Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Vinayshil Gautam

2023-10-09T06:57:12Z

Radhe:

{{Infobox scientist
|name = '''Prof. Vinayshil Gautam'''
|honorific_suffix =
|image = File:Dr. Vinayshil Gautam in 2022 being felicitated at the University of Jammu.png
|image_size =
|caption = Dr. Vinayshil Gautam in 2022 being felicitated at the University of Jammu
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|fields = [[Management science|Management Science]], [[Project management|Project Management]], [[Operations research|Operations Research]]
|workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]], [[IIM Kozhikode]]
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for = Founder Director, [[IIM Kozhikode]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards = Bharat Gaurav Award (2003) [[All India Management Association]], [[Economic Times Awards]] (2013)
|signature = 
|footnotes =
}}
'''Vinayshil Gautam''' [[Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]] is currently the Vice Chairman of Fore School of Management in [[New Delhi]]. Gautam previously served as the Founder Director of the [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Kozhikode]] and led the consulting team at [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|IIM Shillong]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top PGDM Colleges in Delhi {{!}}Business Management Colleges in India- FORE |url=https://www.fsm.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=FORE School of Management |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards a Holistic Long term Medi-Care system – The case of Covid-19 {{!}} India International Centre |url=https://iicdelhi.in/programmes/towards-holistic-long-term-medi-care-system-case-covid-19 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=iicdelhi.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dr. Gautam served as Founder Director of [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]] and Leader of the Consulting Team at [[IIM Shillong|IIM, Shillong]]. During his tenure at [[IIT Delhi]], he served as the first head of the 1st statutory Management Department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Author: Dr Vinayshil Gautam |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0974173920130318}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Special |date=2020-08-21 |title=IIMK celebrates 25th foundation day |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/iimk-celebrates-25th-foundation-day/article32417540.ece |access-date=2023-10-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Many governmental agencies, corporations, and departments have sought his advice. He served as visiting professor at [[University of Sussex]], [[Brunel University London|Brunel]], Dominican, Minnesota, as well as [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], [[University of London]], [[University of Toronto|Toronto University]], [[University of York]] and [[Duke University]]. He has been the visitor's ([[President of India]]) nominee to the [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]], the [[Visva-Bharati University|Vishwabharati]] Academic Council, and the [[University of Jammu|Jammu University]] Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top PGDM Colleges in Delhi {{!}}Business Management Colleges in India- FORE |url=https://www.fsm.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=FORE School of Management |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VINAYSHIL GAUTAM, FRAS (LONDON), Founder Director IIM, Kozhikode |url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/documents/AIU_Publications/Reimagining%20Indian%20Universities/7.%20Reimagining%20The%20Indian%20Universities%20By%20Vinayshil%20Gautam%20FRAS%20(London)%20Founder%20Director%20IIM,%20Kozhikode.pdf}}</ref>

He served on the jury panel of [[BML Munjal University|BML Munjal]] awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BML MUNJAL AWARDS |url=https://www.bmlmunjalawards.com/2015/index.html |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=www.bmlmunjalawards.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==
# Awarded the Bharat Gaurav Award by the [[All India Management Association]] (2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Delhi Annual Report 2002-3. |url=http://rti.iitd.ac.in/sites/default/files/inst_manuals/annual%20report%202006-07.pdf}}</ref>
# Asian Regional Training and Development Organization (ARTDO) International Academic Excellence Award (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARTDO International HRD Excellence International Award |url=http://www.artdointernational.com/artdo-international-hrd-excellence-international-award/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=ARTDO International |language=en-US}}</ref>
# [[Economic Times Awards]] Lifetime Achievement Award (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ET Now Award Winners 2013 (B School News) |url=https://www.bschoolaffaire.com/etnowwinners.html}}</ref>

== Books Authored ==
* Enterprise and Society: A Study of Some Aspects of Entrepreneurship and Management in India. Concept Publishing Company (1979).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gautam |first=Vinayshil |url=https://books.google.com.sg/books/about/Enterprise_and_Society.html?id=K161L6JW_1MC&redir_esc=y |title=Enterprise and Society: A Study of Some Aspects of Entrepreneurship and Management in India |date=1979 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Enterprise and society a study of some aspects of enterpreneurship and management in India Vinayshil Gautam |url=https://library.niti.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=14972 |website=NITI Aayog Library, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gautam |first=Vinayshil |date=1977 |title=A Case for the Use of Some New Sociological Techniques in the Writing of History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139107 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=38 |pages=489–493 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
* Management for Engineering Action. [[Sterling Publishing]] (1993).
* Technical entrepreneurship: Issues of Research and Applications. [[Allied Press]] (1995).<ref>{{Cite web |last=OpenLibrary.org |title=Technical entrepreneurship by Vinayshil Gautam {{!}} Open Library |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL23633341W/Technical_entrepreneurship |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Open Library |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://vslopac.iima.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=81770 |title=Technical entrepreneurship: issues of research and applications |date=1992 |publisher=Global Business Press |isbn=978-81-7240-021-7 |editor-last=Gautam |editor-first=Vinayshil |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
* Understanding Telecom Management. Concept Publishing Company (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinayshil Gautam - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/author/vinayshil-gautam/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Essays In Longitudinal Thinking Managing Change With Continuity, IJTD (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Barnes & |title=Essays In Longitudinal Thinking Managing Change With Continuity{{!}}eBook |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/essays-in-longitudinal-thinking-managing-change-with-continuity-s-k-tamotia/1142702102 |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Barnes & Noble |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gautam |first=S. K. Tamotia And Vinayshil |url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=EOKwFYl0fwgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Essays In Longitudinal Thinking : The Best Of Ijtd |date=2005 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-191-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* Organisation Development Systems. Concept Publishing Company (2011).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gautam |first=Vinayshil |url=https://books.google.com.sg/books/about/Organisation_Development_Systems.html?id=2kd54QndTNIC&redir_esc=y |title=Organisation Development Systems |last2=Batra |first2=Surinder |date=2011 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-829-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Vinayshil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Hajj House Kolkata

2023-09-07T11:55:27Z

Radhe: added

{{orphan}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Madina-tul-Hujjaj
| native_name = मदीना-तुल-हुज्जाज
| native_name_lang = hi
| alternate_names = Hajj House Kolkata
| image = Haj House Cum Empowerment Centre - VIP Road - Kaikhali - Kolkata 2017-05-10 7604.JPG
| location = Haj House cum Empowerment Centre
| address = New Town
| location_town = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| years_built = 2016
| opened_date = 16 March 2016
| inauguration_date = 16 March 2016
| architect = West Bengal State Haj Committee
| landlord = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| owner = Ministry of Minority Affairs and Madarsah Education
| cost = 100 Crore
| floor_count = 4
| building_type = Accommodation
}}

'''Hajj House Kolkata''' (officially known as '''Madina-tul-Hujjaj''') is a building located at VIP Road, Kaikhali near [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] in [[Kolkata]], the state capital of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Govt to build Haj House near airport |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/govt-to-build-haj-house-near-airport/articleshow/2661646.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Tasmayee Laha |title=Rs100 cr Hajj House to be innaugrated in New Town by CM Mamata Banerjee |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs100-cr-hajj-house-to-be-innaugrated-in-new-town-by-cm-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/50756027.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It is running under the West Bengal Ministry of Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education and is affiliated under West Bengal State Haj Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=» West Bengal State Haj Committee |url=https://wbminorityaffairs.gov.in/Organisation/west-bengal-state-haj-committee/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal State Haj Committee |url=http://wbhaj.com/MarriageHall/Properties/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=wbhaj.com}}</ref> It was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of West Bengal, [[Mamata Banerjee]] on 16 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugurating the new Haj House - Government of West Bengal |url=http://wbcmo.gov.in/photo.aspx?evid=186 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=wbcmo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inauguration of Haj House in Kolkata |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/13883-inauguration-of-haj-house-in-kolkata/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref>

== Social works ==

* The West Bengal State Haj Committee announced in 2020 to provide free accommodation to students who are preparing for competitive exams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |title=Haj committee to offer accommodation to students |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/haj-committee-to-offer-accommodation-to-students-421876 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>
* The Hajj House had been converted to a Covid hospital in 2021 after the order of Government of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haj House to function as hospital |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/covid-haj-house-to-open-as-hospital/cid/1814069 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=কেন্দ্রীয় নির্দেশিকার পর নিউটাউনের হজ হাউসে শুরু হচ্ছে অস্থায়ী হাসপাতাল। COVID-19: Newtown Haj House to be hospital from 1 may |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/covid-19-newtown-haj-house-to-be-hospital-from-1-may_379711.html/amp |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:New Town, Kolkata]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in West Bengal]]

Darling (2014 film)

2023-07-11T17:31:31Z

Radhe: Article shaped.

