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Someswarar Temple

2023-10-02T21:25:56Z

Raghuetw: Added category and links

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Someswarar Temple
| image = Someswaran Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Temple's [[Rajagopuram]]
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|59|0|N|79|23|0|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Kudanthai Karonam
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur]]
| locale = [[Kumbakonam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Someswarar ([[Shiva]])
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Someswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Shiva is worshipped as Someswarar and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Somasundari. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 7|year=1961|publisher=Director of Census publication}}</ref>

The temple complex covers two acres and is located close to the [[Sarangapani temple]]. It houses two gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The tallest is the western tower, with five stories and a height of {{convert|72|ft|m|0}}. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Someswarar, Somasundari and being the most prominent.

The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 9 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. The ''Masi Magam'' festival is celebrated during the day of the Magam (February - March) is the most prominent festival.

The present masonry structure was built during the [[Thanjavur Nayak|Nayak]] during the 16th century. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Someswaran4.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Shrines within the temple]]
This place has been referred to in [[tevaram|thevaram]] written by Saint Poet (7th Century AD) [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]] and [[Appar|Thirunavukkarasar]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0162.pdf
|title=Campantar Tevaram -2
|work=projectmadurai.org
|accessdate=16 July 2011
|year=2011
}}</ref> Legend has it that the nine sacred rivers of India, prayed to Shiva at Banares (Viswanathar) to be absolved of the sins washed away by bathers, and were directed to bathe in the Mahamagam tank and worship [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]]. As per another legend, the holy pot from Shiva's arrow split into twelve places where Shiva temples were built and the temple is counted as one of them. As per another legend, due to a great deluge, [[Brahma]], the god of creation was worried as to where to start his creation. He prayed to Shiva who gave a boon that he had to collect soil from various places and create a Mayakumb. He prayed the deity with [[Bilva]] leaves and decorated with mango leaves. During deluge, the water was diverted south while the pot floated. The place where it landed and broke, became the Someswaran temple. Since [[Chandra]] (Soma) worshipped Shiva here, it is called Someswaran temple. It is believed that the Lingam here is self formed or Swayambu Lingam.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==Architecture==
Someswarar Temple is situated in the southern portion of Sri [[Sarangapani temple]]. Legend is that the temple shared a larger space during initial construction, but later [[Sarangapani Temple]] adjacent to it occupied more space. The temple is one of the prominent Shiva temples in [[Kumbakonam]].<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|page=138|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=34|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref> The temple has a five tiered rajagopuram and the inner gopuram is three tiered. All the shrines of the temple are located inside the concentric walls of the temple. The sanctum is axial to the entrance tower facing east. The shrine of Mangalambigai is located in the hall leading to the sanctum and faces south. The shrine of Ambal faces the southern entrance of the temple located on the Thanjavur - Kumbakonam main road. The precinct around the sanctum has images of Vinayaka, Arumuga with Valli, Gajalakshmi and Nataraja. There was a contention between this temple and the [[Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam]] on which one is the temple mentioned as ''Kudanthai Karonam''. [[Dharmapuram Adheenam]], a Saiva monastic institution and some historians believed it to be the Kasi Viswanathar temple, while a convention in 1958 decided that it was Kudanthai Karonam. The songs mentioned in the ''[[Tevaram]]'' relevant to the temple were sculpted in the temple.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=216–7}}</ref>

==Worship and religious practises==
[[File:Someswaran1.jpg|250px|thumb|Image of festival deity of the temple]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; ''Kalasanthi'' at 6:00 a.m., ''Irandam Kalm'' at 9:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m, ''Irandam Kalm'' at 7:30 p.m., and ''Arthajamam'' at 9:00 p.m.. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Someswaran and Somasundari. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Masi Maham during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Maasi'' (February - March), Shivaratri in February- March and Panguni Uthiram during ''Panguni'' are the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Someswaran temple temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=366|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref>

The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka/>

The Mahasamprokshanam also known as Kumbabishegam of the temple was held on 2 November 2015. A large number of devotees took part in the Mahasamprokshanam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/consecration-done-in-five-temples/article7835617.ece |title=Consecration done in five temples|work= The Hindu|date= 3 November 2015}}</ref>

== Specialty ==
12 Shiva temples are connected with [[Mahamaham]] festival which happens once in 12 years in Kumbakonam. They are :
*[[Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kasi Visanathar Temple]],
*[[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]],
*Someswarar Temple,
*[[Nageswaraswamy Temple]],
*[[Kalahasteeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kalahasteeswarar Temple]],
*[[Gauthameswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Gowthameswarar Temple]],
*[[Kodeeswarar Temple]],
*[[Amirthakadeswarar Temple]],
*[[Banapuriswarar Temple]],
*[[Abimukeswarar Temple]],
*[[Kambatta Viswanathar Temple]] and
*[[Ekambeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Ekambareswarar Temple]].
This temple is one among them.<ref>Mahamaham Festival 2004 (in Tamil), Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Administration Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2004</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File: Someswarar temple10.jpg| Kumbhabhishekham 2 November 2015
File: Someswarar temple2.jpg|
File: Someswarar temple3.jpg|
File: Someswarar temple4.jpg|
File: Someswarar temple5.jpg|
File: Someswarar temple6.jpg|
File: Someswarar temple7.jpg|
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kumbakonam]]

Ravi Bopara

2023-09-24T04:26:15Z

Raghuetw:

{{short description|English cricketer}}
{{Redirect|Bopara|other uses|Boparai (disambiguation){{!}}Boparai}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{condensed|date=August 2018}}
{{overly detailed|date=August 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ravi Bopara
| image = Ravi Bopara.jpg
| country = England
| fullname = Ravinder Singh Bopara
| nickname = Ravi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|5|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Forest Gate]], [[London]]
| heightft = 5
| heightinch = 9
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] [[all-rounder]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2007–2015
| testdebutdate = 1 December
| testdebutyear = 2007
| testdebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| testcap = 637
| lasttestdate = 19 July
| lasttestyear = 2012
| lasttestagainst = South Africa
| odidebutdate = 2 February
| odidebutyear = 2007
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 202
| lastodidate = 13 March
| lastodiyear = 2015
| lastodiagainst = Afghanistan
| odishirt = 10 ''(previously 42)''
| T20Icap = 39
| T20Idebutdate = 13 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2008
| T20Idebutagainst = New Zealand
| lastT20Idate = 7 September
| lastT20Iyear = 2014
| lastT20Iagainst = India
| club1 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]{{efn|Not every team that Bopara has played for is listed here. Only teams which he appeared for in more than one season are included in the list.}}
| year1 = 2002–2019
| clubnumber1 = 25
| club2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| year2 = 2009–2010
| club3 = [[Dolphins cricket team|Dolphins]]
| year3 = {{nowrap|2010/11, 2012/13}}
| club4 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year4 = 2015
| club5 = [[Sylhet Strikers]]
| year5 = 2015, 2022
| club6 = [[Karachi Kings]]
| year6 = 2016–2019
| club7 = [[Rangpur Riders]]
| year7 = 2017–2019
| clubnumber6 = 10
| club8 = [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]
| year8 = 2020–2023
| clubnumber7 = 23
| club9 = [[London Spirit]]
| year9 = 2021–present
| clubnumber8 = 23
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 13
| runs1 = 575
| bat avg1 = 31.94
| 100s/50s1 = 3/0
| top score1 = 143
| deliveries1 = 434
| wickets1 = 1
| bowl avg1 = 290.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/39
| catches/stumpings1 = 6/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 120
| runs2 = 2,695
| bat avg2 = 30.62
| 100s/50s2 = 1/14
| top score2 = 101 [[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 1,860
| wickets2 = 40
| bowl avg2 = 38.07
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/38
| catches/stumpings2 = 35/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 221
| runs3 = 12,821
| bat avg3 = 40.44
| 100s/50s3 = 31/55
| top score3 = 229
| deliveries3 = 15,462
| wickets3 = 257
| bowl avg3 = 36.50
| fivefor3 = 3
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/49
| catches/stumpings3 = 118/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 323
| runs4 = 9,845
| bat avg4 = 40.18
| 100s/50s4 = 15/61
| top score4 = 201[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 8,097
| wickets4 = 248
| bowl avg4 = 29.02
| fivefor4 = 1
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/63
| catches/stumpings4 = 103/–
| date = 25 April
| year = 2021
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ravi-bopara-10582 ESPNcricinfo
|club10=[[Colombo Strikers]]|year10=2021-22}}
'''Ravinder Singh Bopara''' (born 4 May 1985) is an English cricketer who plays for Sussex County Cricket Club in one day cricket and has represented the England national team. Originally a [[batting order (cricket)#Top order|top-order batsman]], his developing [[medium pace bowling]] has made him a batting [[all rounder]] in the one day game. Bopara has also played for [[Karachi Kings]] in the [[Pakistan Super League]], [[Kings XI Punjab]] in the [[Indian Premier League]], [[Sydney Sixers]] in the [[Big Bash League]] and [[Chittagong Vikings]] in the [[Bangladesh Premier League]]. Bopara was a member of the England team that won the [[2010 ICC World Twenty20]].

Bopara was first called up to the England [[One Day International]] team in 2007, before a difficult [[Test cricket|Test]] debut in Sri Lanka saw him dropped in early 2008 after a string of three [[duck (cricket)|ducks]]. He regained his place for a Test against the West Indies in the winter of 2008–09; on his return to the side, Bopara became the fifth batsman to score three consecutive Test centuries for England. Despite this success, during the [[2009 Ashes]] Bopara again struggled and was dropped for the final Test of the series. At the start of the 2016 season he took over the captaincy of the Essex one day team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glamorgancricket.com/news/last-time-out-2021-vitality-blast-edition|title=LAST TIME OUT: 2021 VITALITY BLAST EDITION|website=Glamorgancricket.com|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

==Early days==
He was born into an immigrant [[Sikhs|Indian Punjabi Sikh]] family,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vaisakhi: Sikh festival celebrated by hundreds at Wembley for the first time |work=Sky Sports |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12859923/vaisakhi-sikh-festival-celebrated-by-hundreds-at-wembley-for-the-first-time |quote=Former England international Ravi Bopara, who is Sikh, says "we've come a long way" with South Asian representation in cricket.}}</ref> educated at [[Brampton Manor Academy|Brampton Manor School]], East Ham and [[Barking Abbey School]], Bopara attended Frenford Clubs and represented Essex Boys and Girls Clubs in their representative U14 cricket team. Bopara made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Essex in May 2002. In 2003 and 2004, he played several matches for [[England U-19 cricket team|England U-19s]], including in the [[2004 U-19 Cricket World Cup]].
[[Image:Ravinder Bopara.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Bopara playing against [[Cambridge UCCE]], April 2005]]
In the [[2005 English cricket season|2005 season]], he scored 880 first-class runs, including his first first-class century. He also hit 135 in a non-first-class match against the touring [[Australian cricket team|Australians]], putting on 270 for the [[wicket#Partnership|second wicket]] with [[Alastair Cook]],<ref>[http://content.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/256684.html This article from Cricinfo] gives Bopara's score as 14, but the [http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ESSEX_03-04SEP2005.html scorecard from Cricinfo] and the [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83438.html scorecard from CricketArchive] both say 135.</ref> and in 2006 he was selected for [[England A cricket team|England A]] in their March tour of the [[West Indies]], as well as their matches against the touring [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lankans]] and [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistanis]] in the summer of that year. In July, he was selected in England's 30-man provisional squad for the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006 Champions Trophy]].

==International career==
===2007 World Cup===
In January 2007 [[Kevin Pietersen]] sustained a rib injury in England's first [[One Day International]] against Australia, keeping him out of the remainder of the series. Bopara was called up as his replacement, and made his ODI debut on 2 February. Later that month, he was named in the England squad for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]],<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/280268.html Bopara wins place ahead of Loye], [[ESPNcricinfo]], 14 February 2007.</ref> and he played his second ODI in England's second match of that tournament. In England's match against [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]], Bopara was named [[man of the match]] for his 52 off 53 balls, which brought England to within three runs of victory from a seemingly hopeless position.<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/247489.html Scorecard] from [[Cricinfo]]. Retrieved 5 April 2007.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6521215.stm Match report] from the [[BBC]]. Retrieved 5 April 2007.</ref>
The partnership for the seventh wicket was an English World Cup record and was the second record partnership made by Bopara in the tournament, following his record fifth wicket partnership with [[Paul Collingwood]] against [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]].<ref>[http://www1.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/STATS/WC/BY_TEAM/ENG/WC_PARTNERSHIP_RECORDS_ENG.html World Cup Partnership Records for England] from [[Cricinfo]]. Retrieved 5 April 2007.</ref>

===2007 India and Sri Lanka===
In the first three games of the limited overs series against India Bopara was ineffectual, not batting in the first game and then making just 27 runs in the next two games combined. On 30 August, in the fourth match of huge series, he featured in a prominent tail end partnership, this time with [[Stuart Broad]] as the pair added an unbeaten 99 for the 8th wicket to defeat India at Old Trafford. Bopara finished 43 not out. He could not continue his good form, making just 11 in the next match.

He made his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut in the tour to [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in December 2007 but had a poor series, scoring only 42 [[run (cricket)|runs]] in five [[innings]] including three [[duck (cricket)|ducks]], and taking only one [[wicket]] at an [[bowling average|average]] of 81. One [[BBC]] commentator described him as "well out of his depth at Test level",<ref>''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tms/2007/12/england_series_rankings_1.shtml England series rankings]'' from the BBC [[Test Match Special]] [[blog]]. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</ref> and Bopara was subsequently selected in the ODI squad but not the Test squad for the tour to [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in early 2008.<ref>''[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/328905.html Prior dropped as Ambrose gets his chance]'' from [[Cricinfo]]. Retrieved 4 January 2008.</ref> However, he returned to the Test squad for the fourth Test against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in August 2008, following a good season for Essex in the [[County Championship]].<ref>''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7540971.stm Bopara replaces Vaughan in squad]'' from [[BBC Sport]]. Retrieved 4 August 2008.</ref>

On 4 June 2008, Bopara recorded his highest List A score in the quarter-finals of the Friends Provident Trophy. He scored an [[Not out|unbeaten]] 201 runs off 138 balls, including 18 fours and 10 sixes.<ref>''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2008/6/14848/html/scorecard.stm Cricket Scorecard]'' from [[BBC Sport]]. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref> Bopara's score was just the eighth instance of a double hundred in the history of List A cricket and the highest for six years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/117935.html |title=List A – Most runs in an innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 July 2009}}</ref> On 9 September 2008 Bopara was named in England's 15-man squad for the inaugural Stanford Super Series in [[Antigua]]. There, England took on the [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex Crusaders]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]] before facing the Stanford All-Stars on 1 November. The winning players in that match would have earned $1million each, with a further $1million being shared between the four players left out of the side.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7603859.stm|title=Harmison gets $1m Stanford chance |work=BBC News|access-date=6 May 2009 | date=9 September 2008}}</ref> This never came to fruition, however, as England fell to a heavy defeat in the final. The same day, Bopara was also handed an Increment Contract by the ECB.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7606313.stm|title=Vaughan handed England contract |work=BBC News|access-date=6 May 2009 | date=9 September 2008}}</ref>

===2008 New Zealand, South Africa and India===
Bopara made just three in the first ODI in New Zealand. He made 23 in the next match, but did not bowl in either matches. In the return series in England, Bopara got off to a slow start, making scores of 10 and 27 in his first two matches. However, in the fourth match of the series he made 58 although it wasn't enough to prevent a narrow defeat for England. He made 30 in the final match of the series, leaving him with over 100 runs in the matches he played in.

He played in the first ODI against South Africa but was not required to bat, instead just bowling two overs and conceding 11 runs. England won the match by 20 runs.

He made 54 not out in the first ODI against India as he continued to consolidate himself in the ODI side. In the third match he made 60, although England lost the game by 16 runs. In the final match of the series he took figures of 1–42 as well as contributing 24 runs with the bat, although England again lost, this time by six wickets.

===2009 T20 World Cup, West Indies and Australia===
On 18 February 2009, Bopara, along with [[Amjad Khan (cricketer, born 1980)|Amjad Khan]], was invited to join the England Test squad on their [[English cricket team in West Indies in 2008–09|tour of the West Indies]] as cover for [[Andrew Flintoff]] who was struggling with a hip injury. He scored 124 not out in a warm up match, earning him a place in the 4th Test against the West Indies. In the first innings he scored his maiden Test century with 104 off 143 balls before being caught.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/content/story/391448.html|title=Amjad Khan and Bopara to provide cover for Flintoff|date=19 February 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 May 2009}}</ref> He was dropped for the next Test of the series, however he was re-selected for the first Test of the home series against the West Indies on 6 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/engvwi2009/content/story/403085.html|title=New-look England target momentum|last=McGlashan|first=Andrew|date=5 May 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 May 2009}}</ref> There he scored his second consecutive Test century, scoring 143 runs from 186 balls.<ref name="shake">{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/403950.html|title=England shake up the system|last=Miller|first=Andrew|date=12 May 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 May 2009}}</ref> He then scored another century in the second Test, becoming only the fifth England player to score three consecutive centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282968.html|title=Cricinfo records|date=19 February 2009|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=14 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/8051004.stm|title=Bopara hits third successive ton|work=BBC News|access-date=14 May 2009 | date=14 May 2009}}</ref> He credited his success to his coaching by [[Graham Gooch]] at Essex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/engvwi2009/content/current/story/404385.html|title=Bopara credits Gooch for Test success|last=McGlashan|first=Andrew|date=14 May 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 May 2009}}</ref>

Bopara played well in England's opening game of the T20 World Cup, hitting 46 against the Netherlands. He made 37 against India before 55 against the West Indies, although England lost the match by 5 wickets. This meant that England progress no further in the competition despite being on home soil.

[[Australian cricket team|Australian]]s [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] and [[Ricky Ponting]] stated to local media that during the upcoming 2009 Ashes series they were going to target Bopara in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/current/story/405332.html|title=Johnson piles pressure on Bopara|last=Coverdale|first=Brydon|author2=Alex Brown |date=21 May 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 May 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Bopara hit in the throat at Cardiff during the 2009 Ashes.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Bopara getting hit in the throat by a bouncer during the first Test of the 2009 Ashes series at the [[SWALEC Stadium]].]]
On 22 June, the England selectors announced a sixteen-man preliminary Ashes squad for that summer's series; it included Bopara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/410177.html|title=Vaughan and Harmison left out of Ashes training squad|date=22 June 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> ''Cricinfo'' staff wrote that "Bopara's stock could not be higher".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/410216.html|title=Bopara backs Vaughan|date=22 June 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> He found success in a warm-up match against Warwickshire, however, scoring 104 while opening with [[Andrew Strauss]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/412518.html|title=England make most of Ashes practice|last=Miller|first=Andrew|date=3 July 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref>

Bopara struggled during the series, however, with scores of 35, one, 18, 27, 23, one and a [[duck (cricket)|duck]].<ref name="batinningslist">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/10582.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statistics / Statsguru / RS Bopara / Test matches|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 August 2009}}</ref> He was dismissed by [[Ben Hilfenhaus]] in five of his seven innings. Speculation grew about his position for the final Test, where England required a win to regain the Ashes, and it was announced on 16 August that Bopara had been dropped in favour of uncapped [[Jonathan Trott]], who went on to score a century on debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/419868.html|title=Trott confirmed for Oval debut|last=Miller|first=Andrew|date=16 August 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 August 2009}}</ref> Bopara returned to Essex and scored 201 against Surrey,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/countycricket2009/engine/current/match/383034.html|title=County Championship Division Two, Essex v Surrey at Colchester, Aug 19–22, 2009|date=22 August 2009|publisher=CricInro|access-date=22 August 2009}}</ref> and despite being replaced in the Test team remained in England's squads for the ODI series against Australia and the [[2009 ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]] in September.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/419956.html |title=Pietersen out of England ODI squad |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 August 2009 |access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> On 11 September 2009 it was announced that Bopara had been awarded an "incremental contract" with England, as had Trott.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/424535.html|title=Harmison and Panesar lose contracts|last=Brown|first=Alex|date=11 September 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 September 2009}}</ref> However, after the Champions Trophy Bopara did not play ODI cricket for ten months.<ref name=replace2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-bangladesh-2010/content/story/466906.html |title=Bopara called up to replace Bell |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=11 July 2010 |access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>

===2010 Bangladesh and Pakistan===
Trott kept his Test place after his impressive debut, and Bopara saw [[Michael Carberry]] and [[Eoin Morgan]] make their Tests debuts in the [[English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2009–10|away]] and [[Bangladeshi cricket team in England in 2010|home]] series against [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]] respectively, with Bopara making neither squad. However, some impressive form for Essex in domestic [[Clydesdale Bank 40|40-over]] and [[Friends Provident t20|Twenty20]] cricket in 2010, as well as a century for the [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] saw him recalled to the ODI team for the series decider against Bangladesh, after an injury to [[Ian Bell]].<ref name=replace2010/> Bopara hit a late innings of 45 not out from just 16 balls and took career-best ODI bowling figures of 4/38.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/257/257218.html |title=a20661 o3026 England v Bangladesh: Bangladesh in British Isles 2010 (3rd ODI) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> His convincing performance led to his selection in the two-match T20 series against Pakistan. England won both matches, but Bopara had little impact, making scores of 11 and 12. Despite this, Bopara played in the ODI series, making 35 runs in the first game as England won by 24 runs. England won the next game, although Bopara only made 16 runs. His poor form continued as England suffered defeat in the final game and Bopara scored just 7 runs.

