Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Transport in Mumbai

2026-05-08T07:12:06Z

QWLDesiree: Made - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[Image:View from BMC towards VT.jpg|thumb|A traffic intersection in Mumbai, 2009]]
[[Image:Mumbai area locator map.svg|thumb|Map, railway lines, ports and airports (Click to enlarge)]]

'''Transport in Mumbai''' is achieved by both public and private transport. As of 2016, 52% of commuters use public transport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TOWARDS BETTER ACCESSIBILITY AND MOBILITY IN INDIAN CITIES|url=http://www.urbanmobilityindia.in/Upload/Conference/841c5bd4-f1e9-490d-9f21-f64bd1962a73.pdf|last=Rao|first=KV Krishna}}</ref> Mumbai has the largest organized bus transport network among major Indian cities.

Mumbai's public transport consists primarily of [[rapid transit]] on exclusive suburban railway lines augmented by [[commuter rail]] on main lines serving outlying suburbs, the bus services of the three municipalities making up the metropolitan area, public [[taxi]]s and [[auto rickshaw]]s, as well as ferry services. A [[Mumbai Metro|metro]] and a [[Mumbai Monorail|monorail]] system were inaugurated in 2014. A commercial [[seaplane]] service was also introduced in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai's first Commercial Seaplane Service to takeoff today|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/mumbais-first-commercial-seaplane-service-to-takeoff-today/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref>

==Road==
===Sea-links===
As of 2024, Mumbai currently has 4 major operational or under-construction [[cross-sea traffic ways|sea-link]]s:

The [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]] bridge is one of the longest bridges in the country, opened in 2009. It connects the suburbs of [[Bandra]] and [[Worli]], and carries around 32,000 vehicles daily as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=R |date=30 April 2018 |title=Bandra-Worli sea link: Traffic falls 13% in 2017-18 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/roadways-bandra-worli-sea-link-traffic-falls-13-in-2017-18-1150211/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505102444/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/roadways-bandra-worli-sea-link-traffic-falls-13-in-2017-18-1150211/ |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

The [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] (officially the Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Sewri-Nhava Sheva Atal Setu) is the longest bridge in India. It was opened on 12 January 2024, when Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the bridge. It connects Mumbai with [[Navi Mumbai]] and is 21.8 kilometers in length. The bridge runs between the localities of [[Sewri]] in South Mumbai to [[Ulwe]] of Navi Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-photos-videos-cost-mthl-traffic-rules-mumbai-police-2487221-2024-01-11|title=Speed limit 100 km/h, no bikes and autos: All about India's longest sea bridge|date=11 January 2024|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-setu-indias-longest-bridge-news-pm-modi-inaugurate-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mthl-today-11705023137497.html|title=Atal Setu news: PM Modi to inaugurate Mumbai Trans Harbour Link today|date=12 January 2024|newspaper=Mint}}</ref>

The [[Coastal Road (Mumbai)|Coastal Road]] (officially the Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Coastal Motorway) is an 8-lane, 29.2 km long expressway that runs along Mumbai's western coastline. It will connect the locality of [[Marine Lines]] in the south to Mumbai and [[Kandivali]] in the North. It is projected to be used by 130,000 vehicles daily and reduces travel time between South Mumbai and the Western Suburbs from 2 hours to 40 minutes. Its first phase was inaugurated on 11 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/roadways/maharashtra-cm-inaugurates-mumbai-coastal-road-project-phase-one-between-worli-marine-lines/videoshow/108399078.cms|title=Maharashtra CM inaugurates Mumbai Coastal Road Project phase one between Worli & Marine Lines|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 March 2024|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> Its second phase was inaugurated on June 10th, 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Newsdesk |first=NDTV |date= |title=Mumbai Coastal Road Phase 2 Inauguration Today. Details Here |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-coastal-road-phase-2-inauguration-today-details-here-5858219 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241007223447/https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-coastal-road-phase-2-inauguration-today-details-here-5858219 |archive-date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=NDTV}}</ref> On January 26th, 2025 ([[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]), the northbound bridge connecting with the Bandra Worli Sea link was inaugrated<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Northbound bridge linking Coastal Road with Bandra-Worli Sea Link inaugurated |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/northbound-bridge-coastal-road-bandra-worli-sea-link-inauguration-cm-fadnavis-9800279/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> . On August 14, 2025, Chief Minister of Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis inaugrated a 5 KM promenade stretching from Priyadarshini Park to Worli sea face as a public recreation ground.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-14 |title=Mumbai Gets 5-km Sea-Facing Promenade, Coastal Road To Stay Open 24X7 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mumbai-gets-5-km-sea-facing-promenade-coastal-road-opens-at-midnight-9087617#:~:text=News%20India%20News%20Mumbai%20Gets,getting%20a%20brand%2Dnew%20showstopper. |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=NDTV}}</ref> After that, a melody road was inaugurated, playing the song [[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-11 |title=Mumbai Debuts India's First Melody Road, 'Jai Ho' Now Part Of Commute |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mumbai-debuts-indias-first-melody-road-jai-ho-now-part-of-commute-10988756 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=NDTV}}</ref> , Finishing the Mumbai Coastal Road project.

The [[Versova–Bandra Sea Link]], which is going to be inaugrated in 2027, and will also connect Versova, Andheri to the Bandra Worli Sea Link and also to the coastal road as well as run along mumbai's coastline from Versova and Juhu. It will reduce travel time and traffic jams along Swami Vivekananda Road and Milan Subway bridge, as well as the removal of 1.799 mangroves<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Ateeq |date=04-07-2026 |title=Bandra-Versova Sea Link redesign gets green nod; cost rises by 60% |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bandraversova-sea-link-redesign-gets-green-nod-cost-rises-by-60-101775503889781.html |access-date=25-06-2026 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Buses===
[[File:Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg|thumb|A BEST Bus in Mumbai]]
*[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) has a fleet of single and [[Double-decker bus|double decker buses]]. BEST runs their buses in Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Thane, and Mira-Bhayandar
*[[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]] (NMMT) operates air-conditioned Volvo buses from [[Navi Mumbai]] to Bandra, Dadar, Mantralaya & Borivali and non-A/C buses from Navi Mumbai to Mulund, Kurla, Dadar, Andheri, Dindoshi & Mantralaya.
*[[Thane Municipal Transport]] (TMT) operates buses from [[Thane]] to Navi Mumbai, Borivali, Mira-Bhayandar and BKC.
*[[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Transport]] (KDMT) operate buses from [[Kalyan-Dombivli]] to Navi Mumbai, Panvel and Ulhasnagar.
*[[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Transport]] (MBMT) operates buses from [[Mira-Bhayandar]] to Vasai-Virar, Thane and Borivali.
*[[Vasai-Virar Municipal Transport]] (VVMT) operate buses from [[Vasai-Virar]] to Thane, Mira-Bhayandar.

