Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Indian diaspora

2023-10-10T14:35:00Z

Rahuldevrajburman: added a citation for PIO cards

{{Short description|Indian citizens and persons of Indian origin living abroad}}
{{Other uses|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Non-status Indian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group =Non-resident Indians, people of Indian origin and overseas citizens of India
| native_name =Pravaasi Bharatiya
| native_name_lang =
| flag =[[File:Flag of India.svg|border|250px]]
| flag_caption =[[Flag of India]]
| population ={{Circa|32,100,000|lk=yes}} (2022 estimate) <ref name="POI">{{cite web| title =Population of Overseas Indians| url =http://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm| date =15 February 2023| website =mea.gov.in| publisher =Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017172722/http://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm| archive-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>
| region1 ={{flag|United States}}
| pop1 =4,946,306<ref name="USA Census">{{cite web| title =ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS. ''American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B02018''| url =https://data.census.gov/table?q=B02018| date =2021| website =data.census.gov| publisher =U.S. Census Bureau| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region2 ={{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop2 =3,425,144<ref name="POI"/><ref name="Pew research">{{Cite news |date=3 March 2017 |title=India is a top source and destination for world's migrants |work=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053252/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/ |archive-date=25 December 2018}}</ref>
| region3 ={{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop3 =2,594,947<ref name="POI"/><ref name="huffingtonpost">{{Cite news |date=21 June 2017 |title=How Saudi Arabia's 'Family Tax' Is Forcing Indians To Return Home |work=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/06/21/how-saudi-arabias-family-tax-is-forcing-indians-to-return-hom_a_22494498/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053253/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/06/21/how-saudi-arabias-family-tax-is-forcing-indians-to-return-hom_a_22494498/?ec_carp=2819915949931742186 |archive-date=25 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news |title=Indians brace for Saudi 'family tax' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/middle-east-news/indians-brace-for-saudi-family-tax/articleshow/59243550.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/middle-east-news/indians-brace-for-saudi-family-tax/articleshow/59243550.cms |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=21 June 2017 |newspaper=Times of India|date=21 June 2017 }}</ref>
| region4 ={{flag|Malaysia}}
| pop4 =2,012,600<ref name="penerangan Malaysia">{{cite web| title =Population by States and Ethnic Group| url =http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html| date =2015| website =penerangan.gov.my| publisher =Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia| access-date =7 August 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160212125740/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html| archive-date =12 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region5 ={{flag|Myanmar}}
| pop5 =2,009,207<ref name="POI"/><ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web|title=In limbo: The stateless Indians of Myanmar|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/in-limbo-the-stateless-indians-of-myanmar/20111014.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065709/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/in-limbo-the-stateless-indians-of-myanmar/20111014.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
| region6 ={{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop6 =1,451,862 (2011)<ref name="UK Census 2011">{{cite web| title =2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom| url =http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls| date =11 October 2013| website =ons.gov.uk| publisher =Office for National Statistics (ONS)| access-date =7 August 2023| url-status =live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131021150149/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls| archive-date =21 October 2013}}</ref>{{efn|name="census"|This census figure may not include recent immigrants or people of [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|partial]] Indian ancestry.}}
| region7 ={{flag|South Africa}}
| pop7 =1,375,834<ref name="statssa">{{cite web| title =Community Survey 2016 – Statistical Release| url =http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/NT-30-06-2016-RELEASE-for-CS-2016-_Statistical-releas_1-July-2016.pdf| pages =31| date =2016| location =Pretoria| website =statssa.gov.za| publisher =Statistics South Africa| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region8 ={{flag|Oman}}
| pop8 =1,375,667<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock">{{cite web| title =International Migrant Stock 2020| url =https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock| date =2020| website =un.org| publisher =United Nations, Population Division| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region9 ={{flag|Canada}}
| pop9 =1,347,715<ref name="Canada Census">{{cite web| title =''Census Profile.'' 2021 Census of Population| url =https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada| date =29 March 2023| website =statcan.gc.ca| publisher =Statistics Canada| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>{{efn|name=NoteCanadaPopulation2021}}
| region10 ={{flag|Kuwait}}
| pop10 =1,152,175<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/><ref name="gulfnews">{{Cite news |title=Kuwait MP seeks five-year cap on expat workers' stay |work=Gulf News|date=30 January 2014|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-mp-seeks-five-year-cap-on-expat-workers-stay-1.1284513 |url-status=live |access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203246/https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-mp-seeks-five-year-cap-on-expat-workers-stay-1.1284513 |archive-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
| region11 ={{flag|Mauritius}}
| pop11 =894,500<ref name="POI"/>
| region12 ={{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| pop12 =842,323<ref name="statistics Sri Lanka">{{cite web| title =''A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts.'' Sri Lanka Census of Population and Housing| url =http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3| date =2012| website =statistics.gov.lk| publisher =Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka| access-date =7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310011932/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|archive-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
| region13 ={{flag|Qatar}}
| pop13 =702,013<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>
| region14 ={{flag|Australia}}
| pop14 =673,352<ref name="Australia Census">{{cite web| title =People in Australia who were born in India| url =https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7103_AUS| website =abs.gov.au| publisher =Australian Bureau of Statistics| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region15 ={{flag|Nepal}}
| pop15 =426,941<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>
| region16 ={{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| pop16 =468,524<ref name="cso.gov.tt">{{cite web| title =POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS DEMOGRAPHIC REPORT| url =http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf| pages =94| quote =NON-INSTITUTIONAL POPULATION BY SEX, AGE GROUP, ETHNIC GROUP AND MUNICIPALITY| date =2012| website =cso.gov.tt| publisher =Central Statistics Office, Trinidad & Tobago| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230527/http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf| archive-date =2 May 2013}}</ref>
| region17 ={{flag|Singapore}}
| pop17 =362,274<ref name="singstat">{{cite web| title =Census of Population 2020 – Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion| url =https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf| pages =68| quote =Indian Resident Population by Age Group, Detailed Ethnic Group and Sex| date =2020| website =singstat.gov.sg| publisher =Department of Statistics, Singapore| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region18 ={{flag|Bahrain}}
| pop18 =326,658<ref name="POI"/>
| region19 ={{flag|Fiji}}
| pop19 =315,198<ref name="POI"/>
| region20 ={{flag|Guyana}}
| pop20 =299,382<ref name="POI"/>
| region21 ={{flag|Réunion}} ''([[Overseas France]])''
| pop21 =297,300<ref name="POI"/>
| region22 ={{flag|Germany}}
| pop22 =247,000<ref name="destatis.de">{{cite web| title =Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten| trans-title =Population in private households by migration background in the broader sense by selected countries of birth| language =de| url =https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html| quote =Indien [India]| date =2022| website =destatis.de| publisher =Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office, Germany)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region23 ={{flag|New Zealand}}
| pop23 =239,193<ref name="NZ Census">{{cite web| title =Indian ethnic group – ''2018 census ethnic group summaries''| url =https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/indian| date =2018| website =stats.govt.nz| publisher =Stats NZ Tatauranga Aotearoa, New Zealand| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region24 ={{flag|Suriname}}
| pop24 =237,205<ref name="POI"/>
| region25 ={{flag|Italy}}
| pop25 =162,492<ref name="istat.it">{{cite web| title =Foreign citizens: resident population by sex and demographic balance on 31st December 2021| url =https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=P03&a=2021&l=en| website =istat.it| publisher =Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (National Statistics Institute, Italy)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region26 ={{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop26 =127,014<ref name="redatam Bangladesh">{{cite web| title =Birth different country| url =http://redatam.bbs.gov.bd/redbin/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=HPC2011_long| date =2011| website =redatam.bbs.gov.bd| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region27 ={{flag|Indonesia}}
| pop27 =125,900<ref name="POI"/>
| region28 ={{flag|Jamaica}}
| pop28 =101,486<ref name="Jamaica">{{citation |title=Jamaica |date=21 October 2019 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/eada27b7-en |work=World Population Policies 2015 |pages=302–303 |publisher=United Nations |doi=10.18356/eada27b7-en |isbn=978-92-1-057611-6 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
| region29 ={{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop29 =65,399<ref name="cbs.nl">{{cite web| title =Bevolking; geslacht, lft, generatie en migr.achtergrond, 1 jan; 1996-2022| trans-title =Population; gender, age, generation and migration background, Jan 1; 1996-2022| language =nl| url =https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table| quote =Migratieachtergrond [Migration background] | India| date =May 2022| website =cbs.nl| publisher =Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Central Bureau of Statistics, Netherlands)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region30 ={{flag|Tanzania}}
| pop30 =60,000<ref name="POI"/>
| region31 ={{flag|France}}
| pop31 =58,983<ref name="europa.eu">{{cite web| title =Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth| url =https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/migr_pop3ctb/default/table?lang=en| date =2023| website =europa.eu| publisher =Eurostat| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region32 ={{flag|Spain}}
| pop32 =56,459<ref name="ine.es">{{cite web| title =Resident population by date, sex, age group and country of birth| url =https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=56937&L=1| website =ine.es| publisher =Instituto Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Institute, Spain)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| region33 ={{flag|China}}
| pop33 =56,050<ref name="POI"/><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/india-and-china-need-a-push-to-encourage-more-people-to-live-across-the-border/|title=India and China need a push to encourage more people to live across the border|date=12 May 2015|access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-date=2018-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129080610/https://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/india-and-china-need-a-push-to-encourage-more-people-to-live-across-the-border/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region34 ={{flag|Sweden}}
| pop34 =53,973<ref name="scb.se">{{cite web| title =Population by country of birth and country of Origin, 31 December 2022, total| url =https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/population/population-composition/population-statistics/| date =March 2023| website =scb.se| publisher =Statistics Sweden| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
| languages =[[Languages of India]]
| religions =[[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]], [[Islam in India|Islam]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Christianity in India|Christianity]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Indian Jews|Judaism]]
}}

'''Overseas Indians''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Pravāsī Bhāratīya}}), officially '''Non-Resident Indians''' ('''NRIs''') and '''People of Indian Origin''' ('''PIOs''') are [[Indian people|Indians]] who reside or originate outside of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Diaspora Abroad |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106333 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326135725/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106333 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Overseas Indians |url=https://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf |publisher=Minister of External Affairs India |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=2020-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720104038/http://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Government of India]], ''Non-Resident Indians'' are citizens of India who currently are not living in India, while the term ''People of Indian Origin'' refers to people of Indian birth or ancestry who are citizens of countries other than India (with some exceptions). [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] (OCI) is given to ''People of Indian Origin'' and to persons who are not ''People of Indian Origin'' but married to ''People of Indian Origin''. Persons with OCI status are known as '''Overseas Citizens of India''' ('''OCIs''').<ref>{{cite web |title=Initiatives for Overseas Indians |url=https://www.cgisf.gov.in/page/initiatives-for-overseas-indians/ |publisher=Consulate General of India |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326135725/https://www.cgisf.gov.in/page/initiatives-for-overseas-indians/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The OCI status is a permanent visa for visiting India with a foreign passport.

According to a [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] report, there are 32 million NRIs and PIOs (including OCIs) residing outside India; and overseas Indians comprise the world's largest overseas diaspora.<ref name="POI" /> Every year 2.5 million (25 lakh) Indians migrate overseas, which is the highest annual number of migrants in the world.<ref name="migrate1">[https://www.news18.com/news/world/planning-to-study-work-in-canada-heres-why-tomorrows-election-could-amend-immigration-rules-4219631.html Planning to Study, Work in Canada? Here's Why Tomorrow's Election Could Amend Immigration Rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213949/https://www.news18.com/news/world/planning-to-study-work-in-canada-heres-why-tomorrows-election-could-amend-immigration-rules-4219631.html |date=20 September 2021 }}, News18, SEPTEMBER 19, 2021.</ref>

==Legal framework==
===Non-resident Indian (NRI)===
Strictly, the term [[alien (law)|Non-resident]] Indian refers only to the [[income tax|tax status]] of an Indian citizen who, as per section 6 of [[The Income-tax Act, 1961]], has not resided in India for a specified period for the purposes of the Income Tax Act.<ref name="itact" >{{Citation |title=Income Tax Act |date=18 December 2012 |url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/Income-tax-acts.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218153423/http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/Income-tax-acts.aspx |access-date=9 September 2012 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The rates of income tax are different for persons who are "resident in India" and for NRIs. For the purposes of the Income Tax Act, "residence in India" requires stay in India of at least 182 days in a financial year or 365 days spread out over four consecutive years and at least 60 days in that year. According to the act, any Indian citizen who does not meet the criteria as a "resident of India" is a non-resident of India and is treated as NRI for paying income tax.

===Person of Indian Origin (PIO)===
A '''Person of Indian Origin''' (PIO)<ref name="https://mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/703_PIO-OCI.pdf">PIO OCI Card - MEA, GOI https://mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/703_PIO-OCI.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309025619/https://mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/703_PIO-OCI.pdf |date=9 March 2021 }}</ref> means a foreign citizen (except a national of [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Iran]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sri Lanka]] and/or [[Nepal]]), who:
* previously held an Indian [[passport]], or
* either of whose parents/grandparents/great-grandparents were born and permanently resided in India as defined in [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act, 1935]] and other territories that became part of India thereafter provided neither was at any time a citizen of any of the aforesaid countries (as referred above), or
* is a spouse of a citizen of India or of a PIO.

===Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)===
{{Main|Overseas Citizenship of India}}

After multiple efforts by leaders across the Indian political spectrum, a long term visa scheme was established, the "Overseas Citizenship of India", commonly referred to as the ''OCI card''. The name is itself misleading, as it doesn't offer Indian citizenship. The [[Constitution of India]] does not permit full dual citizenship. The OCI card is effectively a long-term visa, with restrictions on voting rights and government jobs. The card is available to certain Overseas ex-Indians, and while it affords holders residency and other rights, it does have restrictions, and is not considered to be any type of Indian citizenship from a constitutional perspective.

[[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced on 28 September 2014 that PIO and OCI cards would be merged.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Reetu |date=2 March 2016 |title=Modi announces merging of OCI and POI cards, but how will it help: Explained |language=en |work=www.oneindia.com |agency=One India |url=http://www.oneindia.com/feature/modi-announces-merging-oci-poi-cards-but-how-will-it-help-explained-1531663.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422122532/http://www.oneindia.com/feature/modi-announces-merging-oci-poi-cards-but-how-will-it-help-explained-1531663.html |archive-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> On 9 January 2015, the Person of Indian Origin Card scheme was withdrawn by the Government of India and was merged with the [[Overseas Citizen of India]] card scheme. PIO cardholders must apply to convert their existing cards into OCI cards. The [[Bureau of Immigration (India)|Bureau of Immigration]] stated that it would continue to accept the old PIO cards as valid travel documents until 31 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of External Affairs |url=https://eoi.gov.in/eoisearch/MyPrint.php?17539?001/0004#:~:text=Government%20of%20India%20has%20decided,2023. |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=eoi.gov.in}}</ref>

===Comparison===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparison of Resident Indians, NRIS, PIOs and OCIs<ref name="mhagov" >{{Citation |title=Comparative Chart on NRI/PIO/PIO CARD HOLDERS/OCI |date=15 June 2020 |url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/oci-chart.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619061930/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/oci-chart.pdf |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Category !! Indian passport (Indian Citizen) !! Resident in India !! Expatriate !! [[Income tax in India|Tax status]] !! OCI card !! Acts !! Notes
|-
! Indian (resident)
| Yes || Yes || No || Yes || No || [[Indian nationality law]] [[Passports Act]] ||
|-
! Non-resident Indian (NRI)
| Yes || No || Yes (of India) || No || No || [[Indian nationality law]] [[Passports Act]] [[The Income-tax Act, 1961|IT Act, 1961]]<ref name="itact" /> ||
|-
! Person of Indian Origin (PIO){{ref|n1|1}} / [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizen of India]] (OCI){{ref|n2|2}}
| No || Yes (in India) else, No || Yes (in India) || Yes (if resident in India) else, No || Yes || [[Indian nationality law|CA Act, 2005]] (Section 7A-B) || lifetime visa / [[permanent residency]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ PIOs and OCIs
! Foreign national !! OCI card eligible !! Exception !! Status after attaining OCI
|-
! Person of Indian Origin (PIO)
| Yes || – || [[Overseas Citizenship of India#PIO OCIs|PIO OCI]]
|-
! Others
| No || Yes, if married to Indian citizen || [[Overseas Citizenship of India#Non-PIO OCIs|Non-PIO OCI]]
|}

'''Notes:'''
:1. {{note|n1}}People of Indian Origin (PIO) refers to people of Indian birth or ancestry who are not citizens of India, but are citizens of other nations. Those PIOs who have availed of the Overseas Citizenship of India status through OCI card are known as Overseas Citizen of India (OCI). The card issued to PIOs earlier known as PIO card has been merged into OCI card since 2014.
:2. {{note|n2}}Overseas Citizens of India can include both PIO OCIs and non-PIO OCIs. As additionally foreign nationals who marry Indian citizens can also avail of the OCI card and become OCI, thus Non-PIO OCIs are excluded here since they are not part of the Indian diaspora.

==History of emigration from India==

===Spread of Indic religions===

====Arabian peninsula====
{{See also|Indians in Oman|Aden Protectorate}}

====Central Asia====
Narimsimhan et al. (2018)<ref>Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick J.; Moorjani, Priya; Lazaridis, Iosif; Mark, Lipson; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Kim, Alexander M. (30 June 2019). "The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia". bioRxiv: 292581. doi:10.1101/292581.</ref> have found that there was an "Indus periphery" population living in [[Central Asia]] during the [[Bronze Age]]. They had migrated from the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and had settled down in [[BMAC]] settlements to trade, this is corroborated by the discovery of Indus Valley seals in Central Asia.<ref>Possehl, Gregory L, The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, New Delhi: Dev Publishers & Distributor,2002, Page 231</ref>

The modern Indian merchant diaspora in [[Central Asia]] and [[Arabia]] emerged in the mid-16th century and remained active for over four centuries. [[Astrakhan]] at the mouth of the [[Volga River|Volga]] was the first place in the [[Tsardom of Russia]] where an Indian merchant colony was established as early as the 1610s. Russian chroniclers reported the presence of Hindu traders in Moscow and St Petersburg in the 18th century.<ref name="petersburgcity.com">{{Cite web |title=The Indian Diaspora in Russia |url=http://petersburgcity.com/news/city/2004/11/23/indian_diaspora/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314064200/http://petersburgcity.com/news/city/2004/11/23/indian_diaspora/ |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |publisher=St.Petersburg city news}}</ref>
[[File:India Square JC jeh.JPG|thumb|right|Individuals of Indian origin have achieved a high [[demographic profile]] in [[metropolitan area]]s worldwide, including [[India Square]] (''Little [[Bombay]]''<ref>Kiniry, Laura. "Moon Handbooks New Jersey", Avalon Travel Publishing, 2006. pg. 34 {{ISBN|1-56691-949-5}}. Retrieved 11 April 2015.</ref>) in [[Jersey City, New Jersey#Demographics|Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], United States, home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laryssa Wirstiuk |date=21 April 2014 |title=Neighborhood Spotlight: Journal Square |work=Jersey City Independent |url=http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2014/04/neighborhood-spotlight-journal-square/ |url-status=dead |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630085618/http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2014/04/neighborhood-spotlight-journal-square/ |archive-date=30 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222152450/http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=11 April 2015 |publisher=US Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2011/immsuptable2d.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707193758/https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2011/immsuptable2d.xls |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=11 April 2015 |publisher=US Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2010/immsuptable2d.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707181534/https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2010/immsuptable2d.xls |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=11 April 2015 |publisher=Department of Homeland Security}}</ref>]]

Multani people from [[Multan]], [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]] and [[Mawar]] of both Hindu and Muslim background acted as bankers and merchants in [[Safavid]] Persia. Hindu merchants in [[Hamadan]] were massacred by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] as stated by an Armenian, with the Indian merchant community plummeting due to the [[Ottoman–Hotaki War (1722–27)|Ottoman and Afghan wars in Iran (1722–27)]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=India vii. Relations: the Afsharid and Zand Periods |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-vii-relations-the-afsharid-and-zand-periods |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 December 2004 |volume=XIII |pages=21–26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228122428/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-vii-relations-the-afsharid-and-zand-periods |archive-date=28 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Kerman]], traders of Hindu background had a [[caravanserai]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=BĀZĀR ii. Organization and Function |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bazar-ii |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 December 1989 |volume=IV |pages=25–30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101162115/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bazar-ii |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Traders of Indian background were mentioned by Jean Chardin, Jean de Thévenot, Adam Olearius and F. A. Kotov in the [[Safavid dynasty]] in Persia where they lived along with Jews and Armenians. Traders from India of Sikh and Hindu background lived in the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] and [[Zand dynasty|Zand dynasties]] in Persia after a clampdown by [[Nader Shah]] and the Afghan [[Ghilji|Ghilzar]] wars in Iran.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=India xiii. Indo-iranian Commercial Relations |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-xiii-indo-iranian-commercial-relations |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 December 2004 |volume=XIII |pages=44–47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117083050/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-xiii-indo-iranian-commercial-relations |archive-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Samarkand|Sarmarqandi]] and [[Bukhara]]n traders bought Indian indigo from merchants of Hindu origin in Kandahar in 1783 according to George Forester. The tallest houses were owned by Hindus according to Elphinstone in 1815. Lumsden recorded 350 stores owned by Hindus in [[Kandahar]]. Finance, precious metals, and textiles were all dealt with by Sikhs and Hindus in Kandahar.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kandahar i. Historical Geography to 1979 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kandahar-historical-geography-to-1979 |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 December 2010 |volume=XV |pages=466–475 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117091401/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kandahar-historical-geography-to-1979 |archive-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A Hindu worked for [[Timur Shah Durrani]] in Afghanistan. [[Peshawar]] Hindus were in Kabul by 1783. [[Moneylender|Money lending]] was the main occupation of Hindus in Kabul. Armenians and Hindus lived in [[Kabul]] according to an 1876 survey.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kabul ii. Historical Geography |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kabul-ii-historical-geography |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 September 2009 |volume=XV |pages=282–303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116234940/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kabul-ii-historical-geography |archive-date=16 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jews and Hindus lived in Herat in the 1800s.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=HERAT vi. THE HERAT QUESTION |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-vi |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 December 2003 |volume=XII |pages=219–224 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101161900/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-vi |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sindhi Shikarpur Hindus, Jews, and Arabs lived in Balkh in 1886.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Balk |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balk-town-and-province |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 December 1988 |volume=III |pages=587–596 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117023140/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balk-town-and-province |archive-date=17 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sindhi and Punjabi were the languages used by Indians in Afghanistan. Some Afghan cities including Kabul have places of worship for Hindus and Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Afghanistan v. Languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 December 1983 |volume=I |pages=501–516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429162829/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages |archive-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Local citizenship has been obtained in Afghanistan by Hindu and Sikh traders.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Cotton iii. In Afghanistan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cotton-iii |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 December 1993 |volume=VI |pages=338–351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101162043/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cotton-iii |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Peshawari and Shikarpuri Indian traders were involved in Central Asia. The Shikarpuri invested in grain in the Bukharan Emirate as well as Ferghana cotton. They also engaged in legal money lending in Bukhara, which they could not legally do in [[Russian Turkestan]].<ref name="Markovits2000">{{Cite book |last=Claude Markovits |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC |title=The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43127-9 |page=191 |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713032126/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC |archive-date=13 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jews, Hindus, Baluch, Persians, and Arabs lived in Samarkand, and Hindus and Baháʼís live in Baluchistan and Khorasan in Iran.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=ETHNOGRAPHY (Text) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ethnography-i |access-date=1 January 2017 |date=15 December 1998 |volume=IX |pages=9–28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117060912/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ethnography-i |archive-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Uyghur merchants would harass Hindu usurers by screaming at them asking them if they ate beef or hanging cow skins on their quarters. Uyghur men also rioted and attacked Hindus for marrying Uyghur women in 1907 in Poskam and Yarkand like Ditta Ram calling for their beheading and stoning Indians to death as they engaged in anti-Hindu violence.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schluessel |first=Eric T |date= |title=The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday. Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 |type=Doctoral dissertation |chapter= |publisher=Harvard |docket= |oclc= |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493602/SCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf |pages=207, 208 |access-date= |archive-date=2022-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922115430/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493602/SCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindu Indian usurers engaging in a religious procession led to violence against them by Muslim Uyghurs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hultvall |first1=John |date= |title=Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938 |url=https://equmeniakyrkan.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/mission-and-revolution-part-1-hultvall-eng.pdf |pages=8 |doi= |access-date= |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428002913/https://equmeniakyrkan.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/mission-and-revolution-part-1-hultvall-eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1896 two Uyghur Turkis attacked a Hindu merchant and the British consul Macartney demanded the Uyghurs be punished by flogging.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nightingale |first1=Pamela |last2=Skrine |first2=C.P. |title=Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136576164 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bbr5AQAAQBAJ&dq=sharpcut+horse+turki&pg=PT93}}</ref>

The money lenders and merchants of Hindu background from British India in [[Xinjiang]] were guaranteed by the British Consul-General.<ref name="Hopkirk2001">{{Cite book |last=Peter Hopkirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EojH3awYyHMC&q=Officially+protect+rights+traders+money+lenders+eastern+end+parish+roughly&pg=PA97 |title=Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280212-5 |pages=97– |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412120459/https://books.google.com/books?id=EojH3awYyHMC&q=Officially+protect+rights+traders+money+lenders+eastern+end+parish+roughly&pg=PA97 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hopkirk2012">{{Cite book |last=Peter Hopkirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4Q5AgAAQBAJ&q=although+messages+morse+telegraph+line+wireless+invaluable+radio+disposal+rounded&pg=PT57 |title=Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin's Dream of an Empire in Asia |date=16 February 2012 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-84854-725-4 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412120458/https://books.google.com/books?id=e4Q5AgAAQBAJ&q=although+messages+morse+telegraph+line+wireless+invaluable+radio+disposal+rounded&pg=PT57 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russian refugees, missionaries, and [[#Central Asia|British-Indian merchants and money lenders of Hindu background]] were potential targets of gangs of [[Kashgar]]is so the Consulate-General of Britain was a potential shelter.<ref name="Hopkirk2001 2">{{Cite book |last=Peter Hopkirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EojH3awYyHMC&q=Gillan+refuge+Hindu+money+lenders+traders+citizenship+Russians&pg=PA191 |title=Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280212-5 |pages=191– |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412120454/https://books.google.com/books?id=EojH3awYyHMC&q=Gillan+refuge+Hindu+money+lenders+traders+citizenship+Russians&pg=PA191 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hopkirk2012 2">{{Cite book |last=Peter Hopkirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4Q5AgAAQBAJ&q=pay+any+attention+flee+intelligence+sergeants+posted+impossible+tours&pg=PT107 |title=Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin's Dream of an Empire in Asia |date=16 February 2012 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-84854-725-4 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412120453/https://books.google.com/books?id=e4Q5AgAAQBAJ&q=pay+any+attention+flee+intelligence+sergeants+posted+impossible+tours&pg=PT107 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[First East Turkestan Republic#Christians and Hindus|The killings of two Hindus at the hands of Uighurs]] took place in the Shamba Bazaar<ref name="Forbes1986 5">{{Cite book |last=Andrew D. W. Forbes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76 |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 |date=9 October 1986 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-25514-1 |pages=76– |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170728/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> in a most brutal fashion.<ref name="Hopkirk2012 3">{{Cite book |last=Peter Hopkirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4Q5AgAAQBAJ&q=Hindus+methods+mediaeval+cruelty+ears+tongues+eyes+teeth&pg=PT122 |title=Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin's Dream of an Empire in Asia |date=16 February 2012 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-84854-725-4 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412120450/https://books.google.com/books?id=e4Q5AgAAQBAJ&q=Hindus+methods+mediaeval+cruelty+ears+tongues+eyes+teeth&pg=PT122 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hopkirk2001 3">{{Cite book |last=Peter Hopkirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EojH3awYyHMC&pg=PA222 |title=Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280212-5 |pages=222– |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170637/https://books.google.com/books?id=EojH3awYyHMC&pg=PA222 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ambolt1939">{{Cite book |last=Nils Peter Ambolt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HH1CAAAAIAAJ&q=Hindus+methods+mediaeval+cruelty+ears+tongues+eyes+teeth |title=Karavan: Travels in Eastern Turkestan |publisher=Blackie & son, limited |year=1939 |page=169 |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412120457/https://books.google.com/books?id=HH1CAAAAIAAJ&q=Hindus+methods+mediaeval+cruelty+ears+tongues+eyes+teeth |archive-date=12 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The plundering of the valuables of slaughtered British Indian Hindus happened in Posgam on 25 March 1933, and on the previous day in [[Kargilik Town|Karghalik]] at the hands of [[Uyghurs|Uighurs]].<ref name="Forbes1986 6">{{Cite book |last=Andrew D. W. Forbes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 |date=9 October 1986 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-25514-1 |pages=78– |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170637/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Killings of Hindus took place in Khotan at the hands of the Bughra Amirs.<ref name="Forbes1986 7">{{Cite book |last=Andrew D. W. Forbes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84 |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 |date=9 October 1986 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-25514-1 |pages=84– |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170638/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Antagonism against both the British and Hindus ran high among the Muslim Turki [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] rebels in Xinjiang's southern area. Muslims plundered the possessions in [[Kargilik Town|Karghalik]] of Rai Sahib Dip Chand, who was the [[aqsaqal|aksakal]] of Britain, and his fellow Hindus on 24 March 1933, and in [[Keriya Town|Keryia]] they slaughtered British Indian Hindus.<ref name="Dillon2014">{{Cite book |last=Michael Dillon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2MtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |title=Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century |date=1 August 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-64721-8 |pages=85– |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170638/https://books.google.com/books?id=J2MtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sind's Shikarpur district was the origin of the Hindu diaspora there. The slaughter of the Hindus from British India was called the "Karghalik Outrage". The Muslims had killed nine of them.<ref name="ForbesCan1991">{{Cite book |last1=Andrew D. W. Forbes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmcwAQAAIAAJ&q=For+details+of+the+%C2%ABKarghalik+Outrage%C2%BB+-+where+nine+British+Indian+Hindus+were+massacred,+and+their+bodies+thrown+inta+a+well+-+see+IOR,+L/P+%26+S/12/2331,+...+Nearly+all+the+Hindu+money-lenders+resident+in+Repub-+lican+Sinkiang+were+from+Shikarpur+in+Sind. |title=Doğu Türkistanʼdaki harp beyleri: Doğu Türkistanʼın, 1911–1949 arası siyasi tarihi |last2=Enver Can |year=1991 |page=140 |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930090843/https://books.google.com/books?id=vmcwAQAAIAAJ&q=For+details+of+the+%C2%ABKarghalik+Outrage%C2%BB+-+where+nine+British+Indian+Hindus+were+massacred%2C+and+their+bodies+thrown+inta+a+well+-+see+IOR%2C+L%2FP+%26+S%2F12%2F2331%2C+...+Nearly+all+the+Hindu+money-lenders+resident+in+Repub-+lican+Sinkiang+were+from+Shikarpur+in+Sind. |archive-date=30 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The forced removal of the Swedes was accompanied by the slaughter of the Hindus in [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan]] by the Islamic Turkic rebels.<ref name="Bellér-Hann2008 2">{{Cite book |last=Ildikó Bellér-Hann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&pg=PA59 |title=Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur |publisher=BRILL |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-04-16675-2 |pages=59– |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170639/https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&pg=PA59 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Emirs of Khotan slaughtered the Hindus as they forced the Swedes out and declared [[sharia]] in Khotan on 16 March 1933.<ref name="Tyler2004 3">{{Cite book |last=Christian Tyler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA115 |title=Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8135-3533-3 |pages=115– |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170627/https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA115 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Southeast Asia====
{{see also|Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Buddhism in Southeast Asia|Chitty}}
A major emigration from the Indian subcontinent was to [[Southeast Asia]]. There is a possibility that the first wave of Indian migration towards Southeast Asia occurred when [[Emperor Ashoka]] invaded [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and following [[Samudragupta]]'s expedition towards the South.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadasivan |first=Balaji |title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India |year=2011 |isbn=978-9814311670 |pages=135–136}}</ref> This was followed by early interaction of Indian traders with South Asians and, after the mid-first millennium CE, by the emigration of members of the [[Brahmin]] social [[caste]]. This resulted in the establishment of the [[Greater India|Indianised kingdoms]] in Southeast Asia. The [[Chola dynasty|Chola rulers]], who were known for their naval power, conquered [[Sumatra]] and the [[Malay Peninsula]]. {{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Another early diaspora, of which little is known was a reported Indian "Shendu" community that was recorded when [[Yunnan]] was annexed by the [[Han dynasty]] in the 1st century by the Chinese authorities.<ref>Tan Chung (1998). [http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm ''A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606221357/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm |date=6 June 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0390, Deutsch-Ostafrika,Indische Kaufmannsfamilie.jpg|thumb|left|Indian trader's family in [[Bagamoyo]], [[German East Africa]], around 1906/18]]

===European Colonial rule (to 1947)===
{{see also|British Raj}}
[[File:East Indian Women, Men and Children (13227675614).jpg|thumb|[[British Raj]] Indian indentured laborers in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], c. 1890–1896.]]
During the mid-19th century right after the [[British Raj#Famines, epidemics, public health|British Colonial disasters]] ended, much of the [[human migration|migration]] that occurred was of pioneering [[Girmityas|Girmitya]] indentured workers – mostly [[Bhojpuri]] and [[Awadhi]]-speaking people from the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] to other British colonies under the [[Indian indenture system]]. The major destinations were [[Mauritius]], [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Suriname]], other parts of the [[Caribbean]] (e.g. [[Jamaica]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Belize]], [[Barbados]], [[Grenada]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Saint Lucia]]), [[Fiji]], [[Réunion]], [[Seychelles]], [[Malay Peninsula]] (e.g. [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]), [[East Africa]] (e.g. [[Kenya]], [[Somalia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]) and [[South Africa]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

[[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] and [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] merchants and traders settled in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Aden]], [[Oman]], [[Bahrain]], [[Dubai]], South Africa and East African countries, most of which were ruled by the British. The [[Indian Rupee]] was the legal currency in many countries of Arabian peninsula. [[Afghan (Australia)|Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Baloch and Kashmiri Camel drivers]] were brought to Australia.<ref name="Westrip&Holroyde">Westrip, J. & Holroyde, P. (2010): ''Colonial Cousins: a surprising history of connections between India and Australia.'' [[Wakefield Press (Australia)|Wakefield Press]]. {{ISBN|1862548412}}, p. 175.</ref><ref name="australia.gov">{{Cite web |title=australia.gov.au > About Australia > Australian Stories > Afghan cameleers in Australia |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/afghan-cameleers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815171331/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/afghan-cameleers |archive-date=15 August 2014}}</ref>

===Post-independence===
After gaining independence from the [[British Raj]], unlike internal migration, senior government leaders have historically not vocalized opinions on international emigration. As a result, it remains a political issue only in states with major emigrant populations, such as [[Kerala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and to a lesser degree [[Gujarat]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Goa]]. However, the phenomenon continues to be a major force in India's economic ([[foreign direct investment]]), social and political relations with nations having significant Indian populace.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==Overseas experience==
===Love for India===
{{main article|Indomania}}

[[wikt:Indophilia|Indophilia]] or Indomania is love, admiration or special interest for India or its people and culture.<ref>Douglas T. McGetchin (2009), ''Indology, Indomania, and Orientalism: Ancient India's Rebirth in Modern Germany'', Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, p.17</ref> An [[wikt:Indophile|Indophile]] is someone who loves India, Indian culture, cuisine, religions, history or its people.