{{Infobox film
| name = Darling
| image = Darling 2014 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Santhu
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Santhosh [[Arjun Janya]] [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] M. Manjunath Naik
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Yogesh
*[[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manjunath B. Nayak
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| music = Arjun Janya
| studio = Samy Associates S Team Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|1|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Darling''''' is a 2014 Indian Kannada-language romantic action comedy film directed by Santhu and starring [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]].

== Cast ==
*[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Sathya
*[[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]] as Poorni
*Ninasam Ashwath as Bhavani
*Adi Lokesh as Gubbi
*[[Chikkanna]]
*Rajendra Karanth as MLA

== Production ==
Much of the crew from except the producer and actress were retained from ''[[Alemari]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogis-next-is-darling/articleshow/23631104.cms|title=Yogi's next is Darling|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211061203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogis-next-is-darling/articleshow/23631104.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Yogesh plays a tattoo artist in the film.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-to-play-a-tattoo-artist/articleshow/24342597.cms|title=Yogi to play a tattoo artist|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211061203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-to-play-a-tattoo-artist/articleshow/24342597.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Muktha (actress)|Bhanu]] made her Kannada debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogisizzles-with-darling-co-star-bhanu/articleshow/24297283.cms|title=Yogi sizzles with Darling co-star Bhanu|first=Dhwani|last=Desai|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211061204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogisizzles-with-darling-co-star-bhanu/articleshow/24297283.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs are composed by [[Arjun Janya]]. Santhu wrote the lyrics for all of the songs. In a music review of the film, a critic wrote that "The album of ''Darling'' — said to highlight a local love story — is as local and in your face as you can expect it to be".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/darling-music-review/articleshow/29954286.cms|title=Darling Music Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Christopher|first=Kavya|access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211061202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/darling-music-review/articleshow/29954286.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"Dabba Song" - [[Kailash Kher]], [[Shamita Malnad]]
*"Darling Darling" - [[Mika Singh]]
*"Kaichachu" - [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Archana Ravi
*"Kanna Neeru" - [[Nakul Abhyankar|Nakul]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
*"Nannu Swalpa Loose" - Arjun Janya

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' called the film Yogesh's "best film in the last couple of years".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/darling-yogish-kannada-movie-review/articleshow/29672912.cms|title=Movie review: Darling|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|last=S.|first=Shyam Prasad|access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211061146/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/darling-yogish-kannada-movie-review/articleshow/29672912.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Though the story is not so strong, Santhu, with a good script, has made it interesting with some curious turns and lively moments".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/darling/movie-review/29725946.cms|title=Darling Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220230729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/darling/movie-review/29725946.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Chitraloka'' wrote that "''Darling'' is not a great film in many respects. But if you have enjoyed the best of Yogish's films you will find that there is more to this extremely thin actor you will want to see".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/4510-darling-review.html|title=Darling Movie Review|work=Chitraloka}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film had a moderate box office run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/darling-television-premiere-on-may-24/articleshow/47368182.cms|title=Darling television premiere on May 24|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723143656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Darling-television-premiere-on-May-24/articleshow/47368182.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/4510-darling-review.html ''Chitraloka'' review]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]

BRICS Universities League

2022-10-18T17:50:45Z

Radhe: Shared an engaging guide.

{{Short description|Consortium of research universities}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = BRICS Universities League
| formation = {{start date and age|2013|06|06}}
| logo =
| alt =
| founding_location = [[Fudan University]], [[Shanghai]], China
| type = Education and Research
| tax_id =
| headquarters = [[Beijing Normal University]], [[Beijing]], China
| location_country = [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Russia]], [[South Africa]]
| coordinates =
| membership = 60 Universities from BRICS
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| website = {{url|http://nu-brics.ru/}}
| location =
}}

'''BRICS Universities League''' is a [[consortium]] of leading research universities from [[BRICS]] countries including [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]], [[China]], and [[South Africa]]. Initiated at [[Fudan University]], [[Shanghai]] on July 6, 2013, the League aims to become a platform for academic and expert cooperation, comparative research, and international educational projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRICS League of Universities was signed in Shanghai on July 6, 2013 |url=https://www.hse.ru/en/news/society/90343147.html |access-date= |website=www.hse.ru |language=en}}</ref> In October 2015, around 40 outstanding universities from the five BRICS countries gathered in [[Beijing Normal University]], [[Beijing]] to hold the BRICS Universities Presidents Forum. After this Forum, the participating universities declared the [[Beijing Consensus]], and they decided to establish the BRICS Universities League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRICS University President Forum was held in Beijing Normal University from October 17 to 18, 2015 |url=http://fe.english.bnu.edu.cn/html/003/1/201510/395.shtml |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=fe.english.bnu.edu.cn}}</ref> The League Secretariat is located in Beijing Normal University, with the BNU as a leading university in terms of BRICS higher education and academic cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University League helps push talent into the world |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/kindle/2017-09/05/content_31588133.htm |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> The League is expanding to attract more and more outstanding BRICS universities to participate in its activities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese universities join BRICS Universities League |url=https://fddi.fudan.edu.cn/8d/26/c18985a429350/page.htm |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=fddi.fudan.edu.cn}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=JSNU has Officially Joined the BRICS Universities League |url=http://en.jsnu.edu.cn/2b/d1/c1044a338897/page.htm |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=en.jsnu.edu.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 BRICS Network University Annual Conference-Background |url=https://brics.ncwu.edu.cn/en/channels/2050.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=brics.ncwu.edu.cn}}</ref> The BRICS Universities League has performed as a strategic pillar for the BRICS cooperation.
==Current members==

=== [[Brazil]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! University<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=BRICS Network University |url=http://nu-brics.ru/universities/ |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=nu-brics.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 BRICS Network University Annual Conference-Brazil |url=https://brics.ncwu.edu.cn/en/channels/2081.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=brics.ncwu.edu.cn}}</ref>
! Location
! Year Founded
! Note
|-
|[[Federal University of Minas Gerais]]
|[[Belo Horizonte]]
|1927
|
|-
|[[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|1920
|
|-
|[[Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul]]
|[[Porto Alegre]]
|1934
|
|-
|[[Federal University of Santa Catarina]]
|[[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]
|1960
|
|-
|[[Federal University of Viçosa]]
|[[Viçosa, Minas Gerais|Viçosa]]
|1922
|
|-
|[[Fluminense Federal University]]
|[[Niterói]]
|1960
|
|-
|[[National Institute of Amazonian Research]]
|[[Manaus]]
|1952
|
|-
|[[Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|1940
|
|-
|[[University of Campinas]]
|[[São Paulo]]
|1964
|
|}

===[[China]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! University<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 BRICS Network University Annual Conference-China |url=https://brics.ncwu.edu.cn/en/channels/2084.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=brics.ncwu.edu.cn}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
! Location
! Year Founded
! Note
|-
|[[Beijing Normal University]]
|[[Beijing]]
|1902
|[[Project 985]], [[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Fudan University]]
|[[Shanghai]]
|1905
|[[Project 985]], [[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Harbin Engineering University]]
|[[Harbin]], [[Heilongjiang Province|Heilongjiang]]
|1953
|[[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Hohai University]]
|[[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]
|1915
|[[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Huazhong University of Science and Technology]]
|[[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]]
|1952
|[[Project 985]], [[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Hunan University]]
|[[Changsha]], [[Hunan]]
|1903
|[[Project 985]], [[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Jiangsu Normal University]]
|[[Xuzhou]], [[Jiangsu]]
|1952
|[[Public university|Provincial Public University]]
|-
|[[Jilin University]]
|[[Changchun]], [[Jilin]]
|1946
|[[Project 985]], [[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power|North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power]]
|[[Zhengzhou]], [[Henan]]
|1951
|[[Public university|Provincial Public University]]
|-
|[[Northeast Forestry University]]
|[[Harbin]], [[Heilongjiang Province|Heilongjiang]]
|1952
|[[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Sichuan University]]
|[[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]]
|1896
|[[Project 985]], [[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Southwest University]]
|[[Chongqing]]
|1906
|[[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Yanshan University]]
|[[Qinhuangdao]], [[Hebei]]
|1920
|[[Public university|Provincial Public University]]
|-
|[[Yunnan University]]
|[[Kunming]], [[Yunnan]]
|1922
|[[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|-
|[[Zhejiang University]]
|[[Hangzhou]], [[Zhejiang]]
|1897
|[[Project 985]], [[Project 211]], [[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class University]]
|}

=== [[India]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! University<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 BRICS Network University Annual Conference-University List_India |url=https://brics.ncwu.edu.cn/en/channels/2083.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=brics.ncwu.edu.cn}}</ref>
! Location
! Year Founded
! Note
|-
|[[Banaras Hindu University]]
|[[Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh]]
|1916
|
|-
|[[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|1958
|
|-
|[[IIT Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]
|[[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|1959
|
|-
|[[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]
|[[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]]
|1951
|
|-
|[[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|Indira Gandi Institute of Development Research]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|1987
|
|-
|[[Jamia Millia Islamia University]]
|[[New Delhi|New Dehli]]
|1920
|
|-
|[[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur|National Institute of Technology Durgapur]]
|[[Durgapur]], [[West Bengal]]
|1960
|
|-
|[[National Institute of Technology, Warangal|National Institute of Technology Warangal]]
|[[Warangal]], [[Telangana]]
|1959
|
|-
|[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|1936
|
|-
|[[TERI School of Advanced Studies|TERI University]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|1998
|
|-
|[[University of Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|1922
|
|-
|[[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur|Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]]
|[[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|1960
|
|}

