles or matronyms that were common to multiple rulers (e.g. Satavahana, Satakarni, and Pulumavi), so the number of rulers attested by coinage cannot be determined with certainty. The names of 16 to 20 rulers appear on the various coins. Some of these rulers appear to be local elites rather than the Satavahana monarchs.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=163}}

The Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology, language, and even facial features (curly hair, long ears and strong lips). They issued mainly lead and copper coins; their portrait-style silver coins were usually struck over coins of the Western Kshatrapa kings. The Satavahana coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses and chaityas ([[stupa]]s), as well as the "[[Ujjain]] symbol", a cross with four circles at the end.

===Other examples===
<gallery mode="packed">
Coin of Satkarni.jpg|Early Satavahana coinage, [[Satakarni]] issue, [[Maharashtra]] – [[Vidarbha]] type, 1st century BCE.
Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi(Sataka)Nisa.jpg|Satavahana 1st century BCE coin inscribed in Brahmi: "(Sataka)Nisa". [[British Museum]]
File:Coin of Gautamiputra Sri Yajna Satakarni.jpg|Coin of Gautamiputra [[Yajna Satakarni]] ({{reign|167|196 CE}}).
</gallery>

== Cultural achievements ==
[[File:010 Cave 3, Exterior (33156264563).jpg|thumb|right|Satavahana architecture at [[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE)|Cave No.3]] of the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik]]. This cave was probably started during the reign of Gautamiputra Satakarni, and was finished and dedicated to the Buddhist [[Samgha]] during the reign of his son [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]], circa 150 CE.]]
The Satavahanas patronised the [[Prakrit]] language instead of [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} The Satavahana king [[Hāla]] is famous for compiling the collection of [[Maharashtri]] poems known as the ''[[Gaha Sattasai]]'' ({{langx|sa|Gāthā Saptashatī}}), although from linguistic evidence it seems that the work now extant must have been re-edited in the succeeding century or two. Through this book, it was evident that agriculture was the main means of livelihood. Also many sorts of superstitions had prevailed. Additionally, Gunadhya, the minister of Hala, was the author of [[Brihatkatha]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=gunadhya+hala&pg=PA1375|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|pages=1375|isbn=9788126011940|language=en}}</ref>

=== Sculptures ===
[[Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar]] writes that "The Satavahana sculptures unfortunately has never been recognized as an independent school in spite of the fact it has its own distinctive characteristic features. The earliest in point of time is that in the Bhaja Vihara cave which marks the beginning of sculptural art in the Satavahana dominion around 200BC. It is profusely decorated with carvings, and even pillars have a lotus capital crowned with sphinx-like mythic animals."{{sfn|Dhavalikar|2004|p=57|ps=: "The Satavahana sculptures unfortunately has never been recognized as an independent school in spite of the fact it has its own distinctive characteristic features. The earliest in point of time is that in the Bhaja Vihara cave which marks the beginning of sculptural art in the Satavahana dominion around 200BC. It is profusely decorated with carvings, and even pillars have a lotus capital crowned with sphinx-like mythic animals."}} Dhavalikar also writes that in Chankama "the panel occurring on the west pillar of Northern Gateway portrays a very important event in Buddha's life. It depicts votaries, two each on either side of what looks like a ladder which actually is the promenade which Buddha is supposed to have walked. It is said that Buddha, after attaining Enlightment, spent four weeks near the Bodhi tree. Of these, the third week he spent walking along the promenade (''chankama'') to and fro."{{sfn|Dhavalikar|2004|p=63|ps=: "...the panel occurring on the west pillar of Northern Gateway portrays a very important event in Buddha's life. It depicts votaries, two each on either side of what looks like a ladder which actually is the promenade which Buddha is supposed to have walked. It is said that Buddha, after attaining Enlightment, spent four weeks near the Bodhi tree. Of these, the third week he spent walking along the promenade (chankama) to and fro."}}

Along with some of the above major Satavahana sculptures some more sculptures existed—namely, ''Dvarapala, Gajalaksmi, Shalabhanjikas'', Royal Procession, Decorative pillar, etc.<ref>These sculptures are mentioned in {{harvnb|Dhavalikar|2004}}. Only names have been mentioned.</ref>

=== Bronze ===
[[File:Andhra Pradesh Royal earrings 1st Century BCE.jpg|thumb|Royal earrings, [[Andhra Pradesh]], 1st century BCE.]]
Several metal figurines are found that could be attributed to the Satavahanas. A hoard of unique bronze objects were also found from [[Bramhapuri]]. Numerous articles obtained from there were Indian but also reflected Roman and Italian influence. A small statue of Poseidon, wine jugs, and a plaque depicting Perseus and Andromeda were also obtained from the house from where the objects were found.{{sfn|Dhavalikar|2004|p=91}} The fine elephant in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], the Yaksi image in the [[British Museum]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tX4wzIUY3QC&q=british+museum+satavahana+bronze&pg=PA259|title=A Social History of Early India|last=Chattopadhyaya|first=Brajadulal|pages=259|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131719589|language=en}}</ref> and the cornucopia found in Posheri, kept at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]{{sfn|Dhavalikar|2004|p=95}} can also be attributed to the Satavahana period.

=== Architecture ===
The sculptures of the [[Amaravati Stupa]] and the wider [[Amaravati style]] represent the architectural development of the Satavahana periods. They built [[Stupa|Buddhist stupas]] in Amravati (95 feet high). They also constructed a large number of stupas at Goli, [[Jaggayyapeta|Jaggiahpeta]], Ghantasala, Amaravati Bhattiprolu, and Shri Parvatam. Caves IX and X, containing Ajanta paintings, were patronised by Satavahana, and the painting throughout the caves appear to have started with them. Ashokan Stupas were enlarged, the earlier bricks and wood works being replaced with stone works. The most famous of these monuments are the stupas, the most famous among them being the Amravati Stupa and the [[Nagarjunakonda]] Stupa.

=== Paintings ===
The Satavahana paintings are the earliest surviving specimens—excluding prehistoric rock art—in India, and they are to be found only at the [[Ajanta Caves]]. There were two phases of artistic activity of Ajanta: the first occurring in the 2nd to 1st centuries BCE, when Hinayana caves were excavated during Satavahana rule; the later in the second half of the 5th century under the Vakatakas. Vagaries of nature and some vandalism have taken a heavy toll on the Ajanta Caves. Only a few fragments related to the Satavahanas have survived in Caves No. 9 and 10, both of which are [[chaitya-griha]]s with stupas.

The most important surviving painting of the Satavahana period at Ajanta is the ''Chhadanta Jataka'' in Cave No. 10, but that, too, is only fragmentary. It is a painting of an elephant named Bodhisattva with six tusks, related to a mythological story. The human figures, both male and female, are typically Satavahanas, almost identical with their counterparts on the Sanchi Gateways so far as their physiognomy, costumes, and jewellery are concerned. The only difference is that the Sanchi figures have shed some of their weight.{{sfn|Dhavalikar|2004|pp=77, 81, 84}}

=== Art of Amaravati ===
{{Main|Amaravati Stupa}}

The Satavahana rulers are also remarkable for their contributions to [[Buddhist art]] and architecture. They built great stupas in the [[Krishna River]] Valley, including the stupa at [[Amaravati Stupa|Amaravati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The stupas were decorated in marble slabs and sculpted with subjects including [[Life of Buddha in art|scenes from the life of the Buddha]], portrayed in a characteristic slim and elegant style. The regional [[Amaravati style]] of sculpture also influenced the sculpture of Southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Rao|1994|p=20}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
BrMus Amravati.jpg|[[Amaravati Marbles]], fragments of Buddhist stupa
Head of a lion, from gateway pillar at the Amaravati Stupa, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India, Satavahana dynasty, 2nd century AD, limestone - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05130.JPG|Fragment of Amaravati stupa
MaraAssault.jpg|[[Mara (demon)|Mara]]'s assault on the Buddha, 2nd century, [[Amaravati style]]
AmaravatiScroll.JPG|Scroll supported by Indian [[Yaksha]], [[Amaravati Stupa]], 2nd–3rd century CE.
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==
'''{{main|List of Satavahana emperors}}'''

== See also ==
* [[History of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[History of Telangana]]
* [[History of Maharashtra]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}


* {{cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA37 |isbn=9788120829411 }}

* {{Cite book |last=Dhavalikar |first=Madhukar Keshav |author-link=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar |title=Satavahana Art |publisher=B.L Bansal, Sharada |location=Delhi |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-88934-04-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Dhavalikar |first=Madhukar Keshav |author-link=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar |title=Sātavāhana Chronology: A Re-examination |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=77 |issue=1/4 |year=1996 |pages=133–140 |jstor=41702166 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dutta |first=Mala |title=A Study of the Sātavāhana Coinage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io8aAAAAYAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Harman |isbn=978-81-85151-39-7 }}

* {{cite journal |last=Falk |first=Harry |title=Two Dated Sātavāhana Epigraphs |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=52 |issue=2 |issn=0019-7246 |year=2009 |doi=10.1163/001972409X445924 |pages=197–206 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Fynes |first=R.C.C. |title=The Religious Patronage of the Satavahana Dynasty |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=1995 |pages= 43–50 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1995.9628494 }}

* {{cite book |last=Higham |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |publisher=Infobase |year=2009 |isbn=9781438109961 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Joglekar |first1=S. A. |title=SĀTAVĀHANA AND SĀTAKARṆI |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1946 |volume=27 |issue=3/4 |pages=237–287 |jstor=41688591 |issn=0378-1143}}

* {{cite book |last=Kosambi |first=Damodar Dharmanand |title=An Introduction to the Study of Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTvQiXVFB0gC&pg=PA243 |year=1975 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-038-9 }}

* {{cite book |last1=Ollett |first1=Andrew |title=Language of the Snakes |date=2017 |page=194 |publisher=University of California Press |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1w8h1vk }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Shruti S. |title=FROM THE SĀTAVĀHANAS TO THE ANDHRAS AND THE ANDHRA-BHRTYAS |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1994 |volume=75 |issue=1/4 |pages=121–142 |jstor=41694410 |issn=0378-1143}}

* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=B. S. L. Hanumantha |title=The Age of Satavahanas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppc8AAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi }}
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=P. Raghunadha |title=Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000ragh |url-access=registration |year=1993 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-1495-3 }}
* {{citation|title=History and Culture of Andhra pradesh: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day|last=Rao|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1994|isbn=978-81-207-1719-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=Himanshu Prabha |title=Monastery and guild: commerce under the Sātavāhanas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zVGAAAAMAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195619416 }}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC |year=2006 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0291-9 }}

* {{cite book |last=Sarma |first=I. K. |author-link=Inguva Kartikeya Sarma |title=Coinage of the Satavahana Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilBmAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Agam }}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shastri |first=Ajay Mitra |title=The Age of the Sātavāhanas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRpuAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Aryan |isbn=978-81-7305-158-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shastri |first=Ajay Mitra |title=The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: a historical framework |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0puAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Dattsons |isbn=978-81-7192-031-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shimada |first=Akira |title=Early Buddhist Architecture in Context |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC&pg=PA43 |date=9 November 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23283-9 }}
* {{citation |last=Shrimali |first=K M |title=Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress 52nd Session |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170000 |publisher=Amrit Printing Works |location=New Delhi |year=1992 }}
* {{cite book |first=Upinder |last=Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA383 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sinopoli |first=Carla M. |chapter=On the Edge of Empire: Form and Substance in the Satavahana Dynasty |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |editor-last1=Alcock |editor-first1=Susan E.|editor-link1=Susan E. Alcock|editor-last2=D'Altroy |editor-first2=Terence N.|editor-last3=Morrison|editor-first3=Kathleen D. |editor-last4=Sinopoli |editor-first4=Carla M.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/archaeology/archaeology-general-interest/empires-perspectives-archaeology-and-history?format=PB&isbn=9780521112345|year=2001 |isbn=9780521770200 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA155 }}

* {{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline|Satavahana}}

{{Navboxes|list1 =
{{APhistory}}
{{Part of History of India}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Satavahana dynasty| ]]
[[Category:3rd-century establishments]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century]]

United States House of Representatives

2026-03-10T04:21:45Z

Rahuljogi: minor update

{{Short description|Lower house of the US Congress}}
{{Redirect|House of Representatives committee|others|House of Representatives}}
{{for-multi|the United States Congress in session|119th United States Congress|state-level houses of representatives in the United States|List of United States state legislatures}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = {{party color|Republican Party (US)}} !important
| name = United States House of Representatives
| legislature = [[119th United States Congress]]
| coa_pic = Seal of the United States House of Representatives.svg
| coa_res = 175
| coa_alt = Seal of the United States House of Representatives
| coa_caption = Unofficial seal{{efn|This emblem appears on the flag and is sometimes referred to as the seal of the House. However, the actual seal depicts the central part of the [[United States Capitol]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Signed and Sealed |url=https://history.house.gov/Blog/2022/April/4-6-seal/ |website=United States House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |access-date=November 4, 2025 |date=April 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In pictures: Trump's second impeachment |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/13/politics/gallery/trump-second-impeachment |access-date=November 4, 2025 |agency=CNN |date=February 13, 2021}}</ref>}}
| logo_pic = Flag of the United States House of Representatives.svg{{!}}border
| logo_res = 175
| logo_alt = Flag of the United States House of Representatives
| logo_caption = Flag of the United States House of Representatives
| body = United States Congress
| house_type = Lower house
| term_limits = None
| new_session = {{Start date|2025|01|03}}
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| party1 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| election1 = October 25, 2023
| leader2_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|Majority Leader]]
| leader2 = [[Steve Scalise]]
| party2 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| election2 = January 3, 2023
| leader3_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Minority Leader|Minority Leader]]
| leader3 = [[Hakeem Jeffries]]
| party3 = ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| election3 = January 3, 2023
| leader4_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Party Whips and Assistant Party Leaders|Majority Whip]]
| leader4 = [[Tom Emmer]]
| party4 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| election4 = January 3, 2023
| leader5_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Party Whips and Assistant Party Leaders|Minority Whip]]
| leader5 = [[Katherine Clark]]
| party5 = ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| election5 = January 3, 2023
| members = [[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|435 voting members]] [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|6 non-voting members]] 218 for a majority
| structure1 = {{switcher |[[File:(119th) US House of Representatives.svg|250px]] |Seat display|[[File:Current US House of Representatives Map.svg|250px]] |Map display|default=1}}
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 = '''Majority (218)'''
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (217)}}
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Independent Republican}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent Republican (United States)|Independent]] ([[Kevin Kiley (politician)|1]])}}
'''Minority (214)'''
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (214)}}
'''Vacant (3)'''
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|vacant|border=darkgray}} Vacant ([[List of current United States representatives#Vacancies|3]])}}
| term_length = 2 years
| voting_system1 = [[Plurality voting]] in 46 states{{efn|[[Alaska]] (for its primary elections only), [[California]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] additionally utilize a [[nonpartisan blanket primary]], and [[Mississippi]] uses the [[two-round system]], for their respective [[primary elections]].}} {{collapsible list
|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left
|title=Varies in 4 states
|bullets = yes
|[[Elections in Alaska|Alaska]] & [[Elections in Maine|Maine]]: {{nowrap|[[Instant-runoff voting]]}}
|[[Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] & [[Elections in Louisiana|Louisiana]]: {{nowrap|[[Two-round system]]}}
|[[Elections in California |California]] & [[Elections in Washington (state)|Washington]]: {{nowrap|[[Nonpartisan primary]]}}

}}
| last_election1 = [[2024 United States House of Representatives elections|November 5, 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[2026 United States House of Representatives elections|November 3, 2026]]
| redistricting = [[State legislature (United States)|State legislatures]] or [[redistricting commission]]s, [[redistricting in the United States|varies by state]]
| session_room = United States House of Representatives chamber.jpg
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = House of Representatives Chamber [[United States Capitol]] [[Washington, D.C.]] [[United States of America]]
| website = {{URL|https://house.gov}}
| rules = [https://rules.house.gov/rules-and-resources Rules of the House of Representatives]
}}
{{Politics of the United States}}

The '''United States House of Representatives''' is a chamber of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[United States Congress]]; it is the [[lower house]], with the [[U.S. Senate]] being the [[upper house]]. Together, the House and Senate have the authority under [[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article One]] of the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] in enumerated matters to pass or defeat [[Federalism in the United States|federal]] [[Legislation|legislation]], known as [[Bill (United States Congress)|bills]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The House Explained |url=https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained |access-date=December 3, 2023 |website=house.gov |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231203080240/https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20Constitution,%20the,the%20federal%20government's%20legislative%20branch. |archive-date=December 3, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2023 |title=House of Representatives |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Representatives-United-States-government |access-date=December 3, 2023 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to the [[President of the United States|president]] for signature or [[veto]]. The House's exclusive powers include initiating all revenue bills, [[Impeachment in the United States|impeaching]] federal officers, and [[Contingent election|electing the president]] if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]].<ref>[[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 7: Bills|Article I, Section 7]] of the Constitution</ref><ref>[[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 2: House of Representatives|Article I, Section 2]], and in the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]</ref>

Members of the House serve a [[Fixed-term election|fixed term]] of two years, with each seat up for election before the start of the next Congress. [[By-election|Special election]]s may occur in the case of a vacancy. The House's composition was established by [[Article One of the United States Constitution]]. The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to the [[Uniform Congressional District Act]], sit in single member [[List of United States congressional districts|congressional districts]] allocated to each [[U.S. state|state]] on the basis of population as measured by the [[United States census]], provided that each state gets at least one representative.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=United States Census Bureau |title=About Congressional Apportionment |url=https://www.census.gov/topics/public-sector/congressional-apportionment/about.html |access-date=December 3, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected. Although [[suffrage]] was initially limited, it gradually widened, particularly after the ratification of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment]] and the [[civil rights movement]].

Since 1913, the [[United States congressional apportionment|number of voting representatives]] has been at 435 {{endash}} with the exception of 1959 to 1963, when it was temporarily increased to 437 following the admissions of [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] to the Union {{endash}} pursuant to the [[Apportionment Act of 1911]].<ref name="USPL 62-5">See [[Public Law 62-5]] of 1911, though Congress has the authority to change that number.</ref> The [[Reapportionment Act of 1929]] capped the number of voting members of the House at 435.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/20/988865415/stuck-at-435-representatives-why-the-u-s-house-hasnt-grown-with-census-counts |title=Explainer: Why Does The U.S. House Have 435 Members? |publisher=NPR |date=April 20, 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2022 |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329204402/https://www.npr.org/2021/04/20/988865415/stuck-at-435-representatives-why-the-u-s-house-hasnt-grown-with-census-counts |url-status=live }}</ref>

Five non-voting delegates represent the [[District of Columbia's at-large congressional district|District of Columbia]] and the U.S. territories of [[Guam's at-large congressional district|Guam]], the [[United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district|U.S. Virgin Islands]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district|Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]], and [[American Samoa's at-large congressional district|American Samoa]]. A non-voting resident commissioner, serving a four-year term, represents the Commonwealth of [[Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district|Puerto Rico]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the largest delegation was [[List of United States representatives from California|California]], with 52 representatives. Six states have [[At-large|only one representative apiece]]: [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|Alaska]], [[Delaware's at-large congressional district|Delaware]], [[North Dakota's at-large congressional district|North Dakota]], [[South Dakota's at-large congressional district|South Dakota]], [[Vermont's at-large congressional district|Vermont]], and [[Wyoming's at-large congressional district|Wyoming]].<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_House_of_Representatives United States House of Representatives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624161504/https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_House_of_Representatives |date=June 24, 2018 }}, [[Ballotpedia]]. Accessed November 23, 2016. "There are six states with only one representative: [[Alaska]], [[Delaware]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Vermont]] and [[Wyoming]]."</ref>

The House meets in the south wing of the [[United States Capitol]]. The rules of the House generally address a two-[[Congressional caucus|party]] system, with a majority party in government, and a minority party in opposition. The presiding officer is the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]], who is elected by the members thereof. [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|Other floor leaders]] are chosen by the [[House Democratic Caucus|Democratic Caucus]] or the [[House Republican Conference|Republican Conference]], depending on whichever party has the most voting members.

==History==
===18th century===
{{Main|History of the United States House of Representatives}}

[[File:Historical distribution of parties in US House of Representatives.svg|thumb|The representation of political parties as a percentage of the House of Representatives, 1788 to 2020]]
[[File:Combined--Control of the U.S. House of Representatives - Control of the U.S. Senate.png|thumb|A historical graph of party control of the House, the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]], and [[President of the United States|presidency]], 1855 to 2025.<ref name="uspolitics.about">{{cite web |url=http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm |title=Party In Power – Congress and Presidency – A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945–2008 |publisher=Uspolitics.about.com |access-date=September 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145605/http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2012 }}</ref>]]
Under the [[Articles of Confederation]], the [[Congress of the Confederation]] was a [[unicameral]] body with equal representation for each state. A simple majority of states was required for ordinary legislative matters. A supermajority of nine states or more was required for special matters listed in the Articles, such as engaging in war, entering treaties and alliances, coining money, appropriating money, borrowing money on credit of the United States, raising armies, and appointing a commander in chief of the military.<ref>{{Cite act|title=Articles of Confederation |at=Article IX |year=1777}}</ref> An amendment to the Articles needed only a simple majority in the Congress but required each state to ratify it to become effective.<ref>{{Cite act|title=Articles of Confederation |at=Article XIII |year=1777}}</ref>

After eight years of a more limited [[confederal]] government under the Articles, [[James Madison]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], and other [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] initiated the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]], which convened in [[Philadelphia]] from May 25 to September 17, 1787, and received the Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except [[Rhode Island]] agreed to send delegates.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the founders during the convention. [[Edmund Randolph]]'s [[Virginia Plan]] called for [[bicameral]] legislature with proportional representation{{Efn|Not to be confused with [[proportional representation]], an electoral system that typically elects [[Electoral system#Multi-winner systems|multiple members]] of a party to a legislature based on that party's percentage of a popular vote.}} in the House and equal state representation in the Senate.<ref name=Plans>[http://history.house.gov/People/Signatories/Signatories/ "Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194331/https://history.house.gov/People/Signatories/Signatories/ |date=January 14, 2021 }}, United States House of Representatives. Accessed February 19, 2017. "While some believed the Articles should be 'corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution,' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation.... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and South Carolina. A number of smaller states, however, proposed the 'New Jersey Plan,' drafted by William Paterson, which retained the essential features of the original Articles: a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation, the appointment of a plural executive, and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction.... The committee's report, dubbed the Great Compromise, ironed out many contentious points. It resolved the delegates' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate. After two more months of intense debates and revisions, the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution, which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states."</ref>
The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from several large states, including [[Massachusetts]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Virginia]], and called for representation based on population. The smaller states favored the [[New Jersey Plan]], which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states.<ref name=Plans/>

The Convention ultimately reached the [[Connecticut Compromise]] or Great Compromise, under which the House of Representatives would provide representation proportional to each state's population, and the Senate would provide equal representation amongst the states.<ref name=Plans/> In 1788, the Constitution was ratified, and it was implemented on March 4, 1789.<ref>{{cite web |author1=NCC Staff |title=The day the Constitution was ratified |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-day-the-constitution-was-ratified |website=NATIONAL CONSTITUTION CENTER |publisher=National Constitution Center |access-date=January 20, 2026 |date=June 21, 2024}}</ref>

Less than a month later, on April 1, 1789, the U.S. House convened for the first time in [[New York City]], which was then the nation's capital. In 1790, the capital was moved back to Philadelphia, and the House met there from 1790 until 1800 when construction of the new national capitol in [[Washington, D.C.]] was completed.<ref>[https://history.house.gov/Institution/Firsts-Milestones/First-Meetings/ "First Meetings"] at U.S. House of Representatives website]</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Thomas Brackett Reed - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Brackett Reed]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] from 1895 to 1899.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Amanda |date=2018-04-23 |title=Thomas Brackett Reed (1839-1902) – House Speaker from Maine Known for “Reed’s Rules” |url=https://constitutingamerica.org/thomas-brackett-reed-1839-1902-house-speaker-me-reeds-rules-guest-essayists-joseph-postell-samuel-postell/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Constituting America |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
During the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] over regionally divisive issues, including [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]]. The [[Northeastern United States|North]] was much more populous than the [[History of the Southern United States|South]], and therefore dominated the House of Representatives; the North held no such advantage in the Senate, however, where the equal representation of states prevailed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Representatives Apportioned to Each State (1st to 23rd Census, 1790–2010) |website=U.S. Congresswoman Virginia Foxx |url=https://foxx.house.gov/uploadedfiles/state_apportionment.pdf |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref>

Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the [[Wilmot Proviso]], which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the [[Mexican–American War]]. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] (1861–1865), which began soon after several southern states attempted to [[secede]] from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]. The Civil War culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Since all southern senators except [[Andrew Johnson]] resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

During the [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]] that followed, the [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] held large majorities, which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877. The ensuing era, known as the [[Gilded Age]], was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate. The [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political Party Timeline: 1836-1864 {{!}} American Experience |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lincolns-timeline/ |access-date=December 3, 2023 |website=PBS |language=en}}</ref>

The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]]. The rise of the speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during the tenure of Republican [[Thomas Brackett Reed]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
"Czar Reed", as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that "[t]he best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch."<ref>{{Cite report |title=Legislative Leviathan Revisited |author=Gary W. Cox and Mathew D. McCubbins |url=https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/mccubbins.pdf}}</ref>
The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of [[Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives|majority leader]] and [[Minority leader of the United States House of Representatives|minority leader]] being created in 1899. While the minority leader was the head of the minority party, the majority leader remained subordinate to the speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majority Leaders of the House (1899 to present) |website=United States House of Representatives: History, Art, & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Office/Majority-Leaders/ |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minority Leaders of the House (1899 to present) |website=United States House of Representatives: History, Art, & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Office/Minority-Leaders/ |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref>

===20th century===
The speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican [[Joseph Gurney Cannon]], from 1903 to 1911. The speaker's powers included chairmanship of the influential [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules Committee]] and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. This influence was curtailed in the "Revolution of 1910",{{citation needed |reason=this quoted name is unsourced |date=February 2026}} a set of reforms enacted by Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Speaker Cannon's heavy-handed tactics. This influence was restored to an extent in the 1970s to take power away from committees.<ref name="house.gov speaker history">{{Cite web |title=Speaker of the House |website=United States House of Representatives: History, Art, & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Origins-Development/Speaker-of-the-House/ |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref>

The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the [[Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941–1945)|Franklin D. Roosevelt administration]] between 1933 and 1945, often winning over two-thirds of the seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at times during the next decade. The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995. In the mid-1970s, members passed major reforms that strengthened the power of subcommittees at the expense of committee chairs, and allowed party leaders to nominate committee chairs.<ref name="house.gov speaker history"/>
These actions were taken to undermine the [[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|seniority system]], and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party. The power of party leaders, especially the speaker, grew considerably.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

According to historian [[Julian E. Zelizer]], the majority Democrats minimized the number of staff positions available to the minority Republicans, kept them out of decision-making, and gerrymandered their home districts. Republican [[Newt Gingrich]] argued that American democracy was being ruined by the Democrats' tactics and that the GOP had to destroy the system before it could be saved. Cooperation in governance, says Zelizer, would have to be put aside until they deposed Speaker Wright and regained power.<ref>Julian E. Zelizer, ''Burning Down the House: Newt Gingrich, the Fall of a Speaker, and the Rise of the New Republican Party'' (2020).</ref>

Gingrich brought an ethics complaint which led to Wright's resignation in 1989. Gingrich gained support from the media and good government forces in his crusade to persuade Americans that the system was, in Gingrich's words, "morally, intellectually and spiritually corrupt". Gingrich followed Wright's successor, Democrat [[Tom Foley]], as speaker after the [[Republican Revolution]] of 1994 gave his party control of the House.<ref>Julian E. Zelizer, ''Burning Down the House: Newt Gingrich, the Fall of a Speaker, and the Rise of the New Republican Party'' (2020).</ref>

Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the [[Contract with America]] and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President [[Bill Clinton]], or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. After Republicans held control in the [[1996 United States House of Representatives elections|1996 election]], however, Clinton and the Gingrich-led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades, along with a substantial tax cut.<ref>Balanced Budget: HR 2015, FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation / Spending; Tax Cut: HR 2014, FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation – Revenue</ref>

===21st century===
Republicans controlled the House of Representatives until the [[2006 United States House of Representatives elections|2006 elections]], when the Democrats won control and [[Nancy Pelosi]] was elected by the House as the first female speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-08 |title=Resurgent Democrats win control of House |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15611393 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benenson |first=Bob |date=January 4, 2007 |title=Pelosi Officially Elected Speaker of the U.S. House |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/04/cq_2079.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=New York Times}}</ref>

Republicans regained control of the House of Representatives in [[2010 United States House of Representatives elections|2010 elections]] with the largest shift of political power between the parties since the [[1938 United States House of Representatives elections|1938 elections]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Neuman | first=Scott | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130983833 | title=Obama, GOP Grapple With power shift | publisher=NPR | date=November 3, 2010 | access-date=July 2, 2011 | archive-date=June 10, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610220957/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130983833 | url-status=live }}</ref> Republicans held the House until Democrats retook it in the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018 elections]], which became the best midterm performance for the Democrats since 1974.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-07 |title=What happens now that Democrats will retake the House |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/what-happens-now-democrats-will-retake-house-n930556 |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=NBC News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Democrat did see midterms 'blue wave' as late results reveal party's best results since 1974 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/midterms-2018/midterms-results-democrats-blue-wave-late-vote-counts-us-election-trump-republican-a8631176.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref> In the [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections|2022 elections]], Republicans took back control of the House, winning a slim majority.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Deirdre |date=2022-11-16 |title=Republicans narrowly retake control of the House, setting up divided government |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1133125177/republicans-control-house-of-representatives |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>

Following the election of transgender representative [[Sarah McBride]] in November 2024, House speaker [[Mike Johnson]] announced that [[United States Congress transgender bathroom dispute|restrooms in the House would be restricted]] based on "biological sex", i.e. [[sex assignment]] at birth. The announcement was criticized as transphobic bullying.<ref>{{cite news |title=Republican House Speaker says Capitol bathrooms restricted by 'biological sex' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-capitol-bathrooms-be-restricted-by-biological-sex-houses-johnson-says-2024-11-20/ |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=November 24, 2024}}</ref> McBride announced she would comply with the rule but called it an "effort to distract from the real issues facing this country".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chao-Fong |first=Léonie |last2=Walters |first2=Joanna |date=2024-11-21 |title=Trans congresswoman Sarah McBride responds to Capitol Hill bathroom ban |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/nov/20/sarah-mcbride-trans-bathroom-ban |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Membership, qualifications, and apportionment==
{{United States House of Representatives}}

===Apportionments===
{{Main|United States congressional apportionment}}

Under [[Article One of the United States Constitution#House of Representatives|Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution]], seats in the House of Representatives are [[United States congressional apportionment|apportioned]] among the states by population, as determined by the [[United States Census|census]] conducted every ten years. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, however small its population.

The only constitutional rule relating to the [[United States congressional apportionment|size of the House]] states: "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative."<ref>[[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article I, Section 2]] of the Constitution</ref> Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911.<ref name="USPL 62-5"/> In 1959, upon the admission of [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]], the number was temporarily increased to 437, as one representative from each of those states was seated with no change in existing apportionment. In 1963, the number returned to 435, after the reapportionment consequent to the [[1960 census]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the [[District of Columbia]] or of [[United States territory|territories]]. The [[District of Columbia voting rights|District of Columbia]] and the territories of [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] are each represented by one [[Delegate (United States Congress)|non-voting delegate]]. Puerto Rico elects a [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|resident commissioner]], but other than having a four-year term, the resident commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five delegates and resident commissioner may participate in debates. Before 2011,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132685281/House-Weighs-Rules-Changes | title=New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes | publisher=NPR | date=January 5, 2011 | access-date=July 2, 2011 | archive-date=February 6, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206052228/http://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132685281/House-Weighs-Rules-Changes | url-status=live }}</ref> they were also allowed to vote in committees and the [[Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Committee of the Whole]] when their votes would not be decisive.<ref>See {{USBill|110|H.Res.|78}}, passed January 24, 2007. On April 19, 2007, the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007, a bill "to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives, and for other purposes" by a vote of 241–177. That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two, making 437 members, by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member, and (until the 2010 census) grant one membership to [[Utah]], which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 Census]]. The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session.</ref>

===Redistricting===
{{Main|Redistricting in the United States}}

States entitled to more than one representative are divided into [[single-member]] [[List of United States congressional districts|districts]]. This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 pursuant to the [[Uniform Congressional District Act]].<ref>{{usc|2|2c}} "no district to elect more than one Representative"</ref> Before that law, [[general ticket]] representation was used by some states.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

States typically redraw district boundaries after each census, though they may do so at other times, such as the [[2003 Texas redistricting]]. Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or through non-partisan panels. [[Malapportionment]] is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see ''[[Wesberry v. Sanders]]''). Section 2 of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to, or have the effect of, discriminating against racial or language minority voters.<ref name="Section 2 Voting Rights Act">{{cite web | title=Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act | url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_2/about_sec2.php | work=Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ | publisher=US Dept. of Justice | access-date=April 27, 2014 | archive-date=April 15, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415070444/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_2/about_sec2.php | url-status=live }}</ref>

While malapportionment and discrimination against racial- or language minorities are illegal, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in [[gerrymandering]] to benefit political parties or incumbents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2012/11/the_supreme_court_may_gut_the_voting_rights_act_and_make_gerrymandering.html|title=The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse|first=Emily|last=Bazelon|date=November 9, 2012|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=September 29, 2013|archive-date=September 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926165358/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2012/11/the_supreme_court_may_gut_the_voting_rights_act_and_make_gerrymandering.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawreview.richmond.edu/where-do-we-draw-the-line-partisan-gerrymandering-and-the-state-of-texas/|title=Where Do We Draw the Line? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas|first=Whitney M.|last=Eaton|date=May 2006|work=University of Richmond Law Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009091942/http://lawreview.richmond.edu/where-do-we-draw-the-line-partisan-gerrymandering-and-the-state-of-texas/|archive-date=October 9, 2013}}</ref> In a 1984 case, ''[[Davis v. Bandemer]]'', the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] held that districts gerrymandered for partisan ends could be struck down based on the [[Equal Protection Clause]], but the Court did not articulate a standard for impermissible partisan gerrymandering.<ref>[[Burt Neuborne]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=knyMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 ''Madison's Music: On Reading the First Amendment,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214145510/https://books.google.com/books?id=knyMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 |date=December 14, 2019 }} The New Press 2015</ref><ref>[[David D. Cole|David Cole]], [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/11/05/free-speech-big-money-bad-elections/ 'Free Speech, Big Money, Bad Elections,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051130/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/11/05/free-speech-big-money-bad-elections/ |date=March 14, 2016 }} in ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', November 5, 2015, pp.24–25 p.24.</ref> In 2004, the Court ruled in ''[[Vieth v. Jubelirer]]'' that due to the lack of standards for adjudicating claims of partisan gerrymandering, such claims were [[nonjusticiable]], effectively overruling ''Davis''. In 2019, the Court held in ''[[Rucho v. Common Cause]]'' that partisan gerrymandering claims are ''per se'' nonjusticiable and present [[political question]]s rather than legal ones.

In 2015, according to calculations made by [[Burt Neuborne]] using criteria set forth by the [[American Political Science Association]], about 40 seats (about 9% of the total) were chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process, fewer than how many would be without partisan gerrymandering.<ref>[[Burt Neuborne]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=knyMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 ''Madison's Music: On Reading the First Amendment,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214145510/https://books.google.com/books?id=knyMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 |date=December 14, 2019 }} The New Press 2015</ref><ref>[[David D. Cole|David Cole]], [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/11/05/free-speech-big-money-bad-elections/ 'Free Speech, Big Money, Bad Elections,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051130/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/11/05/free-speech-big-money-bad-elections/ |date=March 14, 2016 }} in ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', November 5, 2015, pp.24–25 p.24.</ref>

===Qualifications===
Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five (25) years old; (2) have been a [[United States nationality law|citizen]] of the United States for the past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the districts they represent, but they traditionally do.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://law.onecle.com/constitution/article-1/06-qualifications-of-congress.html | title=Qualifications of Members of Congress | publisher=Onecle Inc. | access-date=January 26, 2013 | archive-date=January 23, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123162353/http://law.onecle.com/constitution/article-1/06-qualifications-of-congress.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than [[United States Senate#Qualifications|those for senators]].

The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate.<ref name="PowellMcCormack">{{cite court |litigants=Powell v. McCormack |vol=395 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=486 |date=1969}}</ref> Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each house of Congress to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members, does not permit additional qualifications.{{citation needed |date=January 2026 |reason=this is not obvious}} Likewise, a state could not establish additional qualifications. [[William C. C. Claiborne]] served in the House below the minimum age of 25.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Youngest Representative in House History, William Charles Cole Claiborne |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1800-1850/The-youngest-Representative-in-House-history,-William-Charles-Cole-Claiborne/|access-date=October 6, 2020|website=United States House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|language=en|archive-date=October 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003205031/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1800-1850/The-youngest-Representative-in-House-history,-William-Charles-Cole-Claiborne/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Section 3: Disqualification from office for insurrection or rebellion|section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment]], a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative, unless two-thirds of each house of Congress votes to remove this disqualification. This post–Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] from serving, but a blanket amnesty was granted in 1872 to most Confederates, followed by a total amnesty in 1898.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/amdt14-S3-1/ALDE_00000848/ |access-date=February 26, 2026 |work=Constitution Annotated |title=Amdt14.S3.1 Overview of the Insurrection Clause (Disqualification Clause)}}</ref>

===Elections===

[[File:Pop per rep.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Population per U.S. representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C., ranked by population. Since D.C. (ranked 49th) receives no voting seats in the House, its bar is absent.]]
[[File:115th United States Congress Congressional Districts.pdf|thumb|upright=1.35|U.S. congressional districts for the 115th Congress, 2017-2019]]
Elections for representatives are held in every even-numbered year, on [[Election Day (United States)|Election Day]], the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Pursuant to the [[Uniform Congressional District Act]], representatives must be elected from [[single-member districts]]. After a census is taken (in a year ending in 0), the first year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census. The Congress based on those districts starts its term on the following January 3.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

As there is no legislation at the federal level mandating one particular system for elections to the House, systems are set at the state level. As of 2022, [[first-past-the-post]] or [[plurality voting]] is used in 46 states, electing 412 representatives. [[Ranked-choice voting in the United States|Ranked-choice]] or [[instant-runoff voting]] is in two states, Alaska and Maine, electing 3 representatives. [[Two-round system]] are in two states, Georgia and Louisiana, electing 20 representatives. Elected representatives serve a two-year term, with no term limit.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In most states, major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan [[Partisan primary|primary election]]s, typically held in spring to late summer. In some states, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates for each district in their [[political convention]]s in spring or early summer, which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions. Exceptions can result in so-called floor fights—convention votes by delegates, with outcomes that can be hard to predict.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Especially if a convention is closely divided, a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election. The courts generally do not consider [[ballot access]] rules for [[Independent politician|independent]] and [[Third party (politics)|third party]] candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and no federal statutes regulate ballot access. As a result, the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state, and may depend on a party's performance in previous years' elections; this typically only affects [[third party in the United States|third parties]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In 1967, Congress passed the [[Uniform Congressional District Act]], which requires all representatives to be elected from single-member-districts.<ref>{{usc|2|2c}}</ref><ref name=schaller>{{cite news|last1=Schaller|first1=Thomas|title=Multi-Member Districts: Just a Thing of the Past?|url=http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/multi-member-legislative-districts-just-a-thing-of-the-past/|access-date=November 2, 2015|publisher=University of Virginia Center for Politics|date=March 21, 2013|archive-date=October 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008080844/http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/multi-member-legislative-districts-just-a-thing-of-the-past/|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the ''[[Wesberry v. Sanders]]'' decision, Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose [[Plurality-at-large voting|at-large plurality districts]] on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population. Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.fairvote.org/library/history/flores/district.htm#Congress|title=The 1967 Single-Member District Mandate|work=fairvote.org|access-date=September 1, 2012|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111044913/http://archive.fairvote.org/library/history/flores/district.htm#Congress|url-status=live}}</ref>

Several states have used multi-member districts in the past, although only two states (Hawaii and New Mexico) used multi-member districts in 1967.<ref name=schaller/> [[Louisiana]] is unique in that it holds an all-party primary election on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers, regardless of party, if no candidate received a majority in the primary. The states of [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and [[California]] use a similar, though not identical system to that used by Louisiana.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Seats vacated during a term are filled through [[special elections]], unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline. Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution states that when vacancies occur, the executive—the governor of the state with the vacancy—can issue a [[writ of election]] to fill the vacancy.<ref>{{Cite law |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-1/#article-1-section-2-clause-4 |title=Constitution of the United States, Article I, Section 2, Clause 4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=David R. |last2=Brunell |first2=Thomas L. |date=May 2010 |title=Special Elections to the U.S. House of Representatives: A General Election Barometer? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25750383 |journal=Legislative Studies Quarterly |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=283 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>

===Non-voting delegates===
{{main|Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives}}

Historically, many [[U.S. territory|territories]] have sent [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting delegates]] to the House. While their role has fluctuated over the years, today they have many of the same privileges as voting members, have a voice in committees, and can introduce bills on the floor, but cannot vote on the ultimate passage of bills. [[The District of Columbia]] and the five inhabited [[U.S. territories]] each elect a delegate. A seventh delegate, representing the [[Cherokee Nation]], has been formally proposed but has not yet been seated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Citing treaties, Cherokees call on Congress to seat delegate from tribe|date=August 23, 2019|last=Krehbiel-Burton|first=Lenzy|work=Tulsa World|location=Tulsa, Oklahoma|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/state-and-regional/citing-treaties-cherokees-call-on-congress-to-seat-delegate-from/article_9da9a5d4-69a1-52d8-bad6-beea75a2e17e.html|access-date=August 24, 2019|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194358/https://tulsaworld.com/news/state-and-regional/citing-treaties-cherokees-call-on-congress-to-seat-delegate-from/article_9da9a5d4-69a1-52d8-bad6-beea75a2e17e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An eighth delegate, representing the [[Choctaw Nation]], is guaranteed by treaty but has not yet been proposed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangels |first=Zach |title=A Seat at the Table: Tribal Representation in American Legislatures |url=https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/3437/2021/11/A-Seat-at-the-Table-Tribal-Representation-in-American-Legislatures-by-Zachary-Mangels.pdf |access-date=January 16, 2026 |website=Washington State University}}</ref>

Some territories choose to also hold elections for [[shadow representative]]s. Elected shadow representatives are not members of the House and are separate individuals from their polities' official non-voting delegates.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Volou |first=Khalida |date=November 2, 2020 |title=DC's Shadow Delegation Election: Results from this year's race |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/politics/elections/dc-shadow-delegation-candidates-2020-election/65-5f95900a-eabe-4a22-9a97-b62e09ff21fa |access-date=January 16, 2026 |work=[[WUSA9]]}}</ref>

===Terms===
Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms. A [[Resident commissioner#The United States of America|resident commissioner]], a kind of delegate, serves for four years. A term starts on January 3 following the election in November. The U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House be filled with a special election. The term of the replacement member expires on the date that the original member's would have expired.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The Constitution permits the House to [[Expulsion from the United States Congress|expel]] a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only six members have been expelled from the House. In 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: Democrats [[John Bullock Clark]] of Missouri, [[John William Reid]] of Missouri, and [[Henry Cornelius Burnett]] of Kentucky. In 1980, Democrat [[Michael Myers (Pennsylvania politician)|Michael Myers]] of Pennsylvania was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes. In 2002, Democrat [[James Traficant]] of Ohio was expelled following his conviction for corruption. In 2023, Republican [[George Santos]] was expelled after he was implicated in fraud by both a federal indictment and a [[House Ethics Committee]] investigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rules.house.gov/Archives/rl31382.pdf |title=Expulsion, Censure, Reprimand, and Fine: Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives |access-date=August 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707030912/http://www.rules.house.gov/archives/rl31382.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McDaniel |first=Eric |date=December 1, 2023 |title=New York Republican George Santos expelled from Congress |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/01/1215899764/george-santos-expulsion-house |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201231102/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/01/1215899764/george-santos-expulsion-house |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=December 1, 2023 |website=NPR }}</ref><ref name="NY Times: Vote on Santos Expulsion 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gamio |first1=Lazaro |last2=Williams |first2=Josh |last3=Wu |first3=Ashley |last4=Cook Escobar |first4=Molly |title=How Every Member Voted On The Expulsion of George Santos From Congress |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/12/01/us/politics/santos-expulsion-vote-tracker.html |access-date=December 1, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=December 1, 2023}}</ref>

The House also has the power to formally [[censure]] or reprimand its members. Censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office. {{As of|November 2021}}, 24 members have been censured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-18 |title=What happens when a member of Congress is censured? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/what-is-censure-congress-/2021/11/18/20245326-4889-11ec-b8d9-232f4afe4d9b_story.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==Comparison to the Senate==
As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the [[United States Senate|Senate]] has several distinct powers. For example, the "[[advice and consent]]" powers, such as the power to approve [[treaties]] and confirm members of the [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]], are a sole Senate privilege.<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/legislative/common/briefing/Senate_legislative_process.htm Senate Legislative Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404052410/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/common/briefing/Senate_legislative_process.htm |date=April 4, 2020 }}, U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3, 2010.</ref>

The House has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose the [[President of the United States|president]] if a presidential candidate [[Contingent election|fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes]].<ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/our-government/legislative-branch The Legislative Branch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120152201/http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/legislative-branch |date=January 20, 2013 }}, The White House. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</ref>

The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, with two for each state), and larger constituencies per member in all but six delegations (the states with only one representative).<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Politics \|url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/gov310/CO/keydif/index.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=University of Texas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pendell |first=Kimberly |title=LibGuides: Government Information: Congress: House and Senate |url=https://guides.library.pdx.edu/c.php?g=271224&p=8160208 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Portland State University |language=en}}</ref>

==Salary and benefits==
{{See also|United States Congress#Privileges}}
[[File:House of Representatives salaries.webp|thumb|300px|House of Representatives salaries, 1983 to 2022]]

===Salaries===
Since December 2014, the annual salary of each representative is $174,000,<ref>{{cite web |title = Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members |work = ThoughtCo |url = http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa031200a.htm |access-date = December 24, 2014 |archive-date = January 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194424/https://www.thoughtco.com/salaries-and-benefits-of-congress-members-3322282 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Brudnick" /> the same as it is for each member of the [[United States Senate|Senate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Senate Salaries since 1789 |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senate_salaries.htm |website=[[United States Senate]] |access-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194432/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senate_salaries.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]] and the [[Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives|majority]] and [[Minority leader of the United States House of Representatives|minority leaders]] earn more: $223,500 for the speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders, the same as Senate leaders.<ref name="Brudnick">{{cite web | title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances | first=Ida A. | last=Brudnick | date=January 4, 2012 | url=http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf | work=CRS Report for Congress | publisher=United States House of Representatives | access-date=December 2, 2012 | archive-date=February 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212140913/http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf}}</ref>
A [[Cost-of-living index|cost-of-living-adjustment]] (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes not to accept it.<ref>{{cite web | title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances | first=Ida A. | last=Brudnick | date=June 28, 2011 | url=https://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid='0E%2C*PL%5B%3D%23P%20%20%0A | access-date=November 22, 2011 | archive-date=August 1, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801065621/http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=%270E%2C%2APL%5B%3D | url-status=live }}</ref>

Congress sets members' salaries, but the [[Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution]] prohibits changes in salary (excluding COLA)<ref>''Schaffer v. Clinton''</ref> from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years.<ref>{{cite web | title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances | first=Ida A. | last=Brudnick | date=June 28, 2011 | url=https://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid='0E%2C*PL%5B%3D%23P%20%20%0A | access-date=November 22, 2011 | archive-date=August 1, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801065621/http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=%270E%2C%2APL%5B%3D | url-status=live }}</ref> Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited. Salaries are not for life, only during active term.<ref name="Brudnick" />

===Titles===
Representatives use the prefix "[[The Honorable]]" before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a ''representative'', ''congressman'', or ''congresswoman''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wirls |first=Daniel |title=They are representatives, not congressmen or congresswomen - The Fulcrum |url=https://thefulcrum.us/ethics-leadership/how-do-you-address-a-member-of-congress |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=thefulcrum.us |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2008 |title=Tips and rules from the experts on titles |url=https://thehill.com/capital-living/17739-tips-and-rules-from-the-experts-on-titles/ |access-date=January 7, 2026 |website=The Hill}}</ref> Congressman can refer to a person in the Senate or House of Representatives, and Congresswoman is an informal title.<ref name=":1" /> According to [[Daniel Wirlis]], a professor at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], Representative is the official title for someone in the House of Representatives.<ref name=":0" /> "Member of congress" can be abbreviated as "MC".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acronyms & Terms |url=https://www.dhs.gov/terms |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Department of Homeland Security |language=en}}</ref>

Representatives are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state, and sometimes by congressional district, or a major city or community within their district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Style Guide |url=http://www.nab.org/styleGuide/nabWrittenStyle.asp |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250702201848/http://www.nab.org/styleGuide/nabWrittenStyle.asp |archive-date=2025-07-02 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=National Association of Broadcasters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=AP distributes style guide for U.S. midterm elections |url=https://www.ap.org/media-center/press-releases/2014/ap-distributes-style-guide-for-u-s-midterm-elections/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116003245/https://www.ap.org/media-center/press-releases/2014/ap-distributes-style-guide-for-u-s-midterm-elections/ |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref> For example, [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] representative [[Nancy Pelosi]], who represents [[California's 11th congressional district]] within [[San Francisco]], may be identified as "D–California", "D–California–11" or "D–San Francisco".{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

===Pension===
All members of Congress are automatically enrolled in the [[Federal Employees Retirement System]], a pension system also used for [[United States federal civil service|federal civil servants]], except the formula for calculating Congress members' pension results in a 70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service.<ref name="CRS Retirement Report" /> They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements:

# [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]
# The FERS basic annuity, a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay (70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service)
# The [[Thrift Savings Plan]], a [[401(k)]]-like [[defined contribution plan]] for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $19,000 in 2019. Their employing agency [[Employer Matching Program|matches employee contributions]] up to 5% of pay.

Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service, at age 50 after 20 years of service, and at any age after 25 years of service.<ref name="CRS Retirement Report">{{cite web | title=Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress | url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30631 | work=CRS Report for Congress | publisher=United States Senate | date=August 8, 2019 }}</ref> With an average age of 58 {{as of|2023|lc=yes}}, the US House of Representatives is older than comparable chambers in the other G7 nations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Xiao |first1=Eva |title=Battle of the ages: how America's gerontocracy is a challenge for democracy |url=https://www.ft.com/content/faa721e6-4fcf-4b9b-ae39-9ad6c44ed971 |agency=Financial Times |date=2023}}</ref>

===Tax deductions===
Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state.<ref name="Congress Allowances">{{cite web | title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances | url=http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf | work=CRS Report for Congress | publisher=United States House of Representatives | access-date=September 21, 2012 | archive-date=February 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212140913/http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf}}</ref>

===Health benefits===
Before 2014, members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants; they could voluntarily enroll in the [[Federal Employees Health Benefits Program]] (FEHBP), an employer-sponsored health insurance program, and were eligible to participate in other programs, such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (FSAFEDS).<ref name="Mach & Cornell">Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell, [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43194.pdf Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194216/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43194.pdf |date=January 14, 2021 }}, Congressional Research Service, February 18, 2014.</ref>

Effective January 1, 2014, Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (ACA) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a [[health care exchange]]. The [[Office of Personnel Management]] promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312(d)(3)(D).<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> Under the rule, members and designated staff are generally no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees;<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> however, if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) exchange, they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage, and members and designated staff eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/>

The [[Affordable Care Act|ACA]] and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] benefits.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment, so members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS (which has three options within the program), the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program, and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/>

The [[Office of the Attending Physician]] at the U.S. Capitol provides members with health care for an annual fee of $650.<ref name="Mach & Cornell" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Boguslaw |first1=Daniel |title=Aging Members of Congress Refuse to Disclose Details of Their Top Secret Hospital |url=https://prospect.org/health/2025-02-12-aging-members-congress-office-of-the-attending-physician/ |website=The American Prospect |language=en-us |date=February 12, 2025}}</ref> The attending physician provides routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics, and may write prescriptions, although the office does not dispense them.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> The office does not provide vision or dental care.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/>

Members, but not their dependents, and not former members, may receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the [[Washington metropolitan area|National Capital Region]], but members are billed at full reimbursement rates, set by the Department of Defense, for inpatient care.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> Outside the National Capital Region, charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/>

===Personnel, mail and office expenses===
House members are eligible for a Member's Representational Allowance (MRA) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brudnick|first1=Ida A.|title=Members' Representational Allowance: History and Usage|date=September 27, 2017|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington D.C.|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40962.pdf|access-date=October 24, 2017|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194219/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40962.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The MRA is calculated based on three components: one for personnel, one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail. The personnel allowance is the same for all members. The office and mail allowances vary based on the members' district's distance from Washington, D.C., the cost of office space in the member's district, and the number of non-business addresses in their district.<ref name="Salaries and Allowances"/>

These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense—even though each component is calculated individually, the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses.{{clarify|reason=Why is franking singled out? Aren't other components also allowed to be used this way, as per the statement in the first part of the sentence?|date=February 2026}} In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member, and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million.<ref name="Salaries and Allowances">{{cite web | last=Brudnick | first=Ida | title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances | url=http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610230116/http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf | archive-date=June 10, 2020 |work=Congressional Research Service Report for Congress | publisher=United States House of Representatives | access-date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>
The personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary is capped at $168,411 {{as of|2009|lc=yes}}.<ref name="Salaries and Allowances" />

===Travel allowance===
Before being sworn into office, each member-elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington, D.C., for organization caucuses.<ref name="Salaries and Allowances" /> Members are allowed "a sum for travel based on the following formula: 64 times the rate per mile ... multiplied by the mileage between Washington, DC, and the furthest point in a Member's district, plus 10%."<ref name="Salaries and Allowances" /> {{As of|January 2012}}, the rate ranges from {{convert|0.41|to|1.32|$/mi}} based on distance ranges between D.C. and the member's district.<ref name="Salaries and Allowances" />

==Officers==
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2025}}
===Member officials===
The [[List of political parties in the United States|party]] with a majority of seats in the House is known as the [[majority party]]. The next-largest party is the minority party. The [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker]], committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own speaker.<ref>[https://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei Article I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128081410/http://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei |date=January 28, 2010 }}, Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3, 2010.</ref> Although not explicitly required by the Constitution, every speaker has been a member of the House. The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the speaker, which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House. Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party (which need not be the majority party; theoretically, a member of the [[minority party]] could be elected as speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party). Under the [[Presidential Succession Act]] (1947), the speaker is second in the line of [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential succession]] after the vice president.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mount |first=Steve |title=Constitutional Topic: Presidential Line of Succession |url=https://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_succ.html |website=ussconstitution.net |access-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220203/https://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_succ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The speaker is the presiding officer of the House, but does not preside over every debate. Instead, they delegate the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive. One important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak: no member may make a speech or a motion unless they have first been recognized by the presiding officer. Also, the presiding officer rules on [[points of order]] {{endash}} a member's objection that a rule has been breached {{endash}} but these decisions are subject to appeal to the whole House.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Speakers serve as chairs of their party's steering committee, which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees. The speaker chooses the chairs of standing committees, appoints most of the members of the [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules Committee]], appoints all members of conference committees, and determines which committees consider bills.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Each party elects a [[floor leader]], who is known as the [[majority leader]] or [[minority leader]]. The minority leader heads their party in the House, and the majority leader is their party's second-highest-ranking official in the House of Representatives, behind the speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Representatives Hierarchy |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/house-of-representatives-hierarchy/4674319.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Roles: House Speaker, President of the Senate, Majority, Minority Leaders and Whips for an Effective Congress (Part 2) – Constituting America |url=https://constitutingamerica.org/roles-house-speaker-president-senate-majority-minority-leaders-whips-effective-congress-part-2-guest-essayist-amanda-hughes/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Constituting America}}</ref>

After the floor leaders, the next ranking official in the House party's leadership is the [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Whip|whip]], who works to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Marta |date=2022-12-08 |title=Here's what the minority whip does — and what it means that Katherine Clark got the job |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2022/12/08/heres-what-the-minority-whip-does-and-what-it-means-that-katherine-clark-got-the-job/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Boston.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

After the whips, the next ranking official in the House party's leadership is the [[Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress|party caucus chair]], styled as the "Republican conference chair" for the Republican Party and the "Democratic caucus chair" for the Democratic Party.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

After the party conference chair, there are differences between each party's subsequent leadership ranks. After the Democratic caucus chair is the chair of the [[Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee]], then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee. After the Republican conference chair is the [[chair of the House Republican Policy Committee]], followed by the chair of the [[National Republican Congressional Committee]], the House campaign committee for the Republican Party.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The chairs of [[Standing committee (United States Congress)|House committees]], particularly influential standing committees such as [[United States House Committee on Appropriations|Appropriations]], [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Ways and Means]], and [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules]], are powerful but not officially part of the House leadership hierarchy. Until the post of majority leader was created, the chair of Ways and Means was the ''[[de facto]]'' majority leader.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

====Leadership and partisanship====
When the presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House, the speaker can become the ''[[de facto]]'' "leader of the opposition". Some notable examples include [[Tip O'Neill]] in the 1980s, [[Newt Gingrich]] in the 1990s, [[John Boehner]] in the early 2010s, and [[Nancy Pelosi]] in the late 2000s and again in the late 2010s and early 2020s. Since the speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House, the position is often used for partisan advantage.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

In the instance when the presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the president. For that situation the House minority leader can play the role of a ''de facto'' "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate minority leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

===Non-member officials===
The House is also served by several officials who are not members. The House's chief such officer is the [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives|clerk]], who maintains public records and prepares documents. The clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duties of the Clerk |website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://clerk.house.gov/About#DutyOfClerk |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Meet the Clerk Who Kept Order While the House Chose Its Leader |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/meet-the-clerk-who-kept-order-while-the-chose-its-leader/6909087.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref>
The clerk oversaw [[United States House of Representatives Page|pages]] until the discontinuation of the program in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Page-History/Historical-Essays/Schools/ |title=Schools, Dorms, & Reforms |work=United States House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |access-date=February 26, 2026}}</ref>

Another officer is the [[Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives|chief administrative officer]], responsible for the day-to-day administrative support to the House of Representatives. This includes everything from payroll to [[food service]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |website=Chief Administrative Officer |url=https://cao.house.gov/about |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doing Business with the House |website=United States House of Representatives |url=https://www.house.gov/doing-business-with-the-house |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref> The position of [[Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives|chief administrative officer]] (CAO) was created by the [[104th Congress]] following the [[United States elections, 1994|1994 midterm elections]], replacing the positions of [[Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives|doorkeeper]] and director of non-legislative and financial services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |website=Chief Administrative Officer |url=https://cao.house.gov/about/history |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref> The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services, which previously had been controlled directly by the [[Committee on House Administration]], then headed by Representative [[Charlie Rose (congressman)|Charlie Rose]] of North Carolina, along with the House "Folding Room".{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The [[Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives|chaplain]] leads the House in [[prayer]] at the opening of the day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House and Senate Chaplains: An Overview |website=Congress.gov |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R41807 |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref> The [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives|sergeant at arms]] is the House's chief law enforcement officer and maintains order and security on House premises,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sergeant at Arms |website=United States House of Representatives |url=https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained/officers-and-organizations/sergeant-at-arms |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haught |first=J. Staas |title=Who is Sergeant at Arms of the House? Who took lawmaker out of Trump speech |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2025/03/04/sergeant-at-arms-removes-lawmaker-from-trump-speech-who-is-he/81482558007/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=North Jersey Media Group |language=en-US}}</ref>
but routine police work is handled by the [[United States Capitol Police]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |website=United States Capitol Police |url=https://www.uscp.gov/the-department |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fulton |first=Jacqui |date=2021-01-21 |title=Ask Civics 101: Who Are the United States Capitol Police? |url=https://www.nhpr.org/politics/2021-01-21/ask-civics-101-who-are-the-united-states-capitol-police |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=New Hampshire Public Radio |language=en}}</ref>
which is supervised by the [[Capitol Police Board]]. The House Sergeant at Arms is a member of the Board and serves as its chair in even-numbered years (the Senate Sergeant at Arms serves as its chair in odd-numbered years).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oversight |website=United States Capitol Police |url=https://www.uscp.gov/the-department/oversight |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref>

==Procedure==
{{Main|Procedures of the United States House of Representatives}}

===Daily procedures===

Like the Senate, the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a [[Podium|rostrum]] from which the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker]], Speaker pro tempore, or (when in Committee of the Whole House) the chair presides.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/House-Chamber/Rostrum/ |title=The Rostrum |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Historian |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113074034/http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/House-Chamber/Rostrum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The lower tiers of the rostrum are used by clerks and other officials. A table in front of the rostrum is used by the official reporters. Members' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-buildings/house-chamber |title=Explore Capitol Hill: House Chamber |website=Architect of the Capitol |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114172619/http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-buildings/house-chamber |url-status=live }}</ref>

By tradition, Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle. Republicans sit on the right, facing the presiding officer's chair.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ritchie |first=Donald A. |date=2006 |title=The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyEGeCwD63AC&pg=PA195 |location=[[New York, New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |edition=3 |page=195 |isbn=978-0-19-530924-9 |access-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194414/https://books.google.com/books?id=WyEGeCwD63AC&pg=PA195 |url-status=live }} {{cite web |url=http://lowenthal.house.gov/legislation/congress-u.htm |title=Congress U |last1=Lowenthal |first1=Alan |website=U.S. House of Representatives |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113074143/http://lowenthal.house.gov/legislation/congress-u.htm |url-status=live }} {{cite web|title=What's in the House Chamber|url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/House-Chamber/House-Floor|access-date=November 21, 2013|archive-date=October 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030132018/http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/House-Chamber/House-Floor/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sittings are normally held on weekdays. Meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare. Sittings of the House are generally open to the public. Visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmlp.org/legal-guide/access-congress |title=Access to Congress |website=Digital Media Law Project |publisher=Berkman Center for Internet and Society |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113075352/http://www.dmlp.org/legal-guide/access-congress |url-status=live }} {{cite web |url=http://thedistrict.com/sightseeing/other-washington-d-c-attractions/u-s-house-of-representatives |title=U.S. House of Representatives |website=The District |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113092001/http://thedistrict.com/sightseeing/other-washington-d-c-attractions/u-s-house-of-representatives/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on [[C-SPAN]] since March 1979,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/03/19/cspan-anniversary/6577593 |title=Not everyone is a fan of C-SPAN cameras in Congress |last1=Davis |first1=Susan |date=March 19, 2014 |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194346/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/03/19/cspan-anniversary/6577593/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and on ''HouseLive'', the official streaming service operated by the Clerk, since the early 2010s.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The procedure of the House depends on the rules, and a variety of customs, precedents, and traditions. In many cases, the House waives some of its stricter rules, including time limits on debates, by [[unanimous consent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rules-republicans.house.gov/Educational/Read.aspx?ID=7|title=Basic Training: Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages|website=House of Representatives|publisher=Republican Committee on Rules|access-date=January 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401073534/http://rules-republicans.house.gov/Educational/Read.aspx?ID=7|archive-date=April 1, 2015}}</ref> A member may block a unanimous consent agreement, but objections are rare. The presiding officer, the [[Speaker (politics)|speaker of the House]] enforces the rules of the House, and may warn members who deviate from them. The speaker uses a [[gavel]] to maintain order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132641490/passing-one-of-many-many-gavels |title=Passing One Of Many, Many Gavels |last1=Larchuk |first1=Travis |date=January 5, 2011 |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194303/https://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132641490/passing-one-of-many-many-gavels |url-status=live }}</ref> Legislation to be considered by the House is placed in a box called the hopper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2004/2004-019-000/ |title=Bill Hopper |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Historian |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=December 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208050408/http://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2004/2004-019-000/ |url-status=live }} {{cite web |url=http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/legfaq.aspx |title=Legislative FAQ: 7. How do Representatives introduce bills? |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Clerk |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110011712/http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/legfaq.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

In one of its first resolutions, the U.S. House of Representatives established the [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives|Office of the Sergeant at Arms]]. In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first speaker of the House, [[Frederick Muhlenberg]] of [[Pennsylvania]], the [[Mace of the United States House of Representatives]] is used to open all sessions of the House. It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all presidents of the United States. For daily sessions of the House, the sergeant at arms carries the mace ahead of the speaker in procession to the [[Podium|rostrum]]. It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the speaker's right. When the House is in committee, the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bedini |first=Silvio |date=1997 |title=The Mace and the Gavel: Symbols of Government in America, Volume 87, Part 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |pages=23–26 |isbn=978-0-87169-874-2 |access-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194449/https://books.google.com/books?id=IkALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a [[quorum]] to do business.<ref name=annotate>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/art1frag19_user.html |title=CRS Annotated Constitution |website=[[Cornell University Law School]] |publisher=[[Legal Information Institute]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194303/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the rules and customs of the House, a quorum is always assumed present unless a [[quorum call]] explicitly demonstrates otherwise. House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on. The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate, or when a question is not before the House.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/pdf/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-44.pdf |title=House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House, Chapter 43: Quorums |page=743 |website=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |access-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194232/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/pdf/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-44.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

During debates, a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer decides which members to recognize, and can therefore control the course of debate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/legfaq.aspx |title=Legislative FAQ: 6. How do Representatives obtain permission to speak? |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Clerk |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110011712/http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/legfaq.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr. Speaker" or "Madam Speaker". Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches. Other members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, members do not refer to each other only by name, but also by state, using forms such as "the gentleman from Virginia", "the distinguished gentlewoman from California", or "my distinguished friend from Alabama".{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables, two on each side. These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the party leadership. Members address the House from microphones at any table or "the well", the area immediately in front of the rostrum.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/art_artifacts/virtual_tours/house_chamber/index.html | title= The House Floor | publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives | access-date=August 23, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702003801/http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/art_artifacts/virtual_tours/house_chamber/index.html | archive-date=July 2, 2011 }}</ref>

===Passage of legislation===
Under the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]], the House of Representatives determines the rules according to which it passes legislation. Any of the rules can be changed with each new Congress, but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.house.gov/content/learn | title=The House Explained | publisher=House.gov | access-date=July 2, 2011 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194411/https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained | url-status=live }}</ref> Before legislation reaches the floor of the House, the [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules Committee]] normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure, which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rules.house.gov/about |title=About the Committee on Rules—History and Processes |last1=Sessions |first1=Pete |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Committee on Rules |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116130343/https://rules.house.gov/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

For instance, the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted. An "open rule" permits all germane amendments, but a "closed rule" restricts or even prohibits amendment. Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour, equally divided between the majority and minority parties. Each side is led during the debate by a "floor manager", who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak. On contentious matters, many members may wish to speak; thus, a member may receive as little as one minute, or even thirty seconds, to make their point.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rules.house.gov/about |title=About the Committee on Rules—History and Processes |last1=Sessions |first1=Pete |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Committee on Rules |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116130343/https://rules.house.gov/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

When debate concludes, the motion is put to a vote.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hudiburg |first1=Jane A. |title=House Voting Procedures: Forms and Requirements |date=July 23, 2018 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, DC |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-228.pdf |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194233/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-228.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In many cases, the House votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "yea!" or "aye!" (in favor of the motion) or "nay!" or "no!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A member may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and "request the yeas and nays" or "request a recorded vote". The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the members present. Traditionally, members of Congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. Some votes are always recorded, such as those on the annual budget.<ref name=gpovote>{{cite book|title=House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House, Chapter 58. Voting|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-108-59.htm|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|access-date=January 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926022918/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-108-59.htm|archive-date=September 26, 2015}} {{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process/house-floor|title=The Legislative Process: House Floor|website=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=January 12, 2015|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194441/https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process/house-floor|url-status=live}}</ref>

A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways. One is electronically. Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber. Votes are usually held in this way. A second mode of recorded vote is by teller. Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes: green for "yea", red for "nay", and orange for "present", i.e., to abstain.<ref name=gpovote/>

Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down. The House may conduct a [[roll call vote]]. The Clerk reads the list of members of the House, each of whom announces their vote when their name is called. This procedure is only used rarely, and usually for ceremonial occasions, such as for the election of a speaker, because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names.<ref name=gpovote/>

Voting traditionally lasts for, at most, fifteen minutes, but it may be extended if the leadership needs to "whip" more members into alignment.<ref name=gpovote/> The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours, from 3:00 to 6:00 a.m., to receive four additional votes, three of which were necessary to pass the legislation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/under-the-influence |title=Under the Influence |last1=Singer |first1=Michelle |date=March 29, 2007 |website=[[CBS News]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194437/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/under-the-influence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2005 vote on the [[Central American Free Trade Agreement]] was open for one hour, from 11:00 p.m. to midnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/07/28/house.cafta/ |title=House narrowly approves CAFTA |last1=Henry |first1=Ed |last2=Barrett |first2=Ted |date=July 28, 2005 |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194454/http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/07/28/house.cafta/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/refinery-bill-passes-amid-partisan-split/ |title=Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split |date=October 8, 2005 |website=[[Fox News]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228090914/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2005/10/08/refinery-bill-passes-amid-partisan-split/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Presiding officers may vote like other members. They may not vote twice in the event of a tie. A tie vote defeats the motion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sidlow |first1=Edward |last2=Henschen |first2=Beth |date=2009 |title=America at Odds, Alternate Edition |edition=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGlKrQ78UEsC&pg=PA246 |location=Belmont, California |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning |page=246 |isbn=978-0-495-50370-5 |access-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194448/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGlKrQ78UEsC&pg=PA246 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Committees and caucuses==
{{Further|United States congressional committee|List of United States House of Representatives committees}}
[[File:Ideological Caucuses United States of America House of Representatives 2025.svg|thumb|alt=US House of Representatives Caucuses 2025|
'''[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] ({{HouseDemocraticTally}})'''
{{legend|#FF9900|[[Congressional Progressive Caucus]]: 64 seats}}
{{legend|#8B6B2E|[[New Democrat Coalition|NDC]] and [[Congressional Progressive Caucus|CPC]]: 30 seats}}{{legend|#003366|[[New Democrat Coalition]]: 77 seats}}
{{legend|#0086B9|[[Blue Dog Coalition|BDC]] and [[New Democrat Coalition|NDC]]: 6 seats}}
{{legend|#00CCFF|[[Blue Dog Coalition]]: 4 seats}}
{{legend|#CCCCFF|Other Democrats: 31 seats}}
'''Vacant ({{HouseVacantTally}})'''
{{legend|#FFFFFF|Vacant ({{HouseVacantTally}})}}

'''[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] ({{HouseRepublicanTally}})'''
{{legend|#FFCCCC|Other Republicans: 2 seats}}
{{legend|#FF00EA|[[Republican Governance Group]]: 21 seats}}
{{legend|#C80067|[[Republican Governance Group|RGG]] and [[Republican Study Committee|RSC]]: 25 seats{{efn|name=RSCRGG|The Republican Study Committee no longer publishes a detailed member roster and the actual count may therefore be higher.}}}}
{{legend|#FF0000|[[Republican Study Committee]]: 138 seats}}
{{legend|#B05D05|[[Republican Study Committee|RSC]] and [[Freedom Caucus]]: 25 seats{{efn|name=RSCRGG|The Republican Study Committee no longer publishes a detailed member roster and the actual count may therefore be higher.}}{{efn|name=FC|The Freedom caucus does not publish its member roster and the actual count may therefore be higher.}}}}
{{legend|#844604|[[Freedom Caucus]]: 9 seats{{efn|name=FC|The Freedom caucus does not publish its member roster and the actual count may therefore be higher.}}}}]]

The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House, but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual members, giving priority on the basis of seniority. Historically, membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party's strength in the House, with two exceptions: on the Rules Committee, the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html|title=Committee on Rules – A History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730234619/http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html |archive-date=July 30, 2008 }}</ref> and on the Ethics Committee, each party has an equal number of seats.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf | title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct | access-date=August 23, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf | archive-date=July 7, 2010 }}</ref>

When party control in the House is closely divided, extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party. In the 109th Congress, for example, the Republicans controlled about 53% of the House, but had 54% of the Appropriations Committee members, 55% of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee, and 58% of the members on the Judiciary Committee.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The largest committee of the House is the [[Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Committee of the Whole]], which, as its name suggests, consists of all members of the House. The Committee meets in the House chamber. It may consider and amend bills, but may not grant them final passage. Generally, the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself. One advantage of the Committee of the Whole, is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of [[United States Congress|Congress]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues, such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs. Each standing committee considers, amends, and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to [[subpoena]] witnesses and evidence.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The House has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee, the [[Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]. The House may occasionally establish temporary or advisory committees, such as the [[United States House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming|Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming]]. This latter committee, created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th, had no jurisdiction over legislation and such committees must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress.

The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees, which include members of the Senate and House. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the [[Library of Congress]]. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a [[Joint Committee on Taxation]]. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman, always a member of the majority party. From 1910 to the 1970s, committee chairs were powerful. [[Woodrow Wilson]] in his classic study,<ref>Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics (1885, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin)</ref> suggested:<blockquote>Power is nowhere concentrated; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs. It is divided up, as it were, into forty-seven seigniories, in each of which a Standing Committee is the court-baron and its chairman lord-proprietor. These petty barons, some of them not a little powerful, but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule, may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires, and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself.</blockquote>

From 1910 to 1975, committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority. Members of Congress sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one, but their chairship was independent of party leadership. In 1975, the rules were changed to permit party [[caucus]]es to elect chairs, shifting power upward to the party leaders. In 1995, Republicans under [[Newt Gingrich]] set a limit of three two-year terms for committee chairs. The chair's powers are extensive. They control the committee/subcommittee agenda, and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill. The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member. In some committees like Appropriations, partisan disputes are few.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==Legislative functions==
Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress. However, the Constitution states, "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." Because of the [[Origination Clause]], the Senate cannot initiate bills imposing taxes. This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the [[British Parliament]], in which only the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] may originate such measures. Congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates [[appropriation bill]]s.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Although it cannot originate revenue bills, the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them. [[Woodrow Wilson]] wrote the following about appropriations bills:<ref>Wilson, Woodrow. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eWBJfdV_jv8C&q=originate&pg=PA155 Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212083758/https://books.google.com/books?id=eWBJfdV_jv8C&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3AXH62sjkuTc4C&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q=originate&f=false |date=February 12, 2021 }}'', pp. 155–156 (Transaction Publishers 2002) (quotation marks omitted).</ref>
<blockquote>[T]he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills, and the Senate's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.</blockquote>

The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill. If there are differences, they may be resolved by a [[conference committee]], which includes members of both bodies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Snell |first=Kelsey |date=2017-12-03 |title=Words You'll Hear: What's A Conference Committee? |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/12/03/568206403/words-youll-hear-whats-a-conference-committee |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>

The president may [[Veto power in the United States|veto]] a bill passed by the House and Senate. If they do, the bill does not become law unless each House, by a two-thirds vote, votes to override the veto. The House and Senate cannot override a [[pocket veto]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1971 |title=The Presidential Veto Power: A Shallow Pocket |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4486&context=mlr |journal=Michigan Law Review |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=149}}</ref>

==Checks and balances==
The Constitution provides that the Senate's "[[advice and consent]]" is necessary for the president to make appointments and to ratify treaties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Background on Treaty-Making Power |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-2/section-2/clause-2/historical-background-on-treaty-making-power |access-date=October 27, 2024 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref>

The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to [[impeach]] federal officials for "[[Treason]], [[Bribery]], or other high [[Crime]]s and [[Misdemeanor]]s" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTITUTIONAL GROUNDS FOR PRESIDENTIAL IMPEACHMENT |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-116HPRT38513/html/CPRT-116HPRT38513.htm |access-date=October 27, 2024 |website=www.govinfo.gov}}</ref> The House may approve "articles of impeachment" by a simple majority vote. A two-thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impeachment: An Overview of Constitutional Provisions, Procedure, and Practice |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/98-186.html |access-date=October 27, 2024 |website=www.everycrsreport.com |language=en}}</ref> A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judgment - Removal and Disqualification |url=https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-2/49-judgment-removal-and-disqualification.html |access-date=October 27, 2024 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In U.S. history, the House of Representatives [[Federal impeachment in the United States#List of federal impeachments|has impeached seventeen officials]], seven of whom were convicted. Another, [[Richard Nixon]], resigned after the [[House Judiciary Committee]] passed [[articles of impeachment]] but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House. Only three U.S. presidents have ever been impeached: [[Andrew Johnson]] in 1868, [[Bill Clinton]] in 1998, and [[Donald Trump]] in 2019 and in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverstein |first=Jason |date=February 15, 2021 |title=Impeached presidents: What have presidents been impeached for? The articles for Donald Trump, Bill Clinton, Richard Nixon and Andrew Johnson |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/impeached-presidents-trump-clinton-nixon-johnson/ |access-date=October 27, 2024 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> The trials of Johnson, Clinton, and Trump all ended in acquittal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impeachment of presidents and the Supreme Court |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> In Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-04 |title=Andrew Johnson: Domestic Affairs |url=https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/domestic-affairs |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Miller Center |language=en}}</ref>

Under the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment]], the House has the power to elect the president if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]]. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. The Constitution provides that "the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the United States; Twelfth Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-12/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416172741/https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-12/ |archive-date=April 16, 2020 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |website=Constitution Annotated}}</ref>

It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes. In U.S. history, the House has only had to choose a president twice. In the [[1800 United States presidential election|1800 election]], which was held before adoption of the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment]], it elected [[Thomas Jefferson]] over [[Aaron Burr]]. In the [[1824 United States presidential election|1824 election]], it elected [[John Quincy Adams]] over [[Andrew Jackson]] and [[William H. Crawford]]. If no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the Senate elects the vice president from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Before the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment]] was adopted in 1967, if the office of the vice president became prematurely vacant, it was left vacant until the next inauguration.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-xxv/interps/159 |title=Interpretation: The Twenty-Fifth Amendment | The National Constitution Center |website=constitutioncenter.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107072622/constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-xxv/interps/159 |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>
Since then, both House and Senate confirmation is required to fill a vacancy if the vice presidency is vacant.<ref>Section 2 reads: "Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress."</ref>

==Historical composition==
{{:Historical composition of the United States House of Representatives}}

==Latest election results and party standings==
{{See also|2024 United States House of Representatives elections|119th United States Congress}}

'''Balance of power {{as of|2026|2|2|df=US|lc=y}}'''

{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-spacing:0px;"
|
| colspan=6 | ↓

|- style="color:white"
! style="color:black" | Two-party
| style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}; width:{{#expr: {{HouseRepublicanTally}} / ({{HouseRepublicanTally}} + {{HouseDemocraticTally}}) * 100}}%" colspan=3 | '''{{HouseRepublicanTally}}'''
| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}; width:{{#expr: {{HouseDemocraticTally}} / ({{HouseRepublicanTally}} + {{HouseDemocraticTally}}) * 100}}%" colspan=3 | '''{{HouseDemocraticTally}}'''

|-
| style="background:black; color:white; width:100%; height:0px" colspan=7 |

|- style="color:white"
! style="color:black" | Counting vacancies
| style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}; width:{{#expr: {{HouseRepublicanTally}} / ({{HouseRepublicanTally}} + {{HouseVacantTally}} + {{HouseDemocraticTally}}) * 100}}%" colspan=2 | '''{{HouseRepublicanTally}}'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent Party (United States)}}; width:{{#expr: {{HouseVacantTally}} / ({{HouseRepublicanTally}} + {{HouseVacantTally}} + {{HouseDemocraticTally}}) * 100}}%" colspan=2 |
| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}; width:{{#expr: {{HouseDemocraticTally}} / ({{HouseRepublicanTally}} + {{HouseVacantTally}} + {{HouseDemocraticTally}}) * 100}}%" colspan=2 | '''{{HouseDemocraticTally}}'''
|- style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-spacing:0px;"
|
| colspan=6 | ↑
|- style="position:relative; top:-18pt;"
|
| style="color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}; text-align:left;" colspan=2 | '''Republican'''
| style="color:{{party color|Independent Party (United States)}}" colspan=2 | 
| style="color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}; text-align:right" colspan=2 | '''Democratic'''

|}
{| class=wikitable
|- valign=bottom
! colspan=2 | Affiliation
! Members
! Delegates/resident commissioner (non-voting)
! State majorities
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}; width: 4px" |
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| align=center | {{HouseRepublicanTally}}
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 30
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}; width: 4px" |
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| align=center | {{HouseDemocraticTally}}
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 18
|-
! style="background:white; width:4px;"|
| ''Vacant''
| align=center | {{HouseVacantTally}}
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
! colspan=2 | Total
! 435
! 6
! 50
|-
! colspan=2 | Majority{{efn|The number of the majority party's voting representatives in the House in excess of the minimum number required to have an absolute majority of voting representatives.}}
! {{#expr: floor ((abs ({{HouseRepublicanTally}} - {{HouseDemocraticTally}}) - 1) / 2)}}
|}

==Notes==
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><references group="lower-alpha" /></div>
==See also==
* {{anl|2024 United States House of Representatives elections}}
* [[List of current United States representatives]]
* [[List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex|List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A–J)]]
* [[Party divisions of United States Congresses]]
* [[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives]]
* [[Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
* [[U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)]]
* [[Women in the United States House of Representatives]]
* [[Act of Congress]]

== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

===Sources and further reading===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last1=Abramowitz | first1=Alan I. | first2=Kyle L. | last2=Saunders | year=1998 | title=Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate | publisher= Journal of Politics | volume=60 | issue = 3 | pages=634–652}}
* {{cite book | last=Adler | first=E. Scott | title=Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Reelection and the House Committee System | publisher=. Univ. of Chicago Press | year=2002}}
* {{cite book | last1=Albert | first1=Carl | last2=Goble | first2=Danney | title=Little Giant: The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert | publisher= Univ. of Oklahoma Press | year=1990}}, Speaker in the 1970s
* {{cite book | last1=Barone | first1=Michael | first2=Grant | last2=Ujifusa | title=The Almanac of American Politics 2006: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts | url=https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00mich_5 | url-access=registration | year=2005 }}, Published every two years since 1975; enormous detail on every state and district and member.
* {{cite book | last=Barry | first=John M. | title=The Ambition and the Power: The Fall of Jim Wright. A True Story of Washington | url=https://archive.org/details/ambitionpowerjim00barr | url-access=registration | publisher=Viking | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-670-81924-9 }}, Speaker in the 1980s
* {{cite book | last=Berard | first=Stanley P. | title=Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives | publisher= Univ. of Oklahoma Press | year=2001}}
* {{cite book | last=Berman | first=Daniel M. |date=1964 | title=In Congress Assembled: The Legislative Process in the National Government | location=London | publisher=The Macmillan Company}}, 
* {{cite book | title=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005]] | location=Washington | publisher=Government Printing Office | year=2005}}, Prepared by the Office of the Clerk, Office of History and Preservation, United States House of Representatives. Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress. Also online at [http://bioguide.congress.gov Biographical Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110160811/http://bioguide.congress.gov/ |date=November 10, 2009 }}.
* {{cite book | last=Brady | first=David W. | title=Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era: A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives | publisher= Univ. Press of Kansas | year=1973}}
* {{cite book | last1=Brady | first1=David W. | first2=Mathew D. | last2=McCubbins | title=Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress | year=2002}}
* [[Congressional Quarterly]], massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, and major executive and judicial decisions; based on ''Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report'' and the annual CQ almanac.
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964'' (1965)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968'' (1969)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972'' (1973)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976'' (1977)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980'' (1981)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984'' (1985)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988'' (1989)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992'' (1993)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996'' (1998)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001'' (2002)
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004: A Review of Government and Politics: 107th and 108th Congresses'' (2005)
* {{cite book | title=[[Congressional Quarterly]]'s Guide to Congress | edition=5th | year=2000 | location=Washington, D.C. | publisher=Congressional Quarterly Press}}, 
* {{cite book | last=Cooper | first=Joseph | title=The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House | publisher= Rice Univ. Press | year=1970}}
* {{cite book | last1=Cox | first1=Gary W. | last2=McCubbins | first2=Mathew D. | title=Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House | publisher= Univ. of California Press | year=1993}}
* {{cite book | last=DeGregorio | first=Christine A. | title=Networks of Champions: Leadership, Access, and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives | publisher= Univ. of Michigan Press | year=1997}}
* {{cite book | last=Dierenfield | first=Bruce J. | title=Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia | url=https://archive.org/details/keeperofrulescon00dier | url-access=registration | publisher=Univ. Press of Virginia | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-8139-1068-0 }}, leader of [[Conservative coalition]] 1940–66
* {{cite book | last=Farrell | first=John A. | title=Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century | url=https://archive.org/details/tiponeilldemoc00farr | url-access=registration | publisher=Little, Brown | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-316-26049-7 }}, Democratic Speaker in the 1980s
* {{cite book | last=Gertzog | first=Irwin J. | title=Congressional Women: Their Recruitment, Treatment, and Behavior | publisher= Praeger | year=1984}}
* {{cite book | last1=Hardeman | first1=D. B. | last2=Bacon | first2=Donald C. | title=Rayburn: A Biography | publisher= Texas Monthly Press | year=1987}}
* {{cite journal | last=Hatzenbuehler | first=Ronald L. | title= Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812 | journal=William and Mary Quarterly | volume=29 | year=1972 | issue=3 | pages=367–90 | doi=10.2307/1923870| jstor=1923870 | issn = 0043-5597 }}
* {{cite book | last=Hechler | first=Ken | title=Toward the Endless Frontier: History of the Committee on Science and Technology, 1959–79. | url=https://archive.org/details/towardendlessfro00hech | publisher=Washington: Government Printing Office | year=1980 }}
* {{cite book | last=Henig | first=Gerald S. | title=Henry Winter Davis: Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland | year=1973}}, Radical leader in Civil War era
* {{cite book | last=Hibbing | first=John R. | title=Congressional Careers: Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives | publisher= Univ. of North Carolina Press | year=1991}}
* {{cite book | last=Jacobs | first=John | title=A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton | url=https://archive.org/details/rageforjusticepa00jaco | url-access=registration | publisher=Univ. of California Press | year=1995 }}, leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s
* {{cite book | last=Jacobson | first=Gary C. | title=The Electoral Origins of Divided Government: Competition in U.S. House Elections, 1946–1988 | url=https://archive.org/details/electoralorigins00jaco | url-access=registration | publisher=Westview | year=1990 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Kiewiet | first1=D. Roderick | last2=McCubbins | first2=Mathew D. | title=The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process | publisher= Univ. of Chicago Press | year=1991}}
* {{cite book | last=Klingman | first=Peter D. | title=Josiah Walls: Florida's Black Congressman of Reconstruction | publisher= Univ. Press of Florida | year=1976}}
* {{cite book | editor1=[[Linda Grant DePauw|Grant de Pauw, Linda]] | editor2-first=Charlene Bangs | editor2-last=Bickford | editor3-first=Kenneth R. | editor3-last=Bowling | title=Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791 | year=1992–2006}}, 14 volumes of primary documents
* {{cite book | last=Lowitt | first=Richard | title=George W. Norris: The Making of a Progressive, 1861–1912 | volume=1 | publisher=Syracuse Univ. Press | year=1963}}, leader of Republican insurgents in 1910
* {{cite book | last=Margulies | first=Herbert F. | title=Reconciliation and Revival: James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era | publisher=. Greenwood | year=1996}}
* {{cite book | last=Merriner | first=James L. | title=Mr. Chairman: Power in Dan Rostenkowski's America | publisher= Southern Illinois Univ. Press | year=1999}}
* {{cite book | last=Patterson | first=James | title=Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39 | year=1967}}
* {{cite book | last=Price | first=David E. | title=The Congressional Experience: A View from the Hill | url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalexp0000pric | url-access=registration | publisher=Westview | year=1992 }}, Political scientist who served in House.
* {{cite book | last=Remini |first=Robert V. | author-link=Robert V. Remini | title=Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union | year= 1992}}. Speaker for most of 1811–1825
* {{cite book | last=Rohde | first=David W. | title=Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House | publisher= Univ. of Chicago Press | year=1991}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Rohde | first1=David W. | first2=Kenneth A. | last2=Shepsle | title=Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives: Reflections on Woodrow Wilson's Congressional Government | journal=Congress & the Presidency | volume=14 | year=1987| issue=2 | pages=111–133 | doi=10.1080/07343468709507958 }}
* {{cite book | last=Schickler | first=Eric | title=Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress | year=2001}}
* {{cite book | last=Schooley | first=C. Herschel | title=Missouri's Cannon in the House | location= [[Marceline, Missouri]] | publisher= Walsworth | year=1977}}, Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s
* {{cite book | last=Shelley II, Mack C. | title=The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress | year=1983}}
* {{cite book | last=Sinclair | first=Barbara | title=Congressional Realignment, 1925–1978 | publisher= Univ. of Texas Press | year=1982}}
* {{cite book | last=Sinclair | first=Barbara | title=Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era | url=https://archive.org/details/legislatorsleade0000sinc | url-access=registration | publisher=Johns Hopkins Univ. Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-8018-4955-8 }}
* {{cite book | last=Steinberg | first=Alfred | title=Sam Rayburn: A Biography | url=https://archive.org/details/samrayburnbiogra00stei | url-access=registration | publisher=Hawthorn | year=1975 | isbn=978-0-8015-5210-6 }}, popular biography
* {{cite book | last=Stewart | first=Charles H. III | title=Budget Reform Politics: The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives, 1865–1921 | publisher= Cambridge Univ. Press | year=1989 }}
* {{cite book | last=Story | first=Joseph | title=[[Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States|Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (2 vol.)]] | year=1891 | publisher=Brown & Little | location=Boston | author-link = Joseph Story }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Strahan | first1=Randall | last2=Moscardelli | first2=Vincent G.  | last5=Wike | first5=Richard S. | title=The Clay Speakership Revisited | journal=Polity | year=2000 | volume=32 | issue = 4 | pages=561–593 | doi=10.2307/3235293 | jstor=3235293 | s2cid=155152645 }}, uses roll call analysis
* {{cite book | last=Strahan | first=Randall | title=New Ways and Means: Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee. | publisher= Univ. of North Carolina Press | year=1990 }}
* {{cite book | last=Trefousse | first=Hans L. | title=Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian | year=1997 }}, majority leader in the 1860s
* {{cite journal |last1=Valelly |first1=Richard M. |title=The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building: A New Look |journal=Studies in American Political Development |date=October 2009 |volume=23 (October 2009) |issue=2 |pages=115–142 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X09990022 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6159203}}
* {{cite book | last=VanBeek | first=Stephen D. | title=Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress | publisher= Univ. of Pittsburgh Press | year=1995 }}
* {{cite book | last=Waller | first=Robert A. | title=Rainey of Illinois: A Political Biography, 1903–34. | publisher= Univ. of Illinois Press | year=1977 }}, Democratic Speaker 1932–1934
* {{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Woodrow | title=Congressional Government | url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalgov00wilsiala | year=1885 | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | location=New York | author-link=Woodrow Wilson }}, 
* {{cite book | last=Zelizer | first=Julian E. | title = On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000 | year=2006 }}
{{refend}}

====Surveys====
{{refbegin}}
* Currie, James T. ''The United States House of Representatives.'' Krieger, 1988.
* {{cite book |last=MacNeil |first=Neil |title=Forge of Democracy: The House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/forgeofdemocracy00macn |url-access=registration |year=1963 |publisher=D. McKay |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Peters |first=Ronald M. Jr |title=The American Speakership: The Office in Historical Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/americanspeakers2ndpete |url-access=registration |year=1997 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-5758-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Polsby |first=Nelson W. |title=How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change |author-link=Nelson W. Polsby |year=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-516195-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/howcongressevolv00pols_0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Poole |first1=Keith T. |title=Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting |first2=Howard |last2=Rosenthal |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-514242-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |author-link=Robert V. Remini |year=2006 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-088434-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Barbara |title=Majority Leadership in the U.S. House |url=https://archive.org/details/majorityleadersh00sinc |url-access=registration |year=1983 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-2933-8}}
* {{cite book |editor=Julian E. Zelizer |title=The American Congress: The Building of Democracy |year=2004 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-618-17906-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/americancongress00juli}}
* Zelizer, Julian E. ''Burning Down the House: Newt Gingrich, the Fall of a Speaker, and the Rise of the New Republican Party'' (Penguin, 2020), focus on Jim Wright and Newt Gingrich in 1990s.