===Overseas discrimination===
{{main article|Anti-Indian sentiment}}

==Demography by country==
[[File:Map of the Indian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|350px|right|A world map showing the estimated distribution and concentration of people of Indian descent or ancestry by country.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Legend|#000000|India}}
{{Legend|#804d00|+ 1,000,000}}
{{Legend|#bd7100|+ 100,000}}
{{col-break}}
{{Legend|#ff9933|+ 10,000}}
{{Legend|#ffcf9e|+ 1,000}}
{{legend|#a0a0a0|No data}}
{{col-end}}
]]
Population of Overseas Indians, by country, according to the Consular Services of the Ministry of External Affairs of India,<ref name="POI">{{cite web| title =Population of Overseas Indians| url =http://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm| date =15 February 2023| website =mea.gov.in| publisher =Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017172722/http://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm| archive-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> or other estimates (if indicated).

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-style="background:#fff;"
!World region / Country
!Articles
!data-sort-type="number"|Overseas Indian population||data-sort-type="number"|Percentage
|-style="background:#ccf;"|-bgcolor="#ccccff"
|'''[[Eastern world|Eastward Asia]]'''|| ||'''~6,223,900'''||
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}||[[Malaysian Indians]]||2,012,600<ref name="penerangan Malaysia"/>||6.19%
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar}}||[[Burmese Indians]] {{·}} [[Anglo-Indian people]]||2,009,207<ref name="POI"/><ref name="rediff.com"/>||2.50%
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}||[[Indians in Sri Lanka]] ([[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Tamils]])||842,323<ref name="statistics Sri Lanka"/>||4.16%
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}||[[Indian Nepalis]]||426,941<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/><ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130556/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/07/stories/05071343.htm Where big can be bothersome]}}. [[The Hindu]]. 7 January 2001.</ref>||1.47%
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}||[[Indian Singaporeans]]||362,274<ref name="singstat"/>||8.96%
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}||[[Indians in Bangladesh]]||127,014<ref name="redatam Bangladesh"/>||0.09%
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}||[[Indian Indonesians]] ([[Mardijker people|Mardijkers]]{{·}}[[Tamil Indonesians|Tamils]])||125,900||0.05%
|-
|{{flag|China}}||[[Indians in China]]||56,050<ref name="POI"/><ref name="indiatimes"/>||0.004%
|-
|{{flag|Bhutan}}|| ||46,974<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||6.33%
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}||[[Indians in Thailand]]||46,326<ref>{{cite web| last =Vapattanawong| first =Patama| title =ชาวต่างชาติในเมืองไทยเป็นใครบ้าง?| trans-title =Who are the foreigners in Thailand?| language =th| url =http://www.ms.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ConferenceXI/Download/Book/447-IPSR-Conference-A12-fulltext.pdf| pages =8| quote =ตาราง 2 จานวน ร้อยละ และร้อยละสะสม ของชาวต่างชาติ10 ลาดับแรก ที่อาศัยอยู่ในประเทศไทย ณ วันสามะโน [Table 2 Number, percentage, and cumulative percentage of the top 10 foreigners living in Thailand as of the census date] | อินเดีย [India]| date =2010| website =mahidol.ac.th| access-date =7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072400/http://www.ms.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ConferenceXI/Download/Book/447-IPSR-Conference-A12-fulltext.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2017}}</ref>||0.07%
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}||[[Indians in Japan]]||43,886<ref>{{cite web| title =国籍・地域別在留資格（在留目的）別在留外国人| trans-title =Foreign residents by nationality/region and residence status (purpose of residence)| language =ja| url =https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&year=20220&month=24101212&tclass1=000001060399| quote =インド [India]| date =December 2022| website =e-stat.go.jp| publisher =e-Stat (Japanese government statistics portal site)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}||[[Indians in Hong Kong]]||32,796<ref>{{cite web| title =''Demographic Characteristics – Ethnicity.'' 2021 Population Census| url =https://www.census2021.gov.hk/en/keystat_dashboard.html| date =2021| website =census2021.gov.hk| publisher =Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}||[[Indians in the Maldives]]||25,108||4.87%
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}||[[Indian Filipino]]||23,464 (household population with foreign ethnicity)<ref>{{cite web| title =Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)| url =https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/stat-tables| date =July 2023| website =psa.gov.ph| publisher =Philippine Statistics Authority| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref> 18,959 (foreign citizens)<ref>{{cite web| title =Foreign Citizens in the Country (2020 Census of Population and Housing)| url =https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/stat-tables| date =July 2023| website =psa.gov.ph| publisher =Philippine Statistics Authority| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Brunei}}||[[Indians in Brunei]]||21,102 (from South Asian countries)<ref>{{cite web| title =The Population and Housing Census Report (BPP) 2021: Demographic, Household and Housing Characteristics| url =https://deps.mofe.gov.bn/DEPD%20Documents%20Library/DOS/POP/2022/RPT.pdf| pages =66| date =2021| website =deps.mofe.gov.bn| publisher =Department of Economic Planning and Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Economy, Brunei Darussalam| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||4.79%
|-
|{{flag|South Korea}}||[[Indians in Korea]]||12,929<ref>{{cite web| title =통계월보| trans-title =Statistical monthly report| language =ko| url =https://viewer.moj.go.kr/skin/doc.html?rs=/result/bbs/227&fn=temp_1581918117248100| pages =16| quote =체류외국인 연도별·국적(지역)별 현황 [Current status of foreign residents by year and nationality (region)] | 인도 [India]| date =2019| website =moj.go.kr| publisher =출입국 외국인정책 (Korea Immigration Service)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}{{efn|<ref>Multiple sources:
*{{cite book |title=The Handbook Of East Asia |author=[[Michael Kort]] |publisher=Lerner Publishing Group |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7613-2672-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 |quote=South Korea is another emerging economic powerhouse, as is the Republic of China (ROC), a small country that occupies the island of Taiwan in the shadow of its enormous and hostile mainland neighbor, the PRC.|access-date=26 June 2022 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Fell|first1=Dafydd|title=Government and Politics in Taiwan|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1-317-28506-9|page=305|url={{GBurl|id=i8hHDwAAQBAJ}}|quote=Moreover, its status as a vibrant democratic state has earned it huge international sympathy and a generally positive image.}}
*{{cite magazine|last1=Campbell |first1=Matthew |title=China's Next Crisis Brews in Taiwan's Upcoming Election |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-01-07/china-s-next-crisis-brews-in-taiwan-s-upcoming-election |magazine=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=7 January 2020 |issue=4642 |pages=34–39 |issn=0007-7135 |access-date=24 September 2020 |quote=Much has changed in Taiwan since Chiang's day, but this liminal quality has never really gone away. By almost any functional standard, it's a sovereign country}}
*{{cite journal |last=Carolan|first=Christopher|title=The "Republic of Taiwan": Legal-Historical Justification for a Taiwanese Declaration of Independence|journal=New York University Law Review |date=May 2000 |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=429–468|url=https://www.nyulawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/NYULawReview-75-2-Carolan.pdf|access-date=17 March 2022|quote=These six criteria demonstrate that under international law Taiwan merits recognition as an independent state and as such is already a de facto state.}}
*{{cite book |author =[[Donald S. Zagoria]]|url ={{GBurl|id=J6lzCgAAQBAJ|p=68}} | title =Breaking the China-Taiwan Impasse | publisher =ABC-CLIO |pages =68– |isbn =978-0-313-05755-7 |oclc =1058389524 | date =30 October 2003 |access-date=20 March 2022 |quote=Taiwan possesses all of the elements of a sovereign state: a legitimate government, population, and a well-defined territory. The fact is that the People's Republic of China (PRC), while claiming sovereignty over Taiwan, has never ruled Taiwan since the PRC's establishment in 1949. Thus, Taiwan is in fact a sovereign country from our perspective.}}</ref>}}||[[Indians in Taiwan]]||4,382<ref>{{cite web| title =2022.2Foreign Residents by Nationality| url =https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5475/5478/141478/141380/302369/cp_news| date =2022| website =immigration.gov.tw| publisher =Ministry of the Interior, National Immigration Agency| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}||[[Indians in Vietnam]]||2,043<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.002%
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}||[[Indians in Cambodia]]||1,510||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}|| ||528||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|North Korea}}||[[Indians in Korea]]||370<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}}|| ||117<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.004%
|-
|{{flag|East Timor}}|| ||100||0.01%
|-style="background:#ccf;"|-bgcolor="#ccccff"
|'''[[Greater Middle East|Middle (East) Crescent]]'''{{efn|comprising [[Central Asia]], [[Middle East and North Africa]] – this area resembles a ''[[crescent]]''<ref>{{cite web| title =Middle East Crescent – Norwegian translation: det større Midtøsten (det nye Midtøsten)| language =no| url =https://www2.proz.com/kudoz/english-to-norwegian/geography/2947060-middle-east-crescent.html?phpv_redirected=1| quote =dette området minner om en "crescent"| date =28 November 2008| website =proz.com| access-date =30 September 2023}}</ref> straddling in the ''middle'' of Europe, Africa and Asia}}|| ||'''11,447,600+'''||
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}||[[Indians in the United Arab Emirates]]||3,425,144<ref name="POI"/><ref name="Pew research"/>||36.04%
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}||[[Non-Resident Indians in Saudi Arabia]]||2,594,947<ref name="POI"/><ref name="huffingtonpost"/><ref name="timesofindia"/>||7.58%
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}||[[Indians in Pakistan]]||16,501<ref name="Gishkori">{{Cite news |last=Gishkori |first=Zahid |date=30 July 2015 |title=Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/929229/over-280000-immigrants-living-in-pakistan-says-nisar/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212633/https://tribune.com.pk/story/929229/over-280000-immigrants-living-in-pakistan-says-nisar/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |quote=Interestingly, around 16,501 Indians are also living in Pakistan.}}</ref> (Indian citizens; 2015) 1,709,217<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/><ref name="Pew research"/><ref>0.2%{{Cite news |date=5 May 2013 |title=1,184 Indians in Pak jails, says MEA |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1184-Indians-in-Pak-jails-says-MEA/articleshow/19890633.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130225317/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1184-Indians-in-Pak-jails-says-MEA/articleshow/19890633.cms |archive-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> (post-partition migrants)||0.82%
|-
|{{flag|Oman}}||[[Indians in Oman]]||1,375,667<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||30.77%
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}||[[Indians in Kuwait]]||1,152,175<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/><ref name="gulfnews"/>||25.81%
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}||[[Indians in Qatar]]||702,013<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||24.67%
|-
|{{flag|Bahrain}}||[[Indians in Bahrain]]||326,658||22.19%
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}||[[Indians in Israel]], [[Indian Jews in Israel]]||48,000<ref>{{cite web| title =JEWS, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN(1) AND AGE| url =https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2021/2.shnatonpopulation/st02_08.pdf| quote =הודו ופקיסטן [India and Pakistan]| date =2021| website =cbs.gov.il| publisher =Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref> / 97,467<ref name="POI"/>||0.7%
|-
|{{flag|Armenia}}|| ||28,659<ref name="JamNews"/>||1.0%
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}|| ||20,760||0.19%
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}||[[India–Kyrgyzstan_relations#Indians_in_Kyrgyzstan|Indians in Kyrgyzstan]]||11,204||0.17%
|-
|{{flag|Yemen}}||[[Indians in Yemen]]||10,500||0.04%
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}||[[Indians in Cyprus]]||7,499||0.84%
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}||[[Hinduism in Kazakhstan]]||6,885||0.05%
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}|| ||5,710||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}||[[Indians in Iran]]||4,337||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}}|| ||3,948<ref>{{cite web| title =Number or immigrants and emigrants by sex and citizenship| url =https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/322/migration| date =2022| website =geostat.ge| publisher =National Statistics Office of Georgia| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.11%
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan|2013}}||[[Indians in Afghanistan]]||3,106||0.01%
|-
||{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Turkye]]||[[Indians in Turkey|Indians in Turkye]] [[Turkic peoples in India]]||3,092<ref>{{cite web| title =Vatandaşlık ülkesine göre yabancı nüfus| trans-title =Foreign population by country of citizenship| language =tr| url =https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2021-45500| date =2022| website =tuik.gov.tr| publisher =Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (Turkish Statistical Institute)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.004%
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}|| ||1,764<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.004%
|-
|{{flag|Libya}}|| ||1,502||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}}||[[Indians in Lebanon]]||1,311<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}||[[Indians in Egypt]]||1,249<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}|| ||618<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|| ||399||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}|| ||320<ref name="POI 2016">{{cite web| title =Population of Overseas Indians| url =https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf/NRIs-and-PIOs.pdf| date =December 2016| website =mea.gov.in| publisher =Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India| access-date =7 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}|| ||240||0.004%
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}|| ||234<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Mauritania}}|| ||150||0.004%
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}|| ||137||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}|| ||94||0.0004%
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}||[[Hinduism in Azerbaijan]]||67<ref>{{cite web| title =Migration – International migration| url =https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/?lang=en| quote =7.2. Distribution of person arriving and departing to Azerbaijan for permanent residency| date =2023| website =stat.gov.az| publisher =The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Palestine}}{{efn|<ref> Multiple sources:
*{{cite book |author=Tessler, Mark |title=A History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict |edition=2nd, illustrated |year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0/page/722 722] |isbn=978-0-253-20873-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0/page/722|quote=Within two weeks of the PNC meeting, at least fifty-five nations, including states as diverse as the Soviet Union, China, India, Greece, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka, Malta, and Zambia, had recognised the Palestinian state.}}
*{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129 |title=Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state |date=29 November 2012 |work=Reuters |access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref>}}|| ||20||0.0004%
|-
| ||See also: [[Arabs in India]]
|-style="background:#ccf;"|-bgcolor="#ccccff"
|'''[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]'''|| ||'''~2,911,200'''||
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}||[[Indian South Africans]]||1,375,834<ref name="statssa"/>||2.47%
|-
|{{flag|Mauritius}}||[[Mauritians of Indian origin]]||894,500||70.67%
|-
|{{flag|Réunion}} ''(France)''||[[Réunionnais of Indian origin]] ([[Malbars]])||297,300||34.95%
|-
|{{flag|Kenya}}||[[Indians in Kenya]]||47,555 (Kenyan nationals) 42,972 (non-Kenyan nationals)<ref>{{cite web| title =''2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume IV'' – Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics| url =https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR| pages =437| quote =Table 2.31: Distribution of Population by Ethnicity/Nationality | KENYAN ASIANS | NON-KENYANS – ASIANS| date =December 2019| website =knbs.or.ke| publisher =Kenya National Bureau of Statistics| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.19%
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}}||[[Indians in Tanzania]]||60,000||0.1%
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}|| ||40,035||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Uganda}}||[[Indians in Uganda]]||30,000||0.07%
|-
|{{flag|Madagascar}}||[[Indians in Madagascar]]||17,500||0.06%
|-
|{{flag|Seychelles}}||[[Indo-Seychellois]]||17,200||17.47%
|-
|{{flag|Mozambique}}||[[Indians in Mozambique]]||15,492<ref name="UNdata26">{{cite web| title =Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence| url = https://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode:26| date =2023| website =data.un.org| publisher =United Nations Statistics Division| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.06%
|-
|{{flag|Congo DR}}|| ||10,008||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}||[[Ghanaian Indian]]||10,000||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}||[[Indians in Zimbabwe]]||9,500||0.06%
|-
|{{flag|Zambia}}||[[Indians in Zambia]]||5,709<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Botswana}}||[[Indians in Botswana]]||5,650<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.24%
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}|| ||5,515||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Angola}}|| ||4,500||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Lesotho}}|| ||3,000||0.15%
|-
|{{flag|Rwanda}}|| ||3,000||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Malawi}}|| ||2,408<ref name="UNdataF">{{cite web| title =Foreign-born population by country/area of birth, age and sex| url =https://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=pop&f=tableCode%3A44| date =2023| website =data.un.org| publisher =United Nations Statistics Division| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}|| ||1,500||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Liberia}}|| ||1,500||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Swaziland}}|| ||1,500||0.14%
|-
|{{flag|South Sudan}}|| ||1,100||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}|| ||959<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Gambia}}|| ||716||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Namibia}}|| ||704<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Djibouti}}|| ||650||0.07%
|-
|{{flag|Congo}}|| ||598||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}}|| ||532||0.003%
|-
|{{flag|Togo}}|| ||510||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Burundi}}|| ||500||0.004%
|-
|{{flag|Mali}}|| ||437||0.002%
|-
|{{flag|Eritrea}}|| ||303||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Benin}}|| ||291<ref name="UNdataF"/>||0.003%
|-
|{{flag|Cameroon}}|| ||250<ref name="POI 2016"/>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}|| ||250||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}|| ||230||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}|| ||205||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Niger}}|| ||150||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Chad}}|| ||120||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Gabon}}|| ||110<ref name="POI 2016"/>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Guinea Bissau}}|| ||104||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Central African Republic}}|| ||100||0.002%
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}}|| ||100<ref name="POI 2016"/>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Guinea}}|| ||74<ref name="UNdataF"/>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Sao Tome and Principe}}|| ||51||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Cape Verde}}|| ||20||0.004%
|-
| ||See also: [[Siddi]]
|-style="background:#ccf;"|-bgcolor="#ccccff"
|'''[[Central and South America]]'''|| ||'''42,420+'''||
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}||[[Indian immigration to Brazil]]||23,254<ref>{{cite web| title =Banco Interativo – Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil| trans-title =Interactive Database – International immigrants registered in Brazil| language =pt| url =https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/| quote = País de nascimento [Country of birth] – Índia [India]| date =May 2022| website =nepo.unicamp.br| publisher =Observatório das Migrações em São Paulo – NEPO/UNICAMP (Migration Observatory in São Paulo, Brazil)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Panama}}||[[Indians in Panama]]||5,383<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.12%
|-
|{{flag|Puerto Rico}} ''(USA)''|| ||4,984<ref>{{cite web| title =ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS. ''American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B02018''| url =https://data.census.gov/table?q=B02018&g=040XX00US72| date =2021| website =data.census.gov| publisher =U.S. Census Bureau| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.15%
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}||[[Indian Mexicans]]||2,656<ref>{{cite web| title =Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 – Conjunto de datos: Población total| trans-title =Population and Housing Census 2020 – Data set: Total population| language =es| url =https://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/Olap/Proyectos/bd/censos/cpv2020/pt.asp#| quote =Seleccione las variables [Select the variables, at least two] – Migracion [Migration] – Lugar de nacimiento [Place of birth] | En otro país [In another country] – India| website =inegi.org.mx| publisher =Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía - INEGI (National Institute of Statistic and Geography, Mexico)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.002%
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}||[[Indians in Chile]]||1,767<ref>{{cite web| title =Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017| trans-title =Population and Housing Census 2017| language =es| url =https://redatam-ine.ine.cl/redbin/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=CENSO_2017&lang=esp| quote =Cruces [Crosstabs] – Variables de Personas [Population Variables] – País de nacimiento [Country of birth] | India| date =2018| website =ine.cl| publisher =Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas INE (National Statistics Institute), Chile| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile |date=9 October 2008 |title=Bharat Dadlani: "La comunidad hindú de Chile se siente como en casa" |url=http://asiapacifico.bcn.cl/entrevistas/barat-dadlani-comunidad-hindu-chile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108020707/http://asiapacifico.bcn.cl/entrevistas/barat-dadlani-comunidad-hindu-chile |archive-date=8 November 2013 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=Observatorio Asiapacifico}}</ref>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}||[[Indians in Peru]]||626<ref>{{cite web| title =ESTADÍSTICAS DE LA EMIGRACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE PERUANOS E INMIGRACIÓN DE EXTRANJEROS, 1990 – 2017| trans-title =STATISTICS OF PERUVIANS' INTERNATIONAL EMIGRATION AND FOREIGNERS' IMMIGRATION, 1990 – 2017| language =es| url =https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1549/libro.pdf| pages =239| quote =EXTRANJEROS RESIDENTES POR SEXO, SEGÚN NACIONALIDAD AL 2017 [RESIDENT FOREIGNERS BY SEX, ACCORDING TO NATIONALITY AS AT 2017] | India| date =2018| website =inei.gob.pe| publisher =Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (National Statistics and Informatics Institute, Peru)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.002%
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}}||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]{{·}}[[Asian Latin Americans]]||601||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Paraguay}}||[[Asian Latin Americans]]||600||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}||[[Indians in Argentina]]||1,600<ref name="UNdataF"/>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}||[[Asian Latin Americans]]||374<ref>{{cite web| title =Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018| trans-title =National Population and Housing Census 2018| language =es| url =http://systema59.dane.gov.co/bincol/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=CNPVBASE4V2&lang=esp| quote =Consultar información [Check information] – Cruce de Variables [Variables Crosstabs] – Personas [Population] – País de nacimiento [Country of birth] | India| date =2018| website =dane.gov.co| publisher =Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas DANE (National Administrative Department of Statistics, Colombia)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}||[[Ecuador–India relations]]||355||0.002%
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}||[[Indian Uruguayans]]||125<ref>{{cite news| last =Montautti| first =Maximiliano| title =Hay 12.151 extranjeros de 81 países con actividad laboral en Uruguay| trans-title =There are 12,151 foreigners from 81 countries with work activity in Uruguay | language =es| url =http://www.elpais.com.uy/economia/noticias/extranjeros-uruguay-actividad-laboral-crecimiento.html| newspaper =El Pais| location =Montevideo, Uruguay| date =| access-date =7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105165312/http://www.elpais.com.uy/economia/noticias/extranjeros-uruguay-actividad-laboral-crecimiento.html| archive-date =5 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BLA Article – for Indian in Uruguay |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/6340631/BLA-Article-for-Indian-in-Uruguay |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531030004/https://www.scribd.com/doc/6340631/BLA-Article-for-Indian-in-Uruguay |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=Scribd}}</ref>||0.004%
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||90<ref>{{cite web| title =IX CENSO NACIONAL DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDA 2010 – Informe General| trans-title =IX NATIONAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2010 – General Report | language =es| url = https://censo2010.one.gob.do/volumenes_censo_2010/vol1.pdf | pages =98| quote =Población nacida en otro país, por zona de residencia y sexo, según país de nacimiento [Population born in another country, by area of residence and sex, according to country of birth] | India| date =June 2012| website =one.gob.do| publisher =Oficina Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Office, Dominican Republic)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}||[[Asian Latin Americans]]||83<ref>{{cite web| title =Población total nacida en el extranjero por zona y sexo, según país de nacimiento y año de llegada al país| trans-title =Total population born abroad by area and sex, according to country of birth and year of arrival in the country| language =es| url = https://admin.inec.cr/sites/default/files/media/repoblaccenso2011-03.xls_5.xls| quote =India| date =2011| website =inec.cr| publisher =Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (National Institute of Statistics and Censuses, Costa Rica)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.002%
|-
|{{flag|Guatemala}}||[[Asian Latin Americans]]||83||0.0005%
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}||[[Indians in Venezuela]]||80||0.0002%
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}}|| ||60||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}||[[Asian Latin Americans]]||40||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|El Salvador}}||[[Asian Latin Americans]]||17||0.0003%
|-
|{{flag|Honduras}}||[[Asian Latin Americans]]||17||0.0002%
|-style="background:#ccf;"|-bgcolor="#ccccff"
|'''[[Northern America]] and the [[Caribbean]]'''|| ||'''7,443,900+'''||
|-
|{{flag|United States}}||[[Indian Americans]]||4,946,306<ref name="USA Census"/>||1.49%
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}||[[Indo-Canadians]]||1,347,715<ref name="Canada Census"/>{{efn|name=NoteCanadaPopulation2021}}||3.71%
|-
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}||[[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]||468,524<ref name="cso.gov.tt"/>||31.02%
|-
|{{flag|Guyana}}||[[Indo-Guyanese]]||299,382<ref name="POI"/><ref name="statisticsguyana">{{cite web| title =''2012 Census'' – COMPENDIUM 2 – POPULATION COMPOSITION| url =https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Final_2012_Census_Compendium2.pdf| date =July 2016| website =statisticsguyana.gov.gy| publisher =Bureau of Statistics, Guyana| url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210105002255/https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Final_2012_Census_Compendium2.pdf| archive-date =5 January 2021| access-date =25 March 2021}}</ref>||38.88%
|-
|{{flag|Suriname}}||[[Indo-Surinamese]]||237,205||39.37%
|-
|{{flag|Jamaica}}||[[Indo-Jamaicans]]||101,486<ref name="Jamaica"/>||3.72%
|-
|{{flag|Martinique}} ''(France)''||[[Indo-Martiniquais]]||36,123<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistiques ethniques |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2108548 |website=Insee.fr |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref>||9.64%
|-
|{{flag|Guadeloupe}} ''(France)''||[[Indo-Guadeloupeans]]||35,617<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistiques ethniques |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2108548 |website=Insee.fr |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref>||8.30%
|-
|{{flag|Belize}}||[[Indo-Belizeans]]||12,452<ref>{{cite web| title =Belize Population and Housing Census 2010 – Country Report| url =http://www.sib.org.bz/Portals/0/docs/publications/census/2010_Census_Report.pdf| pages =37| date =2013| website =sib.org.bz| publisher =The Statistical Institute of Belize| access-date =7 August 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160127084833/http://www.sib.org.bz/Portals/0/docs/publications/census/2010_Census_Report.pdf| archive-date =27 January 2016}}</ref>||3.86%
|-
|{{flag|Saint Lucia}}||[[Indo–Saint Lucian]]||3,575<ref>{{cite web| title =2010 HOUSING & POPULATION CENSUS| url =https://redatam.org/binlca/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=PHC2010C| quote =Population and housing – Crosstabs of variables – Ethnic group| date =10 February 2023| website =redatam.org| publisher =CSO St.Lucia - The Central Statistics Office| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||2.16%
|-
|{{flag|Barbados}}||[[Indians in Barbados]]||3,018<ref>{{cite web| title =2010 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS – Volume 1| url =http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf| pages =67| date =September 2013| website =barstats.gov.bb| publisher =Barbados Statistical Service| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170118220332/http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf| archive-date =18 January 2017}}</ref>||1.33%
|-
|{{flag|Grenada}}||[[Indo-Grenadians]]||2,284<ref>{{cite web| title =Non-Institutional Population in Private Dwellings by Ethnic Composition, Sex, Percentage Distribution and Percentage, 2011 and 2001| url =https://stats.gov.gd/subjects/population-2/non-institutional-population-in-private-dwellings-by-ethnic-composition-sex-percentage-distribution-and-percentage-2011-and-2001/| website =stats.gov.gd| publisher =Central Statistical Office Grenada| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||2.16%
|-
|{{flag|Cayman Islands}} ''(UK)''||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||1,218<ref>{{cite web| title =COMPENDIUM OF STATISTICS 2019| url =https://www.eso.ky/UserFiles/right_page_docums/files/uploads/chapter_10_-_labour_force_and_employment.xlsx| quote =Work Permits By Nationality, 2019| website =eso.ky| publisher =Economics and Statistics Office, Cayman Islands (UK)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||1.84%
|-
|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}||[[Indo-Vincentian]]||1,199<ref>{{cite web| title =POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS REPORT – 2012| url =https://stats.gov.vc/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2012-Housing-and-Population-Census-Report-final-draft-4.pdf| pages =39| date =2012| website =stats.gov.vc| publisher =Statistical Office, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191346/https://stats.gov.vc/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2012-Housing-and-Population-Census-Report-final-draft-4.pdf| archive-date =22 April 2023}}</ref>||1.1%
|-
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||942<ref>{{cite web| title =Antigua and Barbuda 2011 Housing and Population Census| url =https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011| quote =Basic tabulations – Crosstabulations – Select variable – Ethnic| date =2019| website =redatam.org| publisher =Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance & Corporate Governance, Antigua and Barbuda| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||1.11%
|-
|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||709<ref>{{cite web| title =2000 ROUND OF POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS SUB-PROJECT – NATIONAL CENSUS REPORT – ST. KITTS AND NEVIS| url =http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf| pages =51| date =2009| website =caricomstats.org| publisher =[[CARICOM]] Secretariat| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005511/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf| archive-date =5 February 2018}}</ref>||1.53%
|-
|{{flag|Haiti}}||[[Indo-Haitians]]||580||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Bermuda}} ''(UK)''|| ||572<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock"/>||0.89%
|-
|{{flag|Bahamas}}||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||519<ref name="UNdataF"/>||0.15%
|-
|{{flag|British Virgin Islands}} ''(UK)''||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||443<ref>{{cite web| title =Virgin Islands 2010 Population and Housing Census Report| url =https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/BVI/VGB-2016-09-08.pdf| pages =65| website =un.org| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||1.58%
|-
|{{flag|Curaçao}} ''(Netherlands)''||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||394<ref>{{cite web| title =Census 2011| url =https://curacaodata.cbs.cw/census-2011| quote =Migration – Population by country of nationality| website =cbs.cw| publisher = Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.26%
|-
|{{flag|Aruba}} ''(Netherlands)''||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||314<ref name="UNdataF"/>||0.31%
|-
|{{flag|Montserrat}} ''(UK)''||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||240||5.19%
|-
|{{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} ''(UK)''||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||235||0.59%
|-
|{{flag|Dominica}}||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||97<ref>{{cite web| title =2000 ROUND OF POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS SUB-PROJECT – NATIONAL CENSUS REPORT – DOMINICA| url =http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Dominica.pdf| pages =55| date =2009| website =caricomstats.org| publisher =[[CARICOM]] Secretariat| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005456/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Dominica.pdf| archive-date =5 February 2018}}</ref>||0.14%
|-
|{{flag|Anguilla}} ''(UK)''||[[Indo-Caribbeans]]||40||0.27%
|-
|{{flag|French Guiana}} ''(France)''|| ||29<ref name="UNdataF"/>||0.01%
|-style="background:#ccf;"|-bgcolor="#ccccff"
|'''[[Europe]]'''|| ||'''2,802,750+'''||
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}||[[British Indians]]||[[United Kingdom]]: 1,451,862 (2011)<ref name="UK Census 2011"/>{{efn|name="census"}} [[England]]: 1,843,238 (2021)<ref name="England and Wales">{{cite web| title =Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021| url =https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021| quote =Local Authorities – Population by ethnic group, 2021, local authorities in England and Wales| date =29 November 2022| website =ons.gov.uk| publisher =Office for National Statistics (ONS)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref> [[Scotland]]: 32,706 (2011)<ref name="UK Census 2011"/> [[Wales]]: 21,066 (2021)<ref name="England and Wales"/> [[Northern Ireland]]: 9,881 (2021)<ref>{{cite web| title =Ethnic group MS-B01 | ''Census 2021''| url =https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx| date =September 2022| website =nisra.gov.uk| publisher =Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||United Kingdom: 2.3% England: 3.26% Scotland: 0.62% Wales: 0.68% Northern Ireland: 0.52%
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}||[[Indians in Germany]]||247,000<ref name="destatis.de"/>||0.29%
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}||[[Indians in Italy]]||162,492<ref name="istat.it"/>||0.27%
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}||[[Indians in the Netherlands]]||65,399<ref name="cbs.nl"/>||0.37%
|-
|{{flag|France}}||[[Indians in France]]||58,983<ref name="europa.eu"/>||0.09%
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}||[[Indians in Spain]]||56,459<ref name="ine.es"/>||0.12%
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}||[[Indian immigrants in Sweden]]||53,973<ref name="scb.se"/>||0.51%
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}||[[Indians in Portugal]]||35,416<ref>{{cite web| title =Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e Asilo – 2022| trans-title =Immigration, Borders and Asylum Report – 2022| language =pt| url = https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf| pages =59| quote =População Residente (Stock e Fluxo) por nacionalidade e sexo [Resident Population (Stock and Flow) by nationality and sex] | Índia [India]| date =May 2023| website =sef.pt| publisher =Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (Foreigners and Borders Service, Portugal)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.34%
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}|| ||24,592<ref>{{cite web| last =Hertogen| first =Jan| title =Beste wensen, inbegrepen aan de 2.738.486 inwoners van vreemde afkomst in België op 01/01/2012| trans-title =Best wishes, including to the 2,738,486 inhabitants of foreign origin in Belgium on 01/01/2012| language =nl| url =http://www.npdata.be/BuG/155-Vreemde-afkomst/Vreemde-afkomst.htm| quote =Inwoners België naar land van afkomst op 01/01/2012 (1) - Sorteren langs pijltje [Residents of Belgium by country of origin on 01/01/2012 (1) - Sort by arrow] | Indië [India]| date =2012| website =npdata.be| publisher =Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Central Bureau of Statistics, Netherlands)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.22%
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}||[[Indians in Russia]]||23,648<ref>{{cite web| title =Официальные статистические данные – Статистические сведения в отношении иностранных граждан, находящихся на территории Российской Федерации| trans-title =Official statistics – Statistical information regarding foreign citizens located on the territory of the Russian Federation| language =ru| url =http://www.fms.gov.ru/about/statistics/data/details/54891/| quote =ИНДИЯ [India]| date =October 2015| website =fms.gov.ru| publisher =Федеральная Миграционная Служба (Federal Migration Service, Russia)| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151028233734/http://www.fms.gov.ru/about/statistics/data/details/54891/| archive-date =28 October 2015}}</ref>||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}|| ||21,982<ref>{{cite web| title =Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents| url =https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/05183/tableViewLayout1/| date =2023| website =ssb.no| publisher =Statistics Norway| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.4%
|-
|{{flag|Republic of Ireland}}||[[South Asian people in Ireland]]||20,969<ref>{{cite web| title =Census 2016 Summary Results - Part 1| url =https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/newsevents/documents/census2016summaryresultspart1/Census2016SummaryPart1.pdf| date =April 2017| website =cso.ie| publisher =Central Statistics Office, Ireland| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref> 45,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief of India-Ireland Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.indianembassydublin.gov.in/page/bilateral/|date=10 May 2023|access-date=14 May 2023|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513235145/https://www.indianembassydublin.gov.in/page/bilateral/|url-status=live}}</ref>||0.88%
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}|| ||18,970<ref>{{cite web| title =Map Analyser| url =https://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/Graphics/mapanalyser.asp?maintable=FOLK2&lang=1| date =2023| website =statbank.dk| publisher =StatBank Denmark| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.32%
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}|| ||16,424<ref>{{cite web| title =Bevölkerung nach detailliertem Geburtsland, Geschlecht und Bundesland 2021| trans-title =Population by detailed country of birth, gender and federal state 2021| language =de| url =https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/pages/407/Bev_Gebland_Geschl_Bundesl_2021.ods| quote =Indien [India]| date =April 2023| website =statistik.at| publisher =Statistik Austria| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.18%
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}||[[Indians in Switzerland]]||16,085<ref>{{cite web| title =Foreign permanent resident population by citizenship, 1980-2020| url =https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/catalogues-banques-donnees/tableaux.assetdetail.18344262.html| date =September 2021| website =bfs.admin.ch| publisher =Swiss Federal Statistical Office| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.19%
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}||[[Indians in Finland]]||11,634<ref>{{cite web| title =11rq -- Country of birth according to sex by municipality, 1990-2022| url =https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rq.px/| website =statfin.stat.fi| publisher =Statistics Finland| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.21%
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}|| ||11,333<ref>{{cite web| title =PRESS RELEASE – Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population - Housing Census.| url =http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/nws_SAM01_EN.PDF| pages =9| date =August 2013| website =statistics.gr| publisher =Hellenic Statistical Authority, Greece| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131225192921/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/nws_SAM01_EN.PDF| archive-date =25 December 2013}}</ref>||1.2%
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}||[[Indians in Poland]]||10,960||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}|| ||8,465<ref>{{cite web| title =Cizinci v ČR podle státního občanství v letech 1994 - 2022 (k 31. 12.)| trans-title =Foreigners in the Czech Republic by citizenship in the years 1994–2022 (as at 31 December)| language =cs| url =https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27320905/c01R04_2022.xlsx/0f178239-3e02-42cf-8d60-78a89bbb7c03?version=1.0| quote =Indie [India]| date =May 2023| website =czso.cz| publisher =Český statistický úřad (Czech Statistical Office)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.08%
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}|| ||7,963||0.02%
|-
|{{flag|Malta}}|| ||7,946<ref>{{cite web| title =Census of Population and Housing 2021: Final Report: Population, migration and other social characteristics (Volume 1)| url =https://nso.gov.mt/events/census-of-population-and-housing-2021-final-report-population-migration-and-other-social-characteristics/| date =February 2023| website =nso.gov.mt| publisher =National Statistics Office (NSO), Malta| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||1.53%
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}|| ||3,886<ref name="europa.eu"/>||0.04%
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}|| ||2,804<ref>{{cite web| title =Population by nationalities in detail 2011 - 2020| url =https://statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=12859&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1| date =April 2020| website =statistiques.public.lu| publisher =STATEC, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200425100607/https://statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=12859&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1| archive-date =25 April 2020}}</ref>||0.45%
|-
|{{flag|Latvia}}|| ||1,842<ref>{{cite web| title =Usually resident population by citizenship at the beginning of year – Citizenship and Time period| url =https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRV/IRV010/| date =2023| website =stat.gov.lv| publisher =Official Statistics Portal, Latvia| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.1%
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}|| ||1,572<ref name="europa.eu"/>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}|| ||1,302<ref>{{cite web| title =RLV501: POPULATION BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH AND SEX (2000, 2011, 2021)| url =https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel_vordlus__pelisus-ja-ranne/RLV501| website =stat.ee| publisher =Statistics Estonia| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.1%
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}|| ||896<ref name="europa.eu"/>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}}|| ||773<ref>{{cite web| title =Informație despre numărul străinilor documentați cu permise de ședere în Republica Moldova la data de 31.12.2021| trans-title =Information on the number of documented foreigners with residence permits in the Republic of Moldova on 31.12.2021| language =ro| url =http://bma.gov.md/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/atasamente/comunicate/numarul_straini_documentati_cu_perm_de_sedere.31.12.2021.pdf| date =2022| website =bma.gov.md| publisher =Bureau for Migration and Asylum (BMA), Moldova| access-date =7 August 2023| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062506/http://bma.gov.md/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/atasamente/comunicate/numarul_straini_documentati_cu_perm_de_sedere.31.12.2021.pdf| archive-date =19 April 2023}}</ref>||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}}|| ||544<ref>{{cite web| title =Population by country of birth, sex and age 1 January 1998-2022| url =https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Faedingarland/MAN12103.px| date =November 2022| website =hagstofa.is| publisher =Statistics Iceland| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.14%
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}|| ||320||0.005%
|-
|{{flag|Belarus}}|| ||311<ref>{{cite web| title =БЕЛАРУСЬ И СТРАНЫ МИРА / BELARUS AND COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD – Статистический сборник / Statistical book| language =ru| url =https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/f64/f648db874ee3f872c7b7028f0d03a383.pdf| pages =47| quote =Число прибывших в Республику Беларусь на постоянное жительство из других стран [Number of people arriving in the Republic of Belarus for permanent residence from other countries] | Индия [India]| date =2020| website =belstat.gov.by| publisher =National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.003%
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}|| ||285<ref>{{cite web| title =Population by country of citizenship, 5-year age groups and sex, Slovenia, annually| url =https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatData/pxweb/en/Data/-/05E1008S.px| website =stat.si| publisher =Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}}|| ||200<ref name="europa.eu"/>||0.004%
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}}|| ||129<ref name="UNdataF"/>||0.005%
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}|| ||106||0.003%
|-
|{{flag|Andorra}}|| ||57<ref>{{cite web| title =POBLACIÓ PER NACIONALITAT| trans-title =Population by nationality| language =ca| url =https://www.estadistica.ad/portal/apps/sites/#/estadistica-ca/pages/estadistiques-i-dades-detall?Idioma=ca&N2=605&N3=606&DV=1106| quote = POBLACIÓ PER NACIONALITAT. INDIA [Population by nationality. Indian]| date =January 2023| website =estadistica.ad| publisher =Departament d'Estadística del Govern d'Andorra (Statistics Department of the Government of Andorra)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.07%
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}|| ||56||0.002%
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia & Herzegovina}}|| ||26||0.001%
|-
|{{flag|Liechtenstein}}|| ||25<ref>{{cite web| title =Bevölkerungsstatistik| trans-title =Population statistics| language =de| url =https://archiv.llv.li/files/as/bevolkerungsstatistik-30-juni-2019.pdf| pages =22| quote =Ständige Bevölkerung nach Staatsbürgerschaft, Geschlecht und Wohngemeinde [Permanent population by citizenship, gender and municipality of residence] | Indien [India]| date =June 2019| website =llv.li| publisher =Amt für Statistik, Liechtenstein| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.06%
|-
|{{flag|Monaco}}|| ||25<ref>{{cite web| title =Recensement général de la population 2008| trans-title =General population census 2008| language =fr| url =https://www.imsee.mc/content/download/12325/152816/file/Recensement2008.pdf| pages =31| quote = NOMBRE D'INDIVIDUS SUIVANT LE SEXE PAR NATIONALITE [Number of Individuals According to Sex by Nationality] | Inde [India]| date =February 2009| website =imsee.mc| publisher =Direction de l’Expansion Economique, Monaco| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.08%
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}|| ||10||0.0005%
|-style="background:#ccf;"|-bgcolor="#ccccff"
|'''[[Oceania]]'''|| ||'''1,232,300+'''||
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}||[[Indian Australians]]||673,352<ref name="Australia Census"/>||3.05%
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}||[[Indian New Zealanders]]||239,193<ref name="NZ Census"/>||4.99%
|-
|{{flag|Fiji}}||[[Indo-Fijians]]||315,198||35.36%
|-
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}|| ||3,000||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}|| ||810||0.27%
|-
|{{flag|Tonga}}|| ||224<ref>{{cite web| title =Census Tables| url =https://tongastats.gov.to/census-2/population-census-3/census-tables/| quote =Ethnicity | Total population ethnic origin by sex, region, division, district and village| date =2021| website =tongastats.gov.to| publisher =Tonga Statistics Department (TSD)| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref>||0.22%
|-
|{{flag|Cook Islands}} ''(New Zealand)''|| ||205||1.01%
|-
|{{flag|Kiribati}}|| ||50||0.04%
|-
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}|| ||50||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Tuvalu}}|| ||50||0.47%
|-
|{{flag|French Polynesia}} ''(France)''|| ||38<ref name="UNdataF"/>||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}|| ||35||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Samoa}}|| ||30||0.01%
|-
|{{flag|Palau}}|| ||27||0.15%
|-
|{{flag|Nauru}}|| ||20||0.17%
|-
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}|| ||15||0.03%
|-
|{{flag|Niue}} ''(New Zealand)''|| ||12||0.70%
|-style="background:#ccf;"|-bgcolor="#ccccff"
|'''Total overseas Indian population'''|| ||'''~32,104,000'''||
|}