===[[Russia]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! University<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 BRICS Network University Annual Conference-Russia |url=https://brics.ncwu.edu.cn/en/channels/2082.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=brics.ncwu.edu.cn}}</ref>
! Location
! Year Founded
! Note
|-
|[[National Research University – Higher School of Economics|Higher School of Economics]]
|[[Moscow]]
|1992
|
|-
|[[ITMO University|Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics University]]
|[[Saint Petersburg]]
|1900
|
|-
|[[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]]
|[[Moscow]]
|1944
|
|-
|[[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]
|[[Moscow]]
|1946
|
|-
|[[National University of Science and Technology MISiS|National University of Science and Technology]]
|[[Moscow]]
|1918
|
|-
|[[Moscow Power Engineering Institute]]
|[[Moscow]]
|1930
|
|-
|[[Moscow State University]]
|[[Moscow]]
|1755
|
|-
|[[Peoples' Friendship University of Russia]]
|[[Moscow]]
|1960
|
|-
|[[Saint Petersburg State University]]
|[[Saint Petersburg]]
|1724
|
|-
|[[Tomsk Polytechnic University]]
|[[Tomsk]]
|1896
|
|-
|[[Tomsk State University]]
|[[Tomsk]]
|1878
|
|-
|[[Ural Federal University]]
|[[Yekaterinburg]]
|1920
|
|}

=== [[South Africa]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! University<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 BRICS Network University Annual Conference-South Africa |url=https://brics.ncwu.edu.cn/en/channels/2085.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=brics.ncwu.edu.cn}}</ref>
! Location
! Year Founded
! Note
|-
|[[Central University of Technology]]
|[[Bloemfontein]]
|1981
|
|-
|[[Durban University of Technology]]
|[[KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|KwaZulu-Natal]]
|2002
|
|-
|[[North-West University|North West University]]
|[[Potchefstroom]], [[Mahikeng]] and [[Vanderbijlpark]]
|2004
|
|-
|[[Rhodes University]]
|[[Makhanda, Eastern Cape|Makhanda]], [[Eastern Cape Province]]
|1904
|
|-
|[[Stellenbosch University]]
|[[Stellenbosch]], [[Western Cape]]
|1918
|
|-
|[[Tshwane University of Technology]]
|[[Pretoria]], [[Mbombela]], [[Polokwane]], [[Ga-Rankuwa]], [[Soshanguve]], Witbank ([[eMalahleni]])
|2004
|
|-
|[[University of Cape Town]]
|[[Cape Town]], [[Western Cape]]
|1829
|
|-
|[[University of Johannesburg]]
|[[Johannesburg]]
|2005
|
|-
|[[University of Limpopo]]
|[[Limpopo Province]]
|2005
|
|-
|[[University of Pretoria]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1908
|
|-
|[[University of Venda]]
|[[Thohoyandou]], [[Limpopo|Limpopo province]]
|1982
|
|-
|[[University of the Witwatersrand|University of Witwatersrand]]
|[[Johannesburg]]
|1922
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{BRICS|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:International college and university associations and consortia]]
[[Category:College and university associations and consortia in Asia]]
[[Category:BRICS]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2013]]

{{edu-org-stub}}

Anuradhapura period

2022-10-14T22:00:41Z

Radhe: Page developed.

{{Short description|Period in the history of Sri Lanka during the Anuradhapura Kingdom (377 BC-1017 AD)}}
{{Main|History of Sri Lanka|Anuradhapura Kingdom}}
{{Infobox historical era
| name = Anuradhapura period
| start = 377 BCE
| end = 1017
| image = File:British Museum Asia 45 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gilded bronze statue of the Bodhisattva [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], dated to the 8th century, found in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka
| before = [[Early kingdoms period|Pre Anuradhapura period]]
| including = {{Plainlist|
* [[Early Anuradhapura period]]
* [[Middle Anuradhapura period]]
* [[Late Anuradhapura period]]}}
| after = [[Polonnaruwa period]]
| monarch = {{Plainlist|
* [[House of Vijaya]]
* [[The Five Dravidians]]
* [[House of Lambakanna I]]
* [[The Six Dravidians]]
* [[House of Moriya]]
* [[House of Lambakanna II]]}}
| leaders =
}}
{{History of Sri Lanka}}
The '''Anuradhapura period''' was a period in the history of Sri Lanka of the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] from 377 BCE to 1017 CE. The period begins when [[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura|Pandukabhaya]], [[Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara|King of Upatissa Nuwara]] moved the administration to [[Anuradhapura]], becoming the kingdom's first monarch. Anuradhapura is heralded as an ancient cosmopolitan citadel with diverse populations.

==Overview==
Periodization of Sri Lanka history:
{{Smalldiv|{{Sri Lankan history overview}}}}

==Political history==
===Early Anuradhapura period (377 BCE-463 CE)===
[[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura|Pandukabhaya]] (437–367 BCE) King of Upatissa Nuwara and the first monarch of the Anuradhapura Kingdom and 6th over all of the island of Sri Lanka since the arrival of the [[Vijaya of Sri Lanka|Vijaya]], he reigned from 437 BC to 367 BCE. According to many historians and philosophers, he is the first truly Sri Lankan king since the Vijayan invasion, and also the king who ended the conflict between the Sinha clan and local community, reorganizing the populace.

[[Ellalan|Elara]] (205–161 BCE), a [[Tamil People|Tamil]] King with [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] origins, who ruled "Pihiti Rata", i.e., Sri Lanka north of the [[mahaweli]], after killing King [[Asela of Sri Lanka|Asela]]. During Elara's time, [[Kelani Tissa]] was a sub-king of [[Maya Rata]] (south-west) and [[Kavan Tissa]] was a regional sub-king of [[Ruhuna]] (south-east). Kavan Tissa built [[Tissa Maha Vihara]], [[Dighavapi Tank]] and many shrines in Seruvila. [[Dutthagamani of Sri Lanka|Dutugemunu]] (161–137 BCE) – Eldest son of King Kavan Tissa, who was a young man 25 years of age, defeated the South Indian Tamil Invader Elara (over 64 years of age) in single combat, described in the [[Mahavamsa]]. Dutugemunu is depicted as a Sinhalese "Asoka". The [[Ruwanwelisaya]], built by this king is a dagaba of pyramid-like proportions. It was an engineering marvel.

[[Pulahatta]] (or Pulahatha) deposed by [[Bahiya]], was deposed by [[Panaya Mara]], deposed by [[Pilaya Mara]], murdered by [[Dathiya]] 88 BCE – deposed by [[Vattagamani Abhaya of Sri Lanka|Valagamba]], ending Tamil rule. Valagamba I (89–77) BCE – restored the [[House of Vijaya|Dutugamunu dynasty]]. The Mahavihara [[Theravada]] – Abhayagiri (pro-[[Mahayana]]) doctrinal disputes arose at this time. The [[Tripitaka]] was written in [[Pali]] at [[Aluvihara]], [[Matale]]. [[Chora Naga of Anuradhapura|Chora Naga]] (Mahanaga) (63–51) BCE; poisoned by his consort Anula. [[Queen Anula]] (48–44 BCE) – Widow of Chora Naga and [[Kuda Tissa of Anuradhapura|Kuda Tissa]], was the first Queen of Lanka. She had many lovers who were poisoned by her. She was finally killed by: Kuttakanna Tissa. Vasabha (67–111 CE) – [[Vallipuram]] gold plate; he fortified [[Anuradhapura]] and built eleven tanks; many edicts. [[Gajabahu I of Sri Lanka|Gajabahu I]] (114–136) – invaded the [[Chola kingdom]] and brought back captives. He recovered the [[tooth relic]] of the Buddha.

[[Mahasena of Sri Lanka|Mahasena]] (274–301) – The [[Theravada]] (Maha Vihara) was persecuted and [[Mahayana]] surfaced. Later the King returned to the Maha Vihara. Pandu (429) – first of seven Pandiyan rulers, ending with Pithya, 455; [[Dhatusena of Sri Lanka|Dhatusena]] (459–477), his uncle, Mahanama wrote the Mahavamsa, he built "Kalaweva". His son [[Kashyapa I of Sri Lanka|Kashyapa]] (477–495), built the famous [[Sigiriya]] rock palace. Some 700 rock graffiti give a glimpse of ancient [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].