[[File:Bopara batting, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Ravi Bopara celebrates reaching 50 against [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]], en route to his first One Day International century.]]

===2011 World Cup and India===
Bopara headed for the West Indies with England Lions in January 2011 after he missed out for the [[2010–11 Ashes series]] Test and ODI squad and the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]]. His stay in the Caribbean was cut short when he was called up to England's World Cup squad before the tournament as a replacement for the injured [[Eoin Morgan]]. Bopara played in England's opening match against [[Netherlands cricket team|the Netherlands]] and scored a match-winning 30 from 20 balls. After that, he did not play against [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Irish national cricket team|Ireland]] as England chose to field a second spinner, [[Michael Yardy]]. Bopara returned to play against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in place of the dropped [[Paul Collingwood]]. Bopara came in with the score at 15/3 and managed a partnership of 99 with Trott; Bopara ended with 60 off 98 balls. England restricted South Africa to 165 and Bopara was named the [[man of the match]]. England lost the next match by two wickets against Bangladesh, with Bopara scoring 16 runs. Bopara did not perform well against the West Indies, making just 4 with the bat, although England went on to win by 18 runs and progress to the quarter-finals. Here, England were thrashed by ten wickets as Sri Lanka's openers made light work of England's target. Bopara scored 31 when he batted in the first innings.

In 2011, Bopara turned down £100,000 to play for the Delhi Daredevils in the IPL as a late replacement for the injured Paul Collingwood.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/apr/12/england-ravi-bopara-sri-lanka |title=Why England must pick Ravi Bopara for the first Test against Sri Lanka |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Barney |last=Ronay |date=12 April 2011 |access-date=5 May 2011 |location=London}}</ref> After Collingwood retired from Tests, Bopara and Morgan were the leading contenders to take his place in the side.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-sri-lanka-2011/content/story/514647.html |title=Morgan and Bopara face Test shootout |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=11 May 2011 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> Bopara, who had already scored two centuries in the County Championship by May, was the favourite but an innings of 193 by Morgan for the England Lions against the touring Sri Lankans kept Bopara out of the Test side.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-sri-lanka-2011/content/story/516171.html |title=Morgan wins selection race |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|author=Andrew McGlashan |date=22 May 2011 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> After missing out on the series against Sri Lanka, he returned to the team in August for the third Test against India in place of the injured Trott.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2011/content/story/527409.html |title=Tremlett available but Trott still injured |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=14 August 2011 |access-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> However, he could only manage 7 runs despite big scores from England's other batsmen. He kept his place for the next match, this time performing better with an unbeaten 44 as England went on to win the series 4–0 and become the best Test Team in the World.

In the following ODI series with India, Bopara was England's top run scorer with 197. He made 24 in his first game of the series and followed his up with 40 in the next match. In the tied fourth ODI Bopara hit a career-best 96 before being dismissed by [[Munaf Patel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2011-474450/england-vs-india-4th-odi-474480/match-report|title=Raina, Bopara star in dramatic tie|website=ESPNcricinfo.com|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> He finished the series making an unbeaten 37 as England went on to win the series. In the return ODI series in India, Bopara was less effective. He made 8 as England won the first match followed by 36 in the second, which turned out to be his highest score of the series. He made 24 in the third ODI, but only made 8 and 4 in the final matches as England lost the series 3–2. On 23 September 2011, Bopara claimed the best bowling figures by an Englishman in a T20 international with 4/10.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/15042508.stm | work=BBC News | title=Swann backs Bopara as all-rounder | date=23 September 2011}}</ref>

===2012 Pakistan and West Indies===
In the ODI series against Pakistan, Bopara contributed with both bat and ball. After hitting 50 in the first match, he followed this up with 58 in the second match of the series, as England won by 20 runs. He was not required to bat in the final match of the series, as England won the match by 9 wickets.

Despite losing his place in the test side, Bopara continued to play in the One Day and Twenty20 sides. He batted at number 4 in the opening ODI against the West Indies, making just 8. in the second game, he guided England to victory with an unbeaten 19. This gave England a 2–0 lead in the best of three series. In the only T20 International between the two sides, Bopara made 59 and helped England win the game. Throughout the series Bopara had also been used as a bowler, with batsman struggling to score of his medium pacers. Bopara also gained a reputation as a partnership breaker.

===2012 Australia and South Africa===
He was a key player for England in the limited overs series against Australia. He made 82 in the second ODI which led to him receiving the man of the match award. In the fourth game of the series he made 33 to help England win by 8 wickets, before hitting an unbeaten half century in the final match of the series to help England to another convincing victory.

Following his impressive form in limited overs cricket, Bopara was selected to play for the Test team in the opening Test against South Africa. However, he was out for a duck in the first innings as England slumped to defeat. Bopara was replaced by James Taylor for the second Test. Bopara returned for the ODI Series, making 16 in the second ODI. Although he was dismissed for a duck in the third game, he took 1–31 of ten overs to help England level the series. However, he continued to struggle with the bat, making 16 runs in the next two matches. Bopara continues to be used to bowl overs, as he continued to be economical and pick up occasional wickets.

Bopara was left out of the T20 team that toured India in 2013. He also went on to play no part in the ODI series, with the likes of [[Samit Patel]] and [[Chris Woakes]] being preferred instead. This was largely due to Bopara's poor form with the bat. Bopara was again overlooked for the T20 series against New Zealand. Bopara again missed out on selection for the ODI team against New Zealand, with many suggesting that his international was now over.

===2013 Champions Trophy and Australia===
{{BLP unsourced section|date=January 2017}}
Bopara returned to the England team for the 2013 Champions Trophy, now batting in the number 6 position. He made an unbeaten 46 against Australia to help guide England to victory. In the second game he was again unbeaten, making 33 and also bowled six overs. However, in a close game Sri Lanka won meaning England had to win their last game to qualify. They did so after beating New Zealand, with Bopara taking 2–26 in a low scoring match. England convincingly beat South Africa in the semi-final, with Bopara not being required to bat. In the final against India, Bopara took figures of 3–20 and also made 30 during a big partnership with Eoin Morgan, However, once the pair were out the England innings fell apart and India went on to lift the trophy.

Following his good performance in the Champions Trophy, Bopara kept his place in the England squad for the ODI series against New Zealand. He played in the hard ODI, making 28 and bowling 6 overs for just 21 runs. England went on to win the match but lose the series. In the T20 series he made an unbeaten 30 in the first game, but was expensive with the ball. England went on to lose the match. Although Bopara was selected for the second ODI, the game was rained off.

Although Bopara never played in the Ashes series, he played in the two T20 Internationals. In the first match, which England lost, he scored 45 and participated in an impressive partnership with Joe Root. Bopara played in the second match which England won to tie the series. With many Test players rested for the ODI Series, Bopara was one of the most experienced players in the squad. He took 2–57 in the second ODI, and made 62 in the final match of the series. Throughout the series, Bopara was used to finish off the innings by accelerating towards the end. Bopara also bowled in long spells instead of the occasional spell.

Bopara joined up with the England squad for the tour of Australia for the limited overs series, after the Test team had already lost 5–0. Things did not get much better in the ODI series, as they went on to lose 4–1. During the series, Bopara made 19 in the first match, before making a quick fire 26 in the second. He also took his first wicket of the tour in the second match. He then made 21 in the third match, before making 3 in the fourth, which turned out to be England's only win on the tour. He was stumped on the final match when on 25. He played in all three of the T20 games, scoring 65 from 27 balls in the first match although England lost by 13 runs. In the next two games he only managed 10 runs as England lost the series 3–0.

===2014 West Indies, T20 World Cup and Sri Lanka===
{{BLP unsourced section|date=January 2017}}
In the limited overs tour of the West Indies, Bopara made scores of 23, 38 not out and 5 not out. This gave him an impressive average of 66. Bopara bowled just 5 overs in the series, taking 1 wicket. In the T20 series, Bopara hit 42 in the first game, although England went on to lose. He made 14 in England's score of 152 in the second, although it ended in another defeat. He made an unbeaten 6 in the final game to help England avoid a whitewash, instead losing the series 2–1.

In the 2014 T20 World Cup, Bopara scored an unbeaten 24 against New Zealand, although England lost the match. He made 11 not out against Sri Lanka and helped finish the game off with Alex Hales to keep England's hopes of qualification alive. He made 31 in the defeat to South Africa, and took figures of 0–13 in his two overs. Bopara could only make 18 in the humiliating defeat against the Netherlands, although he bowled impressively, taking 0–15 in his four overs at an economy rate of less than 4 an over. In the entire tournament, Bopara bowled 6 overs for just 28 runs, and also scored 84 runs, making him one of England's stand out performers.

Bopara was poor in his first three matches against Sri Lanka. He managed just 10 runs and took just one wicket. He made 51 in the fourth match of the series but could not prevent an England defeat, before being dismissed for 17 in the final match as England again lost, and also lost the series 3–2.

Bopara was left out of the ODI squad against India, which drew criticisms from many pundits. He returned for the T20 between he two sides, making 21 runs as England secured a narrow victory.

Bopara returned to the England ODI squad for the tour against Sri Lanka. He made two fifties in the first two matches of the tour, hitting 65 in the first match and 51 in the second. Despite this, England lost both games. In the third ODI he only made six runs, although he did take his first wicket of the series. He made 22 in the fourth match and followed this up by making28 in the fifth ODI, a game England won to keep the series alive. In the sixth ODI of the series, Bopara could only make 13 as England lost the match which meant they could no longer win the series. Bopara was dropped for the final game of tour, but England lost this match to lose the series 5–2.

===2015 Tri-series and World Cup===
Bopara endured a poor Tri series against India and Australia. He scored 13 in the first game against Australia as England suffered a defeat, and was not required to bat as England comfortably beat India in the next game. He scored seven against Australia as England again lost, and made four as England beat India to reach the final. He made his biggest score of the series in the final, making 33 in a losing cause against Australia. Bopara also failed to take a wicket in the series.

Bopara did not play in the World Cup until the final game against Afghanistan, by which point England had already been eliminated from the competition. He picked up figures of 2–31 and was not needed to bat as England won by nine wickets.

==T20 franchise career==
Bopara played for the team [[Karachi Kings]] in [[Pakistan Super League]] (PSL) held at U.A.E in February 2016. The captaincy for the Karachi Kings was handed down to him after [[Shoaib Malik]] stepped down from the role. His team finished fourth overall. He won the player of the series award for the PSL 2016 by making 329 runs and taking 11 wickets within 9 matches for the Karachi Kings.

In September 2018, he was named in Balkh's squad in the [[2018–19 Afghanistan Premier League|first edition]] of the [[Afghanistan Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/afghanistan-premier-league-2018-all-you-need-to-know-from-the-player-draft/ |title=Afghanistan Premier League 2018 – All you need to know from the player draft |work=CricTracker |date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Glasgow Giants in the [[2019 Euro T20 Slam|inaugural edition]] of the [[Euro T20 Slam]] cricket tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27222261/eoin-morgan-represent-dublin-franchise-inaugural-euro-t20-slam |title=Eoin Morgan to represent Dublin franchise in inaugural Euro T20 Slam |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2019/articles/000010/001060.shtml |title=Euro T20 Slam Player Draft completed |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> However, the following month the tournament was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27387389/inaugural-euro-t20-slam-cancelled-two-weeks-notice |title=Inaugural Euro T20 Slam cancelled at two weeks' notice |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> In September 2019, he was named in the squad for the [[Durban Heat]] team for the [[2019 Mzansi Super League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.co.za/news/31555/MSL-20-announces-its-T20-squads |title=MSL 2.0 announces its T20 squads |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> In November 2019, he was selected to play for the [[Rajshahi Royals]] in the [[2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28105555/tamim-iqbal-team-coach-mohammad-salahuddin-dhaka |title=BPL draft: Tamim Iqbal to team up with coach Mohammad Salahuddin for Dhaka |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> In January 2022, he played for [[Sylhet Sunrisers]] in the [[2021–22 Bangladesh Premier League|2022 BPL]].

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{cricinfo|id=10582}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/256684.html|title=Making a World Cup claim|last=McGlashan|first=Andrew|date=17 August 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}

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Indira Devi of Cooch Behar

2023-09-14T20:18:06Z

Raghuetw: Indira Devi of Cooch Behar

{{Short description|Maharani of British Indian Cooch Behar}}
{{redirect|Indira Devi|other people with the name|Indira Devi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Indira Devi
| title = Maharani of Cooch Behar
| image = Maharani Indira Devi of Cooch Behar (1935).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Indira Devi in 1935
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| suc-type =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jitendra Narayan]]|1913|1922|reason=died}}
| issue = {{plain list|
* Princess Ila Devi
* Prince [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]]
* Prince Indrajitendra Narayan
* Princess [[Gayatri Devi]]
* Princess Menaka Devi
}}
| full name =
| regnal name =
| house = Gaekwad (by birth)
Koch (by marriage)
| father = [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]
| mother = [[Maharani Chimnabai (1872–1958)|Chimnabai II]]
| birth_date = 19 February 1892
| birth_place = ?
| death_date = 6 September 1968
| death_place = Bombay, Republic of India
| occupation =
| signature_type =
| signature =
| religion = Hinduism
}}
'''Indira Devi''' (born as '''Indira Raje'''; 19 February 1892 – 6 September 1968) was the Maharani of the [[princely state]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]], [[British India]].<ref name=Tow2014>{{cite book |last1=Jhala |first1=Angma Dey |editor1-last=Towheed |editor1-first=Shafquat |title=New Readings in the Literature of British India, c. 1780-1947 |date=2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press |volume=9|isbn=978-3-8382-5673-3 |pages=193–209 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFcxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |language=en |chapter=8. Memoirs of Maharanis: the politics of marriage, companionship, and love in late-colonial princely India}}</ref> She was born a princess of [[Baroda State|Baroda]] as the daughter of [[Maharaja]] [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], by his second wife [[Maharani Chimnabai (1872–1958)|Chimnabai II]].<ref name=Tow2014/>

She broke her arranged engagement to marry [[Jitendra Narayan]] and became daughter-in-law to [[Suniti Devi]]. Previously her engagement had been fixed to [[Madho Rao Scindia]], Maharaja of Gwalior.<ref name="Poddar2015">{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Gaskell |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Pramod Kumar |first3=K. G |last4=Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore |first4=India) |title=Maharanis: women of royal India |date=2015 |publisher=Mapin Publishing|location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-85360-06-0 |chapter=Cooch Behar|pages=100–105 |oclc=932267190 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932267190 |language=English}}</ref>

Following the death of her husband she became regent of Cooch Behar during the minority of her elder son [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]].<ref name="Poddar2015" /> Her fourth child and second daughter, [[Gayatri Devi|Princess Gayatri Devi]], would later go on to become the Maharani of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]].<ref name="Poddar2015" />

==In Baroda==
Indira was born the only daughter of [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of [[Baroda]] and his second wife [[Maharani Chimnabai (1872–1958)]]. She grew up with her several brothers at the opulent [[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Lakshmi Vilas Palace]] in Baroda, and was betrothed at a young age to [[Madho Rao Scindia]], the then Maharaja of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]. During the period of engagement, Indira attended the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|Delhi ''durbar'' of 1911]], where she met the Jitendra, younger brother of the then Maharaja of [[Cooch Behar]]. Within days, they were in love and had decided to marry.

==="The Letter that broke the engagement"===
Indira knew that her parents would be aghast; many issues were involved: the diplomatic repercussions of breaking a standing engagement with the [[Scindia]] ruler of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], one of the premier [[salute state|21-gun-salute princes]] of India; the scandal and universal opprobrium that would certainly ensue; also the fact that Jitendra was the younger son and thus unlikely ever to become king.

Indira circumvented her parents by taking the initiative in breaking her engagement herself, a daring act for an 18-year-old Indian maiden of that era. She wrote to her fiancé saying that she did not wish to marry him. In Baroda, Indira's father received a single-sentence telegram from the Maharaja of Gwalior: ''"What does the princess mean by her letter?"'' This was the first inkling her stunned parents had of Indira's intentions. The Maharaja behaved in exemplary fashion, writing an understanding letter to Indira's father which he signed off as "your son"; however, the disgrace was great and was felt keenly by Indira's parents.

===Wedding===
The breaking of the engagement was accomplished, but this defiance of her parents did not serve to reconcile them to her marrying Jitendra. Indira's parents apparently regarded Jitendra as a playboy from a feckless family; they even ventured to summon him and give him a personal warning to stay away. Nothing worked; Indira and Jitendra were equally adamant. Eventually, perhaps also in recognition of the fact that respectable alliances for Indira were now unlikely, her parents made a half-way compromise. They allowed Indira to leave their roof, proceed to London and wed Jitendra.

Indira and Jitendra were wed at a hotel in London with no member of Indira's family present. They were wed by the rites of the [[Brahmo Samaj]], the sect to which Jitendra's mother, [[Suniti Devi]], daughter of [[Keshub Chunder Sen]], adhered.

==In Cooch Behar==
It happened that at the time of the wedding, Jitendra's elder brother, [[Rajendra Narayan]], the Maharaja of [[Cooch Behar]], was grievously ill. Within days of the wedding, he died of ailments arising from alcohol abuse, and Jitendra became maharaja of Cooch Behar. The couple lived a relatively happy life and rapidly became the parents of five children. However, [[alcoholism]] was endemic in Jitendra's family, and he died at a young age, within a decade of the wedding.

Indira was now not only a young widow and the mother of five, but also regent of Cooch Behar during the minority of her elder son.<ref name=Poddar2015/> She faced her situation not merely with courage but indeed with verve. Her administrative skills were deemed by observers very mediocre, but Indira quickly gained a reputation for her highly-active social life, and spent prolonged periods of time in Europe and away from Cooch Behar.