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Bharatpedia|United States House of Representatives.ogg|date=August 4, 2006}}
* {{Official website}}
** [http://clerk.house.gov Clerk of the House of Representatives]
** [http://cao.house.gov Chief Administrative Office of the House]
** [http://majorityleader.gov Office of the majority leader]
** [http://speaker.gov Office of the speaker of the House]
** [http://www.house.gov/representatives Official list of current members]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110601184453/http://www.rules.house.gov/singlepages.aspx?NewsID=160&rsbd=165 Rules of the House]
* [https://www.congress.gov// Legislative information and archives for US House and Senate], via [[Congress.gov]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100423082228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present'']
* [http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725105911/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas |date=July 25, 2008 }}
* [http://www.aggdata.com/political/us-representatives Complete Downloadable List of U.S. Representative Contact Information], via AggData LLC
* [http://www.usbills.info Information about U.S. Congressional Bills and Resolutions]

{{United States Congress}}
{{United States legislatures}}
{{United States topics}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|38|53|20|N|77|0|32|W|region:US_type:landmark | display=title}}

[[Category:United States House of Representatives| ]]
[[Category:1789 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:National lower houses]]

Daniel Lhungdim

2026-03-08T03:51:13Z

Rahuljogi: new basic page w/ infobox

{{Short description|Scholar, songwriter and poet}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Daniel Lhungdim
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| native_name = T. Daniel Lhungdim
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = April 5, 1940
| birth_place = Molnom Village, [[Churachandpur District]], [[Manipur]], India
| baptised = 
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|06|11|1940|04|05}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place = 
| burial_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names =
| siglum =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Scholar]], [[Songwriter]] & [[Poet]]
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent = 
| known_for = His wide research on the origins of the [[Bnei Menashe]] and their connection to the [[Ten Lost Tribes|lost tribes of Israel]].
| notable_works = 
| style =
| net_worth = 
| height =
| television =
| title = 
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charges = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = 
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Daniel Lhungdim''' also known as '''T. Daniel Lhungdim''' (April 5, 1940 – June 11, 1998) was a [[scholar]], [[songwriter]] and [[poet]] from the [[Bnei Menashe|Bnei Menashe community]] in [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref name="CAF">Myer Samra,{{cite web|url=https://cafedissensus.com/2014/12/31/the-benei-menashe-of-north-east-india/|title=The Benei-Menashe of North-East India|publisher=cafedissensus.com|date=31 December 2014|accessdate=4 March 2025}}</ref> He is known for his wide research on the origins of the [[Bnei Menashe]] and their connection to the [[Ten Lost Tribes|lost tribes of Israel]].<ref name="JOUR">{{cite web|url=https://journalcpriir.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/30th-issue-jihc-december-2022.pdf|title=Journal Of Indian History And Culture|publisher=journalcpriir.com|date=1 December 2022|accessdate=4 March 2025}}</ref> His work laid the foundation for the resurgence of Jewish identity and practices among the Bnei Menashe, making him a key figure in the community’s spiritual and cultural revival.<ref name="YNE">Tali Farkash,{{cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rk07xywj2|title=Bnei Menashe: The unique Jewish group on a journey to preserve its heritage|publisher=ynetnews.com|date=28 July 2023|accessdate=4 March 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
T. Daniel Lhungdim was born in 1940 in Molnom Village, [[Churachandpur District]], [[Manipur]], India (then part of [[British India]]).<ref name="SHI">{{cite web|url=https://www.shivteimenashe.org/about-3|title=History of Bnei Menashe Judaism|publisher=shivteimenashe.org|date=|accessdate=4 March 2025}}</ref> Growing up in a region deeply influenced by [[Christianity]], Lhungdim was exposed to the [[Old Testament]] in the 1960s, which sparked his curiosity about the similarities between the customs of his people and ancient Israelite traditions.<ref name="SHI"/> This early exposure to biblical texts ignited his lifelong passion for exploring the roots of the Bnei Menashe.<ref name="SHI"/>

== Career ==
T. Daniel Lhungdim began his research on the Bnei Menashe and their connection to the lost tribes of Israel in the early 1960s.<ref name="SHI"/> As a headmaster at Gandhi Memorial High School in Molnom, he balanced his teaching career with his scholarly pursuits. However, his advocacy for Judaism and his research on the lost tribe theory led to social ostracization, forcing him to leave his home and job in 1968.<ref name="SHI"/> With the support of his kinsman, David Jamkhosem Lhungdim, he continued his research and embarked on field trips to [[Calcutta]] and [[Bombay]], where he connected with Jewish communities and accessed valuable resources.<ref name="SHI"/>

In 1974, T. Daniel Lhungdim, along with his associates Samuel Sumkhothang Haokip and Yosef Jangkhothang Lhanghal, published the seminal work ''Israel Ihiuve'' (''We Are Israel''), which became a cornerstone in the Bnei Menashe’s journey to reclaim their Jewish identity.<ref name="JOUR"/>

In October 1974, Lhungdim played a key role in the formation of the ''United Jews of North East India'' (UJNEI), an organization dedicated to promoting Jewish identity and practices among the Bnei Menashe.<ref name="MZ">Lalrinnunga Hmar,{{cite web|url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v5n2/hmar.pdf|title=Jewish Movement among the Chin-Kuki-Mizo |publisher=mzuhssjournal.in|date=1 December 2019|accessdate=4 March 2025}}</ref>

On April 8, 1976, Lhungdim returned from Bombay with Jewish religious items, including a ''[[Tallit|Tallith]]'', ''[[Tefillin]]'', a ''[[Torah scroll]]'', and a copy of the ''Code of Jewish Laws'', donated by Mrs. Esther, a Jewish woman from Bombay who had supported his journey.<ref name="JOUR"/> This date, which coincided with the ''festival of Passover'', is celebrated as the ''birth of Judaism'' in the region. Later that year, on August 12, 1976, the first synagogue, ''Beith Shalom'', was inaugurated in [[Churachandpur]].<ref name="JOUR"/>

In October 1976, Lhungdim stepped down as President of UJNEI, handing over the presidency to Vanlalmalsawm (Vania Levy Benjamin), a Mizo-speaking [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]].<ref name="MZ"/> However, Lhungdim continued to play a key role in the organization, retaining the position of Secretary cum Khazan. The organization continued to spread [[Judaism]] in [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]], attracting followers from various Christian denominations.<ref name="MZ"/>

Notably, Lhungdim played a significant role in mentoring Gideon Rei, teaching him about Judaism and Halacha (Jewish law). Gideon Rei was then sent to Mizoram as an envoy, where he shared his knowledge and introduced Jewish practices to the Bnei Menashe community, establishing a Jewish presence in the region.<ref name=":0" />

Lhungdim’s work attracted the attention of Rabbi Eliyahu Avichail, a prominent Israeli rabbi and founder of ''Amishav'', an organization dedicated to locating the lost tribes of Israel.<ref name="JOUR"/> Rabbi Avichail’s visits to Northeast India in the 1980s validated Lhungdim’s research and helped the Bnei Menashe document their historical and cultural connections to Judaism.<ref name="JOUR"/>

In 2012, a synagogue was built in [[Churachandpur]], [[Manipur]].<ref name="SH">{{cite web|url=https://www.shavei.org/blog/2012/10/23/a-new-synagogue-opens-in-manipur-india/ |title=A new synagogue opens in Manipur, India|publisher=shavei.org|date=|accessdate=4 March 2025}}</ref> The synagogue’s Torah Ark in Manipur was later donated by Rivkah Lhungdim in memory of her husband, T. Daniel Lhungdim z”l.<ref name="SH"/> This act of dedication symbolizes the family’s enduring commitment to preserving Jewish traditions and honoring T. Daniel Lhungdim’s legacy.<ref name="SH"/>

In addition to his scholarly work, T. Daniel Lhungdim was a gifted poet and songwriter.<ref name="SHI"/> He composed several songs that reflected the cultural and spiritual aspirations of the Bnei Menashe community. His music became a medium for expressing the community’s longing for their ancestral homeland and their connection to Judaism.<ref>Lalrinnunga Hmar,{{cite web|url=https://www.shavei.org/blog/2015/02/02/shavei-in-the-news-bnei-menashe-video-from-india-and-israel/ |title=Shavei in the news: Bnei Menashe video from India and Israel
|publisher=shavei.org|date=1 December 2019|accessdate=4 March 2025}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
T. Daniel Lhungdim’s seminal work ''Israel Ihiuve'' (We Are Israel), co-authored with Samuel Sumkhothang Haokip and Yosef Jangkhothang Lhanghal, is considered a foundational text in the Bnei Menashe’s journey to reclaim their Jewish identity.<ref name="JOUR"/> His efforts have also been acknowledged in the book ''Menashe-Manmasi: The Lost Tribe of Israel'' by Rabbi David Lhungdim, which highlights his role in bridging the Bnei Menashe community with global Jewish traditions.<ref name=":0">Rabbi David Lhungdim,{{cite web|url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH997010819910205171/NLI |title=Menashe - Manmasi, the Lost Tribe of Israel|publisher=nli.org.il|date=|accessdate=4 March 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bnei Menashe]]
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites]]
* [[Ten Lost Tribes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lhungdim, Daniel}}
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]

List of Tamil films of 1951

2026-03-07T05:38:28Z

Rahuljogi: basic fixed intro based on references per standard format

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}

{{Tamil films}}

The following is a list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] in India in [[1951 in film|1951]], in alphabetical order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405200417/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 April 2017|title=1951 Tamil Films|access-date=2019-12-29|publisher=lakshmansruthi}}</ref>

==1951==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Title]] !![[Film director|Director]] !! [[Film producer|Production]] !! [[Music]]!! [[Cast member|Cast]] !! Release date (D-M-Y)
|-
| ''[[Anni (1951 film)|Anni]]''
| [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]
| Prakash Productions
| [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| [[G. Varalakshmi]], Master Sethu, Master Sudhakar, Annapoorna, K. Sivaram
| 01-09-1951
|-
| ''[[Devaki (1951 film)|Devaki]]''
| R. S. Mani
| Ganapathi Pictures
| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| [[V. N. Janaki]], [[N. N. Kannappa]], [[Madhuri Devi]], [[S. Balachander]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], [[A. Karunanidhi]], [[V. M. Ezhumalai]]
| 21-06-1951
|-
| ''[[Babul (1950 film)|Grama Penn]]'' (Dubbed from Hindi)
| S. U. Sunny
| Sunny Art Pictures
| [[Naushad]]
| [[Nargis]], [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Munawar Sultana]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kaithi (1951 film)|Kaithi]]''
| [[S. Balachander]]
| [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| [[S. Balachander]]
| [[S. Balachander]], [[S. A. Natarajan]], S. Revathi, V. Meenakshi, M. K. Mustafa, G. M. Basheer, K. Malathi
| 23-12-1951
|-
| ''[[Kalavathi]]''
| L. S. Ramachandran
| Windsor Productions
| M. S. Gnanamani
| [[T. S. Durairaj]], T. A. Jayalakshmi, E. R. Sahadevan, [[C. T. Rajakantham]], Sriram, K. S. Rajam
| 23-02-1951
|-
| ''[[Lavanya (film)|Lavanya]]''
| G. R. Lakshmanan
| Eastern Art Production
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| T. E. Varadan, Suryaprabha, Vanaja, [[Kumari Kamala]], ''Pulimoottai'' Ramaswami, [[T. S. Jaya]]
| 26-05-1951
|-
| ''Malai Kalvan''
| A. S. Jackal
| Jalal Films
|
| G. M. Basheer, Gulsaar
|
|-
| ''[[Manamagal]]''
| [[N. S. Krishnan]]
| [[N. S. Krishnan|N. S. K. Films]]
| [[C. R. Subburaman]]
| [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]], [[T. S. Durairaj]]
| 15-08-1951
|-
| ''[[Marmayogi]]''
| [[K. Ramnoth]]
| [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] [[C. R. Subburaman]]
| [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[Madhuri Devi]], [[Serukulathur Sama]]
| 02-02-1951
|-
| ''[[Mayamalai]]''
| Raja of Mirzapur
| Sobhanachala Pictures
| [[P. Adinarayana Rao]]
| [[A. Nageswara Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[M. V. Mani]], Suryaprabha, C. S. D. Singh, Sairam, Menaka
| 16-03-1951
|-
| ''[[Mayalamari|Mayakkari]]''
| P. Sridhar
| Aswini Pictures
| [[P. Adinarayana Rao]]
| [[A. Nageswara Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Kasturi Siva Rao]], C. Lakshmi Kantham, Raja Reddy, Surabhi Balasaraswathi
| 07-12-1951
|-
| ''[[Mohana Sundaram]]''
| [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
| [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|Sukumar Productions Limited]]
| [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[B. R. Panthulu]], [[K. Sarangapani]], V. Susheela
| 21-07-1951
|-
| ''[[Chechi (film)|Nadigai]]'' Dubbed from Malayalam
| T. Janaki Ram
| Swami Narayanan
| [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]], [[Miss Kumari]]
|
|-
| ''[[Nirdoshi (1951 film)|Niraparadhi]]''
| [[H. M. Reddy]]
| Rohini Pictures
| [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & H. R. Padmanabha Sastry
| [[Anjali Devi]], [[G. Varalakshmi]], [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]], [[Kanta Rao]], C. Lakshmi Kantham
| 09-03-1951
|-
| ''[[Or Iravu]]''
| [[P. Neelakantan]]
| [[AVM Productions]]
| R. Sudharsanam
| [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], [[A. Nageswara Rao]], [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]], [[T. K. Shanmugam]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[B. S. Saroja]], [[T. S. Durairaj]], [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
| 11-04-1951
|-
| ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]''
| [[K. V. Reddy]]
| [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Productions]]
| [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], K. Malathi, [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]], [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]], [[Girija (actress)|Girija]], Hemalathamma Rao, [[Valluri Balakrishna]]
| 17-05-1951
|-
| ''[[Jeevitha Nouka|Pichaikkari]]''
| K. Vembu
| [[Udaya Studios|K & K Combines]]
| [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
| [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]], [[B. S. Saroja]], P. Adhimoolam, [[Pankajavalli]], [[S. P. Pillai]], [[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar]]
| 18-05-1951
|-
| ''[[Rajambal (1951 film)|Rajambal]]''
| R. M. Krishnaswamy
| Aruna Films
| M. S. Gnanamani [[S. Balachander]] (Background)
| [[R. S. Manohar]], P. K. Saraswathi, [[Madhuri Devi]], [[K. Sarangapani]], [[S. Balachander]], ''Friend'' Ramasami, [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
| 14-09-1951
|-
| ''[[Samsaram (1951 film)|Samsaram]]''
| Chandru
| [[Gemini Studios]]
| [[Emani Sankara Sastry]] [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]
| [[M. K. Radha]], [[Pushpavalli]], Sriram, Kumari Vanaja, [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[Sundari Bai]]
| 19-10-1951
|-
| ''[[Sarvadhikari (film)|Sarvadhikari]]''
| [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| [[Modern Theatres]]
| [[Susarla Dakshinamurthy|S. Dakshinamurthy]]
| [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[V. Nagayya]], [[A. Karunanidhi]], [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
| 14-09-1951
|-
| ''Satyavatharam''
|
| Arunodai Kalamandhir
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saudamini]]''
| [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|K. B. Nagabhushanam]]
| [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|Sri Rajarajeswari Films]]
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| [[M. K. Radha]], [[P. Kannamba]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]], [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], T. R . Rajani, K. S. Angamuthu, Kumari Vanaja
| 14-04-1951
|-
| ''[[Singari]]''
| [[T. R. Raghunath]]
| National Pictures
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]] T. R. Ramanathan T. A. Kalyanam
| [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[C. K. Saraswathi]], M. S. S. Bhagyam
| 29-10-1951
|-
| ''[[Sthree Sahasam]]''
| [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]
| Vinodha Pictures
| [[C. R. Subburaman]]
| [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]], [[Kasturi Siva Rao]], Surya Prabha, [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]], [[Girija (actress)|Girija]]
| 16-11-1951
|-
| ''[[Sudharshan (film)|Sudharshan]]''
| [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]] [[A. S. A. Sami]]
| Royal Talkies Distributors
| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[P. Kannamba]], (Yogam) Mangalam, [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], Master [[A. L. Raghavan]]
| 28-11-1951
|-
| ''Unmaiyin Vetri''
| Haribhai. R. Desai
| D. S. P. Film Syndicate
| T. A. Kalyanam
| S. Vasan, Menaka, N. S. Subbaiah, T. A. Jayalakshmi, C. T. Kannapiran, T. K. Govindan
| 01-01-1951
|-
| ''[[Vanasundari]]''
| [[T. R. Raghunath]]
| Krishna Pictures
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]] [[C. R. Subburaman]]
| [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]]
| 09-02-1951
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{1951 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 1951}}
[[Category:1951 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 1951 films by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|1951]]
[[Category:1951 Tamil-language films| ]]

Devatha (1982 film)

2026-03-03T19:05:53Z

Rahuljogi: update article for accuracy and improved wording after review

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devatha
| image = Devatha poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer =
| starring = [[Sobhan Babu]] [[Sridevi]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Mohan Babu]]
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = [[D. Rama Naidu]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|9|4}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Devatha''''' ({{Translation|Goddess}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], starring [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Sridevi]], [[Jaya Prada]] and [[Mohan Babu]]. The film was produced by [[D. Ramanaidu|D. Rama Naidu]] on [[Suresh Productions]] banner. The film is about two sisters and their [[love triangle]] with a man. K. Raghavendra Rao remade the film in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Tohfa]]'' (1984), with both [[Sridevi]] and [[Jaya Prada]] reprising their roles. It was also remade in Tamil as ''[[Deivapiravi (1985 film)|Deiva Piravi]]'' (1985).

== Cast ==
* [[Sobhan Babu]] as Rambabu
* [[Sridevi]] as Lalitha
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Janaki
* [[Mohan Babu]] as Kamesam
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Narasayya
* [[Nirmalamma]]
* [[Rama Prabha]]

== Production ==
The story drew inspiration from the [[Tamil films of 1959|1959]] Tamil film ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'', directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]], who also directed its Hindi remake, ''[[Nazrana (1961 film)|Nazrana]]'', (1961) starring [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]] and the 1960 Telugu movie ''[[Pelli Kanuka (1960 film)|Pelli Kanuka]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=16 January 2017 |title=Ten times south Indian filmmakers remade their own films in Hindi |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/0H98x8dlPbNnCh2ksqY8TN/Ten-times-south-Indian-filmmakers-remade-their-own-films-in.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180327162031/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/0H98x8dlPbNnCh2ksqY8TN/Ten-times-south-Indian-filmmakers-remade-their-own-films-in.html |archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=974247556678082561|user=NFAIOfficial|title=#ThrowbackThursday: #GeminiGanesan and #Vijayakumari in #KalyanaParisu. This popular #Tamil #melodrama spawned many remakes, including Pelli Kanuka in #Telugu starring #ANR, #Nazrana in #Hindi starring #RajKapoor – #Vyjayanthimala, & #Tohfa starring #Jeetendra – #Sridevi. #TBT|author=National Film Archive of India|author-link=National Film Archive of India|date=15 March 2018|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180327162211/https://twitter.com/NFAIOfficial/status/974247556678082561|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The dialogues were written by [[Satyanand (writer)|Satyanand]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Devatha Full Movie l Sobhan Babu l Sri Devi l Jayapradha l K Ragavendra Rao l Suresh Productions |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkgvAY02RJI |language=en |access-date=2022-09-26}}; Event occurs at 2:13</ref> The song "Elluvache Godaramma" was shot at Godavari, Pedapatnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/movie-shooting-places-in-east-godavari-district/0212/121027450|title=అక్క డ సినిమా తీస్తే హిట్టే!|language=Telugu|website=Eenadu|access-date=5 December 2024|date=7 February 2021}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[K. Chakravarthy]] composed the film's music. The song "[[Elluvachi Godaramma]]" was remixed for the movie ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]'' as "[[Elluvochi Godaramma]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=30 August 2019 |title=Sridevi's song to be remixed for Varun Tej, Pooja Hegde's 'Valmiki'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/sridevis-song-will-be-remixed-for-varun-tej-pooja-hegdes-valmiki/articleshow/70911312.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112153914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/sridevis-song-will-be-remixed-for-varun-tej-pooja-hegdes-valmiki/articleshow/70911312.cms |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "[[Elluvachi Godaramma|Elluvachhi]]"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| 5:05
|-
| "Cheera Kattindhi"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| 4:00
|-
| "Kudikannu Kotagane"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| 4:24
|-
| "Challagali Cheppindhi"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| 4:31
|-
| "Yendavana"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| 4:41
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0186957}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1982 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Pennin Manathai Thottu

2026-03-03T04:33:10Z

Rahuljogi: minor expand formatting per sources after review

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pennin Manathai Thottu.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[S. Ezhil]]
| producer = M. Kaja Mydeen
| writer = S. Ezhil V. Prabhakaran (dialogues) Na.Anbharasu (uncredited)
| starring = [[Prabhu Deva]] [[Jaya Seal]]
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| editing = V. Jai Shankar
| cinematography = [[V. Manikandan]]
| studio = [[Roja Combines]]
| released = {{Film date|2000|07|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}
'''''Pennin Manathai Thottu''''' ({{translation|Touched the heart of a girl}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[S. Ezhil]]. The film stars [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Jaya Seal]], with [[R. Sarathkumar]] in an extended guest appearance. Produced by Kaja Mydeen, the film was released on 7 July 2000 and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
Sunil is one of the leading heart surgeons in India. He lives in [[Trichy]] with Ganapathy, who is also a doctor and is loved by everyone in the family. Sunitha arrives with a child who has a heart problem to the hospital. But she is shocked seeing Sunil there and lashes out when she learns he is the doctor who is about to treat the child.

The movie goes into a flashback. Sunil's brother Balaram "Bala" is a rich thug but does not want his brother to follow his footsteps; therefore, he always sends him to study. Sunil and Sunitha are classmates in a medical college in [[Chennai]] and they both fall in love. Sunil expresses his wish of marrying Sunitha to Bala, for which he accepts. Meanwhile, Sunitha goes back to her village for her sister's child's ear piercing ceremony. Her sister's husband is money-minded and tries to get Sunitha married to a rich man in return for money. Sunitha is not interested in this alliance as she is in love with Sunil and calls him, asking him to come and rescue her, but he does not come. Sunitha's sister commits suicide to stop the marriage. Sunitha is angered on Sunil as he does not come to save her, which also resulted in her sister's death. Sunitha takes her sister's child and leaves.

Sunil tries to meet Sunitha and convey the reason for not coming to save her, but Sunitha is not ready to listen. Sunil is worried and decides to leave to Canada, accepting a job offer there. Finally, Sunitha understands the truth: her sister's husband had killed Bala on the day of the marriage; therefore, Sunil was not able to come on time to stop the wedding. Sunitha finds out and tries to find and stop Sunil, who is going to Canada. In the end, she finds him and they reunite.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as Sunil
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Balaram "Bala" (guest appearance)
* [[Jaya Seal]] as Sunitha
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Kandhasamy
* [[Dhamu]] as Dhamu
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Mute Servant
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Sunitha's sister
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] as Meena
* [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Moulee]] as Ganapathy
* [[S. Rajasekar]] as Dr. Shyam
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Ganapathy's father
* [[N. Mathrubootham]] as Professor Das (Lord Labakkudaas)
* [[Ram G|Ramji]] as Ramji
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Madhan
* [[Chaplin Balu]] as Thozhar Arivumathi
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Pickpocket
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Police Inspector
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Rowdy
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Rowdy
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Ganapathy's mother
* [[Shanthi Williams]] as Mythili
* Jayapriya
* [[Hemanth Ravan]] as Sunitha's brother-in-law
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Pandi
* Sakthivel as Sakthivel
* Sukran as Student
* [[Kottachi]] as Kottangachi
* MLA Thangaraj as MLA Ekambaram
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Pickpocket
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Pickpocket
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Pickpocket
;Uncredited roles
* [[Kanal Kannan]] as Left
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Henchman
* [[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi]] as Dancer in "Kalloori Vaanil"
* [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] as Dancer in "Kalloori Vaanil"
* [[Karu Palaniappan]] as Man giving change
* [[Raju Sundaram]] in a special appearance
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' (1999), [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and Ezhil immediately decided to follow up this film with another collaboration, ''Oru Pennin Manathai Thottu'', with either [[Isha Koppikar]] or [[Roja (film)|Roja]] as the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Love and Love only Vijay's Forthcom movies. |url=http://home.bip.net/jeyam/1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010813213540/http://home.bip.net/jeyam/1.htm |archive-date=13 August 2001 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=home.bip.net}}</ref> However soon after pre-production, Vijay was replaced by Prabhu Deva.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 1999 |title=For a song and dance |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/26ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201171007/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/26ss.htm |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=29 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Jaya Seal made her Tamil debut; she previously appeared in a few advertisements and non-Tamil films.<ref name=":0" />

Sarathkumar chose to be a part of the film after two of his other films became suddenly postponed. He had cut his hair short for ''[[Maayi]]'' (2000), and as the other films required different hairstyles, the producers had pushed back the dates. To compensate for the lost time, Sarathkumar agreed to portray an extended guest role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |title=No More 2-hero Films |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/aug2303.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000929090353/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/aug2303.asp |archive-date=29 September 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

The shooting for the film was held at locations in Chennai, Hyderabad, and Bangalore. A song was shot on Prabhu Deva and his brother [[Raju Sundaram]] with a set resembling a market place was erected, and about 40 dancers participated in the dance with the duo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Pennin Manathai Thottu |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/pennin.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010314215046/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/pennin.asp |archive-date=14 March 2001 |access-date=29 August 2012 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2000 |title=Pennin Manathai Thottu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by S. A. Rajkumar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/pennin-manathai-thottu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1394178131 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605052023/https://music.apple.com/us/album/pennin-manathai-thottu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1394178131 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The tune of the track "Thyagarajarin Deiva Keerthanam" is based on a popular [[Thyagaraja]] kriti itself – "Entha Nerchina", which is set in the raga [[Shuddha Dhanyasi]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} The first 2 lines of song "Kannukkulle Unnai" is inspired from the Hindi song "Ruk Ja O Jaanewaali".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Tamil [Other Composers] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190522113005/https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref> Venky of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Overall, an okay effort by S.A. Rajkumar".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venky |title=Review of 'Pennin Manathai Thottu' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/pennin.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210174912/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/pennin.asp |archive-date=10 February 2005 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kannukkulle
| extra1 = [[Unni Menon]]
| lyrics1 = Muthu Vijayan
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Udhadukkum
| extra2 = [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], Srividya, [[Febi Mani]]
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length2 = 4:37
| title3 = Nan Salt Kotta
| extra3 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Krishnaraj
| lyrics3 = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| length3 = 3:56
| title4 = Kalloori Vaanil
| extra4 = Devan, [[Anuradha Sriram]], Deepika
| lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length4 = 4:45
| title5 = Thiyagarajarin
| extra5 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[S. A. Rajkumar]], [[Febi Mani]]
| lyrics5 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length5 = 4:56
| title6 = Kannukkulle Unnai
| extra6 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| lyrics6 = Muthu Vijayan
| length6 = 4:45
| total_length = 27:43 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Rajitha'' from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "the movie has its moments, so I wouldn't say this is a must-avoid" and praised the performances of Prabhu Deva and Sarathkumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=18 July 2000 |title=Wanted: A pacemaker |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/18penn.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230630123033/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/18penn.htm |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Tamil Star'' wrote "Director Ezhil who tasted success with his very first film 'Thullatha Manamum Thullum', proves yet again that within the parameters of commercial cinema one can make a film that is a clean engaging entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie: Pennin Manathai Thottu |url=http://www.tamilstar.info/reviews/pennin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329021126/http://www.tamilstar.info/reviews/pennin/ |archive-date=29 March 2009 |access-date=24 March 2009 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref> Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Rajkumar's music, Vivek's humour but felt Prabhu Deva was ill-suited for the character of heart surgeon.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=23 July 2000 |title=பெண்ணின் மனதை தொட்டு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-07-23/page/32/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230630122505/https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-07-23/page/32/mode/2up |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "The first half of the movie is quite enjoyable but towards the second half, the director, Ezhil, loses his grip. Prabhu Deva does some good fights in the first half of the movie. Sarath Kumar looks tough and every inch a dada while Jayaseal looks too old for Prabhu Deva. However, no one takes the accolades when it comes to emoting. The plus points in the movie are its choreography and music ( by S A Rajkumar). Camerawork by Manikantan is another asset for the film. Recommended for those who want to see the action hero and the dancing star together. Other can give it a go by."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pennin Manathe Thottu : A tale of sacrificing siblings |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/penninmanathethottu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010629190001/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/penninmanathethottu.html |archive-date=29 June 2001 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=IndiaInfo}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The song "Kalluri Vaanil" danced by Prabhu Deva became widely known on the internet in the form of a [[mondegreen]]/[[soramimi]] spoof and [[viral video]], following its subtitling as "Crazy Indian Video... Buffalaxed!", commonly known as "Benny Lava", by [[YouTube]] user Mike Sutton (Buffalax) and "Rivaldo sai desse lago" (for Brazilian viewers). The name '''Benny Lava''' comes from Sutton; the Tamil line "{{Transliteration|ta|Kalluri vaanil kaayndha nilaavo?}}" was heard as "''My loony bun is fine, Benny Lava!''" (original meaning: "The moon (metaphor for 'my love') that scorched the college campus"). This video led other YouTube users to refer to Prabhu Deva as "Benny Lava".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Phan |first=Monty |date=6 November 2007 |title=Buffalax Mines Twisted Translations for YouTube Yuks |url=https://www.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/11/buffalax |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204045619/http://www.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/11/buffalax |archive-date=4 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2008 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref>

Reactions to the "Kalluri Vaanil" mondegreen were mixed. Some felt that the video was done in "good fun", while others worried that their culture was being mocked. The video was described by the [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] as a "Catchy melody, a battalion of back-up dancers, colourful costumes, impressive vocal gymnastics, jaw-dropping choreography this music video has it all. And if those aren't enough, the person who uploaded this vid also provided subtitles so you can sing along. They aren't the real lyrics though, but just what they sound in English, resulting in humorous nonsense."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nino Mark M. Sablan, 2bU! Correspondent |date=14 May 2008 |title=Philippine Daily Inquirer: Indian invasion on YouTube |work=Section: Lifestyle, Page: 2 |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer |id=([[Newsbank]] Record Number: WDPI66164804)}}</ref> The music video was featured on ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' on 4 December 2008 and appeared on the documentary ''[[Global Metal]]''. As of at least 1 April 2011, the original video has been removed because of the disabling of Buffalax's YouTube account. However, several other users have uploaded copies of the original video on their YouTube accounts.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.cc.com/video/2d2zn0/the-colbert-report-pakistani-threat-bob-graham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616023000/https://www.cc.com/video/2d2zn0/the-colbert-report-pakistani-threat-bob-graham |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2021 |title=Pakistani Threat – Bob Graham |date=2008-12-05 |publisher=[[The Colbert Report]] |access-date=2023-07-03 |via=[[Comedy Central]]}}</ref> In 2014, British-American [[hip-hop]] group [[Swet Shop Boys]] sampled the original song for their debut single, called "Benny Lava".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2014 |title=Mixtape Of The Week: Swet Shop Boys Swet Shop EP |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1702912/mixtape-of-the-week-swet-shop-boys-swet-shop-ep/news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701005929/https://www.stereogum.com/1702912/mixtape-of-the-week-swet-shop-boys-swet-shop-ep/news/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=[[Stereogum]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2014 |title=Swetshop Boys Heems and Riz MC Sample Epic Parody on "Benny Lava" |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/swet-shop-boys-heems-riz-mc-sample-epic-parody-benny-lava/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118185227/https://rollingstoneindia.com/swet-shop-boys-heems-riz-mc-sample-epic-parody-benny-lava/ |archive-date=18 January 2022 |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Ezhil}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Ezhil]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Vindu Dara Singh

2026-02-25T22:55:36Z

Rahuljogi: adjusted citations also and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1964)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Vindu_dara_singh cropped.jpg
| birth_name = Virender Singh Randhawa
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|05|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| yearsactive = 1992–present
| height = 1.82 m
| occupation = Actor
| father = [[Dara Singh]]
| spouse = {{Ubl
| {{marriage|[[Farah (actress)|Farah Naaz]]|1996|2002| reason=divorce}}
| {{marriage|Dina Umarova|2006}}
}}
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film clans#Randhawa family|Randhawa family]]
| children = 2
}}

'''Vindu Dara Singh''' (born '''Virender Singh Randhawa'''; 6 May 1964) is an Indian actor who does [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] television films. He is the winner of [[Bigg Boss (Season 3)|the third season]] of ''[[Bigg Boss]]''. Before this, In 1996 he played the role of Lord Hanuman in ''[[Jai Veer Hanuman]]'' television series on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].

==Career==
Vindu made his acting debut in the 1994 Hindi film ''[[Karan (1994 film)|Karan]]''. Then he acted in 1996 [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]] film, ''Rab Dian Rakhan'' which was directed by his father. Since then, he has acted in many films, mostly in supporting roles.

He has also acted in TV serials, including the role of [[Hanuman]] in the TV serial ''[[Jai Veer Hanuman]]'', much like his father did in [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]. He has also starred as a [[supervillain]] in TV serials on [[Star Plus]], including Zaal in ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' ([[2003 in television|2003]]) and Char Sau Chalis in ''[[Karma – Koi Aa Rahaa Hai Waqt Badalney]]''. Vindu has also played an important role in the serial ''Black'' on [[9X (TV channel)|9X]] where he has played the character of Rajiv, a medium who can establish connections with spirits. Vindu Dara Singh has made appearance in television shows like ''[[MasterChef India (season 2)|Master Chef 2]]'', ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout|Zor ka Jhatka]]'', ''[[Nach Baliye]]'', ''[[Comedy Circus]]'', ''All Most Famous'', and ''[[Maa Exchange]]''. Singh also paired in a [[Pepsi]] commercial with [[Ranbir Kapoor]].

He was the winner of the third season of the reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' in 2009 and was also announced the most stylish and bold contestant to win the [[Chevrolet Cruze]], a feat that had never occurred before, winning both the cash prize and car, and defeating [[Pravesh Rana]] and [[Poonam Dhillon]]. He was given the title {{Lang|hi-latn|Bade dil wala}} ('man with a golden heart') by his housemates.

Vindu Dara Singh has also worked in many successful films like ''[[Garv]]'', ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya]]'', ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]'', ''[[Khushboo (2008 film)|Khushboo]]'', ''[[Team - The Force]]'', ''[[Kisse Pyaar Karoon]]'', ''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]'', ''Maruti'', ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]], [[Son of Sardaar]], [[Jatt James Bond]], [[The Lion of Punjab (film)|The Lion of Punjab]], [[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]],'' and ''[[Housefull 2]].''

==Personal life==
[[File:Vindu dara and dina.jpg|thumb|Vindu and his wife Dina Umarova]]
Vindu's father was the wrestler-turned-actor [[Dara Singh]]. He married actress Farha Naaz, with whom he had a son born on 6 February 1996. The couple divorced in year 2002. Vindu married Russian model Dina Umarova in year 2006, with whom he has a daughter born on 18 April 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title='I hope I'm as lucky as Shilpa'|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/dec/281209-vindu-hopes-good-luck.htm|publisher=mid-day|access-date=13 June 2011|author=IANS|date=27 December 2009|archive-date=8 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608152017/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/dec/281209-vindu-hopes-good-luck.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2013, he was arrested for having links to bookies and involvement in the [[2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing case|2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing scandal]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/dara-singhs-son-among-three-arrested/article4737858.ece | title=Dara Singh's son among three arrested | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=22 May 2013 | access-date=24 May 2013 | last=Deshpande | first=Alok | archive-date=29 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210403/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/dara-singhs-son-among-three-arrested/article4737858.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/ipl-spot-fixing-vindoo-dara-singh-arrested-for-alleged-links-to-bookies-sent-to-three-day-police-cus-369581 | title=IPL spot-fixing: Vindoo Dara Singh sent to 3-day police custody for alleged links to bookies | publisher=NDTV | date=21 May 2013 | access-date=23 May 2013 | archive-date=11 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011225505/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/ipl-spot-fixing-vindoo-dara-singh-sent-to-3-day-police-custody-for-alleged-links-to-bookies-522913 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1994
|''[[Karan (film)|Karan]]''
| Karan
|
|-
|1996
|''Rab Dian Rakhan''
|
|
|-
|2004
|[[Garv: Pride & Honour|''Garv'']]
|
|
|-
|2004
|[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi|''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'']]
|Gang Member (Eagle Gang)
|
|-
|2005
|[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?|''Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya'']]
|
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Sri Ramadasu]]''
|[[Hanuman]]
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]''
|Mr.Chadha
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Khushboo (2008 film)|Khushboo]]''
|
|
|-
|2009
|''Team - The Force''
|
|
|-
|2009
|''Maruti Mera Dosst''
|[[Hanuman]]
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Kisse Pyaar Karoon]]''
|Inspector Jadhav
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''
|Gulshan "Tiger" Shergill
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
|
|
|-
|2011
|[[The Lion of Punjab (film)|''The Lion of Punjab'']]
|Inspector Balbir Singh
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''
| [[Hanuman]]
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Housefull 2]]''
|Sosa D'Costa
|
|-
|2012
|[[Joker (2012 film)|''Joker'']]
|Sundi
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Son of Sardaar|Son of Sardar]]''
|Tito Singh Sandhu
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Jatt James Bond]]''
|Bank Manager
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Forensic (2022 film)|Forensic]]''
|Constable Rawat
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Son of Sardaar 2|Son of Sardar 2]]''
|Tittu
|
|}

=== Dubbing roles ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Film title !! Original Voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[The Incredibles]]''|| [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || [[List of The Incredibles characters#Frozone|Lucius Best / Frozone]] '''(Barfila)''' || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 || The Hindi dub released as '''"Hum Hain Lajawab"'''. [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] dubbed this character in [[Incredibles 2|sequel]].
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|1995–1996 ||''[[Jai Veer Hanuman]]'' || [[Hanuman]] || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] ||
|-
|1996–1997 ||''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]'' || Bheema Daaku ||rowspan="3"|[[DD National]] ||
|-
|1997 ||''[[Betaal Pachisi (1997 TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]]'' || Zulmato ||
|-
|1999 ||''[[Jai Ganesha]]'' || [[Shani]] || [[Zee TV]] ||
|-
|1999–2000 ||''[[Gul Sanobar]]'' || Turki ||
|
|-
|2000 ||''[[Vishnu Puran]]'' ||[[Hanuman]] || [[Zee TV]] ||
|-
|2001 ||''[[Draupadi (2001 TV series)|Draupadi]]'' ||[[Bheema]] || [[Sahara One]] ||
|-
|2001–2004 ||''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' || Various roles || [[Star Plus]] ||
|-
|2007 ||''[[Chandramukhi (TV series)|Chandramukhi]]'' || Bhanupratap || [[DD National]] ||
|-
|2009 ||''[[Black (Indian TV series)|Black]]'' || Rajeev Saxena || [[9X (TV channel)|9X]] ||
|-
|2011 || ''[[Kaala Saaya]]'' || Rajeev Saxena || [[Sahara One]] || Reprisal series of [[Black (Indian TV series)|''Black'']]
|-
|2011 ||''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' ||Sanjay Bhagat || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] ||
|-
|2011–2012 || ''[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]'' || Abhimanyu Singh || [[Sahara One]] ||
|-
|2013 ||''[[Mrs. Kaushik Ki Paanch Bahuein]]'' || Bhushan (Foolish Man) || [[Zee TV]] ||
|-
|2020 || ''Ayodhya Ki Ramleela'' ||[[Hanuman]] || ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' || || [[Star Bharat]] ||
|-
|}

===Reality shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2009 ||''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 3)|Bigg Boss 3]]'' || rowspan="5" | Contestant || [[Colors TV]] || Winner
|-
|2011 ||''[[Maa Exchange]]'' || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]||
|-
|2011 ||''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]'' || [[NDTV Imagine]]||
|-
|2013 ||''[[Welcome - Baazi Mehmaan-Nawaazi ki]]'' ||[[Life OK]]||
|-
|2015 ||''[[Power Couple]]'' || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] ||
|-
|2016 || ''Laughter Da Master Season 2 & 3'' || rowspan="2" | Judge || [[PTC Punjabi]] ||
|-
|2018 || ''Mr Punjab'' || [[PTC Punjabi]] ||
|-
|2019 || ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]'' || Contestant || [[Star Plus]] ||
|-
|2019 ||''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]'' || rowspan="2" |Guest || [[Colors TV]] ||
|-
|2020 ||''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'' ||[[Colors TV]] ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vindu Dara Singh}}
* {{IMDb name|2738083|Vindu Dara Singh}}
* [http://www.vindudarasingh.net/ Vindu Dara Singh Official Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vindu Dara}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) winners]]

Partap Singh Kairon

2026-02-24T12:07:58Z

Rahuljogi:

{{about||other persons with a similar name|Pratapsingh (disambiguation){{!}}Pratapsingh}}
{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Partap Singh Kairon
| image = File:Partap Singh Kairon.png
| imagesize = 250px
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 October 1901
| birth_place = [[Kairon]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| death_date = 6 February 1965 (aged 63)
| death_place = [[Sonipat District|Sonipat]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]] (now in [[Haryana]], [[India]])
| death_cause = [[Gunshot wound]]
| office = 3rd '''[[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]]'''
| term_start = 23 January 1956
| term_end = 21 June 1964
| predecessor = [[Bhim Sen Sachar]]
| successor = [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] {{small|(caretaker)}}
| governor =
| constituency =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (1937-1941) [[Indian National Congress]] (1941-1965)
| spouse =
| children = 11 children
| parents = S. Nihal Singh
| constituency1 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 =
}}
'''Partap Singh Kairon''' (1 October 1901 – 6 February 1965)<ref>"Kairon, Partap Singh", in ''Indian Dictionary of National Biography''. Institute of Historical Studies (1990) p. 212</ref>
was the 3rd chief minister of the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] province (then comprising Punjab, [[Haryana]] and part of [[Himachal Pradesh]]), and is widely acknowledged as the architect of post-Independence Punjab Province (or Punjab, Haryana and Himachal as of today). Moreover, he was an [[Indian independence movement]] leader. He was jailed twice by the [[British Empire]], once for five years for organizing protests against British rule. His political influence and views are still considered to dominate politics in Punjab.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/builder-of-punjab-the-lost-legacy-of-sardar-partap-singh-kairon/story-LgBkUb0ttLrpMYISj2o9zH.html Builder of Punjab - THE LOST LEGACY OF SARDAR PARTAP SINGH KAIRON]</ref>

== Early life ==
Partap Singh Kairon was born on 1 October 1901, into a Dhillon [[Jat Sikh]] family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arora|first=Subhash Chander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwG-yOpSEy8C&pg=PA54|title=Turmoil in Punjab Politics|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1990|isbn=9788170992516|page=54}}</ref> His last name was taken from the village of [[Kairon]] in the [[Amritsar District|Amritsar]] district, of Tehsil Tarn Taran in province of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] during the [[British Raj]] era.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=55 years after former Punjab CM Partap Singh Kairon's assassination, son opens political conspiracy chapter|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/55-years-after-former-punjab-cm-partap-singh-kairon-s-assassination-son-opens-political-conspiracy-chapter/story-a4Mb8uwjPXB4ibNHb6vtYL.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> His grandfather was Sardar Gulab Singh Dhillon. His father, Nihal Singh Kairon (1863-1927), was a pioneer in initiating women's education in the province. Partap studied at Col. Brown Cambridge School in Dehra Dun and [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] and then went to the United States for further studies. During his time in USA, he supported himself by working on farms and in factories. He received his master's degree in political science from the [[University of Michigan]]. He also received his master's degree in economics from [[University of California at Berkeley]] before going to Michigan. He was impressed by farming methods practised in
the U.S. and hoped to replicate the same in [[India]] later.