==Diaspora by host country==

===Africa===


====Madagascar====
{{Main|Indians in Madagascar}}

Indians in [[Madagascar]] are descended mostly from traders who arrived in 19th century looking for better opportunities. The majority of them came from the Indian west coast state of [[Gujarat]] and were known as [[Karanam|Karana]] (Muslim) and [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] (Hindu). The majority speak [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], though some other Indian languages are spoken. Nowadays the younger generations speak at least three languages including French or English, Gujarati and [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

====Mauritius====
{{Main|Mauritians of Indian origin}}
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2017}}

The people are known as [[Indo-Mauritian]]s, and form about 65.8% of the population. The majority of them are [[Hindu]] (73.7%) and a significant group are [[Muslims]] (26.3%). Mauritius is the only Hindu majority (48.5%) country of [[Africa]] according to the 2011 census. There are also a relatively small number of [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]] and [[Sikhs]]. The [[mother tongue]] of Indo-Mauritians is [[Mauritian creole|Creole]], as well as French and English in general fields, however various Indian languages are still spoken, especially [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Urdu]] as they are used in religious activities.

Mauritius hosts the [[Aapravasi Ghat]], the only site of UNESCO in the world, to pay homage to the memory of [[indenture]]. The Indian Festivals of [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Diwali]], [[Thaipusam]], [[Ponggal]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and [[Ugadi]] are all National Holidays as well as the Annual Commemoration of the Arrival of Indian Indentured Labourers in Mauritius.

====Réunion====
{{Main|Réunionnais of Indian origin|Malbars}}
Indians make up a quarter of Réunion's population. Most originally came as [[indentured]] workers from [[Tamil Nadu]]. {{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

====South Africa====
{{Main|Indian South Africans}}
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2017}}

[[File:Navanethem Pillay.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Navanethem Pillay]], an [[Indian South African]] descent who served as the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|U.N High Commissioner for Human Rights]].]]
Most Asians in South Africa are descended from indentured Indian labourers who were brought by the British from India in the 19th century, mostly to work on the [[sugar cane]] [[plantation]]s of what is now the province of [[KwaZulu-Natal]] (KZN). The majority are of [[Tamil South Africans|Tamil]] speaking heritage along with people that speak [[Hindi]] or [[Bhojpuri]], mostly descending from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. There are also smaller numbers of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking communities while a minority are descended from Indian traders who migrated to South Africa at around the same time, many from Gujarat. The city of [[Durban]] has the highest number of Asians in sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi worked as a lawyer in the country in the early 1900s. South Africa has one of the highest number of people of Indian descent outside of India in the world, i.e. born in South Africa and not migrant. Most of them are fourth or fifth-generation descendants. Most Indian South Africans do not speak any Indian languages, as they were 'lost' over the generations, although some do enjoy watching Indian movies and listening to [[Indian music]], and they maintain (and have had imposed upon them) a strong ''Indian'' [[Race (human categorization)|racial]] identity as a consequence of the legacy of [[Apartheid]].<ref name="Pillay2019">{{Cite book |last=Pillay |first=Kathryn |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity |year=2019 |isbn=978-981-13-2897-8 |pages=77–92 |chapter=Indian Identity in South Africa |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====East Africa====
{{Main|Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa}}
[[File:Sir Ben Kingsley 2012.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Ben Kingsley|Sir Ben Kingsley]] of [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|Indo-Kenyan]] descent is a notable Oscar-winning actor]] [[File:Freddie Mercury performing in New Haven, CT, November 1977.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Farrokh Bulsara, better known as [[Freddie Mercury]], lead singer and co-founder of the immensely successful rock band ''[[Queen (band)|Queen]]'', was of [[Parsi]] descent born in [[Zanzibar]].]]
Before the larger wave of migration during the British colonial era, a significant group of South Asians, especially from the west coast ([[Sindh]], [[Surat]], [[Konkan]] and [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]) travelled regularly to South East Africa, especially Zanzibar. It is believed that they travelled in Arab ''[[dhow]]s'', [[Maratha]] Navy ships (under [[Kanhoji Angre]]), and possibly Chinese junks and Portuguese vessels. Some of these people settled in South-East Africa and later spread to places like present day Uganda, and Mozambique. Later they mingled with the much larger wave of South Asians who came with the British.

Indian migration to the modern countries of Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius, South Africa, and Tanzania began nearly a century ago when these parts of the continent were under British and French colonial rule. Most of these migrants were of Gujarati or [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] origin. There are almost three million Indians living in South-East Africa. Indian-led businesses were (or are) the backbone of the economies of these countries. These ranged in the past from small rural grocery stores to [[sugar mill]]s. In addition, Indian professionals, such as doctors, teachers, engineers, also played an important part in the development of these countries.

===Asia===

====Indonesia====
{{Main|Indian Indonesians|Tamil Indonesians}}
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Sri Prakash Lohia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Sri Prakash Lohia]], founder of [[Indorama Corporation]] and sixth richest person in Indonesia according to Forbes]]
[[File:Manoj_punjabi.jpeg|thumb|150px|[[Manoj Punjabi]] is an [[Indian Indonesian]] film and television producer and owner of the biggest production house in Indonesia.]]

The official figures, it is estimated that there are around 125,000 Indians living in Indonesia and 25,000 PIOs/NRIs living in Indonesia of which the Indian expatriate community registered with the embassy and consulate in [[Medan]] numbers around 5,000-7,000 people. Most are from Tamil descendants. There are other sources stated that there are more than 400,000 Indians in Indonesia.

Indians have been living in Indonesia for centuries, from the time of the [[Srivijaya]] and [[Majapahit Empire]] both of which were Hindu and heavily influenced by the subcontinent. Indians were later brought to Indonesia by the Dutch in the 19th century as indentured labourers to work on plantations located around Medan in Sumatra. While the majority of these came from South India, a significant number also came from the north of India. The Medan Indians included Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. They have now been in Indonesia for over four generations and hold [[Indonesian passport]]s. While local statistics continue to suggest that there are some 40,000 PIOs in Sumatra, the vast majority are now completely assimilated into Indonesian society, though some elements of the Tamil, Punjabi and [[odia people|Odia]] communities still maintain their cultural traditions.

The Indian diaspora also includes several thousand [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] families who constitute the second wave of Indian immigrants who made Indonesia their home in the first half of the 20th century. The Sindhi community is mainly engaged in [[Trade|trading]] and [[commerce]].

Among these communities, Tamils and to a lesser extent Sikhs were primarily engaged in agriculture while [[Sindhis]] and [[Punjabis]] mainly established themselves in [[textile]] trade and sports businesses.

The inflow of major Indian investments in Indonesia starting in the late 1970s drew a fresh wave of Indian investors and managers to this country. This group of entrepreneurs and business professionals has further expanded over the past two decades and now includes engineers, consultants, chartered accountants, bankers and other professionals.

The Indian community is very well regarded in Indonesia, is generally prosperous, and includes individuals holding senior positions in local and multinational companies.

Due to economic factors, most traders and businessmen among PIOs have over past decades moved to [[Jakarta]] from outlying areas such as Medan and [[Surabaya]]. Almost half the Indian Community in Indonesia is now Jakarta-based; it is estimated that the population of Jakarta's Indian community is about 19,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kesavapany |first1=K. |title=Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia |title-link=East Asia |last2=Mani, A |last3=P. Ramasamy |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2008 |isbn=978-981-230-799-6 |page=234}}</ref> There are six main social or professional associations in Jakarta's Indian PIO/NRI community. Gandhi Seva Loka (formerly known as Bombay Merchants Association) is a charitable institution run by the Sindhi community and is engaged mainly in educational and social activities. The India Club is a social organisation of PIO/NRI professionals. An Indian Women's Association brings together PIO/NRI spouses and undertakes charitable activities. There is a Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee in Jakarta and Sindhis as well, Sikhs are associated with [[Gurudwara]] activities. The Economic Association of Indonesia and India (ECAII) brings together leading entrepreneurs from the Indian community with the objective of promoting bilateral economic relations, but it has been largely inactive. Finally, there is the Indonesian Chapter of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).

====Japan====
{{Main|Indians in Japan}}
Indians in Japan consist of migrants from India to Japan and their descendants. {{as of|2008|December}}, There are currently around 40,000 Indians living in Japan.<ref name="MOFA">{{Cite book |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/01/23/books/indian-migrants-in-tokyo/#:~:text=There%20are%20currently%20around%2040%2C000,often%20ignored%20or%20pushed%20aside. |date=January 2022 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |location=Tokyo |script-title=ja:各国・地域情勢 |script-chapter=ja:インド基礎データ |access-date=25 September 2009 |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525040336/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/01/23/books/indian-migrants-in-tokyo/#:~:text=There%20are%20currently%20around%2040%2C000,often%20ignored%20or%20pushed%20aside. |url-status=live }}</ref> Roughly 60% consist of expatriate IT professionals and their families.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kondõ |first=Masanori |date=10 March 2008 |script-title=ja:対インド関係「頭脳大国」との視点を |language=ja |work=Asahi Shimbun |url=http://www.asahi.com/international/aan/hatsu/hatsu080315.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220053801/http://www.asahi.com/international/aan/hatsu/hatsu080315.html |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
{{Main|Malaysian Indians|List of Malaysians of Indian descent|Chitty|Jawi Peranakan}}
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2017}}

[[File:Nicol David Khai.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Former [[List of WISPA number 1 ranked players|World No. 1]] of women's squash, Malaysia's [[Nicol David]], is of [[Chindian]] descent.]]
Malaysia has one of the world's largest overseas Indian and overseas Chinese populations. Most Indians migrated to Malaysia as plantation labourers under British rule. They are a significant minority ethnic group, making up 8% or 2,410,000 as 2017 of the Malaysian population. 85% of these people are Tamil-speaking. They have retained their languages and religion – 88% of ethnic Indians in Malaysia identify as Hindus. A minority number of the population are Sikhs and Muslims.

There is also a small community of Indian origin, the [[Chitty]], who are the descendants of only Tamil traders who had emigrated before 1500 CE. Considering themselves Tamil, speaking Malay, and practicing Hinduism, the Chittys number about 200,000 today.

====Nepal====
{{Main|Indian Nepalis}}
In 2006, the newly formed Nepal parliament passed the controversial citizenship act [[Nepali nationality law]] that allowed nearly two million Indians especially those living in the [[Madhesh]] province of [[Nepal]] to acquire Nepalese citizenship and Nepalese identity via naturalisation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fulton News – Breaking News Updates – Latest News Headlines – Photos – News Videos |url=http://www.newsfultoncounty.com/life-style/news/286087-nepals-stateless-struggle-for-their-citizenship |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151138/http://www.newsfultoncounty.com/life-style/news/286087-nepals-stateless-struggle-for-their-citizenship |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=Newsfultoncounty.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indians would be protected in Nepal: Rajnath Singh |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-concerned-about-madhesis-in-nepal-after-the-atrocities-against-the-community-rajnath-singh/1/461958.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523170624/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-concerned-about-madhesis-in-nepal-after-the-atrocities-against-the-community-rajnath-singh/1/461958.html |archive-date=23 May 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref> The total number of Indian citizens temporarily living and working in Nepal is estimated to be somewhere between two and three million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2001 |title=Where big can be bothersome |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/07/stories/05071343.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130225318/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/07/stories/05071343.htm |archive-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Nepal is also the seventh largest source of remittance to India, which amounted to nearly $3.5 billion in 2013/2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nations sending highest remittances to India – Rupee fall: NRIs in these nations must be happy! - Yahoo India Finance |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/india-top-receiver-of-global-remittances-1369025867-slideshow/nations-sending-highest-remittances-to-india-photo--1068160937.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104155/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/india-top-receiver-of-global-remittances-1369025867-slideshow/nations-sending-highest-remittances-to-india-photo--1068160937.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=Yahoo India Finance}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alyssa Ayres |date=26 February 2014 |title=India's Stakes in the Middle East |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alyssaayres/2014/02/26/indias-stakes-in-the-middle-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502204756/http://www.forbes.com/sites/alyssaayres/2014/02/26/indias-stakes-in-the-middle-east/ |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=Forbes}}</ref>

====Philippines====
{{Main|Indian Filipino|List of India-related topics in the Philippines|Indian influences in early Philippine polities}}
Currently, there are over 150,000 people of Indian origin residing in Philippines.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kesavapany |first1=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC&pg=PA537 |title=Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia |last2=Mani |first2=A. |last3=Ramasamy |first3=P. |year=2008 |isbn=9789812307996 |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428075822/https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC&pg=PA537 |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> By law, [[Indian Filipino]]s are defined as [[Philippine nationality law|Philippine citizens]] of Indian descent.

India and the Philippines have historic cultural and economic ties going back over 3,000 years. [[Iron Age]] finds in the Philippines point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu in [[South India]] and what are today the Philippine Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil language, www.tamilculturewaterloo.org |url=http://www.tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413062503/http://tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> The influence of [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] on [[Culture of the Philippines|Filipino cultures]] intensified from the 2nd through the late 14th centuries CE, impacting various fields such as language, politics, and religion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The cultural influence of India, www.philippinealmanac.com |url=http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701082957/http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html |archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref>

During the [[Seven Years' War]], Indians from [[Chennai]], and Tamil Nadu were part of the [[Battle of Manila (1762)|British expedition]] against [[Manila#Spanish period|Spanish Manila]], taking the city from the [[Spanish East Indies]] government and occupying the surrounding areas until [[Cainta, Rizal|Caintâ]] and [[Morong, Bataan|Morong]] (today in [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] province) between 1762 and 1763. Following the end war's end, a number of Indian soldiers mutinied, settled, and married local [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] women. These ''Sepoy'' Indians still have descendants in the town today.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhs |first=Ajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeExjdWUmJYC&q=Indian+population+of+the+Philippines&pg=PA717 |title=Indian Communities in Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asia studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-418-6 |location=Philippines |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929054444/https://books.google.com/books?id=TeExjdWUmJYC&q=Indian+population+of+the+Philippines&pg=PA717 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC&pg=PA537 Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia - Google Boeken] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130225317/https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC&pg=PA537&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3 |date=30 January 2016 }}. Books.google.com. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</ref>

====Singapore====
{{Main|Indian Singaporeans}}
[[File:Sundramoorthy2.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|[[V. Sundramoorthy]] is a former [[Singapore national football team|Singapore international]] [[association football|footballer]] and currently the head coach of [[S.League]] club [[Tampines Rovers]].]]
Indian Singaporeans – defined as persons of [[South Asia]]n paternal [[ancestry]] – form 9% of the country's citizens and permanent residents,<ref name="pop2017">{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=Singapore in Figures 2018 |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/reference/sif2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113151508/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/reference/sif2018.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018 |access-date=28 September 2018 |website=Singapore Government |pages=16–17}}</ref> making them [[Singapore]]'s third largest ethnic group. Among cities, Singapore has one of the largest overseas Indian populations.

Although contact with ancient India left a deep cultural impact on Singapore's indigenous [[Malays in Singapore|Malay]] society, the mass migration of ethnic Indians to the island only began with the [[founding of modern Singapore]] by the British in 1819. Initially, the Indian population was transient, mainly comprising young men who came as workers, soldiers and convicts. By the mid-20th century, a settled community had emerged, with a more balanced [[sex ratio|gender ratio]] and a better [[demographic profile|spread of age groups]]. Tamil is one among the four official languages of Singapore alongside English, Chinese and Malay.

Singapore's Indian population is notable for its [[class stratification]], with disproportionately large [[elite]] and [[Working class|lower income]] groups. This long-standing problem has grown more visible since the 1990s with an influx of both well-educated and unskilled migrants from India, and as part of growing [[income inequality]] in Singapore. Indians earn [[Household income in Singapore|higher incomes]] than Malays, the other major minority group. Indians are also significantly more likely to hold university degrees than these groups. However, the mainly locally born Indian students in public primary and secondary schools under-perform the national average at major examinations.

Singapore Indians are linguistically and religiously diverse, with South Indians and Hindus forming majorities. Indian culture has endured and evolved over almost 200 years. By the mid to late 20th century, it had become somewhat distinct from contemporary South Asian cultures, even as Indian elements became diffused within a broader [[culture of Singapore|Singaporean culture]]. Since the 1990s, new Indian immigrants have increased the size and complexity of the local Indian population. Together with modern communications like [[cable television]] and the [[Internet]], this has connected Singapore with an emerging global Indian culture.

Prominent Indian individuals have long made a mark in Singapore as leaders of various fields in national life. Indians are also collectively well-represented, and sometimes over-represented, in areas such as [[Politics of Singapore|politics]], [[education in Singapore|education]], [[foreign relations of Singapore|diplomacy]] and the [[law in Singapore|law]].

There is also a small community of Indian origin, the [[Chitty]], who are the descendants of Tamil traders who had emigrated before 1500 CE. Considering themselves Tamil, speaking Tamil, and practice Hinduism, the Chittys number about 2,000 today.

===Caribbean===

{{Main|Indo-Caribbeans|Indo-Caribbean Americans|British Indo-Caribbean people|Caribbean Hindustani|Hinduism in the West Indies}}

From 1838 to 1917, over half a million Indians from the former [[British Raj|British India]] were brought to the [[Caribbean]] as [[Indian indenture system|indentured laborers]] to address the demand for labour following the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|abolition of slavery]]. The first two ships arrived in [[British Guiana]] (now [[Guyana]]) on 5 May 1838.

The majority of the Indians living in the [[Anglophone Caribbean|English-speaking Caribbean]] and [[Suriname]] migrated from the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] region in present-day eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], western [[Bihar]] and northwestern [[Jharkhand]] and the [[Awadh]] region in eastern Uttar Pradesh, while a significant minority came from [[South India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.khabar.com/magazine/features/diaspora-lessons-from-trinidad-and-guyana | title=Khabar: Diaspora: Lessons from Trinidad and Guyana | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171018/https://www.khabar.com/magazine/features/diaspora-lessons-from-trinidad-and-guyana | url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the Indians brought to [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]] and [[French Guiana]] were mostly from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], and other parts of South India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaabroad.com/opinion/the-tamils-of-guadeloupe-more-french-than-indian/article_df32bd26-3fa3-11e9-87e9-c39cd4c198c1.html | title=The Tamils of Guadeloupe, more French than Indian? | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170528/https://www.indiaabroad.com/opinion/the-tamils-of-guadeloupe-more-french-than-indian/article_df32bd26-3fa3-11e9-87e9-c39cd4c198c1.html | url-status=live }}</ref> A minority emigrated from other parts of South Asia. Other Indo-Caribbean people are descend from or are later migrants, including Indian doctors, businessmen, and other professionals. Many of them being of [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]], [[Punjabis|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]], [[Tamil people|Tamil]], and [[Telugu people|Telugu]] origin.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/working-abroad/feisty-community-of-indian-origin-entrepreneurs-making-its-presence-felt-in-curacao/articleshow/18309336.cms?from=mdr | title=Feisty community of Indian origin entrepreneurs making its presence felt in Curacao | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Duttagupta | first1=Ishani | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170151/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/working-abroad/feisty-community-of-indian-origin-entrepreneurs-making-its-presence-felt-in-curacao/articleshow/18309336.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/art-leisure/20220306/r-masakui-sindhis-journey-indus-valley-jamaica | title=R. Masakui | Sindhis – Journey from Indus Valley to Jamaica | date=6 March 2022 | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172803/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/art-leisure/20220306/r-masakui-sindhis-journey-indus-valley-jamaica | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/2025801 | title=From Shikarpur to Caribbean Islands, the story of Sindhi businessmen | date=8 May 2020 | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170620/https://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/2025801 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.irasroom.org/circlingindia/the-sikhs-of-trinidad | title=The Sikhs of Trinidad | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163341/https://www.irasroom.org/circlingindia/the-sikhs-of-trinidad | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/global-gujjus-now-in-129-nations/ | title=Global Gujjus — now in 129 nations | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=4 January 2015 | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920164830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/global-gujjus-now-in-129-nations/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19438192.2018.1460919 | doi=10.1080/19438192.2018.1460919 | title=Bajan-Indians: Emergent identities of the Gujarati-Muslims of Barbados | journal=South Asian Diaspora | date=3 July 2018 | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=155–171 | last1=Degia | first1=Haajima | s2cid=149608943 | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170654/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19438192.2018.1460919 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/dollarsandsense/2017/03/09/bangladeshis-find-new-home-in-jamaica/ | title=Bangladeshis Find Home in Jamaica – Dollars & Sense | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163524/https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/dollarsandsense/2017/03/09/bangladeshis-find-new-home-in-jamaica/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/ffda736a18ce7389903e4265b74fdc73/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=48661 | title=Bengal to Barbados: A 100 Year History of East Indians in Barbados | website=[[ProQuest]] | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163412/https://www.proquest.com/openview/ffda736a18ce7389903e4265b74fdc73/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=48661 | url-status=live }}</ref> Many Indo-Caribbeans have further migrated and settled to other countries, such as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[France]], with sizable populations in the [[metropolitan area]]s of [[New York metropolitan area|New York]], [[Greater Toronto Area|Toronto]], [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach]], [[Greater Orlando|Orlando]]-[[Ocala metropolitan area|Ocala]], [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]], [[Tampa Bay area|Tampa Bay]], [[Winnipeg Metropolitan Region|Winnipeg]], [[Greater Montreal|Montreal]], [[Vancouver metropolitan area|Vancouver]], [[Greater Houston|Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land]], [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington, D.C.]], [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], [[Calgary Metropolitan Region|Calgary]], [[London metropolitan area|London]], [[Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area|Rotterdam-Den Haag]], and [[Amsterdam metropolitan area|Amsterdam]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/834410 | jstor=834410 | title=Music, Identity, and Images of India in the Indo-Caribbean Diaspora | last1=Manuel | first1=Peter | journal=Asian Music | year=1997 | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=17–35 | doi=10.2307/834410 | access-date=2022-09-16 | archive-date=2022-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920165038/https://www.jstor.org/stable/834410 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Indo-Caribbeans are the largest ethnic group in Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. They are the second largest group in Jamaica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and other countries. There are small populations of them in Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, French Guiana, Grenada, Panama, Guatemala, St. Lucia, Haiti, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and the Netherlands Antilles.