===Children===
Indira was the mother of three daughters and two sons.
#Indira's eldest daughter, Ila, married a prince of [[Tripura]], Ramendra Kishore Dev Varma. Her son took for wife the actress [[Moon Moon Sen]]; they are the parents of Indian actors [[Raima Sen|Raima]] and [[Riya Sen|Riya]].
#Her elder son, [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]], succeeded his father as Maharaja of Cooch Behar, and was the last ruling prince of his dynasty; Cooch Behar was merged with the [[Dominion of India]] (later the [[Republic of India]]) during his reign. He had no legitimate children, and was succeeded by his nephew Virajendra.
#The second son, Indrajitendra, married a daughter of the Maharaja of [[Pithapuram Estate|Pithapuram estate]] in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They were the parents of Virajendra and also of Uttara Devi, Maharani of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kotah]] in [[Rajasthan]].
#Indira's second daughter, [[Gayatri Devi|Gayatri]], became the third wife of the Maharaja of [[Jaipur]], and was a noted celebrity in her own right.
#Indira's youngest daughter Menaka married the Maharaja of [[Dewas State|Dewas Jr]] in [[central India]].

==Later life==
Indira's elder son assumed full powers as ruler of Cooch Behar in 1936. Indira thereafter spent a major portion of her time in Europe. Indira Devi faced many tragedies in her lifetime. Indira Devi lost two of her children: Princess Ila Devi who died at a very young age and Prince Indrajit Narayan Bhup, who died in an accidental fire leaving behind his wife Princess Kamala of [[Pithapuram]]. Maharani Indira Devi spent the last years of her life in Mumbai and died there in September 1968.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:centre">
File:Indira Raje Gaikwad.jpg|Indira Raje Gaikwad
File:Philip Alexius de László - Maharani Indira Devi of Baroda and Cooch Behar.jpg|Devi by [[Philip de László|Philip Alexius de László]]
File:Manmohan Singh and Gipsy Moth Miss India with Maharanee of Cooch Behar 1930.jpg|Devi with [[Manmohan Singh (pilot)|Manmohan Singh]], London (1930)
File:Maharaja-Jagaddipendra-Narayan.jpg|Jagaddipendra Narayan
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[[Lucy Moore (historian)|Moore, Lucy]] (2004) ''Maharanis: the lives and times of three generations of Indian princesses''. London: Viking {{ISBN|0-670-91287-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Weeden |first1=Edward St Clair |title=A year with the Gaekwar of Baroda |date=1911 |publisher=Boston : D. Estes & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024069811/page/n19/mode/2up?q=indira}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Maharani: Memoirs of a rebellious princess. Brinda, Maharani of Kapurthala |date=2003 |publisher=Rupa & Co|location=New Delhi |isbn=0-595-09428-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanimemoirso0000will/page/n5/mode/2up}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Watch For the Aga Khan's Prize: video footage of Indira Devi |url=https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-for-the-aga-khans-prize-1930-online |website=BFI Player |language=en}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi of Badora, Indira}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Baroda State]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Queens consort of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century women rulers]]

Mahima Choudhary

2023-09-08T09:59:18Z

Raghuetw: Published a valuable reference.

'''Mahima Choudhary''' (6 December 1999) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women hockey team]]. She hails from Kalsi village in Uttar Pradesh. She plays for Indian Oil Corporation Limited in the domestic hockey tournaments. She plays as a defender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From bunking lecture to waiting for years, Mahima Choudhary's journey not a cakewalk for junior team call-up |url=https://aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/from-bunking-lecture-to-waiting-for-years-mahima-choudharys-journey-not-a-cakewalk-for-junior-team-call-up20200813171615/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.aninews.in |agency=ANI}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mahima started playing in 2011. She played for four consecutive years in the Hockey India Sub-Junior National Championships before she got the National call for Junior India camp. Hailing from a small rural village, Kalsi in Uttar Pradesh, her family shifted to Sonipat to help her play hockey. She represented Haryana in the 5th Hockey India Junior National Championship 2015 at Chhattisgarh. In May 2022, she was selected as the vice-captain for the nine-member Indian women's hockey team for the inaugural FIH Women's Hockey 5s tournament held in Lausanne, Switzerland from June 4 to 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Rajani Etimarpu to lead India in inaugural FIH Women’s Hockey 5s |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/indian-womens-team-hockey-5s-rajani-etimarpu-mahima-choudhary/article38495644.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> She scored the winning goal in the final of the inaugural women's Hockey 5s Asia Cup final to beat Thailand 7–2. It was the Asia's qualifying tournament for the Women's Hockey 5s World Cup to be held in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sports |first=Rediff |title=Hockey 5s Asia Cup: India win maiden edition; qualify for World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/india-down-malaysia-to-enter-final-qualify-for-2024-wc/20230828.htm |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Hockey Federation |url=https://tms.fih.ch/people/16313 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=tms.fih.ch}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Mahima}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]

FICCI Frames

2023-08-30T07:17:48Z

Raghuetw: Created page with '{{Infobox Convention | name = FICCI Frames | image = | caption = | status = Active | genre = Media and entertainment convention | venue...'

{{Infobox Convention
| name = FICCI Frames
| image =
| caption =
| status = Active
| genre = Media and entertainment convention
| venue = The Westin Mumbai, Powai Lake
| location = Mumbai
| country = India
| first = 1999
| last = 2022
| organizer = FICCI
| filing =
| attendance = Approx 5000
| website =
}}
[[File:Karan Johar et al at FICCI Frames.jpg|thumb|[[Karan Johar]] et al at FICCI Frames|alt=|260x260px]]
[[File:Amit_Khanna_et_al_at_FICCI_Frames.jpg|alt=|thumb|260x260px|[[Amit Khanna]] et al at FICCI Frames]]
[[File:Ravi Shastri et al at FICCI Frames.jpg|thumb|260x260px|[[Ravi Shastri]] et al at FICCI Frames]]
'''FICCI Frames''' is an international convention of the [[Indian film industry]], formerly chaired by [[Yash Chopra]] and co-chaired by [[Karan Johar]]. The convention is organised by the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI).<ref>{{cite news|title= India has 1.5 million digital only consumers: FICCI report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/india-has-15-million-digital-only-consumers-ficci-report/article22929105.ece |work=The Hindu |date=March 5, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=`Plug legal loopholes to curb piracy'
|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/03/15/stories/2003031501940500.htm |work=The Hindu - Business Line |date=March 15, 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title= FICCI-Frames: Indian Media Grows 12%, But Film Industry Slows, Says Report |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/ficci-frames-indian-media-grows-12-but-film-industry-slows-says-report-1201461228/ |work=Variety |date=March 26, 2015 }}</ref>

==Programs==
Activities at FICCI Frames include conference sessions, keynote addresses, masterclasses and workshops, policy roundtables, B2B meetings, exhibitions, cultural evenings, networking events, and the BAF Awards.

===BAF Awards===
==== Animation Category ====
*Animated Short Film - Student
*Animated Ad /Promo Film
*Animated Non-Feature
*Animated Film

==== Gaming Category ====
*Mobile & Tablet Game - Student
*Mobile & Tablet Game

====VFX Category====
*VFX - Student work
*VFX - Non-Feature
*VFX in a Film
*VFX Shot of the Year

==FICCI Frames Excellence Awards==
===Categories:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2011-03-26|title=Winners of FICCI FRAMES Excellence Honours awards : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-ficci-frames-excellence-honours-awards/|access-date=2021-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Three Idiots', 'Paa' dominate FICCI-Frames awards|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/three-idiots-paa-dominate-ficci-frames-awards/articleshow/5702290.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-23}}</ref>===
====Television====
*Best TV Series (Non-Fiction)
*Best TV Series (Fiction)
*Best TV Actor (Male)
*Best TV Actor (Female)
*Best General Entertainment Channel

====Films====
*Best Director
*Best Actor
*Best Actress
*Best Music
*Best Debut Actor
*Best Debut Actress
*Best Debut Director
*FICCI Frames Excellence International Honour

==History==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dates !! Venue !! Guests
{{Convention list
| date = March 30–31, 2001
| venue =
| location =
| guests = [[Vilasrao Deskmukh]], [[Kunal Dasgupta]], [[Kiran Karnik]], [[Amit Baijal]], [[Prasar Bharati]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title=Key issues covered as FICCI Frames 2001 convention concludes |url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/mar/mar44.htm|work=Indian Television |date=April 1, 2001}}</ref>
{{Convention list
| date = March 15–16, 2002
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], et al.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/19/yash-chopra-chairman-entertainment-committee-ficci|title=Mr. Yash Chopra - Chairman, Entertainment Committee, FICCI.|website=www.yashrajfilms.com}}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 7–9, 2003
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Sunir Kheterpal]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title= Small producers must begin with TV films: report|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2003/mar/14frames.htm |work=Rediff |date=March 14, 2003 }}</ref>
}}

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 2004
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Hema Malini]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title=FICCI Frames 2004: Creating opportunities and history |url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/mar/mar161.htm|work=Indian Television |date=March 17, 2004 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = April 5–6, 2005
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Daniel Glickman]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[NR Narayana Murthy]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title= FICCI Frames 2005 theme is 'Entertainment - Its Happening'|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar164.htm?i=-2 |work=Indian Television|date=March 16, 2005 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 22–24, 2006
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Vidya Balan]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fathima Warsia |first=Noor |title=FICCI Frames 2006 Day One: E&M - An industry whose time has come |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/ficci-news/ficci-frames-2006-day-onee-m-an-industry-whose-time-has-come-20354.html |work=Exchange for Media |date=March 23, 2006 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 2007
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Shekhar Kapur]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|last= Warsia |first=Noor Fathima |title= FICCI Frames 2007: Connecting India to the world
|url= https://www.exchange4media.com/ficci-news/ficci-frames-2007connecting-india-to-the-world-25433.html|work=Exchange for Media |date=March 28, 2007 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 25–28, 2008
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], [[Shimit Amin]], [[Sudhir Mishra]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vora |first=Rishi |title=FICCI Frames 2008: What kind of films click today? Nobody knows! |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/ficciframes2008-news/ficci-frames-2008-what-kind-of-films-click-todaynobody-knows-30322.html |work=Exchange for Media |date=March 26, 2008 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = February 17–19, 2009
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Gul Panag]], [[Deepika Padukone]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title=FICCI-FRAMES Diary 2009 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/business/ficci-frames-diary-2009/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=Feb 20, 2009 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 16–18, 2010
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Ashok Chavan]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[James Nicholas Gianopulos]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title=SRK-Katrina to share dais at inauguration of FICCI-FRAMES 2010 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/srk-katrina-to-share-dais-at-inauguration-of-ficci-frames-2010_55781.html |work= Zee News|date=March 10, 2010 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 23–25, 2011
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[James Murdoch]], [[Kamal Haasan]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |title=James Murdoch: India is a 'Sleeping Tiger' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-murdoch-india-is-a-170472 |work=Hollywood Reporter |date=March 23, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FICCI Frames 2011 promises insightful sessions by media moguls |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/29964_FICCI-Frames-2011-promises-insightful-sessions-by-media-moguls |work=Afaqs |date=March 16, 2011}}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 14–16, 2012
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Chris Dodd]], [[Prithviraj Chavan]], [[Uday Shankar]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|last=Subramanian |first=Anusha |title= FICCI-FRAMES 2012: Dull opening, but industry gets support from key stakeholders|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/ficci-frames-2012-industry-gets-support/story/23213.html |work=Business Today |date=March 15, 2012}}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 11–13, 2013
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Andy Bird]], [[Graham Broadbent]], [[David Womark]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title= Ficci/Frames Looks to Plug Into New Markets|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/global/ficciframes-looks-to-plug-into-new-markets-1200002022/ |work=Variety |date=March 4, 2013 }}</ref>
}}

{{Convention list
| date = March 12–14, 2014
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Patrick Suckling]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title= Sonam Kapoor inaugurates FICCI Frames 2014|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-inaugurates-ficci-frames-2014-637948 |work=NDTV |date=March 13, 2014 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 25–27, 2015
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title= Arjun Kapoor, Ayushmann, Bhumi at FICCI Frames 2015
|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/abhishek-bachchan-at-ficci-frames-2015-shraddha-kapoor-is-high-flying/ |work=Indian Express |date=March 29, 2015 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 30–April 1, 2016
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Mukesh Ambani]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title= FICCI Frames 2016: A brainstorming session with the who's who of the media and entertainment industry [Photos]|url=https://www.firstpost.com/photos/ficci-frames-2016-a-brainstorming-session-with-the-whos-who-of-the-media-and-entertainment-industry-2703494.html |work= First Post|date=March 31, 2016 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 21–23, 2017
| venue = Renaissance Hotel Renaissance Mumbai Convention Centre
| location = Powai, Mumbai
| guests = [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Greg Daniels]], [[Deepa Mehta]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|last=Varma |first=Lipika |title=Exclusive: Digital dancing with the star |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260317/digital-dancing-with-the-star.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=March 26, 2017 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title=FICCI Frames 2017 |url=https://cinematicillusions.com/happenings/ficci-frames-2017/ |work=Cinematic Illusions |date=March 7, 2017 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 5–7, 2018
| venue = [[Grand Hyatt Mumbai]] Business Centre
| location = Santa Cruz, Mumbai
| guests = [[Ramesh Sippy]], [[Sudhanshu Vats]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title= FICCI Frames 2018 Day 1: State tourism ministries discuss shoot at site in detail; VR panel delves into prospects of VR for M&E industry|url=http://www.animationxpress.com:8080/index.php/latest-news/ficci-2018-day-1-state-tourism-ministries-discuss-shoot-at-site-in-detail-vr-panel-delves-into-prospects-of-vr-for-me-industry |work= Animation Express|date=March 5, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nawaz |first=Syed Mahmoud |title=FICCI FRAMES 2018—a Global Convention of Media & Entertainment |url=https://cinematicillusions.com/events/ficci-frames-2018/
|work=Cinematic Illusions |date=March 20, 2018 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = March 12–14, 2019
| venue = Grand Hyatt Mumbai Business Centre
| location = Santa Cruz, Mumbai
| guests = [[Juhi Chaturvedi]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], et al.<ref>{{cite news|title= Writing is time-consuming, pressure of quantity affects quality: Juhi Chaturvedi|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/writing-time-consuming-pressure-quantity-affects-quality-juhi-chaturvedi-1502738852.html |work=The Statesman |date=March 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shilpa Shetty: Sense of rejection in Bollywood made me take up Big Brother |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-sense-of-rejection-in-bollywood-made-me-take-up-big-brother/ar-BBUNpZ1 |work=MSN|date=March 15, 2019 }}</ref>

}}
{{Convention list
| date = Postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Coronavirus: India’s Frames Conference to Continue Without Italy, IIFA Awards Postponed |url=https://variety.com/2020/biz/news/coronavirus-india-frames-iifa-1203525840/ |work=Variety |date=March 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FICCI Frames 2020 postponed |url=https://indiantelevision.com/specials/event-coverage/ficci-frames/ficci-frames-2020-postponed-200309 |work=Indian Television |date=March 9, 2020}}</ref>
| venue = Grand Hyatt Mumbai Business Centre
| location = Santa Cruz, Mumbai
| guests =

}}

|}

==See also==
*[[List of anime conventions]]
*[[List of gaming conventions]]
*[[List of comic book conventions]]
*[[List of multigenre conventions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Conventions (meetings)]]
[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Film industry in India]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Parliamentary constituency

2022-11-27T03:38:31Z

Raghuetw: Shared an influential article.

#REDIRECT [[Electoral district]]

Turkish language

2022-01-22T00:44:10Z

Raghuetw: Just published a comprehensive article.

{{Short description|Turkic language of the Turkish people}}
{{About|the Turkish language|the language family it belongs to|Turkic languages}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Turkish
| nativename = ''Türkçe'' (noun, adverb) ''Türk dili'' (noun)
| pronunciation = ''Türkçe'': {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾctʃe||Turkce.ogg}} ''Türk dili'': {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾc ˈdili}}
| states = [[Turkey]] (official), [[Northern Cyprus]] (official), [[Cyprus]] (official), [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Kosovo]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| region = [[Anatolia]], [[Balkans]], [[Cyprus#Geography|Cyprus]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Levant]], [[Transcaucasia]]
| ethnicity = [[Turkish people|Turks]]
| speakers = Native: {{sigfig|82.228180|2}} million
| date = 2006
| ref = e25
| speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|5.870300|2}} million (2019)<ref name=e25/>
 Total: {{sigfig|87.900000|2}} million<ref name=e25/>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Altaic
| fam1 = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam2 = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam3 = [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]]
| fam4 = Western Oghuz
| ancestor = [[Old Anatolian Turkish]]
| ancestor2 = [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]
| stand1 = Istanbul Turkish
| dia1 = [[Cypriot Turkish]]
| dia2 = [[Iraqi Turkmen#Language|Iraqi Turkmen]]
| dia3 = [[Karamanli Turkish]]
| dia4 = [[Meskhetian Turks#Language|Meskhetian Turkish]]<ref>{{citation|last=Karcı|first=Durmuş|year=2018|title=The Effects of Language Characters and Identity of Meskhetian Turkish in Kazakhstan|journal=Kesit Akademi Dergisi|volume=4|issue=13}}</ref>
| dia5 = [[Rumelian Turkish]]
| dia6 = [[Turkish dialects#Syrian Turkmen dialect|Syrian Turkish]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Behnstedt |first=Peter |year=2008 |chapter=Syria |title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |editor1-last=Versteegh |editor1-first=Kees |editor2-last=Eid |editor2-first=Mushira |editor3-last=Elgibali |editor3-first=Alaa |editor4-last=Woidich |editor4-first=Manfred |editor5-last=Zaborski |editor5-first=Andrzej |volume=4|page=402|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-14476-7}}</ref>
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Turkish alphabet]]) [[Turkish Braille]]
| nation = [[Cyprus]] [[Northern Cyprus]] [[Turkey]]
| minority = [[Bosnia]]<ref>{{citation|year=2010|chapter=Bosnia and Herzegovina|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=107–108|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=9789287166715}}</ref> [[Croatia]]<ref>{{citation|year=2012|chapter=The Croatian Language in the European Information Society|title=The Croatian Language in the Digital Age|editor1-last=Rehm|editor1-first=Georg|editor2-last=Uszkoreit|editor2-first=Hans|page=51|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=9783642308826}}</ref><ref name="Franceschini546">{{cite book|last=Franceschini|first=Rita|chapter=Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions|editor-last=Fäcke|editor-first=Christiane|title=Manual of Language Acquisition|year=2014|quote=In Croatia, Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Rusyn, Russian, Montenegrin, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Turkish, and Ukrainian are recognized (EACEA 2012, 18, 50s)|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|isbn=9783110394146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Croatia+Albanian&pg=PA1|pages=546|access-date=2021-08-25|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123306/https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Croatia+Albanian&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greece]]<ref>{{citation |last1=Trudgill|first1=Peter|last2=Schreier|first2=Daniel|year=2006|chapter=Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern|title=Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik|editor-last=Ulrich|editor-first=Ammon|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110199874|page=1886}}</ref> [[Iraq]]<ref name=Johanson2021/>{{efn|Turkish language is currently official in [[Kirkuk Governorate]], [[Kifri District, Diyala Governorate|Kifri]] and [[Tooz District|Tuz Khurmatu]] districts.<ref>[https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910081912/https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case |date=2019-09-10 }} Text: Article 1 of the declaration stipulated that no law, regulation, or official action could interfere with the rights outlined for the minorities. Michael Scott is the regional manager of Finder Mifflin Scranton. Although Arabic became the official language of Iraq, Kurdish became a corollary official language in Sulaimaniya, and both Kurdish and Turkish became official languages in Kirkuk and Kifri.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/amp/dunya/turkmenler-turkce-tabelalardan-memnun-1032324 | title=Türkmenler, Türkçe tabelalardan memnun – Son Dakika | access-date=2019-11-30 | archive-date=2020-07-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709191206/https://www.milliyet.com.tr/amp/dunya/turkmenler-turkce-tabelalardan-memnun-1032324 | url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to that, it is considered an educational language for [[Iraqi Turkmen]] by [[Kurdistan Region]]<ref>[https://unpo.org/article/538?id=538] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704072456/https://unpo.org/article/538?id=538 }} Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region</ref>}} [[Kosovo]]<ref name=Johanson2021>{{citation|author=[[Lars Johanson|Johanson, Lars]]|year=2021|title=Turkic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+is+the+largest+and+most+vigorous+Turkic+language%2C+spoken+by+over+80+million+people&pg=PT134|quote=Turkish is the largest and most vigorous Turkic language, spoken by over 80 million people, a third of the total number of Turkic-speakers... Turkish is a recognized regional minority language in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Romania, and Iraq.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781009038218|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123307/https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+is+the+largest+and+most+vigorous+Turkic+language%2C+spoken+by+over+80+million+people&pg=PT134|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Turkish language is currently official in [[Gjilan]], [[Mamusha]], [[Mitrovica, Kosovo|Mitrovica]], [[Prizren]] and [[Vushtrri]] municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipal language compliance in Kosovo|url=https://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true|publisher=OSCE Minsk Group|quote=Turkish language is currently official in Prizren and Mamuşa/Mamushë/Mamuša municipalities. In 2007 and 2008, the municipalities of Gjilan/Gnjilane, southern Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, Prishtinë/Priština and Vushtrri/Vučitrn also recognized Turkish as a language in official use.|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305035807/http://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true|url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[North Macedonia]]<ref name=Johanson2021/>{{efn|Turkish language is currently official in [[Centar Župa Municipality|Centar Zupa]] and [[Plasnica Municipality]]<ref>[http://beinmacedonia.com/languages-spoken-in-macedonia-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127001049/http://beinmacedonia.com/languages-spoken-in-macedonia-2/ |date=2022-01-27 }} Text: Turkish is co-official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica</ref>}} [[Romania]]<ref name=Johanson2021/><ref>{{citation|year=2010|chapter=Romania|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=135–136|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=9789287166715}}</ref>
| iso1 = tr
| iso2 = tur
| iso3 = tur
| lingua = part of [[Oghuz languages|44-AAB-a]]
| map = Map of Turkish Language.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#004DFF|Countries where Turkish is an official language}}
{{legend|#88C4FF|Countries where Turkish is recognised as a minority language}}
{{legend|#AFEEEE|Countries where Turkish is recognised as a minority language and co-official in at least one municipality}}
| notice = IPA
| glotto = nucl1301
| glottorefname = Turkish
| agency = [[Turkish Language Association]]
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Ela speaking Turkish.webm|thumb|A Turkish speaker from Kosovo]]
'''Turkish''' ({{lang|tr|Türkçe}} {{Pronunciation|Turkce.ogg|listen|(|help=no}}, {{lang|tr|Türk dili}}; also {{lang|tr|Türkiye Türkçesi}} 'Turkish of Turkey'<ref>{{cite book |title=Islam in Central Asia and the Caucasus Since the Fall of the Soviet Union |first=Bayram |last=Balci |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |page=36 |isbn=978-0-19-005030-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fpyDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>) is the most widely spoken of the [[Turkic languages]], with around 80 to 90 million speakers. It is the national language of [[Turkey]] and [[Northern Cyprus]]. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers also exist in [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[North Macedonia]],{{r|turkic}} [[Greece]],{{r|greece}} [[Cyprus]], other parts of [[Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], and some parts of [[Central Asia]], [[Iraqi Turkmen|Iraq]], and [[Syrian Turkmen|Syria]]. [[Cyprus]] has requested the [[European Union]] to add Turkish as an official language, even though Turkey is not a member state.{{r|cyprus-eu}} Turkish is the 13th most spoken language in the world.