==BEST Bus Routes==

Note:
* Red is denoted as AC route
* Yellow is denoted as LTD or Limited bus route (route which will only stop on limited bus stops)
* Green is denoted as C bus route (Express bus route which will stop on major bus stops)
* No color denoted on a route refers to a normal bus route (stops on all bus stops)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Route number
! Origin
! Destination
! Notes
! Depot
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-1}}
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
|Santacruz Depot
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-3}}
|Navy Nagar (Colaba)
|Jijamata Udyan
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-4}}
|Dr. M. Iqbal Chowk (J.J. Hospital)
|Oshiwara Depot
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-5}}
|Mantralaya
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|
|Anik
|-
!style="background:#FFFF00;"| {{font color|black|6LTD}}
|Colaba Depot (Electric House)
|Tata Power Centre (Mahul)
|
|Colaba
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-7}}
|Vijay Vallabh Chowk (Pydhonie)
|Vikhroli Depot
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-8}}
|Mantralaya
|Shivaji Nagar Terminus
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!9
|Colaba Bus Station
|Antop Hill
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-10}}
|Colaba Depot (Electric House)
|Anik Depot
|
|Anik
|-
!style="background:#32CD32;"| {{font color|white|C-12}}
|Santacruz Depot
|Dahisar Bus Station
|
|Santacruz
|-
!13
|Wadala Road Station (W)
|Mahatma Gandhi Hospital (Parel)
|
|Wadala
|-
!14
|Dr. Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Chowk (Museum)
|Pratiksha Nagar Depot
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!15
|Mantralaya
|Pratiksha Nagar Depot
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-19}}
|Mantralaya
|Shivaji Nagar Depot
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-21}}
|Dr. Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Chowk (Museum)
|Trombay
|
|Deonar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-22}}
|Vijay Vallabh Chowk (Pydhonie)
|Majas Depot
|
|Majas
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-25}}
|Backbay Depot
|Rani Laxmibai Chowk (Sion)
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-26}}
|Colaba Depot (Electric House)
|Shivaji Nagar Depot
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!27
|Rani Laxmibai Chowk (Sion)
|Vaishali Nagar (Mulund)
|
|Dharavi
|-
!28
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
|J.V.P.D. Bus Station
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FFFF00;"| {{font color|black|29LTD}}
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Udyan (Sewri)
|Vihar Lake
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-30}}
|Pandit Paluskar Chowk (Charni Road)
|Vikhroli Depot
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-33}}
|Worli Depot
|Goregaon Bus Station (W)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-35}}
|Comrade P.K. Kurne Chowk (Worli)
|Majas Depot
|
|Majas
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-37}}
|J.Mehta Marg
|Kurla Station (W)
|
|Kurla
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-39}}
|Veer Hutatma Bhai Kotwal Udyan (Plaza)
|Majas Depot
|
|Majas
|-
!style="background:#32CD32;"| {{font color|white|C-40}}
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Udyan (Sewri)
|Dindoshi Depot
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-44}}
|Shravan Yashwante Chowk (Kalachowki)
|Worli Depot
|
|Worli
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-45}}
|Backbay Depot
|Mahul Village
|
|Backbay
|-
!46
|Ferry Wharf
|Dharavi Depot
|
|Dharavi
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-49}}
|Mumbai Central Depot
|Mahul Village
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!50
|Ferry Wharf
|Worli Depot
|
|Worli
|-
!51
|Colaba Bus Station
|Santacruz Depot
|
|Santacruz
|-
!52
|Shravan Yashwante Chowk (Kalachowki)
|Dharavi Depot
|
|Dharavi
|-
!style="background:#32CD32;"| {{font color|red|A-C-53}}
|Ghatkopar Depot
|Kalamboli
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!style="background:#32CD32;"| {{font color|white|C-54}}
|Wadala Depot
|Airoli Bus Station
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-56}}
|Worli Depot
|Vesave-Yari Road Bus Station
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!57
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Udyan (Sewri)
|Walkeshwar
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-58}}
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|Wadala Truck Terminal
|
|Anik
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-59}}
|Veer Hutatma Bhai Kotwal Udyan (Plaza)
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|
|Anik
|-
!60
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mazgaon)
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!style="background:#32CD32;"| {{font color|white|C-61}}
|Mulund Depot
|Mira Road Station (E)
|
|Mulund
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-62}}
|Pandit Paluskar Chowk (Charni Road)
|Vidyavihar Bus Station (W)
|
|Kurla
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-63}}
|Byculla Station (W)
|J.Mehta Marg
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!64
|Dadar Station (E)
|MHADA Colony (Byculla East)
|
|Wadala
|-
!66
|Rani Laxmibai Chowk (Sion)
|Ballard Pier
|
|Kalakilla
|-
!67
|Antop Hill
|Walkeshwar
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!69
|Dr. Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Chowk (Museum)
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Udyan (Sewri)
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#32CD32;"| {{font color|white|C-71}}
|Dharavi Depot
|Mira Road Station (E)
|
|Dharavi
|-
!style="background:#32CD32;"| {{font color|white|C-72}}
|Dharavi Depot
|Bhayander Station (E)
|
|Dharavi
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-76}}
|Byculla Station (W)
|Tata Garden (Breach Candy)
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-78}}
|Dr. Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Chowk (Museum)
|Byculla Station (W)
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!79
|Santacruz Depot
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Nagar Bus Station (Charkop)
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-82}}
|Mantralaya
|Worli Depot
|
|Worli
|-
!83
|Colaba Bus Station
|Santacruz Depot
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-84}}
|Dr. Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Chowk (Museum)
|Oshiwara Depot
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-85}}
|Pandit Paluskar Chowk (Charni Road)
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|
|Anik
|-
!style="background:#32CD32;"| {{font color|white|C-86}}
|Backbay Depot
|Bandra Bus Station (W)
|
|Bandra
|-
!style="background:#FFFF00;"| {{font color|black|87LTD}}
|Mantralaya
|Bandra Colony
|
|Dharavi
|-
!88
|Mantralaya
|Pratiksha Nagar Depot
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-89}}
|Mantralaya
|Worli Depot
|
|Worli
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-92}}
|Vasantrao Naik Chowk (Tardeo)
|Anushakti Nagar (Deonar)
|
|Deonar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-101}}
|World Trade Centre
|Mahatma Phule Market
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-102}}
|Grant Road Station (E)
|Vijay Vallabh Chowk (Pydhonie)
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-103}}
|R.C. Church
|Kamla Nehru Park
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-104}}
|Grant Road Station (W)
|J.Mehta Marg
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-105}}
|Vijay Vallabh Chowk (Pydhonie)
|Kamla Nehru Park
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-106}}
|Navy Nagar (Colaba)
|Kamla Nehru Park
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-108}}
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
|Kamla Nehru Park
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-111}}
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
|Free Press Journal Marg
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-112}}
|Ahilyabai Holkar Chowk (Churchgate)
|Gateway of India
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-113}}
|Ahilyabai Holkar Chowk (Churchgate)
|Mahatma Phule Market
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-115}}
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
|N.C.P.A. (Nariman Point)
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-116}}
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
|Gateway of India
|
|Colaba
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-117}}
|Wadala Road Station (W)
|Sangam Nagar (Wadala East)
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-118}}
|Dadar Station (W)
|Worli Village
|
|Worli
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-119}}
|Kasturba Gandhi Chowk (Kalbadevi)
|Pandit Paluskar Chowk (Charni Road)
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-121}}
|Backbay Depot
|J.Mehta Marg
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-122}}
|Ballard Pier
|J.Mehta Marg
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-123}}
|R.C. Church
|Vasantrao Naik Chowk (Tardeo)
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-124}}
|Colaba Bus Station
|Worli Depot
|
|Worli
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-125}}
|Navy Nagar (Colaba)
|Worli Depot
|
|Worli
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-126}}
|Mantralaya
|Jijamata Udyan
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-132}}
|Colaba Bus Station
|Mumbai Central Depot
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-134}}
|Backbay Depot
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Udyan (Sewri)
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-135}}
|Ferry Wharf
|J.Mehta Marg
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-136}}
|Backbay Depot
|Ahilyabai Holkar Chowk (Churchgate)
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-137}}
|Navy Nagar (Colaba)
|Ahilyabai Holkar Chowk (Churchgate)
|
|Backbay
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-138}}
|Backbay Depot
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
|
|Colaba
|-
!139
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
|Geeta Nagar
|
|Colaba
|-
!151
|Wadala Depot
|J.Mehta Marg
|
|Wadala
|-
!153
|Byculla Station (W)
|Nair Hospital
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-154}}
|Byculla Station (W)
|Nehru Planetarium
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-155}}
|Grant Road Station (W)
|Cumballa Hill
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-162}}
|Worli Village
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Udyan (Sewri)
|
|Worli
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-164}}
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mazgaon)
|Dharavi Depot
|
|Kalakilla
|-
!165
|Wadala Depot
|Kasturba Gandhi Chowk (Kalbadevi)
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-167}}
|Prabhadevi Station (W)
|Comrade P.K. Kurne Chowk (Worli)
|
|Worli
|-
!168
|Wadala Depot
|Parel ST Depot
|
|Wadala
|-
!169
|Pratiksha Nagar Depot
|Worli Depot
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-171}}
|Worli Depot
|Antop Hill
|
|Worli
|-
!172
|Pratiksha Nagar Depot
|Comrade P.K. Kurne Chowk (Worli)
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-174}}
|Veer Hutatma Bhai Kotwal Udyan (Plaza)
|Bharani Naka (Antop Hill)
|
|Worli
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-175}}
|Pratiksha Nagar Depot
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Chowk (Dadar West)
|
|Worli
|-
!177
|Shravan Yashwante Chowk (Kalachowki)
|Hindmata Cinema (Parel)
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-180}}
|Malvani Depot
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
|
|Malvani
|-
!181
|Marol Depot
|Antop Hill
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!182
|Bandra (E) Bus Station
|Diamond Bourse (BKC)
|
|Dharavi
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-183}}
|Kurla Station (W)
|Swavalamban Bhavan (BKC)
|
|Kurla
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-185}}
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Kannamwar Nagar-2 (Vikhroli East)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!186
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Vihar Lake
|
|Majas
|-
!187
|Bandra (E) Bus Station
|C.A. Institute (BKC)
|
|Dharavi
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-200}}
|Vesave-Yari Road Bus Station
|Jijamata Udyan
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!201
|Santacruz Depot
|Parel ST Depot
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-202}}
|Gorai Depot
|Mahim Bus Station
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-203}}
|Juhu Beach
|Dahisar Bridge
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-204}}
|Goregaon (W) Bus Station
|Gomant Nagar (Dahisar West)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-205}}
|Jogeshwari (W) Bus Station
|Gomant Nagar (Dahisar West)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-206}}
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Nagar (Charkop) Bus Station
|I.C. Colony
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-207}}
|Malvani Depot
|Dahisar Bus Station
|
|Malvani
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-208}}
|Borivali Station (W)
|Saraswati Complex (Dahisar)
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-209}}
|Samta Nagar (Kandivali)
|Ashish Complex
|
|Magathane
|-
!style="background:#FFFF00;"| {{font color|black|210LTD}}
|Vesave-Yari Road Bus Station
|Dahisar Bridge
|
|Poisar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-211}}
|Bandra Bus Station (W)
|Father Agnel Ashram (Bandstand)
|
|Santacruz
|-
!212
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Udyan (Sewri)
|Bandra Reclamation Bus Station
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-214}}
|Bandra Bus Station (W)
|Mount Mary Steps (Bandra West)
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-215}}
|Bandra Reclamation Bus Station
|Tata Colony (Bandra East)
|
|Santacruz
|-
!216
|Dadar Station (E)
|MHADA Colony (Bhoiwada)
|
|Wadala
|-
!217
|Dadar Station (E)
|Mint Colony
|
|Wadala
|-
!218
|Dadar Station (E)
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Udyan (Sewri)
|
|Wadala
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-219}}
|Bandra Bus Station (W)
|Bandra Reclamation Bus Station
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-220}}
|Bandra Station (W)
|Khar Road Station (W)
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-221}}
|Andheri Station (W)
|Vesave-Yari Road Bus Station
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!222
|Bandra Station (W)
|Chuim Village
|
|Bandra
|-
!style="background:#FFFF00;"| {{font color|black|223LTD}}
|Seven Bungalows Bus Station
|Samta Nagar (Kandivali East)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-224}}
|Santacruz Depot
|Borivali Station (W)
|
|Santacruz
|-
!225
|Bandra Bus Station (W)
|Dindoshi Bus Station
|
|Bandra
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-226}}
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Nagar (Charkop) Bus Station
|Barve Nagar (Ghatkopar)
|
|Gorai
|-
!231
|Santacruz Station (W)
|Juhu Bus Station
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-234}}
|Jogeshwari Bus Station (W)
|Vesave-Yari Road Bus Station
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-235}}
|Andheri Station (W)
|Millat Nagar
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!239
|Kandivali Station (W)
|Charkop Sector 9
|
|Poisar
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-240}}
|Kanderpada Bus Station
|Shanti Ashram
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-241}}
|Malvani Depot
|Santacruz Depot
|
|Malvani
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-243}}
|Malad Station (W)
|Jankalyan Nagar
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-244}}
|Borivali Station (W)
|Kandivali Station (W)
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-245}}
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Nagar (Charkop) Bus Station
|Kanderpada Bus Station
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-246}}
|Borivali Station (W)
|Kandivali Station (W)
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-247}}
|Borivali Station (W)
|Gorai Creek
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-248}}
|Andheri Station (W)
|Ramesh Nagar (Andheri)
|
|Gorai
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-251}}
|Andheri Station (W)
|Vesave-Yari Road Bus Station
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!252
|Andheri Station (W)
|Sardar Patel Nagar (Park Street)
|
|Santacruz
|-
!style="background:#FF0000;"| {{font color|white|A-254}}
|Andheri Station (W)
|Veera Desai Road (Extension)
|
|Gorai
|-
!255LTD
|Pratiksha Nagar Depot
|J.V.P.D. Bus Station
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!A-256
|Malvani Depot
|Juhu Beach
|
|Malvani
|-
!257
|Andheri Station (W)
|J.V.P.D. Bus Station
|
|Santacruz
|-
!A-259
|Andheri Station (W)
|Gorai Depot
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-261
|Goregaon Bus Station (W)
|Jogeshwari Bus Station (W)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!262
|Goregaon Bus Station (W)
|Malad Depot
|
|Goregaon
|-
!263
|Goregaon Bus Station (W)
|Ayyappa Mandir (Goregaon)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!264
|Sadbhakti Mandir
|Samarth Nagar (Jogeshwari)
|
|Majas
|-
!266
|Andheri Station (W)
|Shree Swami Samarth Nagar (Extension)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!A-268
|Andheri Station (W)
|Shree Swami Samarth Nagar (Extension)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!A-269
|Gorai Depot
|Madh Jetty
|
|Gorai
|-
!270
|Malad Station (W)
|Mahapalika Pumping Centre (Malvani)
|
|Malad
|-
!271
|Malad Station (W)
|Madh Jetty
|
|Malad
|-
!A-272
|Malad Station (W)
|Marve Beach
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-273
|Malad Station (W)
|Malvani Depot
|
|Malvani
|-
!A-274
|Kandivali Station (W)
|Bunder Pakhadi Village
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-276
|Kandivali Station (W)
|Charkop Sector 8
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-277
|Kandivali Station (W)
|Borivali Station (W)
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-278
|Kandivali Station (W)
|Marina Enclave Complex (Malad)
|
|Gorai
|-
!279
|Poisar Depot
|Samta Nagar (Kandivali)
|
|Poisar
|-
!A-280
|Kandivali Station (W)
|Mahavir Nagar (Extension)
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-281
|Kandivali Station (W)
|Pushpa Park (Malad)
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-282
|Kandivali Station (W)
|Damu Nagar (Extension)
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-286
|Kandivali Station (W)
|Charkop Village
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-287
|Kandivali Bus Station (E)
|ESIS Hospital (Thakur Village)
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-288
|Kandivali Bus Station (E)
|Kranti Nagar (Kandivali)
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-289
|Kandivali Bus Station (E)
|Anita Nagar
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-293
|Jai Maharashtra Nagar (Borivali)
|Shree Krishna Nagar
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-294
|Borivali Station (W)
|Gorai Creek
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-296
|Link Road Junction (Kandivali)
|Shanti Ashram
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-297
|Borivali Station (E)
|Kokanipada (Extension)
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-298
|Borivali Station (E)
|Rawalpada
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-300
|Kandivali Bus Station (E)
|Sanskruti Apartments
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-301
|Borivali Station (E)
|Hanuman Tekdi
|
|Magathane
|-
!303
|Bandra Bus Station (E)
|Mulund Station (W)
|
|Dharavi
|-
!C-305
|Backbay Depot
|Dharavi Depot
|
|Dharavi
|-
!307
|Majas Depot
|Vaishali Nagar (Mulund)
|
|Majas
|-
!308
|Majas Depot
|Vidyavihar Bus Station (W)
|
|Majas
|-
!A-310
|Kurla Station (W)
|Bandra Terminus
|
|Kurla
|-
!A-311
|Kurla Station (W)
|Santacruz Station (E)
|
|Kurla
|-
!312
|Marol Depot
|Pratiksha Nagar Depot
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!A-313
|Kurla Station (W)
|Santacruz Station (E)
|
|Kurla
|-
!A-314
|Bandra Bus Station (E)
|Uttar Bhartiya Sangha
|
|Kurla
|-
!316
|Bandra Terminus
|Bandra Colony
|
|Dharavi
|-
!317
|Bandra Terminus
|Tata Colony (Bandra East)
|
|Dharavi
|-
!A-318
|Kurla Station (W)
|Santacruz Station (E)
|
|Kurla
|-
!A-319
|Majas Depot
|Kurla Station (W)
|
|Majas
|-
!320
|Kurla Station (W)
|Filterpada
|
|Kurla
|-
!321LTD
|Mahim Bus Station
|Barve Nagar (Ghatkopar)
|
|Bandra
|-
!A-322
|Vidyavihar Bus Station (W)
|Mahant Road (Vileparle)
|
|Kurla
|-
!A-323
|Vidyavihar Bus Station (W)
|Sangharsh Nagar (Chandivali)
|
|Kurla
|-
!A-325
|Kurla Station (W)
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-326
|Kurla Station (W)
|Shivshahi Prakalp (Goregaon East)
|
|Kurla
|-
!327
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Shivshahi Prakalp (Goregaon East)
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!A-329
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Shivaji Nagar Depot
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-330
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Kurla Station (W)
|
|Kurla
|-
!A-331
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|Sahar Cargo Complex
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-332
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Kurla Station (W)
|
|Kurla
|-
!333
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Mahakali Caves
|
|Majas
|-
!A-334
|Marol Depot
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!335
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Sangharsh Nagar (Chandivali)
|
|Majas
|-
!A-336
|Rani Laxmibai Chowk (Sion)
|Antop Hill
|
|Kalakilla
|-
!337
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
|
|Majas
|-
!338
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Sahar Cargo Complex
|
|Majas
|-
!339
|Majas Depot
|Juhu Bus Station
|
|Majas
|-
!A-340
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-341
|Antop Hill
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|
|Anik
|-
!342
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Kokan Vikas Mahamandal (Aarey)
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!A-343
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Dadasaheb Phalke Chitranagri (Filmcity)
|
|Majas
|-
!344
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Sankalp Society (Nagari Niwara)
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!A-345
|Gorai Depot
|Santosh Nagar (Extension)
|
|Gorai
|-
!346
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Shivshahi Prakalp (Goregaon East)
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!A-347
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Gokuldham
|
|Majas
|-
!348LTD
|Dindoshi Depot
|Pratiksha Nagar Depot
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!349
|Marol Depot
|Santosh Nagar (Extension)
|
|Marol
|-
!A-350
|Shivaji Nagar Bus Station
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-351
|Mumbai Central Depot
|Tata Power Centre (Mahul)
|
|Mumbai Central
|-
!352
|Rani Laxmibai Chowk (Sion)
|Trombay
|
|Dharavi
|-
!A-354
|Worli Depot
|Kannamwar Nagar 2 (Vikhroli East)
|
|Worli
|-
!A-356
|Santacruz Depot
|Tata Power Centre (Mahul)
|
|Santacruz
|-
!A-357
|Shivaji Nagar Bus Station
|Vasantrao Naik Chowk (Tardeo)
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-359
|Malvani Depot
|Hiranandani Bus Station (Powai)
|
|Malvani
|-
!A-360
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|Trombay
|
|Anik
|-
!A-361
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|Mahul Village
|
|Anik
|-
!A-362
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|Deonar Depot
|
|Deonar
|-
!363
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|Mahul Village
|
|Anik
|-
!A-364
|Trombay
|Mahul Village
|
|Anik
|-
!A-365
|Kurla Station (W)
|Sahar Cargo Complex
|
|Kurla
|-
!A-367
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|Gadkari Quarry
|
|Anik
|-
!368LTD
|Mulund Depot
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Udyan (Sewri)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-369
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|Vashi Naka (Chembur)
|
|Anik
|-
!A-370
|MHADA Colony (Mulund East)
|Kelkar College (Mulund)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-371
|Shivaji Nagar Depot
|Bandra Terminus
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-372
|Ghatkopar Bus Station
|Trombay
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-373
|Vaishali Nagar (Mulund)
|Mahul Village
|
|Mulund
|-
!374
|Santacruz Depot
|Sion Station
|
|Santacruz
|-
!A-375
|Shivaji Nagar Bus Station
|Bandra Bus Station (W)
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-376
|Shivaji Nagar Bus Station
|Mahim Bus Station
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-377
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|SRA Compound (Mankhurd)
|
|Deonar
|-
!A-378
|Mankhurd Station (S)
|Trombay
|
|Deonar
|-
!A-379
|Shivaji Nagar Terminus
|Ghatkopar Station (E)
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-380
|Ghatkopar Station (E)
|Trombay
|
|Deonar
|-
!A-381
|Ghatkopar Station (E)
|Tata Power Centre (Mahul)
|
|Deonar
|-
!A-382
|Anushakti Nagar (Deonar)
|Sahar Cargo Complex
|
|Deonar
|-
!A-383
|Shivaji Nagar Bus Station
|Gadkari Quarry
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-385
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|Comrade P.K. Kurne Chowk (Worli)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-386
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|Nagbaba Mandir
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-387
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|Vikhroli Park Site
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-389
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|Barve Nagar (Ghatkopar)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-391
|Mulund Station (W)
|Khindipada
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-392
|Majas Depot
|Vikhroli Depot
|
|Majas
|-
!A-394
|Vikhroli Station (E)
|Kannamwar Nagar 2 (Vikhroli East)
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!A-396
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mulund West)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-397
|Vikhroli Station (E)
|Kannamwar Nagar 2 (Vikhroli East)
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!398LTD
|Dindoshi Depot
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mulund West)
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!A-399
|Anushakti Nagar (Deonar)
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mulund West)
|
|Deonar
|-
!A-401
|Mulund Station (W)
|Vaishali Nagar (Mulund)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-402
|Mulund Station (W)
|Vaishali Nagar (Mulund)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-403
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|MHADA Colony (Mulund East)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-404
|Shivaji Nagar Depot
|Ghatkopar Station (E)
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-405
|Mulund Station (W)
|Yogi Hills
|
|Mulund
|-
!406
|Ghatkopar Station (E)
|Railway Police Colony (Ghatkopar)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-409
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mulund West)
|Sahar Cargo Complex
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-410
|Vikhroli Depot
|Barve Nagar (Ghatkopar)
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!411
|Wadala Depot
|Sangharsh Nagar (Chandivali)
|
|Wadala
|-
!A-412
|Mulund Station (W)
|Ghatipada (Mulund)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-414
|Mulund Station (W)
|Nahur Bus Station
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-415
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Seepz Village
|
|Majas & Kurla
|-
!A-416
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|Amrut Nagar (Vikhroli)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!418
|Vikhroli Station (W)
|Nagbaba Mandir
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!A-419
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|Sangharsh Nagar (Chandivali)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-421
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|MHADA Colony (Chandivali)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-422
|Bandra Bus Station (W)
|Vikhroli Depot
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!A-423
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mulund West)
|Sangharsh Nagar (Chandivali)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-424
|Oshiwara Depot
|Mulund Station (W)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!A-425
|Vesave-Yari Road Bus Station
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Talao (Bhandup)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!426
|Vidyavihar Bus Station (W)
|Filterpada
|
|Kurla
|-
!A-427
|Ghatkopar Station (W)
|Filterpada
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!428
|Sadbhakti Mandir
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Talao (Bhandup)
|
|Majas
|-
!A-430
|Ghatkopar Station (E)
|Mahul Village
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-431
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|Tata Power Centre (Mahul)
|
|Anik
|-
!A-433
|Andheri Station (W)
|Ghatkopar Bus Station
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!434
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Bamandaya Pada
|
|Majas
|-
!C-440
|Wadala Depot
|Borivali Station (E)
|
|Wadala
|-
!441
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Majas Depot
|
|Majas
|-
!442
|MHADA Colony (Majas)
|Sadbhakti Mandir
|
|Majas
|-
!443
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Bamandaya Pada
|
|Majas
|-
!446
|Kurla Station (W)
|Bamandaya Pada
|
|Kurla
|-
!447
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Santosh Nagar (Extension)
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!449
|Dindoshi Bus Station
|SRP Camp
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!A-451
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Adarsh Nagar (Aarey)
|
|Majas
|-
!A-452
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Mayur Nagar
|
|Majas
|-
!A-453
|Ghatkopar Depot
|Lokmanya Nagar (Thane)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-454
|Seven Bungalows Bus Station
|Shivshahi Prakalp (Goregaon East)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!A-456
|Malvani Depot
|Shivshahi Prakalp (Goregaon East)
|
|Malvani
|-
!A-458
|Deonar Depot
|Borivali Station (E)
|
|Deonar
|-
!A-459
|Malvani Depot
|Mulund Station (W)
|
|Malvani
|-
!460LTD
|Gorai Depot
|Mulund Station (W)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-461
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Nagar (Charkop) Bus Station
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mulund West)
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-462
|Borivali Station (E)
|Vaishali Nagar (Dahisar)
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-463
|Veer Hutatma Bhai Kotwal Udyan (Plaza)
|Dharavi Depot
|
|Kalakilla
|-
!A-464
|Oshiwara Depot
|Ghatkopar Bus Station
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-465
|Marol Depot
|Prabodhankar Thackeray Nagar (Charkop) Bus Station
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-469
|Oshiwara Depot
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mulund West)
|
|Oshiwara
|-
!A-470
|Ghatkopar Bus Station
|Borivali Station (E)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-471
|Ghatkopar Bus Station
|Borivali Station (E)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-473
|Santacruz Depot
|Mahul Village
|
|Santacruz
|-
!A-477
|Borivali Station (E)
|Rushivan (Borivali)
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-478
|Vikhroli Depot
|Borivali Station (E)
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!A-479
|Borivali Station (E)
|Janta Nagar
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-481
|Ghatkopar Station (E)
|Vashi Naka (Chembur)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-484
|MHADA Colony (Mulund East)
|Pawar Nagar (Thane)
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-488
|Shivaji Nagar Bus Station
|Dindoshi Bus Station
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!489LTD
|Shivaji Nagar Depot
|Dindoshi Depot
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-490
|Mantralaya
|Dadlani Park (Thane West)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!A-491
|Rani Laxmibai Chowk (Sion)
|Dadlani Park (Thane West)
|
|Kalakilla
|-
!A-492
|Majas Depot
|Bhoomi Acres (Waghbil Thane)
|
|Majas
|-
!A-493
|Deonar Depot
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mulund West)
|
|Deonar
|-
!A-494
|Ghatkopar Bus Station
|Retibunder Kharegaon (Kalwa)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!496LTD
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Marathon Chowk (Thane Flyover)
|
|Majas
|-
!A-498
|Borivali Station (E)
|Sangharsh Nagar (Chandivali)
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-499
|Ghatkopar Bus Station
|Vrindavan Society (Thane)
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!501LTD
|Kurla Bus Station (E)
|Airoli Bus Station
|
|Pratiksha Nagar
|-
!A-502
|Shivaji Nagar Bus Station
|Nerul Sector 46/48
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!A-504
|Shivaji Nagar Depot
|Jalvayu Vihar (Kharghar)
|
|Shivaji Nagar
|-
!C-505
|Santacruz Depot
|CBD Belapur
|
|Santacruz
|-
!A-507
|Santacruz Station (E)
|Nerul Bus Station
|
|Kurla
|-
!512LTD
|Maharana Pratap Chowk (Mulund West)
|Nerul Bus Station
|
|Mulund
|-
!C-513
|Mulund Depot
|Vashi Station
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-517
|Santacruz Station (E)
|Vashi Sector 19
|
|Santacruz
|-
!C-521
|Wadala Depot
|Ghansoli Village
|
|Wadala
|-
!522LTD
|Majas Depot
|Millennium Business Park (Mahape)
|
|Majas
|-
!523LTD
|Dindoshi Bus Station
|Airoli Bus Station
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!525LTD
|Majas Depot
|Vashi Station
|
|Majas
|-
!A-533
|Ghatkopar Bus Station
|Vashi Sector 19
|
|Ghatkopar
|-
!545LTD
|Agarkar Chowk (Andheri East)
|Airoli Bus Station
|
|Majas
|-
!601
|Malad Station (E)
|Triveni Nagar (Malad East)
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!A-602
|Kanjurmarg Station (W)
|Hiranandani Bus Station (Powai)
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!A-603
|Bhandup Village
|Amrut Nagar (Vikhroli)
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!A-604
|Bhandup Station (W)
|Kanjurmarg Station (W)
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!605
|Bhandup Station (W)
|Tembhipada Naka
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!A-606
|Bhandup Station (W)
|Ashok Kedare Chowk
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!A-607
|Bhandup Station (W)
|Tulshet Pada
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!608
|Kanjurmarg Station (W)
|Hanuman Nagar (Bhandup)
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!612
|Bhandup Station (W)
|Hanuman Nagar (Bhandup)
|
|Vikhroli
|-
!613
|Vidyavihar Bus Station (W)
|Sundar Baug (Kamani)
|
|Kurla
|-
!618
|Santacruz Station (E)
|Datta Mandir (Vakola)
|
|Kurla
|-
!A-620
|Malad Depot
|Malad Station (W)
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-621
|Malad Station (W)
|Ushma Nagar
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-622
|Malad Station (W)
|Jankalyan Nagar Police Station
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-624
|Poddar Park (Malad)
|Anand Nagar (Appa Pada)
|
|Gorai
|-
!A-626
|Malad Station (W)
|Bhujale Talao
|
|Gorai
|-
!627
|Andheri Station (W)
|Mora Village
|
|Santacruz
|-
!A-629
|Borivali Station (E)
|Samta Nagar (Kandivali)
|
|Magathane
|-
!646
|Goregaon Bus Station (E)
|Nagari Niwara Zone 1-2
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!A-663
|Deonar Depot
|Mahul Village
|
|Deonar
|-
!A-691
|Mulund Station (W)
|Amar Nagar
|
|Mulund
|-
!A-696
|Dahisar Station (E)
|Kokani Pada (Extension)
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-698
|Borivali Station (E)
|N.G. Park
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-700
|Magathane Depot
|Thane Station (E)
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-701
|Samta Nagar (Kandivali)
|Mira Road Station (E)
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-702
|Magathane Depot
|Ghodbunder Village
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-703
|Samta Nagar (Kandivali)
|Mira Road Station (E)
|
|Magathane
|-
!705LTD
|Dindoshi Depot
|Western Park (Kashimira)
|
|Dindoshi
|-
!706LTD
|Marol Depot
|Bhayander Station (E)
|
|Marol
|-
!707LTD
|Goregaon Depot
|Bhayander Station (E)
|
|Goregaon
|-
!A-709
|Magathane Depot
|Bhayander Station (E)
|
|Magathane
|-
!A-710
|Magathane Depot
|Bhayander Station (W)
|
|Magathane
|-
!C-718
|Dindoshi Bus Station
|Bhayander Station (E)
|
|Dindoshi
|-
|}

===Taxis===
[[Image:Taxi in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|right|An iconic [[Premier Padmini]] taxi in Mumbai]]
[[File:Santro BlackANdYellowTaxis.jpg|thumb|right|Cars like the [[Hyundai Santro]] have replaced Mumbai's iconic Premier Padmini cabs.]]
[[File:TABcab.JPG|thumb|A Radio Cab in Mumbai]]
{{See also|Taxis in India#Taxicabs in Mumbai}}

Taxis arrived in 1911 to complement horse cars. Black and yellow [[Fiat]] taxis are an integral part of the city's heritage and have been depicted in numerous [[Bollywood]] movies. Metered taxis ply throughout Mumbai and have a monopoly from Bandra to [[Churchgate]] on the Western line, and from Sion to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] on the Central line. Beyond Sion and Bandra, [[auto rickshaws]] are not allowed, and one has to hire a taxi. However, between Sion to Thane and Bandra to [[Bhayandar]], both taxis and autorickshaws are available to transport passengers. In the Suburbs of Mumbai, however, metered taxicabs mostly reject passengers wanting to travel between suburbs and in this cases one has to catch a [[Auto rickshaw]]

* Silver-Green taxis run by Meru, and Yellow-Red by Gold cabs, and Black by Mega Cabs.
* White AC cabs run by [[Ola Consumer|Ola]], [[Uber]], and other ride-sharing apps.
* Blue and silver air-conditioned metered taxis known as "Cool Cabs,"
* Tourist car operators in Mumbai use many cars like [[Maruti Wagon R]], [[Toyota Innova]], [[Hyundai i10]], [[Maruti Alto]], [[Maruti DZiRE]], [[Maruti Baleno]], and [[Tata Tiago]]
* Some private taxi operators provide yellow number plate cars for transportation

Mumbai is served by four inter—city highways: [[National Highway 48 (India)|Old Mumbai-Pune Highway]], [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway|Mumbai Pune Expressway]], [[National Highway 66 (India)|Mumbai Kannyakumari Highway]] and Mumbai-Ahmedabad Highway.

Mumbai is also served by many expressways like [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]], [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway|Mumbai Nagpur Expressway]], Mumbai Ahmedabad expressway and Bengaluru mumbai expressway

====Number of taxis====
There are around 58,000 taxis in Greater [[Mumbai]] and 98,566 in [[Mumbai]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|MMR]] as of 2010.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mesn.org/mumbai%20traffic%20stats.html |title=Mumbai Traffic Stats |publisher=Mesn.org |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref>

There are 18,000 black and yellow taxis on Mumbai roads as of 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=Number of kaali-peelis plying in city drops 10% to 18k from 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/number-of-kaali-peelis-plying-in-city-drops-10-to-18k-from-2023/articleshow/112441547.cms |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> consisting of cars like the [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]] [[Suzuki Alto|Alto]], [[Suzuki Splash|Ritz]], [[suzuki Wagon R|Wagon R]], and [[Maruti, Omni|Omni]], [[Tata Indica]] and [[Hyundai Santro]].

====Taxi Regulations====
Law requires the driver of an unengaged taxi or auto rickshaw to take a passenger wherever they want to go, regardless of distance or time, if the fare meter of the unengaged rickshaw/taxi is in a 'For Hire' mode. The modes were denoted by older mechanical meters in this manner: a) upright – for hire b) half mast – not doing business c), facing down-currently hired.

Authorities encourage passengers to make complaints, for refusal to convey, excess fare, tampered meters, fake tariff cards, or misconduct by drivers, by direct email<ref>{{cite news|author=Somit Sen |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-11/mumbai/28274252_1_rto-offices-complaints-auto-drivers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811063038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-11/mumbai/28274252_1_rto-offices-complaints-auto-drivers |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Rude cabbies, auto drivers? Send an email – Mumbai – City |date=11 May 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=CJ: Golden Reejsinghani |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/policing-errant-auto-rickshaw-drivers-in-mumbai/142017.shtml |title=Policing errant auto-rickshaw drivers in Mumbai |publisher=Merinews.com |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/news/4/13893 |title=Being taken for a ride in Mumbai? Complain online |publisher=Whereincity.com |date=17 February 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_you-can-complain-against-cabbies-online_1080312 |title=You can complain against cabbies online – Mumbai – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=16 February 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> as well as by a website.<ref>[http://www.trafficpolicemumbai.org/Complaint_Auto_taxi_form.htm Auto Taxi complaints] on [[Mumbai Traffic Police]] website</ref>

===Rickshaws===
{{See also|Auto rickshaw}}[[File:Rickshaw.JPG|thumb|Auto Rickshaw in Mumbai]]

[[Auto rickshaws]] play an important role in public transport in Mumbai. There are 246,458 black-and-yellow metered auto rickshaws, often simply called ''autos ,rickshaws,'' o''r'' simply ''ricks'', in the Mumbai MMR as of 2008.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use [[CNG]] as fuel.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107153844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-11/mumbai/27143092_1_taxi-unions-three-wheelers-cng ruling of the Bombay High Court] reported in ''[[Times of India]]''</ref> However, not all rickshaws comply. In some areas, if a CNG filling facility is not available, the fuel is either [[petrol]] or [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]].