==Family==
Partap Singh Kairon had 3 children, including [[Surinder Singh Kairon]], Gurinder Singh Kairon and Sar Brinder Kaur respectively. While the younger Gurinder remained Congressman like his father, Surinder later joined [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]. Surinder's son [[Adesh Partap Singh Kairon]] is married to the daughter of [[Prakash Singh Badal]], Preneet Kaur and has been a minister in the [[Punjab]] government (Shiromani Akali Dal).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940831-former-chief-minister-punjab-partap-singh-kairon-killer-set-free-809575-1994-08-30 |title=Former Chief Minister Punjab Partap Singh Kairon's killer set free |publisher=India Today |date=31 August 1994 |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19990208/ige08171p.html |title=Kairons' sibling rivalry drags on |publisher=Financial Express |date=8 February 1999 |access-date=28 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112165158/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19990208/ige08171p.html |archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Entry into politics ===
[[File:Chief minister of Punjab Partap Singh Kairon, Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru, Education Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and leader of freedom struggle Govind Ballabh Pant and Gurmukh Singh Musafir, at Amritsar Airport.jpg|thumb|Partap Singh Kairon with [[Gurmukh Singh Musafir]] (extreme left) and other political leaders at Amritsar Airport on 6 February 1956]]
Kairon returned to India in 1929. On 13 April 1932 he started an [[English language]] weekly paper called ''The New Era'' in Amritsar. He joined politics and the newspaper was eventually shut down. He was first a member of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], and later of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was jailed in 1932 for five years for participating in [[civil disobedience]]. He entered the Punjab Legislative Assembly as an Akali nominee in 1937, defeating the Congress candidate, [[Baba Gurdit Singh]] of [[Sarhali, Tarn Taran|Sarhali]].

From 1941 to 1946, he was the general secretary of the Punjab Provincial Congress Committee. He was jailed again in the 1942 [[Quit India Movement]] and was elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1946.

=== In power ===
After Independence in 1947, Partap Singh Kairon held various offices in the elected state government including Rehabilitation Minister, Development Minister (1947–1949) and Chief Minister (21 January 1956 to 23 June 1964).

=== Minister for Rehabilitation ===
As Minister for Rehabilitation in the days immediately after [[Partition of India]], Kairon handled the task of resettlement of millions of refugees who had migrated from [[West Punjab]] (Pakistan). Over three million migrated people were resettled in East Punjab (India) by allotment of dwellings, employments and land distribution, in a very short period of time.[[File:Partap Singh Kairon and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.jpg|thumb|220px|Partap Singh Kairon (left) with the [[prime minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (right) on 30 December 1958]]
[[File:Bhim Sen Sachar and Partap Singh Kairon.jpg|thumb|Former Chief Minister of Punjab Bhim Sen Sachar (Left) and Partap Singh Kairon (Right) attending Congress working committee meeting in Amrirsar on 8 February 1956.]]
[[File:Partap Singh Kairon with Minister Narayan Prasad Shukla.jpg|thumb|289x289px|Partap Singh Kairon with [[Narayan Prasad Shukla]] (then Home Minister) and Laxman Singh Chauhan (then Mayor of Indore).]]

== Assassination ==
In 1964, following the publication of the report of the commission of inquiry which had exonerated him of the bulk of the allegations made against him by his political adversaries, Partap Singh Kairon resigned from his position as chief minister of the Punjab.

On 6 February 1965, he was on his way from Delhi to Chandigarh when he was waylaid near Rasoi village, [[Sonipat district]], and shot dead along with his personal assistant — an IAS officer, and the driver. The three were murdered by Sucha Bassi, Baldev Singh and Nahar Singh 'Fauji'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/13hang.htm|title=Prominent cases of hanging|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=13 August 2004|access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref> Sucha had planned the killing of Kairon in revenge, because he believed that Kairon had taken a personal interest in securing the conviction of one Ajit Singh and his father Bir Singh in a murder case. Sucha Bassi, Baldev Singh and Nahar Singh 'Fauji' — were convicted and hanged in 1970, while the fourth accused, Daya Singh was sentenced to life imprisonment and released in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940831-former-chief-minister-punjab-partap-singh-kairon-killer-set-free-809575-1994-08-30|title=Disputed release|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=31 August 1994|access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of assassinated Indian politicians]]
* [[Punjab's political families]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.today/20130824110247/http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/partap-singh-kairon Partap Singh Kairon materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

{{Authority control}}
{{Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kairon, Partap Singh}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People murdered in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1965]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]

Kitam Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-23T03:38:47Z

Rahuljogi: Made initial pg initial version - done

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kitam Bird Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Sikkim#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|27|6|0|N|88|20|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 3 February 2005
| area_km2 = 6
| elevation =
| nearest_city = [[Namchi]]
| governing_body =
| website = [http://sikkimforest.gov.in/Wildlife.htm Sikkim forest department]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kitam Bird Sanctuary''' is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located about {{cvt|19|km}} [[Namchi]] in the [[Namchi district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/Sikkim|title=Wildlife Sanctuaries in Sikkim|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It was declared as a protected area on 3 February 2005.

== Description ==
Located on the foothills of the [[Himalayas]], the sanctuary is located at altitudes between {{cvt|1200|ft}} to {{cvt|3200|ft}} and covers an area of {{cvt|6|km2}}.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/forest-environment-and-wildlife-department/wildlife|title=Wildlife in Sikkim|work=[[Government of Sikkim]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

The protected area consists of [[tropical deciduous forest]]s with [[pine tree|pine]] and [[Sal (tree)|sal]] trees. Fauna found in the sanctuary include [[barking deer]], [[wild boar]], [[Assamese macaque]], [[masked palm civet]], [[Himalayan Crestless Porcupine|Himalayan crestless porcupine]], [[small Indian civet]], [[small Indian mongoose]], and may species of [[butterflies]]. Birds include [[oriental white-eye]], [[kalij]], [[Indian peafowl]], [[red junglefowl]], [[scarlet minivet]], [[green magpie]], and [[Himalayan flameback]] amongst others.<ref name="Compendium"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected Areas of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Namchi district]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2005]]

Jomon (director)

2026-02-20T21:41:44Z

Rahuljogi: Made new details more to come

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = '''Jomon'''
| image = Jomon Theckan Director.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Jomon Theckan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = kozhikode
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Director, screenwriter
| yearsactive = 1984– till date
| spouse = Lecturer
| partner =
| children = 2
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Jomon''' is an Indian [[screenwriter]] and [[film director|director]]. He is active in Malayalam cinema from 1990 to date. His directorial debut film was ''[[Samrajyam]]'' and it was a hit in the Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/jomon-samrajyam-malayalam-movie-mathrubhumi-star-and-style-1.4434392 | title=തീയിൽ മുളച്ച അലക്‌സാണ്ടർ.... സാമ്രാജ്യം പിറന്ന കഥ പങ്കുവെച്ച് സംവിധായകൻ | date=11 January 2020 }}</ref> This film was dubbed and released in the same name in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and did well in the box office. After working as assistant director in films like ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]], [[Uyarangalil]], [[Adiyozhukkukal]], [[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' and ''[[Douthyam]]'', Jomon became an independent [[Malayalam cinema]] director with the 1990 [[Mammootty]] film ''[[Samrajyam]]'' which was one of the highest grossing Malayalam films at the time. It ran for more than 200 days in theaters in Kerala and more than 400 days in Andhra Pradesh, a record that still remains unbeaten. His other commercially successful film was [[Jackpot (1993 film)|''Jackpot'']] starring [[Mammootty]] in the lead role.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Starring
|-
| 1990
|''[[Samrajyam]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Srividya]]
|-style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1991
|''[[Anaswaram]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Mammootty]], [[Shweta Menon]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
|-
|1992
|''[[Asadhyulu]]''
|Telugu
|[[Jagapathi Babu]]
|-
| 1993
|''[[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Mammootty]], [[Gautami]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
|-style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1993
|''[[Yaadhavam]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Narendra Prasad]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|-
| 1995
|''[[Karma (1995 film)|Karma]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Ranjitha]]
|-style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1998
|''[[Sidhartha (1998 film)|Sidhartha]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Mammootty]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Srividya]]
|-
| 2001
|''[[Unnathangalil]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Indraja]]
|-style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2006
|''[[Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Mammootty]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0427275|Jomon}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jomon}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Pranav Soorma

2026-02-20T01:19:07Z

Rahuljogi: new a stub w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian para-athlete and medalist}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| full_name = Pranav Soorma
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| height =
| weight =
| image = Pranav Soorma in September 2024.jpg
| caption = Soorma in September 2024
| country = {{IND}}
| sport =
| event =
| highestranking =
| paralympics = [[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]] {{silver2}}
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[para-athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]]
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}}[[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]
{{MedalSilver|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's club throw F51|Club throw F51]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games| Club throw F51]]}}
}}
'''Pranav Soorma''' (born 1994) is an Indian [[para-athlete]]. He won the silver medal in the men's club throw F51 event at the [[2024 Paralympics|2024 Paris Paralympics]]. He also won the gold medal at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-10-23 |title=Asian Para Games 2023: India's brilliant performance, Pranav Soorma, Shailesh Kumar won gold |url=https://hindi.business-standard.com/asian-games/asian-para-games-2023-great-performance-by-india-pranav-soorma-shailesh-kumar-won-gold |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.hindi.business-standard.com}}</ref> At the event, he set an Asian Games record with a throw of 30.01 m.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-23 |title=Asian Para Games 2023: Pranav Soorma, Shailesh Kumar clinch gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/asian-para-games-2023-pranav-soorma-shailesh-kumar-clinch-gold/articleshow/104639865.cms |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-23 |title=Indians sweep all medals in two events to begin Para Asian Games campaign |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indians-sweep-all-medals-in-two-events-to-begin-para-asian-games-campaign/articleshow/104639276.cms |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/others/dharambir-pranav-soorma-amit-kumar-mens-club-throw-f51-final-live-score-india-at-paris-paralympics-2024-updates-medal-alert|title=Dharambir, Pranav Soorma, Amit Kumar In Men's Club Throw|date=5 September 2024 |publisher=outlook india}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Soorma hails from [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]. He did his schooling at [[St. Paul's School, New Delhi|St. Paul's School]], [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duggal |first=Saurabh |title=Mr Wheelchair India, Banker (Manager with Bank of Baroda), and now Para Asian Games gold medalist: Meet Pranav Soorma |url=https://www.newsdrum.in/sports/mr-wheelchair-india-banker-and-now-para-asian-games-gold-medalist-meet-pranav-soorma-1569720 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.newsdrum.in |language=en}}</ref> He completed his post-graduation from [[Delhi School of Economics]].[https://www.linkedin.com/in/pranav-soorma-3496297a/?originalSubdomain=in] He works as a manager (Scale 2) in [[Bank of Baroda]]. In 2011 at the age of 16, he met with an accident that injured his spinal cord.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sports Desk |first=Outlook |date=2023-10-23 |title=Asian Para Games 2023: Who Is Gold Medalist Pranav Soorma? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/asian-para-games-2023-who-is-gold-medalist-pranav-soorma--news-326135 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref> His father, Sanjeev, quit his job to support his son to take up sports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banker Pranav Soorma's inspiring journey from spinal injury to gold in Para Asian Games |url=https://www.pixstory.com/story/banker-pranav-soorma-s-inspiring-journey-from-spinal-injury-to-gold-in-para-asian-games/272456 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Pixstory |language=en}}</ref> Athletes whose movement was affected to a high degree in the trunk, legs and hands are qualified for the F51 club throw event. They rely on their shoulders and arm to generate power and take the throw while seated.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-10-23 |title=Para Asian Games {{!}} Indians clinch 17 medals, including six gold, to begin campaign in style |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/para-asian-games-indians-in-action-on-day-1/article67451816.ece |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] congratulated him for his resilience.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-23 |title=Exceptional, monumental: PM Modi hails Indian athletes' performances at Asian Para Games |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/exceptional-monumental-pm-modi-hails-indian-athletes-performances-at-asian-para-games/articleshow/104656662.cms |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He is supported by sports NGO [https://ogq.org/ Olympic Gold Quest].

== Career ==
Soorma won the Asian Para Games gold with a record on 23 October 2023.<ref name=":0" /> Earlier in 2023, he also won gold in the [[Serbia]] Open. In 2022, he bagged silver and gold at the [[Tunisia]] Grand Prix. In 2019, he won silver at the [[Beijing]] Grand Prix.<ref name=":0" /> In the inaugural Khelo India Para games, he improved his Asian record by throwing a distance of 33.54 for his gold medal in December 2023 at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Sports minister Shri Anurag Singh Thakur declares the Para Khelo India games closed |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1987527 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-13 |title=Khelo India Para Games {{!}} Pranav Soorma betters own mark to win gold in the men's F51 category club throw |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/khelo-india-para-games-pranav-soorma-betters-own-mark-to-win-gold-in-the-mens-f51-category-club-throw/article67635226.ece |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soorma, Pranav}}
{{Paralympic medalists for India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Faridabad]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

Thoi Singh Khangebam

2026-02-09T20:44:03Z

Rahuljogi: Done

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1990)}}
{{Western name order|Khangebam Thoi Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Khangebam|Thoi|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Thoi Singh
| image_size = sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi829LKyKfWAhUeS48KHXnzAfYQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fjerseyfootballmag.com%2Farticles.php%3Fnews%3D228&psig=AFQjCNGEc-mtBC93njOQ5Z8dXniXFnEpaQ&ust=1505577456233625
| fullname = Thoi Singh Khangebam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|10|5|df=y}}<ref name=SoccerwayProfile>{{cite web|title=T. SINGH|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/khangemban-thoi-singh/73518/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=18 August 2013}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Thoubal]], [[Manipur]]<ref name=SoccerwayProfile/>
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]], [[Winger (association football)|winger]]
| currentclub = [[Calicut FC]]
| clubnumber = 27
| youthyears1 = 2006
| youthclubs1 = Indian Bank
| years1 = 2007–2010
| clubs1 = [[Mahindra United]]
| caps1 = 25
| goals1 = 8
| years2 = 2010–2011
| clubs2 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps2 = 8
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2011–2012
| clubs3 = [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
| caps3 = 32
| goals3 = 10
| years4 = 2013
| clubs4 = [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2013–2015
| clubs5 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps5 = 37
| goals5 = 8
| years6 = 2015–2021
| clubs6 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| caps6 = 71
| goals6 = 4
| years7 = 2016
| clubs7 = → [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (loan)
| caps7 = 13
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2017
| clubs8 = → [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] (Loan)
| caps8 = 13
| goals8 = 2
| years9 = 2021–2022
| clubs9 = [[Real Kashmir FC]]
| caps9 =
| goals9 =
| years10 = 2022–2023
| clubs10 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| caps10 =
| goals10 =
| years11 = 2024–
| clubs11 = [[Calicut FC]]
| caps11 = 12
| goals11 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2006
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
}}

'''Thoi Singh Khangebam''' ({{langx|mni|Khangebam Thoi Singh}}, born 5 October 1990) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder (association football)|midfielder]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/ja/article/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade-3/|title=クリケットの街から眺めるインドサッカー界の未来|trans-title=The future of Indian football seen from the city of cricket|language=ja|website=vice.com|publisher=Vice Japan|first=Kit|last=Caless|date=19 February 2017|access-date=28 February 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128164820/https://www.vice.com/ja/article/ywqwyj/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade|archive-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> for [[Calicut FC]] in the [[Super League Kerala]].

==Youth career==
Thoi started his career when representing his state [[Manipur]] in the [[Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy]], a National level under-16 sub-junior trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/54730/indias-small-wonder-khangembam-thoi-singh|title=India's small wonder|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> Thoi signed his first professional contract with Chennai-based [[Indian Bank]] in 2006 to represent them in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].<ref name="Thoi">{{cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Interview_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Khangebam_Thoi_Singh_Footballer_Interview_Profile_By_Nganthoi_Lourembam|title=Interview with Thoi|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

==Senior career==
His performances with the southern side attracted the interest of Maharashtra-based (now defunct) [[Mahindra United]], where he signed a 3-year contract in 2007. The highlight of his time at Mahindra includes a tournament winning goal in the final of the 2008 [[Durand Cup]] against [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]. Thoi joined Goa-based [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] in 2010 for the [[2010-11 I-League|2010-11 season]] where he won the league with Salgaocar, though only appearing 8 times and scoring once, and was predominantly used as a squad player. He accepted [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]'s inviatiton to play for [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] team [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]], where he stayed for two seasons, appearing regularly in the [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round|2011 season]] and [[2012 I-League 2nd Division final round|2012 season]] alongside Bhutia, [[Renedy Singh]] and [[Sandesh Jhingan]].<ref name="Thoi"/>

While United Sikkim gained promotion, Thoi's services was enlisted by newly formed [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]], then known as Dodsal FC for the [[2013 I-League 2nd Division]]. Thoi became the first player to score for the Mumbai-based team when he scored against Army Red in their first professional game on 25 August 2012 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]] in [[Delhi]] in the [[2012 Durand Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Air-India-win-Durand-Cup/articleshow/16160571.cms?referral=PM|title=Air India win Durand cup|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/08/31/289--Dodsal-FC-enters-Durand-Cup-final-.html|title=Dodsal FC enters final|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> Thoi scored twice in the tournament as Mumbai Tigers reached the final, but were beaten 3-2 on penalties by [[Air India F.C.|Air India]].

Thoi would then be picked up by another newly formed Bangalore based team [[Bengaluru FC]] for the [[2013-14 I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/07/09/13424282/indian-super-league-player-auction-profiles-thoi-singh|title=Indian Super league auction|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> He made 21 appearances in the I-League for Bengaluru FC in the central midfield and scored thrice and helped his side win the league in their first professional season in Indian football.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/playerprofile.php?player=Thoi|title=Bengaluru FC profile|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> He would continue with Bengaluru for another season by winning the [[2014-15 Indian Federation Cup|2014-15 Federation Cup]] before making 16 appearances and scoring 5 times in the [[2014-15 I-League]] as his team finished runner-up behind [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/khangemban-thoi-singh/73518|title=Thoi Singh|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

Thoi along with [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] and [[Sunil Chhetri]] were contracted to the [[Indian Super League]] and will be loaned back to Bengaluru FC for the 2016 I-League season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/06/02/12314682/jindal-will-chhetri-stay-with-bengaluru-if-we-do-not-offer?ICID=SP|title=Jindal: Will Chhetri stay with Bengaluru if we do not offer ISL?|work=Goal.com}}</ref> He was picked up by Chennai-based [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] for the [[2015 Indian Super League]] for INR 8.6 million during the 2015 ISL Auctions, making him the 3rd most expensive Indian player in the ISL only below his teammates at [[Bengaluru FC]], [[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/chennaiyin-fc/squad/midfielder-16574-thoi-singh-playerprofile|title=Thoi Singh, profile|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

==International career==
Thoi Singh was called up to the [[India national under-20 football team|India U19]] team for the [[2006 AFC Youth Championship]] held in India between 29 October – 12 November 2006. He made his only appearance as a substitute against [[Jordan national under-20 football team|Jordan U19s]] playing as a forward.<ref>{{cite web|title=AFC championship|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200610.html|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AFC Youth Championship|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=3631|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

==Honours==

===Club===
;Mahindra United
* [[Durand Cup]]: 2008
;Salgaocar
* [[I-League]]: [[2010-11 I-League|2010-11]]
;United Sikkim
* [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]: [[2012 I-League 2nd Division|2012]]
;Bengaluru FC
* I-League: [[2013-14 I-League|2013-14]]
* [[Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]: [[2014-15 Indian Federation Cup|2014-15]]
;Chennaiyin FC
* [[Indian Super League]]: [[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
* [[Indian Super League]]: [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
;Real Kashmir
* [[IFA Shield]]: [[2021 IFA Shield|2021]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/real-kashmir-fc-win-thriller-vs-sreenidi-for-back-to-back-ifa-shield-triumphs-4558031.html|title=Real Kashmir FC Win Thriller vs Sreenidi for Back-to-back IFA Shield Triumphs|website=news18.com|publisher=[[News18]]|access-date=15 December 2021|date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215125117/https://www.news18.com/news/football/real-kashmir-fc-win-thriller-vs-sreenidi-for-back-to-back-ifa-shield-triumphs-4558031.html|archive-date=15 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Calicut FC'''
*[[Super League Kerala]]: [[2024 Super League Kerala|2024]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-10 |title=Calicut edge Forca Kochi, emerge champions of Super League Kerala|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/11/10/super-league-kerala-final-calicut-fc-vs-forca-kochi.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=onmanorama |issn=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|khangemban-thoi-singh/73518}}

{{Chennaiyin FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Thoi}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Mahindra United FC players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:United Sikkim FC players]]
[[Category:Mumbai Tigers FC players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:Chennaiyin FC players]]
[[Category:Mumbai FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Real Kashmir FC players]]

Barsha Patnaik

2026-02-06T05:58:02Z

Rahuljogi: Creating First Stub W/ Refs - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Barsha Patnaik
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = Barsha Nayak
| birth_place = [[Paradip]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = MBA
| alma_mater = [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]]
| occupation = [[Film Actor|Film actor]], [[IT professional|IT Professional]]
| years_active = 2015-present
| known_for = [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia Cinema]]
| notable_works = [[Tulasi Apa]]
| spouse = Anupam Patnaik
| awards = [[Odisha State Film Awards]]
}}
'''Barsha Patnaik''' ([[Birth name|née]] '''Nayak''') is an Indian actress, born in [[Paradip]], [[Odisha]]. She works in [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia cinema industry]]. Her debut film was ''[[Tulasi Apa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/debutante-proves-mettle-in-tulasi-apa/|title=Debutante proves mettle in Tulasi Apa - OrissaPOST|date=2016-12-16|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> Debut film earned her success as she was awarded Best actress in [[Odisha State Film Awards|27th Odisha State Film Awards]] presented by the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/tulasi-apa-sweeps-film-awards/cid/1476132|title=Tulasi Apa sweeps film awards|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref>

==Career==
Barsha got her first film '[[Tulasi Apa]]' directed by [[Amiya Patnaik]] after giving audition, while she was working for an IT Company in Hyderabad in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/debutante-proves-mettle-in-tulasi-apa/|title=Tulasi Apa debut film of Barsha Nayak|date=2016-12-16|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> The film is based on the life of [[social activist]] and [[Padma Shri]] awardee [[Tulasi Munda]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishabytes.com/odia-feature-film-tulasi-apa-marks-debut-on-amazon-prime-world-wide/|title=Odia Feature Film 'Tulasi Apa' Marks Debut On Amazon Prime World Wide|date=2019-11-09|website=ODISHA BYTES|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref>'[[Tulasi Apa]]' was screened in [[International Film Festival of India|International Film Festival of India (IFFI)]], [[Kolkata International Film Festival|21st Kolkata International Film Festival]], [[Bengaluru International Film Festival|8th Bengaluru International Film Festival]], International Film Festival of Shimla (IFFS) and 8th Nasik International Film Festival in India and outside of India at Tehran Jasmine International Film Festival in [[Ramsar, Mazandaran|Ramsar]], [[Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reportodisha.com/biopic-tulasi-apa-to-be-screened-at-tehran-jasmine-international-film-festival/|title=Biopic 'Tulasi Apa' to be screened at Tehran Jasmine International Film Festival|last=Bureau|first=ReportOdisha|date=2016-10-15|website=ReportOdisha.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2016/feb/07/tulasi-apa-gets-applaud-at-fest-889485.html|title='Tulasi Apa' Gets Applaud at Fest|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 February 2016 |access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> But the film was released in theatres on 19 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/wait-for-tulasi-munda-biopic-in-city/cid/1399760|title=Wait for Tulasi Munda biopic in city|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> This film has become the first Odia feature film to be featured on Amazon Prime World Wide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sambadenglish.com/biopic-odisha-activist-tulasi-munda-bags-top-honours-iffs/|title=Biopic on Odisha activist Tulasi Munda bags top honours at IFFS {{!}} Sambad English|date=2016-10-04|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
! Film
! Role
! Ref
|-
| 2017
| scope="row" | ''[[Tulasi Apa]]''
| Tulasi Munda
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/movie----tulasi-apa----on-amazon-prime.html|title=Movie 'Tulasi Apa' on Amazon Prime|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| scope="row" | ''[[Pratikshya]]''
| Kalyani
|
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Award !! Film !! Category !! Result !! Ref
|-
| 2015 || [[Odisha State Film Awards|27th Odisha State Film Award]] || rowspan="2" | ''[[Tulasi Apa]]'' || rowspan="2"| Best Actress || rowspan="2"{{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/wait-for-tulasi-munda-biopic-in-city/cid/1399760|title=Wait for Tulasi Munda biopic in city|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odishanewstimes.com/2017/05/15/first-odia-biopic-film-tulasi-apa-on-19th-may-2017/|title=First odia Biopic film "Tulasi Apa" on 19th May 2017|last=Palit|first=Ashok|website=Odisha News Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-16}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || 1st Haryana International Film Festival || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pragativadi.com/check-out-odia-film-tulasi-apa-on-amazon-prime/|title=Check Out Odia film 'Tulasi Apa' on Amazon Prime!|date=2019-11-09|website=Pragativadi: Leading Odia Dailly|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb_name|nm8129269}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patnaik, Barsha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Paradeep]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Chandigarh Capitol Complex

2026-02-06T02:59:40Z

Rahuljogi: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image = Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = [[Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh)|Palace of Assembly]] at the Capitol Complex
| official_name = Complexe du Capitole
| location = [[Chandigarh]], [[Chandigarh capital region]], [[India]]
| part_of = [[The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement]]
| includes = [[Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh)|Palace of Assembly]], [[Secretariat Building (Chandigarh)|Secretariat Building]], [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], [[Open Hand Monument]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i), (ii), (vi)}}(i), (ii), (vi)
| ID = 1321rev-014
| coordinates = {{Coord|30|45|33|N|76|48|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India
| map_caption =
| year = 2016
| area = {{cvt|66|ha|sqmi}}
| buffer_zone = {{cvt|195|ha|sqmi}}
}}
'''Chandigarh Capitol Complex''' is a government compound designed by Swiss-French architect [[Le Corbusier]] and his co-workers in [[Chandigarh]], India.<ref>José Oubrerie: [https://drawingmatter.org/the-assembly-and-museum-at-chandigarh/ ''Notes on The Palace of the Assembly and Museum at Chandigarh.''], In: DrawingMatter, 18 July, 2020, retrieved 17 April, 2024.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 March 2011 |title=Le Corbusier's Capitol Complex a mess, in dire need of facelift |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/le-corbusiers-capitol-complex-a-mess-in-dire-need-of-facelift/760264/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127083613/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/le-corbusiers-capitol-complex-a-mess-in-dire-need-of-facelift/760264/0 |archive-date=27 November 2013 |access-date=18 July 2016 |work=indianexpress.com}}</ref>

It comprises three buildings: the [[Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh)|Palace of Assembly]], [[Secretariat Building (Chandigarh)|Secretariat Building]] and the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|High Court]] plus four monuments ([[Open Hand Monument]], Geometric Hill, Tower of Shadows and the Martyrs Monument) and a lake.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=Chandigarh's Capitol Complex is now a UNESCO heritage site: All you need to know |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh-s-capitol-complex-is-now-a-unesco-heritage-site-all-you-need-to-know/story-B3hHy2vXiepSGyM5uXVOYJ.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719125628/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh-s-capitol-complex-is-now-a-unesco-heritage-site-all-you-need-to-know/story-B3hHy2vXiepSGyM5uXVOYJ.html |archive-date=19 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |work=hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 June 2010 |title=Capitol Complex, as Le Corbusier wanted it, remains incomplete – Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/capitol-complex-as-le-corbusier-wanted-it/635844/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127074822/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/capitol-complex-as-le-corbusier-wanted-it/635844 |archive-date=27 November 2013 |access-date=18 July 2016 |work=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2009 |title=The most planned city? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-most-planned-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115154045/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-most-planned-city/ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO1">{{cite web |title=UNESCO approves all 3 Indian nominations for heritage tag |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/buddha-bihar-nalanda-mahavihara-unesco-world-heritage-site-chandigarh-329744-2016-07-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719134259/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/buddha-bihar-nalanda-mahavihara-unesco-world-heritage-site-chandigarh/1/717209.html |archive-date=19 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |work=intoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 2016 |title=Four sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1524 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716131638/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1524 |archive-date=16 July 2016 |access-date=15 July 2016 |work=whc.unesco.org |language=en |agency=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

Spreading over an area of around {{cvt|100|ha|sqmi}}, it is classified as a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], along with [[The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier|sixteen other works]] by Le Corbusier for its contribution to the development of modernist architecture.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124215521/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref>

Le Corbusier designed the "Tower of Shadows", an experimental construction, in such a way that not a single ray of sun enters it from any angle. The north side of this tower remains open because the sun never shines from this direction.<ref>[https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-181538 ''Tower of Shadows''], In: architexturez.net</ref><ref>[https://hiddenarchitecture.net/tower-of-shadows/ ''Tower of Shadows.''], In: "Hidden Architecture"</ref> Le Corbusier used the same principle for other Capitol Complex buildings as well.<ref>Maria Thuroczy: [https://architectuul.com/architecture/the-tower-of-shadows ''The Tower of Shadows.''], In: "Architectuul", March 31st, 2014, Retrieved 17 April, 2024.</ref>

== History and Planning ==
The Capitol Complex was conceived in the aftermath of India’s Partition (1947) when the previously shared capital of [[Punjab]], [[Lahore]], was lost to [[Pakistan]], after [[Partition of India]]. [[New Delhi]]’s leadership, seeking a modern symbol for independent India, decided to build a new capital for the state of Punjab in northern India.<ref name="AD">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=AD Classics: Master Plan for Chandigarh / Le Corbusier |url=https://www.archdaily.com/806115/ad-classics-master-plan-for-chandigarh-le-corbusier |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=ArchDaily |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India’s first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], envisioned Chandigarh as a "new city, a symbol of India’s freedom".<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier |date=2015}}</ref> In 1950, Nehru tasked American architect [[Albert Mayer (planner)|Albert Mayer]] and his colleague [[Maciej Nowicki (architect)|Matthew Nowicki]] with a preliminary plan, but after Nowicki’s untimely death in 1950 and Mayer’s withdrawal, the task was reassigned. The [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab government]]’s engineers went to [[Europe]] and, on advice of Mayer, invited [[Le Corbusier]] to take over the project. Le Corbusier accepted in 1951, on the condition that his cousin [[Pierre Jeanneret]] join as resident architect. Other collaborators included British architects [[Maxwell Fry]] and [[Jane Drew]] (who initially worked on housing).<ref name="AD"/>

Le Corbusier reworked the existing planning framework into his own vision. Rather than finishing Mayer’s radial plan, he imposed a strict grid aligned with a human-like form for the city. The Capitol Complex at the "head," a commercial sector at the "heart," and civic and educational sectors along the "arms" and "legs" of the city (an [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] plan). The Capitol Complex was sited at the northern terminus of this grid, backed by the hills, symbolically crowning the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Aaran |date=2022-03-15 |title=What Le Corbusier got wrong (and right) in his design of Chandigarh |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1019474/what-le-corbusier-got-wrong-and-right-in-his-design-of-chandigarh |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> In Le Corbusier’s final design, the Capitol Complex comprised three interlocking squares containing three principal edifices (Assembly, Secretariat, High Court) plus planned but unbuilt components (a Governor’s Palace and a museum). Only three of the four major buildings were constructed. The foundation stone of Chandigarh was laid on 1 November 1952.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-07 |title=Tricity buzz {{!}} How old is Chandigarh? 55 or 70? Residents agree to disagree |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/tricity-buzz-how-old-is-chandigarh-55-or-70-residents-agree-to-disagree-101636232911080.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108073759/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/tricity-buzz-how-old-is-chandigarh-55-or-70-residents-agree-to-disagree-101636232911080.html |archive-date=2021-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Architecture and Design ==
The Capitol Complex is a landmark of modernist architecture, employing [[béton brut]] (exposed concrete) and pioneering construction techniques. The ensemble is noted for its sculptural forms, monumental scale, and integration of indoor and outdoor space. All three buildings are cast in rough-cast concrete with Le Corbusier’s signature [[Brise soleil]] (concrete sun-shading screens) and striking [[Cantilever|cantilevers]]. The design reflects Le Corbusier’s Cinq points de l’architecture moderne (five points of architecture): pilotis (stilts), free façade, free plan, horizontal windows, and roof gardens.<ref name="AD"/>

Le Corbusier applied a human-centred modular design known as the [[Modulor]], based on human proportions, to determine dimensions and sightlines throughout the Complex. For example, the scale of the Assembly hall and the Open Hand monument align with Modulor proportions.<ref name="Court">{{Cite web |title=High Court of Punjab and Haryana |url=https://www.highcourtchd.gov.in/?mod=building |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317014514/https://www.highcourtchd.gov.in/?mod=building |archive-date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=highcourtchd.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> Passive climate control features are integrated: the buildings employ double-skinned roofs (air-gap roofs) and deep brise-soleils to reduce solar heat gain, and the plaza and Legislative Assembly pools serve as reflecting pools for cooling and rainwater catchment. Landscaping and water features (including terraced gardens on building roofs) were conceived to moderate the harsh summer climate. Together these elements prefigure contemporary passive design strategies. Le Corbusier described the Complex’s planning as embodying his notion of the "[[Ville Radieuse|Radiant City]]," integrating nature, sunlight, and human proportions.<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

Key sculptural features exemplify the design approach. The Legislative Assembly building’s roof is a dramatic, thin hyperbolic paraboloid shell that spans the assembly hall without internal columns, a daring engineering achievement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neuman |first=Eran |date=2017-12-01 |title=The Lightfall and the Symbolic Function of the Hyperbolic Paraboloid Surface |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-016-0314-8 |journal=Nexus Network Journal |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=579–598 |doi=10.1007/s00004-016-0314-8 |issn=1522-4600}}</ref> Walls and facades often serve as architectural ornament: vibrant primary colours are used in doors and panels (inspired by Le Corbusier’s paintings), and patterned tapestries in the High Court chamber were created to provide acoustical treatment and symbolic imagery.<ref name="Court"/>

== Key Structures ==
The Capitol Complex comprises three main "pillars of democracy" buildings arranged around a long central esplanade and several ancillary monuments.<ref name="CT">{{Cite web |title=capital_complex {{!}} Chandigarh Tourism, Union Territory , Chandigarh |url=https://chandigarhtourism.gov.in/pages/page/capital_complex |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=chandigarhtourism.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Punjab and Haryana Secretariat ===
[[File:Secretariat Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|[[Secretariat Building (Chandigarh)|Secretariat]] Building]]
{{see|Secretariat Building, Chandigarh}}

This is the largest structure in the Complex. It is a long horizontal slab of exposed concrete, about 254 m long and 42 m tall, composed of six eight-story blocks joined by expansion joints. Completed in the early 1950s, it houses the administrative offices of both Punjab and Haryana. Its western facade features continuous rows of brise-soleil and small square windows, which give the massive block a rhythmic, sculpted aesthetic. Le Corbusier intended the Secretariat’s narrow plan to maximize natural light and [[Cross ventilation|cross-ventilation]]. The roof includes a cafeteria terrace and promenade terrace overlooking the city. Despite its scale, the facade is broken into modular segments, avoiding a [[Monolithic architecture|monolithic]] appearance. The Secretariat sits at the northwestern edge of the Complex, with its length unifying the ensemble toward the hills.<ref name="AD"/>

=== Palace of Assembly ===
[[File:The Palace of Assembly.jpg|thumb|The Palace of Assembly]]
{{see|Palace of Assembly}}

The assembly building is immediately adjacent to the Secretariat on the Complex’s [[esplanade]]. It embodies Le Corbusier’s "five points" – it is raised on pilotis (concrete columns), has a free facade, an open interior plan, ribbon windows, and a roof terrace. A monumental, upward-thrusting conical roof shelters the circular assembly chamber, giving the building a distinctive silhouette. Inside, a grid of slender columns frees the central floor plan; office spaces ring the exterior so that the central hall remains open and flexible. The building’s facades include large brise-soleil screens constructed in golden proportions, and its windows frame views of the Himalayan foothills. The Assembly exemplifies Corbusier’s modernist ideals: the exterior façade is divorced from internal structure (rendering it "free"), and a rooftop terrace accessible via ramps provides public access, connecting inhabitants to nature.<ref name="AD"/>

=== Punjab and Haryana High Court ===
[[File:Capitol High Court.jpg|thumb|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]]]
{{see|Punjab and Haryana High Court}}

Located across the esplanade from the Secretariat, the Court building features a grand ceremonial entrance and generous public spaces. Its most striking feature is a deep parasol roof: a wide cantilevered slab that shelters the ground-floor plaza in front of the judges’ entrance, casting a continuous rhythmic arcade across the facade. Access for judges is provided by a monumental portico supported on three giant cruciform pylons painted in bright primary colours. Corbusier drew inspiration from [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]] here, the oversized portico ("[[Buland Darwaza]]") and towering pylons symbolize the "Majesty of Law," signaling authority to all who enter. The concrete columns and blank wall sections of the High Court incorporate deliberate cut-outs and niches to relate scale to the human figure. Originally the building featured large brise-soleil fins on the upper levels for sun protection; however, these proved less effective against monsoon rains and have since been supplemented by a low-profile verandah. This building was also the first in Chandigarh constructed entirely of reinforced concrete.<ref name="Court"/>

=== Open hand monument ===
[[File:The Open Hand Monument, Capitol Complex, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|The [[Open Hand Monument]]]]
{{see|Open Hand Monument}}

Facing the Assemblies, the Open Hand is a {{cvt|26|m}}-high metal sculpture conceived by Le Corbusier himself. It features a rotating wind vane in the shape of an open palm. According to Le Corbusier’s philosophy, the hand is "open to give" and "open to receive," symbolizing peace and reconciliation. The city’s official emblem, it stands for democratic ‘give and take’ and India’s progressive ideals.<ref name="CT"/> Nearby are three other sculptural memorials designed by Corbusier: the Tower of Shadows, a concrete structure that studies sunlight and shade inside; Geometric Hill, an artificial earth mound topped with a concrete sundial diagramming light and darkness cycles; and the Martyrs’ Memorial, a concentric ramped enclosure commemorating those who died in Punjab’s partition riots.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capitol Complex {{!}} Chandigarh {{!}} India |url=https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/tourist-place/capitol-complex/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Heritage Significance ==
[[File:The Shadow Tower, Capitol Complex, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|The Tower of Shadows]]

The Capitol Complex is widely regarded as one of Le Corbusier’s most important works and a masterpiece of 20th-century architecture. In 2016, [[UNESCO]] inscribed Chandigarh’s Capitol Complex as a World Heritage Site (under the collective listing "The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement"). The UNESCO World Heritage Committee noted that the Capitol’s design solutions – from urban layout to materials and climate adaptation, exemplify the "innovative and experimental spirit" of modern architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Rohtaki |first=Hina |date=2025-02-04 |title=Chandigarh not a World Heritage City, but first 30 sectors protected |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandigarh-not-a-world-heritage-city-centre-informs-parliament-9814930/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Complex was specifically cited as "the focal point" of Chandigarh’s plan and the most fully realized embodiment of Corbusier’s Radiant City concept.<ref name="Unesco"/> UNESCO praised the Capitol Complex as "one of the most monumental compositions" of modern urban planning and for its emphasis on human proportions and technology.