===Europe===

====Netherlands and Suriname====
{{main|Indians in the Netherlands|Indo-Surinamese}}
There are around 120,000 people of Indian origin in the Netherlands, 90% of whom migrated from the former Dutch colony of Suriname, where their forefathers were brought as workers to farm and tend to crops in the former Dutch colonies.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Indo-Surinamese are nationals of Suriname of Indian or other South Asian ancestry. After the Dutch government signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on the recruitment of contract workers, Indians began migrating to Suriname in 1873 from what was then British India as indentured labourers, many from the modern-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and the surrounding regions. Just before and just after the independence of Suriname on 25 November 1975 many Indo-Surinamese emigrated to the Netherlands.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

During the heyday of British rule in India, many people from India were sent to other British colonies for work. In the Dutch colony of Suriname, the Dutch were allowed by the British Raj to recruit labourers in certain parts of the North-Indian United Provinces. Today, Europe's largest Hindu temple is currently situated in [[The Hague]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinduism Today - Authentic resources for a billion-strong religion in renaissance |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/blogs-news/hindu-press-international/dream-comes-true--the-hindu-temple-in-the-hague-is-finished-after-years-of-building/16926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616231339/https://www.hinduismtoday.com/blogs-news/hindu-press-international/dream-comes-true--the-hindu-temple-in-the-hague-is-finished-after-years-of-building/16926.html |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
{{Main|British Indians|Indian community of London}}
[[File:Madhur Jaffrey crop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Madhur Jaffrey]] is a notable Indian-born [[British Indian]] actress, food and travel writer, and television personality.]]
[[File:Official Portrait of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Rishi Sunak]], the first British Indian (non-white) [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] and the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (2022–present)]]

The Indian emigrant community in the United Kingdom is now in its third generation. Indians in the UK are the largest community outside of [[Asia]] proportionally, and the second largest in terms of population, only surpassed by the United States, and closely followed by Canada. The first wave of Indians in the United Kingdom worked as manual labourers and were not respected within society. However, this has changed considerably. On the whole, third and fourth generation immigrants are proving to be very successful, especially in the fields of law, business and medicine.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Indian culture has been constantly referenced within the wider British culture, at first as an "exotic" influence in films like ''[[My Beautiful Laundrette]]'', but now increasingly as a familiar feature in films like ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]''.

The [[United Kingdom Census 2011]] recorded 1,451,862 people of Indian ethnicity resident in the UK (not including those who categorised themselves as of mixed ethnicity).<ref name="UK Census 2011"/> The main ethnic groups are [[Gujaratis]], [[Punjabis]], [[Bengalis]], [[Hindi Belt|Hindi-speaking people]], [[Tamils]], [[Telugu people|Telugus]], [[Malayali]]s, [[Goans|Goan]]-[[Konkani people|Konkanis]], [[Sindhis]], [[Marathi people|Marathis]], and [[Anglo-Indian]]s.<ref name=Chanda>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-08.pdf|title=The Punjabi Diaspora in the UK: An Overview of Characteristics and Contributions to India|first1=Rupa|last1=Chanda|first2=Sriparna|last2=Ghosh|work=CARIM-India Research Report|issue=2013/08|publisher=Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute|year=2013|access-date=22 July 2016|pages=2–3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060809/http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-08.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Hindus comprise 49% of the British Indian population, Sikhs 22.1%, Muslims 13.9%, Christians nearly 10%, with the remainder made up of Jains (15,000), Parsis (Zoroastrians), and Buddhists.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/previous-foi-requests/population/ethnicity-and-religion-by-age/dc2201ew---ethnic-group-and-religion.xls DC2201EW - Ethnic group and religion (Excel sheet 21Kb)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123221517/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/previous-foi-requests/population/ethnicity-and-religion-by-age/dc2201ew---ethnic-group-and-religion.xls |date=23 January 2016 }} ONS. 2015–09-15. Retrieved 2016-01-14.</ref>

Most Indians in the United Kingdom have settled in London, the Midlands, the North West, Yorkshire and the South East. Their presence in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and other regions is not as large. The first generation of immigrants were to be found in the east-end of London, which was traditionally the poorest area of London, however, due to gentrification, this is no longer the case.

There are 2,360,000 people currently speaking Indian languages in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213084829/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GB |archive-date=13 February 2013 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is now the second most widely spoken language in the United Kingdom,<ref name="HC Deb, 3 February 2010, c141WH">{{Cite web |title=Hansard |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005070140/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm |archive-date=5 October 2012 |access-date=3 February 2010}}</ref> and the most frequently spoken language among school pupils who do not have English as a first language.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} In 2019, the first ever Indian diaspora think tank was created, as a charity, called Bridge India.

[[Rishi Sunak]] became the first British Indian (non-white) [[Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] in October 2022.

===North America===
{{main|Indians in the New York City metropolitan area}}
Search terms can be confusing, because some of the [[indigenous people of the Americas]] are referred to, either legally or informally, as Indians. See for example [[Indian Act]], [[Indian Register]], [[Indian reserves]].
[[File:Top of Rock Cropped.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[New York City Metropolitan Area|New York]] [[combined statistical area]] is home to by far the largest Indian population in the United States, with over 700,000 (7 lambs) enumerated at the [[2020 U.S. census]]]]

====Canada====
{{Main|Indo-Canadians}}
{{See also|South Asian Canadians|South Asian Canadians in British Columbia|South Asian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area|South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver}}
[[File:Canadian Minister of Defence Harjit Singh Sajjan addresses the U.S. congressional delegation in Halifax, NS, for the 2016 Halifax International Security Forum (30299569794).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Harjit Sajjan]], is an [[Indian Canadian]] politician and former [[Lieutenant Colonel (Canada)|lieutenant colonel]] with the Canadian Armed Forces. He served as the [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]] from 2015 to 2021.]]
[[File:Lilly Singh by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Canada's [[Lilly Singh]], known by her [[YouTube]] username "IISuperwomanII", is a popular [[List of YouTubers|YouTube personality]] of Indian origin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2015 |title=Meet Superwoman Lilly Singh, biggest YouTube star of Indian origin |url=http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2015/08/10/meet-superwoman-lilly-singh-biggest-youtube-star-of-indian-origin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923111629/http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2015/08/10/meet-superwoman-lilly-singh-biggest-youtube-star-of-indian-origin/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=The American Bazaar}}</ref>]]
[[File:Navdeep Bains3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Canada's 11th [[Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry]], from 2015 to 2021, [[Navdeep Bains]] is one of the most successful [[Indo-Canadians|Indo-Canadian]] politicians]]
According to [[Statistics Canada]], via the [[2021 Canadian census]], 1,858,755 persons classified themselves as being of Indian origin, comprising approximately 5.1% of the total Canadian population.{{efn|name=NoteCanadaPopulation2021|[[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]]: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670).<ref name="canadapopulation2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=2022-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026230217/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Unlike in India however, representation of various minority religious groups is much higher amongst the Indo-Canadian population. For instance in India, Sikhs comprise 2% and Christians 2.2% of the population of India, Hindus 80% and Muslims 14%. In 2011, [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] represented 35%, [[Hindu]]s represented 28%, [[Muslim]]s 17%, [[Christianity|Christians]] 16% of the total people of Indian origin in Canada.<ref>[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm#6 The East Indian Community in Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104162204/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm#6 |date=4 January 2015 }}. Statcan.gc.ca (16 July 2007). Retrieved 29 July 2013.</ref>

A Punjabi community has existed in British Columbia, Canada, for over 120 years. The first known Indian settlers in Canada were [[Indian Army]] soldiers who had passed through Canada in 1897 on their way home from attending [[Queen Victoria]]'s Diamond Jubilee celebration in London, England. Some are believed to have remained in [[British Columbia]] and others returned there later. Punjabi Indians were attracted to the possibilities for farming and forestry. They were mainly male [[Sikhs]] who were seeking work opportunities. [[Indo-Caribbean]]s, descendants of the Indian indentured workers who had gone to the Caribbean since 1838, made an early appearance in Canada with the arrival of the [[Trinidadian]] medical student Kenneth Mahabir and the Demerara (now Guyana) clerk M N Santoo, both in 1908.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The first Indian immigrants in British Columbia allegedly faced widespread [[racism]] from the majority [[Anglo]] community. [[Race riots]] targeted these immigrants, as well as new Chinese immigrants. Most decided to return to India, while a few stayed behind. The [[Canadian government]] prevented these men from bringing their wives and children until 1919, another reason why many of them chose to leave. Quotas were established to prevent many Indians from moving to Canada in the early 20th century. These quotas allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when the number was increased to 300. In 1967, all quotas were scrapped. Immigration was then based on a point system, thus allowing many more Indians to enter. Since this open-door policy was adopted, Indians continue to come in large numbers, and roughly 25,000-30,000 arrive each year, which now makes Indians the second highest group immigrating to Canada each year, after the Chinese.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Most Indians choose to emigrate to larger urban centres like Toronto, and Vancouver, where more than 60% live. Smaller communities are also growing in Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, and Winnipeg. A place called [[Punjabi Market, Vancouver|Little India]] exists in South Vancouver and a section of [[Gerrard Street (Toronto)|Gerrard Street]] in Toronto as well. Indians in Vancouver live mainly in the suburb of [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], or nearby [[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]] but are also found in other parts of Vancouver. The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Punjabi Sikh origin and have taken significant roles in politics and other professions, with several [[Supreme Court of British Columbia|Supreme Court]] [[Judge|justices]], three [[Attorney General|attorneys general]] and one provincial premier hailing from the community. Both [[Gurmant Grewal]] and his wife [[Nina Grewal]] were the first married couple in Canada to be concurrently elected as [[Member of Parliament]] in 2004. The most read newspaper in the Indian community is ''The Asian Star'' and ''The Punjabi Star'' based in Vancouver started by an immigrant from Mumbai-Shamir Doshi.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The [[Greater Toronto Area]] contains the second largest population of Indian descent in North America, enumerating 572,250 residents of Indian origin as of 2011, surpassed only by the 592,888 estimate by the 2011 American Community Survey<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates Geographies Table DP05 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/http://www.census.gov/ |archive-date=27 December 1996 |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2011 |title=South Asian immigrants are transforming Toronto |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/south-asian-immigrants-are-transforming-toronto/article625650/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423050801/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/south-asian-immigrants-are-transforming-toronto/article625650/ |archive-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> (and 659,784 in 2013<ref name="IndiansNYC">{{Cite web |title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates – 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/330M200US408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141225190536/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/330M200US408 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>) for the New York City [[Combined Statistical Area]]. Note, however, that the Toronto count (but not the New York count) includes individuals of [[West Indian]]/Indo-Caribbean descent. Compared to the Vancouver area, Toronto's Indian community is much more linguistically and religiously diverse with large communities of [[Gujaratis]], [[Bengalis]], [[Malayalis]], and [[Tamils]], including Tamil ethnic minority from Sri Lanka, as well as more Indians who are [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]] and [[Muslim]] than Vancouver. From Toronto, Canadian carrier [[Air Canada]] operates non-stop flights to Delhi and Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Canada Circles the World adding Six New Destinations to its Expanding International Network – Sep 28, 2016 |url=http://aircanada.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1064 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430222347/http://aircanada.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1064 |archive-date=30 April 2017 |access-date=27 May 2018 |publisher=Aircanada.mediaroom.com}}</ref>

====United States====
{{Main|Indian Americans}}
{{See also|Indians in the New York City metropolitan area}}
<gallery>
File:Bhardwaj usn2001.jpg|[[Mohini Bhardwaj]] was a member of the [[United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics|US Gymnastic Women's Team]] at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]], which earned a silver medal in [[Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around|women's artistic team all-around competition]] and is a member of USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame. She is the second [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] Olympic medalist.
File:Raj Bhavsar.jpg|[[Raj Bhavsar]] was a member of [[United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics|US Gymnastic Men's Team]] at [[2008 Summer Olympics]] that earned a bronze medal in [[Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's artistic team all-around|men's artistic team all-around competition]]. He is the third American Olympic medalist of [[Indian Americans|Indian ancestry]]
File:Ram RG18 (9) (28110272897).jpg|[[United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Team USA's]] [[Rajeev Ram]] won a silver medal in [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles Tennis]] at [[2016 Summer Olympics]] with [[Venus Williams]], the fourth American athlete of Indian ancestry, to win an Olympic medal.
File:Kalpana Chawla, NASA photo portrait in orange suit.jpg|[[Kalpana Chawla]] was the first [[Indian American]] astronaut.
</gallery>

The United States has the largest Indian population in the world outside Asia. Indian immigration to North America started as early as the 1890s. Emigration to the United States also started in the late 19th and early 20th century, when [[Sikhs]] arriving in Vancouver found that the fact that they were subjects of the British Empire did not mean anything in Canada itself, and they were blatantly discriminated against.<ref name="Indian Immigration in America">{{Cite journal |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |date=26 July 1944 |title=Indian Immigration in America |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=13 |issue=15 |page=141 |doi=10.2307/3021823|jstor=3021823 }}</ref>{{clarify|date=June 2017}} Some of these pioneers entered the US or landed in [[Seattle]] and [[San Francisco]] as the ships that carried them from Asia often stopped at these ports. Most of these immigrants were Sikhs from the [[Punjab]] region.

Asian women were restricted from immigrating because the US government passed laws in 1917, at the behest of California and other states in the west, which had experienced a large influx of Chinese, Japanese, and Indian immigrants during and after the gold rush. As a result, many of the South Asian men in California married Mexican women. A fair number of these families settled in the Central Valley in California as farmers, and continue to this day. These early immigrants were denied voting rights, family re-unification and citizenship. In 1923 the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], in ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]'', ruled that people from India (at the time, British India, e.g. South Asians) were ineligible for citizenship. [[Bhagat Singh Thind]] was a [[Sikh]] from India who settled in Oregon; he had applied earlier for citizenship and was rejected there.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/i_bhagat1.html "Bhagat Singh Thind"]. ''Roots in the Sand''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828041811/http://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/i_bhagat1.html |date=28 August 2017 }}. PBS. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</ref> Thind became a citizen a few years later in New York.

After World War II, US immigration policy changed, after almost a half century, to allow family re-unification for people of non-white origin. In addition, Asians were allowed to become citizens and to vote. Many men who arrived before the 1940s were finally able to bring their families to the US; most of them in this earlier era settled in California and other west coast states.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Another wave of Indian immigrants entered the US after independence of India. A large proportion of them were Sikhs joining their family members under the newly more (though not completely) colour-blind immigration laws, then Malayali immigrants from Middle East, Kerala, etc. and professionals or students came from all over India. The Cold War created a need for engineers in the defence and aerospace industries, some of whom came from India. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, large numbers of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]], and [[Tamil people|Tamil]] people had settled in the US. The most recent and probably the largest wave of immigration to date occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s during the [[internet]] boom. As a result, Indians in the US are now one of the largest among the groups of immigrants with an estimated population of about 3.2 million, or ~1.0% of the US population according to [[American Community Survey]] of 2010 data.<ref name="usacensus1">{{Cite web |title=Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161012022855/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table |archive-date=12 October 2016 |access-date=17 January 2012 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> The demographics of Indian Americans have accordingly changed from majority Sikh to majority Hindu, with Sikhs only comprising 10% to 20% of Indian Americans today. This is much smaller than the proportion of Sikhs amongst the Indian populations in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, but larger than in India. In 2018, with 25% of the population of all non-resident migrants in the US, Indians made up the highest number of non-resident migrants (those without US citizenship or [[green card]]).<ref name="bharatmig2">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/every-4th-non-resident-foreign-national-in-us-in-2016-an-indian-report/834489.html "Every 4th non-resident foreign national in US in 2016 an Indian: Report"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920114322/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/every-4th-non-resident-foreign-national-in-us-in-2016-an-indian-report/834489.html |date=20 September 2019 }}. ''The Tribune India'', 18 September 2019</ref> The [[US Census Bureau]] uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] commonly referred to as American Indians.

[[File:Percent of population claiming Asian Indian ethnicity by state in 2010.svg|right|thumb|Percent of population claiming Asian Indian ethnicity by state in 2010]]
In contrast to the earliest groups of Indians who entered the US workforce as taxi drivers, labourers, farmers, or small business owners, the later arrivals often came as professionals or completed graduate studies in the US and moved into professional occupations. They have become very successful financially thanks to highly technical industries, and are thus probably the most well-off community of immigrants. They are well represented in all walks of life, but particularly so in [[academia]], information technology, and medicine.<ref name="Asian Indian Immigrants in America and Sociocultural Issues in Counseling">{{Cite journal |last=Ramisetty-Mikler, Suhasini |date=January 1993 |title=Asian Indian Immigrants in America and Sociocultural Issues in Counseling |journal=Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=36–49 |doi=10.1002/j.2161-1912.1993.tb00581.x}}</ref> There were over 4,000 PIO professors and 84,000 Indian{{nbhyph}}born students in American universities in 2007–08. The American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin has a membership of 35,000. In 2000, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine estimated the wealth generated by Indian [[Silicon Valley]] entrepreneurs at around $250 billion.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Many IT companies like [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[Twitter]], [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]] and [[IBM]] have CEOs of Indian origin.

[[File:Fcc2.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[exurb]]an [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[Little India, Edison/Iselin|Middlesex County]], [[Indians in New Jersey|New Jersey]] housing tracts in 2010. Since then, significant new housing construction is rendering an increasingly [[affluent]] and [[suburb]]an environment to Monroe Township, while maintaining the proximity to [[Indians in the New York metropolitan area|New York City]] sought by Indians in this township with the fastest-growing Indian population in the [[Western Hemisphere]].]]
[[Patel Brothers]] is the world's large supermarket chain serving the [[Overseas Indians|Indian diaspora]], with 57 locations in 19 U.S. states—primarily located in the [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New Jersey/New York Metropolitan Area]], due to its large [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|Indian population]], and with the [[East Windsor, New Jersey|East Windsor/Monroe Township]], [[New Jersey]] location representing the world's largest and busiest Indian grocery store outside India.

The [[New York City Metropolitan Area]], including [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]], and [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] in [[New York State]], and most of [[New Jersey]], is home to, by far, the largest Indian population in the United States,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last= |year=2013 |title=Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2013 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501031722/http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=26 December 2014 |website=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 |publisher=Department of Homeland Security}}</ref> estimated at 679,173 as of 2014.<ref name="IndiansNYC2">{{Cite web |title=Selected Population Profile in the United States – 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Asian Indian alone |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S0201/330M200US408/popgroup~013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214001939/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S0201/330M200US408/popgroup~013 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |access-date=17 November 2015 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Though the Indian diaspora in the US is largely concentrated in metropolitan areas surrounding cities such as New York City, Washington D.C., Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, and San Francisco – almost every metropolitan area in the United States has a community of Indians.

===Oceania===

====Australia====
{{Main|Indian Australians}}

At the 2016 Australian census, 619,164 people stated that they had Indian ancestry, of which 455,389 were born in India, with people from India making up the third largest immigrant population in the country and the second most popular country of origin for new migrants from 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Census Community Profiles: Australia |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/036?opendocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704151717/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/036?opendocument |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=27 May 2018 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indians become second largest group of migrants in Australia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/indians-become-second-largest-group-of-migrants-in-australia/articleshow/59337145.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720173946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/indians-become-second-largest-group-of-migrants-in-australia/articleshow/59337145.cms |archive-date=20 July 2019 |access-date=9 July 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 June 2017 }}</ref> Before roads and road transport were developed, many Indians had come to Australia to run [[camel train]]s. They would transport goods and mail via camels in the desert. Some of the earliest Punjabi arrivals in Australia included Kareem Bux, who came as a hawker to [[Bendigo]] in 1893, Sardar Beer Singh Johal, who came in 1895 and Sardar Narain Singh Heyer, who arrived in 1898. Many Punjabis took part in the rush for gold on the Victorian fields.

Indians also entered Australia in the first half of the 20th century when both Australia and India were both British colonies. Indian Sikhs came to work on the banana plantations in Southern Queensland. Today many of them live in the town of [[Woolgoolga]] (a town lying roughly halfway between Sydney and Brisbane). Some of these Indians, the descendants of Sikh plantation workers, now own banana farms in the area. There are two Sikh temples in Woolgoolga, one of which has a museum dedicated to Sikhism. Many Britons and [[Anglo-Indian]]s born in India migrated to Australia after 1947. These British citizens decided to settle in Australia in large numbers but are still counted as Indian Nationals in the census. The third wave of Indians entered the country in the 1970s and 80s after the abolition of the [[White Australia policy]] in 1973 with many Indian teachers, doctors and other professional public service occupations settling in Australia accompanied by many IT professionals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of External Affairs - Government of India |title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf/1-executive-summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810162741/https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf/1-executive-summary.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>

After successive military coups in Fiji of 1987 and 2000, a significant number of Fijian-Indians migrated to Australia; as such there is a large Fijian-Indian population in Australia. Fijian-Indians have significantly changed the character of the Indian community in Australia. While most earlier Indian migration was by educated professionals, the Fijian-Indian community was also largely by professionals but also brought many small business owners and entrepreneurs.

The current wave of Indian migration is that of engineers, toolmakers, Gujarati business families from East Africa and relatives of settled Indians. Starved of government funding, Australian education institutes are recruiting full fee paying overseas students. Many universities have permanent representatives stationed in India and other Asian countries. Their efforts have been rewarded with a new influx of Indian students entering Australia. The total number of student visas granted to Indian students for 2006–2007 was 34,136;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/statistics/study/_pdf/2006_07_grants_combined.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205165146/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/statistics/study/_pdf/2006_07_grants_combined.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2010 |access-date=20 April 2016 |publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}</ref> a significant rise from 2002 to 2003, when 7,603 student visas were granted to Indian students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/statistics/study/_pdf/2002-03-offshore-onshore-grants.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928165952/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/statistics/study/_pdf/2002-03-offshore-onshore-grants.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2010 |access-date=20 April 2016 |publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}</ref> According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, 87% of Indians residing in Australia are under the age of 50, and over 83% are proficient in English.

====Fiji====
{{Main|Indo-Fijians|Girmityas}}
Indo-Fijians are Fijians whose ancestors came mainly from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]], while a very small minority hailed from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Later on, a small population of [[Gujaratis]], [[Punjabis]] and [[Bengalis]] emigrated to [[Fiji]]. They number {{formatnum:313798}} (37.6%) (2007 census) out of a total of {{formatnum:827900}} people living in Fiji.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2007 |title=Fiji population up 50,000 in 10 yrs |publisher=[[Fijilive]] |url=http://www.fijilive.com/news/show/news/2007/10/31/news5.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102080854/http://www.fijilive.com/news/show/news/2007/10/31/news5.html |archive-date=2 November 2007}}</ref> They are mostly descended from indentured labourers, ''girmitiyas'' or ''girmit'', brought to the islands by the British colonial government of Fiji between 1879 and 1916 to work on Fiji's sugar cane plantations. Music has featured prominently in Indo-Fijian culture, with a distinctive genre emerging in the first decades of the 20th century that some claim influenced early jazz musicians. One of the Indo-Fijian jazz pioneers in the early evolution of this distinct ethnic art-form, Ravinda Banjeeri, likened the struggle to be heard through music as "like a bear emerging from a dark wood, listening to twigs snapping in an otherwise silent forest". The Indo-Fijians have fought for equal rights, although with only limited success. Many have left Fiji in search of better living conditions and social justice and this exodus has gained pace with the series of coups starting in the late 1980s.

====New Zealand====
{{Main category|New Zealand people of Indian descent}}
[[File:Anand Satyanand.JPG|thumb|upright|The former [[Governor General of New Zealand]], [[Anand Satyanand]], is of Indian descent.]]

Indians began to arrive in New Zealand in the late eighteenth century, mostly as crews on [[Royal Navy]] warships. The earliest known Indians to set foot in Aotearoa New Zealand were Muslim lascars who arrived in December 1769 on the ship ''Saint Jean Baptiste'' captained by Frenchman Jean François Marie de Surville sailing from Pondicherry, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sadeque |first=Syeda Samira |title=Dhaka has a question: what about the illegal Indian immigrants in Bangladesh? |language=en-US |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/article/664305/dhaka-has-a-question-what-about-the-illegal-indian-immigrants-in-bangladesh |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410234609/http://scroll.in/article/664305/dhaka-has-a-question-what-about-the-illegal-indian-immigrants-in-bangladesh |archive-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> Their arrival marks the beginning of Indian presence in New Zealand, in which hundreds of unnamed South Asian lascars visited New Zealand on European ships in order to procure timber and seal skins.<ref name=":0" /> The period of Indian settlement begins with the earliest known Indian resident of New Zealand, a lascar of Bengali descent from the visiting ship ''City of Edinburgh'' who jumped ship in 1809 in the [[Bay of Islands, New Zealand|Bay of Islands]] to live with a [[Māori people|Māori]] wife.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nachowitz |first=Todd |url=https://india.oup.com/product/indians-and-the-antipodes-9780199483624? |title=Identity and Invisibility: Early Indian Presence in Aotearoa New Zealand, 1769–1850 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-948362-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=26–61 |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125000602/https://india.oup.com/product/indians-and-the-antipodes-9780199483624 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Numbers slowly increased through the 19th and 20th centuries, despite a law change in 1899 that was designed to keep out people who were not of "British birth and parentage".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nachowitz |first=Todd |date=2015 |title=Towards a framework of deep diversity: Identity and invisibility in the Indian diaspora in New Zealand |location=Hamilton, New Zealand |hdl=10289/9442}}</ref> As in many other countries, Indians in New Zealand, also called "Indo-Kiwis", dispersed throughout the country and had a high rate of small business ownership, particularly fruit and vegetable shops and convenience stores. At this stage most Indian New Zealanders originated from Gujarat and the Punjab. Changes in immigration policy in the 1980s allowed many more Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis into the country. Today, South Asians from all over the subcontinent live and work in New Zealand, with small numbers involved in both local and national politics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nachowitz |first=Todd |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2019 |isbn=978-981-13-0242-8 |editor-last=Ratuva |editor-first=Steven |location=Singapore |pages=1–47 |chapter=Indian Diaspora in New Zealand |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_90-1 |s2cid=182490339}}</ref> Notable Indian New Zealanders include former [[Dunedin]] mayor [[Sukhi Turner]], cricketers [[Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958)|Dipak Patel]] and [[Jeetan Patel]], singer [[Aaradhna]], Minister [[Priyanca Radhakrishnan]] and former [[Governor General of New Zealand|Governor General]] [[Anand Satyanand]]

===West Asia===

====Armenia====

There are over 28,000 Indian citizens in [[Armenia]], including those who are seeking permanent residence status in Armenia, as recorded in 2018. In the first half of 2018, 10,237 Indians crossed Armenia's borders, and more than 2,000 were seeking permanent residence status.<ref name="JamNews">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=Indians in Armenia – why they're coming and what they're doing here |url=https://jam-news.net/indians-in-armenia-why-theyre-coming-and-what-theyre-doing-here/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112004725/https://jam-news.net/indians-in-armenia-why-theyre-coming-and-what-theyre-doing-here/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=jam-news.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2019 |title=Armenia's migration authorities report unprecedented growth in Indians travelers' number |url=https://www.tert.am/en/news/2019/01/09/india-armenia/2890126 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801205116/https://www.tert.am/en/news/2019/01/09/india-armenia/2890126 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=Tert.am}}</ref>

====Israel====
{{Main|Indians in Israel|Bene Israel|Bnei Menashe}}

TThe [[Bene Israel]] ({{lang-he|בני ישראל}}, "Sons of Israel") are an ancient group of [[Jew]]s who migrated in the 18th century from villages in the Konkan area to nearby Indian cities, primarily [[Mumbai]], but also to [[Pune]], and [[Ahmedabad]]. In the second half of the 20th century, most of them [[aliyah|emigrated to Israel]], where they now number about 85,000. The native language of the Bene Israel is [[Judæo-Marathi]], a form of Marathi.

Another prominent community that migrated to Israel after its creation were the Jews of [[Cochin]], in Kerala ([[Cochin Jews]]) – a community with a very long history. They are known to have been granted protection by the king of the [[Princely State of Cochin]]. The earliest Jews in this region, as per local tradition, date to as early as 379 CE. The community was a mix of native Jews (called "Black Jews"), and European Jews (called "White Jews") who had emigrated to Cochin after the successive European conquests of Cochin. The Jewish community of Cochin spoke a variant of [[Malayalam]], called [[Judeo-Malayalam]]. The community, after the creation of Israel, saw a mass exodus from Cochin, and is presently facing extinction in India.

Still another group of Indians to arrive in Israel belong to the [[Bnei Menashe]] ("Children of [[Tribe of Manasseh|Menasseh]]", Hebrew בני מנשה) a group of more than 10,000 people from India's [[Seven Sister States|North-Eastern border states]] of [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]], who claim descent from one of the [[Ten Lost Tribes|Lost Tribes of Israel]], and of whom about 3,700 now live in Israel (some of them in [[Israeli settlement]]s on the [[West Bank]]). Linguistically, Bnei Menashe are [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burmans]] and belong to the [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]] and [[Chin people]]s (the terms are virtually interchangeable).<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Vijayanand Kommaluri |author2=R. Subramanian |author3=Anand Sagar K |name-list-style=amp |date=7 July 2005 |title=Issues in Morphological Analysis of North-East Indian Languages |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/july2005/morphologynortheast1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805191208/http://www.languageinindia.com/july2005/morphologynortheast1.html |archive-date=5 August 2019 |access-date=4 March 2007 |website=Language in India}}</ref> The move to convert them to Judaism and bring them to Israel is politically controversial in both India and Israel.<ref>Ha'aretz, 15 January 2018 [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.834318 "The Indian Jews at the Heart of the Netanyahu-Modi Love Affair"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114232511/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.834318 |date=14 January 2018 }}</ref>

====Persian Gulf====

Indians command a dominant majority of the population [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]]. After the 1970s oil boom in the [[Middle East]], numerous Indians from [[Kerala]] emigrated, taking advantage of close historical ties with the 'Gulf' as well as the lack of ample skilled labour from nearby [[Africa]] and the [[Middle East]]. Major urban centers such as [[Dubai]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Doha]] and [[Manama]] were experiencing a development boom and thousands of Indians labored in construction industries.

This work was done on a contractual basis rather than permanently, and working age men continued to return home every few years. This has remained the dominant pattern as the countries in the Persian Gulf, especially [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]] and [[Kuwait]] have a common policy of not naturalising non-Arabs, even if they are born there.

The Persian Gulf region has provided incomes many times over for the same type of job in India and has geographical proximity to India, and these incomes are free of taxation.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The NRIs make up a good proportion of the working class in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC). NRI population in these [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] countries is estimated to be around 20 million, of which a quarter is resident in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Expatriate Indians in UAE not hit by global meltdown |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200811141323.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109051232/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200811141323.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2005, about 75% of the population in the UAE was of Indian descent. The majority originate from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, and Goa. Similarly, Indians are the single largest nationality in Qatar, representing around 85% of the total population as of 2014.<ref name="bq magazine">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2013 |title=Qatar's population by nationality |url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2013/12/population-qatar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222095738/http://www.bqdoha.com/2013/12/population-qatar |archive-date=22 December 2013 |access-date=19 November 2014 |publisher=BQ Doha}}</ref> They also form majorities in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman.

Since the early 2000s, significant number of Indians have reached the region, taking up high skill jobs in business and industry. Major Indian corporations maintain solid regional presence there while some are headquartered there.