To the west, the influence of [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]—the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the [[Ottoman Empire]]—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of [[Atatürk's Reforms]] in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]] was replaced with a [[Turkish alphabet|Latin alphabet]].

The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are [[vowel harmony]] and extensive [[agglutination]]. The basic word order of Turkish is [[subject–object–verb]]. Turkish has no [[noun class]]es or [[grammatical gender]]. The language makes usage of [[honorific]]s and has a strong [[T–V distinction]] which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, [[social distance]], age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect.

== Classification ==
{{Main|Turkic languages}}
Turkish is a member of the [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] group of the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] family. Other members include [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], spoken in [[Azerbaijan]] and north-west [[Iran]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] of [[Gagauzia]], [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] of south [[Iran]] and the [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] of [[Turkmenistan]].<ref name="Studia Turcica 1971">Aalto, P. "Iranian Contacts of the Turks in Pre-Islamic times," in Studia Turcica, ed. L. Ligeti, Budapest, 1971, pp. 29–37.</ref>

Classification of the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] languages is complicated. The migrations of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] peoples and their consequent intermingling with one another and with peoples who spoke non-[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] languages, have created a linguistic situation of vast complexity.<ref name="Studia Turcica 1971" />

There is ongoing debate about whether the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] family is itself a branch of a larger [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] family, including [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]].<ref>Benzing, J. Einführung in das Studium der altäischen Philologie und der Turkologie, Wiesbaden, 1953.</ref> The nineteenth-century [[Ural-Altaic]] theory, which grouped Turkish with [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] languages, is controversial.<ref name="Ural-altaische Jahrbücher 1958">Gandjeï, T. "Über die türkischen und mongolischen Elemente der persischen Dichtung der Ilchan-Zeit," in Ural-altaische Jahrbücher 30, 1958, pp. 229–31.</ref> The theory was based mostly on the fact these languages share three features: [[agglutination]], [[vowel harmony]] and lack of grammatical gender.<ref name="Ural-altaische Jahrbücher 1958" />

== History ==
{{see also|Turkish people|Turkic peoples#History}}

[[File:Irk bitig 07.jpg|thumb|right|The 9th-century ''[[Irk Bitig]]'' or "Book of Divination"]]

The earliest known [[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic inscriptions]] are the three monumental [[Orkhon inscriptions]] found in modern [[Mongolia]]. Erected in honour of the prince [[Kul Tigin]] and his brother Emperor [[Bilge Khagan]], these date back to the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]] (dated 682–744 CE).{{r|erdal}} After the discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by Russian archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the [[Orkhon Valley]] between 1889 and 1893, it became established that the language on the inscriptions was the [[Old Turkic language]] written using the [[Old Turkic alphabet]], which has also been referred to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to a superficial similarity to the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] [[runic alphabet]]s.{{r|runiform}}

With the [[Turkic expansion]] during Early Middle Ages ({{Circa|6th}}–11th centuries), peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across [[Central Asia]], covering a vast geographical region stretching from [[Siberia]] all the way to [[Europe]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. The [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuqs]] of the [[Oghuz Turks]], in particular, brought their language, [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]]—the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language—into [[Anatolia]] during the 11th century.<ref name="Findley">Findley{{full citation needed}}</ref> Also during the 11th century, an early linguist of the Turkic languages, [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] from the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]], published the first comprehensive Turkic language dictionary and map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers in the ''[[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]]'' ({{lang|ar|ديوان لغات الترك}}).<ref name="Soucek">{{harvnb|Soucek|2000|pp=}}</ref>

===Ottoman Turkish===
[[File:Oghusenbuchmuseum.jpeg|thumb|right|The 15th century [[Book of Dede Korkut]] ]]
{{Main|Ottoman Turkish language}}
{{See also|Old Anatolian Turkish}}

Following the adoption of [[Islam]] around the year 950 by the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] and the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq Turks]], who are both regarded as the ethnic and cultural ancestors of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], the administrative language of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. [[Turkish literature]] during the Ottoman period, particularly [[Ottoman poetry|Divan poetry]], was heavily influenced by Persian, including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of imported words. The literary and official language during the [[Ottoman Empire]] period ({{Circa|1299}}–1922) is termed [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], which was a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably and was largely unintelligible to the period's everyday Turkish. The everyday Turkish, known as ''kaba Türkçe'' or "vulgar Turkish", spoken by the less-educated lower and also rural members of society, contained a higher percentage of native vocabulary and served as basis for the modern Turkish language.<ref>{{harvnb|Glenny|2001|p=99}}</ref>

While visiting the region between [[Adıyaman]] and [[Adana]], Evliya Çelebi recorded the "Turkman language" and compared it with his own Turkish:
{| class="wikitable" rules="all" style="margin: 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 2px solid #aaa; font-size: 100%;" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
| colspan=8 align="center" | Comparison of 17th-century Southern Anatolian Turkman, 17th-century elite, and modern standard Turkish dialects<ref>{{cite book |title=Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi: III |pages=174–175 |url=https://archive.org/details/EvliyelebiSeyahatnmesiIII/page/n174/mode/2up |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align="left"
! Turkman language
! Ottoman Turkish
! Modern Turkish
! English
! Turkman language
! Ottoman Turkish
! Modern Turkish
! English
|-style="background:#ccc;"
|-
| ''yalvaç'' || ''peygamber'' || ''peygamber'' || prophet || ''fakı'' || ''imâm'' || ''imam'' || [[imam]]
|-
| ''yüce Çalap'' || ''Âli Allah'' || ''yüce Allah'' || mighty God || ''eyne'' || ''câmi''' || ''cami'' || mosque
|-
| ''mezgit'' || ''mescid'' || ''mescit'' || [[masjid]] || ''gümeç'', ''lavâşa'', ''pişi'' || ''ekmek'' || ''ekmek'', ''lavaş'', ''pişi'' || bread, [[lavash]], [[boortsog]]
|-
| ''kekremsi'' || ''şarâb'' || ''şarap'' || wine || ''Kancarıdaydın?'' || ''Nerede idin?'' || ''Neredeydin?'' || Where were you?
|-
| ''Kancarı yılıgan be?'' || ''Nereye gidersin bire?'' || ''Nereye gidersin bre?'' || Where are you going? || ''Muhıdı geyen mi?'' || ''Ferâce giyermisin?'' || ''Ferace giyer misin?'' || Will you wear ''ferace''?
|-
| ''Bargım yavıncıdı.'' || ''Karnım ağrıdı.'' || ''Karnım ağrıdı.'' || My stomach hurt. || ''şarıkdı'' || ''şehirli oldu'' || ''Şehirli oldu.'' || They became urban.
|-
|}

=== {{anchor|Turkish language reform}}Language reform and modern Turkish ===
{{See also|Turkish alphabet reform|Replacement of loanwords in Turkish}}
{{Atatürk sidebar}}
After the foundation of the modern state of [[Turkey]] and the [[#Writing system|script reform]], the [[Turkish Language Association]] (TDK) was established in 1932 under the patronage of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], with the aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a [[language reform]] to replace [[loanword]]s of Arabic and Persian origin with Turkish equivalents.<ref>See Lewis (2002) for a thorough treatment of the Turkish language reform.</ref> By banning the usage of imported words in the press,{{clarify|reason=This blanket statement needs to be more specific. Were words like "haber" or "hürriyet" (obviously "imported", i.e. borrowed) ever banned?}} the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by the TDK were newly derived from Turkic roots, it also opted for reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used for centuries.<ref name="TDK History"/> In 1935, the TDK published a bilingual [[Ottoman Turkish|Ottoman-Turkish]]/Pure Turkish dictionary that documents the results of the language reform.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Szurek|first=Emmanuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FLoBgAAQBAJ&q=ottoman+turkish+dictionary+1935&pg=PA94|title=Order and Compromise: Government Practices in Turkey from the Late Ottoman Empire to the Early 21st Century|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-28985-7|editor-last=Aymes|editor-first=Marc|pages=94|language=en|access-date=2021-08-03|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123307/https://books.google.com/books?id=0FLoBgAAQBAJ&q=ottoman+turkish+dictionary+1935&pg=PA94|url-status=live}}</ref>

Owing to this sudden change in the language, older and younger people in Turkey started to differ in their vocabularies. While the generations born before the 1940s tend to use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the younger generations favor new expressions. It is considered particularly ironic that Atatürk himself, in [[Nutuk|his lengthy speech]] to the new [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Parliament]] in 1927, used a style of Ottoman which sounded so alien to later listeners that it had to be "translated" three times into modern Turkish: first in 1963, again in 1986, and most recently in 1995.<ref>See Lewis (2002): 2–3 for the first two translations. For the third see {{cite web |author=Bedi Yazıcı |url=http://www.nutuk.org/ |title=Nutuk: Özgün metin ve çeviri (Atatürk's Speech: original text and translation) |access-date=2007-09-28 |language=tr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221336/http://www.nutuk.org/ |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The past few decades have seen the continuing work of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new concepts and technologies as they enter the language, mostly from English. Many of these new words, particularly information technology terms, have received widespread acceptance. However, the TDK is occasionally criticized for coining words which sound contrived and artificial. Some earlier changes—such as ''{{lang|tr|bölem}}'' to replace ''{{lang|tr|fırka}}'', "political party"—also failed to meet with popular approval (''{{lang|tr|fırka}}'' has been replaced by the French loanword ''{{lang|tr|parti}}''). Some words restored from Old Turkic have taken on specialized meanings; for example ''{{lang|tr|betik}}'' (originally meaning "book") is now used to mean "[[scripting language|script]]" in [[computer science]].<ref name=cokbilgi>{{cite web|title=Öz Türkçeleştirme Çalışmaları|url=http://www.cokbilgi.com/yazi/oz-turkcelestirme-calismalari/|work=Çok Bilgi|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065848/https://www.cokbilgi.com/yazi/oz-turkcelestirme-calismalari/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some examples of modern Turkish words and the old loanwords are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align=left | Ottoman Turkish
! align=left | Modern Turkish
! align=left | English translation
! align=left | Comments
|-
| ''{{lang|ota-Latn|müselles}}'' || ''{{lang|tr|üçgen}}'' || triangle || Compound of the noun ''{{lang|tr|üç}}'' ("three") and the suffix ''{{lang|tr|-gen}}''
|-
| ''{{lang|ota-Latn|tayyare}}'' || ''{{lang|tr|uçak}}'' || aeroplane || Derived from the verb ''{{lang|tr|uçmak}}'' ("to fly"). The word was first proposed to mean "airport".
|-
| ''{{lang|ota-Latn|nispet}}'' || ''{{lang|tr|oran}}'' || ratio || The old word is still used in the language today together with the new one. The modern word is from the Old Turkic verb ''{{lang|otk|or-}}'' ("to cut").
|-
| ''{{lang|ota-Latn|şimal}}'' || ''{{lang|tr|kuzey}}'' || north || Derived from the Old Turkic noun ''{{lang|otk|kuz}}'' ("cold and dark place", "shadow"). The word is restored from [[Middle Turkic languages|Middle Turkic]] usage.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mütercim Asım |title=Burhân-ı Katı Tercemesi |location=İstanbul |year=1799 |language=tr }}</ref>
|-
| ''{{lang|ota-Latn|teşrinievvel}}'' || ''{{lang|tr|ekim}}'' || October || The noun ''{{lang|tr|ekim}}'' means "sowing", referring to the planting of cereal seeds in autumn, which is widespread in Turkey
|}
{{mainlist|List of replaced loanwords in Turkish}}

== Geographic distribution ==
{{see also|Turkish diaspora}}
[[File:IKEABerlin.JPG|thumb|right|upright|An advertisement by the [[IKEA]] branch in [[Berlin]] written in the German and Turkish languages.]]
Turkish is natively spoken by the [[Turkish people]] in Turkey and by the [[Turkish diaspora]] in some 30 other countries. Turkish language is mutually intelligible with [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and other Turkic languages. In particular, Turkish-speaking minorities exist in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the [[Ottoman Empire]], such as Iraq{{r|iraq}}, Bulgaria, [[Cyprus]], Greece (primarily in [[Western Thrace]]), the [[Republic of North Macedonia]], Romania, and Serbia. More than two million Turkish speakers live in Germany; and there are significant Turkish-speaking communities in the United States, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.<ref name=e25/> Due to the [[cultural assimilation]] of Turkish immigrants in host countries, not all ethnic members of the diaspora speak the language with native fluency.<ref>See for example citations given in Cindark, Ibrahim/Aslan, Sema (2004): [http://pub.ids-mannheim.de/autoren/ids/cindarkibrahim.html Deutschlandtürkisch?] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130412080152/http://pub.ids-mannheim.de/autoren/ids/cindarkibrahim.html }}. Institut für Deutsche Sprache, page 3.</ref>

In 2005 93% of the population of Turkey were native speakers of Turkish,<ref name="Eurobarometer Languages">{{cite web |title= Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey) |publisher= [[Europa (web portal)|Europa]] |author= European Commission |year= 2006 |url= http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |access-date= 2010-02-14 |author-link= European Commission |archive-date= 2016-04-14 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160414102658/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> about 67 million at the time, with [[Kurdish languages]] making up most of the remainder.<ref>{{e25|kmr|Kurdish, Northern}}</ref>

[[Azerbaijani language]], official in Azerbaijan, is [[mutually intelligible]] with Turkish and speakers of both languages can understand them without noticeable difficulty, especially when discussion comes on ordinary, daily language. Turkey has very good relations with Azerbaijan, with a multitude of Turkish companies and authorities investing there, while the influence of Turkey in the country is very high. The rising presence of this very similar language in Azerbaijan and the fact that many children use Turkish words instead of Azerbaijani words due to satellite TV has caused concern that the dinstictive features of the language will be eroded. Many bookstores sell books in Turkish language along Azerbaijani language ones, with Agalar Mahmadov, a leading intellectual, voicing his concern that Turkish language has "already started to take over the national and natural dialects of Azerbaijan". However, the presence of Turkish as foreign language is not as high as Russian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-grapples-with-the-rise-of-turkish-language|title=Azerbaijan Grapples With the Rise of Turkish Language|website=[[Eurasianet]]|language=en|accessdate=2022-08-18|first=Durna|last=Safarova|archive-date=2022-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023093328/https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-grapples-with-the-rise-of-turkish-language|url-status=live}}</ref> In Uzbekistan, the second most populated Turkic country, a new TV channel ''Foreign Languages TV'' was established in 2022. This channel has been broadcasting Turkish lessons along with English, French, German and Russian lessons.