====Arrival of Buddhism and the sacred tooth relic====
[[Devanampiya Tissa of Sri Lanka|Devanampiya Tissa]] (250–210 BCE), a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] King of the [[Maurya]] clan. His links with Emperor [[Asoka]] led to the introduction of [[Buddhism]] by [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]] (son of Asoka) in 247 BCE. [[Sangamitta]], (sister of Mahinda) brought a [[Bodhi]] sapling via Jambukola (Sambiliturei). [[Sangamitta]]'s son Saamanera Sumana also accompanied them to spread [[Buddhism]], following the [[Third Buddhist Council]], upon the recommendation of [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] (Ashoka's spiritual teacher). They were also accompanied by a lay disciple Bhankuka, who was a maternal grandson of [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]]'s aunt. There is no evidence in the history of King Ashoka about his having had a son by the name of Mahinda (or by any other name) or a daughter by the name of Sangamitta (or by any other name). This king's reign was crucial to [[Theravada Buddhism]], and for Sri Lanka.

===Middle Anuradhapura period (463-691)===

===Late Anuradhapura period (691-1017)===
====Lambakanna====
[[Manavanna of Anuradhapura|Manavanna]] (684–718) – seized the throne with [[Pallava]] help. Manavamma introduced Pallava patronage for three centuries.
By the 9th century, with the [[Pandyan]] ascendancy in southern India, Anuradhapura was sacked. However, the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] invaded Pandya using a rival prince, and [[Madurai]] itself was sacked. [[Mahinda V of Sri Lanka|Mahinda V]] (982–1029) – was the last Sinhalese monarch of Anuradhapura. He fled to [[Ruhuna]], where, in 1017, the Chola took him to prison and he died in India.

====Demise====
In 993, the Chola Emperor [[Rajaraja I]] invaded Sri Lanka, forcing the then Sri Lankan ruler Mahinda V to flee to the southern part of the country.{{sfn|Siriweera|2004|p=44}} The Mahavamsa describes the rule of Mahinda V as weak, and the country was suffering from poverty by this time. It further mentions that his army rose against him due to lack of wages.{{sfn|Wijesooriya|2006|p=114}} Taking advantage of this situation, [[Rajendra I]] son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. Mahinda V was captured and taken to India, and the Cholas sacked the city of Anuradhapura. They moved the capital to [[Polonnaruwa]] and subsequent Sri Lankan rulers who came into power after the Chola reign continued to use Polonnaruwa as the capital, thus ending the Anuradhapura Kingdom.{{sfn|Siriweera|2004|p=44}}

==Demographics==
===Arrival of Tamils===
[[Potsherds]] with [[Tamil-Brahmi|early Tamil writing]] from the 5th century BCE have been found from the north in [[Poonagari|Poonakari]], [[Jaffna]] to the south in [[Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription|Tissamaharama]]. They bore several inscriptions, including a clan name—vela, a name related to [[Velirs|velir]] from [[ancient Tamil country]].{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=48}} [[Epigraphic]] evidence shows people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Prakrit]] word for Tamil people) in [[Anuradhapura]], the capital city of [[Rajarata]] the middle kingdom, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=157}} Excavations in the area of Tissamaharama in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins, produced between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters,{{sfn|Mahadevan|2000|p=152–154}} which suggest that Tamils were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.{{sfn|Bopearachchi|2004|p=546–549}} Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant,{{NoteTag|"Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka"}} the Tamil householder residing in Ilubharata{{NoteTag|"Ilu bhartechi Dameda karite Dameda gahapatikana"}} and a Tamil sailor named Karava.{{NoteTag|"Dameda navika karava"}} Two of the five ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the [[Vavuniya District]], one is in Seruvavila district in [[Trincomalee District]], one is in Kuduvil in [[Amparai District]] and one is in [[Anuradhapura]]. Mention is made in literary sources of Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water craft in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at [[Kudiramalai]]. Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|De Silva|1981|p=30–32}}

==Technology==
{{Main|Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka|Irrigation works in ancient Sri Lanka}}

The irrigation works in ancient [[Sri Lanka]] dated from about 300 BC during the reign of King [[Pandukabhaya]] and under continuous development for the next thousand years, were one of the most complex [[irrigation system]]s of the [[ancient world]]. In addition to underground [[canal]]s, the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] were the first to build completely artificial reservoirs and [[dams]] to store water. The system was extensively restored and further extended during the reign of King [[Parākramabāhu]].

==Monarchs==
The [[House of Vijaya]], [[The Five Dravidians]], [[House of Lambakanna I]], [[The Six Dravidians]], [[House of Moriya]] and the [[House of Lambakanna II]] produced 122 monarchs who ruled during this period.

==Timeline==
{{Simple Horizontal timeline

|from = -400
|to = 1300
|inc = 100
|width =

|axis-negativeFmt =%s BCE
|axis-positiveFmt =%s CE
|axis-zeroFmt = %s CE
|axis-nudge =-0.8em

|styleDefault-height = 1.5em
|styleDefault-1-border = none;
|styleDefault-3-border = none;text-align:left
|styleDefault-3-texttop = 0em;left:0.5em;
|styleDefault-5-border = none;text-align:left
|styleDefault-5-texttop = 0em;left:0.5em;

|stylePre-boxcolour = Yellow
|stylePre-border = none;border:2px solid Gold

|row1 = timeline
|row1-style = styleDefault
|row1-1-to = -377
|row1-2-to = 66
|row1-2-style = stylePre
|row1-3-text = Vijayan era (377 BCE–66)

|row2 = timeline
|row2-style = styleDefault
|row2-1-to = 66
|row2-2-to = 436
|row2-2-style = stylePre
|row2-3-text = Lambakanna I era (66–436)

|row3 = timeline
|row3-style = styleDefault
|row3-1-to = 463
|row3-2-to = 691
|row3-2-style = stylePre
|row3-3-text = Moriya era (463– 691)

|row4 = timeline
|row4-style = styleDefault
|row4-1-to = 691
|row4-2-to = 1017
|row4-2-style = stylePre
|row4-3-text = Lambakanna II era (691–1017)

|row5 = scale
|caption = Anuradhapura period
}}
===Events===
* 377 BCE: The [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] is founded by [[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura|Pandukabhaya]]

==In popular culture==
{{Main|Anuradhapura period in popular culture}}

* [[The God King]], 1974 English and Sinhala historical film
* [[Aba (film)|Aba]], 2008 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Mahindagamanaya]], 2011 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Aloko Udapadi]], 2012 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Siri Daladagamanaya]], 2014 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Maharaja Gemunu]], 2015 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Mahaviru Pandu]], 2020 Sinhalese drama by [[Hiru TV]]
* [[Asirimath Dalandagamanaya]], 2022 Sinhalese drama by [[Hiru TV]]

==See also==
* [[Sinhala Kingdom]]
* [[List of Sinhalese monarchs]]
* [[Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book| last = De Silva|first= K. M. | title = A history of Sri Lanka| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dByI_qil26YC | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1981 | isbn = 978-0-520-04320-6 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mahadevan |first1=Iravatham |title=Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D. |publisher=Cre-A |isbn=9780674012271}}
*von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1990. ''Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka''. 752 pages with 1610 illustrations. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-05-0}}
*von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1992. ''The Golden Age of Sculpture in Sri Lanka''. [Catalogue of the exhibition held at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, D. C., 1 November 1992 – 26 September 1993]. 160 pages with 64 illustrations. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-06-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Bandaranayake|first=Senake|title=Sigiriya|publisher=Central Cultural Fund|year=2007|isbn=978-955-613-111-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sigiriyacitypala0000band}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bopearachchi|first=Osmund|chapter=Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu|editor1-last=Chevillard|editor1-first=Jean-Luc|editor2-last=Wilden|editor2-first=Eva|title=South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday|year=2004|publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême-Orient|place=Pondicherry|series=Publications du Département d'Indologie – 94|isbn=978-2-85539-630-9|issn=0073-8352|pages=546–549}}
* {{Cite book|last=Indrapala|first=K.|author-link=K. Indrapala|title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE|publisher=Vijitha Yapa|year=2007|location=Colombo|isbn=978-955-1266-72-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Lokubandara|first=W. J. M.|title=The Mistique of Sigiriya — Whispers of the Mirror Wall|publisher=Godage International Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-955-30-0610-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Mendis|first=Ranjan Chinthaka|title=The Story of Anuradhapura|publisher=Lakshmi Mendis|year=1999|isbn=978-955-96704-0-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Perera|first=Lakshman S.|title=The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies|year=2001|volume=1|isbn=978-955-580-055-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Rambukwelle|first=P. B.|title=Commentary on Sinhala Kingship — Vijaya to Kalinga Magha|publisher=Sridevi Printers|year=1993|isbn=978-955-95565-0-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Siriweera|first=W. I.|title=History of Sri Lanka|publisher=Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company|year=2004|isbn=978-955-551-257-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Siriweera|first=W. I.|title=A Study of the Economic History of Pre Modern Sri Lanka|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7069-7621-2|pages=44–45}}
* {{cite book|last=Wijesooriya|first=S.|title=A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa|publisher=Participatory Development Forum|year=2006|isbn=978-955-9140-31-3}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Paranavithana|first1=Senarath|title=Two Royal Titles of the Early Sinhalese, and the Origin of Kingship in Ancient Ceylon|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=3|pages=443–462}}
* {{cite journal|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan|title=Ancient Tamil Coins from Sri Lanka|journal=Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies|volume=XVII|issue=2|pages=147–156}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{Main|Bibliography of Sri Lanka}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Early kingdoms period|Pre Anuradhapura period]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Anuradhapura period of [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan history]]|years=377 BC–1017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chola occupation of Anuradhapura]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Anuradhapura period}}
{{History of Sri Lanka bar}}
{{Sri Lanka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Sri Lanka}}
[[Category:Anuradhapura period]]
[[Category:Ancient Sri Lanka]]

Off spin

2022-08-13T23:18:00Z

Radhe: Wrote an in-depth manuscript.