Auto rickshaws are not permitted to enter [[South Bombay#Old Bombay|Old Bombay]] (South Mumbai) . The southernmost points accessible to them are Bandra Fire Station in Western Mumbai and Sion Bus Depot in Central Mumbai, and Rani Laxmibai Chowk in Sion, Mumbai. Auto rickshaws registered in Mumbai are not allowed travel beyond the municipal limits. They have been allowed to travel between Sion to Mulund in the Central Suburbs and up to Mankhurd on the Harbour line. People who wish to travel beyond Mumbai to suburbs like Vashi,and Airoli have to catch a suburban rickshaw. In the western suburbs, they are allowed to travel between Bandra and Bhayandar only.

A mechanical meter decides the fare, which is proportional to distance traveled. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Transport Authority (MMRTA) updated the auto-rickshaw fares and declared a hike recently, which is applied from 1 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revised Auto Rickshaw Tariff Card for Mumbai Region |url=https://www.kuchbhi.com/life-style/auto-rickshaw-tariff-card-for-mumbai-region.html |website=kuchbhi.com |date=March 2021 |publisher=Kuch Bhi |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> The regulation for auto rickshaws is similar to taxis, and methods of complaining against the auto rickshaws and taxis are available on the Mumbai RTO website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trafficpolicemumbai.org/Complaint_Auto_taxi_form.htm|title=Mumbai TRO website}}</ref>

===Survey===

In 2021, UK-based car-sharing company Hiyacar announced in a survey that Mumbai is the most stressful city in the world for driving.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lulia |first1=Ajay |title=Driving in Mumbai Traffic? Welcome to the World's Most Stressful City of 2021 |url=https://www.kuchbhi.com/life-style/driving-in-mumbai-traffic-worlds-most-stressful-city-of-2021.html |website=kuchbhi.com |date=24 September 2021 |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> Public transportation options are one of the main factors that were observed for the survey.<ref>{{cite web |title=The world's most stressful cities to drive in |url=https://www.hiyacar.co.uk/blog/most-stressful-cities-to-drive-in/ |website=hiyacar.co.uk |date=30 July 2021 |publisher=Hiyacar |access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref>

=== National Highways ===
{{Main|National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 160 (India)|National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 61 (India)|National Highway 6 (India, old numbering)}}

The city of Mumbai, the financial capital of India and the capital of Maharashtra state, is a critical node in the country's national highway network. These highways facilitate inter-state connectivity and link the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] with many cities in India like Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, and Delhi. National Highway 48 Starts from the Western Express Highway at Mira Road, and after the Teen Hath Naka Junction at Thane, it continues from the Eastern Express Highway to Pune, and from which it reaches Chennai. It connects Mumbai to Bengaluru. National Highway 160 connects Thane, near Mumbai to Sankeshwar, in Karnataka. National Highway 66 connects Panvel, near Mumbai, to Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu. It starts at Kalamboli circle from which NH 48 and Mumbai Pune Expressway continue and NH 66 starts from here. Here is where the Sion-Panvel highway ends. Old National Highway 6 connected Mumbai to Kolkata, until it was removed after the [[2010 renumbering of national highways in India|massive renumbering]] in 2010. [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|Mumbai-Agra Highway]] connected Mumbai and Agra from Thane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Soshni |date=March 26, 2024 |title=List of Highways and National Highways in Mumbai |url=https://www.dwello.in/news/list-of-highways-and-national-highways-in-mumbai |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=Dwello}}</ref>

==Rail==
[[File:Mumbai Metropolitan Railway Schematic Map (simplified).svg|thumb|left|Map showing all of the railway services in Mumbai, including the Metro, Monorail, and Suburban services]]

===Mumbai Suburban Railway===
{{main|Mumbai Suburban Railway}}

[[Image:Mumbai Train.JPG|thumb|Mumbai Suburban Railway]]

The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] is the oldest [[commuter rail]] in Asia, founded in 1853.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/ |title = Happy Birthday Indian Railways! First passenger train started 165 years ago; unknown facts about the network|date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> It is owned by [[Indian Railways]] and operated by its [[Western Railways]] and [[Central Railways]] divisions. Most economical transport subsidized by the government of India via Railway ministry. With a length of 430 km, it has highest passenger density in the world, 7.5 million people daily, more than half of daily capacity of Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/can-mumbai-t2-replicate-the-massive-growth-in-retail-revenue-at-delhi-t3-64234|title=CAPA India Travel Retail Survey: Can Mumbai Airport replicate Delhi's impressive retail growth?|website=CAPA – Centre for Aviation}}</ref> It has four radial lines:

* [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western]] between [[Churchgate]] and [[Dahanu Road]]
* [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central]] between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (CSMT) and [[Kasara]]/[[Khopoli]]
* [[Harbour Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour]], running between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (CSMT) and [[Panvel]]/[[Borivali]]
* [[Trans-Harbour Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Trans-Harbour]], running between [[Thane]] and [[Vashi]]/[[Panvel]]
* [[Port Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Port]], running between [[Uran]] and [[Nerul]]/[[CBD Belapur]]
* [[Vasai Road–Roha line]], running between [[Vasai Road]]/[[Diva Junction]] and [[Roha]]/[[Panvel]]

Mumbai railways offer [[first class commuter transport]]. First class fares are approximately 10 times the second class fare<ref name="Lonely Planet 2012, p68">''Lonely Planet: Goa & Mumbai'' 6 ed, 2012, published by [[Lonely Planet]], p68</ref> and tend to be less crowded in the non-rush hour period. First class compartments also have slightly better seats than second class. While less crowded during non-peak hours, the first class compartments are rather more crowded during the peak hour time, as there is a large supply and demand gap. It is notoriously hard to get into the first class compartment as the coach is overcrowded with people hanging out of the doors.

Since 2017, Mumbai Suburban Rail became the first in India to operate Air-Conditioned rakes in its Western and Central line. These rakes are equipped with automatic doors and are vestibuled in a 12-coach configuration with coaches 1 to 6 vestibuled, motor connection between coaches 6 and 7 and coaches 7 to 12 again vestibuled. There are also [[women-only passenger car|women-only cars]] (termed 'ladies'),<ref name="Lonely Planet 2012, p68" /> and since 1992, 'Ladies Special' trains with all coaches reserved for women passengers.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's First Ladies Special Suburban Train Completes 25 Years|url=http://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/worlds-first-ladies-special-suburban-train-completes-25-years-1392383.html|access-date=7 May 2017|publisher=news18.com}}</ref>

===Metro===
[[File:Mumbaimetro.jpg|thumb|Mumbai Metro]]
{{main|Mumbai Metro}}

In January 2004, a master transit plan was unveiled by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA). The plan integrated a 146 kilometer-long [[rapid transit|metro]] system, of which 32 km would be underground.

In June 2004, government approval was given for a 12-station elevated line between [[Ghatkopar]] and [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]]. In June 2006, the first phase of the Mumbai Metro project was inaugurated. Construction work began in February 2008.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mumbai-monorail-to-be-ready-by-dec-metro-by-march/174429/on| title=Mumbai monorail to be ready by Dec, Metro by March | work=Business Standard|location=India| date=12 June 2012|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=DNA-I2013/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/metro-monorail-projects-could-miss-deadline/831682/|title=Metro, Monorail projects could miss deadline|work=The Indian Express|date=14 August 2011|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> A successful trial run was conducted in May 2013, and the system's first line entered operation in June 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/drJn4FpNSSy2mGpbR4B91K/Mumbai-The-connected-city.html|title=Mumbai: The connected city|newspaper=Mint|date=20 June 2013|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=VersGhatTrial>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130504095821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-01/mumbai/38957142_1_versova-ghatkopar-mumbai-metro-metropolitan-region-development-authority "Mumbai Metro trial run successful"]. ''The Times of India''. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref name=TrialRunNDTV2013>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-metro-trial-run-with-train-draped-in-flowers-361185 "Mumbai Metro: trial run with train draped in flowers"]. NDTV.com. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> although some aspects of the project were afflicted by delays and cost issues.<ref name=DNA-I2013>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbais-first-metro-may-chug-in-march-2013_1685026 "Mumbai's first metro may chug in 2013"]. DNA India. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</ref><ref name=Mishaps2012>[http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/jan/090112-MMTPL-to-CM-Metro-II-will-take-more-time-money.htm "MMTPL to CM: Metro II will take more time, money"]. Mid-Day.com. 9 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref><ref name=Loan2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/indian-bank-rejigs-mumbai-metro-loan-account/950689/1 |title=Indian Bank rejigs Mumbai Metro loan account|work=The Financial Express|date=18 May 2012|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_metro-likely-to-miss-its-august-deadline_1807774 "Metro likely to miss its August deadline"]. DNA India. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> The [[Mumbai Metro]] opened on 8 June 2014. On 2 April 2022, Metro line 2A and 7 were inaugurated, these two lines have a combined length of 19,25 km and will reduce the traffic congestion in North Mumbai. The first line of the [[Navi Mumbai Metro]] was inaugurated on 17 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-18 |title=Navi Mumbai Metro starts operations, other infra projects await inauguration |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/navi-mumbai-metro-starts-operations-other-infra-projects-await-inauguration-101700248360973.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109113654/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/navi-mumbai-metro-starts-operations-other-infra-projects-await-inauguration-101700248360973.html |archive-date=2024-01-09 |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> The Mumbai Metro [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Line 3]] (Aqua Line) was inaugarated in October 2025 by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi.

Many more lines are under-construction or planned having a total length of 345 km (215 mi), which includes new lines in the Navi Mumbai Metro and the [[Thane Metro]], which is to be developed independently of the rest of the Mumbai Metro system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-21 |title=Enhancing Thane's Transit: An In-Depth Look At The Thane Integral Ring Metro Project |url=https://metrorailnews.in/thane-integral-ring-metro-project/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=metrorailnews.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro line 1 extension to NMIA set to help provide seamless connectivity with Mumbai |url=https://www.newsband.in/article_detail/Metro%20line%201%20extension%20to%20NMIA%20set%20to%20help%20provide%20seamless%20connectivity%20with%20Mumbai |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.newsband.in}}</ref> The [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)|Mumbai Metro Line 4]] is also under construction, from Thane to Wadala, as well as an extension (Metro Line 4A) Kasarvadavali to Gaimukh, as well as [[Mumbai Metro Line 11]] to Mumbai [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] from Wadala.

===Monorail===
[[File:MumbaiMonorailInsideStation 01.jpg|thumb|Monorail arrival inside station]]
{{main|Mumbai Monorail}}

The Mumbai Monorail is a [[monorail]] system for the city of [[Mumbai]]. Construction began in January 2009 and the first operational line was inaugurated on 1 February 2014.<ref name="ToI inauguration">{{cite news|last=R.Thendral|first=Inian|title=Mumbai monorail|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithviraj-Chavan-inaugurates-Mumbai-monorail/articleshow/29718494.cms|access-date=1 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="NDTV inauguration">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Saurabh|title=Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248|access-date=30 January 2014|publisher=NDTV|date=30 January 2014}}</ref> It is being contracted by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] and is the first [[monorail]] in India.<ref name=times>{{cite news|title=Mumbai monorail to run in two years|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 September 2007|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-monorail-to-run-in-two-years/articleshow/2413046.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811120003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-29/mumbai/27981519_1_mumbai-monorail-jacob-circle-mmrda-joint-commissioner|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|access-date=19 March 2009}}</ref>

Four lines were proposed. The first two are {{convert|25|km|mi}} long. Out of the two, [[Line 1 (Mumbai Monorail)|Line 1]] was opened to the public in 2014.
*Initial plans were to build a line running from [[Malabar Hill]] to the [[Bandra-Kurla complex]] via the [[Haji Ali Dargah]], Jacob Circle, [[Wadala Road]], Sion Hospital and [[Dharavi]]. This was planned to have been opened by 2011.
*A line from [[Thane]] to [[Bhiwandi]] via [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] was proposed. A consultant's report to government has recommended that this corridor be served instead by a road-based system for the next 10–15 years using buses and [[bus rapid transit]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Metro Line 5 (Thane–Bhiwandi–Kalyan) – Project Report
|url=https://www.mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/Metro%20Line%205.pdf
|publisher=Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
|date=October 2021
|access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>
Two lines {{convert|10|km|mi}} long were to be constructed after the first two have opened.
*[[Chembur]] to [[Jacob Circle]] via [[Mahul]]. This route is planned to have been opened by December 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Manthan K Mehta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Monorail-test-run-on-R-Day-will-be-for-only-500-metre/articleshow/5438842.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/mumbai/28114870_1_scomi-monorail-mmrda |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Monorail test run on R-Day will be for only 500-metre – Mumbai – City |date=13 January 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> (May get extended to [[Vashi]], [[Navi Mumbai]].)
*[[Lokhandwala Complex]] to [[Kanjurmarg]] via [[Oshiwara]].
Additionally, previously planned Mumbai Metro corridors are also being examined to be made as monorail corridors instead of the metro by MMRDA due to the dense and congested areas these corridors pass through. The corridors are:
*[[Hutatma Chowk]] – [[Ghatkopar]] – 21.8 km
*[[Ghatkopar]] – [[Mulund]] – 12.4 km

===Bullet Train===
{{Main|Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor}}

The 650 km Mumbai-Ahemdabad Bullet train project is another major high-speed rail project that is supposed to run between Mumbai and Ahemdabad is poised to revolutionize travel time between these two major cities which usually would take about 7 to 8 hours to a meager 2hrs 57mins.This would create demand for real estate in key areas such as Thane, Dombivali and Kalyan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/your-commute-time-to-office-just-got-shorter-blid7486?offset=1#2 | title=Your Commute Time to Office Just Got Shorter }}</ref>

===International connections===
There are plans to build an underwater rail tunnel linking Dubai with Mumbai, from the [[Mumbai Port|Bombay Port Trust]] (Ferry Wharf) to [[Port of Jebel Ali|Jebel Ali Port]] in Dubai, however, these plans have stopped due to the USA- Iran war and UAE has missiles from the USA attacking them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/a-2000-km-long-underwater-rail-will-connect-mumbai-to-the-uae-very-soon/articleshow/66878629.cms|title = A 2,000-km-long underwater rail will connect Mumbai to the UAE very soon! | Times of India Travel|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futurism.com/united-arab-emirates-underwater-bullet-train-india/amp|title=The UAE wants an underwater bullet train to India|date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

===Trams===
{{Main|Trams in Mumbai}}

Trams were an important form of transport until the mid-1960s. They were introduced in the late 19th century and in their heyday, covered many areas of the city. At their peak, route length grew to more than 47 kilometers. The system closed down in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tramz.com/tva/in.html |title = Tram Views of Asia}}</ref>

==Ferry==
[[Image:Versova-Madh Ferry.JPG|thumb|Ferry between Versova and Madh Island]]
{{main|Water transport in Mumbai}}

Many ferries operate from Mumbai at designated ferry terminals like Madh Island, Elephanta, Manori, Versova, Belapur, Alibaug, Mandwa, Rewas, the [[Gateway of India]] and the [[Ferry Wharf]] (Bhaucha Dhakka). A [[Mumbai Water Metro|''Water Metro'']] on the basis of the [[Kochi Water Metro|KWM]] has also been proposed for the city.
* from Vashi (in Navi Mumbai) to the Gateway of India
* to Elephanta Caves and to nearby places such as Alibaug, Rewas, and Mandwa
* in northern Mumbai across the Manori Creek. The barges operate at regular intervals across the shallow creek linking Manori to Malad
* from Versova to Madh Island
* from Nariman point to madh, operated by [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]], as a ferry terminal called the Western Corridor

==Flights==
[[File:MumbaiAirportT2.JPG|thumb|left|Terminal 2 or T2, A view From [[Sahar Elevated Access Road|SEAR]]]]

The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k13annex3.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223549/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k13annex3.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> It handled 54.8 million passengers in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=Mumbai's CSMIA wins 8th consecutive ASQ Award for Best Airport in Asia-Pacific |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/mumbais-csmia-wins-8th-consecutive-asq-award-for-best-airport-in-asia-pacific/articleshow/118899916.cms#:~:text=In%202024,%20CSMIA%20handled%2054.8,and%20enhancing%20the%20travel%20experience. |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The new integrated terminal T2 was inaugurated on 10 January 2014<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mumbai-airport-t2-to-open-for-passengers-on-feb-12-114011001127_1.html | title=Mumbai airport T2 to open for passengers on 12 Feb| newspaper=Business Standard|location=India| date=10 January 2014| last1=Phadnis| first1=Aneesh}}</ref> and opened for international operations on 12 February 2014, increasing the capacity of the airport to 40 million passengers annually.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 | title=With maiden Air India flight, T2 opens to public| date=13 February 2014}}</ref> A dedicated six lane, elevated road connecting the new terminal with the main arterial Western Express Highway was also opened to the public the same day.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.gvk.com/ourbusiness/airports/csiamumbai.aspx |title = GVK | Our Business – Airports – CSMIA Mumbai}}</ref>

The [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]] is in the Kopra-Panvel area and relieved the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport. It is also planning to build a dedicated VVIP terminal for film actors, top politicians, high-ranking government officials, millionaires and billionaires<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2025 |title=VVIP travellers to get dedicated terminal at Navi Mumbai International Airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/vvip-travellers-to-get-dedicated-terminal-at-navi-mumbai-international-airport/articleshow/118838433.cms |website=The Times Of India}}</ref> . The airport was inaugurated on Dec 28, 2025, but international operations are stopped due to the USA-Iran Gulf War.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Vihaan |date=2026-04-23 |title=NMIA International Flights Delayed by Gulf War, IndiGo Risk Grows |url=https://www.whalesbook.com/news/English/transportation/NMIA-International-Flights-Delayed-by-Gulf-War-IndiGo-Risk-Grows/69ea1cd8bca97ee106a6b978 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Whalesbook |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Juhu Aerodrome]] was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport.<ref>[[Mumbai#Air]]</ref>

== Intercity ==
There are many ways of intercity travelling from Mumbai, some the most famous ways are:

=== Bus ===
Mumbai has intercity bus connections with [[MSRTC]] (Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation). MSRTC runs intercity busses from the city to various parts of Maharashtra. It operates ordinary seater bus services, semi-luxury sleeper busses, and luxury air conditioned sleeper busses under the brand names '"Shivneri", "Shivshahi", and "Ashwamedh". Apart from MSRTC, KSRTC operates from Mumbai to Bengaluru. There are also many private bus operators with AC and Non-AC intercity busses from Mumbai to various cities in India.

==== Bus stations ====

* Kurla MSRTC
* Panvel bus depot
* Parel MSRTC depot
* Dadar bus stop
* Borivali Western Express Highway
* Borivali Nancy Colony
* Turbhe
* Thane
* Kalamboli
* Teen Hath Naka, Thane
* Chembur VN Purav Marg
* Govandi

==See also==
* [[Mumbai Urban Transport Project]]
* [[Timeline of Mumbai events]]
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[M-Indicator]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.irfca.org/articles/mumbai-locals.html Indian Railway Article on Mumbai Local Trains]
* [http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-ops.html Indian Railway FAQ]
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Public transport|state=collapsed}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]

Ajay Kumar (civil servant)

2026-05-08T06:03:58Z

QWLDesiree: Made new bio and citations

{{Short description|Chairman of Union Public Service Commission}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Kumar
| image = Dr. Ajay Kumar-Former Defence Secretary of India.png
| caption = Kumar in 2023
| birth_place = Uttar Pradesh
| birth_date = 02/10/1962
| office = [[Chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission]]
| predecessor = [[Preeti Sudan]]
| successor = Incumbent
| term_start = 15 May 2025
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office1 = 38th [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary of India]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra]]
| successor1 = [[Giridhar Aramane]]
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start1 = 23 August 2019
| term_end1 = 31 October 2022
| minister1 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| office2 = 39th Defence Production Secretary of India
| predecessor2 = Ashok Kumar
| successor2 = Subhash Chandra, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] ([[Karnataka]], 1986)
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start2 = 1 December 2017
| term_end2 = 23 August 2019
| minister2 = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] ([[B.Tech]]) [[University of Minnesota]] ([[M.S.|MS]], [[PhD]])
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| profession = [[Civil servant]]
| native_name =
| awards =
}}

'''Ajay Kumar''' is an Indian civil servant who currently serves as the Chairperson of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC). A 1985-batch officer of the Indian Administrative Service, he earlier served as the 38th [[Defence Secretary of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=Dr Ajay Kumar Retires as Defence Secretary: An Illustrious Career Comes to End {{!}} APAC News Network |url=https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2022/10/dr-ajay-kumar-retires-as-defence-secretary-an-illustrious-career-comes-to-end/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> (2019–2022), Defence Production Secretary (2017–2019), and held senior roles in the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], where he contributed to the [[Digital India]] programme including [[Unified Payments Interface]], [[Aadhaar]], [[MyGov.in]], [[Government e Marketplace]] and [[Jeevan Pramaan]].. He is an alumnus of the [[IIT Kanpur]] and the [[University of Minnesota]].

Kumar has been associated with significant national reforms, including defence production indigenization, the establishment of the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), corporatization of the Ordnance Factories Board, and the launch of the Agniveer recruitment scheme. Beyond government service, he has engaged with academia, policy think-tanks, and startup ecosystems.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Early life and education ==
Ajay Kumar was born in Jalandhar, Punjab. He earned his [[Bachelor of Technology]] in Electrical Engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajay Kumar — Executive Sheet |url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14641&PageId= |access-date=29 October 2018 |website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref> He pursued postgraduate studies in [[development economics]] and later obtained a PhD in [[business administration]] from the [[Carlson School of Management]] at the University of Minnesota.<ref name=":0" /> He was awarded two fellowships by the [[University of Minnesota]] and has been recognized as a distinguished alumnus by [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=UPSC Chairman Ajay Kumar and his educational qualification: How an IITian with a US doctorate rose to redefine civil service leadership |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/upsc-chairman-ajay-kumar-and-his-educational-qualification-how-an-iitian-with-a-us-doctorate-rose-to-redefine-civil-service-leadership/articleshow/121155026.cms |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Modak |first=Susmita |date=2025-04-06 |title=Hindu Groups Protest Loudspeaker Removal Before Ram Navami Procession In Kanpur |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/hindu-groups-protest-loudspeaker-removal-before-ram-navami-procession-in-kanpur-960404 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he was also conferred an honorary doctorate by Amity University.

== Chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission (2025–present) ==

On 13 May 2025, Kumar was appointed Chairperson of the UPSC by the President of India under Article 316(1) of the Constitution. He assumed office on 15 May 2025, with the oath administered by Lt. Gen. Raj Shukla (Retd.), the senior-most member of the Commission. As Chairperson, Kumar has been associated with efforts to modernize examination processes and incorporate technology-driven reforms.<ref name="Former Defence Secretary Ajay Kumar appointed UPSC chairman">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2025 |title=Former Defence Secretary Ajay Kumar appointed UPSC chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-defence-secretary-ajay-kumar-appointed-upsc-chairman/article69573932.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516115511/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-defence-secretary-ajay-kumar-appointed-upsc-chairman/article69573932.ece |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=Who is Ajay Kumar? Meet new UPSC Chairman known for his transformative defence reforms {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/who-is-ajay-kumar-meet-new-upsc-chairman-known-for-his-transformative-defence-reforms-11747190860525.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514041218/https://www.livemint.com/news/who-is-ajay-kumar-meet-new-upsc-chairman-known-for-his-transformative-defence-reforms-11747190860525.html |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=कौन हैं Ajay Kumar, जिन्हें मिली UPSC की कमान, IIT से बीटेक, अमेरिका से PhD |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/jobs-upsc-chairman-who-is-ajay-kumar-former-defence-secretary-done-btech-from-iit-kanpur-master-phd-degree-from-america-ws-kl-9239466.html |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

Since assuming office, Ajay Kumar has introduced forward-leaning reforms aimed at enhancing outreach, institutional coordination, and procedural modernization at UPSC. Under his Chairperson, UPSC launched a new service in to deliver domain-specific recruitment notifications directly to universities, professional bodies, and recognized institutions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-08-05 |title=UPSC plans to send recruitment alerts to institutions via email |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vacancies-unfilled-upsc-to-alert-institutions-about-government-jobs/article69898562.ece |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He also spearheaded to establish a Centre of Excellence as a national repository for standard operating procedures, innovations, and best practices from UPSC and State PSCs, particularly as part of the commission’s centenary celebration in 2025–26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/upsc-to-establish-centre-of-excellence-as-repository-of-best-practices/2882404 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

== Career in Indian Administrative Service ==

{{Empty section|date=April 2026}}

== Early postings ==
Kumar joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1985. He served in various capacities in the state of Kerala before being deputed to central government positions. His state assignemts includes as [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (Information Technology), managing director of the [[Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation]], Secretary (Industries), managing director of the Kerala State Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank, general manager in the [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]] and as the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of the Palghat (now [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]) [[List of districts in Kerala|district]] among others.

== Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology ==
Kumar served as Additional Secretary in the Ministry of Electronics and IT and as Director General of the [[National Informatics Centre]]. He was closely associated with the implementation of the Digital India programme, including initiatives such as Unified Payments Interface, Aadhaar, MyGov.in, Government e-Marketplace, and Jeevan Pramaan. He also oversaw the creation of the Electronics Development Fund.

== Defence Production Secretary (2017–2019) ==
In December 2017, Kumar was appointed Defence Production Secretary. He advanced policies to encourage indigenization of defence manufacturing and promoted startups in defence technologies.<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1164874644563750912 |user=SpokespersonMoD |title=New Secretary (Defence Production) Shri Subhash Chandra welcoming Defence Secretary @drajaykumar_ias who assumed office today. |date=2019-08-23}}</ref> Kumar's work involved setting up the defence startup ecosystem through the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Defence Ministry's iDEX-DIO signs its 100th innovation contract |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-ministry-idex-dio-signs-innovation-contract-1980358-2022-07-26 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title=ACC appointments |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=173928 |access-date=29 October 2018 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2017 |title=Ajay Kumar appointed secretary, defence production |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ajay-kumar-appointed-secretary-defence-production/articleshow/61841813.cms |access-date=29 October 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |oclc=61311680 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2017 |others=BW Online Bureau |title=Ajay Kumar Appointed Secretary, Defence Production |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Ajay-Kumar-Appointed-Secretary-Defence-Production/28-11-2017-133040/ |access-date=29 October 2018 |work=[[Businessworld|BW Businessworld]]}}</ref>

== Defence Secretary of India (2019–2022) ==
Appointed as Defence Secretary in August 2019, Kumar became the longest-serving officer in that role in recent years.<ref name="ACC appointments">{{cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=ACC appointments |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192758 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Defence Secretary @drajaykumar_ias">{{cite tweet |number=1164874563630407680 |user=SpokespersonMoD |title=Defence Secretary @drajaykumar_ias felicitating his predecessor Shri Sanjay Mitra at his farewell in New Delhi, today. |date=2019-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-15 |title=First Rafale delivery in September 2019 as per schedule: Ajay Kumar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-rafale-delivery-in-september-2019-as-per-schedule-ajay-kumar/articleshow/70206461.cms |access-date=2019-11-11 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roche |first=Elizabeth |date=2019-10-08 |title=India takes delivery of first Rafale fighter jet |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-takes-delivery-of-first-rafale-fighter-jet-11570554089094.html |access-date=2019-11-11 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Secretary Ajay Kumar assigned additional charge of Secretary, Department of Defence Production |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/defence-secretary-ajay-kumar-assigned-additional-charge-of-secretary-department-of-defence-production20211130231255/ |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> Key reforms during his tenure included:

* Corporatization of the 200-year-old Ordnance Factories Board into seven defence public sector undertakings.
* Establishment of the office of the Chief of Defence Staff in 2020.
* Introduction of the Agniveer scheme in 2022.
* Commissioning of Indian Coast Guard Ship Saksham and launch of INS Vagsheer, the sixth Scorpène-class submarine under Project-75.
* Policy initiatives supporting AI, drones, space technologies, and enhanced R&D in defence.

== iDEX, Indigenization, and Defence Tech Reforms (2017–2022) ==
During his tenure as Defence Production Secretary and later as Defence Secretary, Kumar played a central role in shaping India’s defence innovation and indigenization ecosystem. He was instrumental in establishing the ''Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)'' framework,<ref name=":1" /> which created a formal mechanism for startups, MSMEs, and academic institutions to collaborate with the armed forces on problem statements identified by the services. By 2022, iDEX had facilitated over 100 innovation contracts across domains such as unmanned aerial systems, secure communications, and advanced materials.

Kumar’s policy direction was closely aligned with the ''Atmanirbhar Bharat'' initiative, focusing on reducing defence import dependency and enhancing the competitiveness of domestic industry. He introduced reforms to increase private sector participation, streamline procurement procedures, and revise offset guidelines. His efforts also included improving the efficiency of Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), linking them with research-driven projects and performance monitoring frameworks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Defence Secretary Ajay Kumar commissions offshore patrol vessel ICGS Saksham at Goa port - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/smart-infra/defence-secretary-ajay-kumar-commissions-offshore-patrol-vessel-icgs-saksham-at-goa-port/90304364 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref>

As Defence Secretary, he oversaw the corporatization of the 200-year-old Ordnance Factories Board into seven new DPSUs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Corporatization propels Defence PSUs into profit making companies with Rs 8400 crore turnover in first 6 months - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/corporatization-propels-defence-psus-into-profit-making-companies-with-rs-8400-crore-turnover-in-first-6-months/91231259 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref> He also supported capability development in cyber, space, and underwater warfare, while promoting increased R&D allocations to strengthen long-term technological self-reliance. Key milestones during his tenure included the commissioning of the Indian Coast Guard Ship ''Saksham'' and the launch of ''INS Vagsheer'', the sixth Scorpène-class submarine under Project-75.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=India gets its sixth Scorpene-class submarine 'INS Vagsheer' in Mumbai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-gets-its-sixth-scorpene-class-submarine-ins-vagsheer-in-mumbai-101650451042402.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Digital India and Innovation Initiatives ==
In his assignments with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Kumar contributed significantly to the implementation and scaling of the ''Digital India'' programme. He was closely associated with the launch and expansion of citizen-centric platforms such as ''MyGov'', ''Government e-Marketplace (GeM)'', ''Jeevan Pramaan'', and the integration of Aadhaar authentication into multiple service delivery frameworks.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

He also initiated the ''Electronics Development Fund (EDF)'' ''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Moulishree |date=2016-02-13 |title=Govt to launch Electronics Development Fund on Monday |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/FUkeCFKwLmjtZTK6yv2CMM/Govt-to-launch-Electronics-Development-Fund-on-Monday.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619155414/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/FUkeCFKwLmjtZTK6yv2CMM/Govt-to-launch-Electronics-Development-Fund-on-Monday.html |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=livemint.com |url-status=live }}</ref>'', a policy-driven venture capital support mechanism designed to strengthen India’s technology startup ecosystem. The fund provided risk capital to early-stage companies and helped catalyze domestic innovation in electronics and IT hardware.

Beyond programme delivery, Kumar worked on policy frameworks for emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, drones, and space applications. His initiatives supported the creation of a more innovation-friendly ecosystem, bridging government priorities with private sector capacity and academic expertise.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Startups, advisory and academic roles ==
Following his tenure in the Ministry of Defence, Kumar founded MGF-Kavachh, a SEBI-approved ₹250 crore venture capital fund <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Former defence secretary Ajay Kumar enters VC play with Kavachh, a fund for defence, deeptech startups |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/former-defence-secretary-ajay-kumar-enters-vc-play-with-kavachh-a-fund-for-defence-deeptech-startups-436741-2024-07-11 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukul |first=Pranav |date=2024-07-08 |title=Former defence secretary Ajay Kumar joins VC play with early-stage fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/ex-defence-secretary-ajay-kumar-joins-vc-play-with-early-stage-fund/articleshow/111559113.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> supporting startups in defence, aerospace, and deep tech. He serves as an advisor to the board of the US-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India TV News |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2023-11-15 |title=Former Indian Defence Secretary Ajay Kumar appointed as advisor to USISPF board |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/former-indian-defence-secretary-ajay-kumar-appointed-as-advisor-to-usispf-board-meit-latest-updates-2023-11-15-902840 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> and sits on the board of [[Sify]]. He is also a Distinguished Visiting Professor at [[IIT Kanpur]] and a non-resident Senior Fellow at Carnegie India.

== Writing and thought leadership ==
Kumar is a regular columnist for national dailies and contributes a monthly column titled 'Off the Grid' in [[Business Standard]], writing on governance, technology, and policy issues.

Kumar is the author of AI Nation: Bharat’s Path to AI Power, a book on India’s approach to artificial intelligence, computational infrastructure, cybersecurity, and information warfare. In the book, he advocates a resource-efficient “Bharat Compute Strategy” and highlights the role of AI in addressing emerging cybersecurity and misinformation challenges. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AI Nation book review: A blueprint for India's path to AI power |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2026/02/21/ai-nation-book-review-a-blueprint-for-india-path-to-ai-power.html |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=India's |date=2026-04-06 |title=From Digital India to AI Nation: Ajay Kumar on the Next State Transformation {{!}} India's World |url=https://indiasworld.in/from-digital-india-to-ai-nation-ajay-kumar-on-the-next-state-transformation/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
[[File:Dr._Ajay_Kumar_in_an_award_ceremony.jpg|thumb|Kumar in convocation ceremony]]
He received distinguished Alumni award from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] in 2019 for the entrepreneurship excellence work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reference at www.uniindia.com |url=http://www.uniindia.com/iit-kanpur-announces-2019-alumni-award-winners-two-new-awards-instituted/north/news/1741754.html}}</ref> Kumar oversaw the creation of an Electronics Development Fund, which focuses on developing technology start-ups in defence sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=MY BRAND BOOK Dr. Ajay Kumar, Additional Secretary, Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Telecom and IT, GoI |url=https://www.mybrandbook.co.in/redirect.php?p=3121}}</ref>

Ajay Kumar was named one of the top-50 effective bureaucrats in the year 2019 in a survey conducted by Asia Post for adhering to the cardinal principles of civil service that is professionalism, anonymity, integrity and neutrality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=What makes Dr Ajay Kumar an IAS with a difference? » PSU WATCH | Latest PSU News, PSU News, Business News, Market News, PSU Privatization |url=https://psuwatch.com/what-makes-dr-ajay-kumar-an-ias-with-a-difference/ |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=psuwatch.com}}</ref>

* '''1994''' – Awarded the ''Silver Elephant'' medallion by the Bharat Scouts and Guides, the highest national award of the organization, in recognition of service to the scouting movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Former Defence Secretary Ajay Kumar assumes charge as Chairman, Union Public Service Commission - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/former-defence-secretary-ajay-kumar-assumes-charge-as-chairman-union-public-service-commission/121184929 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2012''' – Conferred the ''Electronics Leader of the Year'' award for his contribution to the development and promotion of the electronics industry in India <ref>{{Cite news |last=site-admin |date=2013-03-19 |title=EFY Felicitates Dr. Ajay Kumar as the Electronics Leader of the Year - EFY Group |url=https://efy.in/whats-newefy/efy-felicitates-dr-ajay-kumar-as-the-electronics-leader-of-the-year/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124022753/https://efy.in/whats-newefy/efy-felicitates-dr-ajay-kumar-as-the-electronics-leader-of-the-year/ |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=EFY Group |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''2015''' – The ''Technovation Sarabhai Award'' from the India Electronics and Semiconductor Association (IESA) for excellence in driving innovation and indigenous technology development in the electronics sector.
* '''2017''' – ''Champion of Change'' by the Consumer Electronics and Appliances Manufacturers Association (CEAMA) for his policy leadership and support for the Indian electronics manufacturing ecosystem.
* '''2019''' - Awarded Honorary Doctorate by [[Amity University, Noida]]
* '''2019''' - Top 50 effective bureaucrats by Asia Post
* '''2019''' - Distinguished Alumni, [[IIT Kanpur]]
* '''2021''' - Fellow of [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] in 2021

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{URL|1=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14641&PageId=|2=Executive record sheet as maintained by Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension of Government of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ajay}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota alumni]]
[[Category:Carlson School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Defence secretaries of India]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]

Naushad Siddiqui

2026-05-06T16:49:50Z

QWLDesiree: started new data and citations!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Pirzada]]
| image = Nawsad Siddique ISF.jpg
| caption = The MLA of Bhangar, South 24 Parganas
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Abdur Razzak Molla]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]]
| majority = 26,151
| office1 = Chairman of West Bengal Legislative Assembly Development Committee
| term_start1 = 9 July 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|5|2}}
| birth_place =
| portfolio =
| committees =
| cabinet =
| profession =
| relations = [[Abbas Siddiqui]] (Brother)
| alma_mater = [[Aliah University]]
| party = [[Indian Secular Front]]
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Furfura Sharif|Silsila-e-Furfura]]
}}
| parents = Mohammad Ali Akbar Siddique (father)
| nickname =
}}

'''[[Pirzada]] Mohammad Nawsad Siddique''' (born 2 May 1993) is an Indian politician belonging to the [[All India Secular Front]] (AISF). He is the Chairman of the [[All India Secular Front|AISF]]. Currently, he is serving as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. He is great-grandson of the [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] of [[Furfura Sharif|Furfura]]'s [[Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique]].

== Early life ==

Nawsad Siddiqui is from Bhangar, South 24 Paraganas district, West Bengal. His father Ali Akbar Siddiqui was the son of Pir Zulfiqar Ali, known as "''Chhto Huzur''" of Furfura Sharif. He is the fourth generation of the founder of Furfura Sharif [[Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique]]. Nawsad's elder brother [[Abbas Siddiqui]] is the founder of the [[All India Secular Front]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-05 |title=কে এই আব্বাস সিদ্দিকী, কীভাবে উত্থান, জানুন 'ভাইজানের' অজানা কাহিনি |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/gallery/west-bengal-election/who-is-isf-leader-pirzada-bhaijaan-abbas-siddiqui-ahead-of-west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-spb-qpfr23/photoshow-wrur5k |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=asianetnews.com}}</ref> In 2015, he obtained a master's degree under [[Aliah University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Md. Nawsad Siddique - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=692 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
On 21 January 2021, Abbas Siddiqui founded a new political party called the [[Indian Secular Front]] and appointed his younger brother Nawsad as its chairman.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |last2=Datta |first2=Sudipta |date=2021-04-09 |title=West Bengal Assembly Elections {{!}} Crucible of ISF, Bhangar reflects experiment in Muslim politics |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/crucible-of-isf-bhangore-reflects-experiment-in-muslim-politics/article34282381.ece |access-date=2021-05-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=টেলিগ্রাফ ইন্ডিয়া}}</ref> Ahead of the 2021 assembly elections, the party formed a united front called [[Sanjukta Morcha]] with the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Nawsad was elected from [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]] as a candidate representing Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party. The Sanjukta Morcha won only this seat in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=একলা বিরোধী নওশাদের হাজিরায় স্পিকার নির্বাচন বিধানসভায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/isfs-Nawsad-siddiqui-is-the-only-opposition-mla-to-appear-in-the-speaker-election-dgtl/cid/1279940 |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddique, Nawsad}}
[[Category:Aliah University alumni]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Secular Front politicians]]
[[Category:Indian critics of religions]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Higher education in West Bengal

2026-05-04T11:43:19Z

QWLDesiree: put up new stub

{{short description|none}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[File:IIT Kharagpur Main Building.JPG|thumb|Institute Main Building, IIT Kharagpur]]
[[File:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Auditorium.jpg|thumb|right|middle|200px|alt=IIM Calcutta's Auditorium|The Auditorium at IIM Calcutta]]
The Indian state of [[West Bengal]] is the site of India's first modern university. Thirty-three universities are listed in the state by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name="UGC">{{cite web |title=Universities & Colleges |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=35&Unitype=2 |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913232358/http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=35&Unitype=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In West Bengal the medium of instruction in colleges and universities is usually Bengali or English. Diploma, certificate courses, advanced diploma program, postgraduate courses and doctoral programs are offered. Research programs offered by the universities are conducted with the aid of specialised institutes.

==History==

===Early years===
[[Kolkata]], the capital of West Bengal has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in [[India]]. Western models of education came to [[India]] through this city. Many of the first schools and colleges were established by the missionaries and reformists. Sir [[William Jones (philologist)]] established the [[Asiatic Society]] in 1784 for promoting oriental studies. People like [[Ram Mohan Roy]], [[David Hare (philanthropist)|David Hare]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]] and [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges in the city. The [[Fort William College]] was established in 1800. The Hindu College was established in 1817, renamed the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] in 1855.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/|title=Welcome to Presidency University|work=presiuniv.ac.in|access-date=13 December 2011|publisher=[[Presidency University, Kolkata]]|archive-date=27 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227055201/http://presiuniv.ac.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] established the [[Serampore College]] in the city of [[Serampore]] in 1818. It went on to become India's first modern university in 1827 when it was incorporated by a Royal Charter as a Danish University. The [[Sanskrit College]] was established in 1824. Reverend [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]] of the [[Church of Scotland]] established the General Assembly's Institution in 1830 and later the Free Church Institution in 1844, which were later merged to form what is now known as the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta]]. These institutions played a significant role in what came to be known as the [[Young Bengal|Young Bengal Movement]] and the [[Bengal Renaissance]]. [[La Martiniere Calcutta]] was established in 1836.

The oldest medical school in Asia, the [[Calcutta Medical College]] was set up in 1835. In 1857, the [[University of Calcutta]] was established as the first full-fledged multi-disciplinary university in south Asia. It was modelled on the lines of the [[University of London]]. Today it is amongst the largest multidisciplinary universities of India and offers some of the widest number of academic disciplines for study.

[[John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune|John Bethune]] established a school for Indian girls in 1850 at a time when women's education was frowned upon in the society. The [[Bethune College]] for girls was set up by him in 1879.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bethuneadmissions.ac.in/|title=Bethune College|website=bethuneadmissions.ac.in|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=7 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107210747/http://www.bethuneadmissions.ac.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1856 technical and engineering education came with the establishment of a civil engineering college / department. This setup went through various reorganisations to finally become the [[Bengal Engineering College]] in 1921. The [[Jesuit]] administered [[St Xavier's College]] was established in 1860. Bengal Engineering and Science University is the second oldest engineering institutes in the country and it was started in the year 1864. They offer the following programs such as B.E, M.E, MCA, MBA, MSC, B. Arch. and Ph.D. programs. Apart from this they also provide part-time courses in the evening for the professionals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bestcollegehunt.com/universities/west-bengal |title=Universities in West Bengal |access-date=3 August 2015 |website=Best College Hunt |archive-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727025201/http://www.bestcollegehunt.com/universities/west-bengal/ |url-status=live }} {{better source needed|date=August 2024}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2024}}

The nation's first homoeopathy college was established in the city in 1880. In 1883 [[Kadambini Ganguly]] and [[Chandramukhi Basu]] became the first women graduates from the [[University of Calcutta]]. In the process, they became the first female graduates of the [[British Empire]]. Kadambini went on to become the first female physician trained in the Western system of medicine in South Asia.

===20th century===
In 1906, the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] led to widespread nationalistic and anti-British feelings.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, "Partition of Bengal" http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60754/partition-of-Bengal {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106093728/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60754/partition-of-Bengal |date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> This led to the setting up of the National Council of Education, Bengal. The Science College was established in 1917. The first blind school came into being in 1925.

After independence, [[Calcutta]] continued to be in the forefront of the educational scene. The [[Government College of Art & Craft]] was established in 1951. The National Council of Education became the [[Jadavpur University]] in 1955. The [[Rabindra Bharati University]] was established in 1962. This university offers courses in the fine and performing arts. The [[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management]] was set up in 1953 as the country's first management institute and is also the first in the country to offer an MBA degree of a university. The first, [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology]] was set up at [[Kharagpur]] about {{cvt|120|km}} from Calcutta. In 1960 the Regional Engineering college (presently [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur|National Institute of Technology]]) at Durgapur was set up. It is amongst the top NITs in India and also among the oldest. [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]], the first among the [[Indian Institutes of Management]], was set up in 1961 at [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]]. It was the first national institute for post-graduate studies and research in management sciences. It was established with the help of the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]] and the [[Ford Foundation]].