There is a huge population of NRIs in West Asia, most coming from [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They work as engineers, doctors, lawyers, labourers and in clerical jobs.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Unlike in Europe and America, most of the countries in West Asia do not grant [[citizenship]] or permanent residency to these Indians, however long they might live there. They have a minority in Saudi Arabia. The NRI population tends to save and remit considerable amounts to their dependents in India. It is estimated such remittances may be over US$10 billion per annum (including remittances by formal and informal channels in 2007–2008). The relative ease with which people can travel to their home country means that many NRIs in the Gulf and West Asia maintain close links to Indian culture, with people often travelling twice or thrice a year, especially during holiday period, while some live in India for several months each year. Satellite television allows many NRIs to consume Indian media and entertainment, and there are TV soaps aimed at the NRI community in the Gulf countries. Live performances and cultural events, such as [[Tiatr|Tiarts]] for Goans living in UAE, occur quite often and are staged by community groups.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

==Diaspora by state and ethnolinguistic regions of India==
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Bengalis|Bengali diaspora]]
* [[Gujarati people|Gujarati diaspora]]
* [[Kannada people#Horanadu Kannadiga|Kannadiga diaspora]]
* [[Kashmiri diaspora]]
* [[Maharashtra Mandal|Maharashtrian diaspora]]
* [[Malayali diaspora]]
* [[Odia diaspora]]
* [[Punjabi diaspora]]
* [[Saraiki diaspora]]
* [[Sindhi diaspora]]
* [[South Indian diaspora]]
* [[Tamil diaspora]]
* [[Telugu diaspora]]
{{div col end}}

==Diaspora by region==

===European colonial era diaspora===
{{anchor| European colonia era | European}}

{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Girmityas]] and [[Coolie#Indian coolies|Coolies]]
** [[Indo-Caribbeans]]
***[[Indians in Barbados|Indo-Barbadian]]
***[[Indo-Belizeans]]
***[[Indians in French Guiana]]
*** [[Indo-Grenadians]]
*** [[Indo-Guadeloupeans]]
*** [[Indo-Guyanese]]
*** [[Indo-Jamaicans]]
*** [[Indo-Martiniquais]]
*** [[Indians in Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
*** [[Indo-Saint Lucian]]
*** [[Indo-Surinamese]]
***[[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]
*** [[Indians in the United States Virgin Islands]]
*** [[Indo-Vincentian]]
** [[Indo-Fijians]]
**[[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa]]
*** [[Indians in Botswana]]
*** [[Indians in Kenya]]
*** [[Indians in Madagascar]]
*** [[Mauritians of Indian origin]]
*** [[Indians in Mozambique]]
*** [[Réunionnais of Indian origin]]
*** [[Indo-Seychellois]]
*** [[Indians in South Africa]]
*** [[Indians in Tanzania]]
*** [[Indians in Uganda]]
*** [[Indians in Zambia]]
*** [[Indians in Zimbabwe]]
** [[Malaysian Indians]]
**[[Indian Singaporeans]]

{{div col end}}

===Mixed Indians===
* [[Chindians]]
*[[Dougla people]]
* [[Anglo-Indian people]]
* [[Eurasian Singaporeans]]
* [[Irish Indians]]
* [[Luso-Indian]]
*[[Macanese people]]
* [[Scottish-Indian]]

==Diaspora by religion==
{{anchor| Religious diaspora}}

===Indian-origin religions===
{{anchor | Indic religions | Indic religion | Indian | Indian-origin religions}}

The diaspora of [[Indian religions|indic religions]] are:

{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Jain communities#Diaspora|Jain diaspora]]
* [[Sikh diaspora]]
* Buddhist diaspora
** [[Tibetan diaspora]]
* Hindu diaspora
** Balinese Hindu diaspora
** [[Hinduism in Vietnam#Cham Hindus|Vietnamese Balamon Cham Hindu diaspora]]
** [[Bengali Hindu diaspora]]
{{div col end}}

===Foreign-origin religions===
* Jewish diaspora
**[[Bnei Menashe|Bnei Menashe diaspora]]
* Muslim diaspora
**[[Indian Muslim Diaspora|Indian Muslim diaspora]]
**[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya diaspora]]

== Impact ==
{{anchor | Contribution | Influence | Power}}
[[File:Indian Overseas Card.svg|thumb|Overseas Citizen of India ('''OCI''') Card]]

===Influence in India===
==== Overseas Indians' Day ====
{{anchor | Overseas Indians' Day | Overseas Indians' Day | OID}}

Since 2003, the ''[[Pravasi Bharatiya Divas]]'' (Overseas Indians' Day) sponsored by [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]], is celebrated in India on 9 January each year, to "mark the contributions of the Overseas Indian community in the development of India". The day commemorates the arrival of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in India from South Africa, and during a three-day convention held around the day, a forum for issues concerning the Indian diaspora is held and the annual ''Pravasi Bharatiya Samman'' Awards are bestowed.<ref name="pr">{{Cite web |title=Pravasi Bharatiya Divas |url=http://www.moia.gov.in/services.aspx?id1=25&id=m1&idp=25&mainid=23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126095742/http://moia.gov.in/services.aspx?id1=25&id=m1&idp=25&mainid=23 |archive-date=26 November 2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]]}}</ref> As of December 2005,<ref>[http://www.indiacgny.org/php/showContent.php?linkid=174 "Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Information"]. Consulate General of India, New York (1 July 2013). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201123309/http://indiacgny.org/php/showContent.php?linkid=174 |date=1 February 2009 }}. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</ref> the Indian government has introduced the "[[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)]]" scheme to allow a limited form of [[dual citizenship]] to Indians, NRIs, and PIOs for the first time since independence in 1947. The PIO Card scheme is expected to be phased out in coming years in favour of the OCI programme.

==== Impact on India's hard and soft power ====
{{anchor | Impact on India | Contribution to India}}
{{see also | Indianisation#Indian soft power}}

Indian diaspora has significant impact on the [[globalisation]] of [[economy of India]], especially in the following areas:

* [[Remittance#Top recipient countries|Current top recipient of remittance]], India has been ranked first for several years.
**[[Remittances to India]]
** [[Foreign-exchange reserves of India]]
* [[Foreign trade of India]]
** [[List of exports of India|Exports of India]]
*** [[Business process outsourcing to India]]
*** [[H-1B visa]], over 80% of all these visas are granted to Indian IT professionals
** [[List of chief executive officers|Indian origin CEOs of top global multinational companies]]
** [[List of largest trading partners of India|Largest trading partners of India]]

=== Impact on other nations ===
{{anchor | Impact on others | socioeconomic clout}}
{{see also | Indianisation#Indian economic impact on the world}}

==== Expansion of Indian soft power ====
Generations of diaspora have enhanced India's soft power through proliferation of elements of Indian culture. With expansion of [[Indosphere]] cultural influence of [[Greater India]],<ref name="Hal1985">{{Cite book |last=Kenneth R. Hal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ |title=Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8248-0843-3 |page=63 |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170642/https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=22 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> through transmission of [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guy, John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, Metropolitan museum, New York: exhibition catalogues |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2014 |isbn=9781588395245 |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170649/https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-spread-of-Hinduism-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Pacific |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116205245/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-spread-of-Hinduism-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Pacific |archive-date=16 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kapur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465 |title=History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e |last2=Kamlesh |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-207-4910-8 |page=465 |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429045511/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465 |archive-date=29 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]<ref name="college">{{Cite journal |last=Fussman |first=Gérard |year=2008–2009 |title=History of India and Greater India |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lettre-cdf/756 |url-status=live |journal=La Lettre du Collège de France |issue=4 |pages=24–25 |doi=10.4000/lettre-cdf.756 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116222243/http://lettre-cdf.revues.org/756 |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Coedes">{{Cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 |editor-last=Walter F. Vella |author-link=George Coedès}}</ref> leading to [[Indianization of Southeast Asia]] through formation of non-Indian southeast Asian native [[Indianized kingdom]]s<ref>{{Citation |last=Manguin |first=Pierre-Yves |title=25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient |pages=59–82 |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220231721/https://books.google.com/books?id=NJBwAAAAMAAJ |chapter=From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJBwAAAAMAAJ |place=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> which adopted [[Sanskritization|sanskritized language]]<ref name="academia edu">{{Citation |last=Lavy |first=Paul |title=As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation |url=https://www.academia.edu/2635407 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=21–39 |year=2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812222402/https://www.academia.edu/2635407 |doi=10.1017/S002246340300002X |access-date=23 December 2015 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |s2cid=154819912 |url-status=live}}</ref> and other Indian elements<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |title=A history of India |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |others=Rothermund, Dietmar 1933- |isbn=0203391268 |edition=4th |location=New York |oclc=57054139}}</ref> such as the [[Indian honorifics|honorific titles]], [[Indian name#Global Indian influence in names|naming of people]], [[Place names in India#Global Indian influence in place name|naming of places]], mottos of [[List of institutions with Sanskrit mottos|organisations]] and [[List of educational institutions with Sanskrit mottos|educational institutes]] as well as adoption of [[Hindu temple architecture#Southeast Asia as part of Greater India|Indian architecture]], [[Indian martial arts#Influence|martial arts]], [[Music of India#Globalization of Indian music|Indian music and dance]], [[Clothing in India|traditional Indian clothing]], and [[Indian cuisine#Outside India|Indian cuisine]], a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of Indian diaspora.<ref name="diasind1">{{Cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |title=A history of India |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |others=Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933– |isbn=0203391268 |edition=4th |location=New York |oclc=57054139}}</ref>

====Expansion of Indian hard power====
=====Diaspora organisation and political lobby groups=====
{{see also | Indianisation#Indian soft power}}

* [[Global Organization for People of Indian Origin]]
* [[List of foreign politicians of Indian origin|Indian origin politicians in other nations]]
* [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizens of India]]

=====Relations with other diasporas=====
Political lobbying groups of Indian diaspora influence the foreign policies of other nations in India's favor. Indian diaspora's lobby groups especially collaborate well with the influential [[Jewish diaspora]] in the [[Western world]] for creating favorable outcome for India and Israel. Indian diaspora has good relations with most other diasporas, including its offshoot [[Bangladeshi diaspora|Bangladeshi]] and [[Pakistani diaspora]]s, as well all other [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] neighbors such as [[Afghan diaspora|Afghan]], [[Bhutanese Americans|Bhutanese]], [[Burmese diaspora|Burmese]], [[Nepali diaspora|Nepali]]. [[Sri Lankan diaspora|Sri Lankan]], and [[Tibetan diaspora]]s.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==== Cultural, economic and political impact on other nations ====
The diaspora has led to politicians of Indian ancestry becoming leaders of the countries of their residence. This list includes full-ethnic Indian heads of states and governments such as [[Basdeo Panday]], [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]], [[Christine Kangaloo]], and [[Noor Hassanali]] of Trinidad and Tobago, [[Cheddi Jagan]], [[Donald Ramotar]], [[Bharrat Jagdeo]], [[Moses Nagamootoo]], and [[Irfaan Ali]] of Guyana, [[Chan Santokhi]], [[Ramsewak Shankar]], [[Pretaap Radhakishun]] and [[Fred Ramdat Misier]] of Suriname, [[Ram Baran Yadav]] of Nepal, [[Hussain Mohammad Ershad]] of Bangladesh [[Mahendra Chaudhry]] of Fiji, [[Pravind Jugnauth]], [[Prithvirajsing Roopun]], [[Anerood Jugnauth]], [[Kailash Purryag]], [[Ameenah Gurib-Fakim]], [[Navin Ramgoolam]], [[Veerasamy Ringadoo]], and [[Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]] of Mauritius, [[Devan Nair]] and [[S. R. Nathan]] of Singapore, and [[Rishi Sunak]] of U.K. and those of mixed heritage, such as [[Mahathir Mohamad]] of Malaysia, [[António Costa]] and [[Alfredo Nobre da Costa]] of Portugal, [[Leo Varadkar]] of Ireland, [[Halimah Yacob]] of Singapore, and [[Wavel Ramkalawan]] of Seychelles. Additionally [[Kamala Harris]] who is of mixed Jamaican and Indian heritage is the [[Vice President of the United States]] and [[Anand Satyanand]] who is of Indo-Fijian descent served as the [[Governor-General of New Zealand]].

In Australia, [[Indian Australians]] and India were the largest source of new permanent [[Immigration to Australia|migrants to Australia]] in 2017–2018,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017–18 Migration Program Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212004128/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-12 |access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref> and Indians were the most educated migrant group in Australia with 54.6% of Indian migrants in Australia holding a bachelor's or higher educational degree, which is more than three times Australia's national average of 17.2% in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2016 |title=Indians found to be Australia's most highly educated migrants |website=Interstaff Migration |url=https://www.interstaff.com/indians-found-australias-highly-educated-migrants |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052320/https://www.interstaff.com/indians-found-australias-highly-educated-migrants/ |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>

In Britain, [[British Indians]] are the largest [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|ethnic minority population in the country]],<ref name="Chanda" /> with the highest average hourly pay rate and the lowest poverty rate among all ethnic groups,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilligan |first=Andrew |date=14 January 2010 |title=It's class, not race, that determines Britain's have-nots |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/6990253/John-Denhams-right-Its-class-not-race-that-determines-Britains-have-nots.html |url-status=dead |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126182417/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/6990253/John-Denhams-right-Its-class-not-race-that-determines-Britains-have-nots.html |archive-date=26 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="auto2">UK Government. [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/pay-and-income/average-hourly-pay/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Average Hourly Pay"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030429/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/pay-and-income/average-hourly-pay/latest |date=21 April 2018 |accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Lucinda Platt">{{Cite web |last=Platt |first=Lucinda |date=May 2011 |title=Inequality within ethnic groups |url=http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/inequality-ethnicity-poverty-full.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021063107/http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/inequality-ethnicity-poverty-full.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=27 May 2012 |website=JRF programme paper: Poverty and ethnicity |publisher=Joseph Rowntree Foundation}}</ref> and are more likely to be employed in professional and managerial occupations than other ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beardwell |first1=Julie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W5fEzRWGM4C&pg=PA138 |title=Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach |last2=Claydon |first2=Tim |date=15 June 2017 |publisher=Prentice Hall/Financial Times |isbn=9780273707639 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224042018/https://books.google.com/books?id=3W5fEzRWGM4C&pg=PA138 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto1">UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment-by-occupation/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Employment by Occupation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420203019/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment-by-occupation/latest |date=20 April 2018 |accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref> [[Rishi Sunak]] is the first British Indian (non-white) [[Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from October 2022.

In Canada, [[Indo-Canadians]] are the second largest non-European ethnic group and one of the fastest growing ethnic communities in the country.<ref name="East Indians in Canada">{{Cite web |last=Statistics Canada |author-link=Statistics Canada |title=The East Indian Community in Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104162204/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm |archive-date=4 January 2015 |access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref>

In New Zealand, [[Indian New Zealanders]] are the fastest growing ethnic group, and are the second largest group of Asians in New Zealand with a population of 174,000 Indians in 2014.<ref name="enz.org" /> Fiji Hindi is the fourth largest language in New Zealand.<ref name="enz.org">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Migrants – How Many and From Where? |url=http://www.enz.org/migrants.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220010208/http://www.enz.org/migrants.html |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |website=www.enz.org}}</ref>

In the United States, [[Indian Americans]] are the third largest Asian American ethnic group behind [[Chinese American]]s and [[Filipino American]]s,<ref name="US Census Bureau, Chinese or in any combination">{{Cite web |last=United States Census Bureau |title=US demographic census |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:035&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212034232/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:035&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |archive-date=12 February 2020 |access-date=16 December 2006}}</ref><ref name="US Census Bureau, Filipino or in any combination">{{Cite web |last=United States Census Bureau |title=US demographic census |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212034029/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |archive-date=12 February 2020 |access-date=19 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="US Census Bureau, Asian Indian or in any combination">{{Cite web |last=United States Census Bureau |title=US demographic census |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:032&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212040120/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:032&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |archive-date=12 February 2020 |access-date=19 November 2006}}</ref> by far the richest and most educated ethnic group in the USA compared to all other ethnic groups, earning $101,591 median income per year compared to $51,000 and $56,000 for overall immigrant and native-born households in 2015,<ref name="usabaz1">{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=U. S. Census |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/http://www.census.gov/ |archive-date=27 December 1996 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> with the lowest poverty rate compared to other foreign-born and U.S. born ethnic groups.<ref name="migrationpolicy">{{Cite news |date=29 August 2017 |title=Indian Immigrants in the United States |work=migrationpolicy.org |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218170447/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states |archive-date=18 December 2017}}</ref> Overall, Indians are also more educated than other ethnic groups with an average of 32% and 40% of Indians holding a bachelor's degree and postgraduate degree respectively, compared to the 30% and 21% average of all Asians in the United States, and the 19% and 11% average of Americans overall.<ref name="Pew">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Indians in the U.S. Fact Sheet |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118050217/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/ |archive-date=18 January 2018 |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=POewsocialtrends.org}}</ref> 15.5% of all Silicon Valley startups by 2006 were founded by Indian immigrants,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxenian |first=AnnaLee |year=1999 |title=Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs |url=http://wee.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_699ASR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131123024/http://wee.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_699ASR.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=20 December 2019 |publisher=Public Policy Institute of California}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2012 |title=The Face of Success, Part I: How the Indians Conquered Silicon Valley |work=Inc.com |url=https://www.inc.com/vivek-wadhwa/how-the-indians-succeeded-in-silicon-valley.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116005402/https://www.inc.com/vivek-wadhwa/how-the-indians-succeeded-in-silicon-valley.html |archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> and Indian migrants have founded more engineering and technology companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the UK, China, Taiwan and Japan combined.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assisi |first=Francis C. |date=4 January 2007 |title=News & Analysis: Skilled Indian Immigrants Create Wealth for America |url=http://www.indolink.com/displayArticleS.php?id=010307105012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213548/http://www.indolink.com/displayArticleS.php?id=010307105012 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=17 July 2010 |publisher=INDOlink}}</ref> Over 80% of all [[H-1B visas]] are granted to Indian IT professionals and 23% of all Indian business school graduates in USA take up a job in United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report: 25% of Indian B-School Graduates get a job in Americas |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/report-25-of-indian-b-school-graduates-get-a-job-in-americas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320204453/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/report-25-of-indian-b-school-graduates-get-a-job-in-americas/ |archive-date=20 March 2014 |access-date=19 March 2014 |work=Biharprabha News}}</ref>

== Issues ==
=== Demand for dual citizenship in India by PIO and NRIs ===
Coinciding with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Australia]] visit in November 2014, the Indian community in Australia had launched an online campaign, appealing to him to grant dual citizenship to overseas Indians. The petition has also sought granting [[Indian passport]]s to overseas citizens of Indian heritage with full political and economic rights, granting of convenient voting rights to such [[dual passport]]-holding overseas Indians as well as overseas Indians with Indian passports (NRIs), which can be exercised either at the consulate, high commission or embassy premises in their country of residence and through postal or online facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2014 |title=Modi Oz visit: Overseas Indians in Australia seek dual citizenship |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/neighbours/modi-oz-visit-overseas-indians-in-australia-seek-dual-citizenship/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314123800/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/neighbours/modi-oz-visit-overseas-indians-in-australia-seek-dual-citizenship/ |archive-date=14 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=It's time Indian government granted NRIs dual citizenship |language=en-US |work=Economic Times Blog |url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/its-time-indian-government-granted-nris-dual-citizenship/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707184423/http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/its-time-indian-government-granted-nris-dual-citizenship/ |archive-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{clear}}
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Overseas Citizenship of India]]
* [[List of foreign politicians of Indian origin|Politicians of Indian descent]]
* [[Indian nationality law]]
* [[Indianisation]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[Indosphere]]
* [[Anti-Indian sentiment]]
* [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]]
* [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
* [[Dravidian peoples]]
* [[Romani people]]
* [[Romani diaspora]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==


* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023331/http://moia.gov.in/index.aspx Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]
* [http://boi.gov.in/ Bureau of immigration India]
* [http://india.gov.in/people-groups/community/non-resident-indians Non-Resident Indians | National Portal of India]

{{Overseas asia}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin}}
[[Category:Indian diaspora|Indian diaspora]]

Panjola

2023-10-07T07:43:02Z

Rahuldevrajburman: Panjola

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panjola
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.512236|N|76.444330|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Fatehgarh Sahib|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Sirhind|Sirhind]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.59
| population_total = 657
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = PB23
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sirhind|Sirhind]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Panjola''', ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਪੰਜੋਲਾ), is a village in the Sirhind Block of [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Fatehgarh Sahib, Govt. of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://fatehgarhsahib.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Panjola is located at {{coord|30.512236|N|76.444330|E|}}<ref name="gm">Google maps</ref> in the Fatehgarh Sahib district of [[Indian Punjab]]. [[Sirhind railway station|Sirhind Junction]] is the nearest railway station. The Village is located 18 kilometres towards South from District Head quarters Fatehgarh Sahib, 7 kilometres from [[Sirhind]] and 46 kilometres from State capital [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=gm/>

== Demographics ==
As per 2011 census, the village has total population of 657<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> with 123 households, of which 52.51% are males (345) and 47.49% are females (312) means sex ratio in the village is skewed as with 847 females per 1000 males. Though residents have now started sending their daughters to schools, still only 63.46% of females are educated as compared to 72.75% of males. The overall literacy rate of the village is 68.34%. The Punjabi is the major language spoken by all in the village.

== Education ==
There is a Govt. Primary School in Panjola.<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: ePunjab Schools :: |url=https://www.epunjabschool.gov.in/GS_SchoolWebsite/Search.aspx |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.epunjabschool.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Fatehgarh Sahib district}}

[[Category:Villages in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]

Project 9191

2023-10-01T00:18:01Z

Rahuldevrajburman: Draft:Project_9191 TV series

{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Crime]], [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Charudutt Acharya Subramanian S. Iyer
| director = Subbu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jagat Rawat]]|Trishna Mukherjee|Abhishekh Khan|[[Jagat Rawat]]|Jaswant Dalal|Vaibhav Tatwawadi|[[Arun Nalawade]]}}
| music = Dhaval Tandon
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = Indranil Chakraborty
| cinematography = Chandrakant Yadav Lucky Yadav
| editor = Charu Takkar
| runtime = 33-45 minutes
| company = Studio Next
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|03|26|df=y}}
}}

'''''Project 9191''''' is a Hindi-language [[streaming television]] series produced by Indranil Chakraborty and directed by Subbu. Its stars [[Satyajit Sharma]], Abhishekh Khan, [[Jagat Rawat]], Kappil Shah, Lekha Prajapati, Sandeep Kumaar, Satyen Chaturvedi, Vaibhav Tatwawadi, Trishna Mukherjee and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Project 9191 (2021) |url=https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/project-9191-2021 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Project 9191 Web Series (2021) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at SonyLIV |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/project-9191-web-series-104813 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PROJECT 9191 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/product/project-9191/ |website=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en-IN |date=25 March 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Satyajit Sharma]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|JCP]] Amitabh Sinha
* Trishna Mukherjee as Deepa Nagpal
* Jaswant Dalal as Sharad Kumar
* Vaibhav Tatwawadi as Pankaj Dhanawade
* Dadhey Pandey as Usman Dastagir
* Abhishekh Khan as Johnny
* Nidhi Dugar as Nisha
* Arun Nalawade as [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] Chief Shashank Giri
* [[Jagat Rawat]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]] Raghuveer Jhalan
* Ajay Jairam Patwari as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Diwakar Pandit
* Abeer Meherish as [[Inspector]] Asif Sheikh (Crime Branch)
* Amit Verma as [[Inspector]] Neeraj Tripathi (Crime Branch)
* Harsh Singh as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer SK Raina
* Sandeep Kumaar as Ashfaq Abbasi
* Shivani Rangole as Shruti Khetarpal
* Suhani Popli as Shivani
* Saarvie Omana as Mansi
* Sultan Warsi as Farooq (police informer)
* Satyen Chaturvedi as Haider Moinuddin
* Lekha Prajapati as Arfia Siddiqui
* Mihir Ahuja as Rishabh Chaudhary
* Afia Tayebali as Neha Dixit

== Production & Release ==
The series was announced on 18 March 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=SonyLIV announces its next, titled 'Project 9191'; watch trailer |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/sonyliv-announces-its-next-titled-project-9191-watch-trailer-371459 |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[WION]] |date=March 18, 2021 |language=en-us}}</ref> Trailer of the series was released on the same day.<ref>{{cite news |last=Staff |first=Scroll |title=‘Project 9191’ trailer: A police team tries to prevent crimes before they take place |url=https://scroll.in/reel/989922/project-9191-trailer-a-police-team-tries-to-prevent-crimes-before-they-take-place |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

The series was released on 26 March 2021 on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Project 9191 on Sony LIV |url=https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/project-9191-web-series-online/ |website=Binged |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

== Critical Response ==
The series was reviewed by [[News18 India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupte |first=Viplav |title=REVIEW: क्या वेब सीरीज 'प्रोजेक्ट 9191' पर हावी है क्राइम पेट्रोल का हैंगओवर |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-project-9191-suffers-from-crime-petrol-hang-over-film-review-entpks-3562730.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[News18 India]] |date=18 April 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> Binged staff rated the series 5 out 10 and stated series direction is a drawback.<ref>{{cite news |title=Project 9191 Review - A Passable Crime Drama With Predictable Thrills |url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/project-9191-web-series-review/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=Binged |date=29 March 2021}}{{rating|5|10}}</ref> IndiaWest stated that the series disappoints.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=R.M. |title=‘Project 9191’ Review: Good in Parts, Disappoints in the End |url=https://indiawest.com/project-9191-review-good-in-parts-disappoints-in-the-end/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=IndiaWest |date=23 April 2021}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External Links ==
* {{IMDb Title|tt14270630}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/project-9191-1700000706 Project 9191 on SonyLIV]

[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:2021 television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Bara, Mainpuri

2023-09-17T00:47:35Z

Rahuldevrajburman: Just finished crafting a new article.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{other uses|Bara}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.15018|N|79.29934|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.093
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1941
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bara''' is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,941, in 313 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Bara had a population of 1,941, in 313 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|200}} This population was 53.6% male (1,041) and 46.4% female (900). The 0-6 age group numbered 276 (138 male and 138 female), or 14.2% of the total population. 509 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 26.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|142-3}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bara as having a population of 1,370 people, in 276 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bara as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 989 people (524 male and 465 female), in 198 households and 139 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 775 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcviii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Bara had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, well, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|200-5}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Jyotirindra Nandi metro station

2023-09-16T10:22:40Z

Rahuldevrajburman: New page layout.

{{Short description|Metro station in Kolkata, India}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jyotirindra Nandi Metro Station
| type = '''[[Kolkata Metro]]''' '''[[List of Kolkata metro stations|station]]'''
| style = Kolkata Metro
| image = Jyotirindra_Nandi_Metro_Station.jpg
| image_caption = Jyotirindra Nandi Metro Station
| address = Next to [[Metro Cash and Carry]], [[E.M. Bypass]], Purbalok, [[Mukundapur, Kolkata|Mukundapur]], [[Kolkata]] - 700099
| coordinates ={{Coord|22.495915|N|88.398667|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = 
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform = [[side platforms]]
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = Under Construction. Expected to open in December 2023.<ref name=":1"/>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| ADA =
| code =
| owned =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Metro|line=6|left=Satyajit Ray|right=Kavi Sukanta}}
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro line 6}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Jyotirindra Nandi Metro Station''' is an under construction metro station of [[Kolkata Metro Line 6|Line 6]] of the [[Kolkata Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Metro-will-run-more-than-300-services-shortly/articleshow/54272650.cms|title=300 and more, metro services|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |title=Kolkata Metro: GM Reviews Orange Line's Kavi Subhas to Airport Stretch |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/kolkata-metro-gm-reviews-orange-lines-kavi-subhas-to-airport-stretch/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref> The station would serve [[Mukundapur, Kolkata|Mukundapur]], [[Santoshpur, Kolkata|Santoshpur]] and [[Ajoy Nagar]] areas outlying the [[E.M. Bypass]] section of the city.<ref name="metrocalendar">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-prepares-completion-calendar-for-city-projects/articleshow/59463303.cms|title=Metro prepares completion calendar for city projects|publisher= Times of India|accessdate=6 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2928&did=16780040808116CE47284EBEA5D0164E2D93341A549E5 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Metro: মেট্রোর নতুন ৫ রুট নিয়ে বড় খবর, প্রকাশ্যে জ্যোতিরিন্দ্র নন্দী স্টেশনের ফার্স্ট লুক |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/kolkata-metro-jyotirindra-nandi-station-of-orange-line-an-eye-treat-for-all-rjk-522422-2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

The station is named in honour of the Bengali writer, [[Jyotirindranath Nandi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,379 |title= Road ahead, projects sanctioned |work= New Garia to Biman Bandar via Rajarhat| publisher=|accessdate = 4 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Metro all set to open Kavi Subhash-Hemanta Muhkopadhyay Metro Corridor {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/kolkata-metro-all-set-to-open-kavi-subhash-hemanta-muhkopadhyay-metro-corridor |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref>

== History ==
This project was sanctioned in the budget of 2010–11 by [[Mamata Banerjee]] with a project deadline of six years.<ref name="airport_link_station_names">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213055942/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2011|title=Rail set to take over East-West|work=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> The execution of this project has been entrusted to RVNL at a cost of Rs 3951.98 crore. It will help to reduce travel time between the southern fringes of [[Kolkata]] to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]].

The {{Cvt|5|km}} stretch from New Garia to Ruby Hospital was expected to start from 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro sets June 2018 date for New Garia-Ruby line|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-sets-june-2018-date-for-new-garia-ruby-line/articleshow/59963674.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 12 February 2018 Mr Ajay Vijayvargiya, General Manager Metro Railways announced a delay in inauguration of New Garia to Ruby stretch.
== The Station ==
===Structure===
Jyotirindra Nandi Metro Station on [[Kolkata Metro Line 6|Line 6]] of Kolkata Metro is structurally an elevated metro station. The station has total 3 levels. Station entrances and exits begin or end at the first level or ground level. Second level or L1 or intermediate level houses station fare control, station agents, metro card vending machines, crossovers etc. The third level or L2 or the final level houses the platforms and rail tracks. The station is 200 meters long and 25 meters wide.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kolkata Metro Orange Line Full Update {{!}} New Garia - Airport Metro via New Town |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGNEc-AU7y8 |access-date=2023-09-14 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Layout ===
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Mezzanine
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
| rowspan="4" width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Southbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards →[[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]]→ →
|-
|'''Northbound'''
|→Towards ←Airport← ←
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
|-
|}

===Location===
Jyotirindra Nandi metro station is in vicinity of [[Metro Cash and Carry]] office and various private [[hospital]]<nowiki/>s like [[Peerless Hospital]]. The famous [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]], one of the city's biggest football stadium, that attracts fans all over the kolkata as it is the alternative grounds of famous Kolkata clubs, i.e, [[Mohun Bagan AC]], [[East Bengal FC]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] lies close the station. The previous station of the station is Satyajit Roy Metro Station at a distance of 1.4 km and the next station is Kavi Sukanta Metro Station at a distance of 1.1 km.<ref name=":0" />

=== Infrastructure ===
The station is being built with state-of-the-art technology. The station has 4 entrances and exits for entry and exit. A number of [[Elevator|lifts]], [[staircases]] and [[elevators]] are attached to the reach the concourse building. The second level of the station has ticket collection center, ticket validator for ticket examination. The station will have escalators for the convenience of passengers. Besides, the station will have drinking water and toilet facilities.<ref name=":0"/>

== Electricity and signal systems ==
Like the other stations and lines of the [[Kolkata Metro]], this station will use 750 volts DC power supply by the third railway to operate the trains.

Train movement will be conducted at this station and on the railway by [[Communications-based train control|communication-based train control]] signal system. This signal system can operate a 90 second interval train. Currently this automatic signalling system is not activated and only one metro track is operational.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siemens Wins Kolkata Metro Line 3 & 6’s CBTC Signaling Contract |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/04/11/siemens-wins-kolkata-metro-line-3-6s-cbtc-signaling-contract/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]

{{Kolkata Metro}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Ishika Chaudhary

2023-09-08T03:23:56Z

Rahuldevrajburman: Generated a new page structure.

'''Ishika Chaudhary''' (16 April 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishika Chaudhary Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/ishika-chaudhary-profile-2120 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women hockey team]]. She hails from Madhya Pradesh. She plays for Indian Oil Corporation Limited in the domestic hockey tournaments. She made her debut for the Senior India team in 2022. She plays as a defender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaudhary Ishika {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/youth-olympic-games/men/3rd-youth-olympic-games-w-796/player/chaudhary-ishika-20193 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>

== Hockey career ==
Ishika learnt her basics at the MP Women's Hockey Academy, Gwalior. She performed well for MP in the back-to-back Junior Nationals at Bhopal in 2016 and 2017 and was called for the National camp in 2017. She was part of the Indian Hockey5s team that won the silver medal at the 3rd Youth Olympic Games 2018 held at Buenos Aires, Argentina. She also took part in the qualifier for the Under-18 YOG held at Bangkok in April 2018 where she scored three goals. Later, she was part of the Indian team that took part in the FIH Hockey Women's Junior World Cup 2021, Potchefstroom, South Africa where India finished fourth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |title=Hockey Women’s Junior World Cup: All you need to know about the Indian team |url=https://scroll.in/field/1020894/hockey-womens-junior-world-cup-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-indian-team |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.fih.hockey/events/youth-olympic-games/men/3rd-youth-olympic-games-w-796/player/chaudhary-ishika-20193 FIH Hockey]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Ishika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]

Hazuri Bagh Baradari

2023-05-20T07:12:25Z

Rahuldevrajburman: Shared an engaging article.

{{Short description|Marble pavilion in Lahore, Pakistan}}
{{Use Pakistani English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox monument
| name = Hazuri Bagh Baradari
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|حضوری باغ بارہ دری}}
| image =File:Hazuri Bagh Bardari HD.jpg
| image_size =300px
| caption = The baradari is in the centre of the [[Hazuri Bagh]] quadrangle, and is directly west of the [[Lahore Fort]]'s Alamgiri Gate
| location = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| designer =
| type = [[Baradari (building)|Baradari]]
| material =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| begin =
| complete = 1818
| open =
| restore =
| dismantled =
| dedicated_to =
| map_name = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan
| map_text =
| map_width =
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.5884|74.3118|type:landmark_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| website =
}}

The '''Hazuri Bagh Baradari''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|حضوری باغ بارہ دری}}}}) is a [[Baradari (building)|baradari]] of white marble located in the [[Hazuri Bagh]] of [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. It was built by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the [[Jat sikh|Sikh]] ruler of Punjab to celebrate his capture of the ''[[Koh-i-Noor]]'' diamond from [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] in 1813. Its construction was completed in 1818.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bansal|first1=Bobby|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-9384544935}}</ref><ref>[https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1218/pakistan/lahore/hazuri-bagh-and-baradari Hazuri Bagh and Baradari, Lahore, Pakistan on Asian Historical Architecture website] Retrieved 1 January 2021</ref>

The pillars support delicate cusped arches. The central area, where Maharaja Ranjit Singh held court, has a mirrored ceiling. The pavilion consisted of two storeys until it was damaged by lightning in 1932.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhalla|first1=A. S.|title=Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781784530877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emATBwAAQBAJ&q=1932&pg=PA81}}</ref>

==Images==
<gallery>
File:Hazuri Bagh basement 3 (WCLA).jpg|The baradari's basement contains subterranean chambers
File:Hazuri Bagh basement 2 (WCLA).jpg|Basement of the structure
File:Baradari_of_Hazuri_Bagh.jpg|The baradari is accessed through archways
File:Hazuri Bagh Bardari HD.jpg
File:HAZOORI_BAGH_2.jpg|The baradari is in the centre of the [[Hazuri Bagh]] quadrangle
File:Hazuri Bagh and corner of Baradari.JPG
Image:Bara Dari East & North facing sides of The 12 door building July 1 2005.jpg|East and North sides of the Baradari, [[Lahore]], Pakistan
Image:Hazuri Bagh bardari-2.jpeg|Closeup
Image:Hazuri Bagh Baradari with Lahore Fort.jpg|Hazuri Bagh Baradari with [[Lahore Fort]], in background.
Image:The Hazuri Bagh Pavilion(1870).jpg|Hazuri Bagh Baradari in 1870, showing the first level pavilion
Image:Lahore Fort from distance.jpg|Hazuri Bagh Baradari in 2021
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/pakistan/lahore/badshahi_gallery.php?p=badshahi21.jpg A photo of the Hazuri Bagh Baradari]

{{Walled City of Lahore}}

[[Category:Architecture of Lahore]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lahore]]
[[Category:Walled City of Lahore]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1818]]
[[Category:Ranjit Singh]]

{{Lahore-stub}}
{{Pakistan-geo-stub}}

Division of the assembly

2023-03-15T11:38:22Z

Rahuldevrajburman: Fresh page structure.