{{Short description|Type of bowling in cricket}}
{{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}}
[[Image:Off break small.gif|thumb|right|Animation of a typical off spin delivery, bowled from [[wikt:over the wicket|over the wicket]].]]
'''Off spin''' is a type of [[finger spin]] bowling in [[cricket]]. A bowler who uses this technique is called an '''off spinner'''. Off spinners are [[right arm|right-handed]] [[spin bowling|spin bowlers]] who use their fingers to spin the ball. Their normal [[Delivery (cricket)|delivery]] is an '''off break''',<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-off-break-and-off-spin| title = Difference between Off Break and Off Spin| date = 15 July 2013}}</ref> which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the [[cricket pitch|pitch]]. For a right-handed [[batsman]], this is from his [[off side]] to the [[leg side]] (that is, towards the right-handed batsman, or away from a left-handed batsman). The ball breaks ''away'' from the [[Fielding (cricket)#Off- and leg-side fields|off side]],<ref name=wikihow /> hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the [[line and length]] of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, [[line and length|length]] and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most [[Dismissal (cricket)|wickets]] in the history of both [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and ODIs, [[Muttiah Muralitharan]], was an off spinner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muttiah Muralitharan's rise to the top of the world |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1656490 |website=ICC |access-date=28 July 2020 |quote=On the occasion of the legendary Sri Lankan off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan's 48th birthday, we revisit his rise to the top of the international wicket-takers' charts through an animated graph.}}</ref>

==History==
Although rare now, in the past there were bowlers who used the off-break action who deliberately did not impart any considerable spin on the ball but relied on line and length (or even speed variations) to frustrate batsmen. They endeavoured to pitch the ball in an area that the batsman was unable to play a scoring shot, even making last moment adjustments to "follow" a batsman should they move within the crease to negate the bowlers tactics. Whilst this is primarily a defensive style, wickets were achieved by forcing a batsman to make a rash stroke or even bowling at the stumps instead of the retreating batsman. Another wicket taking method was to impart more spin on the ball than usual, and surprise the batsman. An exponent of this style of bowling was "Flat" [[Jack Simmons (cricketer)|Jack Simmons]] who played for Lancashire and Tasmania in the 1970s and 1980s. With the advent of limited overs cricket promoting more adventurous batting styles and the use of ever heavier bats this style of bowling has declined, although some off-spinners will still use this tactic when the pitch is offering very little or no ''turn''. It is a tactic often used by [[Kane Williamson]] when he bowls occasionally in limited overs format because his bowling style tends to be flatter and faster.

==Comparison with other types of spin bowling==
[[File:Nathan Lyon with Jonny Bairstow at the non-striker's end watching and umpire Joel Wilson also observing on day 4 of the 3rd Ashes Test between England and Australia at Headingley.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Nathan Lyon]] bowling off spin]]
Off spin contrasts with [[leg spin]], in which the ball spins from leg to off and which is bowled with a very different action (wrist spin).<ref name="bbcacad">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/cricket/skills/newsid_3227000/3227307.stm |title=Off spin |work=BBC Sport |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> Off spin is generally considered less difficult to play than leg spin, as off breaks typically spin less than [[leg break]]s, and do not generally possess the same loopy, potentially deceptive flight. In addition, off spinners tend to have a smaller repertoire of deliveries to choose from. For a right-handed batsman, the ball moves in towards the batsman's body, meaning the batsman's legs are usually in the path of the ball if it misses the bat or takes an edge. This makes it difficult for the bowler to get the batsman out bowled or caught from an off break, but it does mean there is a chance of [[leg before wicket]], assuming the ball has not turned enough to miss the leg [[stump (cricket)|stump]]. However, the off spinner often bowls faster and more accurately than a leg spinner, and can therefore deceive the batsman with changes in the pace of the ball. A left-handed batsman has more difficulty facing off break bowling, because the ball moves away from his body. This means that any miscalculation can more easily result in an outside edge off the bat and a catch going to the [[wicket-keeper]] or [[slip (cricket)|slips]] fielders.

A [[left arm|left-handed]] [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]] who bowls with the same (finger spin) action as an off spinner is known as a [[left-arm orthodox spin]] bowler. While the orthodox spinner has the same action as an off-spinner, the ball itself spins in the opposite direction (akin to a right arm leg spinner).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/cricket/skills/newsid_3207000/3207491.stm |title=How to bowl left-arm spin |work=BBC Sport |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> Such a ball is not normally called an off break, but a ''left-arm orthodox spinner''.

==Terminology==
'''Off spin:''' Sometimes the term off spin is used to mean the off break delivery.<ref>{{cite web |title=A glossary of cricket terms |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21322339/a-glossary-cricket-terms |website=ESPN |access-date=31 July 2020 |quote=Off-break/spin - A ball turning into the right hander- from off to leg (from left to right)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of offspin |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/offspin |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=31 July 2020 |quote=spin imparted to a bowled ball in cricket that tends to cause it to break from the off side to the leg side.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The man behind Murali |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22946228/the-man-murali |website=ESPN |access-date=31 July 2020 |quote="A coach cannot change a bowler like Murali. If anyone tried to do that he will be lost. What made Murali so special was his off-spin. It was his main weapon. With his experience he added the doosra. But he got most of his wickets with off-spin," Fernando continued.}}</ref><ref name="Narine">{{cite web |title=Sunil Narine banned from bowling his off-spinner in IPL |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/15815/9827864/sunil-narine-banned-from-bowling-his-off-spinner-in-ipl |website=skysports.com |access-date=8 August 2020 |quote=West Indies 'mystery spinner' Sunil Narine has been banned from bowling his off-spin delivery at the Indian Premier League... A statement from the IPL read: "...the committee has concluded that Mr. Narine’s bowling action for his off-spinner, contravenes Law 24.2 (as read with Law 24.3) of the Laws of Cricket. Therefore the player is now banned from bowling the off-spinner in matches organised by the BCCI, including the IPL."}}</ref> At other times the term off spin has a wider meaning, to include all deliveries bowled by an off spinner, including non-off break deliveries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simple And Common Variations In Off Spin |author=Peter Such |author-link=Peter Such |url=https://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/metarasa/cricket/spin/simple-and-common-variations-in-off-spin/ |website=teamtechnology.co.uk |access-date=31 July 2020 |quote=Once the basics of bowling off spin have been mastered (the mechanics of finger spin bowling) to become a complete off spin bowler one must develop and have the ability to consistently deliver a range of variations... The Arm Ball, Swinger Or Floater}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From cow corner to Mankads - your cricket questions answered |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52271285 |website=BBC |access-date=7 August 2020 |quote=When the ball spins the opposite way to how a batsman would expect, it is called a doosra (when an off-spin bowler turns it away from a right-hander)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Off Spin Variations: How to Bowl Off Spin |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l0DUMc9Xb4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/6l0DUMc9Xb4| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|website=YouTube |access-date=1 August 2020 |quote=The one you've all been asking for, here's Kieran talking us through how to bowl the different off spin variations.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

'''Off spinner:''' The term off spinner can be used to mean either the bowler<ref>{{cite web |title='Ashwin is the best off-spinner in the world' – Graeme Swann |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/835438 |website=ICC |access-date=7 August 2020 |quote=Former England off-spinner Graeme Swann has rated India's Ravichandran Ashwin as the best Test spinner in the world while picking Afghanistan's Rashid Khan as the best in Twenty20s. "Ashwin is easily the best off-spinner in the world."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=England's Graeme Swann maintains a rich Old Trafford off-spin tradition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2013/aug/02/england-graeme-swann-old-trafford |website=The Guardian |access-date=7 August 2020 |quote=But there have been matches here that were not so memorable for off-spinners... Two fine English off-spinners, Fred Titmus and John Mortimore, bowled 93 overs between them in that match, yielding 222 runs without a wicket... Australia had one off-spinner, Tom Veivers}}</ref> or the off break delivery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan v Australia |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152733.html |website=ESPN |access-date=4 August 2020 |quote=MacKay, bowling off-spinners on a perfect length}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Definitive: Michael Vaughan |url=https://wisden.com/stories/the-definitive-michael-vaughan |website=Wisden |access-date=4 August 2020 |quote="I was in the Yorkshire under 15 side and batting regularly at number seven and bowling off-spinners." |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928211909/https://wisden.com/stories/the-definitive-michael-vaughan |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ashes 2015: England and Australia's spinners prove a threat in a big-hitter's era |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/jul/15/ashes-2015-england-australia-spinners-cricket |website=The Guardian |access-date=4 August 2020 |quote=Bowling off-spinners was a peaceful occupation then.}}</ref><ref name="Narine"/>