==Institutes with national or special status==
Institutes and universities with particular special status or funding arrangements include: [[Institutes of Eminence]] (IoE), [[Institutes of National Importance]] (INI); [[Central university (India)|central universities]], [[Government Funded Technical Institutes]] (GFTI); and the [[deemed universities]]. Types with specialist functions include [[research institute]]s and universities with national recognition for their field of education.

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:100%;"
|+ List of institutes and universities with special status or funding
|-
! Institution !! Location !! Status (Type) !! Established !! Specialisation !! Sources
|-

! scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]
| [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]]
| [[Institutes of National Importance|INI]] (Autonomous)
| 1961
| Social Sciences and Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/ |title=IIM Calcutta |work=iimcal.ac.in |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711233216/https://www.iimcal.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]]
| [[Haringhata]]
| INI (Autonomous)
| 2006
| [[Natural sciences]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/ |title=IISER Kolkata |work=iiserkol.ac.in |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725185520/https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
| [[Baranagar]]
| INI (Autonomous)
| 1959
| Basic sciences, applied sciences, social sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isical.ac.in/ |title=ISI Kolkata |work=isical.ac.in/ |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=24 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824050728/http://www.isical.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]
| [[Kharagpur]]
| [[Institutes of Eminence|IoE]] INI (Autonomous)
| 1951
| Science, Management, Engineering & Technology, Law, Medicine
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/ |title=IIT Kharagpur |work=iitkgp.ac.in |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007064025/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]]
| [[Howrah]]
| INI (Autonomous)
| 1856
| Sciences, Technology, Engineering, Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/ |title=IIEST Shibpur |work=iiests.ac.in |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207114639/http://www.becs.ac.in/ |archive-date=7 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani]]
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| INI (Autonomous)
| 2014
| Information Technology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iiitkalyani.ac.in/ |title=IIIT Kalyani |access-date=4 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519173408/http://http/ |archive-date=19 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]]
| [[Durgapur]]
| INI (Autonomous)
| 1960
| Engineering & Technology, Sciences, Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nitdgp.ac.in/ |title=NIT Durgapur |work=nitdgp.ac.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910125938/https://nitdgp.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Maritime University Kolkata]]
| [[Taratala]]
| Central University
| 1949
| Meritime studies, Engineering
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imu.edu.in/imunew/legacy |title=IMU Kolkata |work=niperkolkata.edu.in |access-date=14 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714043049/https://www.imu.edu.in/imunew/legacy |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| INI (Autonomous)
| 2007
| [[Pharmacy]], [[Pharmaceutical Engineering]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niperkolkata.edu.in/ |title=NIPER Kolkata |work=niperkolkata.edu.in |access-date=14 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714043049/http://www.niperkolkata.edu.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]]
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| INI (Autonomous)
| 2019
| Medical, Nursing
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aiimskalyani.edu.in/ |title=AIIMS Kalyani |work=aiimskalyani.edu.in |access-date=25 Oct 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025140838/http://aiimskalyani.edu.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Visva-Bharati University]]
| [[Shantiniketan]]
| INI (Autonomous) Central University
| 1921
| Arts, Sciences, Social Work, Agriculture, Fine arts, Designing, Music, Drama
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/ |title=Visva-Bharati University |work=visva-bharati.ac.in |access-date=3 April 2012 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804013052/http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering & Technology]]
|[[Malda district]]
| [[Government Funded Technical Institutes|GFTI]]
| 2010
| Engineering
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Nov 2010 |title=About The Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering & Technology |url=https://www.gkciet.ac.in/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704205935/https://www.gkciet.ac.in/about |archive-date=4 Jul 2024 |access-date=1 Nov 2010 |website=www.gkciet.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Deemed university
| 1876
| [[Natural sciences]]
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.iacs.res.in/ |title=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science |work=iacs.res.in |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721042621/http://www.iacs.res.in/ips/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute]]
| [[Belur Math]]
| Deemed university
| 2005
| Agricultural Management, Rural Development, Basic Sciences, Indian Culture and Spirituality
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rkmvu.ac.in/ |title=Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University |work=www.rkmvu.ac.in |access-date=3 April 2012 |archive-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411114746/http://www.rkmvu.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Deemed university
| 1965
| Engineering & Technology
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nitttrkol.ac.in/index.php|publisher=National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research |title=NITTTR}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Deemed university
| 1995
| [[Film school]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srfti.ac.in/about-the-institute/ | title=SRFTI, Kolkata}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[The Chatterjee Group Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology|TCG CREST]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Deemed university
| 2020
| [[Research institute]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcgcrest.org/about/| title=TCG-CREST}}</ref>
|- class="sortbottom static-row-header"
| colspan=6 |Status categories: IoE – [[Institutes of Eminence]]; INI – Institutes of National Importance; GFTI – [[Government Funded Technical Institutes]]
|}

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:83%;"
|+ Research institutes and specialist universities
|-
! Institution !! Location !! Status (Type) !! Established !! Specialisation !! Sources
|-
! scope="row" | [[All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1932
| Hygiene and Public Health
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aiihph.gov.in/ |title=AIIHPH Kolkata |work=aiihph.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422230921/http://aiihph.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1986
| Basic and Applied Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bose.res.in/ |title=SNBNCBS Kolkata |work=bose.res.in |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306024649/http://bose.res.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1949
| Basic and Applied Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saha.ac.in/ |title=SINP Kolkata |work=saha.ac.in |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116153157/http://www.saha.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bose Institute]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1917
| Basic and Applied Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcbose.ac.in/ |title=Bose Institute |work=jcbose.ac.in |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414013821/http://jcbose.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1977
| Basic and Applied Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vecc.gov.in/ |title=VECC Kolkata |work=vecc.gov.in |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120012813/http://www.vecc.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1935
| Basic and Applied Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iicb.res.in/ |title=IICB Kolkata |work=iicb.res.in |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=9 February 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030209104746/http://www.iicb.res.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Centre for Space Physics]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1999
| [[Astronomy]], [[Astrophysics]], [[Space science]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Jan 1999 |title=Indian Centre for Space Physics |url=https://www.csp.res.in/index.php?name=RUFVKzdzNEVxenJudW5rcXRYQTREUT09OjoxMjM0NTY3ODkxMjM0NTY3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905122711/https://www.csp.res.in/index.php?name=RUFVKzdzNEVxenJudW5rcXRYQTREUT09OjoxMjM0NTY3ODkxMjM0NTY3 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1950
| Basic and Applied Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cgcri.res.in/ |title=ICAR-CGCRI Kolkata |work=cgcri.res.in |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417110043/https://www.cgcri.res.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute]]
| [[Barrackpore]]
| Research institute
| 1959
| Fishery science
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cifri.res.in/ |title=CIFRI Barrackpore |work=cifri.res.in |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413013139/http://cifri.res.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute]]
| [[Durgapur]]
| Research institute
| 1958
| Robotics, Mechatronics, Cybernetics, Manufacturing
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cmeri.res.in/ |title=CMERI Durgapur |work=cmeri.res.in |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415103156/https://www.cmeri.res.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers]]
| [[Barrackpore]]
| Research institute
| 1953
| Jute and Allied Fibers
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://crijaf.icar.gov.in/ |title=ICAR-CRIJAF |work=crijaf.icar.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224055609/https://crijaf.icar.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute]]
| [[Berhampore]]
| Research institute
| 1943
| Sericultural Research
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csrtiber.res.in/ |title=CSRTIBER Berhampore |work=csrtiber.res.in |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417145646/http://csrtiber.res.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Institute of Biomedical Genomics]]
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| Research institute
| 2009
| Basic and Applied Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nibmg.ac.in/ |title=NIBG Kalyani |work=nibmg.ac.in |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303212302/https://www.nibmg.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1962
| Medical research
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niced.org.in/ |title=ICMR-NICED Kolkata |work=niced.org.in |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145113/http://niced.org.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Institute of Natural Fibre Engineering and Technology]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| Research institute
| 1938
| Jute and Allied Fibres
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nirjaft.res.in/ |title=ICAR-NIRJAFT Kolkata |work=nirjaft.res.in |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909143328/http://www.nirjaft.res.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| National Law University
| 1999
| Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nujs.edu/nujs.html |title=West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences |work=www.nujs.edu |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214134453/http://www.nujs.edu/nujs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Universities, state and private==
Universities in India may be public or private. Other than the [[Central university (India)|central universities]]{{snd}}of which there is one in West Bengal{{snd}}public universities are funded by the state government. Non-government universities are [[Private university, India|privately funded]]. Public [[State university (India)|state universities]] are listed in the first table shown below, with [[Private university, India|private universities]] in a separate second table below that.
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:100%;"
|+ List of state universities
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | University
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Type
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Established
! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Specialisation
! scope="col" style="width: 05%;" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
! scope="row" | [[Aliah University]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| State
| 2008
| Arts, Sciences, Engineering, Management, Islamic Studies
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aliah.ac.in/ |title=Aliah University, Kolkata |work=aliah.ac.in |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107002624/http://www.aliah.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Alipurduar University]]
| [[Alipurduar]]
| State
| 2020
| Arts, Sciences, Commerce
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.alipurduarcollege.ac.in/ |title= Alipurduar University, Alipurduar |work= alipurduarcollege.ac.in |access-date= 6 January 2021 |archive-date= 9 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210109144710/https://alipurduarcollege.ac.in/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Baba Saheb Ambedkar Education University]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| State
| 2015
| Teachers Training, B.Ed. M.Ed
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wbuttepa.ac.in/ |title=West Bengal University of Teachers' Training, Education Planning and Administration |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708233436/https://www.wbuttepa.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bankura University]]
| [[Bankura]]
| State
| 2014
| Arts, Sciences, Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bankurauniv.ac.in/ |title= Bankura University |work= bankurauniv.ac.in |access-date= 7 August 2015 |archive-date= 31 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150731012345/http://www.bankurauniv.ac.in/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya]]
| [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| State
| 1974
| Agriculture, Horticulture and Agricultural Engineering
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bckv.edu.in/ |title=Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya |work=www.bckv.edu.in |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216110541/http://bckv.edu.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay]]
| [[Bolpur]]
| State
| 2020
| Arts, Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biswabanglabiswabidyalay.org/|title=Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay|work=biswabanglabiswabidyalay.org|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130013739/https://biswabanglabiswabidyalay.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[University of Burdwan]]
| [[Purba Bardhaman]]
| State
| 1960
| Arts, Sciences, Commerce, Engineering and Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buruniv.ac.in/ |title=University of Burdwan |work=buruniv.ac.in |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302124411/http://www.buruniv.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[University of Calcutta]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| State
| 1857
| Arts, Sciences, Commerce, Engineering and Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/ |title=Calcutta University |work=caluniv.ac.in |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311113915/https://www.caluniv.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]]
| [[Cooch Behar]]
| State
| 2012
| Arts, Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cbpbu.ac.in/ |title=Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University |work=cbpbu.ac.in |access-date=7 August 2015 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814143517/http://www.cbpbu.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Dakshin Dinajpur University]]
| [[Dakshin Dinajpur]]
| State
| 2021
| Arts, Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://banglaruchchashiksha.wb.gov.in/uploads/webmaster/49457eac7776419b43ac74b47ceb6f6c.PDF |title=Dakshin Dinajpur University Gazette notification |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515213431/https://banglaruchchashiksha.wb.gov.in/uploads/webmaster/49457eac7776419b43ac74b47ceb6f6c.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Darjeeling Hills University]]
| [[Darjeeling]]
| State
| 2021
| Arts, Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.dhuniv.in/ |title=Darjeeling Hills University|access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Diamond Harbour Women's University]]
| [[Diamond Harbour]]
| State
| 2013
| Humanities and Basic Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dhwu.ac.in/ |title=Diamond Harbour Women's University |work=dhwu.ac.in |access-date=7 August 2015 |archive-date=30 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730042859/http://dhwu.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[University of Gour Banga]]
| [[English Bazar|Malda]]
| State
| 2008
| Arts, Sciences, and Commerce
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugb.ac.in/ |title=Gaur Banga University |work=ugb.ac.in |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233706/http://www.ugb.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Harichand Guruchand University]]
| [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| State
| 2019
| Arts, Sciences, and Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wbhed.gov.in/readwrite/uploads/The_Harichand_Guruchand_University_Act_2018.pdf |title=Harichand Gurcuchand University Act |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627114625/https://wbhed.gov.in/readwrite/uploads/The_Harichand_Guruchand_University_Act_2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hindi University]]
| [[Howrah]]
| State
| 2019
| Languages
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Jadavpur University]]
| [[Jadavpur]]
| {{hlist|[[State university|State]]|[[Autonomous]]}}
| 1955
| Engineering, Technology, Science, Arts and Commerce
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/ |title=Jadavpur University |work=jaduniv.edu.in |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926092615/http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[University of Kalyani]]
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| State
| 1960
| Arts, Sciences, Commerce and Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/ |title=Kalyani University |work=klyuniv.ac.in |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225084319/http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kanyashree University]]
| [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
| State
| 2020
| Arts, Sciences, and Commerce
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kanyashreeuniversity.in/ |title=Kanyashree University |work=kanyashreeuniversity.in |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117105147/http://kanyashreeuniversity.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kazi Nazrul University]]
| [[Asansol]]
| State
| 2012
| Arts, Sciences, Engineering, Law and Commerce
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knu.ac.in/ |title=Kazi Nazrul University |work=knu.ac.in |access-date=16 August 2012 |archive-date=28 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528135458/http://www.knu.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mahatma Gandhi University, West Bengal]]
| [[Mahishadal]]
| State
| 2020
| Arts, Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mguwb.org.in/ |title= Mahatma Gandhi University |work= mguwb.org.in/ |access-date= 7 January 2021 |archive-date= 30 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210130145635/http://www.mguwb.org.in/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| State
| 2000
| [[Engineering]], [[Management]], [[Architecture]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbut.net/main/office.asp |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology |work=www.wbut.net |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=11 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021211143529/http://www.wbut.net/main/office.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Murshidabad University|Murshidabad Maharaja Krishnanath University]]
| [[Murshidabad]]
| State
| 2020
| Arts, Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/education-bengal-murshidabad-university/2330545.html|title= Murshidabad University|work= mu.org.in/|access-date= 3 June 2021|archive-date= 3 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210603160235/http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/education-bengal-murshidabad-university/2330545.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Netaji Subhas Open University]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[State university (India)|State and distance education]]
| 1998
| Arts, Sciences, and Commerce
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbnsou.ac.in:8080/wbnsou/ |title=Netaji Subhas Open University |work=www.wbnsou.ac.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515125120/http://www.wbnsou.ac.in:8080/wbnsou/ |archive-date=15 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[University of North Bengal]]
| [[Siliguri]]
| State
| 1962
| Arts, Sciences, Commerce, and Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbu.ac.in/ |title=North Bengal University |work=nbu.ac.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312081121/http://www.nbu.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| State
| 1817
| Arts and Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/presidency/apply/webabout_unibersity.php |title=Presidency University |work=www.presiuniv.ac.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224182440/http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/presidency/apply/webabout_unibersity.php |archive-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| State
| 1962
| Arts, Fine Arts, and Performing Arts
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbu.ac.in/ |title=Rabindra Bharati University |work=www.rbu.ac.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111060633/http://rbu.ac.in/museum/about_rb/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Raiganj University]]
| [[Raiganj]]
| State
| 2015
| Humanities, Science
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://raiganjuniversity.ac.in/ |title=Raiganj University |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719072104/http://raiganjuniversity.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rani Rashmoni Green University]]
| [[Tarakeswar]]
| State
| 2020
| Science, Environmental Science
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rrgu.org/ |title=Rani Rashmoni Green University |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319055324/http://rrgu.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Sadhu Ramchand Murmu University of Jhargram
| [[Jhargram]]
| State
| 2020
| Arts, Science
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://srcmuj.org/|title=Sadhu Ram Chand Murmu University|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712014750/http://srcmuj.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
| [[Serampore]]
| State
| 1818
| Theology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/ |title=Senate of Serampore College (University) |work=www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in |access-date=1 November 2016 |archive-date=2 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102100312/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]]
| [[Purulia]]
| State
| 2010
| Arts and Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skbu.ac.in/university_history.php |title=Sidho Kanho Birsha University |work=www.skbu.ac.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304005512/http://skbu.ac.in/university_history.php |archive-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[The Sanskrit College and University]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| State
| 2015
| English, Sanskrit, Linguistics, Philosophy, Pali, Languages, AIWH
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanskritcollegeanduniversity.org.in/|title=The Sanskrit College and University|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702072137/http://sanskritcollegeanduniversity.org.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya]]
| [[Cooch Behar]]
| State
| 2001
| Agriculture, Horticulture
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubkv.ac.in/|title=Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707220748/http://www.ubkv.ac.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Vidyasagar University]]
| [[Midnapore]]
| State
| 1981
| Arts, Sciences, Commerce and Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vidyasagar.ac.in/about_us/theuniversity.html |title=Vidyasagar University |work=vidyasagar.ac.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806194411/http://www.vidyasagar.ac.in/about_us/theuniversity.html |archive-date=6 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[West Bengal State University]]
| [[Barasat]]
| State
| 2008
| Arts, Sciences, Commerce and Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbsub.org/ |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (Formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology) |work=wbut.ac.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=27 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227030810/http://www.wbsub.org/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| State
| 1995
| Veterinary & Animal Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbuafscl.ac.in/aboutus.htm |title=West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences |work=wbuafscl.ac.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721151138/http://wbuafscl.ac.in/aboutus.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| State
| 2003
| Medicine, [[Pharmacy]], [[Nursing]], [[Allied Health Sciences]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewbuhs.in/ |title=West Bengal University of Health Sciences |work=thewbuhs.in |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618073309/http://www.thewbuhs.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header collapsible plainrowheaders"style="-align:left; width:83%;"
|+ List of [[Private university, India|private universities]]
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 25%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Type
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Est.
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Specialisation
! scope="col" style="width: 05%;" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
! scope="row" | [[Adamas University]]
| Barasat
| Private
| 2014
| Sciences, Management, Humanities, Engineering & Technology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adamasuniversity.ac.in/ |title=Adamas University |work=adamasuniversity.ac.in |access-date=7 August 2015 |archive-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822093121/http://adamasuniversity.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Amity University, Kolkata]]
| New Town
| Global Private
| 2015
| Sciences, Management, Humanities, Engineering & Technology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amity.edu/kolkata/ |title=Amity University, Kolkata |work=www.amity.edu/kolkata/ |access-date=8 Feb 2019 |archive-date=11 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211000321/http://www.amity.edu/kolkata/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Brainware University]]
| Kolkata
| Private
| 2015
| Engineering & Technology, Agriculture, Sciences, Management, Law, Pharmacy, Nursing, Humanities, Psychology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brainware-india.com |title=Brainware University |work=brainware-india.com |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916162552/http://brainware-india.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[IMI Kolkata|International Management Institute Kolkata]]
| Kolkata
| Autonomous Management Institute
| 2011
| Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imi-k.edu.in |title=International Management Institute, Kolkata |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302101332/http://imi-k.edu.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[JIS University]]
| Agarpara
| Private
| 2014
| Science, Engineering & Technology, Pharmacy, Management, Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jisuniversity.ac.in/ |title=Jis University |work=jisuniversity.ac.in |access-date=9 July 2017 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704125422/http://jisuniversity.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[The Neotia University]]
| Sarisha
| Private
| 2015
| Sciences, Management, Agriculture, Humanities, Engineering & Technology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnu.in/// |title=The Neotia University |work=www.tnu.in |access-date=7 August 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084303/http://www.tnu.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Seacom Skills University]]
| Santiniketan (Bolpur)
| Private
| 2014
| Sciences, Engineering & Technology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seacomskillsuniversity.org/ |title=Seacom Skills University |work=www.seacomskillsuniversity.org |access-date=13 August 2015 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619171227/http://seacomskillsuniversity.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sister Nivedita University]]
| New Town
| Private
| 2017
| Science, Engineering & Technology, Management, Social Science & Women Studies
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://snuniv.ac.in/ |title=Sister Nivedita University |work=snuniv.ac.in |access-date=11 July 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327054312/http://snuniv.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[St. Xavier's University, Kolkata]]
| Kolkata
| Private
| 2017
| Management, Commerce, Humanities, Law, Mass Communication
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sxuk.in/ |title= Seacom St. Xavier's University, Kolkata |work= St. Xavier's University, Kolkata |access-date= 4 July 2017 |archive-date= 5 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073418/http://www.sxuk.in/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore]]
| Barrackpore
| Private
| 2020
| Science, Engineering & Technology, Management, Social Science & Women Studies
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swamivivekanandauniversity.ac.in/ |title=Swami Vivekananda University |work=swamivivekanandauniversity.ac.in |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124123528/https://www.swamivivekanandauniversity.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Techno India University]]
| Kolkata
| Private
| 2012
| Sciences, Management, Engineering & Technology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://technoindiauniversity.com |title=Techno India University |work=technoindiauniversity.com |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816231405/http://www.technoindiauniversity.com/ |archive-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata]]
| New Town
| Private
| 2015
| Engineering, Technology & Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://uem.edu.in/uem-kolkata/ |title= Welcome to UEM KOLKATA |work= uem.edu.in |access-date= 22 October 2016 |archive-date= 15 October 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161015030126/http://uem.edu.in/uem-kolkata/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
|}