Within India, the Capitol Complex is protected as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|site of national importance]] under the [[AMASR Act|Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act]], reflecting its historical significance. It thus holds dual heritage status, legally a national monument and internationally a World Heritage property. UNESCO’s evaluation of the Le Corbusier sites emphasized that the Capitol’s integrity must be preserved, it warned that unapproved additions (such as a long-proposed governor’s palace or new museum) could undermine its authenticity.<ref name="Unesco"/> The site’s inclusion in the transnational listing, which spans seven countries – also symbolizes India’s role in the global modernist movement, alongside Corbusier’s projects in Europe, Japan, and the America.<ref name="Sagar">{{Cite news |last=Sagar |first=Munieshwer A |date=2025-01-16 |title=Excessive alterations to Capitol Complex threaten its Unesco heritage status: Experts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/excessive-alterations-to-capitol-complex-threaten-its-unesco-heritage-status-experts/articleshow/117276347.cms |access-date=2025-06-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Contemporary Relevance and Conservation Efforts ==
[[File:The Geometric Hill, Capitol Complex, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|Geometric Hill]]
Since its World Heritage inscription, there has been heightened attention to conservation. The Chandigarh administration has formed the Chandigarh Heritage Conservation Committee (CHCC) to review alterations in the historic sectors. All major development proposals in and around the Complex now require heritage-clearance. In 2023–2024, for example, the [[Supreme Court of India]] intervened to halt unauthorized construction plans (a verandah addition to the High Court) on the grounds that any change might endanger the World Heritage status.<ref name="Sagar"/> The UNESCO dossier explicitly urged the preparation of a formal conservation plan for the Capitol Complex to guide restoration and upkeep.<ref name="Unesco"/>

Architectural critics have likewise lamented insensitive modifications and underuse. The noted historian [[William J. R. Curtis|William J.R. Curtis]] has pointed out that modern additions (like polished stone flooring and wooden skirting in the Assembly) have "vulgarized" interior spaces. He and others note that security installations – fences, guard posts and gates, interrupt the intended openness of the esplanade, which often lies empty even on national holidays. The imposing scale of the Complex can feel "abandoned" or under-utilized: for instance, during Curtis’s 2014 visit the Assembly’s reflecting pools were neglected (one drained, one filled only with rainwater). These observers argue that restoration is urgent: "if the buildings in Chandigarh are left to be knocked about further, UNESCO recognition is surely unlikely," Curtis warned.<ref name="Sagar"/>

In recent years the focus has been on balancing growth with preservation. The city’s heritage status (though only officially granted for the first 30 sectors) has been cited to pause many development schemes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheetal |title=Mixed reactions to Centre’s reply on city heritage status |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/mixed-reactions-to-centres-reply-on-city-heritage-status/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Former Chief Architect [[Manmohan Nath Sharma|M.N. Sharma]] (who worked with Corbusier) has noted that Chandigarh was conceived with "big ideas and relatively small sums of money," implying that any future changes require equally visionary thinking.<ref name="Sagar"/> UNESCO and conservationists advocate for comprehensive heritage management involving experts and citizens. Meanwhile, city residents generally pride themselves on Chandigarh’s reputation as India’s first planned city its architecture taught in local schools and its landmarks a source of civic identity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharne |first=Vinayak |title=Beyond the Corbusian Cult: Reflections on Chandigarh's Capitol |url=https://www.planetizen.com/node/42309 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.planetizen.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of World Heritage Sites in India]]
*[[Chandigarh capital region]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Le Corbusier}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1953]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Government of Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Le Corbusier buildings in India]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]

Lootere (TV series)

2026-02-05T22:26:41Z

Rahuljogi: Adding new data needs work

{{short description|2024 Indian series directed by Jai Mehta}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Lootere Series.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Action fiction|Action]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
}}
| creator = [[Hansal Mehta]] [[Shailesh R. Singh]]
| based_on =
| writer = Anshuman Sinha Vishal Kapoor [[Suparn Verma]]
| director = Jai Mehta
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vivek Gomber]]
* [[Rajat Kapoor]]
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
* Martial Batchamen Tchana
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music = [[Achint Thakkar]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Waris Thakur Ruchira Janwalikar Ganesh Mandapeli Aditya Singh
| location =
| cinematography = Jall Cowasji
| editor = Viraj Gadodia
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 45-50 Minutes
| company = Karma Media and Entertainment
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|03|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|05|02|df=yes}}
| budget =
}}

'''''Lootere''''' ({{Translation|Looters}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama]] television series on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] created by [[Hansal Mehta]] and [[Shailesh R. Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hansal Mehta on Jai's directorial debut 'Lootere': He's going to emerge out of his father's shadow and shelter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hansal-mehta-on-jais-directorial-debut-lootere-hes-going-to-emerge-out-of-his-fathers-shadow-and-shelter/articleshow/108678120.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Live">{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-09-08 |title=समुद्री लुटेरों पर बनी वेब सीरीज का टीजर आउट, हंसल मेहता के बेटे जय कर रहे डायरेक्शन में डेब्यू |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/hansal-mehta-thriller-web-series-lootere-teaser-out-2210933 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> The series is directed by Jai Mehta in his independent directorial debut and stars [[Vivek Gomber]], [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], Martial Batchamen, [[Aamir Ali]], Athenkosi Magamela, Chris Gxalaba and [[Preetika Chawla]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lootere Web Series (2024) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/lootere-web-series-113029 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The series tells the gripping narrative of a Ukrainian trading vessel being attacked on international waters by [[Piracy off the coast of Somalia|Somali pirates]], followed by the chaos of a hostage crisis as the ship's captain, along with an [[Indian nationality law|Indian]], [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]], and [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] crew, the Somali commander, and a scheming businessman, fight for control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Chatakonda Krishna |title=Om Bheem Bush Day 2 Collections: తొలి రోజు కంటే సెకండ్ డే ఎక్కువ కలెక్షన్లు.. దూసుకెళుతోన్న 'ఓం భీమ్ బుష్' |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/om-bheem-bush-day-2-collections-sree-vishnu-movie-shows-good-growth-at-box-office-121711267798802.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324091254/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/om-bheem-bush-day-2-collections-sree-vishnu-movie-shows-good-growth-at-box-office-121711267798802.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}</ref> The series is inspired by true incidents that occurred in the past when an Indian ship was similarly hijacked in Somalian waters by pirates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sartaj |date=2024-03-22 |title=Lootere: Is the Hotstar Show Based on a True Story? |url=https://thecinemaholic.com/lootere-true-story/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The Cinemaholic |language=en-US}}</ref>

The series was officially announced in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-09 |title=Lootere teaser: Rajat Kapoor and Amruta Khanvilkar win hearts in Hansal Mehta's hijack thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/lootere-teaser-rajat-kapoor-and-amruta-khanvilkar-win-hearts-in-hansal-mehtas-hijack-thriller/articleshow/94083918.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] took place in [[Cape Town]] and [[Khayelitsha]] in [[South Africa]], thus becoming the first Indian series to be filmed on the [[Africa|African continent]].{{cn|date=September 2025}}

''Lootere'' premiered its first two episodes on 22 March 2024 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lootere OTT Release Date: Know All About Plot, Platform & Cast |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/lootere-ott-release-date-know-all-about-plot-platform-cast |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> It received mostly positive reviews from critics and audiences, with particular praise for its performances, storyline and cinematography.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=भाटीया |first=अमित |date=2024-03-23 |title=हंसल मेहताची क्राईम थ्रिलर स्टोरी, रजत कपूरचा दमदार अभिनय, कशी आहे लुटेरे? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-lootere-season-1-review-hansal-mehta-and-jai-mehata-story-review-by-amit-bhatia-entertainment-bollywood-latest-update-marathi-news-1267201 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lootere Review: हंसल मेहता की छाप पर नया रंग चढ़ाती सीरीज, विवेक और रजत ने संभाली कलाकारों की कमान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/lootere-hotstar-review-by-pankaj-shukla-hansal-mehta-jai-mehta-rajat-kapoor-vivek-gomber-chirag-vora-2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The show begins with Vikrant Gandhi, who is worried about a shipment of guns arriving in [[Mogadishu]], Somalia, on the UK Kyival. These guns are meant for a fictional militant group called Al Muharib. Vikrant, an Indian immigrant to Somalia and now the president of the port authority, is married to Avika, who was born and brought up in Somalia, where her wealth and even the color of her skin set her up for a life of privilege. Vikrant faces pressure to win the upcoming election to continue smuggling goods like these guns in and out of Somalia. Things start to go awry when a former ally, Tawfiq, decides to run for port presidency as well. Vikrant can no longer get the guns into Mogadishu port without fear of inspection. A series of events leads to the ship getting re-routed to a historical town, Harardhere, in Somalia, where pirates hijack the ship and kill one of the crew members. The transfer of power from Vikrant to Tawfiq is one of the bigger power plays in the series. There is also the power struggle between pirate leader Barkhad and his younger brother, who is so keen to take the reins that he kills his brother and shoots one of the crew members dead just because he starts to empathize with her and sees that as a sign of weakness in himself. Most of the crew, pirates, the shipowner's son's date in [[Ukraine]], a member of Vikrant's family, and several of his household staff are dead by the time the credits roll for the last time.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vivek Gomber]] as Vikrant Gandhi<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=Leading actor in Jai Mehta's Lootere, Vivek Gomber discusses show's larger than life setting |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/leading-actor-in-jai-mehta-lootere-vivek-gomber-discusses-show-larger-than-life-setting-23341288 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rajat Kapoor]] as Captain A.K. Singh<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2024-03-06 |title='Lootere' trailer: Rajat Kapoor fends off pirates; Hansal Mehta is showrunner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lootere-trailer-rajat-kapoor-fends-off-pirates-hansal-mehta-is-showrunner/article67921020.ece |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Avika Gandhi<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2024-03-16 |title=Raazi Actress Amruta Khanvilkar Talks About Hansal Mehta's Lootere |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/raazi-actress-amruta-khanvilkar-talks-about-hansal-mehtas-lootere |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Martial Batchamen Tchana as Karim Barkhad
* Athenkosi Mfamela as Koombe
* Gaurav Sharma as Bilaal<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/lootere-actor-gaurav-k-sharma-looks-back-at-darkest-period-of-career-i-was-only-offered-exclusive-article-109200632 | title=Lootere Actor Gaurav K Sharma Looks Back at Darkest Period of Career: I Was Only Offered... | Exclusive | date=10 April 2024 }}</ref>
* [[Chirag Vohra]] as Gupta
* Abhishekh Khan as Mudit Jain<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Abhishekh Khan On Why It's 'incredibly Easy' To Work With Rajat Kapoor: Treated Me Like His Son {{!}} Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/ott/web-news/abhishekh-khan-on-why-its-incredibly-easy-to-work-with-rajat-kapoor-treated-me-like-his-son |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as Ajay Kotwal<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=Never played such a role before: Chandan Roy Sanyal on 'Lootere' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/never-played-such-a-role-before-chandan-roy-sanyal-on-lootere-23253184 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
* Nareshh Mallik as Gulrez Singh
* Bonga Tshabalala
* Chris Gxalaba as Taufiq
* Harry Parmar as Zafar
* [[Preetika Chawla]] as Ayesha
* Gaurav Paswala as Ruhaan
* Varin Roopani as Aaryaman Gandhi
* [[Deepak Tijori]]
* [[Aamir Ali]] as Ghulam Waris<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Aamir Ali Wants Filmmakers To See Him As An Actor: Not A TV Star I Once Was - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/aamir-ali-wants-filmmakers-to-see-him-as-an-actor-not-a-tv-star-i-once-was-exclusive-article-108696510 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] as [[Ambassador]]
* Avanish Pandey as Rounal Pradhan
* Tuks Tad Lungu as Roadblock Soldier
* Pankaj Raina as Raman Kotwal
* Vijay Sasi Kumar as Krishnan
* Armaan Haggio as Tahil
* Avinash Pandey as Ronak Pradhan
* Geetanjali Gill as Satwinder
* Khemchand Verma as Pankaj Sinha
* Krishnendu Chakraborty as Lalit Kalra
* Mayank Garg as Raman Rao
* Pawan Singh as Bhavesh Mehta
* Sonam Stobgais as Sonam Stanzin
* Siyabonga Stobgais as Ismael
* Maurice Carpede as Salmaan
* Tafara Nyatsanza as Qassim
* Malibongwe Mdwaba as Salaah
* Aviwe Tucci as Pirate 1
* Aaron Nduwayo as Pirate 2
* Ellie Flory Fawcett as UK-MTO Operator
*Jai Kinara as UK-MTO Team Leader
*Tebogo Makhopane as Ahmer
*Mamello Makhetha as Jamilah
*Lesley Maasdorp as Faldi
*Lilia Kosovska as Samantha
*Jay Upadhyay as Desai
*Deon Nebulane as Bashir
*Anele Matoti as General Walid
*Thulisa Mayalo as Naz
{{colend}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|overall=5|title=22|director=15|writer=21|airdate=15|background=50A2A6|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Welcome to Somalia
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Jai Mehta
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor, [[Suparn Verma]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The story begins with pirates setting out to intercept a cargo ship near [[Somalia]]. Meanwhile, Vikrant Gandhi, managing illicit business and the [[Port of Mogadishu|Mogadishu port]], aims to secure his re-election amidst mounting pressure and opposition. As the UK Kyival ship approaches, Vik faces challenges with illegal cargo and betrayal, resorting to desperate measures to maintain his position. Onboard the UK Kyival, Capt. AK Singh anticipates pirate threats but is ultimately overpowered, leading to the crew's capture. The narrative weaves political intrigue, personal stakes, and maritime danger, depicting Vik's pursuit of power and AK Singh's struggle against piracy amidst a backdrop of treachery and loyalty tests.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Besieged
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Jai Mehta
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor, Suparn Verma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Capt. AK Singh and his crew are held hostage by pirates under Barkhand's command, who threaten intervention from the task force. Meanwhile, Vikrant confronts Bilal over hiring pirates to stop the ship but is reassured of cargo safety. As armed pirates search the vessel, Captain negotiates unsuccessfully for release, forced to comply with Barkhand's demand to start the ship. In the chaos, crew members like Ruhan attempt to retrieve crucial documents before capture. Vikrant manages the situation while dealing with Ajay Kotwal's urgency in [[Ukraine]] and Tawfiq's offer to sway voters. About 200 kilometers from [[Harardhere|Harardhere port]], Tawfiq offers to influence voters, exposing Vikrant's location. After repairing the engine, AK plans a takeover, but Ruhan's resistance leads to tragedy, prompting Barkhand to call for reinforcements. The narrative portrays a complex mix of negotiation, betrayal, and danger as Vikrant and AK navigate perilous circumstances.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Home Sweet Home
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Jai Mehta
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor, Suparn Verma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
Salmaan instructs a group of children, including Ismael, in firearm use, juxtaposed with a scene where he intervenes to protect a bullied child, highlighting attempts to preserve innocence amid challenging circumstances. Meanwhile, on the UK KYIVAL en route to Harardhere, Barkhad confronts Kumbe for killing Mudit, emphasizing the consequences of violence on their bargaining power. Tensions escalate between Zafar and Captain over religious identity and blame for past actions. Avi and Arya argue over Ismael's disappearance. Bilal leads Vikrant and Gupta to Harardhere's shores, where relief ensues upon spotting the ship carrying a valuable consignment. However, Vikrant's shock at seeing Ismael among the pirate children complicates matters. Despite the discovery, they proceed with the mission, facing challenges such as Kumbe's determination to uncover female hostages and Ayesha's attempt to obtain food. In [[Kyiv]], Raman Kotwal confronts his son Ajay about the hijacking, leading to concerns over negotiations and complications arising from Mudit's death. Meanwhile, Vikrant's consignment plan unravels as the container sinks, revealing its contents of guns meant for Al Muharib, jeopardizing his political aspirations. Avi and Jamilah seek help in finding Ismael, facing bureaucratic delays. Vikrant's efforts to control the situation escalate, leading to clashes among hostages and further endangering the ship's crew. Despite warnings, Vikrant considers a risky alliance with the pirates, causing dissent among his associates. As tensions rise and alliances shift, the crew's safety becomes increasingly precarious. Ultimately, the situation appears to spiral further out of control, with potential dire consequences for all involved.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Middlemen
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Jai Mehta
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor, Suparn Verma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Tensions rise as Kumbe's torture of Ayesha reaches a critical point, causing Barkhad to step in and stop the abuse. Meanwhile, Ruhaan's attempt to console Satwinder ends with his capture by the pirates. Despite holding a knife, Ruhaan chooses not to fight, as the pirates have guns with them. Vikrant tells the South Asian crew that they will be safe, but Singh is skeptical and feels Vikrant has ulterior purposes. Vikrant's reaction to Mudit's death displays his contradictory objectives and highlights the political implications of the event. Bilal's return of Vikrant to Barkhad exposes the link between commerce and piracy. Vikrant's interactions with Avi reveal misogynistic undertones in the story, as Vikrant's acts are portrayed as misunderstood valor and Avi as unreasonable. Arya's intervention tests Vikrant's actions, adding familial strain to the plot. Singh's skepticism of Vikrant, as well as Gupta's clash with Taufiq, further complicate the situation. Avi's defiance and flight undermine Vikrant's control, prompting Gupta's angry reaction and the intensification of negotiations with the pirates. The demand for a $50 million ransom shocks the Kotwals, emphasizing the gravity of the situation and laying the groundwork for future confrontation.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Dog Eat Dog
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Jai Mehta
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor, Suparn Verma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|11|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Gulrez's pregnant wife appears on deck, having walked up from the engine room, leading to a debate about her fate among the crew. Despite tensions, she is ultimately allowed to leave the ship for medical care. Meanwhile, Koombe challenges Vikrant and Barkhad's rule over the crew, seeking dominance. Barkhad's sibling is encouraged to rebel against him, further escalating tensions on the ship. Vikrant, grappling with personal and strategic dilemmas, considers taking Ismael with him to Mogadishu. However, Ismael, possibly brainwashed or adjusted to pirate life, refuses to cooperate. Vikrant's assistant advises against it, highlighting the risks. Meanwhile, Vikrant juggles negotiations with Ajay and the pirates, aiming to protect his interests amid growing threats. As Faisal takes control and confronts Vikrant about the missing weapons, tensions rise. The situation is complicated by Barkhad's demands for ransom and Gupta's betrayal, siding with Vikrant's enemies. Gupta's betrayal leads to dire consequences, as Vikrant retaliates violently, signaling his resolve to maintain power. The developments mark a turning point for Vikrant, who faces betrayal, threats, and moral dilemmas. With allies turning against him and enemies closing in, Vikrant resorts to extreme measures to protect his position and interests. However, his actions risk further backlash and escalate tensions within the Port Authority and among his adversaries.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Zero Hundred
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Jai Mehta
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor, Suparn Verma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = AK Singh informs Ruhan about Faisal's terrorist connections. News of the UK Kivyal hijacking spreads in India, implicating both Vikrant's and Ajay's companies in the incident. On the ship, Barkhand confronts troublemaker Koombe, escalating tensions among the crew. In Haradhere, Avika persists in her search for Ismael despite Vikrant's warnings. Waris proposes a deal to Vikrant, offering to free the crew in exchange for safety. Initially hesitant, Vikrant agrees when Faisal threatens his family over the sunken loot. As SEALs board the ship at night, chaos erupts, turning the rescue mission into a battle for survival.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Betrayal
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Jai Mehta
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor, Suparn Verma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = At a lavish party, Tawfiq charms guests with promises of prosperity if he wins the port presidency while vilifying Vikrant, alleging ties to arms trafficking. A failed rescue mission leads to Faisal mocking Barkhad's leadership and blaming Vikrant for exploiting their group. Vikrant, shocked by the rescue's failure, faces Faisal's demand to settle debts for the crew's safety. Meanwhile, tensions rise as Gabul searches for missing pirates, and Avika fears impending danger. In Ukraine, Ajay faces consequences for failing to repay Al-Muharib's debt, prompting his agreement to pay, albeit with difficulty. Tawfiq attempts to recruit Bilal, signaling his shift against Vikrant. Vikrant manages to secure ransom but escapes Faisal's men's ambush, planning to flee with the money. Back at the ship, Gabul blames AK Singh for Koombe's death, escalating tensions. Faisal discovers Vikrant's betrayal and confronts Kotwal, leading to Ajay's punishment and further discord. Barkhad's death prompts Gabul's rise as the new captain, escalating chaos within the pirate group. The summary captures the intricate web of betrayal, negotiation, and power struggles unfolding among the characters, setting the stage for further conflict and intrigue.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Welcome Back to Somalia
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Jai Mehta
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor, Suparn Verma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Faizal, a leader of Al Muharib, suspects a connection between Ismael and Vikrant, leading him to question Ismael and manipulate him into believing Vikrant stole money from their organization. Vikrant decides to go back to the ship to rescue Ismael for his mother’s sake, since Avi and Arya won’t let him breathe until the kid is safe, where he tries to intervene, urging Ismael not to trust Faizal, but Faizal seemingly shoots Ismael to provoke Vikrant. Meanwhile, Taufiq seizes control of the Port Authority and seeks assistance from General Walid. On the UK KYIVAL, pirates resort to arson, causing chaos and suffocating the crew with smoke. Captain Singh manages to save some crew members, but others suffocate. Vikrant boards the ship to search for Ismael, encountering Singh, who warns him of an imminent explosion. Vikrant, Singh, and others evacuate as the ship erupts in flames. Waris rescues Singh and other crew members, while Vikrant heads home. Walid warns Vikrant of threats to his family and advises him to leave Somalia. Vikrant attempts to negotiate with Taufiq, but Taufiq refuses to relent until Vikrant's bloodline is eliminated. Waris and the sailors engage in a car chase with armed guards but are seemingly killed. Vikrant informs Jamila of Ismael's death, leading to a tragic breakdown. Taufiq's men attack Vikrant's house, resulting in casualties including Jamila and Vikrant's wife, Avi. Vikrant, his son Arya, and Ahmer flee into the forest, intending to leave Somalia for good. Vikrant reflects on his past decisions, regretting his involvement in illegal arms trade to strengthen his position as President of the Port Authority.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Vishal Kapoor and Suparn Varma collaborated on the screenplay in 2019, which was inspired by a story from Anshuman Sinha.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |date=2024-04-02 |title=Lootere writer Vishal Kapoor: Writing the show was chaotic but I thrived in it |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/interviews/2024/Apr/02/lootere-writer-vishal-kapoor-writing-the-show-was-chaotic-but-i-thrived-in-it |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> During the writing process, the authors watched numerous documentary films for inspiration. When they presented their screenplay to Mehta, he wasn't aware of piracy in depth. To enlighten him, the writers showed an Oscar-winning short film created by a Somali filmmaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajat Kapoor credits Lootere writers for not making show's Somali pirates stereotypical: 'Each has a graph' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rajat-kapoor-on-lootere-writers-not-making-somali-pirates-stereotypical-jai-mehta-hansal-mehta-hotstar-3083815 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> During the scripting process, Varma initially preferred Vasan Bala as the director. However, by the time the script was completed, Bala was occupied with another project, [[Monica, O My Darling]]. Subsequently, the creator, Shailesh R. Singh, approached Mehta for the directorial role. However, Mehta was also busy with his web series, [[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]. Eventually, the opportunity fell into the hands of Jai in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewan |first=Ananya |date=2024-03-31 |title=The making of the series Looter is quite interesting. |url=https://www.connexionblog.com/2024/03/the-making-of-the-series-looter-is-quite-interesting/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Connexionblog |language=en-US}}</ref>

The series marked Jai Mehta's first independent directorial venture, previously he had co-director [[Scam 1992]] with his father Hansal Mehta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-03-06 |title=Hansal Mehta's son Jai Mehta on his debut series Lootere, "Our ambition was to redefine the traditional hijacking genre" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/hansal-mehtas-son-jai-mehta-debut-series-lootere-ambition-redefine-traditional-hijacking-genre/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en}}</ref> Initially, the writers focused the story on the crew and the hostage situation. On the other hand, Jai suggested delving deeper into Vikrant's character, which resulted in its prominent significance.<ref name=":7" /> Jai revealed that the goal of creating this series was to change how people usually see hijacking stories and wanted to give it a fresh look and make it different from what the audience has seen before.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amruta Khanvilkar shares challenges she faced while shooting for Hansal Mehta's Lootere: 'The most dangerous...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-amruta-khanvilkar-shares-challenges-she-faced-while-shooting-for-hansal-mehta-s-lootere-3081650 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> To depict tension on screen, Jai studied various movies but was dissatisfied with them, so he referred to pictures by photographers [[Robert Doisneau]] and [[Steve McCurry]], who aim to communicate a lot with only one frame.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Mehta reveals meticulous planning and execution that went into 'Lootere' |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1178681 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> When the shoot commenced, only four episodes had been written, with the remaining episodes written on location.<ref name=":7" />

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 340
| image1 = Rajat Kapoor in 2014.jpg
| image2 =
| perrow = 3
| image3 = Amruta khanvilkar in 2022.jpg
| footer = The series' main cast includes [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Vivek Gomber]] and [[Amruta Khanvilkar]].
}}
[[Mukesh Chhabra]] serves as the series' casting director. Jai thought the most difficult aspect of casting was casting pirates. Initially, they looked for Gujarati actors that resembled Africans. However, to achieve authenticity, they decided to use real African actors instead.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2024 |title=Jai Mehta on upcoming OTT series 'Lootere': 'Pirates were toughest to cast' |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/jai-mehta-upcoming-ott-series-lootere-pirates-were-toughest-cast-283376 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=en}}</ref> The makers conducted auditions for numerous people for the role of Vikrant. Among them, two actors, Gomber and [[Gagan Dev Riar]], were shortlisted. However, Chhabra recommended to Mehta that Riar would be perfect for the role of [[Abdul Karim Telgi|Telgi]] in [[Scam 2003]]. Eventually, after six months of auditions from January to July, Gomber was chosen. He underwent a final audition lasting five hours before securing the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=Did You Know? Vivek Gomber's Audition For Jai And Hansal Mehta's 'Lootere' Lasted For 5 Hours |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/did-you-know-vivek-gombers-audition-for-jai-and-hansal-mehtas-lootere-lasted-for-5-hours |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Khanvilkar said in an interview that she was auditioning for a different project in Chhabra's office in [[Andheri]], Mumbai, when she heard about the series and gave an audition for Avika's role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amruta Khanvilkar: 'I Was Mind-Blown After Heeramandi Announcement, Manifesting A Project With Sanjay Leela Bhansali' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/amruta-khanvilkar-i-was-mind-blown-after-heeramandi-announcement-manifesting-a-project-with-sanjay-leela-bhansali-exclusive |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> However, at first, Chhabra felt she was unsuitable for the part.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-22 |title=Amruta Khanvilkar: I literally harassed Mukesh Chhabra for the audition of 'Lootere' because I wanted to work with Hansal Mehta and Jai Mehta- Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/amruta-khanvilkar-i-literally-harassed-mukesh-chhabra-for-the-audition-of-lootere-because-i-wanted-to-work-with-hansal-mehta-and-jai-mehta-exclusive/articleshow/108698668.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Jai was stunned by her spot-on performance during the audition, despite knowing little about the character or the overall story.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-04-04 |title=Jai Mehta on directing Lootere, "Choosing to tell this story in multiple languages worried some people" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jai-mehta-directing-lootere-choosing-tell-story-multiple-languages-worried-people/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |language=en}}</ref> The choice of Kapoor was because of his seniority, which was required for the character,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Jai Mehta On Upcoming OTT Series 'Lootere': 'Pirates Were Toughest To Cast' {{!}} Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/ott/web-news/jai-mehta-on-upcoming-ott-series-lootere-pirates-were-toughest-to-cast |access-date=2024-03-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref> while Vohra replaced another actor last-minute due to scheduling conflicts. Gaurav Sharma joined the cast based on Jai's previous collaboration with him on ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]].''<ref name=":8" /> Four Somali actors starred in the show, while the remaining actors were of African descent.<ref name=":4" />

=== Filming ===
The makers considered numerous locations, including [[Dubai]], [[Ras Al Khaimah]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Sharjah]], and even [[Gujarat]], as well as putting up a set in [[Mumbai]], but there was no ship. They even considered heading to [[Morocco]] and [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=It Was Mukesh Bhatt Who Suggested Cape Town As Location For 'Lootere' {{!}} Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/bollywood/news/it-was-mukesh-bhatt-who-suggested-cape-town-as-location-for-lootere |access-date=2024-03-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref> During this time, Jai randomly met [[Mukesh Bhatt]] and discussed the problem; eventually, Bhatt recommended [[Cape Town]], which was previously considered by makers but was dismissed due to potential production cost hikes. However, with Bhatt's advice, they chose Cape Town as their final destination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It was Mukesh Bhatt who suggested Cape Town as location for 'Lootere' |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1174783 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>{{Multiple images
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Cape-town-port-boats.jpg
| image2 = S.A. Agulhas.jpg
| align = right
| width1 = 190
| footer = Most of the shoot was filmed at the [[Port of Cape Town]] and on the [[S.A. Agulhas]] ship.
| width2 = 190
}}
''Lootere'' is the first Indian web show filmed on the [[African continent]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Lootere Review: The Series Is Both Gripping And Exhilarating |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lootere-review-the-series-is-both-gripping-and-exhilarating-3-stars-5287994 |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19]] outbreak and safety concerns, the team was unable to shoot in [[Somalia]].

The [[principal photography]] began in August 2021 and wrapped in February 2022. The team spent over six months in [[South Africa]], with shooting lasting roughly 95–97 days.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Amruta Khanvilkar on for Lootere: 'On first day, I was told I could be kidnapped' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/amruta-khanvilkar-on-for-lootere-on-first-day-i-was-told-i-could-be-kidnapped-23340555 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> The ship sequence was shot on a South African ice-strengthened training ship and former polar research vessel, [[S. A. Agulhas]]. A team of roughly 20 persons traveled from [[India]] for the shoot and the remaining 20–21 crew members were from South Africa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Lootere: सोमालियाई लुटेरों की कहानी दिखाएगी वेब सीरीज 'लुटेरे', हंसल मेहता के बेटे जय मेहता का है डायरेक्शन - Lootere: Hansal Mehta talk about son Jay Mehta hotstar web series |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-lootere-hansal-mehta-talk-about-son-jay-mehta-hotstar-web-series-23679780.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] portion was supposed to be shot in [[Ukraine]] but was canceled owing to warlike conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-03-24 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Chandan Roy Sanyal on Lootere being affected by Ukraine-Russia war and COVID-19, "After many hurdles, show has finally released" 19 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-chandan-roy-sanyal-lootere-affected-ukraine-russia-war-covid-19-many-hurdles-show-finally-released/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |language=en}}</ref> During the filming in [[Khayelitsha]], the production truck was looted, which included production equipment along with groceries, and the team was also told to leave [[Langa, South Africa|Langa]], a township in Cape Town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Entertainment News {{!}} Jai Mehta Recounts How Locals Looted Production Truck in Cape Town During 'Lootere' Shoot |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/entertainment-news-jai-mehta-recounts-how-locals-looted-production-truck-in-cape-town-during-lootere-shoot-5852925.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] had a terrifying experience on the first day of filming in South Africa. She was in her vanity van, and because it was hot, the door was left open; a crew member immediately cautioned her to close the door to avoid kidnapping.<ref name=":3" /> [[Aamir Ali]], portraying an undercover agent, did the climax stunt of chasing a car for five consecutive days by himself. The stuntman declined to go to Khayelitsha, reportedly the world's largest and most perilous slum, due to fear of the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=Lootere: Aamir Ali recalls doing a dangerous action sequence in African slum without a body double |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/lootere-aamir-ali-recalls-doing-a-dangerous-action-sequence-in-african-slum-without-a-body-double-23342224 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> The filming also took place on Mumbai's isolated [[Kalamb Beach]].

=== Music ===
The original score of ''Lootere'', was composed by [[Achint Thakkar]], who previously worked with Mehta on Scam 1992 and Scoop''.''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mankatalia |first1=Dhriti |date=10 November 2022 |title=Music composer Achint Thakkar: There's nothing like making music to your own narrative |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-composer-achint-thakkar-theres-nothing-like-making-music-to-your-own-narrative/article66112851.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> The theme music of the series received a rave response from listeners and critics.<ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=Hansal Mehta unveils groovy title track of 'Lootere' by composer Achint Thakkar |url=https://theprint.in/science/hansal-mehta-unveils-groovy-title-track-of-lootere-by-composer-achint-thakkar/2006103/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=18 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite news |title=Hansal Mehta: Achint Thakkar's music is moody, subversive, never stereotypical |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1176640 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]] |date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Tatsam Mukherjee of [[The Wire (magazine)|''The Wire'']] reviewed the music, saying, "It has its roots in [[Afro-pop]], but also manages to weave in the sound of ‘70s [[Salim–Javed|Salim-Javed]] noirs – evoking images of [[Amitabh Bachchan]] sporting crisp suits, sunglasses, profusely smoking cigarettes while overlooking deals of smuggled gold biscuits."<ref>{{Cite web |title=With 'Lootere', Hansal Mehta and Team Venture Into the Piracy-Infested Waters Off Somalia |url=https://thewire.in/film/lootere-hansal-mehta-somalia-disney-hotstar |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Lootere Theme Music
| length1 = 1:10
| music1 = Achint Thakkar
| title2 = Aap Ki Aadatein
| length2 = 1:01
| lyrics2 = Nikita Ahuja <ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/lootere-song-aap-ki-aadatein/videoshow/108873130.cms | title=Lootere | Song - AAP Ki Aadatein | Hindi Video Songs - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
| music2 = Nikita Ahuja
| extra2 = Nikita Ahuja
| total_length = 2:11
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The teaser of the series was unveiled on 8 September 2022, through the YouTube channel of [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lootere - First Look {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/lootere-first-look/videoshow/94070989.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The 42-second teaser presents a glimpse like a montage, cutting between shots of a stationed cargo ship and a group of armed Somalian pirates making headway towards it.<ref name="Live"/> The service announced two new series along with ''Lootere''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=Disney+ Hotstar announces three new series on Disney+ Day: Lootere, Taaza Khabar and Aar Ya Paar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/disney-hotstar-announces-three-new-series-on-disney-day-8138440/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-09-08 |title=Disney+ Hotstar announces 'Lootere', 'Taaza Khabar', and 'Aar Ya Paar' on Disney+ Day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/disney-hotstar-announces-lootere-taaza-khabar-and-aar-ya-paar-on-disney-day/article65865569.ece |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 1 March 2024, Mehta unveils a short teaser with the release date.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Lootere' teaser: Hansal Mehta's series is all about survival, greed and chaos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/lootere-teaser-hansal-mehtas-series-is-all-about-survival-greed-and-chaos-direction-jai-mehta-rajat-kapoor-disney-plus-hotstar-2509009-2024-03-01 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=India Today |date=March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2024-03-01 |title=Hansal Mehta's Next Lootere's Release Date Announced |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/hansal-mehtas-next-looteres-release-date-announced |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> The new teaser opens with a group of foreign men aboard a boat in the middle of the sea, armed with guns and seemingly heading towards an undisclosed destination. Kapoor, portraying a man in a Navy uniform on a nearby ship, spots them through binoculars with a tense expression. As the men prepare for an impending attack, the teaser concludes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Hansal Mehta's Lootere Teaser: Rajat Kapoor, Deepak Tijori Are Up For Challenge |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/hansal-mehtas-lootere-teaser-rajat-kapoor-deepak-tijori-are-up-for-challenge-8800631.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Makers promoted the series as a "Game Of Life And Death"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Rajat Kapoor-Starrer 'Lootere' Is A game Of Life And Death Set In Somalia |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/rajat-kapoor-starrer-lootere-is-a-game-of-life-and-death-set-in-somalia |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the official trailer was released on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-06 |title=The trailer of action-thriller web series Lootere out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Mar/06/the-trailer-of-action-thriller-web-series-lootere-out |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Lootere Trailer: सोमालियन पायरेट्स अन् त्यांच्या तावडीत अडकलेले भारतीय जहाज अन्... हंसल मेहतांच्या 'लुटेरे'चा ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ott/hansal-mehtas-upcoming-lootere-series-trailer-out-now-avn-93-4246373/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The trailer received wide acclaim from audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Lootere Trailer OUT: Rajat Kapoor-Amruta Khanvilkar and others shine in Hansal Mehta's series on pirate attack |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/lootere-trailer-out-rajat-kapoor-amruta-khanvilkar-and-others-shine-in-hansal-mehtas-series-on-pirate-attack-1284099 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Following this, the makers dropped the theme song, which got rave reviews from critics and the audience.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

The series premiered its first two episodes on 22 March 2024 on its streaming platform, while the remaining episodes will be released on a weekly basis on every Thursday.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Sunanda |title=Lootere OTT Release Date: Know All About Plot, Platform & Cast |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/lootere-ott-release-date-know-all-about-plot-platform-cast |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=March 15, 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lootere OTT release: Know when and where to watch this action drama web series online |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/how-to/lootere-ott-release-know-when-and-where-to-watch-this-action-drama-web-series-online-71710744191136.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times|HT Tech]] |date=18 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The series was originally shot in [[Hindi]] and was dubbed into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages in order to have a wide reach towards the audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-04 |title=Lootere, Adrishyam, Raisinghani Vs Raisinghani: What makes the makers go the episodic way on OTT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/lootere-adrishyam-raisinghani-vs-raisinghani-what-makes-the-makers-go-the-episodic-way-on-ott-101714797890049.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title=समुद्री लुटेरों की दिल दहला देने वाली कहानी, रोमांच से भरपूर है हर एपिसोड, 7 भाषाओं में स्ट्रीम हो रही सीरीज |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/web-series-vivek-gomber-rajat-kapoor-2024-lootere-must-watch-action-drama-web-series-based-on-somalian-pirates-streaming-in-7-languages-on-ott-disney-plus-hotstar-8282756.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars, praised its writing, cinematography, and direction for incorporating the personal and the emotional in the wider, wilder world that the show is located in, and wrote "The marital drama strand, bolstered by strong performances from Gomber and Khanvilkar, adds emotional depth to the plot. The rest of the show is all about the men gunning for each other."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Lootere Review: The Series Is Both Gripping And Exhilarating |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lootere-review-the-series-is-both-gripping-and-exhilarating-3-stars-5287994 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=March 22, 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Critic Subhash K. Jha gave it a perfect 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "An Edge of the Seat Experience." He commended the director's vision, writing, and cinematography and said, "This is a series designed for the large screen. The scaling down, however, doesn’t diminish the viewing pleasure."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=2024-03-24 |title="Lootere Is An Edge Of The Seat Experience" – A Subhash K Jha Review |url=https://bollyspice.com/lootere-is-an-edge-of-the-seat-experience-a-subhash-k-jha-review/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=BollySpice.com - The latest movies, interviews in Bollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 3/5 stars and wrote, "''Lootere'' deserves points for originality and novelty."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Lootere Review: No Jack Sparrow Here! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lootera-review/20240322.htm |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also gave it 3 out of 5 stars and stated "This is a tense, high-wire hostage drama which doesn’t dial back on danger, and manages to keep its stakes high: I enjoyed it, and the addictive title theme by Achint Thakkar is my newest earworm."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |date=22 March 2024 |title=Lootere review: A tense, high-wire hostage drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/lootere-review-a-tense-high-wire-hostage-drama-9228689/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> In ''[[The Hindu]]'', Shilajit Mitra called ''Lootere'' "ambitious hijack drama" and summed, "The series has a tendency towards graphic brutality for shock—bleeding noses, severed limbs, a head popped open over lunch—which feels both desperate and a little surprising, given Mehta’s relative control over the material."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2024-03-26 |title='Lootere' series review: Ambitious hijack drama on the high seas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lootere-series-review-ambitious-hijack-drama-on-the-high-seas/article67993920.ece |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it a rating of 3.5 out of 5 while distinguishing it from [[Tom Hanks]]’s [[86th Academy Awards|2013 Academy Award-nominated]] [[Captain Phillips (film)|Captain Phillips]], who wrote, "Comparisons are bound to happen. But ''Lootere'' goes beyond the obvious and presents characters and a premise that isn’t bound by the railings of a shore-bound sea vessel." He added that the series "works because it doesn’t get trapped in the easy-set formula of men battling pirates."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Lootere' Review: Sails over choppy waters to deliver tense thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/lootere-review-disney-plus-hotstar-rajat-kapoor-2518215-2024-03-22 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=India Today |date=22 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewer Ronak Kotecha wrote in his 3.5-star review that it "remains buoyed by its thrilling narrative and engaging performances, sailing through turbulent waters to deliver ample entertainment and intrigue to its audience" and mentioned, "What really pushes the show forward is its adrenaline-pumping action onboard the ship and in the dusty bylanes of Somalia, deftly captured by Jall Cowasji."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |date=22 March 2024 |title=Lootere Season 1 Review : This bloodsoaked Somali hijack drama is not for the faint-hearted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/lootere/season-1/seasonreview/108595054.cms |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Varsha Yadav of ''[[Punjab Kesari]]'' awarded it 3.5 out of 5 stars and called it "an attempt has been made to show something new in Indian cinema. In this show, we have seen some things that are usually seen on the big screen, like larger than life."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Lootere Review: सोमालियाई लुटेरों की रोमांचक कहानी है वेब सीरीज लुटेरे, यहां पढ़े रिव्यू |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/lootere-web-series-review-1956917 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> Sonal Pandya for ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars and said it was unique for Indian audiences, stating, "The hijack thriller led by Hansal Mehta has its moments, but sometimes it feels like it's circling the same point again to stretch out the suspense."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Lootere Review: Rajat Kapoor Anchors Bumpy But Tension-Filled Hostage Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/lootere-review-rajat-kapoor-anchors-bumpy-but-tension-filled-hostage-drama-review-108687869 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''The Federal'' reviewed "''Lootere'' is an enjoyable watch that has many bright moments and a gripping storyline... The writing could have used a lot more agency, and certain characters required stronger motivations to do what they do, but the frequent thrills somewhat salvage the show."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |date=2024-03-22 |title=Lootere review: An enjoyable pirate adventure set in the Somalian seas |url=https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/lootere-review-an-enjoyable-pirate-adventure-set-in-the-somalian-seas-114716 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' praised production and Mehta's direction: "The locations and terrain, along with a blend of Indian and international actors, add authenticity to a well-produced show. Jai Mehta builds tension well and hits a high note in the execution of the action scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title='Lootere' review: Hijack drama slowly tightens its grip |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/movies-tv/lootere-series-hijack-pirates-somalia-jai-mehta-hansal-111711177381068.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' gave it a positive review: "It's a lot to handle. But I like that ''Lootere'' is not limited to the micro-dramas of a hijacked ship. It's not a pretty balancing act, but a necessary one."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2024-03-22 |title=Lootere Review: A Gripping, Violent Voyage on Choppy Waters |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/lootere-review-a-gripping-violent-voyage-on-choppy-waters-disney-hotstar |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

Saheli Maity of ''Bollywood Bubble'' praised the cinematography and storyline as the highlights of the series, saying, "''Lootere'' is a crime survival thriller that manages to hold your attention in parts. The standout performances by Gomber and Kapoor are worth mentioning," giving it 2.5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maity |first=Saheli |date=2024-03-22 |title=Lootere REVIEW: Hansal Mehta's series is an intense drama with standout performances by Vivek Gombre and Rajat Kapoor but struggles to grab attention |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/movie-reviews/hansal-mehta-rajat-kapoor-vivek-gombre-starrer-lootere-review/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Bollywood Bubble |language=en-US}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' opined, "...could have looked closer at Indian-origin businessmen who have lived in African countries for generations and become a part of the local economy and politics." and concluded, "''Lootere'' struggles to be in charge both on the high seas and on the ground."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=22 March 2024 |title='Lootere' review: A rudderless show about piracy in Somalia |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1065535/lootere-review-a-rudderless-show-about-piracy-in-somalia |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> A critic of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' wrote, "Certain episodes may feel slightly drawn out, impacting the overall momentum of the narrative," and overall stated, "Despite its ambitious scope and compelling narrative, ''Lootere'' is a decently well-made thriller," giving it 3 stars.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ribeiro |first=Troy |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Lootere Review: A Tale Of Greed And Desperation |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/lootere-review-a-tale-of-greed-and-desperation |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Critic Vinamra Mathur from ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 2.75 out of 5 stars and lauded its effort, stating, "Survival dramas don’t need to rely on any confined space, and ''Lootere'' displays that."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathur |first=Vinamra |date=22 March 2024 |title=Lootere web series review: Hansal Mehta and Jai Mehta's show is laudable but needed to be crisper |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lootere-web-series-review-hansal-mehta-and-jai-mehtas-show-is-laudable-but-needed-to-be-crisper-13751596.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}{{rating|2.75|5}}</ref> Vaibhavi Mishra of ''[[Gadgets 360]]'' wrote that "''Lootere'' is a decent crime thriller worth a watch... is somewhat new territory for the Indian digital space and even cinema, which means fewer cliches."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=Hotstar's Special Lootere: Skip or Stream? |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/reviews/lootere-review-crime-thriller-5293385 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref> Reviewer Archi Sengupta appreciated the storyline and depiction of Somalia and its people and said, "In spite of its thrilling premise and some emotional moments, ''Lootere'' leaves you a little annoyed because of its rather stupid characters who, for some reason, do not understand the concept of consequences for your actions... the politics shown is pretty good, the acting is great, and I also loved the opening credits and the score, which encapsulate this high-octane action series well."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Lootere Review (2024): Hansal Mehta's Hotstar Series is a Thrilling But Familiar Watch {{!}} Leisurebyte |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/lootere-review-hansal-mehta/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.leisurebyte.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Aishwarya Vasudevan for ''[[OTTPlay]]'' called it "a grim depiction of Somali piracy seen through Indian eyes. The series has admirable intentions of delving deeply, but it has trouble keeping up with its own tempo, which makes you feel lost and confused."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lootere review - Rajat Kapoor-Vivek Gomber's series sails through choppy waters |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/lootere-review-rajat-kapoor-and-vivek-gomber-led-series-sails-through-choppy-waters-and-it-gets-tough-to-escape/15b2fa9b93836 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]'' critic Gautaman Bhaskaran stated, "...although the series keeps us invested in the narrative, it does sometimes go around in circles."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |title=Lootere Review: This Rajat Kapoor Starrer Brings Back Memories of Tom Hanks' Captain Phillips |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/lootere-review-this-rajat-kapoor-starrer-brings-back-memories-of-tom-hanks-starrer-captain-phillips-8824791.html |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=22 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

''[[The Quint]]'' critic Pratikshya Mishra gave 3 out of 5 stars, saying, "the show does test your patience in bits" but she applauded the acting, dialogue, and music, adding, "Thakkar’s catchy title theme is only the cherry on top."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |title='Lootere' Review: Manages to Consistently Find Its Footing in Choppy Waters |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/lootere-full-show-review-rajat-kaporo-jai-mehta-hansal-mehta-latest-pirates-captain-phillips-disney-hotstar |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=22 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Mrunal Shubedar of ''Hauterrfly'' found, "Despite solid performances by Kapoor, Gomber, Khanvilkar, and more, this Hansal Mehta series hovers in limbo between its promising storyline and the tight execution it misses at times, but the exceptional cast takes it forward smoothly, resulting in a good viewing experience," with an average rating of 3/5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhedar |first=Mrunal |date=2024-03-23 |title=Lootere Review: Hansal Mehta's Gripping Thriller Bogged Down By Subplot Overload, Saved By Performances! |url=https://hauterrfly.com/entertainment/lootere-review-disney-plus-hotstar-hansal-mehta-somalia-ocean-ship-hijacking-thriller-rajat-kapoor-amruta-khanvilkar/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Hauterrfly |language=en-US}}</ref>

Reviewer Manik Sharma was broadly positive about the series and wrote, "It’s lifted by terrific performances, punctuated by a great background score, and even though it dips in terms of momentum every now and then sails out to sea on a high. It’s one of the few times an Indian show’s ambition seems to augur well for the slippery, at times isolated, self-indulgence storytelling can often reek of."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=Disney+Hotstar's Lootere Review: Absorbing Thriller Marries Impressive Scale with Ambitious Storytelling |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/disneyhotstars-lootere-review-absorbing-thriller-marries-impressive-scale-with-ambitious-storytelling-article-12515241.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> Aarti Barode of ''[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Marathi]]'' concluded that "''<nowiki/>'Lootere''' can be a part of Hanzal Mehta's hit list. If you also like watching crime thriller series or water-level crime thrillers, then this series can be a suitable option for you."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title='ऋषभ पंतशी लग्न करणार ?', उर्वशी रौतेलाने दिलेल्या उत्तराने चाहते हैराण |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/is-urvashi-rautel-getting-marry-with-rishabh-pant-141711253664172.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> Snigdha Nalini for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5 stars, described the series as "fresh" and noted, "The show deserves praise because of how ambitious it is."<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalini |first=Sngidha |title='Lootere' On Disney+ Hotstar Review: Rajat Kapoor Is The Balancing Force In This Series |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/lootere-on-disney-hotstar-review-rajat-kapoor-is-the-balancing-force-in-this-series-which-has-unnecessary-theatrics |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=24 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'' critic Shreyas Pande awarded it 3.5 out of 5 stars. He lauded the smart writing and visceral performances, concluding, "In the ocean of possibilities, ''Lootere'' is a ship that sails with silent grace. All the elements come together and work like a charm."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |title=Lootere Series Review: A competent hijack-thriller with exceptional filmmaking |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2024/Mar/25/lootere-series-review-a-competent-hijack-thriller-with-exceptional-filmmaking |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=25 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Prabhatha Rigobertha of South First appreciated the cinematography and performance (particularly of Gomber and Batchamen) and wrote "Despite the pacing issues, good performances and the atmospherics make this action-on-the-high-seas web show worth a watch" with an rating of 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rigobertha |first=Prabhatha |date=2024-05-03 |title=Lootere web series review: Jai Mehta makes a respectable debut in this thriller with elements of action and drama |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/lootere-web-series-review-jai-mehta-makes-a-respectable-debut-in-this-thriller-with-elements-of-action-and-drama/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

For six weeks in a row, the series was ranked among ''Film Companion's'' top five most-viewed shows and movies of the week, with views ranging from 4.0 to 2.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2024-04-01 |title=The Five Most-Viewed Streaming Shows And Movies Of The Week |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/streamingthe-five-most-viewed-streaming-shows-and-movies-of-the-week-the-great-indian-kapil-show-ae-watan-mere-watan-lootere |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2024-04-29 |title=5 Most-Viewed OTT Shows And Movies Of The Week |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/5-most-viewed-ott-shows-and-movies-of-the-week-2 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|22015480}}

[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Piracy in Somalia]]
[[Category:Pirate films]]

East Bengal cricket team

2026-02-05T18:08:50Z

Rahuljogi: new initial entry needs work

{{short description|Professional cricket club based in Kolkata, West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{distinguish|Bengal cricket team}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| image =
| logo_image = [[File:Official East Bengal FC Logo.svg|200px]]
| captain =
| coach =
| city = Kolkata
| colours = Red and Gold
| founded =
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]]
| capacity = 66,349
| title1 = [[Cricket Association of Bengal|CAB First Division League]]
| title1wins = 16<ref name="Trophies">{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/crickethonours.html|title=CRICKET - HONOURS|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018052311/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/crickethonours.html|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| title2 = [[Cricket Association of Bengal|CAB Senior Knockout]]
| title2wins = 13<ref name="Trophies" />
| website =
}}
{{East Bengal F.C. departments}}
The '''East Bengal cricket team''' is an Indian professional cricket team based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/cricket.html|title=CALCUTTA — CRICKET CLUBS — Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB)|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427103907/https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/cricket.html|website=calcuttayellowpages.com|publisher=Calcutta Yellow Pages Calcutta|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> It participates in various tournaments of varying age groups conducted by the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]]. The team plays its home matches mostly at the [[Eden Gardens]] and [[Jadavpur University Campus Ground]].

The club currently participates in the [[Cricket Association of Bengal|CAB First Division League]], [[Cricket Association of Bengal|CAB Senior Knockout]], [[Cricket Association of Bengal|CAB Super League]] and JC Mukherjee Trophy. They have so far won 60 major state-level trophies in their history.<ref name="Trophies" />

==History==
The East Bengal Club Cricket team has been operative since the formation of the club in 1920 and has been actively participating in the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] first Division league since the 50s and won their first [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] First Division League title in 1974–75 season jointly with [[Mohun Bagan cricket team|Mohun Bagan]]. The team has won the CAB First Division League sixteen times, with the latest league title in the 2016–17 season. The team has also won the CAB Senior Knockout tournament thirteen times, the J. C. Mukherjee Trophy twelve times, the P. Sen Memorial Invitation Trophy ten times, the A. N. Ghosh Memorial Trophy eight times.