'''Offie:''' The term offie can also be used to mean either the bowler<ref>{{cite web |title=Three thrilling quicks and an offie with a seven-for |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28511121/debutant-year-nominees |website=ESPN |access-date=26 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top five: Most runs conceded by a bowler in an innings in IPL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/top-five-most-runs-conceded-by-a-bowler-in-an-innings-in-ipl/articleshow/76338571.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=26 July 2020 |quote=The young offie from Afghanistan has often troubled the batsmen with his precise line and length and variations.}}</ref> or the off break delivery.<ref>{{cite web |title=The doosra ain't the only game in town |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/18771982/ashley-mallett-offspinner-variations |website=ESPN |access-date=26 July 2020 |quote=In Perth grade cricket I bowled offies and would keep bowling that way until inevitably the day would come when offbreaks didn't bring enough wickets... So if Laker was brought on, I would bowl offies, but if "Tich" Freeman was in action, I would bowl legspin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ponting gets a BBL wicket, bowling offies |url=https://www.facebook.com/cricketcomau/videos/ponting-gets-a-bbl-wicket-bowling-offies/2527580790824136/ |website=cricket.com.au |access-date=26 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Technique==
An off break is bowled by holding the [[cricket ball]] in the palm of the hand with the seam running across under all the fingers.<ref name=wikihow>{{cite web| url = http://www.wikihow.com/Grip-the-Ball-to-Bowl-Offspin| title = How to Grip the Ball to Bowl Offspin}}</ref> As the ball is released, the fingers roll down the right side of the ball (for a right-handed bowler), giving the ball a clockwise spin as seen from behind.

== Notable off spinners ==
Notable off spinners include:
*[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] of [[Sri Lanka]], who has the most wickets in both ODIs and Test matches,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/93276.html|title=Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Most wickets in career|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283193.html|title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Bowling records / Most wickets in career|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>
*[[E. A. S. Prasanna]] and [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]], two of the legendary [[Indian spin quartet]]
*[[Harbhajan Singh]] and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] of [[India]]
*[[Saqlain Mushtaq]] and [[Saeed Ajmal]] of Pakistan. [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] was credited with the invention of the "[[doosra]]", which is bowled with a similar-looking action to the off break but spins the opposite way, just as the leg spinner's [[googly]] turns the opposite way from his stock ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvaus2009/content/story/401970.html|title=I can teach Australians the doosra - Saqlain|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|author=Cricinfo staff|access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>
*[[Jim Laker]] and [[Graeme Swann]] of England
*[[Nathan Lyon]] of Australia.
*[[Ajantha Mendis]]: inventor of the carrom ball
*[[Lance Gibbs]]: first spinner to pass 300 wickets

==Other deliveries bowled by off spin bowlers==
Another common weapon of the off spinner is the [[arm ball]], which does not spin but goes straight on "with the arm".<ref>{{cite book|title=What is a googly?|last=Eastaway|first=Rob|publisher=Robson Books|year=2003|isbn=1-86105-629-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatisgoogly00robe/page/118 118]|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisgoogly00robe/page/118}}</ref> More skilled offspinners also have the [[topspinner]].<ref>{{cite book|title=What is a googly?|last=Eastaway|first=Rob|publisher=Robson Books|year=2003|isbn=1-86105-629-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatisgoogly00robe/page/141 141]|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisgoogly00robe/page/141}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cricket terminology]]
*[[Arm ball]]
*[[Doosra]]
*[[Leg break]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/metarasa/cricket/spin/the-complete-guide-to-bowling-off-spin/ The Complete Guide to Bowling Off Spin - teamtechnology]
* [https://wisdomtalkies.com/Sports/video-book/Cricket/Bowling/Spin/video/120/Off-spin-in-Cricket Off Spin Basics video - wisdomtalkies]
* [http://cricketcoachingblog.co.uk/2016/01/18/off-spin-bowling/ Off Spin Bowling - cricketcoachingblog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216195932/http://cricketcoachingblog.co.uk/2016/01/18/off-spin-bowling/ }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Off Spin}}
[[Category:Cricket terminology]]
[[Category:Bowling (cricket)]]

Network 18

2022-05-23T18:58:45Z

Radhe:

#REDIRECT [[Network18 Group]]
{{R from move}}

Thikse Monastery

2022-02-18T12:09:52Z

Radhe: Published a captivating publication.

{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Leh, Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name =Thiksey Monastery
|image = Thikse Monastery .jpg
|alt =
|caption =Thiksey Monastery
|map_type = India Ladakh
|coordinates = {{coord|34|03|20.41|N|77|39|59.4|E|type:landmark_region:IN-LA|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within Kashmir region
|location=[[Thiksey]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
|founded_by =
|sect = [[Gelug]]
|lineage=
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|architecture =Fort monastery in the Central Tibetan pattern
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}
'''Thiksey Monastery''' or '''Thiksey [[Gompa]]''' (also transliterated from [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] as '''Thikse''', '''Thiksay''' or '''Tikse''') is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery affiliated with the [[Gelug]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. It is located on top of a hill in [[Thiksey]] approximately {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=out}} east of [[Leh]], in the [[Ladakh]] region of northern [[India]].<ref>Singh (2006), p. 91</ref> It is noted for its resemblance to the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], and is the largest monastery in central Ladakh, notably containing a separate set of buildings for female renunciates that has been the source of significant recent building and reorganization.<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://thiksey-monastery.org/history2.html|title=Thicksey Monastery|access-date=2009-12-04}}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name=Willis>{{cite web|last1=Willis|first1=Jan|title=The Cho-mos of Ladakh: From Servants to Practitioners|url=http://archive.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2004/summer/willis.htm|publisher=Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly|access-date=29 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140929170643/http://archive.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2004/summer/willis.htm|archive-date=29 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The monastery is located at an altitude of {{convert|3600|m|ft}} in the [[Indus Valley]]. It is a twelve-storey complex and houses many items of [[Buddhist art]] such as [[stupa]]s, statues, [[thangka]]s, wall paintings and swords. One of the main points of interest is the [[Maitreya]] Temple installed to commemorate the visit of the [[14th Dalai Lama]] to this monastery in 1970; it contains a {{convert|15|m|ft}} high statue of Maitreya, the largest such statue in Ladakh, covering two stories of the building.<ref name="bhasin"/><ref name=Bandhu>{{Cite book|last=Bandhu|first=Desh|title=Thiksey Monastery|page=112|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPLDUVNeLXMC&q=Thiksey&pg=PA112|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=1997|isbn= 9788173870699}}</ref>

==History==
In the early 15th century, [[Je Tsongkhapa]], the founder of the Gelug School—often called "the Yellow Hats"—sent six of his disciples to remote regions of [[Tibet]] to spread the teachings of the new school. Tsongkhapa gave one of his disciples, [[Jangsem Sherap Zangpo]] ({{bo|w=shes rab bzang po}}), a small statue of Amitayus (the [[saṃbhogakāya]] form of [[Amitābha]]), containing bone powder and a drop of Tsongkhapa's own blood. Tsongkhapa directed him to meet the King of Ladakh with a message seeking his help in the propagation of Buddhism.<ref name=Malik>{{Cite book|last=Malik|first= Abdul Hamid| title= Ladakh Region|work=Thiksey|page=87|access-date=2009-12-04|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MCoLAQAAIAAJ&q=Thiksey|publisher= Gazetteers Dep., Gov. of Jammu and Kashmir|year=1984}}</ref><ref name="Jina, p.319-320">Jina, pp. 319–320</ref>

The King, who was then staying in the [[Nubra Valley]] near [[Shey]], loved the gift of the statue. After this meeting, the King directed his minister to help Sherab Zangpo to establish a monastery of the Gelug order in Ladakh. As a result, in 1433, Zangpo founded a small village monastery called Lhakhang Serpo "Yellow Temple" in Stagmo, north of the Indus. In spite of his efforts, the lamas who embraced the Gelug order were initially few, although some of his disciples became eminent figures over the years.<ref name=Malik/><ref name="Jina, p.319-320">Jina, pp. 319–320</ref><ref>Rizvi, pp. 231–232</ref><ref name= thicksey>{{cite web|url=http://thiksey-monastery.org|title=Thicksey Monastery|access-date=2009-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731073537/http://thiksey-monastery.org/|archive-date=31 July 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Tsong khapa with prayer wheel Tikshe.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Je Tsongkhapa]] pictured behind a prayer wheel, in a painting near the steps that lead to the main part of Thikshe monastery]]