=== Official status ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Welcome sign to the village of Çardağlı.jpg
| width1 = 160
| image2 = Prizren (3DilliTabela).jpg
| width2 = 280
| footer = Left: Bilingual sign, Turkish (top) and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (bottom), at a Turkmen village in [[Kirkuk Governorate]], [[Iraq]]. Right: Road signs in [[Prizren]], [[Kosovo]]. Official languages are: [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (top), [[Serbian language|Serbian]] (middle) and Turkish (bottom).
}}

Turkish is the official language of [[Turkey]] and is one of the official languages of [[Cyprus]]. Turkish has official status in 38 municipalities in [[Kosovo]], including Mamusha,{{r|kosovo}}{{r|sabah-kosovo}}, two in the [[Republic of North Macedonia]] and in [[Kirkuk Governorate]] in Iraq.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web | url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html#mk | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004519/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html#mk | url-status= dead | archive-date= June 13, 2007 | publisher= [[CIA World Factbook]] | title= Official regional languages| year= 2002 | access-date= 2016-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case|title = Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case|journal = Middle East Quarterly|date = January 2007|last1 = Güçlü|first1 = Yücel|access-date = 2019-11-30|archive-date = 2019-09-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190910081912/https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case|url-status = live}}</ref>

In Turkey, the regulatory body for Turkish is the [[Turkish Language Association]] (''Türk Dil Kurumu'' or TDK), which was founded in 1932 under the name ''Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti'' ("Society for Research on the Turkish Language"). The Turkish Language Association was influenced by the ideology of [[linguistic purism]]: indeed one of its primary tasks was the replacement of loanwords and of foreign grammatical constructions with equivalents of Turkish origin.<ref>The name TDK itself exemplifies this process. The words ''tetkik'' and ''cemiyet'' in the original name are both Arabic loanwords (the final ''-i'' of ''cemiyeti'' being a Turkish possessive suffix); ''kurum'' is a native Turkish word based on the verb ''kurmak'', "set up, found".{{citation needed}}</ref> These changes, together with the adoption of the new [[Turkish alphabet]] in 1928, shaped the [[#Language reform and modern Turkish|modern Turkish language]] spoken today. The TDK became an independent body in 1951, with the lifting of the requirement that it should be presided over by the Minister of Education. This status continued until August 1983, when it was again made into a governmental body in the [[Constitution of Turkey|constitution of 1982]], following the military [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|coup d'état of 1980]].<ref name="TDK History">{{cite web|author= Turkish Language Association|author-link= Turkish Language Association|url= http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|title= Türk Dil Kurumu – Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)|access-date= 2007-03-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070316024438/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD | archive-date = March 16, 2007 |url-status = dead|language= tr}}</ref>

== Dialects ==
{{Main|Turkish dialects}}
Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia= Concise compendium of the world's languages |title= Turkish|page= 547|last= Campbell |first= George|publisher= Routledge |place= London|year= 1995}}</ref> This '''Istanbul Turkish''' (''İstanbul Türkçesi'') constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by [[Ziya Gökalp]], [[Ömer Seyfettin]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web | title = En iyi İstanbul Türkçesini kim konuşur? | work = Milliyet | date = 18 November 2012 | access-date = 2017-12-30 | url = http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-magazin-1628628/ | archive-date = 2018-11-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181111073331/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-magazin-1628628/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

Dialectal variation persists, in spite of the [[dialect levelling|levelling influence]] of the standard used in mass media and in the [[education in Turkey|Turkish education system]] since the 1930s.<ref name="Johanson">{{Citation|last= Johanson |first= Lars |year= 2001 |title= Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map |url= http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf | url-status = dead|publisher= Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070509/http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf |archive-date= February 5, 2007 |access-date= 2007-03-18 }}</ref> Academic researchers from Turkey often refer to Turkish dialects as ''ağız'' or ''şive'', leading to an ambiguity with the linguistic concept of [[accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]], which is also covered with these words. Several universities, as well as a dedicated work-group of the Turkish Language Association, carry out [[project]]s investigating Turkish dialects. {{As of | 2002}} work continued on the compilation and publication of their research as a comprehensive dialect-[[atlas]] of the Turkish language.<ref name="Dialects Workshop">Özsoy</ref><ref name="Dialects TDK">{{cite journal|last= Akalın|first= Şükrü Halûk|title= Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)|journal= Türk Dili |issn= 1301-465X|volume= 85|issue= 613|url= http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|access-date= 2007-03-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070627231538/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf | archive-date = June 27, 2007 |url-status = dead|language= tr}}</ref>

[[File:Turkey Turkish dialects map (Main subgroups) en.jpg|thumb|left|Map of the main subgroups of [[Turkish dialects]] across Southeast Europe and the [[Middle East]].]]

Some [[immigration to Turkey|immigrants to Turkey]] from [[Rumelia]] speak [[Rumelian Turkish]], which includes the distinct dialects of [[Ludogorie]], Dinler, and Adakale, which show the influence of the theoretized [[Balkan sprachbund]]. ''Kıbrıs Türkçesi'' is the name for [[Cypriot Turkish]] and is spoken by the [[Turkish Cypriots]]. ''Edirne'' is the dialect of [[Edirne]]. ''Ege'' is spoken in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] region, with its usage extending to [[Antalya]]. The nomadic [[Yörüks]] of the [[Mediterranean Region, Turkey|Mediterranean Region]] of Turkey also have their own dialect of Turkish.<ref>{{cite book|last= Shashi|first= Shyam Singh|title= Encyclopaedia of Humanities and Social Sciences|publisher= Anmol Publications|year= 1992|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4T0oAAAAMAAJ&q=yoruk+turkish+taurus|page= 47|access-date= 2008-03-26|archive-date= 2023-01-15|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123307/https://books.google.com/books?id=4T0oAAAAMAAJ&q=yoruk+turkish+taurus|url-status= live}}</ref> This group is not to be confused with the Yuruk nomads of Macedonia, Greece, and European Turkey, who speak [[Balkan Gagauz Turkish]].

The [[Meskhetian Turks]] who live in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Russia as well as in several Central Asian countries, also speak an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, originating in the areas of Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin and sharing similarities with [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], the language of Azerbaijan.<ref>{{citation|last1= Aydıngün |first1= Ayşegül |last2= Harding |first2= Çiğdem Balım |last3= Hoover |first3= Matthew |last4= Kuznetsov |first4= Igor |last5= Swerdlow |first5= Steve |year= 2006 |title= Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences |url= http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf |publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714205907/http://www.cal.org/co/pdffiles/mturks.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-14 }}</ref>

The [[Central Anatolia Region]] speaks ''Orta Anadolu''. ''Karadeniz'', spoken in the Eastern [[Black Sea Region]] and represented primarily by the [[Trabzon]] dialect, exhibits [[stratum (linguistics)#Substratum|substratum]] influence from [[Greek language|Greek]] in [[phonology]] and [[syntax]];<ref name="Brendemoen">{{Cite conference|last= Brendemoen|first= B. |title= Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon |year= 1996 |conference=Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February 1996}}</ref> it is also known as ''Laz dialect'' (not to be confused with the [[Laz language]]). ''Kastamonu'' is spoken in [[Kastamonu]] and its surrounding areas. [[Karamanli Turkish]] is spoken in Greece, where it is called {{lang|grc| Kαραμανλήδικα}}. It is the literary standard for the [[Karamanlides]].<ref>
{{Cite journal
|last= Balta |first= Evangelia |title= Translating Books from Greek into Turkish for the Karamanli Orthodox Christians of Anatolia (1718–1856) |journal= International Journal of Turkish Studies |volume= 23 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 20 |via= Ebsco}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
{{main|Turkish phonology}}
{{hatnote|See [[Turkish alphabet]] for a pronunciation guide}}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| ({{IPA link|c}})
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| ({{IPA link|ɟ}})
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s̪|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z̪|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| ({{IPA link|ɫ̪|ɫ}})
| {{IPA link|l̠|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| ({{IPA link|ɰ}})
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|}

At least one source claims Turkish consonants are laryngeally-specified three-way fortis-lenis (aspirated/neutral/voiced) like Armenian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrova |first1=Olga |last2=Plapp |first2=Rosemary |last3=Ringen |first3=Catherine |last4=Szentgyörgyi |first4=Szilárd |title=Voice and aspiration: Evidence from Russian, Hungarian, German, Swedish, and Turkish |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a27/5c57dd25134aa7628c46a64ca470cc3a71db.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908054256/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a27/5c57dd25134aa7628c46a64ca470cc3a71db.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-09-08 |journal=The Linguistic Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1515/tlr.2006.001 |s2cid=42712078 |issn=0167-6318}}</ref>

The phoneme that is usually referred to as ''yumuşak g'' ("soft g"), written {{angbr|ğ}} in Turkish [[orthography]], represents a vowel sequence or a rather weak bilabial approximant between rounded vowels, a weak palatal approximant between unrounded front vowels, and a vowel sequence elsewhere. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, but always follows a vowel. When word-final or preceding another consonant, it lengthens the preceding vowel.<ref name="IPA 19993">''Handbook of the IPA'', p. 155</ref>

In native Turkic words, the sounds {{IPA|[c]}}, {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, and {{IPA|[l]}} are in [[complementary distribution]] with {{IPA|[k]}}, {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, and {{IPA|[ɫ]}}; the former set occurs adjacent to front vowels and the latter adjacent to back vowels. The distribution of these [[phoneme]]s is often unpredictable, however, in foreign borrowings and proper nouns. In such words, {{IPA|[c]}}, {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, and {{IPA|[l]}} often occur with back vowels:<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|2001|pp=93–4,6}}</ref> some [[#Writing system|examples]] are given below.

==== Consonant devoicing ====
{{Main|Final-obstruent devoicing}}

Turkish orthography reflects [[final-obstruent devoicing]], a form of [[consonant mutation]] whereby a voiced obstruent, such as {{IPA|/b d dʒ ɡ/}}, is devoiced to {{IPA|[p t tʃ k]}} at the end of a word or before a consonant, but retains its voicing before a vowel. In loan words, the voiced equivalent of ''/k/'' is ''/g/''; in native words, it is ''/ğ/''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|title=Sesler ve ses uyumları "Sounds and Vovel karmony"|access-date=2013-01-13|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728093237/http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|archive-date=2012-07-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkish Consonant Mutation|url=http://turkishbasics.com/grammar/consonant-mutation.php|website=turkishbasics.com|language=EN|access-date=2018-05-02|archive-date=2018-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502213456/http://turkishbasics.com/grammar/consonant-mutation.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Obstruent devoicing in nouns
|-
!Underlying consonant
!Devoiced form
!Underlying form
!Dictionary form
!Dative case / 1sg present
!Meaning
|-
|b||p||''*kitab''||''kitap''||''kitaba''||book (loan)
|-
|c||ç|| ''*uc'' || ''uç''||''uca''||tip
|-
|d||t||''*bud''||''but''||''buda''||thigh
|-
|g||k||''*reng''||''renk''||''renge''||color (loan)
|-
|ğ||k||''*ekmeğ''||''ekmek''||''ekmeğe''||bread
|}

This is analogous to languages such as [[German language|German]] and [[Russian language|Russian]], but in the case of Turkish it only applies, as the above examples demonstrate, to stops and affricates, not to fricatives. The spelling is usually made to match the sound. However, in a few cases, such as ''ad'' 'name' (dative ''ada''), the underlying form is retained in the spelling (cf. ''at'' 'horse', dative ''ata''). Other exceptions are ''od'' 'fire' vs. ''ot'' 'herb', ''sac'' 'sheet metal', ''saç'' 'hair'. Most loanwords, such as ''kitap'' above, are spelled as pronounced, but a few such as ''hac'' 'hajj', ''şad'' 'happy', and ''yad'' 'strange' or 'stranger' also show their underlying forms.{{citation needed}}

Native nouns of two or more syllables that end in ''/k/'' in dictionary form are nearly all ''//ğ//'' in underlying form. However, most verbs and monosyllabic nouns are underlyingly ''//k//''.<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|2001|p=10}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
[[File:Turkish vowel chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.13|Vowels of Turkish. From {{Harvcoltxt|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}]]
The vowels of the Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, {{angbr|a}}, {{angbr|e}}, {{angbr|ı}}, {{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|o}}, {{angbr|ö}}, {{angbr|u}}, {{angbr|ü}}.<ref>The vowel represented by {{angbr|ı}} is also commonly transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ɨ}} in linguistic literature.</ref> The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: [[Vowel#Backness|front and back]], [[Roundedness|rounded and unrounded]] and [[Vowel#Height|vowel height]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|last1=Goksel|first1=Asli|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-11494-2|pages=24–25}}</ref> Vowels are classified [±back], [±round] and [±high].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khalilzadeh|first=Amir|title=Vowel Harmony in Turkish|journal=Karadeniz Araştırmaları: Balkan, Kafkas, Doğu Avrupa Ve Anadolu İncelemeleri Dergisi|volume=6|issue=24|pages=141–150}}</ref>

The only [[diphthong]]s in the language are found in [[loanword]]s and may be categorised as falling diphthongs usually analyzed as a sequence of /j/ and a vowel.<ref name="IPA 19993"/>

==== Vowel harmony ====
{{Details|Vowel harmony}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: 1em"
! rowspan="2" | Turkish Vowel Harmony
! colspan="4" | Front Vowels || colspan="4" | Back Vowels
|-
! colspan="2" | Unrounded || colspan="2" | Rounded || colspan="2" | Unrounded || colspan="2" | Rounded
|-
! Vowel
| style="border-right: 0;" | '''e''' /e/
| '''i''' /i/ || '''ü''' /y/
| style="border-left: 0;" | '''ö''' /ø/ || '''a''' /a/
| style="border-left: 0;" | '''ı''' /ɯ/ || '''u''' /u/
| style="border-left: 0;" | '''o''' /o/
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Twofold (Backness)
| colspan="4" | '''e''' || colspan="4" | '''a'''
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Fourfold (Backness + Rounding)
| colspan="2" | '''i''' || colspan="2" | '''ü''' || colspan="2" | '''ı''' || colspan="2" | '''u'''
|}

[[File:TurkishRoadSign-WelcomeToEurope Modified.jpg|thumb|Road sign at the European end of the [[Bosphorus Bridge]] in [[Istanbul]]. (Photo taken during the 28th [[Istanbul Marathon]] in 2006)]]

The principle of vowel harmony, which permeates Turkish word-formation and suffixation, is due to the natural human tendency towards economy of muscular effort.<ref name="mundy">Mundy, C. Turkish Syntax as a System of Qualification. Oxford, 1957, pp. 279–305.</ref> This principle is expressed in Turkish through three rules:

# If the first vowel of a word is a back vowel, any subsequent vowel is also a back vowel; if the first is a front vowel, any subsequent vowel is also a front vowel.<ref name="mundy"/>
# If the first vowel is unrounded, so too are subsequent vowels.<ref name="mundy"/>
# If the first vowel is rounded, subsequent vowels are either rounded and close or unrounded and open.<ref name="deny">Deny, J. Grammaire de la langue turque. Paris, 1963.</ref>

The second and third rules minimize muscular effort during speech. More specifically, they are related to the phenomenon of labial assimilation:<ref name="gabain">von Gabain, A. Alttürkische Grammatik. Leipzig, 1950.</ref> if the lips are '''rounded''' (a process that requires muscular effort) for the first vowel they may stay rounded for subsequent vowels.<ref name="deny"/> If they are '''unrounded''' for the first vowel, the speaker does not make the additional muscular effort to round them subsequently.<ref name="mundy"/>

Grammatical [[affix]]es have "a chameleon-like quality",<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1953|p=21}}</ref> and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony:
* '''twofold (''-e/-a'')''':<ref>For the terms ''twofold'' and ''fourfold'', as well as the superscript notation, see Lewis (1953):21–22. In his more recent works Lewis prefers to omit the superscripts, on the grounds that "there is no need for this once the principle has been grasped" (Lewis [2001]:18).</ref> the [[locative case]] suffix, for example, is ''-de'' after front vowels and ''-da'' after back vowels. The notation ''-de''² is a convenient shorthand for this pattern.
* '''fourfold (''-i/-ı/-ü/-u'')''': the [[genitive case]] suffix, for example, is ''-in'' or ''-ın'' after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and ''-ün'' or ''-un'' after the corresponding rounded vowels. In this case, the shorthand notation ''-in''4 is used.

Practically, the twofold pattern (also referred to as the e-type vowel harmony) means that in the environment where the vowel in the word stem is formed in the front of the mouth, the suffix will take the e-form, while if it is formed in the back it will take the a-form. The fourfold pattern (also called the i-type) accounts for rounding as well as for front/back.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Turkish Grammar|last=Underhill|first=Robert|publisher=The MIT Press|year=1976|isbn=0-262-21006-1|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=25}}</ref> The following examples, based on the [[Turkish copula|copula]] ''-dir''4 ("[it] is"), illustrate the principles of i-type vowel harmony in practice: ''Türkiye'<nowiki/>'''dir''''' ("it is Turkey"),<ref>In modern Turkish orthography, an apostrophe is used to separate proper names from any suffixes.</ref> ''kapı'''dır''''' ("it is the door"), but ''gün'''dür''''' ("it is the day"), ''palto'''dur''''' ("it is the coat").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Husby|first=Olaf|title=Diagnostic use of nonword repetition for detection of language impairment among Turkish speaking minority children in Norway|url=https://www.academia.edu/3029750|journal=Working Papers Department of Language and Communication Studies NTNV|language=en|volume=3/2006|pages=139–149|via=Academia.edu|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-date=2022-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023093307/https://www.academia.edu/3029750|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Exceptions to vowel harmony =====
These are four word-classes that are exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony:

# '''Native, non-compound words''', e.g. ''{{lang|tr|dahi}}'' "also," ''{{lang|tr|ela}}'' "light brown," ''{{lang|tr|elma}}'' "apple," ''{{lang|tr|hangi}}'' "which," ''{{lang|tr|hani}}'' "where," ''{{lang|tr|inanmak}}'' "to believe," ''{{lang|tr|kardeş}}'' "sibling," ''{{lang|tr|şişman}}'' "fat," ''{{lang|tr|anne}}'' "mother"
# '''Native compound words''', e.g. ''{{lang|tr|bugün}}'' "today," ''{{lang|tr|dedikodu}}'' "gossip," ''{{lang|tr|haydi}}'' "come on"
# '''Foreign words''', e.g. ''{{lang|tr|ferman}}'' (< Farsi ''{{lang|fa|فرماندهی}}'' "command"), ''{{lang|tr|mikrop}}'' (< French ''{{lang|fr|microbe}}'' "microbe"), ''{{lang|tr|piskopos}}'' (< Greek ''{{lang|el|επίσκοπος}}'' "bishop")
# '''Invariable suffixes:''' '''–daş''' (denoting common attachment to the concept expressed by the noun), '''–yor''' (denoting the present tense in the third person), '''–ane''' (turning adjectives or nouns into adverbs), '''–ken''' (meaning "while being"), '''–leyin''' (meaning "in/at/during"), '''{{lang|tr|–imtırak}}''' (weakening an adjective of color or taste in a way similar to the English suffix –ish as in blueish), '''–ki''' (making a pronoun or adjective out of an adverb or a noun in the locative case), '''–gil''' (meaning "the house or family of"), '''–gen''' (referring to the name of plane figures)
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
! scope="col" | Invariable suffix
! scope="col" | Turkish example
! scope="col" | Meaning in English
! scope="col" | Remarks
|-
| '''–daş'''
| ''{{lang|tr|meslektaş}}'' || "colleague"
| From ''{{lang|tr|meslek}}'' "profession."
|-
| '''–yor'''
| ''{{lang|tr|geliyor}}'' || "he/she/it is coming"
| From ''{{lang|tr|gel–}}'' "to come."
|-
| '''–ane'''
| ''{{lang|tr|şahane}}'' || "regal"
| From ''{{lang|tr|şah}},'' "king."
|-
| '''–ken'''
| ''{{lang|tr|uyurken}}'' || "while sleeping"
| From ''{{lang|tr|uyu–}},'' "to sleep."
|-
| '''–leyin'''
| ''{{lang|tr|sabahleyin}}'' || "in the morning"
| From ''{{lang|tr|sabah}},'' "morning."
|-
| '''–imtırak'''
| ''{{lang|tr|ekşimtırak}}'' || "sourish"
| From ''{{lang|tr|ekşi}},'' "sour."
|-
| '''–ki'''
| ''{{lang|tr|ormandaki}}'' || "(that) in the forest"
| From ''{{lang|tr|orman}},'' "forest."
|-
| '''–gil'''
| ''{{lang|tr|annemgiller}}'' || "my mother's family"
| From ''{{lang|tr|annem}},'' "my mother."
|-
| '''–gen'''
| ''{{lang|tr|altıgen}}'' || "hexagon"
| From ''{{lang|tr|altı}},'' "six."
|-
|}

The [[#Phonology|road sign in the photograph]] above illustrates several of these features:
* a native compound which does not obey vowel harmony: ''Orta+köy'' ("middle village"—a place name)
* a loanword also violating vowel harmony: ''viyadük'' (< French ''viaduc'' "viaduct")
* the possessive suffix'' -i''4 harmonizing with the final vowel (and softening the ''k'' by consonant [[alternation (linguistics)|alternation]]): ''viyadüğü''{{citation needed}}

The rules of vowel harmony may vary by regional dialect. The dialect of Turkish spoken in the [[Trabzon]] region of northeastern Turkey follows the reduced vowel harmony of [[Old Anatolian Turkish]], with the additional complication of two missing vowels (ü and ı), thus there is no [[palatal harmony]]. It's likely that ''elün'' meant "your hand" in Old Anatolian. While the 2nd person singular possessive would vary between back and front vowel, -ün or -un, as in ''elün'' for "your hand" and ''kitabun'' for "your book", the lack of ü vowel in the Trabzon dialect means -un would be used in both of these cases — ''elun'' and ''kitabun''.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn = 978-3-447-05212-2| last1 = Boeschoten| first1 = Hendrik| last2 = Johanson| first2 = Lars| last3 = Milani| first3 = Vildan| title = Turkic Languages in Contact| date = 2006}}</ref>
{{expand section|reason=Minor vowel harmony (low rounded vowel placement in first syllable only) not covered.}}

== Word-accent ==
{{Details|Turkish phonology#Word-accent}}

With the exceptions stated below, Turkish words are oxytone (accented on the last syllable).