Many famous names have come and played for the East Bengal Cricket team, including the "Master Blaster" [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. He, along with Indian cricket icons [[Kapil Dev]], [[Ajay Jadeja]], [[Pravin Amre]], played for the East Bengal cricket team in the 1994 P. Sen Trophy led by himself which they won defeating Mohun Bagan in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/throwback-when-sachin-tendulkar-captained-east-bengal-in-p-sen-trophy/|title=THROWBACK: When Sachin Tendulkar captained East Bengal in P. Sen Trophy!|work=badgeb.com|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425152307/http://www.badgeb.com/throwback-when-sachin-tendulkar-captained-east-bengal-in-p-sen-trophy/|archive-date=25 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/javagal-turns-nostalgic/cid/187669|title=Javagal turns nostalgic|work=The Telegraph India|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>

East Bengal appointed coach Abdul Monayem in 2023.<ref name=AbdulMonayem>{{cite web|first=Sanjib|last=Halder|date=8 September 2023|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/cricket/multiple-changes-in-the-team-this-time-the-strong-east-bengal-will-go-down-to-cricket-abdul-monayem-is-new-coach-31694194426860.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001153038/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/cricket/multiple-changes-in-the-team-this-time-the-strong-east-bengal-will-go-down-to-cricket-abdul-monayem-is-new-coach-31694194426860.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2023|title=দলে একাধিক বদল, এবার বাইশ গজে নামবে শক্তিশালী ইস্টবেঙ্গল, কোচের দায়িত্বে আব্দুল মোনায়েম|trans-title=Multiple changes in the team, this time the strong East Bengal will go down to 22 yards, Abdul Monayem is in charge of the coach.|language=bn|work=Hindustan Times Bangla|accessdate=3 September 2024}}</ref> The club also appointed former cricketer Sambaran Banerjee as the mentor of the team.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kaustav|last=Ganguly|date=8 September 2023|url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/cricket-news/east-bengal-made-strong-cricket-team-for-new-season-coach-abdul-monayem-eyes-on-winning-trophy-899363.html|title=East Bengal: লিগ ট্রফি খরা কাটাতে ক্রিকেটেও শক্তিশালী দল গড়ল ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=East Bengal: East Bengal formed a strong team in cricket to end the league trophy drought|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=3 September 2024}}</ref>

==Current squad==
The Cricket squad of East Bengal Club for the season 2024–2025<ref>{{cite web|first=Koushik|last=Biswas|date=3 September 2024|url=https://sportzpoint.com/cricket/kolkata-club-cricket-exclusive-east-bengal-create-a-strong-suad-for-2024-2025-season-writtick-chatterjee-to-lead-6945226|title=Kolkata Club Cricket Exclusive: East Bengal create a strong squad for 2024-2025 season; Writtick Chatterjee to lead|work=Sportzpoint|accessdate=3 September 2024}}</ref>

''{{As of|2024|9|3}}''
 
Player(s) with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; width:95%;"
|-
! "text-align:center;"| Name
! "text-align:center;"| {{tooltip|D.O.B.|Date of Birth}}
! "text-align:center;"| Batting style
! "text-align:center;"| Bowling style
|-
| Ankur Paul || {{birth date and age|1997|12|21|df=y}}|| ||
|-
| Diganta Neogi || {{birth date and age|2000|12|19|df=y}}|| ||
|-
| [[Sayan Mondal|Sayan Sekhar Mondal]]|| {{birth date and age|1989|11|10|df=y}}|| Left-handed || Right-arm Medium
|-
| [[Soham Ghosh]] || {{birth date and age|1986|3|29|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm spin
|-
| Sougata Dutta || {{birth date and age|1984|12|27|df=yes}}|| Right-handed ||
|-
| [[Prasanjit Das|Prasenjit Das]]|| {{birth date and age|1987|6|11|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Leg Break
|-
| Avirup Gupta || {{birth date and age|1990|9|26|df=y}}|| Left-handed || Right-arm offbreak
|-
| [[Suvankar Bal]]|| {{birth date and age|1995|12|03
|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Wicketkeeper
|-
| Akash Ghatak || {{birth date and age|1996|10|13|df=y}}|| ||
|-
| Akash Pandey || || Right-handed || Right-arm fast
|-
| Sachin Kumar Yadav || || ||
|-
| [[Ishan Porel]] || {{birth date and age|1998|9|5|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium
|-
|Mohammed Arif Ansari
|
|
|Wicketkeeper
|-
|Sohaib Latif
|
|
|
|-
|[[Kohinoor Singh]]
|02 September 2008 (age 16)
|Right-handed
|Right-arm medium
|-
|Soumyadeep Mondal
|
|
|
|-
|Susanta Das
|
|
|
|-
|Roshan Singh
|
|
|
|-
|Souvik Ghosh
|
|
|
|-
|Adarsh Singh
|
|
|
|-
|[[Sunny Patel]]
|10 April 1987 (age 35)
|Right-handed
|Right-arm offbreak
|-
|Anuj Singh
|
|
|
|-
|Arka Pratim Das
|
|
|
|-
|Proloy Banerjee
|
|
|
|-
|Idris Sardar
|
|
|
|-
|Anik Banerjee
|
|
|
|-
|Priyabrata Ghosh Dastidar
|06 September 2007 (age 18)
|Left-handed
|Left-arm legbreak
|}

=== Coaching staff ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|[[Rakesh Krishnan]]
|Batting Coach
|-
|Sushil Sikaria
|Bowling Coach
|-
|Swaran Bandopadhyay
|Mentor
|}

==Honours==
List of all Major Tournaments won by East Bengal Club in Cricket:<ref name="Trophies" />

*'''CAB First Division League'''
::Champions '''(16):''' 1974-75,{{efn-ua|Joint Winners with [[Mohun Bagan cricket team|Mohun Bagan]]|name=JWMB}} 1977-78, 1978-79, 1980-81, 1983-84, 1993-94, 1994-95, 1998-99, 2000-01, 2001-02, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2009-10, 2011-12, 2013-14, 2016-17

*'''CAB Senior Knockout'''
::Champions '''(13):''' 1975-76,{{efn-ua||name=JWMB}} 1977-78, 1979-80, 1982-83, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1997-98, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2010-11, 2012-13,{{efn-ua||name=JWMB}} 2013-14, 2014-15

*'''J. C. Mukherjee Trophy'''
::Champions '''(12):''' 1977-78, 1983-84, 1986-87, 1987- 88, 1993-94, 1997-98, 1998-99, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-06,{{efn-ua|Joint winners with Kalighat Club|name=JWKM}} 2009-10, 2016-17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://xtratime.in/j-c-mukherjee-trophy-east-bengal-wins-their-second-title-despite-manoj-tiwarys-half-century/|title=J.C Mukherjee Trophy: East Bengal wins their second title despite Manoj Tiwary's half century|work=Xtra Time|date=3 June 2017|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925053545/https://xtratime.in/j-c-mukherjee-trophy-east-bengal-wins-their-second-title-despite-manoj-tiwarys-half-century/|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

*'''P. Sen Memorial Invitation Trophy'''
::Champions '''(10):''' 1976-77,{{efn-ua||name=JWMB}} 1978-79, 1993-94, 1997-98, 1999-2000, 2001-02, 2003-04, 2011-12,{{efn-ua||name=JWMB}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/CABs-tournament-committee-declared-East-Bengal-and-Mohun-Bagan-joint-winners-of-the-P-Sen-Trophy-tournament-The-final-between-the-two-arch-rivals-on-Tuesday-had-remained-inconclusive-when-they-refused-to-go-into-a-bowl-out-after-a-sharp-shower-forced-an-abandonment-at-the-Eden-Gardens-/articleshow/14325234.cms?from=mdr|title=CAB's tournament committee declared East Bengal and Mohun Bagan joint-winners of the P.Sen Trophy tournament. The final between the two arch-rivals on Tuesday had remained inconclusive when they refused to go into a 'bowl out' after a sharp shower forced an abandonment at the Eden Gardens.|work=The Times of India|date=21 June 2012 |access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref> 2013-14, 2016-17

*'''A. N. Ghosh Memorial Trophy'''
::Champions '''(8):''' 1992-93, 1996-97, 1997-98, 1998-99, 2000-01, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16

*'''CAB Super League'''
::Champions '''(1):''' 2016-17{{efn-ua||name=JWKM}}
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:East Bengal Club]]
[[Category:Cricket in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian club cricket teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Vishnupad Temple

2026-01-24T03:32:24Z

Rahuljogi: refined formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Vishnupada Temple
| image = Vishnupad temple gaya bihar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|24|36|37|N|85|0|33|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Gaya district]]
| location = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Vishnu]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Sikhara|Shikhara]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = rebuilt 1787
| creator = rebuilt by Queen [[Ahilya Bai Holkar]] of [[Indore State|Indore]]
| website =
}}

'''Vishnupad Temple''' ({{langx|sa|विष्णुपद मंदिर}}, {{IAST3|Viṣṇupada Mandira}}; {{lit|temple of Vishnu's feet}}) is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Vishnu]]{{Sfn|Kulshreshtha|2017|p=167}} in [[Gaya, India|Gaya ji]], [[Bihar, India]], located on the banks of [[Phalgu|Phalgu river]].{{Sfn|Davidson|Gitlitz|2002|p=194}} The temple is believed to be built upon the site where [[Vishnu]] had purportedly killed the demon [[Gayasura]] or pinned him underground. The temple features a 40-cm footprint purported to be of Vishnu incised into a block of [[basalt]], known as ''Dharmasila'' which was retained when the deity stepped on [[Gayasura|Gayasura's]] chest before pinning him underground.

Atop the structure is a 50-kilo gold flag, donated by a devotee, Gayapal Panda Bal Govind Sen.{{Sfn|Singh|1978|p=16}}

The Vishnupad temple is the center for [[Śrāddha|Shraddha]] rites in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].{{Sfn|Asher|2008|p=89}}

The [[Gayawal Brahmins]], also known as the Gayawal Tirth Purohit or Pandas of Gaya, are the traditional priests of the temple.{{cn|date=May 2025}}
The saints [[Madhvacharya]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], and [[Vallabhacharya]] visited this shrine.{{Sfn|Singh|1978|p=15}}

==Architecture==
This is believed that the temple was built with the footprints of [[Vishnu]] in the centre. In [[Hinduism]], this footprint marks the act of Vishnu subduing Gayasur by placing his foot on his chest. Inside the Vishnupad Mandir, the 40 cm long footprint of Vishnu is imprinted in solid rock and surrounded by a [[silver]] plated basin. The [[height]] of this temple is 30 meters and it a has 8 rows of beautifully carved pillars which support the [[pavilion]]. The temple is built of large gray granite blocks jointed with iron clamps. The octagonal shrine faces east. Its pyramidal tower rises up a 100 feet. The tower has sloping sides with alternately indented and plain sections. The sections are set at an angle to create a series of peaks joined at the top.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=96}} Within the temple stands the immortal banyan tree ''[[Akshayavat]]'' where the final rituals for the dead takes place.{{Sfn|Varma|2005|p=206}}

==History and location==
[[File:The-vishnupud-temple-gaya.jpg|thumb|Vishnupad Mandir in 1885]]
The construction date of temple is unknown and it is believed that [[Rama]] along with [[Sita]] had visited this place. The present day structure was rebuilt by Devi [[Ahilya Bai Holkar]], the ruler of [[Indore]], in 1787, on the banks of the [[Ahilyabai Holkar|Falgu river]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vishnupad Temple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/Vishnupad-Temple/gs53193616.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=13 July 2016}}</ref> [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] had crafted the temple, sent her officers to inspect and find the best stone for the temple in whole region, and they finally found munger black stone as the best choice in Jaynagar. Since there was no proper road and the mountains were very far from Gaya, the officers found another mountain where they can carve and easily bring the stone to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] the place was near Bathani (a small village in [[Gaya district]]). The officers brought the craftsmen from [[Rajasthan]]. They started carving the temple in Patharkatti (a village and also a tourist place in [[Bihar]]). The final temple was assembled in Gaya near Vishnupad temple site. After the completing the construction of temple many craftsmen returned to their native places, but some of them settled-down in Pattharkatti village itself. [[Government of Bihar|Bihar government]] has marked this place as one of the prominent tourist spots of [[Bihar]].{{Sfn|Martin|2012|pp=62-64}} The 1000 stone steps leading to the top of the Brahmajuni hill on southwest of the Vishnupad mandir gives the view of Gaya city and the Vishnupad temple, which is a tourist spot. There are also many small temples near this temple.{{Sfn|Boda|1994|p=278}}

==Legend==
[[File:Vishnupada.jpg|thumb|200x200px|left|Vishnu- Pad (Vishnu feet) print inside the Vishnupada Mandir, the 40 cm long ''footprint'' of [[Vishnu]] is imprinted in solid rock and surrounded by a silver-plated basin.]]
Once a demon known as [[Gayasura]], did a heavy penance and sought a boon that whoever sees him should attain salvation ([[Moksha]]m). Since salvation is achieved through being righteous in one's lifetime, people started obtaining it easily. To prevent immoral people from attaining salvation [[Vishnu]] asked [[Gayasura]] to go beneath the earth and did so by placing his right foot on asura's head. After pushing [[Gayasura]] below the surface of earth, Vishnu's foot print remained on the surface that we see even today. The footprint consists of nine different symbols including [[Shankha|Shankam]], [[Sudarshan Chakra|Chakram]] and [[Kaumodaki|Gadham]]. These are believed to be weapons of the lord. [[Gayasura]] now pushed into earth pleaded for food. Vishnu gave him a boon that every day, someone will offer him food. Whoever does so, their souls will reach heaven. The day [[Gayasura]] doesn't get food, it is believed that he will come out. Every day, one or the other from different parts of India will pray for welfare of his departed and offer food, feeding [[Gayasura]].{{Sfn|Bhoothalingam|2016|pp=92-93}}

The Dharmshila, a sacred stone believed to mark the exact place where Vishnu’s foot first touched the earth,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gayasur Story - Gaya Vishnupad Temple Story - Pranah |url=https://pranah.site/brief/gayasur-story-gaya-vishnupad-temple-story |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=pranah.site |language=en}}</ref> is closely associated with this legend. Worshiped by devotees, it is considered a place of peace and prosperity. People from different parts of India continue to pray for the welfare of their departed souls, offering food to Gayasura to ensure that he remains beneath the earth and their souls reach heaven.

==See also==
*[[Religion in Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG3sTfBh47YC|title=Urban Development in India|first=Kamaldeo Narain|last=Singh|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1978|isbn=9788170170808}}
*{{cite book|title=Bodh Gaya: Monumental Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be7VAAAAMAAJ|first=Frederick M.|last=Asher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780195693140}}
*{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC|first1=Linda Kay|last1=Davidson|first2=David Martin|last2=Gitlitz|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2002|isbn=9781576070048}}
*{{cite book|title=From Temple to Museum: Colonial Collections and Umā Maheśvara Icons in the Middle Ganga Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJU4DwAAQBAJ|first=Salila|last=Kulshreshtha|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|isbn=9781351356091}}
*{{cite book|title=Cosmic Order and Cultural Astronomy: Sacred Cities of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQoaBwAAQBAJ|first=Rana P. B.|last=Singh|date = 2 October 2009|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443816076}}
*{{cite book|title=Temples of India Myths and Legends|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|last=Bhoothalingam|first=Mathuram|year=2016|isbn=978-8123016610}}
*{{cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC|first=Sharon La|last=Boda|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1994|isbn=9781884964046}}
*{{cite book|title=The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India: In Relation to Their Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, Fine Arts, Population, Religion, Education, Statistics, Etc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5sAdQq8b9wC|first=Robert Montgomery|last=Martin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781108046503}}
*{{cite book|title=Raja Ravi Varma, Portrait of an Artist: The Diary of C. Raja Raja Varma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfbVAAAAMAAJ|first=C. Raja Raja|last=Varma|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780195659719}}

==External Sites==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf/India-ChinaEncyclopedia_Vol-1.pdf India-ChinaEncyclopedia_Vol-1.pdf] by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].
*[https://gaya.nic.in/history/ History of Gaya] by [[Government of Bihar]]
*[https://panditgaya.online/contact/gaya pind daan pandit satyam barik]
*[https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/gaya/vishnupad-temple Vishnupad Temple] by [[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation]]
*[https://gaya.nic.in/places-of-interest/ Places of Interest in Gaya] by [[Government of Bihar]]

{{Hindu temples in Bihar}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gaya district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]
[[Category:Legendary footprints]]

Mitheshwarnath Shiva Temple

2026-01-24T03:18:54Z

Rahuljogi: Adding new place w/ sources - done

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Mitheshwarnath Shiva Temple
|native_name_lang =
|image = Mitheshwarnath Shiva Temple at Chunabhatti.png
|caption = View of Mittheswarnath Shiv Temple, established and built by Mitthu Mistri Thakur in March 1949.

|religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
|deity = [[Shiva]]
|festival = [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]] & [[Shraavana]]

|location = [[Chunabhatti, Darbhanga]]
|district = [[Darbhanga]]
|state = [[Bihar]]
|country = {{flag|India}}
|map_type = India Bihar#India#Asia
|map_size = 200
|coordinates = {{coord|26|10|10.8|N|85|54|32.6|E|type:landmark_region:NP|display=inline,title}}

|elevation_m = 54
| architecture_type = [[Hindu temple|Hindu Temple]]
| architecture_style = [[Mandapa]]
| creator = Mitthu Mistri Thakur
| established = March 1949
}}

'''Mitheshwarnath Shiva Temple''' ([[Hindi]]/[[Devanagari]]: मीठेश्वरनाथ शिव मंदिर) is a [[Hindu temple|Hindu Temple]], dedicated to the Hindu god "[[Shiva]]".<ref>[https://vymaps.com/IN/Mitthu-Shiv-Mandir-1802770/ Mitthu Shiv Mandir], VYMaps.com </ref> This temple is located at Chunabhatti, near Mitthu Mistri Chowk, [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. This temple was built in the 20th century, as compared to Cornerstone of the Temple, and established by "Mitthu Mistri Thakur" in March 1949. The name of the temple is originally denoted by "Mitthu Mistri Thakur." After the death of Mitthu Mistri Thakur on 21 October 1982, this temple was maintained by Mitthu Mistri Thakur's sons (viz., Motilal Thakur, Misrilal Thakur, Sonelal Thakur, Shobhalal Thakur, and Bipinlal Thakur). Now, this temple is maintained and cared for by the "Mitthu Mistri Thakur" Dynasty. Temples have on average a small number of visitors, usually local people, per day, But during festivals like [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Shraavana]], [[Naga Panchami]], [[Kartik Purnima]], the number of visitors to the workplace and those who come to worship and pray to God Shiva are more.<ref name=han1>[https://www.localguidesconnect.com/t5/General-Discussion/Mitthu-Shiv-Mandir/td-p/2496972 Mitthu Shiv Mandir By Kamal Thakur] [[Google Contributor|Local Guides Connect]]</ref>

[[File:Mitthu Mistri Thakur.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Mitthu Mistri Thakur]]

==History and legend==
This temple is about 71 years old if it is done from the established date. According to the foundation stone of this temple, the temple is built and established by "Mitthu Mistri Thakur." A legend story is hidden within this temple. According to the legend story told by "Mitthu Mistri Thakur's" grandson, "J. M. Thakur," one day a sage came to Mitthu Thakur's house. Mitthu Thakur asked the [[Rishi|sage]], "What do you want, Baba?" The Rishi said, "I am very hungry; give me something to eat." Mitthu Thakur said, "Okay, you sit here, and I'll bring you something to eat." Mitthu Thakur came to the house to arrange food for that Rishi, then it was mango season at that time, so Mitthu Thakur brought "[[curd]]," "[[flattened rice]]," and "[[mango]]" for that Rishi on a plate.

When Mitthu Thakur came to get food, the Rishi said to Mitthu Thakur, "Look, you offer water to that "Black Stone" every day, you do one thing, build a Shiva temple at the corner there". Mitthu Thakur said, "Okay! Okay! You should have food first" and started coming to the courtyard. When Mitthu Thakur started coming to the [[courtyard]], he looked back, and the Rishi was not after him. Mitthu Thakur felt maybe the Rishi would be out. When he went to look outside, the Rishi was not even outside. Mitthu Thakur started thinking, what should be done with this food? Mitthu Thakur thought that he would be Lord Shiva and buried the food with a plate below the ground where the Rishi had said to build the temple. For this reason, Mitthu Mistri Thakur built this Shiva temple and named this temple "Mitheshwarnath Shiv Temple."

==Architecture==
The architecture style of this temple is [[Mandapa]] compared to the [[Hindu temple]] structure. The architecture of this temple was built by a British architect. The area calculation of the temple is 0.03 acres OR 7.17 dhur as per "Google Earth." The height of this temple is about 25–30 feet. The temple has 12 pillars, and the [[courtyard]] of the temple was renovated in 2016 by the Mitthu Thakur dynasty. Inside the temple are the "[[Lingam|Shivling]]," "[[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] Statue," and "[[Ganesha]] idols with his Mother [[Parvati]]." There is a "Tulsi Square" outside the temple.

There are also two tombs opposite the Mitheshwarnath Shiva Temple; one, which is tall in height, is the "Mitthu Mistri Thakur Tomb," and the second, which is small in height, is the "Gangeswari Devi Tomb" (wife of Mitthu Mistri Thakur). The Gangeswari Devi Tomb was built first, and then on 21 October 1982, after the death of Mitthu Mistri Thakur, the "Mitthu Mistri Thakur Tomb" was built and established by his sons. Now, the "Mitthu Mistri Thakur" dynasty comes here every day to pray and worship at this tomb. The compound wall of this tomb was rebuilt in 2018 by the "Mitthu Mistri Thakur" dynasty.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Vishwakarma Temple at near Mitthu Shiv Mandir, Darbhanga District.jpg|View of Vishwakarma Temple near Mitthu Shiv Mandir, Darbhanga District
File:View of Shivling @ 27-07-2020.jpg|View of Shivling @ 27-07-2020 (Shravan Mas - 4 Day)
File:Drowned View of Temple Stair.jpg|Drowned View of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple Stair @ 27-07-2020.
File:View of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple (Shravan Mas - 1 Day) @ 06-07-2020.jpg|View of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple at night during "Shravan Mas" (1 Day). @ 06-07-2020
File:Shivling click on Mahashivratri @ 2020.jpg|Shivling of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple, click on Mahashivratri on 21 February 2020.
File:Lighting view of Mitheshwarnath Shiva Temple during Maha Shivratri Festival on March, 2016.jpg|Lighting view of Mitheshwarnath Shiva Temple during Maha Shivratri Festival in March 2016.
File:Bhajan during Maha Shivratri Festivals in Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple at 2016.jpg|Bhajan during Maha Shivratri Festivals in Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple at 2016.
File:Nandi Statue inside Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple.jpg|Nandi Statue inside Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple.
File:Ganesha and Parvati Idols inside Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple.jpg|Ganesha and Parvati Idols (Murtis) inside Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple.
File:Interior view of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple Dome.jpg|Interior view of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple Dome.
File:Brass Bell inside Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple.jpg|Brass Bell inside Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple.
File:Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple Ghats.jpg|Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple Ghats.
File:Back-Side View of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple.jpg|Back-Side View of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple at Cunabhatti.
File:Frames of Mitthu Mistri Thakur with his wife Gangeswari Devi.jpg|Frames of Mitthu Mistri Thakur with his wife Gangeswari Devi.
File:Tomb of Mitthu Thakur with his Wife Gangeswari Devi.jpg|Tomb of Mitthu Thakur with his Wife Gangeswari Devi.
File:Mitthu Mistri Thakur Tomb.jpg|View of Mitthu Mistri Thakur Tomb located at Chunabatti, Darbhanga District, Bihar, India.
File:Gangeswari Devi Tomb.jpg|View of Gangeswari Devi Tomb (wife of Mitthu Mistri Thakur) located at Chunabatti, Darbhanga District, Bihar, India.
File:Cornerstone of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple.jpg|Cornerstone of Mitheswarnath Shiv Temple.
File:Cornerstone of Mitthu Mistri Tomb.jpg|Cornerstone of Mitthu Mistri Tomb.
File:Cornerstone of Gangeswari Devi Tomb.jpg|Cornerstone of Gangeswari Devi Tomb.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Bihar}}
{{Hindu temples in Bihar}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Tourist sites in Bihar}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Darbhanga Division}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darbhanga district]]

Sechu Tuan Nala Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-01-21T16:48:39Z

Rahuljogi: Pg

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sechu Tuan Nala Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India
| area = 390.29 km²
| established = 1962
}}

'''Sechu Tuan Nala Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a high-altitude protected area located in the Pangi Valley of [[Chamba district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. Established in 1974, it spans 390.29 km2, with elevations ranging from 2,550 to 6,072 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Biodiversity Areas |url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/18167 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.keybiodiversityareas.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Sech Tuan Nala Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/sech-tuan-nala-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The sanctuary is characterized by its rugged terrain, deep gorges, and several permanent glaciers. It harbors diverse flora like Moist Alpine Scrub and medicinal herbs such as Ephedra gerardiana. The fauna include endangered species like the [[Snow Leopard]], [[Himalayan ibex|Himalayan Ibex]], [[White-bellied musk deer|Himalayan Musk Deer]], and the Himalayan [[Monal]] pheasant. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sechu Tuan Nala Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/08/sechu-tuan-nala-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Learn UPSC}}</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366374181_Family_Asteraceae_in_Sechu_Tuan_Nalla_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Himachal_Pradesh_India</nowiki></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Kamaljit Kaur |date=2025-10-03 |title=Himachal Pradesh now has 83 snow leopards, fresh survey shows big jump from 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/himachal-pradesh-now-has-83-snow-leopards-fresh-survey-shows-big-jump-from-2021-world-wildlife-week-2796995-2025-10-03 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|33|01|25|N|76|41|40|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:50000|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas of India]]

Meghna Patel

2026-01-17T15:25:10Z

Rahuljogi: Adding a pg from scratch

{{short description|Indian film actor and producer}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meghna Patel
| image = Meghna patel.jpg
| alt = Meghna Patel looking in camera
| caption = Patel during a photoshoot
| birth_date = 26 June
| birth_place = [[Vadodara]], Gujarat, India
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer|film producer|model}}
| yearsactive = 2006–present
}}
'''Meghna Patel''' is an Indian Actor, model, singer, writer, and film producer who works in [[Hindi]] films and TV series. She has received awards for her regional films, including the Aap Ki Awaz Award, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Award|Nehru Award]], Aiwaa Award, Gauravvanta Gujarati Award, Global Cinema Award, and the Roshan Sitare [[Bollywood]] Award.

Meghna Patel made her debut the Hindi film [[Welcome (2007 film)|''Welcome'']] in 2007. She has worked on several [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri films]] such as ''[[Raja Thakur]]'' in 2007, Hamaar Gaon ''Hamaar Desh'' (2009), ''[[Ghar Aaja Pardesi|Ghar Aaja Pardeshi]]'' (2010), and Hindi films ''[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]'' and ''[[Faraar (2015 film)|Faraar]]'' and [[South India]]n film ''Solar Swapnam''. She made TV serial [[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]] for channel [[Sahara One]].

==Early life==

Patel was born on 26 June in the [[Nadiad]] town of [[Gujarat]]. She attended the Vidhya Vikas school and [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|M.S. University Vadodara]] and studied to be a graduate in commerce (B.COM). She has said she started to dance at age three.<ref>{{cite news |title=My reel life and real life are totally opposite: Meghna Patel |url=https://mumbaipress.com/my-reel-life-and-real-life-are-totally-opposite-meghna-patel/ |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=Mumbai Press |date=September 23, 2019}}</ref> She also used to run Kalamegh Dance Academy for kids in [[Vadodara]] before coming to [[Mumbai]].

==Career==
Patel made her debut in Hindi film in 2007 ''Welcome'' and her first Bhojpuri film ''Raja Thakur''. She made and sang in the music video '<nowiki/>''Golden Babe''' in 2008. Other Bhojpuri films followed, such as ''Hamaar Gaon Hamar Desh'' in 2009 and ''Ghar Aaja pardeshi'' in 2010.

Her first Hindi film was as a [[Leading actor|lead actress]] ''Aishwarya'' in 2009, then in ''Faraar''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faraar (2011) {{!}} Faraar Movie {{!}} Faraar Bollywood Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/faraar.html|access-date=2021-03-18|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}</ref> in 2011. She had a supporting role in the Hindi film [[Hello Darling]] with [[Javed Jaffrey]]. released on 27 August 2010 by Mukta Arts Films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Mukta Arts|url=http://www.muktaarts.com/filmography/hellodarling.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629104451/http://www.muktaarts.com/filmography/hellodarling.asp|archive-date=2010-06-29|website=}}</ref> She also made ''Dekho Yeh hai'' Mumbai real life in 2012 and ''Don Ka Filmy Andaz'' in 2013 (in [[post-production]]).

Patel played the lead role, Nagin Jwala, in TV serial ''[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]'' in 2011/12 for Sahara one TV channel. In 2014, she made the [[Malayalam]] movie ''Solar Swapnam''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MovieworldMovieChannel|title=Malayalam Movie 2014 – Solar Swapnam – Official Video – video Dailymotion|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3k5w3s|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Dailymotion|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, she made the Hindi web series ''Andheri west film city''<ref>{{Citation|last=Batra|first=Navin|title=Andheri West Filmy City|date=2019-09-19|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12237864/|type=Romance|others=Vije Bhatia, Raja Kapse, Ehsan Khan, Meghna Patel|access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref> and ''Perfect Stranger'' in 2020.

She made the music video ''Baby Angel'' in 2020 and ''Rab Tu'' music video in 2021 on [[B4U Music]].

Patel has performed as a dancer in more than 1000 shows in India and abroad.

==Political career==

Patel supported [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s Prime Minister candidate [[Narendra Modi]] during the [[Lok Sabha|Loksabha]] election 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-11|title=Starlet Meghna Patel strips in support of Narendra Modi|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/starlet-meghna-patel-strips-in-support-of-narendra-modi-15088057|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-05|title=Now, Meghna Patel does a 'mujra' for Narendra Modi|url=http://www.saharasamay.com/entertainment-news/676549058/watch-now-meghna-patel-does-a-mujra-for-narendra-modi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206192838/http://www.saharasamay.com/entertainment-news/676549058/watch-now-meghna-patel-does-a-mujra-for-narendra-modi.html|archive-date=2015-12-06|access-date=}}</ref> She was featured semi-nude in "[[American Beauty (1999 film)|American Beauty]]-style adverts" with Bhartiya Janta Party's [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]] symbol and the phrase, "vote for Narendra Modi" which was disavowed by Modi and condemned by BJP leaders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meltzer |first1=Tom |title=Nude Indian election posters: Not your usual buttoned-up political stunt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/feb/11/narendra-modi-bjp-meghna-patel-india-election |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=February 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name="FE 2016"/>

In 2016, Patel joined the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP).<ref name="FE 2016">{{cite news |title=Meghna Patel, model who posed semi-nude for PM Modi, joins NCP |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/meghna-patel-model-who-posed-semi-nude-for-pm-modi-joins-ncp/335092/ |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=August 1, 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2007
|[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]
|Cameo
|Hindi
|played a cameo as [[Paresh Rawal]]'s assistant
|-
|2007 || ''Raja Thakur''|| Pinky || Bhojpuri || Lead appearance with [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Nagma]], [[Tinu Verma]]
|-
|2008
|Golden babe
|Actor/singer
|Hindi
|Music Video released worldwide
|-
|2009 || ''Hamaar Gaon Hamaar Desh''|| Mamta || Bhojpuri || Lead appearance with [[Tinu Verma]]
|-
|2009 || ''Aishwarya''|| Sara || Hindi || Lead appearance<ref>{{Citation|title=Aishwarya Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/aishwarya/movieshow/61258815.cms|access-date=2021-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|[[Hello Darling]]
|Cameo
|Hindi
|Played cameo as assistant of [[Javed Jaffrey]]
|-
|2011/12
|[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]
|Nagin Jwala<ref>{{cite news |title=Nude model urges people to support Narendra Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nude-Meghna-Patel-urges-people-to-support-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/30209539.cms |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=Times Of India |date=February 11, 2014}}</ref>
|Hindi
|Lead appearance on [[Sahara One]]
|-
|2012
|Kartavya
|Doctor
|Bhojpuri
|Lead appearance [[Pawan Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meghna Patel Movies: Latest and Upcoming Films of Meghna Patel {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Meghna-Patel/movies|access-date=2021-04-01|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Kartavya Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movie-details/kartavya/movieshow/61217210.cms|access-date=2021-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|2012 || ''Ghar Aaja Pardeshi'' || Savitri || Bhojpuri || Lead appearance with [[Sikandar Kharbanda]]
|-
|2013 || ''[[Faraar (2015 film)|Faraar]]'' || Champa ||Hindi || Lead appearance
|-
|2014 || ''Solar Swapnam'' || Pooja ||Malayalam || Lead appearance
|-
|2015 || ''Luv Phir Kabhi'' || Mrs. Oberoi ||Hindi || Lead appearance
|-
|2016 || ''Dekho Yeh Hai Mumbai Real Life''|| Neha ||Hindi || Post production with [[Neeraj Vora]], [[Vrajesh Hirjee]], [[Preeti Jhangiani]]
|-
|2017
|Don Ka Filmy Andaaz
|Neha
|Hindi
|Post production with [[Sharat Saxena]]
|-
|2018
|Secrett miss 2
|Samita
|Hindi
|Lead Appearance with [[Aryan Vaid]]
|-
|2019
|Perfect Stranger
|Sweety
|Hindi
|Web short horror film
|-
|2019
|Baby angel music video
|Actor/singer/writer
|Hindi
|Music video for [[B4U Music]]
|-
|2020
|Andheri west film city
|kangna kapoor
|Hindi
|Lead appearance web series.
|-
|2021
|Rab tu
|Actor/singer/writer
|Hindi
|Music video for [[B4U Music]]
|}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5282922|Meghna Patel}}
*[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/meghna-patel/ Meghna Patel] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Meghna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Nadiad]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Dancers from Gujarat]]

Tiruvalla Medical Mission Hospital

2026-01-13T10:16:09Z

Rahuljogi: New

{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Tiruvalla Medical Mission Hospital
| native_name =
| image = TMM Hospital Tiruvalla.jpg
| caption = The main hospital building of Tiruvalla Medical Mission.
| location = [[Tiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], India
| funding = Non-profit charitable trust
| type = General, Teaching
| affiliation = TMM College of Nursing
| website = {{URL|https://tmmhospital.org/}}
}}

'''Tiruvalla Medical Mission (TMM) Hospital''' is a major hospital<ref name="CRISIL">{{cite web |title=CRISIL Ratings |url=https://www.crisilratings.com/en/home/our-analysis/issuer-news/2023/09/crisil-rates-tiruvalla-medical-mission-hospital.html |website=CRISIL |access-date=6 March 2025 |quote=The rating continues to reflect the established market position of TMM Hospital, backed by its over five decades of operations... The hospital operates as a charitable society registered under the Travancore Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act, 1955.}}</ref> and a nursing education institution located in [[Tiruvalla]], Kerala, India. It is managed by The Dewan Bahadur Dr. V. Verghese Hospital Trust Association.<ref name="CRISIL" />

== History ==
The hospital was founded in 1935 by Dewan Bahadur Dr. V. Verghese,<ref name="90years">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Unnikrishnan |title=Tiruvalla Medical Mission Hospital celebrates 90 years of service |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/01/05/tiruvalla-medical-mission-hospital-celebrates-90-years.html |work=Onmanorama |date=5 January 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> the former personal physician to the [[Maharaja of Cochin]].<ref name="PubMed">{{cite journal |title=A short history of the Travancore College of Ayurveda |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=157–160 |doi=10.1016/j.jaim.2017.10.008 |pmid=29409688 |pmc=6034651 |last1=Weiss |first1=Richard |quote=Dewan Bahadur Dr. V. Verghese, the Chief Physician to the Maharaja of Travancore... |doi-access=free}}</ref> He established a small hospital on a wooded hillock near the Tiruvalla railway station.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=In Thiruvalla, a green initiative takes root on hospital campus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/in-thiruvalla-a-green-initiative-takes-root-on-hospital-campus/article27735332.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=6 March 2025 |quote=On the sprawling Thiruvalla Medical Mission compound...}}</ref>

In 1940, Dr. Verghese constituted a charitable trust and handed over the hospital to medical missionaries of the Brethren persuasion.<ref name="90years" /> The trust is registered as a charitable society under the Travancore Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act, 1955.<ref name="CRISIL" />

A nurses training course was started at the hospital in 1943, marking the beginning of the TMM School of Nursing.<ref name="90years" /> The school was recognized by the Indian Nursing Council in 1950.<ref name="Edufiz">{{cite web |title=TMM College of Nursing, Tiruvalla |url=https://edufiz.com/tmm-college-of-nursing/ |website=Edufiz |access-date=6 March 2025 |quote=Accredited by Indian Nursing Council (INC) and KNMC.}}</ref> The institution expanded its education by founding the TMM College of Nursing in 2004.<ref name="Edufiz" />

== Services and governance ==
TMM Hospital offers services across various medical specialties and operates a busy emergency department.<ref name="Onmanorama1">{{cite news |title=Youth stable after being revived at gym in Thiruvalla |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/06/20/thiruvalla-gym-cardiac-arrest-youth-saved.html |work=Onmanorama |date=20 June 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025 |quote=He was rushed to Thiruvalla Medical Mission (TMM) Hospital, head of emergency wing Dr Shyama Vishwanath said.}}</ref><ref name="Onmanorama2">{{cite news |title=KSWTD bus staff save woman who collapsed at Thiruvalla bus stand |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/07/19/thiruvalla-bus-stand-woman-collapsed-saved-ksrtc.html |work=Onmanorama |date=19 July 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025 |quote=She was taken to the nearby Thiruvalla Medical Mission Hospital... The hospital authorities said they would bear all medical expenses.}}</ref> The trust also runs community outreach programs.<ref name="90years" />

The hospital is governed by the aforementioned charitable trust.<ref name="CRISIL" /> As of 2019, the institution's chief executive officer was Mr. George Koshy.<ref name="Hindu" />

== Legacy ==
The institution celebrated 90 years of service in 2025.<ref name="90years" /> The School of Nursing, established in 1943, is noted as one of the earliest private nursing institutions in [[Central Division (Travancore)|Central Travancore]].<ref name="90years" />

== See also ==
* [[Thiruvalla]]
* [[List of hospitals in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]

Ramachandran Vadakkedath

2026-01-02T11:28:32Z

Rahuljogi: new the stub v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian writer, author, scholar, literary critic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
'''Ramachandran Vadakkedath''' (died 2012) was an Indian cultural activist, [[Sanskrit]] scholar, writer and literary critic.

== Biography ==
His son [[Balachandran Vadakkedath]] also worked as a literary critic and writer having penned numerous books on [[Culture of Kerala|Kerala culture]]. Balachandran Vadakkedath died on 19 October 2024 at the age of 69.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=എഴുത്തുകാരനും സാംസ്കാരിക പ്രവർത്തകനുമായ ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ വടക്കേടത്ത് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/famous-writer-balachandran-vadakkedathu-passes-away-srr-695299.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref>

== Career ==
His most notable prominent works include ''Panthrandu Sahodarangal'', ''Vidoora Veekshanam'', ''Rasa Vicharam'', ''Gandhiyum Bhagavathigeethaym'' and ''Bharatheeya Sahithya Shasthram'' which have received critical reception''.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2012-08-13 |title=Sanskrit scholar Ramachandran Vadakkedath dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sanskrit-scholar-ramachandran-vadakkedath-dies/articleshow/15472112.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 12 August 2012 at the age of 85 in a private hospital located at [[Triprayar]], [[Thrissur district]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vadakkedath, Ramachandran}}
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]

People of Assam

2025-12-13T16:10:24Z

Rahuljogi: cleaned up formatting also and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Distinguish|Assamese people}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = People of Assam
| population = 31,169,272 (2011)<ref name="AsCensus">{{cite web
| last = Government of Assam Census 2011
| title = onlineassam
| url = http://online.assam.gov.in/web/population-census/
| access-date = 6 June 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120621011519/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/population-census
| archive-date = 21 June 2012
| url-status = dead
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
| image = Assam Assimilation.png
| image_caption = Peoples populating Assam
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 31,169,272<ref name="AsCensus"/>
| langs = See [[Assam#Languages|Languages of Assam]]
| rels = • [[File:Om.svg|15px]] Majority [[Hinduism]] • [[File:Patch of the 45th Infantry Division (1924-1939).svg|15px]] Minorities include [[Assamese Brahmins|Traditional]], [[Ek Saran Naam Dharma|Panentheistic]] • [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] • [[Christianity]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
{{Assam History}}
The '''People of [[Assam]]''' inhabit a multi-[[ethnic]], multi-linguistic and multi-religious society. They speak languages that belong to four main language groups: [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]], [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Tai-Kadai]], and [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]. The large number of ethnic and linguistic groups, the population composition, and the peopling process in the state has led to it being called an "India in miniature".<ref>"Assam is often referred to as 'India in miniature' so far its population composition and the process of peopling are concerned". {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=201}}</ref>

The peopling of Assam was understood in terms of racial types based on physical features, types that were drawn by colonial administrator [[Herbert Hope Risley|Risley]]. These classifications [[Scientific racism|are now considered to have little validity]], and they yield inconsistent results; the current understanding is based on ethnolinguistic groups<ref>"The racial traits, reflected through the physical features of individuals, are of such a varying degree that it is perhaps safer to divide the State's population into ethnolinguistic groups". {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=202}}</ref> and in consonance with genetic studies.