In the mid 15th century, Palden Zangpo continued the monastic work started by his teacher, Sherab Zangpo. He decided to build a larger monastery here that was dictated by an unusual event that occurred while choosing a site. Legends narrate that Tsongkhapa had predicted that his doctrine would prosper on the right bank of the Indus River. This prediction came true when the Thiksey Monastery was established. This was followed by others such as [[Spituk Monastery]] and [[Likir Monastery]], which are also situated on the right bank of the Indus.<ref name =history/>

According to legend, Sherab Zangpo and Palden Zangpo were performing sacred rituals near the Yellow Temple. The [[torma]] offerings were then taken to a rock outcrop to be thrown down to the valley. As they were about to throw the torma into the valley, two crows appeared and carried away the ceremonial plate with the offering of torma. They then placed the torma at a location on the other side of the hill. When Palden Zangpo and his disciples began looking for the torma, they reached Thiksey, where they found that the crow had placed the ''torma'' on a stone in perfect order and in an undisturbed condition. Palden took this finding as a divine directive to build the monastery there.<ref name =history/><ref name="Jina, p.320">Jina, p. 320</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Thikse view1.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Thiksey, Indus River Valley, Landscape of Ladakh, North India.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: View of the monastery from across the valley. Right: Panoramic view of the valley from Thikse monastery
}}
The new Thiksey monastery was located a few kilometres away from Stagmo, on a sacred hill above a village of the same name. The monastery is believed to have been built on the site of an earlier [[Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)|Kadam]] establishment or as a daughter house of the small chapel of Stakmo about {{convert|7|km|mi}} to the north.<ref name="Jina, p.320"/><ref>Rizvi (1996), pp. 231–232</ref> [[Rinchen Zangpo]] is also known to have built a temple named Lakhang Nyerma at Thiksey dedicated to the protector [[vajra|Dorje]] Chenmo. Today, all that can be seen are some ruins.

Thiksey grew in prominence in Ladakh, second only to [[Hemis Monastery]], administering ten other monasteries in the region, such as [[Diskit Monastery|Diskit]], Spituk, Likir and [[Stok Monastery|Stok]]. The monastery came to own or control {{convert|1327|acre|ha}} of land and some 25 villages became attached to the monastery.{{Citation needed}}
In around 1770, the lama of [[Hanle Monastery]] dictated that his elder son should inherit the throne of Ladakh while other princes should be lamas at Thikse and Spituk. As a result, princes such as Jigsmet Namgyal served as lamas at Thikse.<ref name="kaul">{{cite book|last=H. N. Kaul|title=Ladakh through the ages, towards a new identity|publisher=Indus Publishing|pages=58, 61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC&q=thikse&pg=PA44 | isbn=978-81-85182-75-9}}</ref>
[[File:Thiksey Monastery, Ladakh 03.jpg|thumbnail|Entrance of Thiksey Monastery]]

===Modern history===
Restoration of the old monasteries in Ladakh, including the Thiksey Monastery, is being carried out by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], at the request of the concerned monastery administration. This, however, has not been without its controversy.<ref name= outlook>{{Cite book|last=Outlook|title= Outlook 3 November 2008|work=Broken Hemisphere: Touch of Synthetic|pages=28–29|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDEEAAAAMBAJ&q=Thiksey&pg=PA38|publisher= Outlook Publishing|year=2008}}</ref> It is said that the traditional mud and stone courtyards changed to granite, which has marred the brightness of the place.<ref name= outlook/> Similarly, restoration of the right wing of the monastery, involving construction of a new kitchen and a dining hall for the monks, replacing the old traditional central courtyard, has caused dissonance to the entire old edifice of the monastery.<ref name= outlook/> As a result, a balance to the restoration and renovation works has been sought to retain the old order in consonance with the new works.<ref name= outlook/>

==Structure==

===Exterior===
[[File:Thiksey Monastery, Ladakh 08.jpg|thumb|right|The courtyard and view from the monastery]]

Thikse Monastery is the largest such structure in central Ladakh.<ref name= Graetz>{{Cite book|last= Graetz|first= Stéphanie de Windisch-|author2=Ghislaine de Windisch-Graetz |title= Himalayan kingdoms: gods, people & the arts|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rl2gAAAAMAAJ&q=Thiksey|publisher= Roli Books International|year=1982}}</ref> Located on a hill slope, its building are arranged in ascending order of importance and are well spaced, from the foot of the hill housing the dwelling units to the top of the hill enshrining the monasteries and potang (official residence) of the chief lama.<ref name= Graetz/> The architecture strongly resembles that of the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]], the former official seat of the [[Dalai Lama]]s.<ref>Kaur, p.94</ref> Thus, Thikse Monastery is also known as 'Mini Potala'.<ref name =history/> The motorable access road<ref>Bhasin (2006), p.106</ref> from the valley passes the east side of the Thikse Monastery's main building. There is a statue of the Tibetan protective deity on this path at the entrance at the lower level. The highest level of the complex has a [[stupa]] (chorten).<ref name="Jina, p.320"/>

The monastery precinct at the foot of the hill has a courtyard from which a flight of steps leads to the main monastery (one of the 10 temples here), which is 12 stories in height. It has two main chambers. The monastery is painted in red, ochre and white and houses 60 lamas.<ref>"Handa (1987), p. 149">Handa (1987), p. 149</ref> It has an attached nunnery. Like Likir and [[Rangdum Monastery|Rangdum]] monasteries, it was built as a fort monastery in the Central Tibetan pattern.<ref>"Handa (1987), p. 149"</ref><ref>Handa (1987), p. 149</ref> There are excellent views across the Indus Valley flood plain both east and west of it, from which the gompa at [[Matho]] (to the east), the royal palace at [[Stok]] (across the valley to the south) and the former royal palace at [[Shey]] (to the west) are clearly visible.

===Maitreya Buddha===
[[File:Maitreya buddha Thikse.jpg|thumb|upright|The statue of Maitreya Buddha at Thikse is two storeys tall.]]
One of the main points of interest is the [[Maitreya]] (future Buddha) Temple erected to commemorate visit of the [[14th Dalai Lama]] to this monastery in 1970. It contains a {{convert|15|m|ft}} high statue of Maitreya Buddha, the largest such statue in Ladakh, covering two stories of the building.<ref name="bhasin">{{cite book|last=Bhasin|first= Sanjeev Kumar|title=Amazing land Ladakh: places, people, and culture|publisher=Indus Publishing|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IZloNzI8BgC&pg=PA106 | isbn=978-81-7387-186-3}}</ref> Unusually, he is portrayed as seated in the lotus position rather than in his usual representations, standing or in a sitting posture on a high throne. It is the largest Buddha statue in the monastery, and took four years to build. It was made by local artists under the master Shilp Guru Nawang Tsering of the Central Institute of Buddhist Studies (Leh) - in clay, gold paint and copper.<ref name="pjina">{{cite book|last=Prem Singh Jina|title=Recent researches on the Himalaya|publisher=Indus Publishing|pages=118–9, 202|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3-McU06Y28C&pg=PA202 | isbn=978-81-7387-069-9|year=1997}}</ref>

===Assembly Hall===
[[File:Tikse.jpg|thumb|left|220px|The yellow building has the assembly hall. The red building has the guardian deity shrine.]]
A wall at the entrance to the assembly hall or main prayer hall depicts murals of the [[Tibetan calendar]] with the [[Bhavacakra]] (Wheel of Life). This wheel has insignia images of a snake, a bird and a pig that signify ignorance, attachment, and aversion. The purpose of this depiction is meant to remind that these earthly ties need to be overcome in order to get enlightenment in life and to prevent the cycle of death and rebirth.
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Tikse shakyamuni Buddha.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Tikse 2.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = The assembly hall. Left: Buddha in inner sanctum. Right: Throne of Dalai lama and head lama.
}}
The main prayer room next to this wall has many handwritten and painted books. Behind this prayer hall is the small inner sanctum of [[Gautama Buddha]] flanked by [[bodhisattva]]s, [[Manjushri|Mañjuśrī]] to the right and [[Maitreya]] to the left.<ref name="bhasin"/> The assembly hall also has an image of the [[Avalokiteśvara#Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara|Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara]] with [[Padmasambhava]]. The centre of the assembly hall has a seat for the Dalai Lama and to its right, for the head lama and to its left, another deity is pictured. The hall also has murals of the deities [[Mahakala]] and [[Sitatapatra|Sitātapatrā]]. Stored on wooden shelves in the hall are 225 volumes of the [[Tengyur]], wrapped in silk.<ref name="bhasin"/>

===Tara temple===
A temple is also dedicated to goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] with her 21 images placed in glass-covered wooden shelves.<ref name="bhasin"/> Also, small shrines devoted to several guardian divinities including Cham-spring - the protector deity of Thikse - can also be seen between the main courtyard and the staircase.<ref name="bhasin"/> The Chi-khang has an image of the Buddha with two of his disciples and the deity [[Yamantaka]].<ref name="bhasin"/> The courtyard mural depicts Tsong Khapa, the Buddha, [[Padmasambhava]], [[Palden Lhamo]] and [[Mahakala]].