=== Exceptions to word-accent rules ===
# '''Place-names are not oxytone:'''<ref name="mundy"/> '''{{lang|tr|Anádolu}}''' (Anatolia), '''{{lang|tr|İstánbul}}'''. Most place names are accented on their first syllable as in '''{{lang|tr|Páris}}''' and '''{{lang|tr|Zónguldak}}.''' This holds true when place names are spelled the same way as common nouns, which are oxytone: '''{{lang|tr|mısír}}''' (maize), '''{{lang|tr|Mísır}}''' (Egypt), '''{{lang|tr|sirkecı̇́}}''' (vinegar-seller), '''{{lang|tr|Sı̇́rkeci}}''' (district in Istanbul), '''{{lang|tr|bebék}}''' (doll, baby), '''{{lang|tr|Bébek}}''' (district in Istanbul), '''{{lang|tr|ordú}}''' (army), '''{{lang|tr|Órdu}}''' (a Turkish city on the Black Sea).
#'''Foreign nouns usually retain their original accentuation''',<ref name="mundy"/> e.g., '''{{lang|tr|lokánta}}''' (< Italian {{lang|it|locanda}} "restaurant"), '''{{lang|tr|ólta}}''' (< Greek {{lang|el|βόλτα}} "fishing line"), '''{{lang|tr|gazéte}}''' (< Italian {{lang|it|gazzetta}} "newspaper")
#'''Some words about family members<ref name="deny"/> and living creatures<ref name="deny"/> have irregular accentuation:''' '''{{lang|tr|ánne}}''' (mother), '''{{lang|tr|ábla}}''' (older sister), '''{{lang|tr|görúmce}}''' (husband's sister), '''{{lang|tr|yénge}}''' (brother's wife), '''{{lang|tr|hála}}''' (paternal aunt), '''{{lang|tr|téyze}}''' (maternal aunt), '''{{lang|tr|ámca}}''' (paternal uncle), '''{{lang|tr|çekı̇́rge}}''' (grasshopper), '''{{lang|tr|karínca}}''' (ant), '''{{lang|tr|kokárca}}''' (skunk)
#'''Adverbs<ref name="deny"/> are usually accented on the first syllable''', e.g., '''{{lang|tr|şı̇́mdi}}''' (now), '''{{lang|tr|sónra}}''' (after), '''{{lang|tr|ánsızın}}''' (suddenly), '''{{lang|tr|gérçekten}}''' (really), (but '''{{lang|tr|gerçektén}}''' (from reality)), '''{{lang|tr|kíşın}}''' (during winter)
#'''Compound words<ref name="gabain"/> are accented on the end of the first element''', e.g., '''{{lang|tr|çíplak}}''' (naked), '''{{lang|tr|çırílçıplak}}''' (stark naked), '''{{lang|tr|bakán}}''' (minister), '''{{lang|tr|báşbakan}}''' (prime minister)
#Diminutives constructed by suffix '''–cik''' are accented on the first syllable, e.g., '''{{lang|tr|úfacık}}''' (very tiny), '''{{lang|tr|évcik}}''' (small house)
#'''Words with enclitic suffixes''', '''–le''' (meaning "with"), '''–ken''' (meaning "while"), '''–ce''' (creating an adverb), '''–leyin''' (meaning "in" or "during"), '''–me''' (negating the verbal stem), '''–yor''' (denoting the present tense)

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
! scope="col" | Enclitic suffix
! scope="col" | Turkish example
! scope="col" | Meaning in English
|-
| '''–le'''
| ''{{lang|tr|memnuniyétle}}'' || with pleasure
|-
| '''–ken'''
| ''{{lang|tr|yazárken}}'' || while writing
|-
| '''–ce'''
| ''{{lang|tr|hayváncasına}}'' || bestially
|-
| '''–leyin'''
| ''{{lang|tr|gecéleyin}}'' || by night
|-
| '''–me'''
| ''{{lang|tr|anlamádı}}'' || he/she/it did not understand
|-
| '''–yor'''
| ''{{lang|tr|gelı̇́yor}}'' || he/she/it is coming
|-
|}

* '''Enclitic words''', which shift the accentuation to the previous syllable, e.g., '''ol-''' (meaning to be), '''mi''' (denoting a question), '''gibi''' (meaning similar to), '''için''' (for), '''ki''' (that), '''de''' (too)

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
! scope="col" | Enclitic suffix
! scope="col" | Turkish example
! scope="col" | Meaning in English
|-
| '''ol-''' as a separate word
| ''{{lang|tr|arkadaşím idi}}'' || he/she was my friend
|-
| '''ol-''' as a suffix
| ''{{lang|tr|arkadaşímdı}}'' || he/she was my friend
|-
| '''mi'''
| ''{{lang|tr|anlamadí mı}}'' || did he/she not understand?
|-
| '''gibi'''
| ''{{lang|tr|sizı̇́n gibi}}'' || like you
|-
| '''için'''
| ''{{lang|tr|benı̇́m için}}'' || for me
|-
| '''ki'''
| ''{{lang|tr|diyorlár ki ólmıyacak}}'' || they are saying that it won't happen
|-
| '''de'''
| ''{{lang|tr|biz de}}'' || us too
|-
|}

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence groups ===
Turkish has two groups of sentences: verbal and nominal sentences. In the case of a verbal sentence, the predicate is a finite verb, while the predicate in nominal sentence will have either no overt verb or a verb in the form of the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] ''ol'' or ''y'' (variants of "be"). Examples of both are given below:<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|last1=Goksel|first1=Asli|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-11494-2}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Sentence type
! colspan="2" |Turkish
!English
|-
|
|Subject
|Predicate
|
|-
|Verbal
|Necla
|okula gitti
|Necla went to school
|-
|Nominal (no verb)
|Necla
|öğretmen
|Necla is a teacher
|-
|(copula)
|Necla
|ev-de-'''y'''-miş (hyphens delineate suffixes)
|Apparently Necla is/was at home
|}

==== Negation ====
The two groups of sentences have different ways of forming negation. A nominal sentence can be negated with the addition of the word ''değil''. For example, the sentence above would become ''Necla öğretmen değil'' ('Necla is not a teacher'). However, the verbal sentence requires the addition of a negative suffix ''-me'' to the verb (the suffix comes after the stem but before the tense): ''Necla okula gitmedi'' ('Necla did not go to school').<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=Turkish Grammar|last=Underhill|first=Robert|publisher=The MIT Press|year=1976|isbn=0-262-21006-1|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>

==== Yes/no questions ====
In the case of a verbal sentence, an interrogative clitic ''mi'' is added after the verb and stands alone, for example ''Necla okula gitti mi?'' ('Did Necla go to school?'). In the case of a nominal sentence, then ''mi'' comes after the predicate but before the personal ending, so for example ''Necla, siz öğretmen misiniz''? ('Necla, are you [formal, plural] a teacher?').<ref name=":03" />

===Word order===
Word order in simple Turkish sentences is generally [[subject–object–verb]], as in Korean and [[Latin]], but unlike English, for verbal sentences and subject-predicate for nominal sentences. However, as Turkish possesses a case-marking system, and most grammatical relations are shown using morphological markers, often the SOV structure has diminished relevance and may vary. The SOV structure may thus be considered a "pragmatic word order" of language, one that does not rely on word order for grammatical purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Sandra|title=Modern English from a Typological Point of View: Some Implications of the Function of Word Order|journal=Linguistische Berlichte|volume=1978|issue=54|pages=19–35|via=ProQuest}}</ref>

==== Immediately preverbal ====

Consider the following simple sentence which demonstrates that the focus in Turkish is on the element that immediately precedes the verb:<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Function of Word Order in Turkish Grammar|last=Erguvanlı|first=Eser Emine|publisher=University of California Press|year=1984|isbn=0-520-09955-9|series=Linguistics Vol. 106|location=Berkeley}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Word order
!
!Focus
|-
|SOV
|{{interlinear
|Ahmet yumurta-yı yedi
|Ahmet egg.ACC ate
|Ahmet ate the egg}}
|unmarked
|-
|SVO
|{{interlinear
|Ahmet yedi yumurta-yı
|Ahmet ate egg.ACC
|Ahmet ate the egg}}
|the focus is on the subject: Ahmet (it was Ahmet who ate the egg)
|-
|OVS
|{{interlinear
|Yumurta-yı yedi Ahmet
|egg.ACC ate Ahmet
|Ahmet ate the egg}}
|the focus is on the object: egg (it was an egg that Ahmet ate)
|}

==== Postpredicate ====

The postpredicate position signifies what is referred to as background information in Turkish- information that is assumed to be known to both the speaker and the listener, or information that is included in the context. Consider the following examples:<ref name=":14" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Sentence type
!Word order
!
!
|-
|Nominal
|S-predicate
|Bu ev güzelmiş (apparently this house is beautiful)
|unmarked
|-
|
|Predicate-s
|Güzelmiş bu ev (it is apparently beautiful, this house)
|it is understood that the sentence is about this house
|-
|Verbal
|SOV
|Bana da bir kahve getir (get me a coffee too)
|unmarked
|-
|
|
|Bana da getir bir kahve (get me one too, a coffee)
|it is understood that it is a coffee that the speaker wants
|}

==== Topic ====

There has been some debate among linguists whether Turkish is a subject-prominent (like English) or [[Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]] (like Japanese and Korean) language, with recent scholarship implying that it is indeed both subject and topic-prominent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkofoni.org/files/a_typological_approach_to_sentence_structure_in_turkish-yilmaz_kili_arslan_trakya_uni.pdf|title=A Typological Approach to Sentence Structure in Turkish|last=Kiliçasaslan|first=Yılmaz|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-date=2015-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530055431/http://www.turkofoni.org/files/a_typological_approach_to_sentence_structure_in_turkish-yilmaz_kili_arslan_trakya_uni.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This has direct implications for word order as it is possible for the subject to be included in the [[Verb phrase|verb-phrase]] in Turkish. There can be S/O inversion in sentences where the topic is of greater importance than the subject.

== Grammar ==
{{main|Turkish grammar}}

Turkish is an [[agglutinative language]] and frequently uses [[affix]]es, and specifically suffixes, or endings.<ref>This section draws heavily on Lewis (2001) and, to a lesser extent, Lewis (1953). Only the most important references are specifically flagged with footnotes.</ref> One word can have many affixes and these can also be used to create new words, such as creating a verb from a noun, or a noun from a verbal root (see the section on [[#Word formation|Word formation]]). Most affixes indicate the grammatical function of the word.<ref>see Lewis (2001) Ch XIV.</ref>
The only native prefixes are [[alliteration|alliterative]] intensifying syllables used with adjectives or adverbs: for example '''''sım'''sıcak'' ("boiling hot" < ''sıcak'') and '''''mas'''mavi'' ("bright blue" < ''mavi'').<ref>"The prefix, which is accented, is modelled on the first syllable of the simple adjective or adverb but with the substitution of '''m, p, r''', or '''s''' for the last consonant of that syllable." Lewis (2001):55. The prefix retains the first vowel of the base form and thus exhibits a form of reverse vowel harmony.</ref>

The extensive use of affixes can give rise to long words, e.g. ''Çekoslovakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınızcasına'', meaning "In the manner of you being one of those that we apparently couldn't manage to convert to Czechoslovakian". While this case is contrived, long words frequently occur in normal Turkish, as in this heading of a newspaper obituary column: ''Bayramlaşamadıklarımız'' (Bayram [festival]-Recipr-Impot-Partic-Plur-PossPl1; "Those of our number with whom we cannot exchange the season's greetings").<ref>This "splendid word" appeared at the time of ''Bayram'', the festival marking the end of the [[Ramadan|month of fasting]]. Lewis (2001):287.</ref> Another example can be seen in the final word of this heading of the online Turkish Spelling Guide (''İmlâ Kılavuzu''): ''Dilde birlik, ulusal birliğin vazgeçilemezlerindendir'' ("Unity in language is among the indispensables [dispense-Pass-Impot-Plur-PossS3-Abl-Copula] of national unity ~ Linguistic unity is a ''[[sine qua non]]'' of national unity").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dilimiz.com/dil/imlakilavuzu/TDK/imlaanasayfa.htm |title=İmlâ Kilavuzu |publisher=Dilimiz.com |access-date=2011-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006001226/http://www.dilimiz.com/dil/imlakilavuzu/TDK/imlaanasayfa.htm |archive-date=2011-10-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Nouns ===

==== Gender ====
Turkish does not have grammatical gender and the sex of persons do not affect the forms of words. The third-person pronoun ''{{lang|tr|o}}'' may refer to "he," "she" or "it." Despite this lack, Turkish still has ways of indicating gender in nouns:

# Most '''domestic animals''' have male and female forms, e.g., ''{{lang|tr|aygır}}'' (stallion), ''{{lang|tr|kısrak}}'' (mare), ''{{lang|tr|boğa}}'' (bull), ''{{lang|tr|inek}}'' (cow).
# For '''other animals''', the sex may be indicated by adding the word ''{{lang|tr|dişi}}'' (female) before the corresponding noun, e.g., ''{{lang|tr|dişi kedi}}'' (female cat).
# For '''people''', the female sex may be indicated by adding the word ''{{lang|tr|kız}}'' (girl) or ''{{lang|tr|kadın}}'' (woman), e.g., ''{{lang|tr|kadın kahraman}}'' (heroine) instead of ''{{lang|tr|kahraman}}'' (hero).
# Some foreign words of [[French language|French]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin already have separate female forms, e.g., ''{{lang|tr|aktris}}'' (actress).
# The [[Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croat]] feminine suffix –ica is used in three borrowings: ''{{lang|tr|kraliçe}}'' (queen), ''{{lang|tr|imparatoriçe}}'' (empress) and ''{{lang|tr|çariçe}}'' (tsarina). This suffix was used in the neologism ''{{lang|tr|tanrıça}}'' (< Old Turkic ''{{lang|otk|tanrı}}'' "god").

==== Case ====

There is no [[definite article]] in Turkish, but definiteness of the object is implied when the accusative ending is used (see below). Turkish nouns decline by taking case endings. There are six [[Declension|noun cases]] in Turkish, with all the endings following vowel harmony (shown in the table using the shorthand [[#Vowel harmony|superscript notation]]). Since the postposition ''ile'' often gets suffixed onto the noun, some analyze it as an [[instrumental case]], although it takes the genitive with personal pronouns, singular demonstratives, and interrogative ''kim''. The [[plural]] marker ''-ler'' ² immediately follows the noun before any case or other affixes (e.g. ''köylerin'' "of the villages").{{citation needed}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Case
!rowspan="2"|Ending
!colspan="2"|Examples
!rowspan="2"|Meaning
|-
!''köy'' "village"
!''ağaç'' "tree"
|-
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
|∅ (none)
|''köy''
|''ağaç''
|(the) village/tree
|-
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|''-i'' 4
|''köyü''
|''ağa'''c'''ı''
|the village/tree
|-
|[[Genitive case|Genitive]]
|''-in'' 4
|''köyün''
|''ağa'''c'''ın''
|the village's/tree's of the village/tree
|-
|[[Dative case|Dative]]
|''-e'' ²
|''köye''
|''ağa'''c'''a''
|to the village/tree
|-
|[[Locative case|Locative]]
|''-de'' ²
|''köyde''
|''ağaç'''t'''a''
|in/on/at the village/tree
|-
|[[Ablative case|Ablative]]
|''-den'' ²
|''köyden''
|''ağaç'''t'''an''
|from the village/tree
|-
|[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|''-le'' ²
|''köyle''
|''ağaçla''
|with the village/tree
|}

The accusative case marker is used only for definite objects; compare ''(bir) ağaç gördük'' "we saw '''a''' tree" with ''ağacı gördük'' "we saw '''the''' tree".<ref>Because it is also used for the indefinite accusative, Lewis uses the term "absolute case" in preference to "nominative". Lewis (2001):28.</ref> The plural marker ''-ler'' ² is generally not used when a class or category is meant: ''ağaç gördük'' can equally well mean "we saw trees [as we walked through the forest]"—as opposed to ''ağaçları gördük'' "we saw the trees [in question]".{{citation needed}}

The declension of ''ağaç'' illustrates two important features of Turkish phonology: consonant [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] in [[suffix]]es (''ağaç'''t'''an, ağaç'''t'''a'') and [[voice (phonetics)|voicing]] of final consonants before vowels (''ağa'''c'''ın, ağa'''c'''a, ağa'''c'''ı'').{{citation needed}}

Additionally, nouns can take suffixes that assign [[grammatical person|person]]: for example ''-imiz'' 4, "our". With the addition of the [[Turkish copula|copula]] (for example ''-im'' 4, "I am") complete sentences can be formed. The [[interrogative word|interrogative]] particle ''mi'' 4 immediately follows the word being questioned, and also follows vowel harmony: ''köye mi?'' "[going] to the village?", ''ağaç mı?'' "[is it a] tree?".{{citation needed}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''ev''
|align="right"|(the) house
|-
|''evler''
|align="right"|(the) houses
|-
|''evin''
|align="right"|your (sing.) house
|-
|''eviniz''
|align="right"|your (pl./formal) house
|-
|''evim''
|align="right"|my house
|-
|''evimde''
|align="right"|at my house
|-
|''evlerinizin''
|align="right"|of your houses
|-
|''evlerinizden''
|align="right"|from your houses
|-
|''evlerinizdendi''
|align="right"|(he/she/it) was from your houses
|-
|''evlerinizdenmiş''
|align="right"|(he/she/it) was (apparently/said to be) from your houses
|-
|''Evinizdeyim.''
|align="right"|I am at your house.
|-
|''Evinizdeymişim.''
|align="right"|I was (apparently) at your house.
|-
|''Evinizde miyim?''
|align="right"|Am I at your house?
|}

=== Personal pronouns ===

The Turkish [[personal pronoun]]s in the nominative case are ''ben'' (1s), ''sen'' (2s), ''o'' (3s), ''biz'' (1pl), ''siz'' (2pl, or 2h), and ''onlar'' (3pl). They are declined regularly with some exceptions: ''benim'' (1s gen.); ''bizim'' (1pl gen.); ''bana'' (1s dat.); ''sana'' (2s dat.); and the oblique forms of ''o'' use the root ''on''. As mentioned before, all demonstrative singular and personal pronouns take the genitive when ''ile'' is affixed onto it: ''benimle'' (1s ins.), ''bizimle'' (1pl ins.); but ''on'''un'''la'' (3s ins.), ''onlarla'' (3pl ins.). All other pronouns (reflexive ''kendi'' and so on) are declined regularly.{{citation needed}}

==== Noun phrases (''tamlama'') ====

Two nouns, or groups of nouns, may be joined in either of two ways:

* definite (possessive) compound (''belirtili tamlama''). E.g. ''Türkiye'nin sesi'' "the voice of Turkey (radio station)": the voice belonging to Turkey. Here the relationship is shown by the genitive ending ''-in''4 added to the first noun; the second noun has the third-person suffix of possession {{lang|tr|-(s)i}}4.
* indefinite (qualifying) compound (''belirtisiz tamlama''). E.g. ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'' "Turkey-Republic<ref>Lewis points out that "an indefinite izafet group can be turned into intelligible (though not necessarily normal) English by the use of a hyphen". Lewis (2001): 42.</ref> = the Republic of Turkey": not the republic belonging to Turkey, but the Republic that is Turkey. Here the first noun has no ending; but the second noun has the ending {{lang|tr|(s)i}}4—the same as in definite compounds.{{citation needed}}

The following table illustrates these principles.<ref>The examples are taken from Lewis (2001): 41–47.</ref> In some cases the constituents of the compounds are themselves compounds; for clarity these subsidiary compounds are marked with [square brackets]. The suffixes involved in the linking are underlined. If the second noun group already had a possessive suffix (because it is a compound by itself), no further suffix is added.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em;"
|+ Linked nouns and noun groups
|-
! Definite (possessive) || Indefinite (qualifier) || Complement || Meaning
|-
| ''kimsenin'' || || ''yanıtı'' || nobody's answer
|-
| || ''"kimse"'' || ''yanıtı'' || the answer "nobody"
|-
| ''Atatürk'ün'' || || ''evi'' || Atatürk's house
|-
| || ''Atatürk'' || ''Bulvarı'' || [[Atatürk Boulevard]] (named after, not belonging to Atatürk)
|-
| ''Orhan'ın'' || || ''adı'' || Orhan's name
|-
| || ''"Orhan"'' || ''adı'' || the name "Orhan"
|-
| || ''r'' || ''sessizi'' || the consonant ''r''
|-
| [''r sessizi'']''nin'' || || ''söylenişi'' || pronunciation of the consonant ''r''
|-
| || ''Türk'' || [''Dil Kurumu''] || Turkish language-association
|-
| || [''Türk Dili''] || ''Dergisi'' || Turkish-language magazine
|-
| || ''Ford'' || [''aile arabası''] || Ford family car
|-
| ''Ford'un'' || || [''aile arabası''] || (Mr) Ford's family car
|-
| [''Ford ailesi'']''nin'' || || ''arabası'' || the Ford family's car<ref>For other possible permutations of this vehicle, see Lewis (2001):46.</ref>
|-
| || ''Ankara'' || [''Kız Lisesi'']<ref>"It is most important to note that the third-person suffix is not repeated though theoretically one might have expected ''Ankara [Kız Lisesi]si''." Lewis (2001): 45 footnote.</ref> || Ankara Girls' School
|-
| || [''yıl sonu''] || ''sınavları'' || year-end examinations
|-
| ''Bulgaristan'ın'' || || [''İstanbul Başkonsolosluğu''] || the Istanbul Consulate-General of Bulgaria (located in Istanbul, but belonging to Bulgaria)
|-
| || [ [''İstanbul Üniversitesi''] [''Edebiyat Fakültesi''] ] || [ [''Türk Edebiyatı''] ''Profesörü''] || Professor of Turkish Literature in the Faculty of Literature of the University of Istanbul
|-
| || ''ne oldum'' || ''delisi'' || "what-have-I-become!"<ref>Note the similarity with the French phrase ''un m'as-tu-vu'' "a have-you-seen-me?", i.e., a vain and pretentious person.</ref> madman = [[parvenu]] who gives himself airs
|}

As the last example shows, the qualifying expression may be a substantival sentence rather than a noun or noun group.<ref>The term ''substantival sentence'' is Lewis's. Lewis(2001:257).</ref>

There is a third way of linking the nouns where both nouns take no suffixes (''takısız tamlama''). However, in this case the first noun acts as an adjective,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demir |first=Celal |title=Türkiye Türkçesi Gramerlerinde İsim Tamlaması Sorunu ve Bir Tasnif Denemesi |trans-title=The Problem of Adjective in Turkish: An Attempt of Classification |url=http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20DILI/celal_demir_gramer_isim_tamlamasi_sorunu.pdf |journal=Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi [Journal of Turkish World Studies] |language=tr |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=27–54 |access-date=2013-03-29 |archive-date=2013-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230603/http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20DILI/celal_demir_gramer_isim_tamlamasi_sorunu.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> e.g. ''Demir kapı'' (iron gate), ''elma yanak'' ("apple cheek", i.e. red cheek), ''kömür göz'' ("coal eye", i.e. black eye) :

=== Adjectives ===
Turkish adjectives are not [[declension|declined]]. However most adjectives can also be used as nouns, in which case they are declined: e.g. ''güzel'' ("beautiful") → ''güzeller'' ("(the) beautiful ones / people"). Used attributively, adjectives precede the nouns they modify. The adjectives ''var'' ("existent") and ''yok'' ("[[non-existent]]") are used in many cases where English would use "there is" or "have", ''e.g.'' ''süt yok'' ("there is no milk", ''lit.'' "(the) milk (is) non-existent"); the construction "''noun 1''-GEN ''noun 2''-POSS var/yok" can be translated "''noun 1'' has/doesn't have ''noun 2''"; ''imparatorun elbisesi yok'' "the emperor has no clothes" ("(the) emperor-''of'' clothes-''his'' non-existent"); {{lang|tr|kedimin ayakkabıları yoktu}} ("my cat had no shoes", ''lit.'' "cat-''my''-''of'' shoe-''plur.''-''its'' non-existent-''past tense''").{{citation needed}}

=== Verbs ===
{{see also|Turkish copula}}
Turkish verbs indicate [[Grammatical person|person]]. They can be made negative, potential ("can"), or non-potential ("cannot"). Furthermore, Turkish verbs show [[Grammatical tense|tense]] ([[Present tense|present]], [[Past tense|past]], [[Future tense|future]], and [[aorist]]), [[Grammatical mood|mood]] ([[Conditional mood|conditional]], [[Imperative mood|imperative]], [[Inferential mood|inferential]], [[Necessitative mood|necessitative]], and [[Optative mood|optative]]), and [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. Negation is expressed by the [[suffix]] ''-me²-'' immediately following the stem.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''gel-''
|align="right"|(to) come
|-
|''gelebil-''
|align="right"|(to) be able to come
|-
|''gelme-''
|align="right"|not (to) come
|-
|''geleme-''
|align="right"|(to) be unable to come
|-
|''gelememiş''
|align="right"|Apparently (s)he couldn't come
|-
|''gelebilecek''
|align="right"|(s)he'll be able to come
|-
|''gelmeyebilir''
|align="right"|(s)he may (possibly) not come
|-
|''gelebilirsen''
|align="right"|if you can come
|-
|''gelinir''
|align="right"|(''passive'') one comes, people come
|-
|''gelebilmeliydin''
|align="right"| you should have been able to come
|-
|''gelebilseydin''
|align="right"| if you could have come
|-
|''gelmeliydin''
|align="right"| you should have come
|}

=== Verb tenses ===
(''Note''. For the sake of simplicity the term "tense" is used here throughout, although for some forms "aspect" or "mood" might be more appropriate.) There are 9 simple and 20 compound tenses in Turkish. 9 simple tenses are simple past (''di'li geçmiş''), inferential past (''miş'li geçmiş''), present continuous, simple present ([[Aorist#Turkish|aorist]]), future, optative, subjunctive, necessitative ("must") and imperative.<ref>[http://tr.scribd.com/doc/115291192/TURKISH-GRAMMAR-UPDATED-ACADEMIC-EDITION-YUKSEL-GOKNEL-OCTOBER-2012-signed-pdf Yüksel Göknel:Turkish Grammar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044640/http://tr.scribd.com/doc/115291192/TURKISH-GRAMMAR-UPDATED-ACADEMIC-EDITION-YUKSEL-GOKNEL-OCTOBER-2012-signed-pdf }}{{full citation needed}}</ref> There are three groups of compound forms. Story (''hikaye'') is the witnessed past of the above forms (except command), rumor (''rivayet'') is the unwitnessed past of the above forms (except simple past and command), conditional (''koşul'') is the conditional form of the first five basic tenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turkishstudies.net/Makaleler/1934555583_85Kad%c4%b1u%20Spartak_S-1593-1603.pdf |title=Turkish Studies Vol 7/3 |language=tr |access-date=2013-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313043006/http://www.turkishstudies.net/Makaleler/1934555583_85Kad%c4%b1u%20Spartak_S-1593-1603.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the example below the second person singular of the verb ''gitmek'' ("go"), stem ''gid-/git-'', is shown.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!English of the basic form
!Basic tense
!Story (''hikâye'')
!Rumor (''rivayet'')
!Condition (''koşul'')
|-
|you went || ''gittin'' || ''gittiydin'' || – || ''gittiysen''
|-
|you have gone || ''gitmişsin'' || ''gitmiştin'' || ''gitmişmişsin'' || ''gitmişsen''
|-
|you are going || ''gidiyorsun'' || ''gidiyordun'' || ''gidiyormuşsun'' || ''gidiyorsan''
|-
|you (are wont to) go || ''gidersin'' || ''giderdin'' || ''gidermişsin'' || ''gidersen''
|-
|you will go || ''gideceksin'' || ''gidecektin'' || ''gidecekmişsin'' || ''gideceksen''
|-
|if only you go || ''gitsen'' || ''gitseydin'' || ''gitseymişsin'' || –
|-
|may you go || ''gidesin'' || ''gideydin'' || ''gideymişsin'' || –
|-
|you must go || ''gitmelisin'' || ''gitmeliydin'' || ''gitmeliymişsin'' || –
|-
|go! (imperative) || ''git'' || – || – || –
|}

There are also so-called combined verbs, which are created by suffixing certain verb stems (like ''bil'' or ''ver'') to the original stem of a verb. ''Bil'' is the suffix for the sufficiency mood. It is the equivalent of the English auxiliary verbs "able to", "can" or "may". ''Ver'' is the suffix for the swiftness mood, ''kal'' for the perpetuity mood and ''yaz'' for the approach ("almost") mood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dersimizedebiyat.com/icerik_detay.asp?icr=63&bs=S%F6zc%FCk%20(%20Kelime%20)%20T%FCrleri%20-%20Fiiller%20(%20Eylemler%20) |title=Dersimiz Edebiyat Online course |language=tr |publisher=Dersimizedebiyat.com |access-date=2013-03-29 |archive-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518100639/http://www.dersimizedebiyat.com/icerik_detay.asp?icr=63&bs=S%F6zc%FCk%20(%20Kelime%20)%20T%FCrleri%20-%20Fiiller%20(%20Eylemler%20) |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus, while ''gittin'' means "you went", ''gidebildin'' means "you could go" and ''gidiverdin'' means "you went swiftly". The tenses of the combined verbs are formed the same way as for simple verbs.

==== Attributive verbs (participles) ====

Turkish verbs have [[Attributive verb|attributive forms]], including present,<ref>The conventional translation of the film title ''[[Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam]]'', ''The Man Who Saved the World'', uses the past tense. Semantically, his saving the world takes place though in the (narrative) present.</ref> similar to the English [[present participle]] (with the ending {{italics correction|''-en''}}2); future ({{italics correction|''-ecek''}}2); indirect/inferential past ({{italics correction|''-miş''}}4); and [[Aorist#Turkish|aorist]] ({{italics correction|''-er''}}2 or {{italics correction|''-ir''}}4).

The most important function of some of these attributive verbs is to form modifying phrases equivalent to the [[relative clause]]s found in most European languages. The subject of the verb in an {{italics correction|''-en''}}2 form is (possibly implicitly) in the third person (he/she/it/they); this form, when used in a modifying phrase, does not change according to number. The other attributive forms used in these constructions are the future ({{italics correction|''-ecek''}}2) and an older form ({{italics correction|''-dik''}}4), which covers both present and past meanings.<ref>See Lewis (2001):163–165, 260–262 for an exhaustive treatment.</ref> These two forms take "personal endings", which have the same form as the [[Possessive affix#Turkish|possessive suffix]]es but indicate the person and possibly number of the subject of the attributive verb; for example, ''yediğ'''im''''' means "what '''I''' eat", ''yediğ'''in''''' means "what '''you''' eat", and so on. The use of these "personal or relative participles" is illustrated in the following table, in which the examples are presented according to the grammatical case which would be seen in the equivalent English relative clause.<ref>For the terms ''personal'' and ''relative'' participle see Lewis (1958):98 and Lewis (2001):163 respectively. Most of the examples are taken from Lewis (2001).</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|English equivalent
!rowspan="2"|Example
|-
!Case of relative pronoun
!Pronoun
|-
|Nominative
|who, which/that
|{{interlinear|şimdi konuşan adam|now speaking man|the man (who is) now speaking}}
|-
|Genitive
|whose (nom.)
|{{interlinear|babası şimdi konuşan adam|father-is now speaking man|the man whose father is now speaking}}
|-
|
|whose (acc.)
|{{interlinear|babasını dün gördüğüm adam|father-is-ACC yesterday seen-my man|the man whose father I saw yesterday}}
|-
|
|at whose
|{{interlinear|resimlerine baktığımız ressam|pictures-is-to looked-our artist|the artist whose pictures we looked at}}
|-
|
|of which
|{{interlinear|muhtarı seçildiği köy|mayor-its been-chosen-his village|the village of which he was elected mayor}}
|-
|
|of which
|{{interlinear|muhtarı seçilmek istediği köy|the village of which he wishes to be elected mayor}}
|-
|Remaining cases (incl. prepositions)
|whom, which
|{{interlinear|yazdığım mektup|written-my letter|the letter (which) I wrote}}
|-
|
|from which
|{{interlinear|çıktığımız kapı|emerged-our door|the door from which we emerged}}
|-
|
|on which
|{{interlinear|geldikleri vapur|come-their ship|the ship they came on}}
|-
|
|which + subordinate clause
|{{interlinear|yaklaştığını anladığı hapishane günleri|approach-their-ACC understood-his prison days-its|the prison days (which) he knew were approaching<ref>This more complex example from [[Orhan Pamuk]]'s ''Kar'' (''[[Snow (Pamuk novel)|Snow]]'') contains a nested structure: <nowiki>[</nowiki>''which he knew'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>''were approaching''<nowiki>]]</nowiki>. [[Maureen Freely]]'s more succinct and idiomatic translation is ''the days in prison he knew lay ahead''. Pamuk uses the spelling ''hapisane''.</ref><ref>From the perspective of Turkish grammar ''yaklaştığını anladığı'' is exactly parallel to ''babasını gördüğüm'' ("whose father I saw"), and could therefore be paraphrased as "whose approaching he understood".</ref>}}
|}

== Vocabulary ==
{{main|Turkish vocabulary}}Latest 2011 edition of ''Güncel Türkçe Sözlük'' (''Current Turkish Dictionary''), the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by Turkish Language Association, contains 117,000 vocabularies and 93,000 articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/2011-turkce-sozluk-yenileniyor-40100532 |title=2011 Türkçe Sözlük yenileniyor |language=tr |publisher=Hürriyet |access-date=2016-05-07 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206031035/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/2011-turkce-sozluk-yenileniyor-40100532 |archive-date=2022-12-06 }}</ref>

=== Word formation ===
Turkish extensively uses [[agglutination]] to [[Word formation|form new words]] from nouns and verbal stems. The majority of Turkish words originate from the application of derivative suffixes to a relatively small set of core vocabulary.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|last1=Goksel|first1=Asli|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-11494-2|pages=43–48}}</ref>

Turkish obeys certain principles when it comes to suffixation. Most suffixes in Turkish will have more than one form, depending on the vowels and consonants in the root- vowel harmony rules will apply; consonant-initial suffixes will follow the voiced/ voiceless character of the consonant in the final unit of the root; and in the case of vowel-initial suffixes an additional consonant may be inserted if the root ends in a vowel, or the suffix may lose its initial vowel. There is also a prescribed order of affixation of suffixes- as a rule of thumb, derivative suffixes precede inflectional suffixes which are followed by [[clitic]]s, as can be seen in the example set of words derived from a substantive root below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Components
!English
!Word class
|-
|''göz''
|''göz''
|eye
|Noun
|-
|''gözlük''
|''göz + -lük''
|eyeglasses
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçü''
|''göz + -lük + -çü''
|optician
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçülük''
|''göz + -lük + -çü + -lük''
|optician's trade
|Noun
|-
|''gözlem''
|''göz + -lem''
|observation
|Noun
|-
|''gözlemci''
|''göz + -lem + -ci''
|observer
|Noun
|-
|''gözle-''
|''göz + -le''
|observe
|Verb (order)
|-
|''gözlemek''
|''göz + -le + -mek''
|to observe
|Verb (infinitive)
|-
|''gözetlemek''
|''göz + -et + -le + -mek''
|to peep
|Verb (infinitive)
|}

Another example, starting from a verbal root:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Components
!English
!Word class
|-
|''yat-''
|''yat-''
|lie down
|Verb (order)
|-
|''yatmak''
|''yat-mak''
|to lie down
|Verb (infinitive)
|-
|''yatık''
|''yat- + -(ı)k''
|leaning
|Adjective
|-
|''yatak''
|''yat- + -ak''
|bed, place to sleep
|Noun
|-
|''yatay''
|''yat- + -ay''
|horizontal
|Adjective
|-
|''yatkın''
|''yat- + -gın''
|inclined to; stale (from lying too long)
|Adjective
|-
|''yatır-''
|''yat- + -(ı)r-''
|lay down
|Verb (order)
|-
|''yatırmak''
|''yat- + -(ı)r-mak''
|to lay down something/someone
|Verb (infinitive)
|-
|''yatırım''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m''
|laying down; deposit, investment
|Noun
|-
|''yatırımcı''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m + -cı''
|depositor, investor
|Noun
|}

New words are also frequently formed by [[Compound (linguistics)|compounding]] two existing words into a new one, as in German. Compounds can be of two types- bare and {{lang|tr|(s)I}}. The bare compounds, both nouns and adjectives are effectively two words juxtaposed without the addition of suffixes for example the word for girlfriend {{lang|tr|kızarkadaş}} ({{lang|tr|kız+arkadaş}}) or black pepper {{lang|tr|karabiber}} ({{lang|tr|kara+biber}}). A few examples of compound words are given below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
!Constituent words
!Literal meaning
|-
|''pazartesi''
|Monday
|''pazar'' ("Sunday") and ''ertesi'' ("after")
|after Sunday
|-
|''bilgisayar''
|computer
|''bilgi'' ("information") and ''say-'' ("to count")
|information counter
|-
|''gökdelen''
|skyscraper
|''gök'' ("sky") and ''del-'' ("to pierce")
|sky piercer
|-
|''başparmak''
|thumb
|''baş'' ("prime") and ''parmak'' ("finger")
|primary finger
|-
|''önyargı''
|prejudice
|''ön'' ("before") and ''yargı'' ("splitting; judgement")
|fore-judging
|}
However, the majority of compound words in Turkish are {{lang|tr|(s)I}} compounds, which means that the second word will be marked by the 3rd person possessive suffix. A few such examples are given in the table below (note [[vowel harmony]]):
{| class="wikitable"
!Turkish
!English
!Constituent words
!Possessive Suffix
|-
|''el çantası''
|handbag
|''el'' (hand) and ''çanta'' (bag)
|'''''+sı'''''
|-
|''masa örtüsü''
|tablecloth
|''masa'' (table) and ''örtü'' (cover)
|'''''+sü'''''
|-
|''çay bardağı''
|tea glass
|''çay'' (tea) and ''bardak'' (glass)
|'''''+ı''''' (the k changes to ğ)
|}

== Writing system ==
{{main|Turkish alphabet|Turkish Braille}}
[[File:Ataturk-September 20, 1928.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] introducing the new Turkish alphabet to the people of [[Kayseri]]. September 20, 1928. (Cover of the French ''L'Illustration'' magazine)]]

Turkish is written using a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] introduced in 1928 by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] to replace the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]], a version of [[Perso-Arabic]] alphabet. The Ottoman alphabet marked only three different vowels—long ''ā, ū'' and ''ī''—and included several redundant consonants, such as variants of ''z'' (which were distinguished in Arabic but not in Turkish). The omission of short vowels in the Arabic script was claimed to make it particularly unsuitable for Turkish, which has [[#Vowel harmony|eight vowels]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}</ref>

The reform of the script was an important step in the [[Atatürk's Reforms|cultural reforms]] of the period. The task of preparing the new alphabet and selecting the necessary modifications for sounds specific to Turkish was entrusted to a [[Turkish alphabet#Modern Turkish alphabet|Language Commission]] composed of prominent linguists, academics, and writers. The introduction of the new Turkish alphabet was supported by public education centers opened throughout the country, cooperation with publishing companies, and encouragement by Atatürk himself, who toured the country teaching the new letters to the public.<ref name="Dilacar">{{cite journal|last=Dilaçar|first=Agop|author-link=Agop Dilaçar|title=Atatürk ve Yazım|journal=Türk Dili|issn=1301-465X|volume=35|issue=307|url=http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05|access-date=2007-03-19|year=1977|language=tr|archive-date=2007-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214015221/http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, there was a dramatic increase in literacy from its original, pre-modern levels.<ref>{{harvnb|Coulmas|1989|pp=243–244}}</ref>{{qn|reason=Source may lack any mention literacy rates.}}

The Latin alphabet was applied to the Turkish language for educational purposes even before the 20th-century reform. Instances include a 1635 Latin-Albanian dictionary by [[Frang Bardhi]], who also incorporated several sayings in the Turkish language, as an appendix to his work (e.g. ''alma agatsdan irak duschamas''<ref>In modern Turkish spelling: {{lang|tr|elma ağaçtan ırak düşmez}}.</ref>—"An apple does not fall far from its tree").