== Medical and dental colleges ==
===Medical===
There are several types of medical colleges in West Bengal with funding from different sources. Of the thirty-three listed below, nine are [[Private university, India|privately funded]], and twenty-three are [[State university (India)|state government-funded]]. One is centrally-funded and -administered by the Indian [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] through the autonomous [[Employees' State Insurance#Medical and dental colleges|Employees' State Insurance Corporation]] (ESIC). The [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] (WBUHS) is the affiliating university with jurisdiction for medical colleges in the state.
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:83%;"
|+ List of government and private medical colleges
|-
! Name
! Est.
! City
! University
! Type
! Intake places
! Ref.
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]]
|2019
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|Autonomous
|Centrally funded
|125
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS K {{!}} AIIMS Kalyani |url=https://aiimskalyani.edu.in/ |access-date=2025-11-22}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bankura Sammilani Medical College]]
| 1956
| [[Bankura]]
| [[WBUHS]]
| State
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Welcome | url= http://www.bsmedicalcollege.org.in/ | publisher= [[Bankura Sammilani Medical College]] | access-date= 13 April 2018 | archive-date= 12 April 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180412133730/http://bsmedicalcollege.org.in/ | url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Barasat Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2022
| [[Barasat]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Burdwan Medical College]]
| 1969
| [[Bardhaman]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Burdwan Medical College | url= http://burdwanmedicalcollege.org/ | access-date= 13 April 2018 | archive-date= 18 April 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180418100208/http://burdwanmedicalcollege.org/ | url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Calcutta National Medical College]]
| 1948
| [[Kolkata]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[College Of Medicine & JNM Hospital]]
| 2009
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital]]
| 2010
| [[Kolkata]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Deben Mahata Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2020
| [[Purulia]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2019
| [[Diamond Harbour]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Dr B C Roy Institute of Medical Sciences & Research]]
| 2018
| [[Kharagpur]]
| [[IIT Kharagpur]]
| Centrally funded
|
|
|-
| [[Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences]]
| 2010
| [[Kolkata]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
| Only PG courses
|-
| East West Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
| 2024
| [[Burdwan]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 50
|
|-
| [[ESIC Medical College, Kolkata]]
| 2013
| [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]]
| WBUHS
| Centrally funded
| 125
|
|-
| [[Gouri Devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital]]
| 2016
| [[Durgapur]]
| [[WBUHS]]
| Private
| 150
|<ref>{{cite web | title= Gouri Devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital | url= http://gimsh.in/about-us | access-date= 16 April 2020 | archive-date= 13 February 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200213163641/http://gimsh.in/about-us | url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]]
| 2011
| [[Haldia]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 150
|
|-
| [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital]]
| 1707
| [[Kolkata]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[IQ City Medical College]]
| 2013
| [[Durgapur]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 200
|
|-
| [[Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital]]
| 2016
| Budge Budge, [[Kolkata]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 200
|<ref>{{cite web | title= Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital | url= http://jimsh.org/ | access-date= 7 December 2019 | archive-date= 25 November 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191125103811/http://www.jimsh.org/ | url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| Jakir Hossain Medical College and Research Institute
| 2024
| [[Jangipur, Murshidabad]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 50
|
|-
| [[Jalpaiguri Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2022
| [[Jalpaiguri]]
| [[WBUHS]]
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Jhargram Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2021
| [[Jhargram]]
| [[WBUHS]]
| State
|
|
|-
| [[JIS School of Medical Science & Research|JIS School of Medical Science and Research]]
| 2023
| Howrah
| [[JIS University]]
| Private
| 150
|
|-
| [[JMN Medical College]]
| 2022
| [[Chakdaha]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 150
|
|-
| [[KPC Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2006
| Jadavpur, [[Kolkata]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 150
|
|-
| Krishnanagar Institute of Medical Science
| 2024
| [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 100
|
|-
| [[Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2018
| [[Coochbehar]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Malda Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2011
| [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]]
| 1835
| [[Kolkata]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Midnapore Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2004
| [[Midnapore]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Murshidabad Medical College]]
| 2012
| [[Berhampore]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital]]
| 1873
| [[Kolkata]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[North Bengal Medical College]]
| 1968
| [[Siliguri]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| PKG Medical College and Hospital
| 2025
| [[Rajarhat]]
| WBUHS
| Private
|
|
|-
| [[Prafulla Chandra Sen Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2022
| [[Arambagh]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]]
| 1886
| [[Kolkata]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2018
| [[Raiganj]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| Raniganj Medical College and Hospital
| 2025
| [[Raniganj]]
| WBUHS
| Private
|
|
|-
| [[Santiniketan Medical College]]
| 2021
| [[Santiniketan]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 150
|<ref>{{cite web| title= Santiniketan Medical College| url= https://www.smcbangla.com/| access-date= 27 December 2021| archive-date= 3 January 2022| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220103062622/https://www.smcbangla.com/| url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2022
| [[Uluberia]]
| WBUHS
| State
|
|
|-
| [[Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospital]]
| 2015
| [[Durgapur]]
| WBUHS
| Private
| 200
|<ref>{{cite web | title= Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospital | url= https://srims.setgoi.ac.in/ | access-date= 7 December 2019 | archive-date= 7 December 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191207165120/https://srims.setgoi.ac.in/ | url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamralipto Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2022
| [[Tamluk]]
| [[WBUHS]]
| State
|
|
|}

===Dental===
* [[Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital]]
* [[Burdwan Dental College and Hospital]]
* [[North Bengal Dental College and Hospital]]
* [[Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research]]
* [[Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research]]
* [[Kusum Devi Sunderlal Dugar Jain Dental College and Hospital]]

== AYUSH institutions ==
AYUSH institutions provide training in alternative medicine and traditional health care systems of South Asia (ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa Rigpa, and homeopathy). These systems are governed in India by the [[ministry of Ayush]].

===Homeopathic===
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:83%;"
|+List of homeopathic colleges
|-
! Institution !! Location !! Support !! Established !! Affiliation !! Ref.
|-
| [[Bengal Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Asansol]] || Private || 1980 || [[WBUHS]] ||
|-
| [[Birbhum Vivekananda Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]] || [[Sainthia]] || Private || 1972 || WBUHS ||
|-
| [[Burdwan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]] || [[Burdwan]] || Private || 1978 || WBUHS ||
|-
| [[Calcutta Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]] || [[Kolkata]] || State || 1881 || WBUHS ||
|-
| [[D.N. De Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]] || [[Kolkata]] || State || 1927 || WBUHS ||
|-
| [[Kharagpur Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Kharagpur]] || Private || 1971 || WBUHS ||
|-
| [[Mahesh Bhattacharya Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Howrah]] || State || 1967 || [[WBUHS]] ||
|-
| [[Metropolitan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]] || [[Sodepur]] || Private || 1972 || WBUHS ||
|-
| [[Midnapore Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Paschim Medinipur]] || State || 1945 || WBUHS ||
|-
| [[National Institute of Homoeopathy]] || [[Bidhannagar]] || Central Funded || 1975 || WBUHS ||
|-
| [[Netai Charan Chakravarty Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]] || [[Howrah]] || Private || 1983 || WBUHS ||
|-
| [[Pratap Chandra Memorial Homoeopathic Hospital & College]] || [[Kolkata]] || State || 1923 || [[WBUHS]] ||
|}

===Ayurvedic===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
'''Government Funded''':
* [[J.B. Roy State Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital]]
* Institute of Post Graduate Ayurvedic Education & Research.
* Vishwanath Ayurved Mahavidyalaya & Hospital
{{col-2-of-2}}
'''Privately Funded''':
* Rajib Gandhi Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital.
* Raghunath Ayurved Mahavidyalaya and Hospital.
{{col-end}}

===Unani===
* [[Calcutta Unani Medical College and Hospital]]

===Sowa-Rigpa===
* Chagpori Tibetan Medical Institute<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chagpori.org/about-ctmi/ | title=About CTMI }}</ref>

==Allied Health Sciences Institutions==
*[[State Medical Faculty of West Bengal]]
*College of Paramedical & Allied Health Sciences [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] [[Nadia district|, Nadia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=College of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences WBUHS {{!}} WBUHS |url=https://wbuhs.ac.in/Affiliated%20Courses/college-of-paramedical-and-allied-health-sciences-wbuhs/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=wbuhs.ac.in}}</ref>

== Engineering universities and colleges ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:83%;"
|+ List of Engineering Universities
|-
! Name
! Est.
! City
! Affiliation
! Type
! Degrees Offered {{small|(Engineering Only)}}
! Ref.
|-
| [[IIT Kharagpur]]
| 1951
| [[Kharagpur]]
| [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]
| [[Public university|Public]]
| [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]], [[Master of Technology|M.Tech.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/|title=IIT KGP}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur|NIT Durgapur]]
| 1960
| [[Durgapur]]
| |Ministry of Education, Government of India
| Public
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nitdgp.ac.in/|title=NIT DGP}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur|IIEST Shibpur]]
| 1856
| [[Howrah]]
| Ministry of Education, Government of India
| Public
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/|title=IIEST}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Statistical Institute|ISI Kolkata]]
| 1931
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|MoSPI]], Government of India
| Public
| M.Tech., Ph.D.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isical.ac.in/|title=ISI-KOL}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Information Technology Kalyani|IIIT Kalyani]]
| 2014
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| Ministry of Education, Government of India, [[Government of West Bengal]], [[Coal India]]
| [[Public–private partnership|Semi-Public]]
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iiitkalyani.ac.in/|title=IIIT Kalyani}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jadavpur University]]
| 1955
| Kolkata
| Government of West Bengal
| Public
| [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]], [[Master of Engineering|M.E.]], Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jadavpuruniversity.in/|title=JU}}</ref>
|-
| [[University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture|UCSTA Calcutta]]
| 1914
| Kolkata
| [[Calcutta University]], Government of West Bengal
| Public
| B.Tech., M.Tech.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caluniv-ucsta.net/|title=UCSTA, CU}}</ref>
|-
| [[University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University|UIT Burdwan]]
| 1999
| [[Burdwan]]
| [[Burdwan University]], Government of West Bengal
| Public
| B.E., M.E.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uit.buruniv.ac.in/|title=UITBU}}</ref>
|-
| [[University of Kalyani|Kalyani University]]
| 1960
| Kalyani
| Government of West Bengal
| Public
| B.Tech., M.Tech.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://klyuniv.ac.in/|title=KU}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya]]
| 1974
| [[Mohanpur, Nadia|Mohanpur]]
| Government of West Bengal
| Public
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bckv.edu.in/index.php/en/|title=BCKV}}</ref>
|-
| [[Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya]]
| 2001
| [[Pundibari]]
| Government of West Bengal
| Public
| B.Tech.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ubkv.ac.in/|title=UBKV}}</ref>
|-
| [[West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences]]
| 1995
| Mohanpur
| Government of West Bengal
| Public
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbuafscl.ac.in/|title=WBUAFS}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
| 2001
| [[Haringhata]]
| Government of West Bengal
| Public
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://makautwb.ac.in/|title=MAKAUT}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kazi Nazrul University]]
| 2012
| [[Asansol]]
| Government of West Bengal
| Public
| B.Tech.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knu.ac.in/|title=KNU}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aliah University]]
| 2008
| Kolkata
| Government of West Bengal
| Public
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aliah.ac.in/|title=Aliah University}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering & Technology]]
| 2010
| [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]
| [[Government Funded Technical Institutes|GFTI]]
| Semi-Public
| B.Tech.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gkciet.ac.in/|title=GKCIET}}</ref>
|-
| [[Adamas University]]
| 2014
| [[Barasat]]
| [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| [[Private University|Private]]
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/|title=Adamas University}}</ref>
|-
| [[University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata]]
| 2015
| Kolkata
| AICTE
| Private
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uem.edu.in/uem-kolkata/|title=UEM Kolkata}}</ref>
|-
| [[JIS University]]
| 2014
| [[Agarpara]]
| AICTE
| Private
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jisuniversity.ac.in/|title=JIS}}</ref>
|-
| [[Seacom Skills University]]
| 2014
| [[Bolpur]]
| AICTE
| Private
| B.Tech., M.Tech.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seacomskillsuniversity.org/|title=SeacomSkillUniv}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sister Nivedita University]]
| 2017
| Kolkata
| AICTE
| Private
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.snuniv.ac.in/|title=SisterNiveditaUniv}}</ref>
|-
| [[Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore]]
| 2020
| [[Barrackpore]]
| AICTE
| Private
| B.Tech., M.Tech.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swamivivekanandauniversity.ac.in/|title=SVU}}</ref>
|-
| [[Techno India University]]
| 2012
| [[Salt Lake Sector-V]]
| AICTE
| Private
| B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://technoindiauniversity.ac.in/|title=Techno India University}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header collapsible" style="-align:left; width:83%;"
|+ List of state government-funded engineering colleges
!Name
!Established
!Location
!Type
!Ref
|-
|[[Alipurduar Government Engineering and Management College]]
|2023
|[[Alipurduar]]
|State
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=AGEMC |url=https://agemc.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=agemc.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cooch Behar Government Engineering College]]
|2016
|[[Cooch Behar]]
|State
|
|-
|[[Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology]]
|1919
|[[Salt Lake City, Kolkata]]
|State
|
|-
|[[Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore|Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology]]
|1927
|[[Berhampore]], [[Murshidabad]]
|State
|
|-
|[[Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology]]
|1941
|[[Kolkata]]
|State
|
|-
|[[Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology Serampore|Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology]]
|1908
|[[Serampore]], [[Hooghly district]]
|State
|
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College]]
|1961
|[[Jalpaiguri]]
|State
|
|-
|[[Kalyani Government Engineering College]]
|1995
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Nadia]]
|State
|
|-
|[[Ramkrishna Mahato Government Engineering College]]
|2016
|[[Joypur, Purulia]]
|State
|
|}
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header collapsible" style="-align:left; width:83%;"
|+ List of public-private partnership engineering colleges
!Name
!Established
!Location
!Type
!Ref
|-
|[[Darjeeling Hill Institute of Technology and Management]]
|2025
|[[Takdah]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|[[Public-Private Partnership|PPP]] Mode
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=State's first PPP-mode engineering college starts admissions|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/siliguri/states-first-ppp-mode-engineering-college-starts-admissions-1503478869.html|publisher=The Statesman|date=30 August 2025|access-date=3 September 2025 }}</ref>
|}

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:73%;"
|+ List of private engineering colleges
|-
!{{nbsp}} !! Institution
|-
|[[Abacus Institute of Engineering & Management]], [[Mogra]] in the district of Hooghly
|-
|[[Academy of Technology]], Adisaptagram, in the [[Hooghly district|district of Hooghly]]
|-
|[[Asansol Engineering College]], [[Asansol]], [[Paschim Bardhaman]]
|-
|[[B. P. Poddar Institute of Management & Technology]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|Bankura Unnayini Institute of Engineering, [[Bankura]]
|-
|[[Bengal College of Engineering & Technology]], [[Durgapur]], [[Paschim Bardhaman]]
|-
|[[Bengal Institute of Technology & Management]], [[Santiniketan]], [[Birbhum]]
|-
|Bengal Institute of Technology, Dhapa, [[Kolkata]]
|-
|Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology, [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]], [[Birbhum]]
|-
|[[Budge Budge Institute of Technology]], [[Budge Budge]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management]], [[Tollygunj]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Institute of Technology]], [[Uluberia]], [[Howrah]]
|-
|Camellia Institute of Engineering and Technology, [[Burdwan]]
|-
|Camellia Institute of Technology and Management, Bainchi, in the [[Hooghly district|district of Hooghly]]
|-
|[[Camellia Institute of Technology]], [[Madhyamgram]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Camellia School of Engineering & Technology]], [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|College of Engineering and Management, [[Kolaghat]], [[Purba Medinipur]]
|-
|Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, [[Durgapur]], [[Paschim Bardhaman]]
|-
|Dr . Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute of Technology and Sports Complex, [[Dum Dum]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|Dream Institute of Technology, [[Thakurpukur]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|Dumkal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dumkal, [[Murshidabad]]
|-
|[[Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management]], [[Durgapur]], [[Paschim Bardhaman]]
|-
|Elitte College of Engineering, [[Sodepur]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Future Institute of Engineering and Management]], [[Sonarpur]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Future Institute of Technology]], [[Garia]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Gargi Memorial Institute of Technology]], [[Baruipur]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|Global Institute of Management and Technology, [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]]
|-
|[[Greater Kolkata College of Engineering and Management]], [[Baruipur]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Guru Nanak Institute of Technology]], [[Panihati]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Haldia Institute of Technology]], [[Haldia]], [[Purba Medinipur]]
|-
|[[Hemnalini Memorial College of Engineering]], [[Haringhata]], [[Nadia district]]
|-
|[[Heritage Institute of Technology]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Hooghly Engineering and Technology College]], [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hooghly]] in Hooghly district
|-
|[[Ideal Institute of Engineering]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Nadia]]
|-
|[[IMPS College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]
|-
|[[Institute of Engineering and Management]], [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Institute of Science and Technology, West Bengal|Institute of Science and Technology]], [[Paschim Medinipur]]
|-
|[[JIS College of Engineering]], Kalyani, [[Nadia]]
|-
|JLD Engineering and Management College, [[Baruipur]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Kanad Institute of Engineering and Management]], [[Mankar]], [[Purba Bardhaman]]
|-
|[[Mallabhum Institute of Technology]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura]]
|-
|MCKV Institute of Technology, [[Liluah]], [[Howrah]]
|-
|[[Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Modern Institute of Engineering and Technology]], [[Bandel]], Hooghly
|-
|Murshidabad College of Engineering and Technology, [[Murshidabad]]
|-
|[[Narula Institute of Technology]], [[Agarpara]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Neotia Institute of Technology Management and Science]], [[Diamond Harbour]] Road, Amira, [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Netaji Subhash Engineering College]], [[Garia]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[NSHM Knowledge Campus]], [[Durgapur]] and [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Om Dayal Group of Institutions]], [[Uluberia]], [[Howrah]]
|-
|[[Pailan College of Management and Technology]], [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[RCC Institute of Information Technology]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|Regent Education and Research Foundation, [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|[[Sanaka Education Trusts Group of Institutions]], [[Durgapur]], [[Paschim Bardhaman]]
|-
|[[Seacom Engineering College]], [[Sankrail]], [[Howrah]]
|-
|[[Siliguri Institute of Technology]], [[Siliguri]], [[Darjeeling]]
|-
|St. Mary's Technical Campus, [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|St. Thomas College of Engineering and Technology, [[Khidirpur]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|Supreme Knowledge Foundation Group of Institutions, [[Mankundu]], Hooghly district
|-
|[[Swami Vivekananda Institute of Science and Technology]], [[Sonarpur]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|Surendra Institute of Engineering and Management, [[Siliguri]], [[Darjeeling]]
|-
|Techno Engineering College, [[Banipur]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|Techno International, [[Batanagar]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
|Techno International, [[Rajarhat]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
|Techno Main, Sector V, [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|}

==Government degree colleges==
[[Government degree colleges in India|Government general degree colleges]] (GGDC) are public educational institutes set up and administered under the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC). State or union governments manage them, but the colleges are affiliated to a university for their course structure.
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* General General Degree College, Ranibandh
* Kabi Jagadram Roy Govt. General Degree College
* [[Government General Degree College, Mangalkote]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Kalna]]
* Government General Degree College, Pedong
* [[Government General Degree College, Gorubathan]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Mohanpur]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Kharagpur-II]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Gopiballavpur-II]]
* Government General Degree College, Keshiary
* [[Shahid Matangini Hazra Government College for Women|Sahid Matangini Hazra Government College for Women]]
* Muragachha GOVT College
* Government General Degree College, Kaliganj
* Government General Degree College, Tehatta
* Government General Degree College, Chapra
* [[Chunaram Gobinda Memorial Government College]]
* Government General Degree College, Hili
* Government General Degree College, Kushmandi
* [[Sister Nibedita Government General Degree College for Girls]]
* [[Nayagram Pandit Raghunath Murmu Government College]]
* Government General Degree College, Lalgarh
* Government General Degree College, Salboni
* [[Jhargram Raj College (Girls' Wing)]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Singur]]
* Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Govt. College, Newtown
* [[P. R. Thakur Government College]]
* [[Banarhat Kartik Oraon Hindi Government College]]
* Government Girls General Degree College, Ekbalpur
* [[Lady Brabourne College|Lady Brabourne College – Kolkata]]
* [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College]]
* [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College]]
* [[Barasat Government College]]
* [[Bethune College]]
* [[Bidhannagar College]]
* [[Chandernagore Government College]]
* [[Durgapur Government College]]
* [[Maulana Azad College]]
* [[Darjeeling Government College]]
* [[Goenka College of Commerce and Business Administration]]
* [[Taki Government College]]
* [[Hooghly Mohsin College]]
* [[Haldia Government College]]
* Jhargram Raj College
* [[Krishnagar Government College]]
* [[Government College of Art & Craft]]
* [[The Sanskrit College and University|The Sanskrit College]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Narayangarh]]
{{div col end}}

== General colleges affiliated with universities==
=== With Burdwan University===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Aghorekamini Prakashchandra Mahavidyalaya]], [[Bengai]], [[Arambagh]]
* [[Arambagh Girls' College]]
* [[Bardhaman Raj College]]
* [[Bejoy Narayan Mahavidyalaya]], [[Itachuna]]
* [[Birbhum Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Bolpur College]]
* [[Galsi Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Mangalkote]]
* [[Gushkara Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Hooghly Mohsin College]]
* [[Hooghly Women's College]]
* [[Kabi Joydeb Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Kalna College]]
* [[Katwa College]]
* [[Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Women's College]]
* [[Mankar College]]
* [[Memari College]]
* [[Netaji Mahavidyalaya]], [[Arambagh]]
* [[Purni Devi Chaudhuri Girls' College]], [[Bolpur]]
* [[Syamsundar College]]
* [[Tarakeswar Degree College]]
* [[Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Kandra Radha Kanta Kundu Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Purbasthali College]]‚ [[Purbasthali]]
{{div col end}}

===With University of Calcutta===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College]]
* [[Anandamohan College]]
* [[Asutosh College]]
* [[Bangabasi College]]
* [[Baruipur College]]
* [[Basanti Devi College]]
* [[Bethune College]]
* [[Budge Budge College]]
* [[Dhruba Chand Halder College]]
* [[Dinabandhu Andrews College]]
* [[Fakir Chand College]]
* [[Jogamaya Devi College]]
* [[Lady Brabourne College]]
* [[L.J.D. College, Falta]]
* [[Maheshtala College]]
* [[Maulana Azad College]]
* [[Netaji Nagar College]]
* [[Netaji Nagar College for Women]]
* [[Netaji Nagar Day College]]
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur]] (Autonomous), Narendrapur
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira]] (Autonomous), Belur
* [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
* [[Scottish Church College]]
* [[Serampore College]]
* Sonarpur Mahavidyalaya
* [[Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College]]
* Bangabasi Morning College
* [[Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur]]
*[[Vidyasagar College]]
{{div col end}}