===Lamokhang temple and quarters===
{{multiple image
| align=left
| footer = Courtyard mural (left), Tara shrine (centre), Protector deity shrine (right)
| width = 100
| image1 = Tsong khapa -shakymuni-rinpoche-shri devi-mahakala Tikse.jpg
| alt1 =
| image2 = Tikse altar.jpg
| alt2 =
| image3 = Thikse protector.jpg
| alt3 =
}}
The top floor of the monastery houses the Lamokhang temple, which is a repository of numerous volumes of scriptures including [[Kangyur]] and Stangyur. Only men are allowed to enter this floor.<ref name="bhasin"/> There are big stupas and ''mani'' walls at the entry to the monastery.<ref name="Jina, p.320"/> A small room above the temple is exclusively used as a schoolroom to teach local boys of the villages and some of these boys are chosen as lamas. The top floor is also the official residence of the incarnate lama of the monastery. A large pillar engraved with the Buddha's teachings is also located here. The monastery complex has a number of white washed huts, which house the lamas.<ref name=Bindoloss>{{Cite book|last=Bindoloss|first=Joe|author2=Sarina Singh |title= India|work=Thiksey Monastery|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/381 381]–382|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|url-access=registration|quote=Thiksey.|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2007|isbn=9781741043082}}</ref>

==Nunnery==
The nunnery or the school for the community of nuns is located within the precincts of the monastery and is managed by the monastery administration. In Ladakh, nunneries were held in a grossly inferior status and Buddhist nuns in particular lived in appalling conditions.<ref name=nuns>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2004/summer/willis.htm|title= The Cho-mos of Ladakh: From Servants to Practitioners|access-date=2009-12-04|author= Jan Willis|publisher= Buddhadharma: The Practitioners Quarterly|year=2004}}</ref> In the 1990s, awareness was raised on the status of the nuns in Ladakh, and Thiksey received a degree of international attention and support.<ref name=nuns/> In 1995, the Sakyadhita Conference of Buddhist Women was held in Leh, leading to the establishment of the [[Ladakh Nuns Association]] in 1996. This was important in raising the status of the nuns in Ladakh, to ensure a shift in their functional role of "servitude and to one of true spiritual practice".<ref name=nuns/> The Chief Lama, Thiksey [[Rinpoche]] of Thiksey Monastery was also important in these positive developments in the betterment of nuns. The monastery donated the land for a new nunnery at Nyerma, near Thiksey, at the same place where the very first monastic seat was established by Rinchen Zangpo, the Tibetan translator, in the tenth century. The nunnery is now under the patronage of Thiksey Monastery.<ref name=nuns/>

Today the nunnery houses 26 nuns, ranging from the ages of 43 to 87.<ref name=nuns/> The nuns themselves had taken steps to assert their position in the society by changing their traditional name of ‘ani’ (literal meaning "aunt" - a derogatory connotation of a servant) to "cho-mos", the "female religious practitioners".<ref name=nuns/> They even adopted the testament of [[Mahaprajapati]] on this issue, expressed by Buddha's aunt and nun as their anthem.<ref name=nuns/> Under the influence of the 14th Dalai Lama's words, Thiksey Rinpoche Nawang Jamyang Chamba Stanzin and Tsultrim Tharchin, a geshe became nuns’ activists at Thiksey.<ref name=nuns/> The Dutch Foundation for Ladakhi Nuns (DFLN), a charitable organisation also operates in Nyerma, providing monetary and individual services to support the Buddhist nuns of Ladakh.<ref name=Dutch>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladakhnuns.com/nieuws_en.php?id=4 |title=News Letter Spring 2005 |access-date=2009-12-04 |publisher=Dutch Foundation for Ladakhi Nuns |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201043747/http://ladakhnuns.com/nieuws_en.php?id=4 |archive-date=1 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Festivals==
The annual festival held in the monastery precincts is known as the [[Gustor Festival|Gustor ritual]], which is held from the 17th to 19th day of the ninth month of the [[Tibetan calendar]] (October–November). Sacred dances such as the mask dance or [[Cham dance]] are performed as a part of this ritual.<ref name=Bindoloss/><ref name=Buddhist>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/thiksey.html|title=Thiksey Gompa|access-date=2009-12-02}}</ref> Another special feature is the trade fair held at the base of the monastery, in which villagers from all over Ladakh assemble to barter and trade items and socialize. Sand [[mandala]]s are made for smaller festivals.<ref name=Bindoloss/> The morning prayers at 07:00, with synchronized chanting of [[sūtra]]s at this monastery, attract many worshippers to the services.<ref name =history/><ref name=Bindoloss/>

==Notes==

{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{Cite book|last=Bhasin|first=Sanjeev Kumar|title=Amazing Land Ladakh: Places, People, and Culture|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2006|isbn=81-7387-186-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jina|first=P. S.|title= Ladakh Himalaya: past and present|work=Thiksey Monastery|pages=316, 319–347|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qej5T-uE88C&q=Thiksey&pg=PA319|publisher= Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year= 2006|isbn= 9788126125791}}
*Handa, O. C. (1987). ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-85182-03-5}}.
*{{Cite book|last=Kaur|first=S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOwHzKqbXuEC&q=Thikse+Monastery|title=Ladakh Mountains Of Adventure|publisher=Children's Book Trust|isbn=81-7011-979-0|year=2006}}
*Rizvi, J. (1996). ''Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia''. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-564546-4}}.
*{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Lipika|title=The World of Buddhism, Volume 2|publisher=Shubhi Publications|year=2006|isbn=81-8290-048-4}}

{{Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Gelug monasteries]]
[[Category:Maitreya]]
[[Category:Ladakh]]

Tabla

2021-05-15T06:40:32Z

Radhe: adding references and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Tabla drums demo.webm|thumb|180px|Tabla drums demo (file from Commons Media of the Day)]]

The '''tabla''' ({{lang-hi|तबला}}, {{lang-bn|তবলা}}, {{lang-ur|طبلہ}}}, ''tablā'' from {{lang-ar|طبل، طبلة}}, ''tabl, tabla'') is an Indian [[drum]] used for North Indian Music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-of-tabla.com/history_of_tabla.php|title=Tarang's World of Tabla|accessdate=28 January 2013 |last= |first= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |quote= }}</ref> The tabla invention is found in India. It is also used for [[pakistani classical music|classical]], popular and devotional music of [[Pakistan]]. The instrument is two [[hand drum]]s of different size and shape, similar to bongos. They make different sounds. The drums are treble and bass drum.

Tabla is played hitting the fingers on the drum head and sliding the palm to create a modulating sound. A lot of sounds can be created from the tabla by changing how you use your hands.

Origin of Tabla has always been controversial amongst the historians. Some believed it to be originated from an ancient cylindrical drum called the Mridang or Pakhawaj.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chandrakantha.com/tablasite/articles/overview.htm |title=Basic Overview of the Tabla |author=David Courtney |work= |publisher= |accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref> . Some historians credited 13th century sufi poet Amir Khusrau as the inventor of this instrument who had cut Pakhawaj into two parts to create tabla.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/history-daily/amir-khusrau/|title=Amir Khusrau: In the courts of Delhi Sultans|accessdate=15 May 2021|last= |first= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhiwale-this-week-of-amir-khusro/story-gftZb1UWLjr5iJqpTLje2O.html |title=Delhiwale: This week with Amir Khusrau |author=Mayank Austen Soofi |work= |publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=15 May 2021}}</ref>

[[Zakir Hussain]] is a notable tabla player. There are different Gharanas or houses of tabla. Zakir Hussain's style is of the Punjab Gharana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zakirhussain.com/|title= Zakir Hussain|accessdate=28 January 2013|last= |first= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |quote= }}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Tabla images
|width=280 |height=210 |lines=5
|align=center

|File:Prop. Tabla.jpg |
alt1=Two drums are the complete set
|Professional tabla from Pakrashi.

|File:Stone carvings at Bhaje caves.jpg |
alt2=Carvings from 200 BC.
|200 BC carvings from [[Bhaje caves]], Maharashtra, India showing a woman playing Tabla and another dancer performing.

|File:Ustad Zakir Hussain 2.jpg | width3=200 |
alt3=Zakir Hussain playing tabla.
|Ustad Zakir Hussain performing at [[Konark]], [[Odisha]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{multistub|music|Asia}}

[[Category:Drums]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Pakistani culture]]

{{simple-Wikipedia}}