==Peopling of Assam==
Geographically Assam, in the middle of [[Northeast India]], contains fertile river valleys surrounded and interspersed by mountains and hills. It is accessible from [[Tibet]] in the north (via [[Bum La Pass|Bum La]], [[Sela Pass|Se La]], Tunga), across the [[Patkai]] in the Southeast (via [[Diphu Pass|Diphu]], Kumjawng, Hpungan, Chaukam, [[Pangsau pass|Pangsau]], More-Tamu) and from [[Burma]] across the [[Arakan Yoma]] (via An, Taungup). These passes have been gateways for migration routes from Tibet, Southeastern China and Myanmar. In the west both the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] and the [[Barak Valley]] open widely to the [[Ganges River|Gangetic]] plains.<ref>{{harvcol|Taher|1993|pp=201–202}}</ref> Assam has been populated via all these accessible points in the past. It has been estimated that there were eleven major waves and streams of [[ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] migrations across these points over time.<ref name="taher-11waves">"An analysis of peopling of Assam on the above ethnolinguistic basis, coupled with the scanty paleolithic, neolithic and historical evidences, reveals that there are as many as eleven waves and streams of migration into Assam. (The terms ‘wave’ and ‘stream’ are used here with specific meanings: while ‘wave’ is used to mean a migration at a particular point of time, ‘stream’ means continuity of migration for a long period, which may continue even now ever since it started, albeit with varying volume)." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=202}}</ref> In recent years, a multidisciplinary approach using archaeological, historical linguistic and genetic data has been used to reconstruct population history.<ref>{{harvcol|Hazarika|2017a|p=231}}</ref>

There is no evidence in Assam and [[Northeast India]] of early hominid dispersal.<ref>"Due to lack of evidence for early humans in Northeast India prior to the late Pleistocene..." {{harvcol|Hazarika|2017|p=73}}</ref> The presence of a [[Paleolithic]] culture is contested.<ref>"The presence of Paleographic cultural material in Northeast India is a debated issue in Indian prehistory. On the basis of tool typology, several assemblages have been placed within the context of 'Paleographic' in this region. One of the main problems of these Paleographic materials is that they occur in relatively younger deposits and in most cases in association with axes or adzes of Neolithic origin and pottery." {{harvcol|Hazarika|2017|p=75}}</ref> An early report of the presence of [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] is also not supported.<ref>"For some reason some scholars (e.g. Gait 1983 [1926]) suggest an early Dravidian presence in the area as well, but I know of no linguistic evidence for this idea." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=14}}</ref> The earliest culture in Assam is [[Neolithic]]; there is no evidence of [[Chalcolithic]] culture either in the Brahmaputra valley or in the surrounding hills;<ref>{{harvcol|Sankalia|Sharma|1990|p=36}}</ref> and state formation began only from middle of 1st millennium CE.<ref>{{harvcol|Sircar|1990a|p=94}}</ref>

===Prehistoric===
[[File:Timeline of Peopling of Assam.png|thumb|350px|{{harvtxt|Taher|1993}} identifies eleven waves and streams of immigration.<ref name="taher-11waves"/> Recent scholarship identifies additional immigration of other Indian groups in the post Independence period with significant demographic, political and social impact.<ref name="cks-oig"/> The first three waves/streams immigrated in prehistoric times and are estimates: the Austroasiatic estimate is the expected period from genetic studies;<ref name="arun5.2kya"/><ref name="arun-exp-time"/> the Tibeto-Burman is the lower limit from linguistic and other estimates;<ref name="delancey3000"/> and the Indo-Aryan is the upper limit from paleographic estimates.<ref name="guha500bce"/> The rest of the immigration took place in the medieval, and Colonial and post-Colonial times in Assam.]]
The archaeological sites of Sarutaru in [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] and [[Daojali Hading]] in [[Dima Hasao district]] display Neolithic cultures.<ref>{{harvcol|Hazarika|2017|pp=108–110}}</ref> Some other Neolithic sites in Northeast include those in Arunachal Pradesh, Sadiya, Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, Naga Hills, Karbi Anglong,‌ Kamrup, Garo and Khasi hills of Meghalaya, etc. The Neolithic culture discovered in Assam has East and Southeast Asian affinities of the [[Hoabinhian]] tradition.<ref>"[T C Sharma], with his colleagues and students, has shaped our understanding of the prehistoric cultures in all the states of Northeast India. His doctoral dissertation was the first attempt of systematic study of the surface material kept in various museums and also the excavated material from Daojali Hading. He strongly believed that the Neolithic personality of the region had emerged under strong influence of the East and Southeast Asian Neolithic traditions, which were characterized by the earlier tradition known as Hoabinhian." {{harvcol|Hazarika|2017|p=97}}</ref>

It had been suggested by linguists and ethnologists more than a hundred years ago that Austroasiatic speakers preceded Tibeto-Burman speakers<ref name="dreim2007-gen-ling-ethn"/>—and the latest findings from genetic and linguistic studies support the early claim and suggest mechanisms how a section of the Austroasiatic speakers had shifted to Tibeto-Burman.<ref>"On the Brahmaputra plain, the early Trans-Himalayans encountered the Austroasiatics, who had preceded them. The relative frequencies of the Ychromosomal haplogroup O1b1a1a (M95) in Trans-Himalayan speaking populations of the Indian subcontinent (Sahoo et al. 2006, Reddy et al. 2007, Gaziet al. 2013) suggest that a subset of the paternal ancestors of some Trans-Himalayan populations in northeastern India, e.g. certain Bodo-Koch communities, may originally have been Austroasiatic speakers with matriarchal, matrilinear or matrilocal societies, who were linguistically assimilated by Trans-Himalayans, providing a molecular genetic correlate for the ancient process of creolisation argued for by DeLancey (2014)" {{harvcol|van Driem|2021|p=199}}</ref>

====Austroasiatic====
The earliest inhabitants of Assam are estimated to be late Neolithic [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] peoples who came from [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>"The peopling of Assam was first started with a wave of migration of the Australoids or Austro-Asiatic speaking people from south-east Asia..."{{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=202}}</ref> Genetic studies on O2a1‐M95 Y-chromosomal haplogroup, which has been associated with Austroasiatic speakers in India,<ref name="arun5.2kya">"The origins of Indian Austro Asiatic speakers had earlier been correlated to the origin of O2a1-M95 (Kumar et al., 2007)." {{harvcol|Arunkumar|Wei|2015|p=547}}</ref> show that the expansion of this haplogroup in northeast India occurred more than five thousand years ago.<ref name="arun-exp-time">"A serial decrease in expansion time from east to west: 5.7±0.3 Kya in Laos, 5.2±0.6 in Northeast India, and 4.3±0.2 in EastIndia, suggested a late Neolithic east to west spread of the lineage O2a1-M95 from Laos." {{harvcol|Arunkumar|Wei|2015|p=546}}</ref> Some linguistic models indicate that the Austroasiatic peoples likely reached the region bringing with it an aquatic culture.<ref name="SidwellBlench2011">{{harvtxt|Sidwell|Blench|2011|pp=338–339}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Sidwell|2022}}</ref> Historians too have noted that dry rice cultivation reached Assam from Southeast Asia.<ref>"Rice was brought to Assam by neolithic horticultural people who spread out in all directions from their southeast Asian habitats... But they used to grow only the dry variety of it in their jhum plots..." {{harvcol|Guha|1984|p=74}}</ref> Though some authors have suggested that the Brahmaputra valley may have been a center of dispersal of the Austroasiatic languages,<ref>"(T)here is a growing body of opinion that the center of dispersal of the Austroasiatic languages may have been in, or at least included, the Brahmaputra Valley (van Driem 2001: 289–94, Diffloth 2005)." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=12}}</ref> this has been refuted by others.<ref>"Such ["the area around the northern shores of the Bay of Bengal as the most likely location for the Urheimat of the ancient Austroasiatics.” (van Driem 2001:290)] considerations regarding the center of diversity and proto-lexicon, are subject to strong challenge (e.g. Sidwell and Blench 2011, Blench 2014) and now run against the current trend in discussions among concerned scholars in the Austroasiatic studies community." {{harvcol|Rau|Sidwell|2019|p=42}}</ref>

They are expected to have settled in the foothills bordering the [[Brahmaputra Valley]], to be either absorbed or pushed to the hills by subsequent migrants.<ref>"They had perhaps earlier lived in the foothills bordering the Brahmaputra valley and were driven to the hills of the [[Meghalaya]] subsequently by the later migrants of the Tibeto-Burman stock." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=202}}</ref> The Austroasiatic remnant today are represented by the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] and [[Pnar people|Pnar]] peoples in neighbouring Meghalaya; and who are also present in Assam's [[Karbi Anglong]] and Dima Hasao districts that adjoin Meghalaya,<ref>"The early Austro-Asiatics are now represented by the Mon-Khmer speaking Khasis (Syntengs and Pnars taken together) some of whom live in Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills districts of Assam adjoining Meghalaya." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=202}}</ref><ref>{{e22|kha|Khasi}}</ref> and who have traditions placing them in the Brahmaputra valley.<ref>"The tradition indicates that there existed important kingdoms at the time the people had inhabited the Assam valley...(t)he ancient kingdoms known to us were Ka Meikha (Kamakhya), Muksiar, Mahadem, Mangkathiang and Malngiang." {{harvcol|Bareh|1987|p=269}}</ref> It is significant that in the context of the discontinuity in mtDNA in south asian and southeast asian populations the Khasi people have an equal admixture (40% S Asian and 39% SE Asian) of south/east Asian mtDNA as opposed to the [[Munda peoples]] (the Austroasiatic speakers in eastern India) who have predominantly south Asian mtDNA (75% S Asian and 0% SE Asian).<ref>"Notably, Khasi (the only Khasi-Aslian group of mainland India) speakers residing in Meghalaya state in India show an admixed package of both Indian and East Asian mtDNA haplogroups (fig. 2 and table 2)." {{harvcol|Chaubey|2011|p=1015}}</ref>

{{harvtxt|Jaquesson|2017}} suggests that the [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], and some [[Koch people|Koch]] peoples carry linguistic and social traces of past Austroasiatic peoples.<ref>"The Garo, the Rabha and at least some of the Koch are, like the Khasi, matrilineal and uxorilocal. These features are not attested elsewhere in populations speaking Tibeto-Burman languages. These cultural features are best explained either by the deep and long influence of Khasi people on those Garo, Rabha, and Koch (all people now living around Meghalaya), or by the event of language shift, if we suppose that at least some of these people had Khasi ancestors. They would have abandoned their earlier Mon-Khmer languages because of the influential new TibetoBurman-speaking neighbours, but would have retained some important features of their social organization." {{harvcol|Jaquesson|2017|p=99}}</ref><ref>"The mix [of Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman] would explain the group of Western Boro-Garo languages, deprived of diphthongs but equipped with specific consonant clusters (which interestingly are common in the Khasi languages) and Mon-Khmer-type social customs." {{harvcol|Jaquesson|2017|p=117}}</ref>

====Tibeto-Burman====
The second group of people to reach Assam are considered to be speakers of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]].<ref name="taher-tb">"The second group to have come to Assam from the north-east and east are the people speaking Tibeto-Burman languages, especially eastern Himalayan, north Assam, Bodo and Naga groups of languages. These are racially Mongoloid people and unlike the Austro-Asiatic, they set up a stream of migration which has been continuing till today." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|pp=202–203}}</ref><ref name="pnb2nd">" However, they may have been preceded by speakers of Austroasiatic languages, as suggested by a number of toponyms and areal loanwords (Kakati 1995; Diffloth 2005; Konnerth 2014)." {{harvcol|Post|Burling|2017|p=214}}</ref> The first Tibeto-Burman speakers started coming into Assam some time before three thousand years ago from the north and the east.<ref name="delancey3000">"Most scholars suggest that the first Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples began to enter Assam at least 3,000 years ago." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|pp=13–14}}</ref><ref>"Linguistic evidence linking Boro-Garo to the Konyak and the Jingphaw languages of Nagaland and northern Burma tells us that the Boro-Garo stock must have originally entered Assam from somewhere to the northeast." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=13}}</ref> And they have continued coming into Assam till the present times.<ref name="taher-tb"/> It is indicated that this population could be associated with the O-M134 y-chromosome haplogroup.<ref name = "Su2012">Bing Su, Chunjie Xiao, Ranjan Deka, Mark T. Seielstad, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Junhua Xiao, Daru Lu, Peter Underhill, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Ranajit Chakraborty, Li Jin, "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas." ''Hum. Genet.'' (2000) 107:582-590. DOI 10.1007/s004390000406 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225570045_Y_chromosome_haplotypes_reveal_prehistorical_migrations_to_the_Himalayas</ref> There is widespread agreement among linguists and ethnographers that the Tibeto-Burmans migrated into an already settled region,<ref>"At (the time of proto-Boro-Garo ingress) the Brahmaputra valley was already settled." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=14}}</ref><ref name="dreim2007-gen-ling-ethn">"The Y haplogroup 02a is represented at a frequency of 77% in Austroasiatic groups in India and 47% in Tibeto-Burman groups of northeastern India. This patterning could suggest that Tibeto-Burman paternal lineages may have partially replaced indigenous Austroasiatic lineages in the northeast of the Indian Subcontinent and that Austroasiatic populations preceded the Tibeto-Burmans in this area, as linguists and ethnographers have speculated for over a century and a half." {{harvcol|van Driem|2007|p=237}}</ref><ref name="pnb2nd"/> which is consistent with genetics studies.<ref>"Among TB speakers the share of mtDNAs typical of East Asia increases to nearly two-thirds (64%), inferred from ref. 27. This scenario would be consistent with a more recent migration event or the continued movement of women into India through the maintenance of social links." {{harvcol|Sahoo|2006|p=847}}</ref> They are today represented by the [[Bodo-Kachari peoples|Bodo-Kacharis]], the [[Karbi people|Karbi]] and the [[Mising people|Mising]]; the [[Monpa people|Monpa]]s and [[Sherdukpen people|Sherdukpen]]s; and [[Naga people]]s.<ref>"These groups are represented now by Monpas and Sherdukpens living on the Bhutan and Arunachal border of Assam, Mishings and Deuris of upper Assam, the great Bodo group of people scattered all over the state and the Nagas living in Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=203}}</ref> Over time, two distinct Tibeto-Burman linguistic regions emerged in northeast India—(1) ''highlands'' surrounding the Brahmaputra valley that is predominantly Tibeto-Burman with great diversity,<ref>"The highlands surrounding the Brahmaputra Valley, in Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, are dominated by languages of only one major family, Tibeto Burman (though there are recently-established populations of Tai, Indo-Aryan, and, across the border, Chinese speakers). But among the Tibeto-Burman languages we find tremendous diversity." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=11}}</ref> and (2) ''plains'' where there are fewer but fairly homogenised Tibeto-Burman languages spread over a much larger area and in contact with Indo-Aryan and other language families.<ref>{{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|pp=11–12}}</ref>

DeLancey (2012) suggests that the [[Boro-Garo languages]], the most widespread group of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] in the ''plains'', have a comparatively transparent grammar and an [[linguistic conservatism|innovative]] [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]<ref>{{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=4}}</ref> which indicates that ''proto-Boro-Garo'' must have emerged from a [[Creolization|creolised]] lingua franca which is comparable to the case of [[Nagamese]],<ref>"Burling (2007) has suggested that the grammatical transparency and regularity of [[Garo language|Garo]] indicating an origin as a creolized lingua franca, similar in structure and function to Nagamese or Naga pidgin. But what is true of Garo is also equally true of the rest of the branch, and undoubtedly of proto-Bodo-Garo, their common ancestor." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=5}}</ref> during a time when it was being used by non-native speakers.<ref>"Proto-Bodo-Garo first emerged as a lingua franca used for communication across the various linguistic communities of the region, and that its striking simplicity and transparency reflect a period when it was widely spoken by communities for whom it was not a native language." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=3}}</ref><ref>"DeLancey (2012) argues that Proto-Boro-Garo may have in fact developed as a lingua franca within the Brahmaputra valley; we find this thesis compelling, as it would explain both the modern-day distribution of Boro-Garo languages and their simplified morphological profile by comparison with their more conservative Northern Naga neighbours." {{harvcol|Post|Burling|2017|p=227}}</ref> A section of these Tibeto-Burman speakers could have been native Austroasiatic speakers, as suggested by some genetic studies on present-day Tibeto-Burman peoples of northeast India.<ref>"The Y haplogroup O2a is represented at a frequency of 77% in Austroasiatic groups in India and 47% in Tibeto-Burman groups of northeastern India (Sahoo et al. 2006). This patterning could suggest that Tibeto-Burman paternal lineages may have partially replaced indigenous Austroasiatic lineages in the northeast of the Indian Subcontinent and that Austroasiatic populations preceded the Tibeto-Burmans in this area, as linguists and ethnographers have speculated for over a century and a half." {{harvcol|van Driem|2007|p=237}}</ref> It is expected that the Tibeto-Burman peoples were not as numerous as the indigenous Austroasiatic population, and the replacement was of languages and not peoples.<ref>"When Tibeto-Burman-speaking people moved down into the Valley, they can never have been as numerous as the indigenous inhabitants, who had the food resources of the Valley to grow populous on. The Tibeto-Burmification of the Valley must have been more a matter of the language replacement than wholesale population replacement." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=13}}</ref> The arrival of the Indo-Aryans and the expansion of the Kamarupa kingdom over the entire Brahmaputra valley created the conditions for the creolisation and development of proto-Boro-Garo lingua franca.<ref>"it is this situation (the Indo-Aryan surrounded by Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman in Kamarupa) that we should imagine Proto-Boro-Garo forming as a grammatically simplified lingua franca." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=16}}</ref>

Medieval historical sources suggest that the [[Bodo-Kachari peoples|Bodo-Kacharis]] were adept at gravitational irrigation,<ref>"The first was a technique of gravitational irrigation with its applicability limited only to sloping submontane tracts watered by hill streams. It involved the throwing up of dams across the hill streams in their upper reaches and leading the stored-up water to the fields through a network of dug-out channels. The Kacharis were adept in this technique." {{harvcol|Guha|1982|p=481}}</ref> and though they were immersed in ''ahu'' rice culture some of them raised a wet rice called ''kharma ahu'' that was irrigated but not necessarily transplanted.<ref>"Some advanced sections of the tribal population, like the Kacharis, also marginally grew wet rice of another variety in the submontane tracts. This variety was kharma ahu, which was irrigated but not always necessarily transplanted. At the same time, all ethnic groups without exception had also a varying interest in the dry ''ahu'' culture." {{harvcol|Guha|1982|pp=481–482}}</ref> These irrigation systems continued to be used by Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman groups in modern times.<ref>"This region has a traditional irrigation system such as bamboo drip irrigation in Meghalaya, water conservation among the Apatanis of Arunachal Pradesh, ''zabo'' system of Nagaland and ''dong'' irrigation among the Bodos of Assam which are traditionally managed by the farmers." {{harvcol|Devi|2018|p=69}}</ref> In this context, it is significant that most river names in Assam such as ''Dibang'', ''Dihang'', ''Doyang'', start with ''Di-'', (water in [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]])<ref>" Ti- or di- (“water”) is a common affix used by Tibeto-Burman languages to designate rivers."{{harvcol|Ramirez|2014|p=4}}</ref> and end in ''-ong'' (water in [[Austric languages]]).<ref>"Other scholars have pointed out that other river names such as ''Dibang'', ''Dihang'', ''Doyang'' and the like were mixture of Bodo ''di'' and ''-ong'' (Austric) which means water." {{harvcol|Bareh|1987|pp=269–270}}</ref>

Eye witness accounts of the Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman peoples come from the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE) and Ptolemy's ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' (2nd century CE) that call the land ''Kirrhadia'' after the Indo-Aryan name for the non-Indo-Aryan [[Kirata]] people who were the source of [[Malabathrum]], so priced in the classical world.<ref>"...appear to call the land including Assam Kirrhadia after the Kirata population." {{harv|Sircar|1990|pp=60–61}}</ref>

====Indo-Aryan====
The [[Indo-Aryan migration to Assam]] that began in the first millennium BCE is the third stream.<ref>"Almost at the same time as the Tibeto-Burmans, or perhaps a bit later, there started another stream of migration of the people speaking Indo-Aryan languages from the plains of northern India, perhaps during the first millennium B.C." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=203}}</ref> Based on paleographic evidence Indo-Aryans spread into Assam early<ref>"Revised versions of the Mahabharata and several puranas (c. 2nd century BC - 2nd century AD), the Kalika Purana of c.9th-10th centuries and the Prasastis of Kamarupa kings—all these indicate this early Indo-Aryanization of Assam." {{harvcol|Guha|1984|p=74}}</ref> but it cannot be pushed beyond the 5th century BCE.<ref name="guha500bce">"...Indo-Aryans had not spread out as far as to Assam before 500 BCE, at least not in mentionable number." {{harv|Guha|1984|p=74}}</ref> The early Indo-Aryans were cultivators who brought with them the technology of wet rice (''sali'') cultivation, the plough, and cattle.<ref>"It was the Indo-Aryans who brought wet rice (''sali''), iron, plough and cattle (the latter as a source of power and milk) to the region." {{harv|Guha|1984|p=74}}</ref> The earliest direct epigraphic evidence of Indo-Aryans in Assam comes from the 5th-century CE [[Umachal rock inscription|Umachal]]<ref>{{harvtxt|Sharma|1978|pp=1–3}}</ref> and [[Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscription|Nagajari-Khanikargaon]] rock inscriptions, written in the Indo-Aryan [[Sanskrit language]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Sharma|1978|pp=303–305}}</ref> When Indo-Aryan speakers entered the Brahmaputra valley, Austroasiatic languages had not yet been entirely replaced by the Tibeto-Burman languages, since an Austroasiatic [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] in the later-day [[Assamese language]] that emerged from the earlier Indo-Aryan vernacular indicates that Austroasiatic languages were present at least till the 4th- and 5th centuries CE.<ref>"(Austroasiatic substrate in Assamese) is consistent with the general assumption that the lower Brahmaputra drainage was originally Austroasiatic speaking. It also implies the existence of a substantial Austroasiatic-speaking population still at the time of the spread of Aryan culture into Assam, i.e. it implies that up until the 4th–5th centuries CE, at least, and probably much later, Tibeto-Burman languages had not completely supplanted Austroasiatic in the region." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|p=13}}</ref>

The presence of Indo-Aryans in the Brahmaputra Valley triggered its [[History of Assam#Ancient Assam (350–1206)|historical period]] with the establishment of the [[Kamarupa]] kingdom.<ref>" The mixed population absorbed Sanskrit culture, and the latter also, in its turn, absorbed many local cultural traits. Kamarupa moved from protohistory to history in the 4th century AD" {{harv|Guha|1984|p=76}}</ref> The kings of this kingdom were originally non-Indo-Aryan who were [[sanskritised]],<ref>"Virtually all of Assam's kings, from the fourth-century Varmans down to the eighteenth-century Ahoms, came from non-Aryan tribes that were only gradually Sanskritised." {{harv|Urban|2011|p=234}}</ref> and who encouraged immigration and settlements of Indo-Aryans as landlords of already settled cultivators. The land grants were written in Sanskrit, but the presence of Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman and vernacular Indo-Aryan words and formations in these [[Kamarupa inscriptions|grants]] indicated the presence of these languages.<ref>"... (it shows) that in Ancient Assam there were three languages viz. (1) Sanskrit as the official language and the language of the learned few, (2) Non-Aryan tribal languages of the Austric and Tibeto-Burman families, and (3) a local variety of Prakrit (ie a MIA) wherefrom, in course of time, the modern Assamese language as a MIL, emerged." {{harv|Sharma|1978|pp=0.24-0.28}}</ref> In the period when Indo-Aryan settlements were being created, Kamarupa likely constituted urban centers along the Brahmaputra River in which a precursor of the Assamese language was spoken with Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman communities everywhere else.<ref>" Instead, we should imagine a linguistic patchwork, with an eastern Indo-Aryan vernacular (not yet really "Assamese") in the urban centers and along the river, and Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic communities everywhere." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|pp=15–16}}</ref> Some of these centers were in Goalpara, Guwahati, Tezpur, Nagaon and Doyang-Dhansiri regions, where sanskritisation of the non-Indo-Aryan communities occurred.<ref>{{harvcol|Boruah|2008}}</ref> Sanskritisation was a process that occurred simultaneously with "deshification" (or localisation) of the Indo-Aryan communities in Assam.<ref>"Here I will follow the lead of Wendy Doniger, who suggests that the development of Hinduism as a whole in South Asia was not simply a process of Sanskritisation, that is, the absorption of non-Hindu traditions into the brahminic system; rather, it also involved a process of ‘Deshification’, that is, the influence of local (deshi) and indigenous cultures on brahmaic religion and the mutual interaction between Sanskritic and deshi traditions." {{harv|Urban|2011|p=233}}</ref>

===Medieval===
====Muslim soldier-professionals====
The fourth stream of new arrivals were Muslim personnel of the army of [[Bakhtiyar Khalji|Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] left back after his disastrous Tibet expeditions.<ref>"Khilji was defeated and some of his captive soldiers settled in Assam, especially in the area between Hajo and Sipajhar in the Brahmaputra valley." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=203}}</ref> Subsequently called ''Goria'' (from Gaur), they married local women, adopted local customs, but maintained their religion. This army was able to convert a Mech chief, called [[Ali Mech]], which was the beginning of a limited number of local people who converted to the Islamic faith—later converts from the Koch, Mech and other ethnic groups came to be called ''Desi''. In the 16th century yet another army from Bengal had to leave behind their soldiers—they too married local women and came to be called ''Moria''. These populations were joined by religious preceptors, the most famous of who was [[Azan Faqir]], a sufi saint. The descendants of Azan Faqir are known as ''Sayed'' in Assam.

====Tai farmer-soldiers====
The fifth wave of immigrants were Tai Shan People, who entered Assam under the leadership of [[Sukaphaa]] from [[Hukawng Valley]] in [[Myanmar]]<ref>{{harvcol|Terwiel|1996|p=275}}</ref> via [[Pangsau Pass]] in 1228 and settled between Buridihing and Dikhou rivers.<ref name="harvcol|Taher|1993|p=204">{{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=204}}</ref> [[Ahom people|Ahom]]s, as they came to be called, were primarily responsible for surface levelling the extensive undulating plains of eastern Assam, extending the human base of ''sali'' wet-rice culture to the peoples they encountered in the region,<ref>"Ahoms played a significant role in widening the base of the wet-rice culture of the sali variety in the extensive and undulating plains of eastern Assam. Apparently, the iron implements they had for reclamation and surface levelling work were relatively more efficient and abundant than their neighbours'." {{harvcol|Guha|1982|p=482}}</ref> and for establishing the [[Ahom kingdom]]. They assimilated some of the [[Naga people|Naga]], Moran, Borahi, [[Chutiya people|Chutiya]] and [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] peoples in a process of ''[[Ahomisation]]'' till they themselves began to be Hinduized from the mid-16th century onwards.<ref>"This is observed not only in Upper Burma, but also in Upper Assarn. There, the Ahoms assimilated some of their Naga, Moran and Barahi neighbours and later, also large sections of the Chutiya and Kachari tribes. This Ahomisation process went on until the expanded Ahom society itself began to be Hinduised from the mid-16th century onward." {{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=12}}</ref>

====Tai Buddhists and Sikhs====
The sixth stream of peoples between the 17th and 19th centuries, were Tai; but unlike the Ahoms who were animists when they arrived, the later-day Tais were [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].<ref name="harvcol|Taher|1993|p=204"/> Called [[Khamti people|Khamti]], [[Khamyang people|Khamyang]], Aiton, [[Tai Phake people|Tai Phake]] and [[Turung people]]s, they came from Upper Burma at different times, and settled is small groups in Upper Assam.<ref>"which added a new element to the population mosaic of
Assam. These ‘later-day’ Tai people entering Assam during the
period from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century are the Khamtis, Khamyangs, Aitons, Phakes and Tunings. Each group
came at different time from different regions across the Patkai.
They are all Buddhists and live in small groups in upper Assam." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=204}}</ref> This continued well into the colonial times. At the end of the Medieval period, a small contingent of [[Sikhs]] soldiers sent by [[Ranjit Singh]] arrived in Assam to participate in the Battle of Hadirachokey—the survivors settled in a few villages in Nagaon district, married into local communities and formed a distinct Assamese-Sikh community.<ref>"(A)bout 500 Sikh soldiers from Punjab... migrated to Assam on the eve of the Battle of Hadirachaki (1820-22) on the invitation of Ahom King Chandrakanta Singh for protecting Assam against Burmese aggression. Nearly all the Sikh soldiers died on battlefield. Some of the survivors, migrated upstream of River Brahmaputra by boat and reached the Titamora rivulet. They disembarked in the western bank, the Chaparmukh, and settled in the area and finally married locals and raised families." {{harvcol|Sharma|2013|p=1012}}</ref>

===Colonial===
====Kuki-Chin ethnic groups====
The seventh wave of people into Assam occurred soon after the beginning the [[Colonial Assam|colonial period]] in Assam after the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] and the [[Treaty of Yandaboo]] in 1826—the political instability led to the immigration of [[Kachin people|Kachin]] and [[Kuki people]] from Upper Burma into Assam across the [[Patkai]] and [[Arakan Yoma]]. They constitute the [[Singpho people|Singphos]] in Upper Assam, and the Kuki-Chin tribes in [[Karbi Anglong]], [[Dima Hasao]] and [[Barak Valley]].<ref>{{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=205}}</ref>

====Tea Garden labourers====
{{main|Tea-garden community of Assam}}
Following the establishment of the [[Assam Tea|tea industry in Assam]], and after the companies failed in harnessing the labour of the local [[Bodo-Kachari peoples|Kachari]], people from the [[Chota Nagpur States|Chotanagpur]] area of Bihar, northern and western Orissa, eastern Madhya Pradesh, and northern Andhra Pradesh belonging to [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Santal]], [[Savara people|Savara]], [[Oraon people|Oraon]], [[Gondi people|Gond]] and other ethnic groups were recruited for labour in the newly emerging tea estates.<ref>"As the local people were found unwilling to work in the tea gardens as labourers, the planters recruited indentured labourers from the tribes of Chotanagpur area of Bihar, northern and western Orissa, eastern Madhya Pradesh and northern Andhra Pradesh to work in the tea gardens...They belong to such tribes as Munda, Ho, Santal, Savara, Oraon, Gond, etc." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=205}}</ref> Individual tea planters began bringing in labour starting in 1841, and collectively after 1859 many of them forcibly, in inhuman conditions, to serve as [[indentured labour]]ers. Even after the practice of recruiting from outside was banned in 1926 recruitment continued till 1960 when labour available in the tea estates became a surplus.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1999|p=54}}</ref> This group of immigrants originally spoke many languages belonging to [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Austroasiatic languages]] and many have adopted [[Assamese language|Assamese]] language and ways.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1999|p=55}}</ref>

====Colonial Indo-Aryan====
[[Colonial Assam|British colonialism]] opened the borders of Assam, hitherto controlled tightly by the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] and [[Dimasa kingdom|Dimasa]] kingdoms, and established a new order<ref>"Colonialism as a new order based on fundamentally new cultural norms, even new forms of knowledge, required people with new skills–most obviously command of the English language." {{harvcol|Baruah|1999|p=58}}</ref> causing a significant influx from [[Bengal]], [[Rajasthan]], North India and [[Nepal]].<ref>"Thus started a new wave of Indo-Aryan migration with the coming in of hundreds of Bengali government service holders and professionals, Rajasthani tradesmen and north-Indian labourers to construct roads, railways, public buildings and Nepali security personnel." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=205}}</ref> [[Bengali Hindus]] filled most of the colonial administrative positions open to "natives"; and monopolised positions that colonialism opened up such as modern professional positions in the medical, legal, and teaching areas and middle-class positions in the railways and post-office.<ref>"In Assam the people who came to staff the new positions open to the "natives" were mostly Hindu Bengalis. Indeed, Bengali was the court language and the language of the new government schools of Assam for more than three decades from 1837 to 1873. Besides their positions in the colonial bureaucracy Bengali Hindus soon came to have a virtual monopoly in the modern professions." {{harvcol|Baruah|1999|pp=58–59}}</ref> The Hindu Bengali became the model of social change in the 19th century—westernisation as well as sanskritisation became stronger with impacts on dress, hair-do, manners, culinary arts, and other forms of culture; the caste system, which was not too rigid earlier, became more rigid; ''sastric'' rituals presided over by brahmins became more common; etc.<ref>{{harv|Guha|2016|pp=55–56}}</ref>

Colonialism also germinated different industries and instituted a market economy in place of the corvee-labour-based non-monetized economy of the kingdoms it replaced. The opportunities for traders were filled mostly by [[Marwari people|Marwari]] traders (locally called ''keya'') from Rajasthan, though there were Sindhis, [[Punjabi Sikh]]s and others in small numbers with no competition from the local population.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1999|p=61}}</ref> In the 19th century the peasant economy was completely in their grip and Marwari traders also participated as bankers and commercial agents of the nascent [[Assam Tea]] industry. Though in numbers they were a small group the entire trade of the Assam valley by 1906 was the monopoly of this highly visible population.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1999|pp=61–62}}</ref> Marwari personalities such as [[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala|Jyotiprasad Agarwala]], [[Kamala Prasad Agarwala]], [[Chandra Kumar Agarwala]] and others made significant contribution to Assamese literature, language and cinema. Jyotiprasad Agarwala is referred to as Rupkonwar (Prince of Beauty) and is also regarded as the Father of Assamese Cinema.

The British East India Company began recruiting [[Gurkha|Gorkha]] soldiers after the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816); settlement of Gorkha retirees and their families in the then depopulated areas (following [[Moamoria rebellion]] and [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese occupation]]) began in the 1830s<ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=93}}</ref>—and from a few thousand in 1879 their population increased to more than twenty one thousand in 1901 in the Brahmaputra valley.<ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=94}}</ref> In the first two decades of the 20th century the colonial government encouraged [[Newar people|Newar]] and other ethnic non-[[Bahun]] [[Nepalis|Nepali]] communities to settle in Assam's excluded areas mostly as "professional" cattle grazers for an expanding revenue,<ref>"Though initially an insignificant source of government revenue, these grazing fees were indeed an expanding source because of the steady rise in the immigration of Nepali and other graziers along with their cattle." {{harvcol|Guha|2016|p=74}}</ref> feeding into the business of milk supply in the emerging urban markets. This population of Assam was joined by Gorkha security personnel from forces such as the [[Assam Rifles]] that stayed back after their retirement. This population became predominant in the lower hills.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1999|pp=62–64}}</ref>

====Muslim cultivators====
Muslim landless cultivators from [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]] in present-day [[Bangladesh]], encouraged by the landlords of Goalpara and the British administration, began arriving in the late 19th century seeking land.<ref>"Another wave of immigration started in the last two decades of the nineteenth century with the coming in of landless Muslim agricultural immigrants from the then eastern Bengal (now Bangladesh) at the instance of the landlords of old Goalpara district and with the connivance of the British rulers." {{harvcol|Taher|1993|pp=205–206}}</ref> The initial trickle showed dramatic increases in each succeeding decade after 1901—by 1911, the Mymensingh cultivators were joined by lesser numbers from Pabna, Bogra and Rangpur who settled in the ''Char lands'' of Goalpara and some beyond;<ref name="harvcol|Baruah|1999|p=56">{{harvcol|Baruah|1999|p=56}}</ref> by 1921 the immigrants were settled up to the central districts of Assam, mostly along the Brahmaputra though many had ventured further away, with some close to the Bhutan border;<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1999|pp=55–56}}</ref> and by 1931 the increases have been so dramatic that even British officers began talking about demographic shifts.<ref name="harvcol|Baruah|1999|p=56"/> This group came to be called [[Miya people|Miya]] and a large section of them had accepted the Assamese language as their mother tongue.<ref>"Contrary to Mullan's mischievous predictions," writes Monirul Hussain, "the entire East Bengal Muslim peasant community adopted the Asomiya [Axomiya or Assamese] language as their mother tongue." {{harvcol|Baruah|1999|p=57}}</ref>

===Post-Colonial===
====Hindus from East Pakistan====
The [[Partition of India]] triggered an exodus of [[Bengali Hindu]] people mostly from [[Sylhet Division]] in [[East Pakistan]] to Assam, numbering between 700 and 800 thousands. This wave continued till the 1970s and then slowed down. Unlike the Muslim cultivator who came from Mymensingh and from the west seeking land, this group came in from the south and settled mostly around towns, service centers and railway stations.<ref>{{harvcol|Taher|1993|p=206}}</ref>

====Other Indian groups====
Immigration of [[North India]]n groups, especially from eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]], in the post-Independence period was particularly strong. Collectively called ''desuwali'' (a local corruption of ''deshwali'' referring to their homeland or ''desh''), they came from marginal socioeconomic backgrounds and came as construction workers, handcart-pullers, rickshaw pullers, cobblers, barbers and eventually settled in Assam, usually in interior fallow lands—and many of them found reasonable successes in trade and commerce and have become politically assertive. Other smaller groups include immigrants from [[Punjab]] who participated in trade and commerce; and people from [[Kerala]] who participated in education, and para-medical services (such as nursing).<ref name="cks-oig">{{harvtxt|Sharma|2012|p=300}}</ref>

==Ethnic groups==

Assam is acknowledged as a settling land for many different cultures. [[Tribal]] groupings migrated to the soils of Assam from diverse directions, as the territory was linked to a number of states and many different countries throughout history. [[Austroasiatic languages|Austro-Asiatics]], [[Tibeto-Burman]]s, and [[Indo-Aryans]] are historically the most important and oldest traditional groups to have arrived in Assam, and to this day, they remain essential elements of the "Assamese Diaspora". The greater [[Bodo-Kachari]] group forms a major part of Assam, encompassing 19 major tribes of both the plains and hills.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In the 13th century CE, [[Tai peoples]] arrived in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] of Assam. Their descendants became the [[Ahom people|Tai Ahoms]], who rose as a dominant group in the region with the [[Ahom kingdom]] ({{Circa}} 13th to 19th centuries CE). They are the ethnic group with which Upper Assam Bodo-Kachari groups like the [[Chutia people|Chutias]], [[Moran people|Morans]] and Borahis are associated.

Along with the Tai Ahoms, other prominent groups ruled parts of the [[Assam Valley]] during the medieval period, notably the Chutias, [[Koch people|Kochs]], and [[Dimasa people|Dimasas]]. The [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia kingdom]] ruled the eastern Assam from 1187 to 1523, the [[Koch kingdom]] ruled Lower Assam from 1515 to 1949, and the [[Dimasa Kingdom|Dimasa kingdom]] ruled southern Assam from the 13th century to 1854.

The [[Bodo people|Bodo tribe]], also known as the Boro'','' are the largest modern-day [[ethnolinguistic group]] in the state of Assam. They are concentrated in northern Assam, in [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]]. They speak the [[Bodo language]], one of the 22 constitutional languages of India.

Assam has always been a historically [[Tribe|tribal]] state,<ref>{{harvcol|Boruah|2008|p=116}}</ref> and many of the indigenous Assamese communities today retain a tribal structure. Many others, now considered non-tribal populations of Assam, were slowly converted from a tribal to a [[caste]] system through [[Sanskritisation]].

Several indigenous tribes like the Moran, Chutia, Motok, Tai Ahoms and Koch, as well as non-indigenous<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=N. |title=Tea Tribes of Assam: Colonial Exploitation and Assertion of Adivasi Rights K. |journal=Journal of Adivasi and Indigenous Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |date=February 2016 |pages=1–16 |issn=2394-5524 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25822076 }}</ref> groups like the [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Tea-tribes]] have applied for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe (ST) status]],<ref>{{cite news|title=6 Assam tribes may soon get Scheduled Tribes status|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/6-Assam-tribes-may-soon-get-Scheduled-Tribes-status/articleshow/47335391.cms?from=mdr|access-date=31 August 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref> a form of [[affirmative action]] laid out in the [[Indian Constitution]] for socioeconomically disadvantaged tribes. If accepted, this could make Assam a predominantly tribal state, having wide geo-political ramifications.

==See also==
* [[Assamese people]]
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Arunkumar |first1=Ganesh Prasad |last2=Wei |first2=Lan-Hai |year=2015 |title=A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95 from east to west |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=546–560 |doi=10.1111/jse.12147|bibcode=2015JSyEv..53..546A |s2cid=83103649 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation |last=Bareh| first=Hamlet| author-link=Hamlet Bareh |contribution=Khasi-Jaintia State Formation| year=1987| title =Tribal Polities and State Systems in Pre-colonial Eastern and North Eastern India| editor-last=Sinha| editor-first=Surajit| pages=261–306| place=New Delhi| publisher=K P Bagchi & Company}}
*{{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib |title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565840-8|language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Boruah |first1=Nirode |title=Sanskritization and Detribalization in Early Assam: Some Geographical Aspects |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=69 |year=2008 |pages=167–179 |jstor=44147178}}
*{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Chaubey |first1=Gyaneshwar |last2=Mait |year=2011 |title=Population Genetic Structure in Indian Austroasiatic Speakers: The Role of Landscape Barriers and Sex-Specific Admixture |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=1013–1024 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq288|pmid=20978040 |pmc=3355372 |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Chaubey|2011}}}}
*{{cite journal |last1=DeLancey |first1=Scott |editor3-first=Mark |editor3-last=w. Post |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Morey |editor1-first=Gwendolyn |editor1-last=Hyslop |year=2012 |title=On the Origins of Bodo-Garo |url=https://www.academia.edu/3887126 |journal=Northeast Indian Linguistics |volume=4 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003 |isbn=9789382264521 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=Chandam Victoria |year=2018 |title=Participatory Management of Irrigation System in North Eastern Region of India |journal=International Journal of Rural Management |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=69–79 |doi=10.1177/0973005218765552 |issn=0973-0052|doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |title=Planter Raj to Swaraj |year=2016 |orig-year=1977 |publisher=Anwesha Publications |edition=Anwesha |isbn=978-81-89003-89-0 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Guha |first1=Amalendu |year=1984 |title=Pre-Ahom Roots and the Medieval State in Assam: A Reply |journal=Social Scientist |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=70–77 |doi= 10.2307/3517005|jstor=3517005}}
* {{Citation |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |title=The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714) |journal=Social Scientist |volume=11 |pages=3–34 |date=December 1983 |doi=10.2307/3516963 |issue=12 |jstor=3516963 |url=http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3259 |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706211727/https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/3259 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation |last=Guha| first=Amalendu| contribution=Medieval Economy of Assam| year=1982| title =The Cambridge Economic History of India| editor-last1=Chaudhuri| editor-first1=Tapan|editor-last2=Habib | editor-first2=Irfan |volume=1 | pages=478–505| place=New Delhi| publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Hazarika |first=Manjil |year=2017 |title=Prehistory and Archaeology of Northeast India |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-947466-0}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hazarika |first1=Manjil |year=2017a |title=Ancient Population Movements in Northeast India: A Closer Look at the Ethnolinguistic Prehistory |journal=Man in India |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=231–266 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jaquesson |first1=François |translator-last=van Breugel |translator-first=Seino |orig-year=2006 |year=2017 |title=The linguistic reconstruction of the past: The case of the Boro-Garo languages |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=90–122 |doi=10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van}}
*{{Citation |last1=Post |first1=Mark |title=The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeast India |date=2017 |url=https://rune.une.edu.au/web/handle/1959.11/21437 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |isbn=978-1-138-78332-4 |last2=Burling |first2=Robbins }}
* {{cite book |last=Ramirez |first=Philippe |title=People of the Margins: Across Ethnic Boundaries in North-East India |year=2014 |publisher=SPECTRUM PUBLICATIONS}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rau |first1=Felix |last2=Sidwell |first2=Paul |year=2019 |title=The Munda Maritime Hypothesis |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=35–57 |hdl=10524/52454 |issn=1836-6821}}
*{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Sahoo |first1=Sanghamitra |last2=Singh |year=2006 |title=A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=843–848 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103|pmid=16415161 |pmc=1347984 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Sahoo|2006}}}}
*{{Citation |last1=Sankalia |first1=H D |last2=Sharma |first2=Sharma |contribution=The Prehistoric Age |year=1990 |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H K |volume=I |pages=25–43 |place=Guwahati |publisher=Publication Board, Assam }}
* {{Citation| last1 = Sidwell| first1 = Paul| last2 = Blench| first2 = Roger| contribution = The Austroasiatic Urheimat: the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis| year = 2011| title = Dynamics of human diversity : the case of mainland Southeast Asia| editor-last = Enfield| editor-first = N J| pages = 317–345| place = Canberra| publisher = Pacific Linguistics| url = http://rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/SR09/Sidwell%20Blench%20offprint.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |title=Austroasiatic Dispersal: the AA "Water-World" Extended |editor-last=Alves |editor-first=Mark |editor-last2=Sidwell |editor-first2=Paul |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021) |volume=15 |issue=3 |date=28 January 2022 |issn=1836-6821 |url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/52498 |access-date=14 February 2022 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.5773247 |pages=95–111 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Chandan Kumar |title=The immigration issue in Assam and conflicts around it |journal=Asian Ethnicity |pages=287–309 |volume=13 |number=3 |year=2012 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2012.676235|s2cid=144894999 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jayeeta |title=Empire's Garden: Assam and the making of India |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2011 |location=Durham and London |isbn=978-0-8223-5049-1}}
* {{cite book|last= Sharma|first=Mukunda Madhava|title=Inscriptions of Ancient Assam|publisher=[[Gauhati University]]|year=1978|location=Guwahati, Assam}}
*{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Sharma |first1=Santanu K |last2=Mahanta |year=2013 |title=Prevalence of haemoglobin E among Assamese Sikh community |journal=Current Science |volume=104 |issue=8 |pages=1012–1013 |jstor=24092186 |ref={{harvid|Sharma|2013}}}}
*{{Citation |last=Sircar |first=D C |contribution=Political History |year=1990a |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H K |volume=I |pages=94–171 |place=Guwahati |publisher=Publication Board, Assam }}
*{{Citation |last=Sircar |first=D C |contribution=Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa |year=1990 |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H K |volume=I |pages=59–78 |place=Guwahati |publisher=Publication Board, Assam }}
* {{Citation |last=Taher| first=Mohammad| contribution=The Peopling of Assam and contemporary social structure| year=1993| title =Social Structure and Regional Development| editor-last=Ahmad| editor-first=Aijazuddin| pages=201–218| place=New Delhi| publisher=Rawat Publication}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Terwiel| first=B.J.| title = Recreating the Past: Revivalism in Northeastern India.| journal= Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde| volume=152 |number= 2| year=1996| pages= 275–92| jstor=27864746| doi=10.1163/22134379-90003014| doi-access= free}}
*{{cite journal |last1=van Driem |first1=G |year=2007 |title=The diversity of the Tibeto-Burman language family and the linguistic ancestry of Chinese |journal=Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=211–270 |doi= 10.1163/2405478X-90000023}}
*{{cite book |last1=van Driem |first1=George |year=2021 |title=Ethnolinguistic Prehistory |publisher= Koninklijke Brill |isbn=978-90-04-44836-0}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Urban|first1=Hugh B.|year=2011|title=The Womb of Tantra: Goddesses, Tribals, and Kings in Assam|journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=4|issue=3|pages=231–247|doi=10.1093/jhs/hir034|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270529066}}
{{refend}}
{{commons category|People of Assam}}

{{Assam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:People Of Assam}}
[[Category:People from Assam| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]

Vertisol

2025-11-25T18:30:50Z

Rahuljogi:

{{short description|Clay-rich soil, prone to cracking}}
{{Infobox soil
|name=Vertisol
|alternative_name=
|image=Vertisol.jpg
|image_size=250px
|image_caption=A vertisol profile
|classification_system=[[World Reference Base for Soil Resources|WRB]], [[USDA soil taxonomy]]
|profile=OAC
|parent_material=
|code=VR
|process=clay [[pedoturbation]]
|climate=[[tropical savanna climate|tropical savanna]], [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]], [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]]
}}

[[File:VertisolWorld.jpg|upright=1.6|thumb|Vertisols of the world]]
[[File:Vertisol.gif|thumb|A more detailed map of the global distribution of Vertisols]]

A '''vertisol''' is a Soil Order in the [[USDA soil taxonomy]]<ref name=ST>{{Cite web|url = https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Keys-to-Soil-Taxonomy.pdf|title = Keys to Soil Taxonomy 13th edition|author=Soil Survey Staff|year = 2022|publisher = USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service}}</ref> and a Reference Soil Group in the [[World Reference Base for Soil Resources]] (WRB).<ref name=WRB>{{Cite web|url = https://wrb.isric.org/files/WRB_fourth_edition_2022-12-18.pdf|title = World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition|author=IUSS Working Group WRB|year = 2022|publisher = International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna}}</ref> It is also defined in many other soil classification systems. In the [[Australian Soil Classification]] it is called '''vertosol'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line/ve/vertsols.htm|title = Australian Soil Classification - Vertosols|access-date = 8 February 2016|publisher = CSIRO|archive-date = 7 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307085258/http://www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line/ve/vertsols.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref> The natural vegetation of vertisols is [[grassland]], [[savanna]], or grassy [[woodland]]. The heavy texture and unstable behaviour of the soil makes it difficult for many tree species to grow, and forest is uncommon.