Turkish now has an alphabet suited to the sounds of the language: the spelling is largely [[Phonemic spelling|phonemic]], with one letter corresponding to each [[phoneme]].<ref name="KerslakeGoksel2014">{{cite book|author1=Celia Kerslake|author2=Asli Goksel|title=Turkish: An Essential Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-04218-0|page=12|access-date=11 June 2018|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123307/https://books.google.com/books?id=-DbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the letters are used approximately as in English, the main exceptions being {{angbr|c}}, which denotes {{IPA|[dʒ]}} ({{angbr|j}} being used for the {{IPA|[ʒ]}} found in Persian and European loans); and the undotted {{angbr|ı}}, representing {{IPA|[ɯ]}}. As in German, {{angbr|ö}} and {{angbr|ü}} represent {{IPA|[ø]}} and {{IPA|[y]}}. The letter {{angbr|ğ}}, in principle, denotes {{IPA|[ɣ]}} but has the property of lengthening the preceding vowel and assimilating any subsequent vowel. The letters {{angbr|ş}} and {{angbr|ç}} represent {{IPA|[ʃ]}} and {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, respectively. A [[circumflex]] is written over [[back vowel]]s following {{angbr|k}} and {{angbr|g}} when these consonants represent {{IPA|[c]}} and {{IPA|[ɟ]}}—almost exclusively in Arabic and Persian [[loanword|loans]].<ref>Lewis (2001):3–7. In these cases the circumflex conveys information about the preceding consonant rather than the vowel over which it is written.</ref>

The Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters (q, w, x omitted and ç, ş, ğ, ı, ö, ü added); the complete list is:
:''a, b, c, ç, d, e, f, g, ğ, h, ı, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, ö, p, r, s, ş, t, u, ü, v, y'', and ''z'' (Capital of ''i'' is ''İ'' and lowercase ''I'' is ''ı''.)

The specifically Turkish letters and spellings described above are illustrated in this table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Turkish spelling
!Pronunciation
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|tr|[[Cağaloğlu]]}}
|{{IPA|ˈdʒaːɫoːɫu}}
|[İstanbul district]
|-
|{{lang|tr|çalıştığı}}
|{{IPA|tʃaɫɯʃtɯː}}
|where/that (s)he works/worked
|-
|{{lang|tr|müjde}}
|{{IPA|myʒˈde}}
|good news
|-
|{{lang|tr|lazım}}
|{{IPA|laːˈzɯm}}
|necessary
|-
|{{lang|tr|mahkûm}}
|{{IPA|mahˈcum}}
|condemned
|}

== Sample ==
''Dostlar Beni Hatırlasın'' by [[Âşık Veysel Şatıroğlu]] (1894–1973), a [[minstrel]] and highly regarded poet in the [[Turkish folk literature]] tradition.

{| border="0" style="width:100%; font-size:115%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:25%;"|Orthography
! style="width:35%;"|[[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! style="width:40%;"|Translation
|-
|{{lang|tr|Ben giderim adım kalır}}
|{{IPA|bæn ɟid̪e̞ɾim äd̪ɯm käɫɯɾ}}
|I depart, my name remains
|-
|{{lang|tr|Dostlar beni hatırlasın}}
|{{IPA|d̪o̞st̪ɫäɾ be̞ni hätɯɾɫäsɯn}}
|May friends remember me
|-
|{{lang|tr|Düğün olur bayram gelir}}
|{{IPA|d̪yjyn o̞ɫuɾ bäjɾäm ɟe̞liɾ}}
|There are weddings, there are feasts
|-
|{{lang|tr|Dostlar beni hatırlasın}}
|{{IPA|d̪o̞st̪ɫäɾ be̞ni hätɯɾɫäsɯn}}
|May friends remember me
|-
| 
|-
|{{lang|tr|Can kafeste durmaz uçar}}
|{{IPA|d͡ʒäŋ käfe̞st̪e̞ d̪uɾmäz ut͡ʃäɾ}}
|The soul won't stay caged, it flies away
|-
|{{lang|tr|Dünya bir han konan göçer}}
|{{IPA|d̪ynjä biɾ häŋ ko̞nän ɟø̞t͡ʃæɾ}}
|The world is an inn, residents depart
|-
|{{lang|tr|Ay dolanır yıllar geçer}}
|{{IPA|äj d̪o̞ɫänɯɾ jɯɫːäɾ ɟe̞t͡ʃæɾ}}
|The moon wanders, years pass by
|-
|{{lang|tr|Dostlar beni hatırlasın}}
|{{IPA|d̪o̞st̪ɫäɾ be̞ni hätɯɾɫäsɯn}}
|May friends remember me
|-
| 
|-
|{{lang|tr|Can bedenden ayrılacak}}
|{{IPA|d͡ʒän be̞d̪ænd̪æn äjɾɯɫäd͡ʒäk}}
|The soul will leave the body
|-
|{{lang|tr|Tütmez baca yanmaz ocak}}
|{{IPA|t̪yt̪mæz bäd͡ʒä jänmäz o̞d͡ʒäk}}
|The chimney won't smoke, furnace won't burn
|-
|{{lang|tr|Selam olsun kucak kucak}}
|{{IPA|se̞läːm o̞ɫsuŋ kud͡ʒäk kud͡ʒäk}}
|Goodbye goodbye to you all
|-
|{{lang|tr|Dostlar beni hatırlasın}}
|{{IPA|d̪o̞st̪ɫäɾ be̞ni hätɯɾɫäsɯn}}
|May friends remember me
|-
| 
|-
|{{lang|tr|Açar solar türlü çiçek}}
|{{IPA|ät͡ʃäɾ so̞läɾ t̪yɾly t͡ʃit͡ʃe̞c}}
|Various flowers bloom and fade
|-
|{{lang|tr|Kimler gülmüş kim gülecek}}
|{{IPA|cimlæɾ ɟylmyʃ cim ɟyle̞d͡ʒe̞c}}
|Someone laughed, someone will laugh
|-
|{{lang|tr|Murat yalan ölüm gerçek}}
|{{IPA|muɾät jäɫän ø̞lym ɟæɾt͡ʃe̞c}}
|Wishes are lies, death is real
|-
|{{lang|tr|Dostlar beni hatırlasın}}
|{{IPA|d̪o̞st̪ɫäɾ be̞ni hätɯɾɫäsɯn}}
|May friends remember me
|-
| 
|-
|{{lang|tr|Gün ikindi akşam olur}}
|{{IPA|ɟyn icindi äkʃäm o̞ɫuɾ}}
|Morning and afternoon turn to night
|-
|{{lang|tr|Gör ki başa neler gelir}}
|{{IPA|ɟø̞ɾ ci bäʃä ne̞læɾ ɟe̞liɾ}}
|And many things happen to a person anyway
|-
|{{lang|tr|Veysel gider adı kalır}}
|{{IPA|ʋe̞jsæl ɟidæɾ äd̪ɯ käɫɯɾ}}
|Veysel departs, his name remains
|-
|{{lang|tr|Dostlar beni hatırlasın}}
|{{IPA|d̪o̞st̪ɫäɾ be̞ni hätɯɾɫäsɯn}}
|May friends remember me
|}

== Turkish computer keyboard ==
[[File:Turkish Q computer keyboard.jpg|thumb|right|A Turkish computer keyboard with Q (QWERTY) layout.]]
Turkish language uses two standardised [[keyboard layout]]s, known as Turkish Q (QWERTY) and Turkish F, with Turkish Q being the most common.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Turkey}}
* [[Sun Language Theory]]
* [[Turkish name]]
* [[Turkish Sign Language]]
* [[List of English words of Turkic origin]]
* [[List of Turkish exonyms]]
* [[Öztürkçe]]
* [[Languages used on the Internet]]
* [[Turkish bird language]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=





*<ref name=cyprus-eu>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/world/what-in-the-world/eu-official-languages.html|title=As the E.U.'s Language Roster Swells, So Does the Burden|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028230241/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/world/what-in-the-world/eu-official-languages.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*<ref name=erdal>{{cite book|last=Erdal|first=Marcel|title=A Grammar Of Old Turkic}}</ref>
*<ref name=greece>{{cite web |url=https://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/musminen.htm |title=The Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701074825/http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/musminen.htm |archive-date=2017-07-01 }}</ref>
*<ref name=iraq>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Iraq | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/Arabs#toc22939 | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica | year=2016 | access-date=2017-03-25 | archive-date=2017-10-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031063539/https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/Arabs#toc22939 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name=kosovo>{{cite encyclopedia| title=Kosovo| url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kosovo#toc296713| encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica| year=2016| access-date=2017-03-25| archive-date=2015-06-19| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619045343/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kosovo#toc296713| url-status=live}}</ref>
*<ref name=runiform>{{cite web|url=http://www.runiform.lingfil.uu.se/|title=A Database of Turkic Runiform Inscriptions|access-date=2017-03-26|archive-date=2017-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231149/http://www.runiform.lingfil.uu.se/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*<ref name=sabah-kosovo>{{cite web| url=https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2015/07/09/kosovo-starts-using-turkish-as-fifth-official-language-in-documents| title=Kosovo starts using Turkish as fifth official language in documents| website=[[Daily Sabah]]| date=9 July 2015| access-date=25 March 2017| archive-date=26 March 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052026/https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2015/07/09/kosovo-starts-using-turkish-as-fifth-official-language-in-documents| url-status=live}}</ref>
*<ref name=turkic>{{cite book |last=Boeschoten |first=Henrik | title=Turkic Languages in Contact }}</ref>
}}

===Sources===
* {{cite journal|last=Akalın|first=Şükrü Haluk|author-link=Şükrü Haluk Akalın|title=Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)|journal=Türk_Dili|volume=85|issue=613|issn= 1301-465X |url= http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|access-date=2007-03-18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070627231538/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf| archive-date = June 27, 2007|language=tr}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bazin|first=Louis|title=Turcs et Sogdiens: Les Enseignements de L'Inscription de Bugut (Mongolie), Mélanges Linguistiques Offerts à Émile Benveniste|journal=Collection Linguistique, Publiée Par la Société de Linguistique de Paris|issue=LXX|year=1975|pages=37–45|language=fr}}
* {{Cite conference |last=Brendemoen |first=B. |title=Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon |year=1996 |conference=Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February 1996}}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Expo 70 Edition Vol 12|publisher=William Benton |year=1970}}
* {{cite book|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|title=Writing Systems of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/writingsystemsof0000coul|url-access=registration|publisher=Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford|year=1989|isbn=0-631-18028-1}}
* {{cite journal|last=Dilaçar|first=Agop|author-link=Agop Dilaçar|title=Atatürk ve Yazım|journal=Türk Dili|volume=35|issue=307|url=http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05|access-date=2007-03-19|year=1977|issn=1301-465X|language=tr}}
* {{cite book|last=Ergin|first=Muharrem|title=Orhun Abideleri|publisher=Boğaziçi Yayınları|year=1980|isbn=0-19-517726-6|language=tr}}
* {{cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|title=The Turks in World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-517726-6}}
* {{cite book |title=The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 |last=Glenny |first=Misha |author-link=Misha Glenny |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Johanson |first1=Lars |title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map |publisher=Svenska forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-86884-10-9 |url=http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf |access-date=2007-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070509/http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ishjatms|first=N.|chapter=Nomads In Eastern Central Asia|title=History of civilizations of Central Asia|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|volume=2|isbn=92-3-102846-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar)|title=Teach Yourself Turkish|url=https://archive.org/details/teachyourselftur00lewirich|url-access=registration|publisher=English Universities Press|year=1953| isbn=978-0-340-49231-4 }} (2nd edition 1989)
* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=Turkish Grammar|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-870036-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-925669-1}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Özsoy |editor1-first=A. Sumru |editor2=Taylan, Eser E. |title=Türkçe'nin ağızları çalıştayı bildirileri |trans-title=Workshop on the dialects of Turkish |publisher=[[Boğaziçi University]] Yayınevi|year=2000|isbn=975-518-140-7|language=tr|editor1-link=A. Sumru Özsoy}}
* {{cite book |last=Soucek|first=Svat|title=A History of Inner Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65169-1}}
* {{cite web |author=Vaux, Bert |title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |url=http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf |access-date=2007-04-24 |year=2001 |author-link=Bert Vaux |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315154048/http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf |archive-date=March 15, 2007 }}
*{{Cite book
|last1=Zimmer
|first1=Karl
|last2=Orgun
|first2=Orhan
|year=1999
|chapter=Turkish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|pages=154–158
|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
|access-date=2015-04-12
|archive-date=2018-07-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}
'''On-line sources'''
* {{cite web|author=Center for Studies on Turkey, [[University of Essen]]|publisher=Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association|url=http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf|title=The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data|access-date=2007-01-06|year=2003| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051204091302/http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf| archive-date = December 4, 2005}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/|title=CIA Factbook:Iraq|year=2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|title=Güncel Türkçe Sözlük|access-date=2007-03-21|year=2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312162345/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F |archive-date=2007-03-12|language=tr}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.nisanyansozluk.com|title=Turkish Etymological Dictionary online|access-date=2007-09-11|year=2006|publisher=Sevan Nişanyan|language=tr}}
* {{cite web|publisher=[[UCLA]] International Institute, Center for World Languages|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|access-date=2007-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011180149/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|archive-date=2007-10-11|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |publisher=[[European Commission]] Directorate of General Press and Communication |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3: Europeans and their Languages |access-date=2007-03-28 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|title=Turkish Language Association: Sesler ve ses uyumları "Sounds and Vovel karmony"|access-date=2013-01-13|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728093237/http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|archive-date=2012-07-28|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|author=Göknel, Yüksel|url=http://tr.scribd.com/doc/115291192/TURKISH-GRAMMAR-UPDATED-ACADEMIC-EDITION-YUKSEL-GOKNEL-OCTOBER-2012-signed-pdf|title=Turkish Grammar Updated Academic edition|access-date=2013-01-16|year=2012}}
* {{cite web|author=Turkish Language Association|author-link=Turkish Language Association|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|title=Türk Dil Kurumu – Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)|access-date=2007-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316024438/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD |archive-date=2007-03-16|language=tr}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C |title=Türkçe Sözlük (2005)'teki Sözlerin Kökenlerine Ait Sayısal Döküm (Numerical list on the origin of words in ''Türkçe Sözlük (2005)'') |access-date=2007-03-21 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]] |language=tr |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301064559/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C |archive-date=March 1, 2007 }}
* {{cite web|publisher=Turkish Studies: International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 7/3|url=http://www.turkishstudies.net/Makaleler/1934555583_85Kad%c4%b1u%20Spartak_S-1593-1603.pdf|title=Spartak KADIU : Türkçede zaman ve kip kavramı ve i-ek eylemin fonksiyonu üzerine|access-date=2013-01-15|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313043006/http://www.turkishstudies.net/Makaleler/1934555583_85Kad%c4%b1u%20Spartak_S-1593-1603.pdf|archive-date=2013-03-13|url-status=dead}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Eyüboğlu|first=İsmet Zeki|title=Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü |trans-title=Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language|publisher=Sosyal Yayınları, İstanbul|year=1991|isbn=978975-7384-72-4 |language=tr}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Özel |editor-first=Sevgi |editor2=Haldun Özen |editor3=Ali Püsküllüoğlu |title=Atatürk'ün Türk Dil Kurumu ve Sonrası |trans-title=Atatürk's Turkish Language Association and its Legacy |publisher=Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara|year=1986|oclc=18836678|language=tr}}
* {{cite book|last=Püsküllüoğlu|first=Ali|title=Arkadaş Türkçe Sözlük |trans-title=Arkadaş Turkish Dictionary |publisher=Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara|year=2004|isbn=975-509-053-3|language=tr}}
*Rezvani, B. "Türkçe Mi: Türkçe’deki İrani (Farsca, Dimilce, Kurmançca) Orijinli kelimeler Sözlüğü.[Turkish title (roughly translated): Is this Turkish? An etymological dictionary of originally Iranic (Persian, Zazaki, and Kurmanji Kurdish) words]." (2006).

== External links ==
* {{Curlie|Reference/Dictionaries/World_Languages/T/Turkish|Turkish dictionaries}}
* {{Curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Altaic/Turkic/Turkish|Turkish language}}
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Turkish_Swadesh_list Swadesh list of Turkish basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
* [http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/langres_tr.html Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan]

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Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests

2021-05-29T09:11:39Z

Raghuetw:

{{Infobox person
| name = Raghu Etw
| image = Raghu_Etw.jpg
| caption = Indian YouTuber
| birth_date = 20 June 1993
| birth_place = [[Etawah]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[YouTuber]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2016-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Raghu Etw''' Raghunandan kumar, better known as Raghu etw, is an Indian YouTuber and Founder of Nix Record YouTube Channel and Record Label from etawah, Uttar Pradesh. He is known for his love stroy videos and short films on his channel Nix Record. Raghu was born on 20 June 1993 in etawah city Uttar Pradesh in India. He studied at a Karm Kshetra Post Graduate College, Etawah

==Career==
He is the person with diverse talents and is one of the budding names from the YouTube. Started working at a very early age within the sector of entertainment, Raghu Etw worked as a YouTube and internet world everyone knows him as Raghu etw but, his real birth name is Raghunandan Kumar.
Raghunandan Kumar belong to a bourgeoisie family. But, he always said people make his future better with the lot of diligence. Raghu etw father name is Rambihari Kashyap is an Raj mistry and his mother name is Rajeshwari Kashyap is an household lady. Raghu Etw is also Founder of Nix Reocrd TouTube Channel and Nix Record Music Record Label
==References==
https://www.timebulletin.com/raghunandan-kumar-better-known-as-raghu-etw-is-an-indian-youtuber-and-founder-of-nix-record-music-label
https://menafn.com/1101557271/Raghunandan-kumar-better-known-as-Raghu-Etw-is-an-Indian-YouTuber-and-Founder-of-Nix-Record&source=29

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm11848512}}