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Short description|Legislative procedure used to record how each individual legislator voted on a motion}}
In [[parliamentary procedure]], a '''division of the assembly''', '''division of the house''', or simply '''division''' is a [[Voting methods (parliamentary)|method]] of taking a vote that physically counts members voting.

Historically, and often still today, members are literally divided into physically separate groups.<ref name=":0" /> This was the method used in the [[Roman Senate]] (vote ''per secessionem''), and occasionally in [[Athenian democracy]]. [[Westminster system]] parliament chambers have separate ''division lobbies'' for the "Ayes" and "Noes" to facilitate physical division. In several assemblies, a [[division bell]] is rung throughout the building when a division is happening, in order to alert members not present in the chamber. In the United Kingdom, division bells are also present in a number of bars and restaurants near the [[Palace of Westminster]] in order to call members to vote who may be outside the building.<ref name="atlasobscura">{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/parliamentary-division-bells|title=Parliamentary Division Bells|website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref>

== Australia ==

=== House of Representatives ===
In the [[Australian House of Representatives]] divisions follow a form similar to that of the United Kingdom, but the requirements are generally more stringent. For instance, a Member in the Chamber when the tellers are appointed must vote, while a Member not then present may not. Furthermore, members must vote in accordance to their voice votes.

The voice vote is held as in the British House of Commons. If more than one Member objects, then the division bells are rung throughout the Parliamentary estate. When not less than four minutes have elapsed since the question was first put, the Speaker orders that the doors to the Chamber be locked, and directs that the Ayes proceed to the right side of the Chamber, and that the Noes proceed to the left.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Infosheet 14 - Making decisions - debate and division|url = http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_14_-_Making_decisions_-_debate_and_division|website = www.aph.gov.au|access-date = 2016-02-19|language = en-AU}}</ref> Members then take seats on the appropriate side of the Chamber, rather than entering a lobby, and then the Speaker appoints tellers for each side, unless fewer than five Members are seated on one side, in which case the Speaker calls off the division and declares the result for the side with the greater number of Members.<ref name=":2" /> If the division is still on, the tellers count and record the names of the Members. The Speaker announces the result, but does not vote unless there is an equality of votes.<ref name=":2" /> (If only one Member objects, his objection may be noted on the [[Hansard]], but no vote is taken.)

=== Senate ===
In the [[Australian Senate]], a procedure similar to that of the House of Representatives is followed. The voice vote is taken, and, if two Senators object, a division is held. Senators take seats in the right or left of the Chamber as in the House, and the President of the Senate appoints one teller for each side to record the votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chapter 18 - Divisions|url = http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/aso/so098|website = www.aph.gov.au|access-date = 2016-02-19|language = en-AU}}</ref> The President may vote by stating to the Senate the side on which he intends to vote. If the result of the division is an equality of votes, then the motion is in all cases disagreed to.

== Canada ==
The procedure used in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] is similar to that in the British House of Commons, with a few differences. The [[Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada|Speaker]] reads the question aloud, and then asks, "Is it the pleasure of the house to adopt the motion?" If anyone dissents, the Speaker then states "all those in favour of the motion will please say yea." After the cries of 'yea', the Speaker says "all those opposed will please say nay," and all members opposed to the question cry out 'nay' all at once. The Speaker then announces his opinion of the outcome of the vote. If five or more MPs challenge the Speaker's opinion, a formal division follows.

A formal division is invoked by the Speaker asking to "call in the members." Bells are rung throughout the [[Parliament Hill|Parliament Buildings]] for either 15 or 30 minutes to allow all present MPs time to enter the chamber and take their seats.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Debate and Voting|url = http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/House/compendium/web-content/c_g_debatevoting-e.htm|website = www.parl.gc.ca|access-date = 2016-02-19}}</ref> The division begins with the whips from both the government and the official opposition bowing to the Speaker and each other before returning to their seats.

There are no division lobbies in the House of Commons, so each member votes by simply standing up from his or her seat. "Yea" votes are recorded first, followed by the "Nay" votes, on the Speaker's order. Finally, the clerk of the house reads the result of the vote aloud to the Speaker.<ref name=":3" />

== Germany ==
[[File:Landtag-duesseldorf-07112014-10.JPG|thumb|Three doors marked "Yes", "Abstention" and "No" in the [[Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia]]]]In the German [[Bundestag]] and some state parliaments the president can call for the so-called ''{{lang|de|Hammelsprung}}'' (literally, ''wether’s leap'') if an undisputed majority couldn't be established by either MPs raising their hands or standing in order to cast their votes.
In this voting procedure the MPs leave the plenary hall and re-enter through one of three doors designated for "yes“, "no", or "abstention".

According to the [[Duden]] dictionary, the expression refers to the MPs grouping themselves like sheep behind their respective [[bellwether]]s before re-entering the chamber.<ref>Deutsches Universalwörterbuch. 4th edition, Mannheim 2001.</ref> The procedure was introduced in 1874 by a Reichstag vice president. In 1894 the architect of the new Reichstag building made a reference to the ''{{lang|de|Hammelsprung}}'': above the door for "yes", he depicted Ulysses and his friends escaping from [[Polyphemus]].

== Ireland ==
In [[Dáil Éireann]], the lower house of the [[Oireachtas]], a division is a formal count that can be called for if a voice vote is deemed insufficient. The procedure for voting and divisions is specified by standing orders 70–77.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webarchive.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/about/standingorders/consolidated-version-of-all-of-the-standing-orders-of-d%C3%A1il-%C3%89ireann,-9-may-2017.pdf#page=52 |title=Dáil Éireann Standing Orders Relative to Public Business together with Oireachtas Library and Research Service Rules |year=2016|publisher=Oireachtas|pages=36–39 |language=en |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> In [[Seanad Éireann]], the upper house, a similar procedure is laid out by standing orders 56–63.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/documents/proceduraldocuments/SeanadSO2007.pdf#page=75|title=Seanad Standing Orders relative to Public Business|year=2007|publisher=Oireachtas|pages=56–63|language=en, ga|access-date=30 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017021818/http://www.oireachtas.ie/documents/proceduraldocuments/SeanadSO2007.pdf#page=75|archive-date=17 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Dáil the [[Ceann Comhairle]] (chair) puts the question and [[Teachta Dála|TD]]s (deputies) present say the Irish word ''Tá'' (yes) or ''Níl'' (no) respectively if they agree or disagree.<ref>Dáil SO 70(1)</ref> The Ceann Comhairle then gives an opinion on the voice vote. Any TD may demand a division by calling ''Vótáil'' (vote).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/education/glossary/|title=Glossary|work=Education|publisher=Oireachtas|page=Division|access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref> Since 2016, in an effort to reduce delays, many divisions are deferred until a weekly division time on Thursdays when they are taken one after another.<ref name="Dáil SO 702">Dáil SO 70(2)</ref> Previous to this, if the Ceann Comhairle suspected that fewer than ten TDs had called for a division, he asked them to rise; if the number was less than ten, their names were entered in the Dáil record but no division occurred. This process still is still used when holding the Thursday vote on a question,<ref>Dáil SO 72</ref> but the deferral of the vote until Thursday happens regardless of how few demand a vote.<ref name="Dáil SO 702"/>

The Dáil and Seanad [[division bell]]s are reproductions respectively of the [[Lough Lene Bell]] and the [[Bell of Armagh]];<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kilfeather |first1=Siobhán Marie |title=Dublin: A Cultural History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195182019 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QWZRVAPa6sC&pg=PA87 |access-date=22 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> At a division, bells sound and bulbs light around [[Leinster House]] and the adjoining Oireachtas buildings, calling legislators to the chamber; with differing sounds and lights for Dáil and Seanad votes.{{Citation needed}} The bells ring for between two and six minutes,<ref>Dáil SO 71</ref> and the doors to the chamber are locked after a further one to four minutes. The Ceann Comhairle then appoints two tellers for each side and deputies present are given one minute to vote. Voting is usually electronic, with deputies pressing either the {{lang|ga|Tá}} (yes) or {{lang|ga|Níl}} (no) button on their desks. After the voting time has concluded a Division Paper recording the result and each TD's vote is signed by the four tellers and given to the Ceann Comhairle, who declares the result. Electronic voting was introduced in 2002.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Electronic Voting in Dáil Chamber is part of Major Oireachtas Reform Programme|publisher=Oireachtas|url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=121|access-date=30 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011054128/http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=121|archive-date=11 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The traditional practice of voting by physically entering division lobbies is retained for some symbolically important votes: [[Confidence motions in Dáil Éireann|confidence motions]] and nominations of Ceann Comhairle, [[Taoiseach]] (Prime Minister) and [[Government of Ireland|cabinet ministers]].<ref>Dáil SO 73(1)</ref>

A group of at least 20 TDs may demand a non-electronic repeat of an electronic vote. A summer 2016 upgrade to the electronic voting system allowed a change to standing orders such that TDs may have an [[Blank vote|abstention from voting]] ({{lang|ga|Staon}}) formally recorded; for other purposes this is treated the same as not voting.<ref>Dáil SO 77(2)–(3); {{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/committees/sub-committeeondailreform/Report-of-sub-Committee-on-Dail-Reform-regarding-changes-to-Standing-Orders-8th-June-2016.pdf#page=25|title=Abstentions|work=Report of the sub-Committee on Dáil Reform regarding changes to Standing Orders|publisher=Oireachtas|page=25|access-date=8 December 2016}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/about/standingorders/Consolidated-version-of-all-of-the-Standing-Orders-of-D%C3%A1il-%C3%89ireann,-15-November-2016.pdf#page=56|title=Consolidated version of all of the Standing Orders of Dáil Éireann currently in effect|publisher=Oireachtas|pages=40, sec.77|access-date=8 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221052758/http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/about/standingorders/Consolidated-version-of-all-of-the-Standing-Orders-of-D%C3%A1il-%C3%89ireann,-15-November-2016.pdf#page=56|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/why-is-does-the-dail-chamber-need-an-upgrade-2879194-Jul2016/|title=We'll be hearing a lot more from politicians after the summer recess|last=Ní Aodha|first=Gráinne|quote=The electronic voting system in the Dáil chamber also needs to be upgraded to provide a button for TDs who want to abstain on votes. Currently, there is only a facility to cast a vote for or against a proposal.|work=[[TheJournal.ie]]|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

Since 2016, the Ceann Comhairle has been elected in a [[secret ballot]] by [[Instant-runoff voting|alternative vote]] (ranked ballot), with the winner's ensuing nomination [[uncontested election|uncontested]] without a division.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kildarestreet.com/debates/?id=2016-01-28a.158|title=Standing Orders: Motion|work=Dáil debates|publisher=KildareStreet.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Secret-ballot [[single transferable vote]] elections were used in the 1920s, for the Dáil's 30 nominees to the [[1922 Seanad]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://opac.oireachtas.ie/AWData/Library3/Library2/DL063618.pdf |title=Report on the conduct of the first election to Seanad Éireann |series=Official publications |volume=P.Pro 2/1923 |author=Department of Local Government |author-link=Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government |access-date=5 January 2014}}; Dáil debates 1922: [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-11-01/20/ 1 Nov "Election of the Seanad. - Motions by the Minister for Local Government."], [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-12-07/15/ 7 Dec "Elections to Seanad"], [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-12-08/2/ 8 Dec "Result of Elections to Seanad"]</ref> and for the Dáil and Seanad's separate slates of candidates in the [[1925 Seanad election]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ireland's Unique Electoral Experiment: The Senate Election of 1925 |doi=10.1080/07907180500359327 |first=John |last=Coakley |journal=Irish Political Studies |date = September 2005|volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=231–269 |s2cid=145175747 }}</ref><ref name="seanad1925">
Dáil 1925: [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1925-06-19/9/ 19 June "Dail In Committee. - Election Of Seanad Members."], [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1925-07-08/2/ 8 July "Selection Of Dail Panel For Seanad Election."], [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1925-07-08/4/ 8 July "Announcement Of Results"]
Seanad 1925: [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1925-06-19/4/ 19 June "Report Of Committee Re Procedure For Triennial Elections"], [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1925-07-01/3/ 1 July "Panel For Triennial Election"], [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1925-07-01/6/ 1 July "Seanad—Selection Of Panel"]
</ref> Ballots were distributed and submitted in the assembly chamber, then removed for counting; Dáil results were announced by the Ceann Comhairle in the chamber, whereas the Seanad adjourned for the day and allowed its [[Cathaoirleach]] (chair) to announce the results to the press that evening.<ref name="seanad1925"/>

===Incidents===
During the renomination of Taoiseach of [[Fianna Fáil]]'s [[Jack Lynch]] after the [[1969 Irish general election|1969 election]], the division bell continued to ring after the doors had been locked, while several Fianna Fáil deputies entered the chamber through an unlocked door.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/1969/07/02/00005.asp|title=Nomination of Taoiseach. Wednesday, 2 July 1969|year=1969|publisher=Oireachtas|language=en, ga|access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref>

In October 2019 several TDs admitted having, over previous months, pressed the voting button of an absent party colleague, either by accident or when they believed the colleague was elsewhere in the chamber during the division. News media reported that the Ceann Comhairle would propose suspending electronic voting pending investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McConnell |first1=Daniel |title=Scandal over Dáil voting deepens as more TDs become embroiled in controversy |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/barry-cowen-damien-english-caught-in-vote-scandal-958824.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=Irish Examiner |language=en}}</ref> On 22 October the Dáil committee on procedure commissioned a review by the [[Clerk (legislature)|clerk]] of the Dáil of the instances first reported, which had occurred on 17 October. The clerk's review and recommended changes to procedure was endorsed and published by the committee on 24 October, and debated in the Dáil chamber the same day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Committee on Procedure on the Review by the Clerk of Dáil Éireann of Electronic Voting in Dáil Éireann on Thursday 17 October 2019 |url=https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/committee_on_procedure_dail_eireann/reports/2019/2019-10-24_report-on-the-review-by-the-clerk-of-dail-eireann-of-electronic-voting-in-dail-eireann-on-thursday-17-october-2019_en.pdf |publisher=Oireachtas |access-date=29 October 2019}}; {{cite web |title=Report of the Committee on Procedure on Dáil Divisions: Statements |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2019-10-24/43/ |website=Dáil Éireann (32nd Dáil) debates |publisher=Oireachtas |access-date=29 October 2019 |language=en-ie }}</ref> Some politicians described the report as a [[Whitewashing (censorship)|whitewash]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McConnell |first1=Daniel |title=Report on Dáil votes 'a complete whitewash' |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/report-on-dail-votes-a-complete-whitewash-959630.html |access-date=29 October 2019 |work=Irish Examiner |language=en}}</ref>

==New Zealand==

In the [[New Zealand House of Representatives]], division of the assembly occurs when the result of a voice vote on a motion is split, and a member disagrees with the Speaker's call. There are two methods for handling a division: a ''party vote'' and a ''personal vote''.<ref name="NZHR-vote" />

A ''party vote'' is the most common method, and occurs for non-conscience issues and some conscience issues. In this method, the Clerk of the House reads out each party's name in order of the number of seats each party has, starting with the largest party, followed by any independent members and any members wishing to [[cross the floor]]. A member of the party (usually a whip) will respond to their party's name by stating how many members of the party are in favour or opposed. The Clerk tallies up the votes and gives the results to the Speaker, who declares the result. A ''split party vote'' is a variation of the party vote, used for some conscience issues. The main difference is voting members state how many members of their party are in favour and how many members are opposed, and once the voting is completed, must table a list of the members of the party and how they voted.<ref name="NZHR-vote" />

A ''personal vote'' is used mainly for conscience issues, and follows similar procedures to other Westminster systems. In the event of a personal vote, the division bells are rung for seven minutes, and after the bells stops, members are instructed to move to one of two lobbies, "Ayes" or "Noes", to have their vote recorded as such. Once all the votes are tallied, the results are handed to the speaker who declares the result.<ref name="NZHR-vote">{{cite web |url= http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/Features/b/0/0/00NZPHomeNews061120091-Voting-in-the-House-of-Representatives.htm |title= Voting in the House of Representatives |publisher= New Zealand Parliament |access-date= 30 August 2012}}</ref>

An unusual division occurred on 30 August 2012, simulating an [[exhaustive ballot]] for a three-way conscience vote on New Zealand's [[legal drinking age]]. All members were directed to the Noes lobby, where the Clerk of the House recorded each member's vote (either for keeping the age at 18, raising the age to 20, or raising the off-licence age to 20 while keeping the on-licence age at 18) as they passed back into the main debating chamber. The votes were tallied and handed back to the Speaker, who declared the results as 50 votes for 18 years, 38 votes for 20 years, and 33 votes for an 18/20 split. As no option acquired the 61-vote majority needed, the option with the lowest number of votes (18/20 split) was dropped, and the members voted again as per a normal personal vote, using the Ayes lobby for 18 years and Noes lobby for 20 years.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/document/50HansD_20120830_00000020/alcohol-reform-bill-in-committee |title= Alcohol Reform Bill – In Committee |publisher= New Zealand Parliament |access-date= 1 October 2021}}</ref>

==United Kingdom==

=== House of Commons ===
[[File:Commons Division 2012.jpg|thumb|A division, circa 2012]]
In the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], the [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker]] says "The Question is that…", states the question and next says "As many as there are of the opinion say Aye". Then, following shouts of "Aye", the Speaker says "Of the contrary, No" and similar shouts of "No" may follow. If one side clearly has more support, the Speaker then announces their opinion as to the winner, stating, for example, "I think the Ayes have it, the Ayes have it". Otherwise, the Speaker declares a division.

Any member may object to the Speaker's determination. If feeling that the division is unnecessary, the Speaker may first ask those who support the determination of the voice vote to rise, and then ask those who oppose the opinion to rise. Then, the Speaker may either declare that the ruling on the voice vote stands, or proceed to a division.

If a division is to be taken, the Speaker first states, "Division! Clear the lobbies!" Like all parliamentary procedure, there is a historical reason for the tradition. In this case it was a division that took place on 27 February 1771 when a non-MP (known as a 'stranger'), Thomas Hunt, was included in the 'Noes' vote.<ref name="SN06401">Divisions in the House of Commons: House of Commons Background Paper. Document ref:SN/PC/06401 (Last updated: 2 August 2013).</ref> It subsequently transpired that he had voted several times previously.<ref>Sir Henry Cavendish, Debates of the House of Commons during the 13th Parliament, vol. 2, p. 333, 1841</ref> The [[division bell]] then sounds across the [[Parliamentary Estate]] as well as several buildings in the vicinity, such as restaurants and pubs. (For a full list see [[Division bell#External division bells|external bells]].) The lobbies are cleared of [[Strangers (Parliament of the United Kingdom)|strangers]], these days primarily journalists, but historically could have been members of the public. Division bells notify any members not currently in the chamber that a vote is about to start. A recent development has been the use of [[pagers]] and [[mobile phones]] by party [[whip (politics)|whip]]s, to summon members from further afield. At the beginning of a division, MPs who wish to act as tellers must communicate so to the Speaker; they then join their colleagues in one of the lobbies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons/guidance_for_members_on_chamber_divisons.pdf|title=Final guidance for Members on Chamber divisions}}</ref>

Two minutes into the division the Speaker puts the question to the House again.<ref name="SN06401" /> If it is clear that a division is still required, the Speaker announces the four tellers, choosing them from those who had communicated their intention to act as tellers at the beginning of the division. MPs who had gone into the Aye lobby prior to the Speaker formally announcing them as tellers are called "tellers for the Aye", while MPs who had gone into the No lobby prior the Speaker formally announcing them as tellers are called are called "tellers for the Noes". In order to ensure impartiality, in each lobby there is one teller for the Ayes and one teller for the Noes.<ref name="SN06401" /> The tellers are automatically included in the tally of those voting. Some parliamentary sources will report the vote, for instance as, "247 + 2 tell".<ref name="SN06401" /> If there are tellers for one side but not for the other, the question is decided in favour of the side for which there are tellers (for instance, if there are no tellers for the Noes, the Aye side automatically wins the division, and viceversa).

MPs have to walk through one of the two division lobbies on either side of the House, tapping their pass against one of several readers installed in the lobbies, in order to vote. They are then counted by the two tellers as they leave the lobby; the numbers they record are the definitive result of the division. The whips keep check on which MPs enter which lobby and try to persuade them to enter the lobby that the party would like them to enter. Until 2020, the names of Members voting in each lobby were recorded by clerks rather than electronic systems, but this procedure was reformed in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The Divison List, recording the way in which MPs voted, is automatically made available on the Parliament website soon after a divison.<ref>{{cite web |title=Divisions |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/divisions/ |website=UK Parliament |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> In October 2022, then-Prime Minister [[Liz Truss]] was erroneously thought to have abstained from her own government's motion against a Labour motion to ban fracking as she had forgotten to swipe her voting card.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bloom |first=Dan |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/full-list-36-tory-mps-28284808 |title=Full list of 36 Tory MPs who didn't vote on fracking ban as Liz Truss faces rebellion |publisher=Daily Mirror |access-date=2022-10-26}}</ref>

MPs with a direct financial interest on any matter are prohibited from voting. In order to act as a disqualification, the matter must be immediate and personal and not a general or remote matter.<ref name="SN06401" />

Originally, there was only one lobby. After the [[Burning of Parliament#The 1834 Fire|fire of 1834]], the House of Commons Chamber was rebuilt. At that time, a second lobby was added.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/p09.pdf ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211023648/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/p09.pdf }}</ref>

Eight minutes after the question has been put for the first time, the Speaker declares, "Lock the doors!" The lobby entrances are locked, and only those within the lobbies may continue to vote.

After all members have voted in the lobbies, the vote totals are written on a card and the numbers are read out to the House by one of the tellers of the winning side announcing as follows; "The Ayes to the right: (number of votes), The Noes to the left: (number of votes). The Speaker then announces these numbers a second time, announcing the final result by saying "The Ayes/Noes have it, the Ayes/Noes have it". The Speaker then adds: "Unlock." The Speaker does not vote, except in the case of a tie and then only strictly in accordance to precedent. This means that the Speaker will vote in accordance with these principles:
* Legislation remains unchanged unless there is a majority in favour of amendment,
* Legislation is allowed to proceed to the next stage unless there is a majority in favour of rejection, and
* All other motions are rejected unless there is a majority in favour of passage.

Members may signify, but not record, an abstention by remaining in their seats during the division. Though the practice is traditionally frowned upon, MPs can also pass through both lobbies, effectively registering their abstention.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lowther |first=Ed |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-21591602 |title=BBC News - Yes but, no but... MPs who vote both ways |publisher=BBC |access-date=2013-05-20}}</ref>

It is stipulated that all [[Members of Parliament]] are required to stay in or around the premises of the House of Commons until the main business of the day has ended, however long that may be. In the unlikely event that fewer than forty members participate in the division (including the speaker and the tellers),<ref name="SN06401" /> the division is declared 'inquorate', the question at hand is postponed until the next sitting, and the House proceeds to the next business.

The nature of divisions in the House of Commons is one which traditionally could go on well into the night, sometimes past midnight. However, in 2000 the House introduced, on an experimental basis, the procedure of "Deferred Divisions." Essentially, some divisions are delayed until the next Wednesday. The procedure is used for very few matters; most divisions still occur normally.

There have been suggestions that electronic voting may be easier and quicker to do than physically going through a division lobby. However, MPs have often found that a division is the best way to interact with senior members of the government.

There are two variations to the normal practice of an MP voting by walking through the respective lobby.

====Nodding through====

There have been cases where Members of Parliament are wheeled from far afield to vote for their party in a crucial vote. For members who are too ill to reach the lobby, there is a procedure called 'nodding through' provided the tellers agree.<ref name="SN06401" /> The whips will ensure that the MP's name is added to the list of those voting. There are only two conditions. The MP must be within the precincts of the Palace of Westminster, and must be alive. Former MP [[Joe Ashton]] remembered a case from the final days of [[James Callaghan]]'s government:

{{quote|I remember the famous case of [[Leslie Spriggs]], the then Member for [[St Helens (UK Parliament constituency)|St. Helens]]. We had a tied vote and he was brought to the House in an ambulance having suffered a severe heart attack. The two Whips went out to look in the ambulance and there was Leslie Spriggs laid there as though he was dead. I believe that [[John Stradling Thomas]] said to [[Joseph Harper (British politician)|Joe Harper]], "How do we know that he is alive?" So he leaned forward, turned the knob on the heart machine, the green light went around, and he said, "There, you've lost—it's 311."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo970604/debtext/70604-49.htm|title=House of Commons debate 4 Jun 1997 : Column 506|year=1997|publisher=Hansard by request of UK Parliament|access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>}}

====Pairing====

'Pairing' is an arrangement between two opposing MPs where both agree not to participate in any divisions because their votes would cancel each other out anyway. Pairing agreements can last anything from days to the life of the Parliament.<ref name="SN06401" /> All pairings have to be registered with the party whips so that they know not to pursue their member for failing to vote.

=== House of Lords ===
{{update section}}
[[File:Passing of the Parliament Bill, 1911 - Project Gutenberg eText 19609.jpg|400px|thumb|right| An important vote: the [[House of Lords]] voting for the [[Parliament Act 1911]]. ''From the Drawing by S. Begg'' ]]

In the [[House of Lords]], the [[Lord Speaker]] proposes the question and announces the result as in the Commons, but substitutes "Content" for "Aye" and "Not-content" for "No". A Lord may object to the Lord Speaker's determination. The Lord Speaker then announces a division by stating, "Clear the Bar!" The Bar of the House is then cleared. Tellers are appointed as in the Commons.

Three minutes after the question was first proposed, the Lord Speaker again proposes the question as above. If his opinion is not challenged, then the question is decided without a division. But if his decision is once again disputed, the Lord Speaker may again ask the question. The question may be repeated as many times as the Lord Speaker pleases; the process is referred to as "collecting the voices". But if a single Lord maintains an objection, the Lord Speaker, not having the Commons Speaker's power to declare a division unnecessary, must eventually announce, "The Contents to the right by the Throne, the Not-contents to the left by the Bar". Lords then vote in the lobbies, as it is done in the Commons. Unlike the Speaker, the Lord Speaker may vote during a division; he does so from his seat rather than in a lobby. In the event that the votes are equal, then the following principles apply, but are implemented by the Standing Orders of the House rather than by convention:

* Legislation remains unchanged unless there is a majority in favour of amendment,
* Legislation is allowed to proceed to the next stage unless there is a majority in favour of rejection, and
* All other motions are rejected unless there is a majority in favour of passage.

The quorum for divisions is three Lords on a procedural vote and thirty Lords on a substantive one.

=== Northern Ireland Assembly ===

The Northern Ireland Assembly maintains a lobby voting system based on that used in the UK House of Commons, this is in contrast to other devolved legislatures in the United Kingdom and was inherited by the Assembly from the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for whom the current Assembly debating chamber was originally constructed.

When a vote is required the Assembly Speaker will state "The Question is put ..." and then note the question that the members are asked to vote upon. The speaker will then conduct a voice vote and if the result of that vote is not conclusive, the Speaker will declare "The Assembly will divide" and call for the lobbies on either side of the chamber to be cleared of non-members and Tellers appointed for both aye and noe. Members vote by entering the appropriate lobby on either side of the chamber, ayes to the Speaker's right, noes to the Speaker's left, with the result reported to the Speaker by the tellers and announced to the Assembly by the Speaker.

As in the UK House of Commons, it is possible for members to vote in both lobbies, registering two votes that cancel each other out, in order to signify an active abstention<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aims.niassembly.gov.uk/plenary/details.aspx?&ses=0&pn=0&sid=vd&doc=386102|title=NI Assembly Division Results 7 December 2022}}</ref>

==United States ==

In the [[United States Congress]], divisions are used to give a more accurate estimate of a vote than a [[voice vote]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised|last = Robert|first = Henry M.|publisher = Da Capo Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-306-82020-5|location = Philadelphia, PA|pages = 280|edition = 11th|display-authors = etal}}</ref> Typically, a division is taken when the result of a voice vote is challenged or when a [[two-thirds vote]] is required.<ref name=":1" />

A division is also called a ''rising vote'', where members stand up from their seats.<ref name=":0" /> According to [[Robert's Rules of Order]] Newly Revised (RONR), the numbers for and against are not counted in a division.<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 46}}</ref> However, they may be counted by order of the [[chairman]] or by order of the [[Deliberative assembly|assembly]] through [[majority vote]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 47}}</ref> The assembly may also have a rule that the division is counted.

Unlike the British Parliament, in Congress, lobbies are not used, and the division is not a final determination of the question. The vote is first taken by voice vote, as is the case in Parliament. Then, any member may demand a division. If a division is demanded, then the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House of Representatives]] (or, more commonly, a Representative of the majority party designated by the Speaker to preside as Speaker pro tempore) or the [[Presiding Officer of the United States Senate|Presiding Officer of the Senate]] asks those voting ''Yea'' to rise and remain standing until counted, and then asks those voting ''Nay'' to do the same. A division is the least common method of voting in the Senate.<ref>{{Cite web|title = U.S. Senate: Reference Home >|url = https://www.senate.gov/general/Features/votes.htm|website = www.senate.gov|access-date = 2016-02-19}}</ref>

A [[recorded vote]] must take place upon the demand of one-fifth of members present under [[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article I, Section 5]] of the [[United States Constitution]]: "the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal." In the Senate, a recorded vote is accomplished by the [[Secretary of the United States Senate|clerk's]] call of the roll. In the House, an electronic voting device is typically used to take recorded votes, although occasionally roll calls take place; the House is historically too large to conduct roll calls on a regular basis (435 members versus 100 in the Senate). When voting to override a Presidential veto, the yeas and nays are required under [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 2: From bill to law|Article I, Section 7]] of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]].

== See also ==
* [[Voting methods in deliberative assemblies]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Parliamentary Procedure}}

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Junagadh

2022-11-03T06:08:34Z

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{{About|Junagadh city|its namesake district|Junagadh district|other uses|Junagarh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Junagadh
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Gate of Junagadh.jpg
| photo2a = Narsinh Mehta.jpg
| photo2b = Girnar hills.jpg
|photo3a = Damodar Kund - Junagadh - Gujarat - DSC005.jpg
|photo3b = Damodar Kund - Junagadh - Gujarat - DSC004.jpg
| photo4a = Swaminarayan Temple - Junagadhdham.jpg
| photo4b = Bahauddin Maqbara by Kshitij.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = gray
}}
| image_alt = Junagadh
| image_caption = From top: Gate of the city of Junagadh, Statue of [[Narsinh Mehta]], Girnar Hills, [[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh]], [[Damodar Kund]], [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh]], Mahabat Maqbara
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Junagadh
| pushpin_map_caption = Junagadh
| coordinates = {{coord|21.520|N|70.463|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| governing_body = [[Junagadh Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Geetaben Parmar<ref>{{cite news |title=Junagadh Gets New Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Other Office Holders |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/01/31/junagadh-gets-new-mayor-dy-mayor-other-office-bearers/ |website=DeshGujarat |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Rajesh M. Tanna (IAS)
| leader_title3 = [[Junagadh Assembly constituency|MLA]]
| leader_title4 = [[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|MP]]
| leader_name3 = Sanjaybhai Koradia ([[BJP]])
| leader_name4 = [[Rajesh Chudasama]] ([[BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank = 7th
| area_total_km2 = 160
| elevation_m = 107
| population_total = 319,462
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 137
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011Cities>{{cite web |title=Junagadh City Population Census 2011 {{!}} Gujarat |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/331-junagadh.html|website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info = 1.04[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 362 00X
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0285
| registration_plate = GJ-11
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Literacy rate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 88.00%
| website = {{URL|junagadhmunicipal.org}}
| official_name =
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
}}

'''Junagadh''' ({{audio|Junagadh.ogg|જૂનાગઢ}}) is the city and headquarters of [[Junagadh district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. Located at the foot of the [[Girnar hill]]s, {{convert|355|km}} southwest of [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Gandhinagar]] (the state capital), it is the seventh largest city in the state.

Literally translated, Junagadh means "Old Fort".<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/179 179]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

After a brief struggle between India and Pakistan, Junagadh voted to join Pakistan in a plebiscite held on 20 February 1948 but India forcely annexed it. It was a part of Saurashtra state and later Bombay state. In 1960, in consequence of the Maha Gujarat movement, it became part of the newly formed Gujarat state.