==Composition==
Vertisols have a high content of [[expansive clay]] minerals (many of them belonging to the [[montmorillonite]]s) that form deep cracks in drier seasons or years. In a phenomenon known as [[argillipedoturbation]], alternate shrinking and swelling causes ''self-ploughing'', where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing some vertisols to have an extremely deep [[A horizon]] and no [[B horizon]]. (A soil with no B horizon is called an ''A/C soil''). This heaving of the underlying material to the surface often creates a microrelief known as ''[[gilgai]]''.

Vertisols typically form from highly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] rocks, such as [[basalt]], in climates that are seasonally humid or subject to erratic [[droughts]] and [[floods]], or that impeded drainage. Depending on the parent material and the climate, they can range from grey or red to the more familiar deep black (known as "black earths" in Australia, "black gumbo" in East Texas, "black cotton" soils in East Africa, and "turf soil" or "vlei soils" in South Africa).

==Occurrence==
Vertisols are found between 50°N and 45°S of the equator. Major areas where vertisols are dominant are eastern Australia (especially inland [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]]), the [[Deccan Plateau]] of India, and parts of southern [[Sudan]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Chad]] (the ''Gezira''), South Africa, and the lower [[Paraná River]] in South America. Other areas where vertisols are dominant include southern [[Texas]] and adjacent [[Mexico]], central [[India]], northeast [[Nigeria]], [[Thrace]], New Caledonia and parts of eastern China.

==Utilization==
When [[irrigation]] is available, crops such as [[cotton]], [[wheat]], [[sorghum]] and [[rice]] can be grown. Vertisols are especially suitable for rice because they are almost impermeable when saturated.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Rainfed farming is very difficult because vertisols can be worked only under a very narrow range of moisture conditions: they are very hard when dry and very sticky when wet. However, in Australia, vertisols are highly regarded, because they are among the few soils that are not acutely deficient in available [[phosphorus]]. Some, known as "crusty vertisols", have a thin, hard crust when dry that can persist for two to three years before they have crumbled enough to permit seeding.

The shrinking and swelling of vertisols can damage buildings and roads, leading to extensive subsidence. Vertisols are generally used for grazing of [[cattle]] or [[sheep]]. It is not unknown for livestock to be injured through falling into cracks in dry periods. Conversely, many wild and domestic ungulates do not like to move on this soil when inundated. However, the shrink-swell activity allows rapid recovery from compaction.

==Classification==
In the USDA soil taxonomy,<ref name=ST/> vertisols are subdivided into:
* '''Aquerts''': Vertisols which are subdued aquic conditions for some time in most years and show [[redoximorphic features]] are grouped as Aquerts. The permeability is slowed because of the high clay content, and aquic conditions are likely to occur. When precipitation exceeds [[evapotranspiration]], ponding may occur. Under wet soil moisture conditions, iron and manganese are mobilized and reduced. Manganese may partly be responsible for the dark color of the soil profile.
* '''Cryerts''': They have a cryic soil temperature regime. Cryerts are most extensive in the grassland and forest-grassland transitions zones of the Canadian Prairies and at similar latitudes in Russia.
* '''Xererts''': These have a thermic, mesic, or frigid soil temperature regime. They show cracks open for at least 60 consecutive days during the summer, but closed for at least 60 consecutive days during the winter. Xererts are most extensive in the eastern Mediterranean and parts of California.
* '''Torrerts''': They have cracks closed for less than 60 consecutive days when the soil temperature at 50 cm is above 8 °C. These soils are not extensive in the U.S., and occur mostly in west Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and South Dakota, but are the most extensive suborder of vertisols in Australia.
* '''Usterts''': They have cracks open for at least 90 cumulative days per year. Globally, this suborder is the most extensive of the vertisols order, encompassing the vertisols of the tropics and monsoonal climates in Australia, India, and Africa. In the U.S. the Usterts are common in Texas, Montana, Hawaii, and California.
* '''Uderts''': They have cracks open less than 90 cumulative days per year and less than 60 consecutive days during the summer. In some areas, cracks open only in drought years. Uderts are of small extent globally, being most abundant in [[Uruguay]] and eastern [[Argentina]], but also found in parts of [[Queensland]] and the "Black Belt" of [[Mississippi]] and [[Alabama]].

The WRB<ref name=WRB/> defines the diagnostic '''vertic horizon'''. It is usually a subsoil horizon and has at least 30% clay, shrink-swell cracks and [[soil structure|wedge-shaped aggregates]] and/or [[slickenside]]s.

==See also==
*[[Pedogenesis]]
*[[Pedology (soil study)]]
*[[Soil classification]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web | url =https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/conservation-basics/natural-resource-concerns/soil/soil-science| title =Vertisols| publisher =USDA-NRCS| access-date =2006-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030828181022/http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/orders/vertisols.html |archive-date=2003-08-28 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web | url =http://grunwald.ifas.ufl.edu/Nat_resources/soil_orders/vertisols.htm | title =Vertisols| publisher =University of Florida | access-date =2006-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227052053/http://grunwald.ifas.ufl.edu/Nat_resources/soil_orders/vertisols.htm |archive-date = 2007-12-27}}
* {{cite web | url =http://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/vertisols.htm | title =Vertisols| publisher =University of Idaho
| access-date =2006-05-14}}

==Further reading==
* W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 9.3.3. {{ISBN|978-3-540-30460-9}}

== External links ==
* [https://wrb.isric.org/picture-gallery/ profile photos (with classification)] WRB homepage
* [https://www.iuss.org/index.php?article_id=73|title=IUSS profile photos (with classification)] IUSS World of Soils
{{Soil type}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pedology]]
[[Category:Types of soil]]
[[Category:Patterned grounds]]

2017 in Indian sports

2025-11-25T05:20:11Z

Rahuljogi: cleanup

{{short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Year box}}

The '''2017 in Indian sports''' was held across the Indian cities all through the season.

==Events==
=== International events ===
* 2–8 January – [[2017 Aircel Chennai Open|Chennai Open]] scheduled in Chennai.
* 24–29 January – [[2017 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold]] scheduled in Lucknow.
* 16–19 February – India Open Squash is scheduled in New Delhi.
* 19–26 February – India participated in [[2017 Asian Winter Games]].
* 28 March – 2 April – [[2017 India Super Series|India Super Series]] was held in New Delhi.
* 10–14 May – [[2017 Asian Wrestling Championships|2017 Asian Wrestling Championship]] held in New Delhi, India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asian-wrestling-championship-2017-dates-teams-list-indian-wrestlers-all-you-need-know-726094|title=Asian Wrestling Championship 2017: Dates, teams, list of Indian wrestlers; all you need to know|last=Maitra|first=Sayantan|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en}}</ref>
* 6–9 July – [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Asian Athletics Championship]] held in [[Bhubaneswar]].
* 27 August – India beat Nepal by 2–1 in final of [[2017 SAFF U-15 Championship|2017 SAFF under −15 championship]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/india-nepal-2-1-saff-under-15-championships-1032453-2017-08-27|title=India become Under 15 SAFF champion}}</ref>
* 6–28 October – [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup|FIFA U-17 World Cup]] is scheduled. England wins the maiden title by beating Spain in final by 5–2.
* 22 October – [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] beat Malaysia by 2–1 in final of [[2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2017 men's Hockey Asia Cup]] held in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
* 22 October – [[Srikanth Kidambi|Srikant Kidambi]] wins [[2017 Denmark Super Series Premier]].
* 5 October – [[India women's national field hockey team|India]] won 2017 Hockey women's Asia cup held in Japan by beating China in final by 5–4 (1–1).
* 1 November – [[Indian cricket team]] registered their first [[T20I]] win against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|New Delhi]]
* 30 November – [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu|Mirabai Chanu]] wins gold in 2017 world weightlifting championship held in USA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/mirabai-chanu-wins-gold-medal-at-world-weightlifting-championship/article21191148.ece|title=Mirabai Chanu ends two decades wait in weightlifting.|date=30 November 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* 1–10 December – The [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final]] took place in [[Bhubaneswar]], India. India won bronze medal.

==Sports Leagues in 2017==
=== Domestic leagues ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="margin:.5em;"

|-
! League
! Duration
! Participation
! Seasons
! Winner/s
|-
| [[File:Badminton pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Premier Badminton League]]
| 1 January – 14 January
| 6 Clubs
| [[2017 Premier Badminton League|Season 3]]
|[[Chennai Smashers]]
|-
|[[File:Wrestling pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Pro Wrestling League]]
|2 January – 19 January
|6 Clubs
|[[Pro Wrestling League|Season 2]]
| [[Punjab Royals]]
|-
| [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]] [[I League]]
| 7 January – 29 April
| 10 Clubs
| [[2016–17 I-League|Season 10]]
|[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl FC]]
|-
| [[File:Hockey pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Hockey India League]]
| 21 January – 26 February
| 6 Clubs
| [[2017 Hockey India League season|Season 5]]
|[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|-
|[[File:MMA pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Super Fight League]]
|20 January – 25 February
|8 Clubs
|Season 1
|[[Sher e Punjab]]
|-
|[[File:Basketball pictogram.svg|20px]][[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
|16 February – 16 March
|8 Clubs
|Season 4
|Mumbai Challengers
|-
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Indian Premier League]]
| 5 April – 21 May
| 8 Clubs
| [[2017 Indian Premier League|Season 10]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
|[[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
|7 May – 21 May
|8 Clubs
|[[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|Season 38]]
|[[Bengaluru FC]]
|-
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]
|July 22 – August 20, 2017
| 8 Clubs
| [[2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League|Season 2]]
|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
|-
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Karnataka Premier League]]
|September 1–23, 2017
| 7 Clubs
| [[2017 Karnataka Premier League|Season 6]]
|Belagavi Panthers
|-
| [[File:Kabaddi pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| 28 July – 28 October
| 12 Clubs
| [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 5]]
|[[Patna Pirates]]
|-
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Duleep Trophy]]
| 3 September- 29 September
| 3 Clubs
| [[2016-2017 Duleep Trophy season|Season 56]]
| India Red
|-
| [[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Super Boxing League]]
| 7 July – 12 August
| 8 Clubs
| Season 1
|Maratha Yodha
|-
| [[File:Futsal pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Premier Futsal]] League
| 15 September –
| 8 Clubs
| [[2017 Premier Futsal|Season 2]]
|Mumbai Warriors
|-
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Ranji Trophy]]
|October 6, 2017 – January 2, 2018
| 28 Clubs
| [[2017-18 Ranji Trophy|Season 84]]
|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidharbha]]
|-
| [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Indian Super League]]
| 17 November – 4 March
| 10 clubs
| [[2017–18 Indian Super League|Season 4]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC]]
|-
|[[File:Badminton pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Premier Badminton League]]
|23 December – 14 January
|8 Clubs
|[[2017–18 Premier Badminton League|Season 4]]
|[[Hyderabad Hunters (Badminton team)|Hyderabad Hunters]]
|}

=={{anchor|Multi-Sport event}}Multi-sport events==

{| class=wikitable
! rowspan=2|Event
! colspan=3|Medals
! rowspan=2|Report
|-
! style="background:#f7f6a8;"| [[File:Gold medal.svg|17px]]
! style="background:#dce5e5;"| [[File:Silver medal.svg|17px]]
! style="background:#ffdab9;"| [[File:Bronze medal.svg|17px]]
|-
| [[2017 Asian Winter Games]]
| style="background:#f7f6a8;"| 0
| style="background:#dce5e5;"| 0
| style="background:#ffdab9;"| 0
| [[India at the 2017 Asian Winter Games|Report]]
|-
| [[2017 World Games]]
| style="background:#f7f6a8;"| 0
| style="background:#dce5e5;"| 0
| style="background:#ffdab9;"| 0
| [[India at the 2017 World Games|Report]]
|-
| [[2017 Summer Deaflympics]]
| style="background:#f7f6a8;"| 1
| style="background:#dce5e5;"| 1
| style="background:#ffdab9;"| 3
| [[India at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics|Report]]
|-
| [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]]
| style="background:#f7f6a8;"| 9
| style="background:#dce5e5;"| 12
| style="background:#ffdab9;"| 19
| [[India at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Report]]
|-
| '''Total'''
| style="background:#f7f6a8;"| '''10'''
| style="background:#dce5e5;"| '''13'''
| style="background:#ffdab9;"| '''22'''
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sport in India}}

[[Category:2017 in Indian sport]]

Chaturvedi Badrinath

2025-11-01T13:54:53Z

Rahuljogi:

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}
{{unreliable sources|date=November 2014}}
}}

'''Badrinath''' '''Chaturvedi''' was an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and author. His book ''The Mahabharata: An Inquiry in the Human Condition'' won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2009.

He was born in [[Mainpuri]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in August 1933 to Jang Bahadur Chaturvedi and Lakshmi Devi. He died on 17 February 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://middlestage.blogspot.in/2010/02/chaturvedi-badrinath-1933-2009.html|title=Chaturvedi Badrinath (1933-2010)|date=22 February 2010|accessdate=21 November 2014|website=The Middle Stage|last=Choudhury|first=Chandrahas}}</ref>

== Works ==
* ''Unity of Life and Other Essays, Edited by Tulsi Badrinath, Oxford University Press, 2016''
* ''Swami Vivekananda: The Living Vedanta, Penguin, 2006''
* ''The Women of Mahabharata: The Question of Truth, Orient BlackSwan, 2008''
* ''The Mahabharata: An Inquiry in the Human Condition, Orient BlackSwan, 2006''
* ''Finding Jesus in Dharma: Christianity in India, 2000''
* ''Dharma, India and the World Order: Twenty-one Essays 1993''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chaturvedibadrinath.com/books.htm|title =Books|accessdate=21 November 2014|website=Chaturvedi Badrinath}}</ref>
* Das Mahabharata: Eine Erkundung der ''conditio humana''. In: Seele, Katrin and Seele, Peter (2012): Ordnung in Übergängen. Schneider Verlag Hohengehren. 270-281 (in German)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badrinath, Chaturvedi}}
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:1933 births]]

Urwan

2025-10-26T20:25:25Z

Rahuljogi: Done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Urwan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.357983|N|85.465444|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koderma district|Koderma]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5120
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Chandwara (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825409
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06543
| registration_plate = JH 12
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhi]]
| website = {{URL|koderma.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Urwan.jpg|thumb|urwan]]
'''Urwan''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Chandwara (community development block)|Chandwara]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Koderma subdivision]] of the [[Koderma district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|33|0|N|85|38|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Koderma district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, D: dam, P: power plant, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chandwara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chandwara]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|34|48|N|85|46|18|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Dhab| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhab]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|22|33|N|85|38|37|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Jainagar| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Jainagar, Koderma]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|19|38|N|85|50|4|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Markacho| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Markacho]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|24|26|N|85|48|41|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Nawadih| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Nawadih, Markacho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|25|51|N|85|46|21|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Nawalsahi| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Nawalsahi]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|44|47|N|85|46|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Satgawan| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Satgawan]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|19|55|N|85|31|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Tilaiya| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Tilaiya]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|21|20|N|85|27|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Urwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=Urwan (R)|shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|28|12|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Kodarma| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Kodarma]] (M) |label-size10=13 |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|25|44|N|85|32|7|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=Jhumri Telaiya| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jhumri Telaiya]] (M) |label-size11=13 |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|28|23|N|85|41|23|E}}| label-pos12=top|label12=Domchanch| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Domchanch]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|50|N|85|35|22|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Bekobar| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Bekobar]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|26|40|N|85|33|9|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Karma| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Karma, Koderma]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|19|26|N|85|31|40|E}}| label15= Tilaiya|labela15= Dam| label-color15 = #C42222 | label-angle15=0| label-pos15=right| label-size15=10| mark-size15=12| numbered15=D|mark-title15 =[[Tilaiya Dam]]| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|33|40|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Koderma Thermal Power Station | numbered16=P| mark-title16= [[Koderma Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color16=#967117
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|34|0|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Koderma|labela17=Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|20|0|N|85|37|0|E}} |label18= Barakar River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 10| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label19= Sakri River|label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 50| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -75| arc-gapA=15.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Urwan is located at {{coord|24.357983|N|85.465444|E|display=inline}}.

===Overview===
Koderma district is plateau territory and around 60% of the total area is covered with forests. The first dam of the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], at [[Tilaiya]], was built across the [[Barakar River]] and inaugurated in 1953. [[Koderma Junction railway station]] has emerged as an important railway centre in the region. It is a predominantly rural district with only 19.72% urban population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Kodarma, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Pages 8 and 9 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 2 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2003_PART_B_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Kodarma, Series 21, Part XII B| work = Page 18| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 2 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |title =Damodar Valley Corporation |work =Dams and Barrages |publisher =DVC|access-date =2 January 2021 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100429025712/http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |archive-date =2010-04-29 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Urwan had a total population of 5,120, of which 2,649 (52%) were males and 2,471 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,003. The total number of literate persons in Urwan was 2,832 (68.79% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2004_PART_B_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Giridih, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 292: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 January 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
There is a station at Urwan on the [[Koderma-Hazaribagh-Barkakana-Ranchi line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/koderma-barkakana-passenger-53371/30224/1428/10614 | title= 73371 => 53371 Koderma-Barkakhana Passenger | work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailinfo| access-date = 2 January 2021}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Jharkhand State Tourism Department has developed a ‘Tourist complex’ at Urwan.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://jharkhanddarshan.com/koderma.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110522085707/http://jharkhanddarshan.com/koderma.html | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 22 May 2011 | title= Welcome to Koderma| work= Urwan Tourist Complex |publisher= jharkahnddarshan.com | access-date = 2 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koderma District}}

[[Category:Villages in Koderma district]]

Ashwin Makwana

2025-10-25T20:42:31Z

Rahuljogi: Creating New Details More To Come

{{Short description|Indian para chess player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1984}}
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], India
| peakrating = 1938 (September 2012)
}}
'''Ashwin Kanchanbhai Makwana''' (born 1984)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makwana, Ashvin K |url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/5081912 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=ratings.fide.com}}</ref> is an Indian para chess player from [[Gujarat]]. The visually challenged chess player was selected for the Indian team that took part in the [[2022 Asian Para Games]], [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]. He won the Men's Team Rapid VI-B1 gold medal on 28 October 2023 along with [[Darpan Inani]] and [[Soundarya Pradhan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-29 |title=Inani wins chess gold at Para Asiad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/inani-wins-chess-gold-at-para-asiad/articleshow/104795170.cms |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-30 |title=Indian athletes create history, bag 111 medals in Hangzhou Asian Para Games |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/india-create-history-cross-100-medals-at-asian-para-games-in-record-breaking-campaign/articleshow/104770053.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He also won a bronze medal in the individual event on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-10-28 |title=India at Asian Para Games: Neeraj Yadav, Darpan Inani win gold as campaign ends with 111 medals |url=https://scroll.in/field/1058264/india-at-asian-para-games-satish-darpan-neeraj-yadav-win-gold-as-campaign-ends-with-111-medals |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=India win 111 medals at Para Asian Games, here's every medal winner of the record-breaking campaign |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/38759315/100-asian-para-games-medals-india-every-medal-winner-record-breaking-campaign |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ashwin hails from Vadodara.<ref name=":1" /> He is a stock market dealer.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Makwana is a seven-times national champion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-01 |title=Checkmating blindness in Ahmedabad, creating winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/checkmating-blindness-in-ahmedabad-creating-winners/articleshow/53485043.cms |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He took part in the National Chess tournament for the blind in 2016 which is one of his first major tournaments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-31 |title=Samant, Makwana share lead in National chess tournament for blind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/samant-makwana-share-lead-in-national-chess-tournament-for-blind/articleshow/53474904.cms |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In March 2017, he took part in the IBCA Asian Chess Championship for visually challenged. In 2018, he missed the National A for the blind chess title by a whisker and emerged as second.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title="I finished second but I am not very happy!"- Ashwin Makwana (Hindi) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmIjnO5lXAk |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en}}</ref> He took part in the World Championship in August 2010 along with [[Darpan Inani]], Srikrishna Udupa and Rajesh Oza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Indian blind chess team leaves for World Championship |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/indian-blind-chess-team-leaves-2510477 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makwana, Ashwin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian blind people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

National Highway 161 (India)

2025-10-17T07:40:30Z

Rahuljogi: general reworked layout for clarity additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{redirect|NH 161|roads named NH 161 in other countries|List of highways numbered 161}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 161
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=6|frame-lat=19.15|frame-long=77.53|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q25351944|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 161}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 430
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = [[Akola]]
| destinations = [[Akola]] - [[Patur]] - [[Malegaon]] - [[Washim]] -[[Koulas]] -[[Hingoli]] - [[Nanded]] - [[biloli]] - [[Bichkunda]] - [[Pitlam]]-[[Andole]] - [[Sangareddy]]
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = [[Sangareddy]]
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 53
| next_route = 65
| states = [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]]
}}
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
'''National Highway 161''', (may be referred to as NH 161), is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]] running through the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]] of [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_1527_2013_007.pdf|title=New highways notification dated August, 2012|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/E_707_2013_014.pdf|title=New highways notification dated March, 2013|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=12 Jul 2018}}</ref> The '''National Highway 161''' joins the cities of [[Akola]], [[Washim]], [[Hingoli]], [[Nanded]], [[Degloor]], Bichkunda, Pitlam, Nizampet, Shankarampet(A), Andole, Sanga Reddy and [[Hyderabad]] in Central-Southern [[India]] with each other.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=12 Jul 2018}}</ref>

==Junctions==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
* At [[Akola]] with [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] connecting [[Hazira|Hajira]] - [[Surat]] - [[Dhule]] - [[Akola]] - [[Amravati]] - [[Nagpur]] - [[Durg]] - [[Raipur]] - [[Mahasamund]] - [[Sambalpur]] - [[Baharagora]] - [[Kolkata]]
* At [[Akola]] with [[NH161A]] connecting [[Akot]] - [[Akola]] - [[Barshitakli]] - [[Mangrulpir]] - [[Digras]] - [[Arni, Maharashtra|Arni]] - [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] - [[Kinwat]] - [[Himayatnagar, Maharashtra|Himayatnagar]] - [[Mudkhed]] - [[Nanded]] - [[Mukhed]] - Maharashtra-Karnataka border
* At [[Washim]] with [[NH 161E]] connecting [[Washim]] - [[Mangrulpir]] - [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - Hiwra Budruk on [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]]
* At [[Nanded]] with [[NH 222]] connecting [[Kalyan]] - [[Ahmednagar]] - [[Pathardi]] - [[Parbhani]] - [[Basmath|Basmat]] - [[Nanded]] - [[Nirmal]]
* At [[Nanded]] with [[NH 204]] connecting [[Ratnagiri]] - [[Kolhapur]] - [[Sangli]] - [[Pandharpur]] - [[Solapur]] - [[Tuljapur]] - [[Latur]] - [[Nanded]] - [[Arni, Maharashtra|Arni]] - [[Yavatmal]] - [[Wardha]] - [[Buti Bori]] - [[Nagpur]]
* At [[Sangareddy]] with [[National Highway 9 (India, old numbering)|NH 65]] connecting [[Pune]] - [[Solapur]] - [[Omerga]] - [[Zaheerabad]] - [[Sangareddy]] - [[Secunderabad]] - [[Hyderabad]] - [[Suryapet]] - [[Vijayawada]] - [[Machilipatnam]]

==States, districts, cities, towns and villages connected==
The [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]] are the two states connected by the [[NH 161]].

==Maharashtra==
* [[Akola district]]
** [[Akola]] - Kapshi - [[Patur]]
* [[Washim district]]
** [[Malegaon Jahangir|Malegaon]] - [[Washim]]
* [[Hingoli district]]
** [[Hingoli]] - [[Kalamnuri]]
* [[Nanded district]]
** [[Ardhapur]] - [[Nanded]] - [[Degloor]]

==Telangana==
* [[Kamareddy district]]
** [[Madnoor]] - [[Bichkunda]] - Jukkal -[[Pitlam]]
* [[Sangareddy district]]
** [[Nizampet]] - [[Jogipet|Andole]] - [[Sangareddy]]
* [[Medak district]]
** [[Shankarampet(A)]]

* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highway (India)]]
Jukkal X Road

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/5119119 NH 161 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH61 sr}}

[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra|161]]
[[Category:National highways in Telangana|161]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]

Iqbal Suhail

2025-10-16T17:09:56Z

Rahuljogi: Made a post initial version - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Iqbal Ahmad Khan, "Suhail"
| image =
| image_size = 180px
| caption = File Picture
| birth_date = 19 December 1884
| birth_place = Badhariya [[Azamgarh]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|7 November 1955|19 December 1884|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| nationality = [[Indian People|Indian]]
| spouse = Ummdat-un-nisa
| children = {{unbulleted list|Razia Ansari|Yameenul Islam Khan|Bushra Khanum|Mohsina Khanum|Muslima Khanum|Islam Ahmad|Marzia Khanum|Qudsia Khanam}}
| relations = {{unbulleted list|Azizullah Khan (father)|Umm Kulsum (mother)}}
| occupation = Urdu poet, Islamic scholar, lawyer, educationist, politician
}}
'''Iqbal Ahmed Khan''' was born in 1884 (11 [[Rabi' al-thani]], 1303 Hijri) in village Badhariya, [[Azamgarh]], and died on 7 November 1955 and his ancestors belongs to a Village name Ledrahi (Jaunpur). He was a famous Urdu poet, writing under the [[takhallus]], or pen name "Suhail", [[Islamic scholar]], lawyer, [[educationist]] and a politician. He was a member of the executive committee of the Azamgarh Muslim Education Society, which manages Shibli National Post Graduate College and other institutions in Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. His poetry has been mentioned in many articles about Azamgarh.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saikatt|first=Dutta|title=A place and its Neg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTEEAAAAMBAJ&q=Azamgarh+suhail&pg=PA33|access-date=13 May 2013 |newspaper=Outlook|date=13 May 2013}}</ref> His work has been featured in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Urdu Literature.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abida|first=Samiuddin|title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Urdu Literature|year=2007|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|page=570|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-otQriwQ9z4C&q=Azamgarh+iqbal+suhail|isbn=978-8182201910}}</ref> edited by .

== Political career ==

Iqbal Suhail was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly as a candidate with the [[Indian National Congress]] party in 1937. This assembly was constituted by the Act of 1935. He defeated Syed Ali Zaheer, who ran as a Muslim League candidate. Iqbal Suhail was against the [[partition (politics)|partition]] of the country and opposed the two-nation theory of a separate Muslim homeland. He was a good friend of [[Zakir Husain]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Z̤iāʼulḥasan|first=Fārūqī|title=Dr. Zakir Hussain:Quest for Truth|publisher=APH Publishing|page=317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzNnwUasQ3wC&q=Azamgarh+iqbal+suhail&pg=PA317|isbn=978-8176480567|year=1999}}</ref>

== Education ==

Iqbal Suhail's early schooling was under Maulana Mohammed Shafi who was one of the founders of Madarsatul Islah, [[Sarai Mir]], Azamgarh. Maulana Shafi was the father of the famous Urdu poet Khalilur-Rehman Azmi.

*1918 – Completed M.A. and LL.B. from Aligarh Muslim University. After getting his law degree from Aligarh, Iqbal Sohail returned to Azamgarh to practice. There he became associated with Allama [[Shibli Nomani]], whom he revered very much. He was a regular visitor to Darul Musannifeen (Shibli Academy, the institute founded by Allama Shibli)
*1916 – Master of Arts
*1914 Aligarh, During his stay in Aligarh he became famous for his skill in poetry and speech-writing. Dr. [[Dr Zakir Hussain|Zakir Hussain]] and Prof. [[Rasheed Ahmad Siddiqui]] became his closest friends. He also wrote many speeches for Dr. Hussain. This was acknowledged by Dr. Hussain in the preface he wrote for Tabish-e-Suhail, a collection of poetry written by Iqbal Suhail.
*1914 – Graduated from Queens College, Varanasi
*1913 – Completed Intermediate
*1907-8 – To pursue his education in Arabic and Persian and Islamic studies, he stayed with Maulana Hamiduddin Farahi, who was Arabic professor in MAO College, Aligarh, where he came into contact with Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Hali and Maulana Wahiduddin Salim Panipati.

== Bibliography==
[[File:Kuliat-e-suhail.jpg|thumb|upright|right| Cover of the Book Kuliat-e-Suhail]]
* Kuliat-e-Suhail (Compiled by Arif Rafi an Published by Shibli Academy, Azamgarh)
* Tabish-e-Suhail (Compiled by Iftikhaar Azmi)
* Ifkaar-e-Suhail (Special Edition of Shibli National College Magazine)
* Special Edition of Mohammed Hasan College, (Jaunpur) Magazine
* Armughaan-e-Haram (Collection of Naat)<ref>{{cite book|last=Iqbal|first=Suhail|title=Armughān-e Haram|year=1960|publisher=Markaz-e Adab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8g_JGwAACAAJ}}</ref>
* What is Ribaa? Published by Pharos Media Publications, Delhi (Available in Arabic<ref>{{cite book|last=Iqbal|first=Suhail|title=Haqeeqatur-Riba|year=1936|publisher=Niẓāmī Press|page=178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sz3mPgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Suhail|first=Iqbal|title=Haqeeqatur Ribaa|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=40|issue=1|pages=163–165|year=2001|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad|jstor=20837083}}</ref> and Urdu)<ref>{{cite book|last=Suhail|first=Iqbāl|title=What is Riba?|year=1999|publisher=Pharoh Media and Pub|location=India|pages=199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3GcAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9788172210137}}</ref>
*Hayat-e-Shibli (Published in Al-Islah, Monthly magazine of Madarsatul-Islah)

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]

Gobinda Chandra Das

2025-09-29T23:43:19Z

Rahuljogi: new basic page w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Sudhanshu Shekhar Parida]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Gobinda Chandra Das''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Remuna Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Remuna, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Gobinda Chandra Das wins Remuna with 92620 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/remuna-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548418-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Remuna Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/remuna-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916842.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Gobinda Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Akbarpur Inter College

2025-09-19T18:12:15Z

Rahuljogi: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Kanpur Dehat district#Educational institutions]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Mushalpur

2025-09-16T15:35:44Z

Rahuljogi: Adding new info nd citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mushalpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = as
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baksa district|Baksa-BTR-Bodoland Territorial Autonomous District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 52
| population_total = 795
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 781372
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03624 XXXXXX
| registration_plate = AS-28
| website = {{URL|baksa.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mushalpur''' is a small town the headquarters of [[Baksa district]] in [[Assam]] state of India.<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://baksa.gov.in/district_administration.html |title= Baksa district}}</ref> It is located {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Charaimari]]. The place is mostly consists of shops and educational institutes.

==Demographics==
Mushalpur has population of 795 of which 429 are males while 366 are females as per [[2011 census of India]]. In Mushalpur population of children with age 0-6 is 69 which makes up 8.68% of total population of the town. Average Sex Ratio of Mushalpur is 853 which is lower than Assam state average of 958. Child Sex Ratio for the Mushalpur as per census is 1029, higher than Assam average of 962. In 2011, literacy rate of Mushalpur was 73.69% compared to 72.19% of Assam. In Mushalpur Male literacy stands at 82.53% while female literacy rate was 63.14%.

==External links==
*[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/304521-mushalpur-assam.html Population of Mushalpur]
*[http://www.assaminfo.com/districts/1/baksa.htm Baksa district at Assaminfo.com]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|26.6641|N|91.3407|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Baksa district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Embassy of India, Kyiv

2025-09-08T15:42:55Z

Rahuljogi: new a post more to come

{{Short description|Diplomatic mission of India to Ukraine}}
{{Infobox diplomatic mission
| name = Embassy of India, Kyiv
| image = Embassy of India in Kyiv.jpg
| address = 20-B, Maxima Berlinskogo Street
| ambassador = Ravi Shankar
| jurisdiction = {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| website = {{official|https://www.eoiukraine.gov.in/index.php}}
}}
The '''Embassy of India in Kyiv''' is a [[diplomatic mission]] of the [[India|Republic of India]] to [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home:Embassy of India, Ukraine|url=https://www.eoiukraine.gov.in/index.php|website=Embassy of India, Ukraine}}</ref> Shri Ravi Shankar is the current Ambassador of India to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Partha Satpathy appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Ukraine|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30318/Partha_Satpathy_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_Ukraine|access-date=2021-09-27|website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref> Embassy serves [[Ukraine]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=2019-01-26|title=From Afghanistan to South Sudan, Indian Community And Missions Celebrate Republic Day|url=https://www.india.com/news/world/from-afghanistan-to-south-sudan-indian-community-and-missions-celebrate-republic-day-3544503/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref>

The embassy was closed on 1 March 2022 due to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and staff were initially relocated to [[Lviv]] and then to [[Warsaw]], Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=India shuts down embassy in Kyiv, diplomats now in Lviv in west Ukraine to smoothen evacuation |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-shuts-down-embassy-in-kyiv-diplomats-now-in-lviv-in-west-ukraine-to-smoothen-evacuation/854091/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The embassy reopened on 17 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ukraine-war-indian-embassy-which-was-temporarily-operating-from-poland-to-resume-operation-in-kyiv-2973323 | title=Ukraine War: India to Reopen Embassy in Kyiv }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-embassy-ukraine-resume-operation-kyiv-may-17-7916228/ | title=Indian embassy in Ukraine to resume operation out of Kyiv from May 17 | date=13 May 2022 }}</ref>

==Education==
Scholarships are offered by the embassy to local nationals to study in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Scholarship programs offered by Government of India for professionals and students - KyivPost - Ukraine's Global Voice|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/business-wire/scholarship-programs-offered-by-government-of-india-for-professionals-and-students.html|access-date=2021-09-27|website=KyivPost}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[India–Ukraine relations]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Ukraine]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of India]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Ukraine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://www.eoiukraine.gov.in/index.php}}

{{Diplomatic missions of India}}
{{Diplomatic missions in Ukraine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Embassy of India, Kyiv}}
[[Category:Diplomatic missions of India|Ukraine]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in Kyiv|India]]
[[Category:India–Ukraine relations]]

{{Foreignrelations-stub}}

Cabo de Rama Fort

2025-09-02T03:00:02Z

Rahuljogi: new new data w/ infobox

{{Multiple issues|
{{More sources needed|date=October 2013}}
{{One source|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Cabo de Rama Fort
| native_language = Praça do Cabo de Rama
| image = Cabo de Rama Entrance.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Entrance of the Cabo de Rama Fort
| designation1 =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value =
| location = [[Canacona taluka|Canacona]], [[Goa]], India
| elevation =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture =
| coordinates = {{coord|15.08806 |73.91991|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India
| map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

'''Praça do Cabo de Rama''', also known as Cabo de Rama Fort, is a medieval [[hillfort]] located in [[Khola, Goa|Khola]] village, on the coast of [[Canacona taluka|Canacona]], [[Goa]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=After years of neglect, Cabo de Rama fort to get facelift |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-years-of-neglect-cabo-de-rama-fort-to-get-facelift/articleshow/87746336.cms |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

==History==
In the 1760s, the Portuguese gained control of Cabo de Rama after the Raja of Soonda surrendered his territory to them in return for protection against [[Hyder Ali]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]. Prior to that, the fort had regularly switched hands between [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Hindu and Muslim]] monarchs. The present structure with its walls, [[moat]]s, [[Rampart (fortification)|rampart]]s [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]s, chapel and cannons are remnants of the Portuguese era. The Portuguese equipped it with 21 guns and installed military barracks, a commander's quarter and a chapel.

In 1799, the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] saw the defeat of the [[Tipu Sultan|King of Mysore]], thus bringing an end to the Portuguese's primary rival in the region. Over time, the purpose of the fort shifted from being a defensive structure, to a prison. This fort housed a government prison till 1955.

Inside Cabo de Rama is the Capela de Santo António, a chapel which is still in use.

Cliffs drop steeply to the sea at the western side of the fort, which overlooks the entire length of [[Colva]] beach and the [[Canacona taluka|Canacona]] stretch.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Cabo_de_Ramo_1886.jpg|A view from 1886
The shore of Arabian sea from Cabo de Rama Fort.jpg|View from Cabo de Rama fort
Cabo da Rama 839.jpg|Ramparts
Cabo da Rama 843.jpg|Artillery remains.
Cabo Da Rama.jpg|Walls.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071029030832/http://www.goavacationguide.com/cabo-fort.html Article title]}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20111028184819/http://www.about-goa-blog.net/2011/01/cabo-de-rama-fort-canacona-south-goa.html
* Cabo de Rama [http://indiatourism.ws/goa/cabo_de_rama/ stunning pictures and spherical panoramas 360°]
* Cabo de Rama Fort and beach [http://www.goaphotoblog.com/2015/05/cabo-de-rama-fort.html]

{{Authority control}}
{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Forts in Goa]]
[[Category:Portuguese forts]]

PN Saxena

2025-07-12T10:46:43Z

Rahuljogi: general refine formatting based on references for consistency

{{short description|Indian pharmacologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
'''Prem Narain Saxena''' (15 October 1925 – 29 November 1999) was the Founder Professor and Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College]], India. He made contributions to the fields of traditional medicine and neuropharmacology. His demonstration of the wound-healing property of ''[[Curcuma longa]]'' was a major contributor to India's successful challenge of the US patent on the wound-healing property of [[Turmeric|Haldi]]. He was involved in discovery and pre-clinical development of the non-barbiturate hypnotic [[Methaqualone]]. His basic studies have helped in understanding the role of various neurotransmitters in thermoregulation. He also standardized the use of'' [[Setaria cervi]]'' for discovery of new anti-filarial agents.<ref>Prem Narain Saxena by BN Dhawan, Biography Members Fellow, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, pp 9-22</ref>

==Biography==
Prem Narain Saxena was born on 15 October 1925, in the village of Bithri-chainpur, [[Bareilly]]. He was the first child of his parents, Raghunandan Prasad and Saraswati Devi, and had three sisters. He married Rajeshwari Saxena.<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.4103/0976-500X.72355| last1=Rahman| first1=SZ| last2=Khan| first2=RA| title= Late Professor P N Saxena: A teacher of excellence | journal= J Pharmacol Pharmacother|date=Nov 2010| volume=1| issue=2| pages= 111–12 | pmid= 21350620| pmc=3043333| doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Education==

He was awarded his PhD from the [[Patna University]] in 1963{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} and his DSc from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Aligarh, in 1978.<ref>Saxena PN. DSc Thesis: An Experimental Study of Central Control of Thermoregulation, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 1978</ref>

==Career==
He joined the Department of Pharmacology of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Aligarh, on 14 April 1964 as Professor and Founder Chairman Department of Pharmacology. He served a period as Head Department of Pharmacology till 30 September 1985 and in view of his outstanding merits, he was re-employed by the University for the two years to 30 September 1987. Soon after retirement, he was selected as emeritus scientist of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]], New Delhi, for a period from 1 September 1987, which he served till 14 September 1990. On 31 January 1991, the University appointed him as [[professor emeritus]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

In the university, he had also acted as Dean, Faculty of Medicine, In-charge, Animal House and on few occasions as acting Principal Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College and acting Vice Chancellor of the University. As a Professor Emeritus, he continued his active research in the Department of Pharmacology till late December 1994.

==Contribution, awards and achievements==
He was awarded the Fellowship of [[Rockefeller Foundation]] Fellow in USA during 1960–61; Commonwealth Medical Fellowship and then Wellcome Research Fellowship in England during the 1970s. In London at the [[National Institute for Medical Research]], he worked on mechanism of action of Pyrogen and in the field of [[thermoregulation]], with [[Wilhelm Feldberg]] (1900–1993), a German-British-Jewish pharmacologist and biologist. Wilhelm Feldberg assisted many research workers who came to England as a part of their Commonwealth Medical Fellowship and Wellcome Research Fellowship. Under these Fellowships, Saxena and Feldberg published many papers during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Syed Ziaur Rahman | title= Wilhelm Feldberg and Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh (India) | journal= Newsletter of Ibn Sina Academy |date=July–September 2010| volume=10 | issue=3| pages= 11–13| author-link=Syed Ziaur Rahman}}</ref>

In total, Saxena has approximately 145 published research papers. He wrote ''Hospital Formulary'' in 1969 and a book-cum-manual for practical pharmacy and experimental pharmacology laboratory.

He had been founding member of many academic bodies such Indian Pharmacological Society, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, [[Indian Medical Association]], Indian Academy of Neurosciences and Indian Association for the Advancement of Medical Education in India. [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) elected him Fellow (FNA) in 1987.<ref>Prem Narain Saxena by BN Dhawan, Biography Members Fellow, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, pp 9-22</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url = http://www.jpharmacol.com/text.asp?2017/8/3/151/215686|doi=10.4103/jpp.JPP_105_17 | author = Syed Ziaur Rahman | title= A giant of indian pharmacology is no more: Rest in peace Prof. B. N. Dhawan | journal= J Pharmacol Pharmacother |date=September 2017| volume=8 | issue=3| pages= 151–152| author-link=Syed Ziaur Rahman|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[KC Singhal]], student
* [[Syed Ziaur Rahman]], student

==Sources==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = Late Professor P N Saxena: A teacher of excellence
| author = Rahman, SZ; Khan, RA (Nov 2010)
| publisher = J Pharmacol Pharmacother
| page numbers =
| source =
| documentURL = http://www.jpharmacol.com/article.asp?issn=0976-500X;year=2010;volume=1;issue=2;spage=111;epage=112;aulast=Rahman
| license statement URL = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043333
| license = Creative Commons Attribution
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxena, PN}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian pharmacologists]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]

Ravanaparabhu

2025-06-23T14:06:49Z

Rahuljogi: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ravanaprabhu]]

Burhi Gosani Devalaya Jorhat

2025-06-13T18:20:19Z

Rahuljogi: new basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Ancient place of worship of Devi Durga in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Burhi Gosani Devalaya
|religious_affiliation=Hinduism
|deity=Primordial deity Burhi later [[Sankritisation|hinduised]] to Goddess Durga <ref>"(T)he Primordial parents Gira-Girasi or Bura Buri, which were later Hinduised as Siva and Sakti"{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=49}}</ref>
|location=[[Jorhat]]
|state=[[Assam]]
|country=India
|established={{start date and age|1794}}
|festival=Durga Puja
|coordinates = {{coord|26|45|32|N|94|12|53|E|}}
}}

'''Burhi Gosani Devalaya''' is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Shaktism|shakta]] temple which was originally used to worship the primordial deity Burhi and was later [[Sanskritisation|sanskritised]]
to goddess [[Durga]].<ref>"(T)he Primordial parents Gira-Girasi or Bura Buri, which were later Hinduised as Siva and Sakti"{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=49}}</ref> It is situated at Dewal Road in [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]], [[India]].

== Location ==
The location coordinates of the temple are 26°45'32"N 94°12'53"E<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wikimapia|first=Wikimapia.org|date=|title=Sri Sri Burhi Gosani Devalaya|url=http://wikimapia.org/15848159/Shree-Shree-Burhi-Goshani-Dewalaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215053744/http://wikimapia.org:80/15848159/Shree-Shree-Burhi-Goshani-Dewalaya |archive-date=2016-02-15 |access-date=|website=Wkimapia.org}}</ref>

== History ==
The idol of the temple was brought by [[Ahom people|Ahom]] king [[Sukhrungphaa|Rudra Singha]] from the [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]] hills of [[Meghalaya|Meghalya]] to the Ahom kingdom in Assam. Later Ahom king [[Suhitpangphaa|Gaurinath Singha]] shifted the capital from [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur (Ahom capital)]] to Jorhat and established the Burhi Gosani Devalaya in Jorhat in the year 1794.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jorhat District Administration, Government Of Assam, India|first=List of ancient monuments of Jorhat district|date=|title=List of ancient monuments of Jorhat District|url=http://jorhat.gov.in/list-of-mediaeval-monuments.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510020400/http://jorhat.gov.in:80/list-of-mediaeval-monuments.html |archive-date=2015-05-10 |access-date=|website=Jorhat District Administration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Census of India, Series 19, Part XII-A|first=District Census Book, Census of India, Jorhat District, Government of India, 2011|year=2011|title=District Census Book, Census of India, Jorhat District, Government of India,2011|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/18/1813_PART_A_DCHB_JORHAT.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921164828/http://www.censusindia.gov.in:80/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/18/1813_PART_A_DCHB_JORHAT.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-21 |access-date=|website=Census of India|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Archive.org|first=Holy shrines of Assam|title=Holy shrines of Assam|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125617/page/n51/mode/2up|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Archive.org|year=1940 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bigindians blogspot.com|first=Burhi Gosani Devalaya|date=24 September 2009|title=Burhi Gosani Devalaya|url=http://bigindians.blogspot.com/2009/09/durga-puja-at-burhi-gosani-devalaya.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Bigindians blogspot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=assamassembly|first=assamassembly|title=assamassembly|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/budget-speech-2019-20-english.pdf|url-status=live|website=assamassembly.gov.in|page=Page no. 2 Annexure I|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204221752/http://assamassembly.gov.in/budget-speech-2019-20-english.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-04 }}</ref> The main event of the temple is the annual [[Durga Puja]] celebrations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sentinelassam.com|first=Durga Puja celebrations in ancient Burhi Gosani Devalaya, Jorhat|date=|title=sentinelassam.com|work=|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sentinel-TV/durga-puja-2019-watch-puja-preparations-at-ancient-burhi-gosani-devalaya-in-jorhat-449744|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=assamnews18.com|first=Durga Puja celebrations i Burhi Gosani Devalaya Jiorhat Assam|date=|title=assamnews18.com|work=|url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/durga-puja-in-burhi-gosani-devalay-jorhat-tv-gautom-skd-82975.html|access-date=}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:SRI SRI BURHI GOSANI DEVALAYA Jorhat Assam India.jpg|Sri Sri Burhi Gosani Devalaya gate
File:The Deity Burhi Gosani Devalaya Jorhat Assam India.jpg|The Deity Burhi Gosani Devalaya
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

==Bibliography==
{{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}
{{Commons category}}

[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Assam]]
[[Category:18th-century Hindu temples]]