===With University of Kalyani===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Krishnath College]]
* [[Asannagar Madan Mohan Tarkalankar College]]
* [[Berhampore College]]
* [[Berhampore Girls' College]]
* [[Bethuadahari College]]
* [[Chakdaha College]]
* [[Chapra Bangaljhi Mahavidyalaya]]
* Domkal Girls' College
* [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College]]
* [[Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College]]
* [[Dumkal College]]
* [[Dwijendralal College]]
* [[Santipur College]]
* [[G. D. College, Shaikhpara]]
* [[Murshidabad Adarsha Mahavidyalaya, Islampur]]
* [[Kalyani Mahavidyalaya]]
{{div col end}}

===With Kazi Nazrul University===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Asansol Girls' College]]
* [[Banwarilal Bhalotia College]]
* [[Bidhan Chandra College, Asansol]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Asansol]]
* [[Kulti College]]
* [[Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Triveni Devi Bhalotia College]]
* [[Raniganj Girls' College]]
* [[Durgapur Government College]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Memorial College]]
* [[Durgapur Women's College]]
* [[Durgapur College of Commerce and Science]]
* [[Khandra College]]
* [[Pandaveswar College]]
{{div col end}}

===With Bankura University===
* [[Bankura Christian College]]
* [[Bankura Sammilani College]]
* [[Bankura Zilla Saradamani Mahila Mahavidyapith]]
* [[Barjora College]]
* [[Ramananda College]]
* [[Sonamukhi College]]

===With Vidyasagar University===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*[[Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Belda College]]
*[[Kharagpur College]]
*[[Mahishadal Girls' College]]
*[[Midnapore College]]
*[[Panskura Banamali College]]
*[[Prabhat Kumar College]]
*[[Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya]]
*Jhargram Raj College
*[[Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Egra Sarada Shashi Bhushan College]]
{{div col end}}

===With West Bengal State University===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhavan]], [[Dumdum]]
* [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra College]]
* [[Barasat Government College]]
* [[Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College]]
* [[Basirhat College]]
* [[Bidhannagar College]]
* [[Dum Dum Motijheel College]]
* [[Gobardanga Hindu College]]
* [[P. R. Thakur Government College]]
* [[Sree Chaitanya College|Shree Chaitanya College]], Habra
* [[Banipur Mahila Mahavidyalaya]], Habra
* Netaji Satabarshiki Mahabidyalay, [[Ashoknagar (West Bengal)|Ashoknagar]]
* Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Sodepur
* Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women, [[Naihati]]
* Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College, [[Naihati]]
* Rishi Bankim Chandra College, [[Naihati]]
{{div col end}}

== List of colleges by districts ==
===Alipurduar===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*[[Birpara College]]
*[[Falakata College]]
*[[Sahid Kshudiram Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Vivekananda College, Alipurduar]]
*[[Lilabati Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Pijushkanti Mukherjee Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Samuktala Sidhu Kanhu College]]
*[[Alipurduar Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Nani Bhattacharya Smarak Mahavidyalaya]]
{{div col end}}

===Bankura===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Bankura Unnayani Institute of Engineering]]
* [[Raipur Government Polytechnic]]
* [[Bankura Government Polytechnic]]
* [[Mallabhum Institute of Technology]]
* [[K.G. Engineering Institute]]
* [[Bankura Christian College]]
* [[Bankura Sammilani College]]
* [[Bankura Zilla Saradamani Mahila Mahavidyapith]]
* Jamini Roy College, [[Bankura]]
* [[Ramananda College]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura]]
* [[Barjora College]]
* [[Panchmura Mahavidyalaya]], [[Panchmura]]
* [[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Smriti Mahavidyalaya]], [[Baragari]]
* Indas Mahavidyalaya, [[Indas]]
* [[Raipur Block Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Khatra Adibasi Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Saldiha College]]
* Birsha Munda Memorial College
* [[Chatra Ramai Pandit Mahavidyalaya]]
* Chhatna Chandidas Mahavidyalaya
* [[Gobindaprasad Mahavidyalaya]]
* Onda Thana Mahavidyalaya
* [[Patrasayer Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Saltora Netaji Centenary College]]
* [[Sonamukhi College]]
* Swami Dhananjoy Das Kathiababa Mahavidyalaya
* [[Government General Degree College, Mejia]]
* Akui Kamalabala Women's College
{{div col end}}

===Birbhum===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Birbhum Mahavidyalaya]], [[Birbhum]]
* [[Suri Vidyasagar College]]
* [[Sambhunath College]], [[Labpur]]
* [[Krishna Chandra College]]
* [[Bolpur College]], [[Bolpur]]
* [[Purni Devi Chaudhuri Girls' College]], Bolpur
* [[Rampurhat College]], [[Rampurhat]]
* [[Hiralal Bhakat College]], [[Nalhati]]
* [[Kabi Nazrul College]], [[Murarai]]
* Sofia Girls College, [[Nalhati]]
* Asleha Girl's College, Nalhati
* Gurukul Teachers Training College, [[Rampurhat]]
* Helal B.Ed College, Math Kolitha, Nalhati
* Gitanjali College of Education, [[Lohapur]]
* Birbhum Pharmacy School, Dubarajpur
{{div col end}}

===Cooch Behar===
In [[Cooch Behar]]:
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*[[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College]]
*[[Bakshirhat Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Baneswar Sarathibala Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Cooch Behar College]]
*[[Dinhata College]]
* Government College of Physical Education for Women, Dinhata
*[[Madhusudan Hore Mahavidyalaya]], Nishiganj
*[[Mathabhanga College]]
*[[Mekhliganj college]]
*[[Netaji Subhas Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Sitalkuchi College]]
*[[Thakur Panchanan Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Tufanganj Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[University B.T. & Evening College]]
* [[Ghoksadanga Birendranath Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Bakshirhat Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Dewanhat Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Cooch Behar Government Engineering College]]
*[[Cooch Behar Polytechnic]]
*[[Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya]]
{{div col end}}

===Dakshin Dinajpur===
*[[Balurghat College]]
*[[Balurghat Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Jamini Majumdar Memorial College]]
*[[Gangarampur College]]
*[[Gangarampur Government Polytechnic]]
*[[Gangarampur B.Ed College]]
*[[Buniadpur Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Dewan Abdul Goni College]]

===Darjeeling===
Within [[Darjeeling]]:
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*[[Inspiria Knowledge Campus]]
*[[Bijanbari College]]
*[[Darjeeling Government College]]
*[[Ghoom-Jorebunglow Degree College]]
*Ghoshpukur College
*[[Gyan Jyoti College]]
*Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya
*[[Kurseong College]]
*[[Mirik College]]
*Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya
*Nakshalbari College
*[[North Bengal Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[St Joseph's College, Darjeeling]]
*[[Salesian College, Darjeeling]]
*Salesian College, Siliguri
*[[Siliguri College]]
*[[Siliguri College of Commerce]]
*[[Siliguri Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Sonada Degree College]]
*[[Southfield College]]
*[[Surya Sen Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Siliguri Institute of Technology]]
*[[Indian Institute of Legal Studies]]
{{div col end}}

===Hooghly===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Sri Ramkrishna Sarada Vidyamahapith]]a
*[[Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology]] Guptipara
* [[Raja Peary Mohan College]]
* [[Tarakeswar Degree College]], [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]]
* [[Rabindra Mahavidyalaya]], [[Champadanga]], [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]]
* [[Hooghly Engineering and Technology College]]
* [[Hooghly Mohsin College]]
* [[Hooghly Women's College]]
* [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]]
* [[Chandernagore Government College]], [[Chandannagore]]
* [[Mahitosh Nandy Mahavidyalaya]], [[Jangipara]]
* [[Bejoy Narayan Mahavidyalaya]], [[Itachuna]]
* [[Nabagram Hiralal Paul College]], [[Konnagar]]
*[[Bidhan Chandra College, Rishra|Bidhan Chandra College]], [[Rishra]]
*[[Netaji Mahavidyalaya]], [[Arambagh]]
*[[Arambagh Girls' College]], Arambagh
*[[Sreegopal Banerjee College]], [[Mogra]]
*[[Aghorekamini Prakashchandra Mahavidyalaya]], [[Bengai]], Arambagh
*[[Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Haripal]], [[Haripal]]
*Government General Degree College, [[Singur]]
{{div col end}}

===Howrah===
In [[Howrah]]:
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira]], [[Belur Math]]
* [[Bijoy Krishna Girls' College]]
* [[Dinabandhu Institution]]
* [[Narasinha Dutt College]]
* [[Dr. Kanailal Bhattacharya College]] [[Ramrajatala, Howrah]]
* [[Lalbaba College]]
* [[Azad Hind Fouz Smriti Mahavidyalaya]], [[Domjur]]
* [[Sovarani Memorial College]], [[Jagatballavpur, Howrah]]
* [[Ramsaday College]], [[Amta]]
* [[Uluberia College]], [[Uluberia]]
* [[Bagnan College]], [[Bagnan]]
* [[Prabhu Jagatbandhu College]], [[Andul]]
* [[Shyampur Siddheswari Mahavidyalaya]], [[Shyampur I]]
* Bagnan Teacher's Training College, [[Bagnan]]
{{div col end}}

=== Jalpaiguri ===
In [[Jalpaiguri]]:
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Ananda Chandra College]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accollege.org/ |title=A.c. College -Jalpaiguri |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313020341/http://www.accollege.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Ananda Chandra College of Commerce]]
*[[Dhupguri Girl's College]]
* [[Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College|Government College of Engineering]]
* [[Maynaguri College]], [[Maynaguri]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maynaguricollege.org.in// |title=Welcome to Maynaguri College |publisher=Maynaguricollege.org.in |access-date=2012-09-25 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702170459/http://maynaguricollege.org.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Nani Bhattacharya Smarak Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[North Bengal St. Xavier's College]]
*[[P.D. Women's College]]
*[[Parimal Mitra Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Rajganj College]]
*[[Sukanta Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Jalpaiguri Law College]]
* [[Jalpaiguri Polytechnic Institute]]
* Institute of Pharmacy, Jalpaiguri
* [[Rajganj Government Polytechnic]]
* [[Maynaguri Government Polytechnic]]
*Jalpaiguri Institute of Technology
* [[Banarhat Kartik Oraon Hindi Government College]]
* [[Jalpaiguri Government Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Ananda Chandra Training College]]
{{div col end}}

===Jhargram===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*Sevayatan Sikshan Mahavidyalaya
*[[Government General Degree College, Gopiballavpur-II]], [[Beliaberah]]
*Jhargram Raj College
* [[Jhargram Government Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Keshiary Government College]]
* [[Lalgarh Government College]]
* [[Nayagram Pandit Raghunath Murmu Government College]]
*[[Sankrail Anil Biswas Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Silda Chandra Sekhar College]]
*[[Subarnarekha Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Vivekananda Satavarshiki Mahavidyalaya]]
{{div col end}}

===Kalimpong===
*[[Cluny Women's College]]
*[[Kalimpong College]]
*Rockvale Management College
*[[Government General Degree College, Gorubathan]]
*Government General Degree College, Pedong

===Kolkata===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College]]
* [[Anandamohan College]]
* [[Asutosh College]]
* Brainware Group of Institutions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brainwaretechnologies.org/|title=Brainware Engineering College – Great Futures Begin Here|website=www.brainwaretechnologies.org|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017154617/http://www.brainwaretechnologies.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[B. P. Poddar Institute of Management & Technology]]
* [[Bangabasi College]]
* [[Basanti Devi College]]
* [[Bengal Institute of Technology, Kolkata]]
* [[Bethune College]]
* Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Institute of Management Science, [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]]
* [[Bhawanipur Education Society College]]
* [[Bidhan Nagar College]], [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]]
*[[Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College]] [[Bonhooghly]], Dunlop
* [[Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management]]
* [[Calcutta National Medical College]]
* [[City College, Kolkata]]
* College of Engineering and Management, Kolaghat
* [[Derozio Memorial College]]
* [[Dinabandhu Andrews College]]
* [[Dum Dum Motijheel College]]
* [[Future Institute of Engineering and Management]], [[Sonarpur]]
* [[Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology]]
* [[Government College of Art & Craft]]
* [[Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata]]
* [[International Management Institute, New Delhi|International Management Institute]]
* [[Institute of Engineering and Management]]
* [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital]]
* [[Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering]]
* iLead, [[Kolkata]]
* [[Jogamaya Devi College]]
* [[Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College]]
* [[Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata]]
* [[Loreto College, Kolkata]]
* [[Marine Engineering and Research Institute]]
* [[Maulana Azad College]]
* [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]]
* [[Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]
*National Institute of Planning Management, Kolkata
* [[New Alipore College]]
* [[Netaji Nagar College for Women, Kolkata]]
* [[Netaji Nagar Day College, Kolkata]]
* [[Netaji Nagar College (Evening)]]
* [[Netaji Subhash Engineering College]]
* [[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[NIPS School of Hotel Management]]
* Nopany Institute for Professional Studies
* [[NSHM Knowledge Campus]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Pailan College of Management and Technology]], [[Joka, Kolkata]]
* [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Rajabazar Science College]]
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur]]
* [[RCC Institute of Information Technology]]
* [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]]
* Sanaka Educational Trust Group of Institutions
* [[Scottish Church College, Kolkata]]
* Sabita Devi Education Trust- Brainware Group of Institutions
* St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College
* [[St. Thomas' College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]] (Autonomous)
* [[Surendranath College]]
* [[Techno India]], [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata|Salt Lake]]
* [[Techno India College of Technology]], [[Rajarhat]]
* [[The Heritage Academy, Kolkata]]
* [[Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur]]<ref>{{cite web|title=VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE – Official Website|url=https://www.vckolkata63.org/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=www.vckolkata63.org|archive-date=21 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821144826/https://www.vckolkata63.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Vivekananda College for Women]], [[Barisha, India|Barisha]]
* [[Vidyasagar College]]
* [[Vidyasagar College for Women]]
* [[Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College]]
* [[Victoria Institution (College)|Victoria Institution]]
{{div col end}}

===Malda===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*[[Chanchal College]]
*[[Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering & Technology]]
*[[Gazole Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Gour Mahavidyalaya]], [[Maldah district|Maldah]]
*Government Teachers' Training College, Malda
*[[Kaliachak College]]
*Kaliachak Government Polytechnic
*[[Malda College]]
*[[Malda Women's College]]
*[[Manikchak College]]
*[[Pakuahat Degree College]]
*[[Samsi College]]
*[[South Malda College]]
*[[IMPS College of Engineering and Technology]]
{{div col end}}

===Murshidabad===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* Sewnarayan Rameswar Fatepuria College, Beldanga
* [[Berhampore College]]
* [[Murshidabad College of Engineering & Technology]], [[Baharampur]]
*[[Krishnath College]]
*[[Berhampore Girls' College]]
*[[Kandi Raj College]]
*[[Muzaffar Ahmed Mahavidyalaya]], [[Salar, Murshidabad]], [[Bharatpur II]]
*[[Sripat Singh College]], [[Jiaganj]]
*[[Rani Dhanya Kumari College]], Jiaganj
*Nagar College
*[[Raja Birendra Chandra College]]
*[[Sagardighi Kamada Kinkar Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Prof. Syed Nurul Hasan College]]
*Raja Birendra Chandra College of Law
*Hazi A. K. Khan College, Hariharpara
*Jakir Hossain Polytechnic College,
*Jangipur College
*Dumkal Girls College
*Dukhulal Nibaranchandra College, Aurangabad
*Murshidabad Adarsha Mahavidyalaya, Islampur
*G D College, Shaikhpara
*Dumkal College, Basantapur
*Dumkal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Dumkal
{{div col end}}

===Nadia district===
Located in [[Nadia district]]:
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Asannagar Madan Mohan Tarkalankar College]]
* [[Bethuadahari College]]
* [[Chakdaha College]]
* [[Chapra Bangaljhi Mahavidyalaya]]
* Chapra Government College
* [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College]]
* Dr. K.R. Adhikary College of Optometry & Paramedical Technology
* [[Dwijendralal College]]
* Global Institute of Management & Technology
* [[Haringhata Mahavidyalaya]]
* J.R.S.E.T. College of Law
* Kaliganj Government College
* [[Kalyani Mahavidyalaya]]
* Kalyani Technology Academy
* [[Karimpur Pannadevi College]]
* [[Krishnagar Government College]]
* [[Krishnagar Women's College]]
* [[Nabadwip Vidyasagar College]]
* Nakashipara Government College
* [[Plassey College]]
* [[Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Ranaghat College]]
* [[Santipur College]]
* [[Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of Law]]
* [[Srikrishna College]]
* [[Sudhiranjan Lahiri Mahavidyalaya]]
* Tagore School of Rural Development & Agriculture
* [[Tehatta Government College]]
* [[Kalyani Government Engineering College]]
*[[JIS College of Engineering]], Kalyani
*[[Muragacha Government College]], Muragachha
{{div col end}}

===North 24 Parganas===
Located within [[North 24 Parganas]]:
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra College|Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore]]
* [[Adamas Institute of Technology]], [[Barasat]]
* [[Adyapeath Annada Polytechnic College|Adyapeath Annada Polytechnic College, Adyapeath, Dakshineswar]]
* [[Banipur Mahila Mahavidyalaya]], [[Habra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Habra]]
* [[Basirhat College]]
* [[Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College]]
* [[Barasat College|Barasat College, Barasat]]
* [[Barasat Government College]], [[Barasat]]
* [[Bhairab Ganguly College|Bhairab Ganguly College, Belgharia]]
* [[Chandraketugarh Sahidullah Smriti Mahavidyalaya]], [[Berachampa]]
* [[Dinabandhu Mahavidyalay]], [[Bongaon]]
* [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Satabarshiki Mahavidyalaya|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Satabarshiki Mahavidyalaya]], [[Bagdah CD Block|Bagdah]]
* [[Gobardanga Hindu College]], [[Gobardanga]]
* [[Hingalganj Mahavidyalay]], [[Hingalganj (community development block)|Hingalganj]]
* [[Kanchrapara College]], [[Kanchrapara]]
* [[Mahadevananda Mahavidyalaya]], [[Barrackpore]]
* [[Morning Star College]], Barrackpore
* [[Naba Barrackpore Prafulla Chandra Mahavidyalaya]], New Barrackpore
* [[Nahata Jogendranath Mandal Smriti Mahavidyalaya]], [[Nahata]]
* [[Narula Institute of Technology]], Agarpara
* [[Panihati Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[P. R. Thakur Government College]], [[Thakurnagar]]
* [[Rishi Bankim Chandra College]], [[Naihati]]
* [[Sree Chaitanya College]], [[Habra]]
* [[Sree Chaitanya Mahavidyalaya]], Habra
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College|Vivekananda Centenary College]], [[Rahara, Kolkata]]
* [[Vivekananda College, Madhyamgram]]
* [[Camellia Institute of Technology]]
* [[Guru Nanak Institute of Technology]]
{{div col end}}

===Paschim Bardhaman===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Banwarilal Bhalotia College]], Ushagram Asansol
* [[Khandra College]], Khandra
* [[Bidhan Chandra College, Asansol|Bidhan Chandra College]], Burnpur Asansol
* [[Triveni Devi Bhalotia College]], [[Raniganj]], Asansol
* [[Asansol Polytechnic]], South Dhadka, [[Asansol]]
* [[Asansol Engineering College]], Asansol
* [[Asansol Girls' College]], Asansol
* [[Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya]], Chittaranjan, [[Asansol]]
* [[NSHM Knowledge Campus]], [[Durgapur]]
* [[Durgapur Government College]]
* [[Durgapur Women's College]]
* [[Bengal College of Engineering & Technology]], Durgapur
* [[Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur]]
{{div col end}}

===Pashim Medinipur===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Keshiary Government College]], [[Keshiary]]
* [[Belda College]], [[Belda]]
*[[Midnapore College]], [[Medinipur]]
*[[Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women's College]], Medinipur
*[[Kharagpur College]], [[Kharagpur]]
*[[Sukumar Sengupta Mahavidyalaya]], [[Keshpur]]
*[[Narajole Raj College]], [[Narajole]]
*[[Garhbeta College]]
* [[Gourav Guin Memorial College]], Chandrakona
*Hijli College, Hijli Kharagpur.
*[[Debra Thana Sahid Kshudiram Smriti Mahavidyalaya]], [[Debra, Paschim Medinipur]]
*[[Santal Bidroha Sardha Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya]], [[Goaltore]]
*Chandrakona Vidyasagar Mahavidyalaya, [[Chandrakona]]
* [[Institute of Science and Technology, West Bengal]], [[Chandrakona]]
* [[Salboni Dream Land]], [[Salboni]]
*[[Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya]], [[Pingla]]
*[[Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya]], [[Sabang, Paschim Medinipur]]
*[[Bhatter College]], [[Dantan]]
*[[Midnapore Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Dr B C Roy Institute of Medical Sciences & Research]]
*[[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]
{{div col end}}

===Purba Bardhaman===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University]] (UIT)
* [[Burdwan Medical College]], Bardhaman
* [[Bardhaman Raj College]]
* [[Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya]], [[Bardhaman]]
* [[M. U. C. Women's College]], Bardhaman
* [[St. Xavier's College, Burdwan]]
* [[Burdwan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]], Bardhaman
* Burdwan Institute Management and Computer Science, [[Bardhaman]]
* Burdwan Institute of Medical and Life Sciences, Bardhaman
* AMEX (an Institute of Professional Studies), Bardhaman
* [[M.B.C. Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Bardhaman
* Debargha Memorial I.T.I., Bardhaman
* [[Syamsundar College]], Bardhaman
* [[Dr. Bhupendra Nath Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya]], Bardhaman
* [[Gushkara Mahavidyalaya]], [[Gushkara]]
* Cyber Research & Training Institute, [[Bardhaman]]
* [[Dr. Gourmohan Roy College]], [[Monteswar]]
* [[Galsi Mahavidyalaya]], [[Galsi, Bardhaman]]
* [[Sir Rashbehari Ghosh Mahavidyalaya]], [[Ukhrid]], [[Khandaghosh]]
* Achaya Sukumar Sen Mahavidyalaya, [[Gotan]]
* [[Memari College]], [[Memari]]
* [[Katwa College]], [[Katwa]]
* [[Khandra College]]
* [[Kalna College]], Kalna
* Dr. Gour Mohan Roy College, Monteswar
* Swami Vivekananda Institution for Teachers' Training, Kurmun
{{div col end}}