==History==
{{cleanup rewrite|section=yes}}

===Early history===
[[File:Junagadh-ashok-shilalekh1.png|thumb|left|[[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict|Ashoka's Rock Edict]] at [[Girnar]], Junagadh]]

As per the legend, the founder of the [[Ror]] Dynasty Raja Dhaj, [[Ror]] Kumar, alias Rai Dyach, ruled over the principality of Jhunagarh in the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite book| title=Mystic Melodies: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai |author= MUSHTAQ ALI SHAH | publisher= Author House| place=Bloomington,IN,US| year=2014|isbn= 9781496996060 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpGQBQAAQBAJ&q=raja+dhaj%2CRor+Kumar%2C+alias+Rai+Dyach&pg=PA283}}</ref> An early structure, [[Uparkot Fort]], is located on a plateau in the middle of town. It was originally built in 319 BCE during the [[Mauryan dynasty]] by [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]].{{cn}} The fort remained in use until the 6th century, when it was abandoned for about 300 years, then rediscovered by the Chudasama ruler [[Graharipu]] in 976 CE.<ref name="RajanIndia1985">{{cite book|author1=K. V. Soundara Rajan|author2=Archaeological Survey of India|title=Junagadh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPNEAAAAIAAJ|access-date=30 June 2011|year=1985|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> The fort was subsequently besieged 16 times over a 1000-year period. One unsuccessful siege lasted twelve years.

Within {{convert|2|km}} of [[Uparkot Fort]] is an inscription with fourteen [[Edicts of Ashoka]] on a [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict|large boulder]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rs0ThKx9MHoC&q=junagadh M1 Ranchodji Amarji, ''Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd,'' pp. 36–46, Trubner & Co. (1882) – translation of the edicts.]</ref> The inscriptions are in [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script in a language similar to [[Pali]] and date from 250 BCE. On the same rock there is a later inscription in [[Sanskrit]], which was added around 150 CE by Mahakshatrap [[Rudradaman I]], the [[Saka]] ([[Scythian]]) ruler of [[Malwa]], and a member of the [[Western Kshatrapas]] dynasty,<ref>[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm "Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman", ''Project South Asia''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223182107/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm }}</ref> and which has been described as "the earliest known Sanskrit inscription of any extent".<ref>|Meaning, that is not very short. Quoted from D.D. Kosambi in [[John Keay|Keay, John]], ''India, a History'', p. 132, 2000, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0002557177}}</ref> Another inscription dates from about 450 CE and refers to [[Skandagupta]], the last Gupta emperor. Old rock-cut [[Buddhist]] caves in this area, dating from well before 500 CE, have stone carvings and floral work. There are also the Khapra Kodia Caves north of the fort, and the [[Bava Pyara Caves]] south of the fort. The Bava Pyara caves contain artworks of both [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].

The [[Maitraka]] dynasty ruled Gujarat from 475 to 767 CE. The founder of the dynasty, General Bhatarka, military governor of Saurashtra peninsula under the [[Gupta empire]], established himself as the independent ruler of Gujarat around the last quarter of the 5th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ગિરનાર ઇતિહાસ {{!}} Rahasya|url=https://rahasya.onlinestauts.com/ગિરનાર-ઇતિહાસ/|access-date=2021-03-20|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Chudasama dynasty===
{{Main|Chudasama dynasty}}

The early history of the Chudasama dynasty – which ruled [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] from Junagadh – is almost lost. The bardic legends differ very much in the names, order, and numbers of early rulers; so they are not considered reliable. According to tradition, the dynasty is said to have been founded in the late 9th century by [[Chudachandra]]. Subsequent rulers – such as [[Graharipu]], [[Navaghana (late 11th century king)|Navaghana]], and [[Khengara (12th century king)|Khengara]] – were in conflict with the [[Chaulukya]] rulers [[Mularaja]] and [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]; and Saurashtra was briefly governed by Chaulukya governors during this period. These events are recorded in contemporary and later Jain chronicles.

In 1350, Junagadh was conquered by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] with the help and forces of [[Koli people|Koli]] chieftain Jesaji (Jesing) from Ra Khengar.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Junagadh+Kolis&pg=PT93 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2023 |quote=The most famous leader of the Khant Kolis was Jesa or Jesing, who helped Muhammad bin Tughluq capture Junagadh (1350) from Ra Khengar. In return for this, the sultan is said to have bestowed on the Khants the hill of Girnar and the twenty-four villages of Bilkha chovisi.}}</ref>

After the end of the rule of the Chaulukyas and their successors, the [[Vaghela dynasty]], in Gujarat, the Chudasamas ruled independently, or as vassals of successor states, the [[Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. [[Mandalika I]] was the first Chudasama ruler known from inscriptions; and during his reign, Gujarat was invaded by the [[Khalji dynasty]] of Delhi. The last king of the dynasty, [[Mandalika III]], was defeated, and forcibly converted to Islam, in 1472 by Gujarat Sultan [[Mahmud Begada]], who annexed the state.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |chapter=Gujarat, Malwa and Khandesh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1934 |pages=307–308 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283073 |access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: Marwar and British Administration |editor1-first=R. K. |editor1-last=Gupta |editor2-first=S. R. |editor2-last=Bakshi |volume=5 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |year=2008 |pages=22–23 |isbn=978-8-17625-841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dCkiyLJ6EC |access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref>

The [[Uparkot Fort]] of Junagadh was occupied by the Chudasamas during the reign of [[Graharipu]]. It is said to have been later rebuilt by [[Navaghana (late 11th century king)|Navaghana]], who had transferred his capital from Vamanasthali to Junagadh. He is also credited with construction of the [[stepwell]]s [[Navghan Kuvo]] and [[Adi Kadi Vav]] in the fort. His descendant [[Khengara (12th century king)|Khengara]] is attributed with building a stepwell, [[Ra Khengar Vav]], on the way to Vanthali from Junagadh.<ref>{{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P7EHTBl_pyQC| title = Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide| last = Ward| date = 1 January 1998| publisher = Orient Longman Limited| isbn = 9788125013839| language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gfaxCQAAQBAJ| title = The Heat and Dust Project: The Broke Couple's Guide to Bharat| last1 = Jha| first1 = Saurav| last2 = Roy| first2 = Devapriya| date = 15 May 2015| publisher = HarperCollins India| isbn = 9789351367505| language = ar}}</ref>

===Gujarat sultanate===
{{Main|Gujarat Sultanate}}
[[File:Bazaar in Junagadh.jpg|thumb|right|Photograph of a bazaar at Junagadh in Gujarat, taken by F. Nelson in the 1890s.]]
[[Mahmud Begada|Sultan Mahmud Begada]] changed the name of Junagadh to Mustafabad and built the fortifications around the town and the mosque in Uparkot Fort.

Under the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], Junagadh was governed by an official, styled ''[[wikt:thanadar|thanadar]]'' (commander), appointed directly by Ahmedabad. This official collected the tribute and revenue of the crown domain. The first ''thanadar'' was Tatar Khan, an adopted son of the Sultan and after him Mirza Khalil, the eldest son of the Sultan who afterwards succeeded him under the title of Sultan Muzaffar. Prince Khalil during his tenure of office founded the village called Khalilpur. The Sultan also installed Bhupatsingh, the son of the last Chudasama king, Mandalika III, in Junagadh as a ''[[jagir]]dar'' (feudal lord). The ''jagir'' allotted to Bhupatsingh was the Sil Bagasra Chovisi; and his descendants were known as [[Raizada]]. They continued to rule there. Bhupatsingh was succeeded by his son Khengar.<ref name="GBP1884"/>

After the accession of Sultan Muzafar, and indeed during the latter part of Sultan Mahmud's reign, the seat of government was removed from Junagadh to Diu owing to the importance of that island as a naval station and to check the ravages of the Portuguese. Tatarkhan Ghori was left at Junagadh by Malik Eiaz who himself resided at Diu. After the disgrace and death of Malik Eiaz, Tatarkhan Ghori became independent at Junagadh; and after the death of Sultan Bahadur, the Ghori family reigned independently at Junagadh, though still owing a nominal allegiance to the successive Sultans at Ahmadabad. This state of affairs continued until the first conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]], when Aminkhan Ghori had succeeded his father Tatarkhan at Junagadh.<ref name="GBP1884"/>

When the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] took over the ports of [[Diu, India|Diu]] and [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] in the 16th century, a fifteen-foot cannon, made in Egypt in 1531, was abandoned by a [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] admiral opposing the Portuguese forces at Diu, which is now at Uparkot Fort.

===Under the Mughal Empire===
;Ghori rule
In 1525, Khengar was succeeded by his son Noghan. Tatarkhan Ghori had now become almost independent. In his time Jam Raval conquered Halar and built Navanagar. In 1551, Noghan was succeeded by his son Shrisingh, who lived till 1586. During this time, Tatarkhan Ghori died and was succeeded by his son Aminkhan Ghori. In his time, Akbar conquered Gujarat, although Sorath yet remained independent under the Ghori rule. The exact date of Tatarkhan Ghori's death is not known; but from the mention of Aminkhan as his successor, it must have been from about 1570 to 1575. On the return of Emperor Akbar to Agra in 1573, after the defeat and death of Muhammad Husain Mirzah and Ikhtiyar ul Mulk, he gave orders that Sorath should be conquered from Aminkhan Ghori. Vazir Khan attempted it but was unequal to the task. Great confusion existed now in Sorath. The Moghal conquest of Gujarat, the collapse of the power of the Gujarat Sultans, the encroachments of the Jam, and the assumption of independence by the Ghori all augmented the confusion afterwards increased by the escape of Sultan Muzaffar in 1583 and subsequent partisan warfare.<ref name="GBP1884"/>

During these disturbances Amin Khan Ghori and his son Daulat Khan Ghori espoused the cause of Muzafar, as did the Jam and Loma Khuman of Kherdi. The exact date of Amin Khan Ghori's death is not known but it was about 1589–90. Raizada Khengar also warmly espoused Mnzafar's side. After the siege and capture of Junagadh in 1591–92 by Naurang Khan, Syad Kasim, and Gnjar Khan; Khengar was dismissed to his estate of Sil Bagasra, and the Raizada ceased to rule at Junagadh. Daulat Khan Ghori died of his wounds during the siege, and henceforth Junagadh became the seat of the imperial ''[[faujdar]]''s (garrison commanders) of Sorath in subordination to the imperial viceroy at Ahmedabad.<ref name="GBP1884"/>

;Imperial rule
The first ''faujdar'' of Junagad was Naurang Khan and, next, Syad Kasim. The most famous were (1) Mirzah Isa Tarkhan (2) Kutb ud din Kheshgi, and (3) Sardarkhan. Of these Mirzah Isa Tarkhan ruled Sorath from about 1633–34 to 1642, when he was appointed viceroy of Gujarat. On this occasion he left his son Inayat Ullah as ''faujdar'' at Junagadh while he himself conducted the government of Gujarat from its capital, Ahmedabad. In Mirzah Isa Tarkhan's time the fortifications of Junagadh were entirely repaired. Kutb ud din was another ''faujdar'', and his tenure of office lasted from about 1653 to 1666. In about 1664, he conquered Navanagar and annexed it to the imperial domain. Sardarkhan also distinguished himself while ''faujdar'' of Sorath, both by the firmness of his rule and by his construction (1681, AH 1092) of the ''Sardar Baug'' (palace) and excavation of the ''Sardar Talav'' (main gate). He built a mausoleum for himself in the Sardar Baug, but he died at [[Thatta]], in Sindh, and is said to have been buried there and not at Junagadh. He was ''faujdar'' from about 1666 to 1686, but in 1670 he went for a short time to [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]] and was replaced by Syad Dilerkhan. The last of the ''faujdar'' s was Sherkhan Babi, who became independent and assumed the title of Nawab Bahadur Khan.<ref name="GBP1884">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c70MAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA711|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency : Kathiawar|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1884|editor=Watson|editor-first=James W.|volume=VIII|location=Bombay|pages=489–502}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

===Junagadh state===
{{main|Junagadh State|Nawab of Junagarh}}
[[File:Junagadh Nawab's and state officials, 19th century.jpg|upright|thumb|Junagadh Nawabs and state officials, 19th century.]]
[[File:Tomb of Mahabat Khan.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Mahabat Khan]]

In 1730, Mohammad Sher Khan Babi, who owed allegiance to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of [[Gujarat Subah]], founded the state of Junagadh by declaring independence after the invasion by the Maratha [[Gaekwad dynasty]]. Babi founded the [[Babi Dynasty]] of Junagadh State. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagadh—who were Babi or [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)|Babai]] [[pashtuns]] from [[Afghanistan]]—conquered large territories in southern [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and ruled for the next two centuries, first as tributaries of [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], and later under the [[suzerainty]] of the British, who granted the honor of a 13-[[gun salute]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |title=Junagadh Princely State (13 gun salute) |access-date=24 April 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* 1730–1758 – Mohammad Bahadur Khanji or Mohammad Sher khan Babi<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 Nawabs of Junagadh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012232/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 }} British Library.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Saurashtrano Itihas|last = Desai|first = Shambhuprasad Harprasd|year = 1990|pages = 746–748}}</ref>
* 1758–1774 – Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I
* 1774–1811 – Mohammad Hamid Khanji I
* 1811–1840 – Mohammad Bahadur Khanji II
* 1840–1851 – Mohammad Hamid Khanji II
* 1851–1882 – Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II
* 1882–1892 – Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III
* 1892–1911 – Mohammad Rasul Khanji
* 1911–1948 – [[Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III|Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III]]

====British period====
[[File:Drapeau Junagadh vector.svg|right|thumb|Flag of Junagadh, during the British period.]]

In 1807, Junagadh State became a [[British India|British protectorate]]. The [[East India Company]] took control of the state by 1818, but the Saurashtra area was never directly administered by the British,{{citation needed}} who instead divided the territory into more than one hundred [[princely state]]s, which remained in existence until 1947.{{citation needed}} The present old-town, developed during the 19th and 20th centuries, constituted one of those princely states.{{citation needed}}

The [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh|Shri Swaminarayan Mandir]] temple in Junagadh was constructed on land presented by Jinabhai (Hemantsingh) Darbar of Panchala, and dedicated on 1 May 1828. [[Swaminarayan]] appointed [[Gunatitanand Swami]] as the first [[mahant]] (religious and administrative head of a temple), who served in this role and preached there for over 40 years.<ref name="Williams 2001 38">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=An Introduction To Swaminarayan Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0-521-65422-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/38 38]}}</ref><ref name="Ishwarcharandas 2007 94">{{cite book|last=Ishwarcharandas|first=Sadhu|title=Aksharbrahma Gunatitanand Swami|year=2007|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=978-81-7526-302-4|pages=94}}</ref>

====Annexation by India====
{{Main|Annexation of Junagadh}}

During the period just before the independence and [[partition of India|partition of India and Pakistan]] in 1947, the 562 [[princely state]]s that had existed outside [[British India]], but under British [[suzerainty]], were given the choice of acceding to either India or Pakistan, or to remaining apart. Although the states were theoretically free to choose, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Earl Mountbatten]] stated that "geographic compulsions" meant that most of them would choose India. Mountbatten took the position that only states that shared a common border with Pakistan should choose to accede to it, but he had no power to impose this point of view on the states.

On 15 September 1947, Nawab [[Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III|Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III]] of Junagadh – which, although located at the south-western end of [[Gujarat]], had no common border with Pakistan – chose to accede to Pakistan, ignoring Mountbatten's views and arguing that Junagadh could access Pakistan by sea. The rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh — [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]] and [[Babariawad]] — reacted by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India. In response, the nawab's forces militarily occupied the two states. Rulers of other neighbouring states reacted angrily, sent troops to the Junagadh frontier, and appealed to the government of India for assistance. A group of Junagadhis, led by [[Samaldas Gandhi]], formed a government-in-exile, the ''Aarzi Hukumat'' ("temporary government").<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=237–238}}</ref>

India asserted that Junagadh was not contiguous to Pakistan and, believing that if Junagadh was permitted to accede to Pakistan communal tension already simmering in Gujarat would worsen, refused to accept the nawab's accession to Pakistan. The Indian government pointed out that the state was 96% Hindu, and called for a plebiscite to decide the question of accession. India [[blockade|cut off]] supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the frontier, and occupied the [[principality|principalities]] of Mangrol and Babariawad, which had acceded to India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=238}}</ref>

Pakistan agreed to discuss a plebiscite, subject to the withdrawal of Indian troops, a condition India rejected. On 26 October, the nawab and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes between Junagadhi and Indian troops.

On 7 November, Junagadh's court, facing collapse, invited the government of India to take over the state's administration. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]], the father of [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], decided to invite the [[Government of India]] to intervene and wrote a letter to Mr. Buch, the regional commissioner of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in the government of India to this effect.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.hellojunagadh.com/history_letter.aspx
|title = Letter Inviting India to Intervene
|access-date = 16 October 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326005939/http://www.hellojunagadh.com/history_letter.aspx
|archive-date = 26 March 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

The government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the dewan to intervene.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=238–239}}</ref> A [[plebiscite]] was conducted in February 1948, but it was not internationally monitored. Pakistan claims were not based on the plebiscite but on the logic of the Kashmir annexation, which went almost unanimously in favour of accession to India.<ref name=PacAff1951Furber359>{{cite journal |last=Furber |first=Holden |author-link=Holden Furber |title=The Unification of India, 1947–1951 |volume=24 |number=4 |page=359 |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |doi=10.2307/2753451 |jstor=2753451 }}</ref> Junagadh became a part of the Indian state of Saurashtra until 1 November 1956, when Saurashtra became part of [[Bombay state]]. In 1960, Bombay state was split into the linguistic states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], in which Junagadh was located.

Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with [[Manavadar]] and [[Sir Creek]] in Gujarat, on its official political map.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/pakistan-unveils-new-political-map-claiming-jammu-india-retorts/|title=After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts|work=Himalayan Times|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1572590|title=In landmark move, PM Imran unveils 'new political map' of Pakistan|work=Dawn|access-date=5 August 2020|first=Naveed|last=Siddiqui}}</ref>

===Timelines===

====Ruling dynasties====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Various Rulers<ref>{{cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=Junagadh (Princely State) – (13 gun salute) |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |website=Indian Princely States |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! Time Period<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/his-junagadh.htm
|title=History of Junagadh
|access-date=22 June 2010
|archive-date=25 April 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425072105/http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/his-junagadh.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maurya]] Dynasty ruled over Junagadh || in 319 BC
|-
| Kalinga Dynasty ruled over Junagadh || in 185 BC
|-
| [[Greeks]] ruled over Junagadh || in 73–70 BC
|-
| Shaka ([[Scythians]]) ruled over Junagadh || 100–275 AD
|-
| [[Kshatrapa]] ruled over Junagadh || 276–455 AD
|-
| [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] ruled over Junagadh || 456–770 AD
|-
| The Chinese Traveller [[Xuanzang|Hu-en-Tsang]] visited Junagadh || 640 AD
|-
| [[Chudasama]] ruled over Junagadh || 875–1472 AD
|-
| [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] Rulers [[Mahmud Begada|Mohammed Begada]], Khalil Khan || 1472–1572 AD
|-
| [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s ruled over Junagadh || 1573–1730 AD
|-
| [[Nawab]]s of Junagadh [[Muhammad Dilawar Khanji|Khanji]] ([[Babi Dynasty|Babi]] [[Pathan]]) ruled over || 1730–1949
|}

====Accession to India====
*15 Aug 1947 Accedes to Pakistan.
*15 Sep 1947 Accession to Pakistan accepted.
*9 Nov 1947 Occupied by India.
*10 Nov 1947 Rescinds accession to Pakistan, accedes to India.
*24 Feb 1948 Referendum approves accession to India.
*25 Feb 1948 Accession to India in effect.

==Geography==
[[File:Junagadh, India.jpg|thumb|View of Junagadh]]
[[File:Girnar Hills from Damodar Kund.jpg|thumb|View of [[Girnar]] Hills from [[Damodar Kund]].]]

Junagadh city is located at {{Coord|21.52|N|70.47|E}} at the foot of [[Girnar|Mount Girnar]], with the Arabian sea to the southwest, [[Porbandar]] to the north, and Amreli to the east. It has an average elevation of {{convert|107|m}}.

Junagadh city has two rivers, the Sonrakh and the Kalwo, which is polluted from city sewers. The city has several lakes: Narsinh Mehta Sarovar, Damodarji, Sudarshan Lake, etc. Willingdon Dam, Hasnapur Dam, and Anandpur Weir are the main water sources for the city. Groundwater supply is widely available in the city, with wells throughout.

Junagadh's soil is similar to that of the rest of Junagadh district. It is deep- to medium-black coastal alluvium,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://gec.gov.in/Publications/SOE/CHAPTER_2-3.pdf
|title=Soil Condition
|publisher=Government of Gujarat
|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> due to its proximity to the sea, long shoreline, and nearby mountain ridge. Because of many fault lines in the vicinity, Junagadh is in a [[Seismology|seismically active zone]]. Junagadh lies in a [[Earthquake zones of India|Seismic Zone III region]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vibrantgujarat.com:80/documents/profiles/junagadh-district-profile.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215152332/http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/documents/profiles/junagadh-district-profile.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 December 2011
|title=Junagadh District Profile
|publisher=Government of Gujarat
|access-date=17 October 2011
}}</ref> which means earthquakes up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected.

===Climate===
Junagadh has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] (Aw) bordering on a [[hot semi-arid climate]] (BSh), with two distinct seasons: a dry season from October to May, and a wet season from June to September. The close proximity of the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Gulf of Cambay]] affect the climate. In the summer months, temperatures range from {{convert|28 to 38|C|F}}. In the winter, they range from {{convert|10 to 25|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/junagadh/weather.html |title=Junagadh weather maximum temperature in 2012 was 47 degrees Celsius and minimum recorded was 1 degree |publisher=Maps of India |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> From June to September the city is drained by the southwest monsoon. Rainfall averages {{convert|800 to 1200|mm|in}} annually. The greatest rainfall in a calendar year—{{convert|2800|mm|in}}—was recorded in 1983.<ref name="Annual weather report">{{cite web |url=http://www.jau.in/attachments%5CWeather%20Bulletins%5Creports%5C2010.pdf |title=Annual weather report |publisher=Junagadh Agriculture University |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

{{weather box|location = Junagadh
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high C = 27.2
|Feb high C = 28.3
|Mar high C = 31.4
|Apr high C = 32.7
|May high C = 33.4
|Jun high C = 32.9
|Jul high C = 30
|Aug high C = 29.3
|Sep high C = 30.1
|Oct high C = 32.5
|Nov high C = 31.6
|Dec high C = 28.7
|Jan low C = 13.1
|Feb low C = 14.7
|Mar low C = 18.1
|Apr low C = 21.6
|May low C = 25.2
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 25.7
|Aug low C = 24.7
|Sep low C = 23.9
|Oct low C = 21.9
|Nov low C = 18.3
|Dec low C = 14.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 0
|Feb precipitation mm = 0
|Mar precipitation mm= 2
|Apr precipitation mm= 1
|May precipitation mm= 3
|Jun precipitation mm= 118
|Jul precipitation mm= 372
|Aug precipitation mm= 191
|Sep precipitation mm= 116
|Oct precipitation mm= 19
|Nov precipitation mm= 5
|Dec precipitation mm= 1
|source 1= Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate Data for Junagadh |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/5044/ |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref>}}

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011|alt=As of the}} [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Junagadh municipality had a population of 319,462.<ref name=2011Cities /> The municipality had a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 955 females per 1,000 males and 9% of the population were under six years old.<ref name=2011Cities /> The effective literacy rate was 88%; male literacy was 92.46% and female literacy was 83.38%.<ref name=2011Cities />

Junagadh has relatively low to medium housing and land costs in comparison to cities like [[Rajkot]]. The city is rapidly expanding, and available land inside the city limits is now limited. Total area under slums is {{convert|19.5|km2}} (14.5% of the total municipal area) and the total slum population accounts for around 25% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/pages.php?id=47 |title=Housing and Slums |publisher=Engineering Works |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511041016/http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/pages.php?id=47 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Junagadh<ref>{{cite web |title=Junagadh City Census 2011 data |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/331-junagadh.html |website=Census 2011 |access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|82.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|16.46}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.67}}
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|0.56}}
|caption=Others include Christianity, [[Sikhism]], [[Zoroastianism]] and [[Buddhism]]
}}

The religions represented in Junagadh includes [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]], [[Jainism|Jains]], Christians, and [[Buddhists]]. Among these Hindus are the majority and Muslims are the largest minority group. Jains and Christians are present in considerable numbers. [[Sikhs]] and [[Parsis]] are very few in number. There are Tibetan migrants who practice Buddhism. The main language group is [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. Others are [[Hindi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. A small community of African origin, known as "Siddis", resides in and around the Gir Sanctuary, but some of them have moved to the city. There are around 8816<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://guj-tribaldevelopment.gov.in/downloads/ptg_development_plan_website.pdf
|title=Brief Profile of PTG Communities in Gujarat
|access-date=20 October 2011
|archive-date=16 May 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516001519/http://guj-tribaldevelopment.gov.in/downloads/ptg_development_plan_website.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Siddi]] in the state and 65% of them reside in Junagadh.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol1num1/lodhi.pdf
|title=African Settlements in India
|publisher=Abdulaziz Y. Lodhi, Uppsala University, Sweden
|access-date=17 October 2011
|archive-date=22 April 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422114243/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol1num1/lodhi.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Swaminarayan Hinduism]] is also widely followed in the city. There are two Swaminarayan temples in the city: the old temple is managed by the [[Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi|Vadtal diocese]] and the new temple is managed by [[Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.swaminarayanmandirjunagadh.com/
|title=Shree Swaminarayan Mandir
|publisher=Shree Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh}}</ref>

==Administration==
The city is divided into the main city, which is centered on Mahatma Gandhi (M.G.) Road and Kalwa Chowk; Gandhigram; Zanzarda Road; Talaw Darwaza; the bus stand; Sakkar Baug; Timbawadi; Joshipara; and Girnar Taleti. The city is administered by the Junagadh Municipal Corporation.

The politics of Junagadh city has always been closely contested between the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] (BJP). Other national parties are the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), the [[Communist Party of India]], and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. Regional parties active in Junagadh are the Mahagujarat Janta Party, the [[Samata Party]], and the Republic Party of India. Junagadh has 194,196 registered voters, of which 100,050 are male and 94,146 female.

Junagadh has one state-assembly constituency. The BJP won this seat in the 2007 election, with 52.36% of the 118,888 votes cast, with the next largest vote being 26.32% for the INC candidate.<ref>{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat
|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_DEC_2007_GUJARAT_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007040749/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_DEC_2007_GUJARAT_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref> Election for the state assembly is held every 5 years.

The Junagadh Municipal Corporation has 17 wards and total of 51 seats. In the 2009 municipal elections the INC won 26 seats, BJP 21 seats, BSP 3 seats and 1 went to an independent. While the majority of the seats went to the INC, the BJP candidates received more votes: 134,739, or 45.62% of the total, the INC receiving 120,533, 40.81%.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sec.gujarat.gov.in/images/sr-6.pdf
|title=Municipal Corporation Elections: July 2009
|publisher= Election Commission of Gujarat}}</ref> The Mayor, Deputy Mayor has terms of 2 and a half years.

==Utilities==
Junagadh's population of 320,250 requires {{convert|30|e6l}} of water per day, which is supplied through 25,000 tap connections to three major surface water sources, namely Aanandpur Weir, Hasanapur Dam, and Wellingdon Dam, as well as to 32 wells. Junagadh has more than 1000 hand pumps and 200 stand posts situated throughout the city drawing from [[groundwater]] sources.

In January 2004, Junagadh city increased its area from {{convert|13.47|km2}} to {{convert|57|km2}} by annexing eight grampanchayats and one municipality. The newly acquired area has its own groundwater supply system of [[Tube well|bore wells]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/pages.php?id=17 |title=Water works |publisher=Water works department, Junagadh}}</ref>

The city generates approximately {{convert|150|t}} of solid waste daily, which is within the recommended limit, of {{convert|400|g}} per capita, per day, for domestic waste. The waste is collected by deploying 400 wheel barrows (six containers) as per supreme court guidelines and Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) rule 2000. The municipal council has set up 800 community bins for solid waste collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/pages.php?id=21 |title=Solid waste management |publisher=Junagadh Municipal Corporation}}</ref> It covers 90% of city area. Junagadh's drainage system is {{convert|62|km}} long but it serves only 67% of the total area and 60% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/pages.php?id=10 |title=Drainage system |publisher=JMC}}</ref>

The [[Paschim Gujarat Vij|Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Ltd.]] (P.G.V.C.L.), a state-run electricity company, provides electric power. Telecom service is provided mainly by [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (B.S.N.L.); other service providers include [[Reliance Communications|Reliance]] and [[Tata Group|Tata]]. Cell-phone coverage is extensive and the main service providers are [[Vodafone Essar|Vodafone]], B.S.N.L., [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Idea Cellular|Idea]], and [[Tata Docomo]]. B.S.N.L. also provides broadband service.

The city has a good network of street lights. There is a total of 12,545 [[Fluorescent lamp|tube lights]] and 1523 central sodium [[street light]]s. A [[Solar power]] project has been approved for Narsinh Mehta Sarovar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/pages.php?id=18 |title=Street Lights |publisher=Junagadh Municipal Corporation}}</ref>

==Transport==
Junagadh is connected to [[Rajkot]], [[Ahmedabad]], and [[Veraval]] by [[National Highway 8D (India)|National Highway 8D]] (NH8D). The city is connected to Mount Girnar by road, as well as to [[Bilkha]] and the [[Gir National Park|Sasan Gir Lion Sanctuary]] in the south. Junagadh City Bypass on NH8D obviates the need for through-traffic to enter the city. Ferguson Bridge connects the parts of the city on either side of the Kalwo River. Another bridge spans the Sonrakh River in the northern outskirts of the city. Rickshaws are the generally preferred mode of transportation.
The [[Girnar ropeway]] is a [[aerial tramway]] located in [[Bhavnath]] locality of Junagadh city.

==Economy==
Due to its mountainous geography and forest reserves, Junagadh lacks major industries or plants. The main economic sectors are the mineral-based cement industry, agriculture-based industries, and the power sector. The presence of large reserves of [[limestone]] makes the cement industry a thriving industrial sector. Major crops produced in the district are wheat, oil seeds, cotton, mangoes, bananas, onions, and brinjal (eggplant). The total production of oilseeds in Junagadh in 2006–07 was 464,400 metric tons,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/documents/profiles/junagadh-district-profile.pdf
|title=Junagadh District Profile, Agriculture
|publisher=Government of Gujarat
|access-date=17 October 2011
|archive-date=15 December 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215152332/http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/documents/profiles/junagadh-district-profile.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> which was the highest in the state. Junagadh is the largest producer of groundnut and garlic in the state, contributing 26% and 34%, respectively, of total production. Junagadh has Asia's largest ground-nut research laboratory.{{citation needed}} Mangoes and onions are grown in large quantities in the district.{{citation needed}}

Some of the large-scale industry present in Junagadh are [[Mother Dairy|Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd]] (popularly known as Junagadh Dairy in the region), Agro Marine Exports, Creative Castings Ltd., and Austin Engineering. With an investment of INR 4,000 crore (US$975.6million), JSW Power Co. had proposed to set up a coal-based power plant at Simar Village, in Junagadh, but due to difficulties in establishing a port there, it has been shifted to the port of [[Dahej]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-01-11/ahmedabad/27834864_1_energy-sector-indian-coal-power-demand
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512095418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-01-11/ahmedabad/27834864_1_energy-sector-indian-coal-power-demand
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=12 May 2013
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|title=Spotlight to be on energy sector
| date=11 January 2005}}</ref> Under the new government policy of encouraging biotechnology, Junagadh has been identified as an agriculture biotechnology zone. This will boost the establishment of agro-biotech industries in the district.{{citation needed}}

Junagadh boasts of some of the best tourist destinations in the state, so tourism is considered to be a progressing sector. The state government has sanctioned the development of a Circuit Tourism project at Junagadh.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/documents/profiles/junagadh-district-profile.pdf
|title=Junagadh District Profile, Tourism
|publisher=Government of Gujarat
|access-date=17 October 2011
|archive-date=15 December 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215152332/http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/documents/profiles/junagadh-district-profile.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Education==
Junagadh is an education hub where people from nearby towns and villages come to study.

Schools in Junagadh are either municipal schools run by the municipal council or private schools run by trusts or individuals, which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated either with the [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]], the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], or the [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]]. English and Gujarati are the predominant languages of instruction.

The city is home to [[Junagadh Agricultural University]].

==Culture==
Established in 1863, Junagadh's [[Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden]], also known as the Sakkarbaug Zoo, is around 210 acre (84 hectares) in size. The zoo provides purebred Asiatic lions for the Indian and international critically endangered species captive breeding programs. Currently, it is the only zoo in the country to house African cheetahs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historicaljunagadh.blogspot.com/2010/02/sakkarbaug-zoo-junagadh-city-news.html |title=Cheetahs |publisher=Junagadh city district news}}</ref> The zoo also has museum of natural history.

Junagadh's many ruling dynasties—such as Babi Nawabs, Vilabhis, Kshatraps, Mauryas, Chudasamas, Gujarat Sultans—and its religious groups have influenced the architectural syles of Junagadh.

[[File:Buddhist caves, Uperkot 05.jpg|thumb|Buddhist cave in Uperkot Fort]]

The [[Junagadh Buddhist Cave Groups]], with their intricately carved gateways, Chaitya halls, sculptured pillars, and sanctums are classic examples of rock-cut architecture. The Chudama Rajputs left specimens of their architectural style in Nabghan Kuvo and Adi Kadi Vav. Religious monuments such as the Jami Masjid remind us of Muslim architectural patterns. The Ashokan edicts is a classic example of old rock engraving styles. The Maqbaras and numerous age-old palaces in Junagadh tell the story of its rich historical and architectural past.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/junagadh/tourism/architecture.html
|title=Junagadh Architecture
|publisher=Maps of India}}</ref>

About {{convert|2|km}} east of Junagadh and {{convert|3|km}} west of the foot of Girnar Hill is an edict of Emperor [[Ashoka]], inscribed on an uneven rock and dating from the 3rd century BC. The [[Edicts of Ashoka|Ashokan edicts]] impart moral instructions on [[dharma]], harmony, tolerance, and peace. The rock has a circumference of {{convert|7|m|spell=in}}, a height of {{convert|10|m|spell=in}}, and bears inscriptions in [[Brāhmī script]] etched with an iron pen.<ref name="keay">{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |title=India: A History |publisher=Grove Press |year=2000 |location=New York |pages=129–131 |isbn=0-8021-3797-0}}</ref>

The people of Junagadh celebrate both Western and Indian festivals. [[Diwali]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Holi]], [[Janmastami]], [[Muharram]], [[Navratri]], Christmas, [[Good Friday]], [[Vijayadashami|Dussera]], [[Muharram]], and [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] are some of the popular festivals in the city.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/festival.htm
|title=Festivals celebrated in Gujarat
|publisher=Gujarat state Tourism}}</ref>

The Shivaratri Mela is organized at the foot of Mount Girnar (Talati) in the month of Maha (9th day of the month of [[Maagha]]). The [[mela]] lasts for the next five days. About 500,000 people visit Junagadh on this occasion.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://festivalsofindia.in/Bhavnath_Fair/
|title=Shivaratri Fair
|publisher=Festivals of India}}</ref> The Girnar [[Parikrama]] is also organized annually. It starts in the month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]] and draws 1 to 1.5 million people. People walk the periphery of the Girnar Hills on foot (about {{convert|32|km}}). Muharram is celebrated by Muslims. The ''sej'', which belonged to the peers or gurus of the nawabs, has been taken out; and a fair has been organized. Apart from these religious and national festivals, Junagadh annually celebrates its accession to India on 9 November 1947 as the independence day of the city.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://historicaljunagadh.blogspot.com/2009/11/junagadh-city-district-independence-day.html
|title=Junagadh City District Independence day November 9, 1947(Junagadh Aazad Din-Divas)
|publisher=Historical Junagadh}}</ref> 1 May is Gujarat day, to celebrate the formation of Gujarat state on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentInfo.aspx?Committee=GUJARAT
|title=Parlianmentary Details
|access-date=18 October 2011
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185957/http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentInfo.aspx?Committee=GUJARAT
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== Notable ==
* [[Bapu Velnath Thakor]], [[Koli people|Koli]] saint of the 17th century from Junagadh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Bindeshwar Prasad |title=A Handbook of Sociology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2c9EAAAQBAJ&dq=Junagadh+Koli&pg=PA255 |page=255 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Muhammad Junagarhi]]
* [[Girnar]]
* [[Gir Forest National Park]]
* [[Damodar Kund]]
* [[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh]]
* [[Baradiya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}

{{Gujarat}}
{{Princely states of India}}

[[Category:Junagadh| ]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Saurashtra (region)]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]

Outline of political science

2022-07-02T03:56:57Z

Rahuldevrajburman: Added a new release to the collection.

{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to political science}}

The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics and political science:
{{Politics}}

'''[[Politics]]''' – the exercise of power; process by which groups of people make [[Group decision making|collective decisions]]. Politics is the art or science of running governmental or state affairs (including behavior within civil [[government]]s), institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the [[corporation|corporate]], [[academia|academic]], and [[religion|religious]] segments of society.

'''[[Political science]]''' – the field concerning the theory and practice of [[politics]] and the description and analysis of [[political system]]s and political behavior.

{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

== Fields of study of political science==
{{Div col}}
* [[Comparative politics]]
** [[Democratization]]
** [[Political polarization|Polarization]]
** [[Politicization]]
** [[Multi-level governance]]
** ''see {{section link||Electoral systems}} and {{section link||Political institutions}}''
* [[Development studies]]
* [[Geopolitics]] and [[political geography]]
** [[Area studies]]
** [[Globalization]] studies
* [[Gender and politics]]
* [[Institutional theory]]
** [[New institutionalism]]
* [[International relations]]
** [[Security studies]]
*** [[Critical security studies]]
*** [[Copenhagen school (international relations)|Copenhagen School]]
*** [[Paris school (security studies)|Paris school]]
*** [[Welsh School (security studies)|Welsh school]]
* [[Nationalism studies]]
** [[Banal nationalism]]
** [[Diaspora politics]]
** [[Irredentism]]
** [[Nationalism and gender]]
** [[Nationalist historiography]]
** [[Postnationalism]]
** [[Revanchism]]
* [[Political behavior]]
** [[Political activism]]
*** [[Political movement]]
* [[Political economy]]
* [[Political fiction]]
** [[Political satire]]
* Political [[research methodology]]
* [[Political sociology]]
* [[political philosophy|Political theory and philosophy]]
** [[Political spectrum]]
* [[Positive political theory]]
** [[Game theory]]
* [[Psephology]] – study of elections
** [[Voting theory]]
** ''see {{section link||Electoral systems}}''
* [[Policy analysis]] and [[Policy studies]]
** [[Foreign policy analysis]]
** [[Public administration]] and [[local government]] studies
** [[Public law]]
* [[Strategic studies]]
{{End div col}}

== Related disciplines ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Economics]]
** [[Political economy]]
* [[History]]
** [[Political history]]
* [[Jurisprudence]]
** [[Constitutional law]]
** [[International legal theory]]
** [[Political jurisprudence]]
* [[Philosophy]]
** [[Ethics]]
** [[Political philosophy]]
* [[Psychology]]
** [[Political psychology]]
* [[Social science]]
** [[Anthropology]]
*** [[Political anthropology]]
** [[Sociology]]
*** [[Political sociology]]
{{End div col}}

== Political theory ==
{{Main|Political theory}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Anarchist schools of thought]] hold that all forms of [[hierarchy]] and [[authority]] are illegitimate.
** [[Social anarchism]] views [[Individualism|individual freedom]] as interrelated with [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]].<ref name="Suissa, Judith 2001">Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". ''Journal of Philosophy of Education'' 35 (4). pp. 627–646. {{doi|10.1111/1467-9752.00249}}.</ref>
** [[Individualist anarchism]]
* [[Democratic theory]]
** [[Athenian democracy]] a form of [[Greek democracy]] in which free male citizens had a direct vote on all government actions.
** [[Republicanism]] a strain of political thought which was common among the [[city-states]] of the [[Italian Renaissance]], such as the [[Republic of Venice]].
** [[Representative democracy]]
** [[Direct democracy]]
*** [[Initiative]]
*** [[Referendum]]
** [[Radical democracy]]
*** [[Deliberative democracy]]
*** [[Participatory democracy]]
* [[International relations theory]]
** [[Power in international relations]]
** [[Realism in international relations]]
*** [[Neorealism (international relations)]]
** [[Idealism in international relations]]
*** [[Liberalism (international relations)]]
*** [[Neoliberalism (international relations)]]
** [[Marxist international relations theory]]
** [[Functionalism in international relations]]
** [[Critical international relations theory]]
* [[Majoritarianism]]
* [[Marxist schools of thought]]
** [[Marxism-Leninism]]
** [[Maoism]]
** [[Trotskyism]]
** [[Left communism]]
** [[Anti-revisionism]]
** [[Western Marxism]]
*** [[Structural Marxism]]
*** [[Neo-Marxism]]
*** [[The Frankfurt School]]
*** [[Autonomism]]
*** [[Analytical Marxism]]
*** [[Marxist Humanism]]
*** [[Marxist feminism]]
*** [[Post-Marxism]]
* [[Metapolitics]]
* [[Peace and conflict studies]]
** [[Democratic peace theory]]
** [[Power transition theory]]
** [[Hegemonic stability theory]]
* [[Political geography]]
* [[Political symbolism]]
* [[Postcolonialism]]
** [[Decoloniality]]
*** [[Blue water thesis]]
** [[Three-world model]]
*** [[Third-Worldism]]
* [[Theories of state]]
** [[Consent of the governed]]
*** [[Social contract]]
*** [[Secession]]
*** [[Right of rebellion]]
** [[Form of government]]
** [[Islamic state]]
** [[Nationalism]]
** [[Patriotism]]
** [[Sovereignty]]
}}

== Decision-making ==
[[File:Voting in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Voting is a key form of decision-making in politics. A female journalist displays her inked finger after casting her vote in Afghanistan's western [[Herat Province|Herat province]].]]

===[[Election]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Electoral system]]s{{anchor|Electoral systems}}
** [[Plurality voting]] allows each voter to vote for a single candidate, with the candidate with most votes being the winner. It is often combined with [[single-member district]]s, resulting in a [[majoritarian democracy]].
*** [[Cardinal voting|Cardinal voting system]]s
**** [[Approval voting]]
**** [[Satisfaction approval voting]]
**** [[Majority judgment]]
**** [[STAR voting]]
*** [[First-past-the-post voting]]
*** [[Single non-transferable vote]]
*** [[Limited voting]]
*** [[Plurality-at-large voting]]
*** [[General ticket]]
** [[Proportional representation]] ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the [[Election|electorate]].<ref name=JSM7>{{cite book|last1=Mill|first1=John Stuart|author-link=John Stuart Mill|title=Considerations on Representative Government|chapter=Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007 |year=1861 |publisher=Parker, Son, & Bourn |location=London|title-link=Considerations on Representative Government}}</ref> Often combined with [[multi-member district]]s to produce [[consensus democracy]].
*** [[Party-list proportional representation]]
****[[Gallagher index|proportionality measure]]s
** [[Mixed electoral system]]s
*** [[Mixed-member proportional representation]]
*** [[Parallel voting]]
*** [[Scorporo]]
*** [[Majority bonus system]]
*** [[Alternative vote plus]]
*** [[Dual-member proportional representation]]
*** [[Rural-urban proportional representation]]
* [[Suffrage]]
** [[Disfranchisement]]
** [[Right of foreigners to vote]]
** [[Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin]]
** [[Youth suffrage]]
*** [[Age of candidacy]]
*** [[Demeny voting]]
** [[Wasted vote]]
* [[Voting]]
** [[Compulsory voting]]
** [[Electronic voting]]
** [[None of the above]]
** [[Secret ballot]]
* [[Game theory]]
* [[Political campaign]]
* [[Political communications]]
* [[Political compass|Political qualifications]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Order of succession]]===
* [[Primogeniture]]

===[[Sortition]]===
* [[Citizens' assembly]]

== Political institutions ==
[[File:US Supreme Court.JPG|thumb|Institutions are often the framework within which politics happens. Pictured is the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].]]

===Branches of government===
The [[separation of powers]] is typically set in the [[constitution]] or [[basic law]] in order to achieve [[checks and balances]] within government. The typical model has three branches, and is referred to as the '''''trias politica'''''.

* [[Legislature]], deliberates and passes [[law]]s.
** [[Unicameralism]]
** [[Bicameralism]]
*** [[Upper house]]
*** [[Lower house]]
** [[Tricameralism]]
** [[Tetracameralism]]
** [[Multicameralism]]
* [[Executive (government)|Executive]], executes laws.
** [[Head of state]], formal, often symbolic, leader of state. Sometimes has [[veto]] power over proposed legislation.
*** [[Monarch]]
*** [[Supreme leader]]
*** [[President (government title)|President]]
** [[Head of government]], the person(s) in charge of day-to-day affairs of the state. Usually heads a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]], a [[Council of Ministers]] or a [[Council of State]].
*** [[Chancellor]]
*** [[Chief executive]]
*** [[Chief minister]]
*** [[First minister]]
*** [[Premier]]
*** [[Prime minister]]
* [[Judiciary]], often involved in politics through [[judicial review]].
** [[Supreme court]]
** [[Constitutional court]]

[[File:Number of political parties in the Hellenic Parliament by election year and electoral system (1910-2015).svg|thumb|Political parties, and their number, are important aspects of representative systems. The number of political parties in the [[Hellenic Parliament]] of [[Greece]] has varied across time.]]

===[[Political parties]]===
* [[Party system]]s
** [[Nonpartisan democracy]]
** [[One-party state]]
** [[Dominant-party system]]
** [[Two-party system]]
** [[Multi-party system]]
** [[Effective number of parties]]
** [[Party discipline]]
** [[Political faction]]s
* Party [[coalition government]]s
** [[Hung parliament]]
** [[Confidence and supply]]
** [[Minority government]]
** Rainbow coalition
** [[Grand coalition]]
** [[National unity government]]
** [[Majority government]]

== Political behavior ==

===[[Theories of political behaviour]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Political culture]]
** [[Civic political culture]]
** [[Parochial political culture]]
** [[Patrimonialism]], a political culture which sees no difference between personal and political power.
*** [[Neopatrimonialism]]
*** [[Prebendalism]]
* [[Peace and conflict studies]]
** [[Aggressionism]]
** [[Greed versus grievance]]
* [[Political psychology]]
** [[Impressionable years hypothesis]]
** [[Postmaterialism]]
** [[Right-Wing Authoritarianism]]
** [[Social Dominance Orientation]]
** [[System Justification Theory]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Political strategy]]===
{{Div col}}
{{See also|Political warfare}}
* [[Accelerationism]]
* [[Political campaign]]ing
** [[Campaign advertising]]
** [[Campaign finance]]
** [[Campaign management tools]]
** [[Canvassing]]
** [[Grassroots fundraising]]
** [[Smear campaign]]
** [[Opposition research]]
** [[Push poll]]
** [[Retail politics]]
* [[Power politics]]
** [[Balance of power (international relations)|Balance of power]]
** [[Bandwagoning]]
** [[Blackmail]]
** [[Brinkmanship]]
** [[Buck passing]]
** [[Coercion]]
** [[Hard power]]
** [[Sharp power]]
** [[Soft power]]
** [[Smart power]]
** [[Power projection]]
** [[Power vacuum]]
** [[Realpolitik]]
* [[Cloward–Piven strategy]]
** [[Starve the beast]]
* [[Propaganda]]
** [[Disinformation]]
** [[Fearmongering]]
** [[Frameup|Framing]]
** [[Indoctrination]]
** [[Loaded language]]
** [[Lying press]]
** [[National mythology]]
** [[Rally 'round the flag effect]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Voting behavior]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Abstention]]
* [[Abstentionism]]
** [[Election boycott]]
* [[Economic voting]]
* [[Altruism theory of voting]]
* [[Coattail effect]]
* [[Split-ticket voting]]
** [[Straight-ticket voting]]
* [[Tactical voting]]
** [[Tactical manipulation of runoff voting]]
** [[Vote pairing]]
* [[Paradox of voting]]
* [[Protest vote]]
** [[Spoilt vote]]
** [[Voter apathy]]
{{End div col}}

== Political dysfunction ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Political warfare|Political conflict]]
** [[Civil disobedience]]
*** [[Boycott]]
*** [[Demonstration (protest)|Demonstration]]
*** [[Nonviolence]]
*** [[Picketing]]
*** [[Strike action]]
*** [[Tax resistance]]
** [[Civil war]]
*** [[Wars of national liberation]]
** [[Insurgency]]
*** [[Asymmetric warfare]]
*** [[Assassination]]
*** [[Guerrilla warfare]]
** [[Law of war]]
*** [[International criminal law]]
*** [[Just war theory]]
*** [[War crime]]
** [[Revolution]]
*** [[Bourgeois revolution]]
*** [[Communist revolution]]
*** [[Democratic revolution]]
*** [[Nonviolent revolution]]
*** [[Social revolution]]
*** [[Political revolution (Trotskyism)]]
*** [[Vanguardism]]
*** [[World revolution]]
** [[Terrorism]]
*** [[Nationalist terrorism|Nationalist-separatist terrorism]]
*** [[Propaganda of the deed]]
*** [[Religious terrorism|Religious extremist terrorism]]
*** [[Right-wing terrorism]]
*** [[Left-wing terrorism]]
* [[Political corruption]]
** [[Bribery]]
** [[Cronyism]]
** [[Economics of corruption]]
** [[Nepotism]]
** [[Political patronage]]
*** [[Clientelism]]
*** [[Earmark (politics)|Earmark]]
*** [[Political machine]]
*** [[Pork barrel]]
*** [[Slush fund]]
*** [[Spoils system]]
{{End div col}}

== Types of polities and forms of government ==
{{Main|List of forms of government}}
{{See also|Polity}}

===By level of social organisation===
{{Div col}}
* [[Traditional authority]], political society which has not gone through [[state formation]].
** [[Band society]]
** [[Big man (anthropology)|Big man]]
** [[Chiefdom]]
** [[Empire]] (before [[New Imperialism]]).
* [[Local government]]
* [[Unitary state]] ([[Political unitarism|Unitarism]])
** [[City-state]]
** [[Nation state]]
* [[Federalism]]
** [[Confederation]]
** [[Federation]]
* [[Regional integration]]
** [[Intergovernmental organization]]
** [[Supranational union]]
*** [[European Union]] ([[European studies]])
** [[Trade bloc]]
* [[Global governance]]
** [[World state]]
{{End div col}}

===By formal power structure===
{{Div col}}
* [[Feudalism]]
** [[Fengjian|Chinese feudalism]]
** [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Monarchy]]/[[Diarchy]]
** [[Absolute monarchy]]
** [[Constitutional monarchy]]
** [[Elective monarchy]]
** [[Federal monarchy]]
* [[Republic]]
** [[Parliamentary system]]
*** [[Westminster system]]
** [[Presidential system]]
*** [[Semi-presidential system]]
*** [[President for life]]
{{End div col}}

===By source of power===
{{Div col}}
* [[Autocracy]], the source of power is the leader.
* [[Democracy]], the source of power are the people through [[popular sovereignty]].
* [[Ethnocracy]], the source of power is [[ethnicity]].
* [[Meritocracy]], the source of power is talent.
** [[Noocracy]], talent is measured by [[wisdom]].
** [[Technocracy]], talent is measured by [[expertise]].
* [[Stratocracy]], the source of power is the [[military]].
** [[Military dictatorship]]
** [[Military junta]]
* [[Theocracy]], the source of power is [[God]](s).
** [[Christian republic]]
** [[Halachic state]]
** [[Hindu nation]]
** [[Islamic state]]
* [[Oligarchy]], the source of power is the [[elite]].
** [[Aristocracy]], the elite are hereditary.
** [[Gerontocracy]], the elite are the [[elderly]].
* [[Plutocracy]], the source of power is [[wealth]].
{{End div col}}

== Political ideologies and philosophies ==
{{Div col}}
{{main|List of political ideologies}}

* [[Authoritarianism]]
** [[Absolutism (European history)|Absolutism]]
** [[Totalitarianism]]
* [[Left-wing politics]], usually focused on increasing [[egalitarianism]].
** [[Far-left politics]]
*** [[Anarchism]]
*** [[Communism]]
** [[Socialism]]
*** [[Agrarian socialism]]
*** [[Democratic socialism]]
*** [[Liberal socialism]]
*** [[Libertarian socialism]]
*** [[Religious socialism]]
** [[Centre-left politics]]
*** [[Social democracy]]
*** [[Gradualism#Politics and society|Gradualism]]
*** [[Progressivism]]
*** [[Reformism]]
** [[Green politics]]
*** [[Green anarchism]]
*** [[Ecofeminism]]
*** [[Eco-socialism]]
* [[Centrism]], usually defined by highly pragmatic politics.
** [[Radical centrism]]
** [[Syncretic politics]]
** [[Third Position]]
** [[Third Way]]
* [[Liberalism]], defined by high valuing of [[liberty]].
** [[Classical liberalism]]
** [[Conservative liberalism]]
** [[Neoliberalism]]
** [[Social liberalism]]
* [[Right-wing politics]], often defined by opposition to social change, and a veneration of tradition.
** [[Centre-right politics]]
*** [[Christian democracy]]
*** [[Compassionate conservatism]]
*** [[Liberal conservatism]]
*** [[One-nation conservatism]]
*** [[Progressive conservatism]]
** [[Conservatism]]
*** [[Fiscal conservatism]]
*** [[Fusionism]]
*** [[Libertarian conservatism]]
*** [[National conservatism]]
*** [[Neoconservatism]]
*** [[Paleoconservatism]]
*** [[Social conservatism]]
*** [[Traditional conservatism]]
** [[Far-right politics]], political ideas which are described as [[reactionary]], [[ultranationalism|ultranationalist]], [[chauvinism|chauvinistic]], [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] or [[racism|racist]].<ref>Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right'' (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.</ref>
*** [[Alt-right]]
*** [[Fascism]]
*** [[Nazism]]
* [[Identity politics]], political ideologies concerned with the interests of the members of a specific group.
** [[Black power]]
** [[Feminism]]
** [[Gay pride]]
** [[Indigenism]]
** [[Islamism]]
** [[Nationalism]], based on the centrality of the [[nation]].
*** [[Civic nationalism]]
*** [[Ethnic nationalism]]
*** [[Expansionist nationalism]]
*** [[Irredentism]]
*** [[Pan-nationalism]]
*** [[Racial nationalism]]
*** [[Left-wing nationalism]]
*** [[Liberal nationalism]]
*** [[Secessionism]]
** [[Zionism]]
{{End div col}}

== Governments of the world ==
{{Africa in topic|Government of}}
{{North America in topic|Government of}}
{{South America in topic|Government of}}
{{Asia in topic|Government of|TW=Government of the Republic of China}}
{{Government of Europe}}
{{Oceania in topic|Government of}}

== Political issues and policies ==

===[[Rights]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Animal rights]]
* [[Civil and political rights]], usually related to topics of [[negative liberty]].
** [[Freedom of assembly]]
** [[Freedom of association]]
** [[Right to asylum]]
** [[Freedom from discrimination]]
** [[Freedom of education]]
** [[Freedom of information]]
** [[Freedom of movement]]
** [[Freedom of speech]]
** [[Freedom of the press]]
** [[Freedom of thought]]
** [[Right to petition]]
** [[Right to protest]]
** [[Right to property]]
** [[Freedom of religion]]
** [[Right to life]]
* [[Economic, social and cultural rights]], usually cover issues of [[positive liberty]].
** [[Digital rights]]
** [[Labor rights]]
*** [[Equal pay for equal work]]
** [[Right to an adequate standard of living]]
** [[Right to clothing]]
** [[Right to development]]
** [[Right to education]]
** [[Right to food]]
** [[Right to health]]
** [[Right to housing]]
** [[Right to Internet access]]
** [[Right to science and culture]]
** [[Right to social security]]
** [[Right to water]]
** [[Right to work]]
* [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]]
* [[Minority rights]]
** [[Affirmative action]]
* [[Women's rights]]
** [[Abortion law]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Economic policy]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Agricultural policy]]
** [[Agricultural subsidy]]
** [[Land reform]]
* [[Energy policy]]
** [[Nuclear energy policy]]
** [[Renewable energy policy]]
* [[Fiscal policy]]
** [[Budgetary policy]]
* [[Industrial policy]]
** [[Import substitution industrialization]]
* [[Investment policy]]
** [[Sovereign wealth fund]]
* [[Monetary policy]]
** [[Capital requirement]]
** [[Central bank]]
** [[Contractionary monetary policy]]
** [[Expansionary monetary policy]]
* [[Tax policy]]
** [[Internet taxation]]
** [[Tax cut]]
** [[Tax competition]]
** [[Tax holiday]]
** [[Tax reform]]
*** [[Flat tax]]
*** [[Tax harmonization]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Foreign policy|Foreign]] and [[security policy]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Arms control]]
** [[Nuclear disarmament]]
*** [[Nuclear-free zone]]
*** [[Nuclear nonproliferation]]
* [[Criminal justice]]
** [[Capital punishment]]
** [[Life imprisonment]]
** [[Mandatory sentencing]]
* [[Space policy]]
** [[Extraterrestrial real estate]]
** [[Militarization of space]]
*** [[Space force]]
* [[Counter-terrorism]]
** [[Anti-terrorism legislation]]
* [[International trade#Regulation of international trade|International Trade]]
* [[Military policy]]
** [[Military recruitment]]
*** [[Conscription]]
** [[Military-industrial complex]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Social policy]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Cultural policy]]
** [[Arts council]]
* [[Environmental policy]]
** [[Politics of global warming|Climate change policy]]
** [[Fisheries management]]
* [[Drug policy]]
** [[Drug decriminalization]]
** [[Drug policy reform]]
** [[Harm reduction]]
** [[Legality of cannabis]]
** [[Legal status of cocaine]]
** [[Legal drinking age]]
** [[Legal status of methamphetamine]]
** [[Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms]]
** [[Legal status of Salvia divinorum]]
* [[Education policy]] and [[Education reform|reform]]
** [[Education reform]]
* [[Immigration law]]
** [[Family reunification]]
** [[Immigration equality]]
** [[List of countries that regulate the immigration of felons|Immigration of felons]]
** [[Immigration reform]]
** [[Open border]]
** [[Permanent residency]]
** [[Work permit]]
* [[Race relations]]
** [[Affirmative action]]
** [[Institutional racism]]
** [[Racial profiling]]
** [[White privilege]]
* [[Religion and politics]]
** [[Separation of church and state]]
* [[Health policy]]
** [[Legality of euthanasia]]
** [[Stem cell controversy]]
** [[Universal healthcare]]
** [[Health care reform]]
* [[Welfare state]]
** [[Guaranteed minimum income]]
** [[Job guarantee]]
** [[Welfare reform]]
** [[Unemployment benefits]]
** [[Universal Basic Income]]
** [[Workfare]]
{{End div col}}

== {{Anchor|Politics by region}}Politics by continent ==

{{Africa in topic|Politics of}}
{{Asia in topic|Politics of}}
{{Politics of Europe}}
{{North America in topic|Politics of}}
{{Oceania in topic|Politics of}}
{{South America in topic|Politics of}}

=== Foreign relations by continents ===
{{Africa in topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Asia in topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Foreign relations of Europe}}
{{North America in topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Oceania in topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{South America in topic|Foreign relations of}}

=== Political parties by continent ===
{{Africa in topic|List of political parties in}}
{{Asia in topic|List of political parties in}}
{{List of political parties in Europe}}
{{North America in topic|List of political parties in}}
{{Oceania in topic|List of political parties in}}
{{South America in topic|List of political parties in}}

== History of politics ==

* [[History of political science]]
* [[History of political thinking]]
* [[Political history]]
** [[List of years in politics]]

== Political scholars ==

* [[List of political scientists]]
* [[List of political philosophers]]
** [[List of social and political philosophers]]
* [[List of political theorists]]

== Influential literature ==

* ''[[The Art of War]]'' – by [[Sun Tsu]] ({{Circa|544}}–496 BC)
* ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' by [[Thucydides]] ({{Circa|460|400 BC}})
* ''[[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]'' and ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' – by [[Plato]] (427–347 BC)
* ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|The Politics]]'' and ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' – [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC)
* ''[[Arthashastra]]'' – [[Chanakya|{{IAST|Chāṇakya}}]]<ref>Mabbett 1964 "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to {{IAST|Viṣṇugupta}}, {{IAST|Cāṇakya}} and {{IAST|Kauṭilya}}. The same individual is meant in each case. The ''[[Panchatantra|Pańcatantra]]'' explicitly identifies [[Chanakya]] with {{IAST|Viṣṇugupta}}."</ref> (c. 350–283 BC)
* ''[[Meditations]]'' – ''[[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE]]''
* ''[[The Prince]]'' – by Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
* ''[[The Book of Five Rings]]'' – [[Miyamoto Musashi]] (c. 1584––1645)
* ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'' – [[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588–1679)
* ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' – by [[Adam Smith]] (1723–1790)
* ''[[On War]] – by [[Carl von Clausewitz]] (1780–1831)
* ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' – by [[Karl Marx]] (1818-1883)

== See also ==
{{Outline footer}}
{{Portal|Politics}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Anthropology]]
* [[Constitutional economics]]
* [[Debate]]
* [[Food politics]]
* [[Government simulation game]]
* [[Music and politics]]
* [[Policy]]
* [[Rule According to Higher Law]]
* [[Office politics]]
* [[Official statistics]]
* [[Organizational politics]]
* [[Political activism]]
* [[Political corruption]]
* [[Political criticism]]
* [[Political economy]]
* [[Political fiction]] ([[Politics in fiction|list]])
* [[Political movement]]
* [[Political party]] ([[List of political parties by country|list by country]])
* [[Political power]]
* [[Political psychology]]
* [[Political spectrum]]
* [[Theories of Political Behavior]]
}}

== Further reading ==
*Roskin, M.; Cord, R. L.; Medeiros, J. A.; Jones, W. S. (2007). ''Political Science: An Introduction''. 10th ed. New York: [[Pearson Prentice Hall]]. {{ISBN|978-0-13-242575-9}} (10). {{ISBN|978-0-13-242575-9}} (13).
*Tausch, A.; Prager, F. (1993). ''Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development''. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: [[St. Martin's Press]].
*''[[Oxford Handbooks of Political Science]]'' – ten-volume set covering the political science topics [[political methodology]], [[public policy]], [[political theory]], [[political economy]], [[comparative politics]], [[contextual political analysis]], [[international relations]], Law and Politics, [[Theories of political behavior|political behavior]], and [[political institutions]]. The general editor of the series is [[Robert E. Goodin]].<ref>[http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 Oxford Handbook Of Political Theory]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory|first=Mary|last=Walsh|journal=Contemporary Political Theory|volume=7|issue=2|pages=232–234|doi=10.1057/cpt.2008.2|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Political science}}
* [http://www.apsanet.org/ American Political Science Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980215221318/http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/ European Consortium for Political Research]
* [http://www.ipsa.org/ International Political Science Association]
* [http://www.psa.ac.uk/ Political Studies Association of the UK]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092151/http://www.politicalscience.org/ PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020616040916/http://www2.truman.edu/polisci/design.htm Truman State University Political Science Research Design Handbook]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061208183011/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/ A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787-1825]
* [http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/linksIV.htm Political links resource]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Political Science}}
[[Category:Outlines of laws and legal topics|Politics]]
[[Category:Politics| 1]]
[[Category:Society-related lists|Politics]]

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[[mk:Преглед на политиката и политичките науки]]

Adjournment debate

2022-02-20T15:24:16Z

Rahuldevrajburman: Initiated a new article layout.

{{Short description|Form of parliamentary debate}}
In the [[Westminster system]], an '''adjournment debate''' is a [[Debate (parliamentary procedure)|debate]] on the [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motion]], "That this House do now [[Adjournment|adjourn]]." In practice, this is a way of enabling the House to have a debate on a subject without considering a substantive motion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/adjournment/
| title = Adjournment debates
| website = UK Parliament
| access-date = 2016-02-25
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice6/Practice6HTML?file=Chapter16&section=07&fullscreen=1
| title = Adjournment Debate
| website = www.aph.gov.au
| publisher = Parliament of Australia
| access-date = 2016-02-25
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.oireachtasbrief.ie/about-the-oireachtas/debates-and-adjournment-debates/
| title = Debates and adjournment debates {{!}} OIREACHTAS BRIEF
| website = www.oireachtasbrief.ie
| access-date = 2016-02-25
}}</ref>

== Types of debate ==
There are generally two types of adjournment debate: those proposed by the government, which are used from time to time to permit general debates on topical subjects (e.g. flooding and coastal defenses, regional affairs or [[International Women's Day]]); and the half-hour adjournment at the end of each day's sitting.<ref name=":0" /> The half-hour adjournment is an opportunity for a [[backbencher|backbench]] [[Member of Parliament]] to raise a subject of their choosing, of which advance notice has been given, with the appropriate [[government minister]].<ref name=":0" /> Normally, only the member raising the debate and the minister who is replying speak in the half-hour adjournment.<ref name=":0" /> It is not uncommon for the chamber otherwise to be empty.

The convention is that any subject may be raised on a motion for the adjournment, since any matter of national or local importance may offer a good reason for the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House]] to continue sitting (i.e. the House should not adjourn until it has considered the topic in hand).<ref name=":0" />

It is not usual for the House to vote on the adjournment motion; it is either agreed to without a vote, or it lapses once the allotted time has expired. On rare occasions, however, where the debate concerns a matter on which there are strong differences of opinion (such as the prospect of going to war), backbench members may engineer a vote. It was a vote on a motion for the adjournment which brought down British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]]'s government during [[World War II]] – the so-called [[Norway Debate]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NpvlCQAAQBAJ
| title = Finest and Darkest Hours
| last = Jefferys
| first = Kevin
| date = 2015-09-10
| publisher = Atlantic Books Ltd
| isbn = 9781782398691
| language = en
}}</ref> Though Chamberlain won the vote (with the Government voting 'Aye', their opponents 'No'), his government's majority was considerably reduced to the point that his credibility was fatally undermined and he felt obliged to resign two days later.<ref name=":1" />

In the [[House of Commons of Canada]], coming as it does at the end of the sitting day, the adjournment debate is colloquially known as the "late show."<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/House/compendium/web-content/c_d_adjournmentproceedingslateshow-e.htm
| title = Adjournment Proceedings (Late Show)
| website = www.parl.gc.ca
| publisher = Canada House of Commons
| access-date = 2016-02-25
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Take-note debate]]
[[Category:Westminster system]]
[[Category:Parliamentary procedure]]
[[Category:Debate types]]