===Purba Medinipur===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*[[Prabhat Kumar College]], [[Contai]]
*[[Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya]], [[Bhagabanpur II]], Contai
*[[Deshapran Mahavidyalaya]], Contai
*[[Ramnagar College]], Ramnagar II, [[Contai]]
*[[Khejuri College]], [[Khejuri]], Contai
*[[Egra Sarada Shashi Bhusan College]], [[Egra]]
*[[Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya]], [[Bhagabanpur I]], Egra
*[[Yogoda Satsanga Palpara Mahavidyalaya]], [[Patashpur]], Egra
*[[Haldia Government College]], [[Haldia]]
*[[Mahisadal Raj College]], [[Mahisadal]], Haldia
*[[Mahishadal Girls College]], [[Mahisadal]], Haldia
*[[Sitananda College]], [[Nandigram]]
*[[Swarnamoyee Jogendranath Mahavidyalaya]], Nandigram
*[[Vivekananda Mission Mahavidyalaya]], [[Chaitanyapur]], Haldia
*[[Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya]], [[Tamluk]]
*[[Tamralipto Government Medical College and Hospital]], Tamluk
*[[Maharaja Nandakumar Mahavidyalaya]], [[Nandakumar (community development block)|Nandakumar]]
*[[Moyna College]], [[Moyna, Purba Medinipur]]
*[[Rabindra Bharati Mahavidyalaya]], [[Kolaghat]]
*[[Shahid Matangini Hazra Government College for Women]], [[Tamluk]]
*[[Panskura Banamali College]], [[Panskura]]
*[[Siddhinath Mahavidyalaya]], Panskura
*[[Haldia Institute of Technology]], [[Haldia]]
{{div col end}}

===Purulia===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*[[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]], [[Purulia]]
*[[Purulia Government Engineering College]]
*[[J. K. College]]
*[[Raghunathpur College]]
*[[Manbhum Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Nistarini Women's College]]
*Achhruram Memorial College, [[Jhalda]]
*[[Balarampur College]]
*[[Ananda Marga College]]
*[[Ananda Marga Gurukula Teacher's Training College]]
*[[Bikramjeet Goswami Memorial College]]
{{div col end}}

===South 24 Parganas===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Baruipur College]]
* [[L.J.D. College, Falta]]
* [[Magrahat College]]
* [[Budge Budge College]]
* [[Maheshtala College]]
* [[Fakir Chand College]]
* [[Sundarban Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Shirakole Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Dhruba Chand Halder College]]
* [[Gourmohan Sachin Mondal Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Sushil Kar College]]
* [[Jibantala Rokeya Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Raidighi College]]
* [[Sukanta College]]
* [[Bankim Sardar College]]
{{div col end}}

===Uttar Dinajpur===
* [[Dr. Meghnath Saha College]]
* [[Islampur College]]
* [[Kaliyaganj College]]
* [[Raiganj Surendranath Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Shree Agrasen Mahavidyalaya]], Dalkhola
* [[Raiganj University]]
* [[Durgapur Women's College]]
* [[Chopra Kamala Paul Smriti Mahavidyalaya]], Chopra

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:IISERKgate.jpg|IISER Kolkata Main Entrance gate
File:Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 2005.jpg|New Academic Building, ISI Kolkata
File:IPGMER SSKM Woodburn.jpg|Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata is the largest hospital in [[West Bengal]] and one of the oldest in Kolkata.
File:Clock Tower - Bengal Engineering and Science University - Sibpur - Howrah 2013-06-06 8569.JPG|The Clock Tower, IIEST, Shibpur
File:Jadavpur University Central Library.jpg|Jadavpur University Central Library
File:Jadavpur University Gate No. 4.jpg|[[Jadavpur University]] Gate No. 4
File:Kolkata univ jeroje.jpg|[[University of Calcutta]] Main Campus
File:B.U. academic complex south gate.jpg|[[Burdwan University]] academic complex, South Gate
File:UITBU.jpg|[[University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University|UITBU]] The State of the Art Building
File:Bubai Manna (IIT Kharagpur main building).jpg|[[IIT Kharagpur]] main building
File:IIT Kharagpur nameplate at the entrance.jpg|Trilingual nameplate at the main entrance of Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
File:Santiniketan Prayer Hall.jpg|''Upasana Griha'', Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan
File:Campoussxc.JPG|St. Xavier's College
File:Amity University, Kolkata.jpg|Amity University, Kolkata
File:IMI Kolkata view.png|IMI Kolkata view
File:Sxuk1.jpg|St. Xavier's University, Kolkata
File:Techno India University.jpg|Techno India University
File:Brainware-university.jpg|Brainware University
File:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Auditorium.jpg|IIM Calcutta Auditorium
File:Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 2005.jpg|Academic Building, ISI Kolkata
File:RKMVERI Prajna Bhavan HR.jpg|RKMVERI Prajna Bhavan
File:Indian Association for the Cultivation Of Science (New Gate).png|Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
File:West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata (front entrance, 2006).jpg|WBNUJS, Kolkata
File:Aliah University City Campus, Park Circus.jpg|Aliah University City Campus, Park Circus
File:NBU Museum.jpg|North Bengal University Museum
File:Rabindrabharati University.jpg|Rabindra Bharati University
File:University of Gour Banga.jpg|University of Gour Banga
File:WBSU roadside view.jpg|West Bengal State University
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in West Bengal|Colleges and universities]]

Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple

2026-05-03T20:27:22Z

QWLDesiree: created some place basic info

{{Short description|Murugan Temple in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple
| image = Palanihills.JPG
| alt =
| image_upright = 1.25
| caption = Dhandayathapani Swamy Temple atop the [[Palani Hills]]
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_type_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.438805|77.520261|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Dindigul]]
| location = [[Palani]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Murugan]]
| festivals = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Panguni Uthiram]]
|[[Surasamharam]]
|[[Thaipusam]]
|[[Vaisakhi|Vaikasi Visakam]]
}}
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Bogar]]
| website = {{URL|1=https://palanimurugan.hrce.tn.gov.in}}
}}

'''Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Murugan]] situated atop a hillock amidst the [[Palani Hills]] in [[Palani]], [[Dindigul district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]]. The temple is managed by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

It is mentioned as ''Thiruaavinankudi'' in the [[Sangam literature]] ''[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai]]''. As per [[Hindu mythology]], the hillock was carried by [[Idumban]] from [[Kailasha]] on the orders of sage [[Agastya]] and was made to place it at the current location at Palani by Murugan. Later when sage [[Narada]] visited [[Shiva]] at Kailasha and presented him with ''[[Jnana Palam|gnana-palam]]'' (fruit of knowledge), Shiva decided to award it to whichever of his two sons finishes encircling the world thrice. Accepting the challenge, Murugan started his journey around the globe on his peacock [[vahana|mount]] but his brother [[Ganesha]] surmised that the world was no more than his parents Shiva and [[Shakti]] combined, circumambulated them and won the fruit. Knowing this, Murugan was furious as he felt cheated and chose to live a life as a hermit in Palani hills.

The idol of Murugan in the [[garbagriha]] is believed to have been consecrated by sage [[Bogar]], one of the [[Siddhar]]s, out of an amalgam of nine herbs known as ''Navapashanam''. The temple was built between 2nd and 5th century CE by the [[Cheras]] and was expanded multiple times over the years by various kingdoms.

The temple complex atop the hillock can be accessed by foot by climbing the stairs or walking along a sliding way. Pilgrims can also reach the top via a [[winch]] operated railway or a [[gondola lift|rope car]]. [[Tonsuring]] is one of major traditions of the temple. All Murugan festivals are celebrated in the temple with special [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s and rituals. Pilgrims may carry a [[kavadi]], a physical burden, as a form of [[debt bondage]]. The temple is synonymous with ''[[Panchamrita]]m'', a sweet mixture made of five ingredients, offered as a [[prasadam]], which is a listed [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]].

== Mythology ==

Once all sages and gods assembled in [[Kailasha]], the abode of [[Shiva]], which resulted in the tilting of [[earth]] due to an increase in weight on one [[Hemispheres of Earth|hemisphere]]. Shiva asked sage [[Agasthya]] to move towards the south to restore the balance. Agastya employed a [[asura]] named [[Idumban]] to carry two hills named as ''Sivagiri'' and ''Sakthigiri'' (Mountains of Shiva and [[Shakti]]) on his shoulders to be placed in the South, to balance the weight. Idumban carried the hills down south and en-route he placed them down for a while, when he rested. When he tried to lift them back, he was unable to move one of the hills. He found a youth standing atop of the hill and fought with him, only to be defeated. Agasthya identified the youth as [[Murugan]] and on reasoning out, the hill was let to remain at the location, which later became [[Palani]]. The mythology behind Idumban carrying the hills on the shoulder might have led to the practice of [[Kavadi]].<ref name="Bhoot"/>

Sage [[Narada]] once visited Shiva at Kailasha and presented him with a ''[[Jnana Palam|gnana-palam]]'' (fruit of knowledge). Shiva expressed his intention of dividing the fruit between his two sons, [[Ganesha]] and Murugan, but Narada counseled that the fruit cannot be divided. So, it was decided to award the fruit to whomsoever first circled the world thrice. Accepting the challenge, Murugan started his journey around the globe on atop his peacock [[vahana|mount]]. However, Ganesha surmised that the world was no more than his parents Shiva and Shakti combined, circumambulated them and won the fruit. When Murugan returned, he was furious to learn that his efforts had been in vain and felt cheated. He left Kailasha to took up abode in the [[Palani Hills]] as a hermit. It is believed that Murugan felt the need to get matured from boyhood, hence discarded all his material belongings and went to Palani.<ref name="Bhoot">{{cite book|title=Temples of India Myths and Legends|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|editor1-last=S.|editor1-first= Manjula|last=Bhoothalingam|first=Mathuram|year=2016|pages=48–52|isbn=978-8-123-01661-0}}</ref>

== History ==
{{quote box
|align=right
|author=[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai]]
|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kaumaram.com/tmpadai/tmpadai03u.html|title=Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Kaumaram|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001122224/https://kaumaram.com/tmpadai/tmpadai03u.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|quote=Tī'eḻuntaṉṉa tiṟaliṉar tīppaṭa 
urumiṭit taṉṉa kuraliṉar viḻumiya 
uṟukuṟai maruṅkil tampeṟu muṟaikoṇmār 
antarak koṭpiṉar vantu uṭaṉkāṇa 
tā'il koḷkai maṭantaiyoṭu cilnāl 
'''āviṉaṉkuṭi''' acaitalum uriyaṉ, atāṉṟu
}}

The location is mentioned as ''Thiruaavinankudi'' in the [[Sangam literature]] ''[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai]]''. As per ''[[Purananuru]]'', the region was known as Vaikavurnadu and was part of [[Kongu Nadu|Vaiyapuri Nadu]], ruled by king [[Vaiyāvik Kōpperum Pēkan|Kōpperum Pēkan]]. The place is mentioned by poets such as [[Kabilar]], [[:ta:வன்பரணர்|Vanparanar]], Aricilkiḻār, and Perunkunrurkiḻār. Sangam literature ''[[Akananuru]]'' mentions the name of the place as ''Pothini'', ruled by [[Velir]] chieftain Vel chieftain Neduvel Avi. The name Pothini was derived from [[Tamil language]] phrase "Pon-udai-nedu-nagar" meaning the big town with [[gold]], which later became Palani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/slet/ln00101/ln00101pag.jsp?bookid=296&pno=264|title=Kings of Sangam period|publisher=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=1 June 2024|language=ta}}</ref> As per ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu]]'', chieftain Velavikkopaduman had matrimonial relations with the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], who ruled the region from the late first century CE. Poet [[:ta:இளங்கீரனார்|Ilangiranar]] mentions the Chera king [[Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai|Mantaram Cheral Irumporai]], who ruled the region during the period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilsurangam.in/literatures/ettuthogai/purananooru/purananooru_229.html|title=Purananauru 229|publisher=Tamil Surangam|access-date=1 June 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

[[File:Palani temple (1).jpg|thumb|left|Main temple complex]]

The main idol of Murugan in the [[garbagriha]] is believed to have been created and consecrated by sage [[Bogar]], one of the [[Siddhar]]s. The statue is believed to have been made of an [[Amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]] of nine rocks or herbs known as ''navapashanam''. According to temple legend, the sculptor had to work rapidly to complete its features. A shrine to Bhogar exists in the southwestern corridor of the temple, which, by temple legend, is said to be connected by a tunnel to a cave in the heart of the hill, where Bhogar continues to meditate and maintain his vigil.<ref name="Meena">{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|year=1976|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|pages=19–20}}</ref>

The idol fell into neglect and the area was engulfed by the forest. One night, a king of the [[Chera Dynasty]], who controlled the region between the second and fifth centuries CE, took refuge at the foot of the hills. As per temple legend, Murugan appeared in his dream, and ordered him to find and restore the idol to its former state. The king commenced a search for the idol, and finding it, constructed a temple on the hillock and re-instituted its worship. There are figures of a king, believed to be the Chera king, on the southern walls of the temple and a small [[stela]] at the foot of the staircase that winds up the hill, describing the events.<ref name="Padma">{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|author=S. Padmanabhan|year=1977|publisher=Kumaran Pathippagam|page=33}}</ref>

[[File:Tamil Inscriptions Pazhani.jpg|thumb|Tamil Inscriptions at the temple]]

In the [[middle age]], the area came under the control of [[Cholas]] in the 10th century CE. The Cholas expanded the temple and inscriptions mention various grants made by the Chola kings. Later, the region was ruled over by the [[Pandyas]], who further expanded the temple complex.<ref>{{cite book|title=Palani:The Hill Temple of Muruga|author=Cōmale|year=1975|page=19|publisher=[[University of California]]}}</ref> Inscriptions found on the temple walls mention grants by Pandya kings such as [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]] and [[Jatavarman Vira Pandyan II]] during the 13th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, Part 2|author=Edgar Thurston|publisher=Cosmo Publications|year=1975|page=36}}</ref> In the year 1300 CE, [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]] is documented to have gifted a village as a grant to the temple. The [[Vijayanagar Empire]] patronized the temple and the region between the 14th and 16th centuries. After the collapse of Vijayanagara, the [[Madurai Nayaks]] ruled the region.<ref>{{cite book|author=T.V.Mahalingam|title=Economic Life under Vijayanagar|year=1951|page=147|publisher=[[University of Madras]]}}</ref> [[Arunagirinathar]] was a 15th-century Tamil poet born in [[Tiruvannamalai]], who later became a devotee of Murugan and visited Palani. He composed various Tamil hymns glorifying Murugan at the temple, the most notable being part of ''[[Thiruppugazh|Thirupugazh]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=V.K.|first=Subramanian |title= 101 Mystics of India |year=2007 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7017-471-4|page=109}}</ref> He became a staunch devotee and composed .<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyar|first=P.V.Jagadisa |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruvannamalai&pg=PA190 |year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|pages=191–203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |title=Tamil literature, Volume 2, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=tiruvempavai&pg=PA105 |year=1975 |publisher=E.J. Brill, Leiden |location=Netherlands |isbn=90-04-04190-7| page= 217}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil traditions on Subramanya – Murugan|last=Zvelebil|edition=1st|first=Kamil V.|year=1991|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Palani temple is one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]] and considered one of the most prominent abodes of Muruga.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic Reforms and Small Scale Industries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIHLq5XvZMEC&q=palani+murugan+temple&pg=PA35|page=25|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2009|isbn=9788180694493|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522141036/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIHLq5XvZMEC&q=palani+murugan+temple&pg=PA35#v=snippet&q=palani%20murugan%20temple&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the Nayaks, [[Polygar|Palayakkarar]] system was formulated with the temple being administered by the Palayakkarars of [[Balasamudram]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Dindigul District Gazetteer|year=2005|page=324|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> The region and the temple was under the influence of [[Mysore kingdom]] in the 18th century before being part of the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj]] towards the end of the century. After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the temple became part of [[Madras State]] which later became [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTamilNadu.htm|title=Madras Renamed Tamil Nadu|work=Hubert Herald|access-date=12 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911082149/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTamilNadu.htm|archive-date=11 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/TDVD_Files/DCHB_Town_Amenities-TAMIL_NADU-DINDIGUL-612.csv|title=Census report, Dindigul district, 1951-2011|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Layout and architecture ==
{{multiple image
| image1 = Pazhani Pillar1.jpg
| image2 = Pazhani Pillar2.jpg
| align = right
| footer = Sculptures inside the temple
| total_width = 200
}}
The temple is situated upon the higher of the two hills of Palani, known as the Sivagiri. The sanctum of the temple is of early [[Dravidian architecture]] while the covered ambulatory that runs around it bears traces of Pandyan influence. The walls of the temple bear extensive inscriptions in old [[Tamil script]]. Surmounting the sanctum, is a ''[[Vimanam (tower)|vimanam]]'' plated with [[gold]], with sculptures of Hindu gods and goddesses carved on it. In the first inner prahāram or ambulatory around the heart of the temple, are two minor shrines, one each, to Shiva and Parvati. There is a shrine dedicated to sage Bhogar, who is by credited with the creation and consecration of the chief idol. In the second precinct, is a shrine dedicated to [[Ganapati]], besides the carriage-houses for the [[ratha|chariot]]s.<ref name="Meena" />

== Deity ==
[[File:Gopuramgold.JPG|thumb|Golden [[Vimanam (tower)|vimanam]]]]
The idol of the deity is said to be made of an amalgam of nine poisonous substances which forms an eternal medicine when mixed in a certain ratio. The idol represents the god Murugan as ''Dhandapani'', a form he assumed while at Palani, being that of a young recluse, shorn of his hair, dressed in a loincloth and armed only with a staff (''dhandam'') as a monk.<ref name="Meena" /> It is placed upon a pedestal of stone, with an archway framing it in the garbhagriha or the [[sanctum sanctorum]] of the temple. The deity is approached only by the temple's priests, members of the [[Vadama|Brahmin]] community, who hold hereditary rights of sacerdotal worship at the temple. Devotees are permitted to come up to the entrance of the sanctum, while the priests' assistants (Pandārams) are allowed up to the ante-chamber of the sanctum sanctorum.<ref name="Meena" />

The original idol was believed to have been wearing away or dissolving, by virtue of its repeated anointment and ritual bathing but priests of the temple maintain that they perceive no visible change. As [[Hinduism]] forbids the worship of an imperfect idol, suggestions have been made, at various points of time, to replace it, cover it, or stop some of the rituals, which could have resulted in its erosion. Attempts were made to replace the idol in 1984 and later in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ageing Palani deity in midst of controversy|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/nov/20tn.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=3 December 2016|date=20 November 2002|last=N.|first=Sathiya Moorthy|location=Chennai|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220034154/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/nov/20tn.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, the temple officials decided to make a replacement idol weighing {{cvt|200|kg}} made up of an [[alloy]] of five metals including {{cvt|10|kg}} of gold. The idol which was consecrated in January 2004, was quickly removed, following opposition from various quarters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/tn-chief-sculptor-arrested-palani-1927371|title=TN chief sculptor arrested in Palani Murugan idol case|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=26 March 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140909/https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/tn-chief-sculptor-arrested-palani-1927371|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, based on an investigation, [[Tamil Nadu Police]] announced that the new idol was made with a ploy of smuggling the old idol. Based on research from [[IIT Madras]], it was found that the replacement idol actually weighed {{cvt|221|kg}} and did not contain the required amounts of the metals specified, particularly gold.<ref>{{cite news|title=New idol made in Palani temple with ploy to smuggle out presiding deity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/new-idol-made-in-palani-temple-with-ploy-to-smuggle-out-presiding-deity/articleshow/70120087.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714082300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/new-idol-made-in-palani-temple-with-ploy-to-smuggle-out-presiding-deity/articleshow/70120087.cms|url-status=live|archive-date=14 July 2019|publisher=TOI|access-date=7 July 2019|date=9 July 2019|location=Palani}}</ref>

== Practices and rituals ==
The most common form of ritual at the temple is the ''[[abhisheka]]m''—anointment of the idol with oils, [[sandalwood]] paste, [[milk]], unguents and the like and then bathing it with water in an act of ritual purification. Four prominent abhishekams and pujas are conducted at specific times of the day and include the ''Vizha Pujai'' in the early morning after opening the temple, ''Ucchikāla Pujai'' in the afternoon, ''Sāyarakshai Pujai'' in the evening and ''Rakkāla Pujai'' at night prior to the closure of the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Palani temple introduces online facility|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Palani-temple-introduces-online-facility/article13982156.ece|date=5 January 2016|access-date=4 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220230234/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Palani-temple-introduces-online-facility/article13982156.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://palani.org/facilities.htm|title=Palani Devasthanam facilities|work=Palani.in|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205224124/https://palani.org/facilities.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamilnadutemples.co.in/article/id/510/temple/58/puja-schedule-in-palani-temple|title=Puja schedule at Palani|work=Tamilnadu temples|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610222156/https://tamilnadutemples.co.in/article/id/510/temple/58/puja-schedule-in-palani-temple|url-status=live}}</ref> The pujas are accompanies by traditional musical instruments and tolling of the heavy bell on the hill, to rouse the attention of devotees. The idol is decorated with an attire of a king in the evenings, known as ''Raja alankaram''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dheivegam.com/palani-aandi-kola-palangal/|title=Palani: virtues of darshan|work=Dheivegam|date=4 February 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023|language=ta|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140914/https://dheivegam.com/palani-aandi-kola-palangal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Traditionally, the temple was supposed to be closed in the afternoon to permit the deity, who is a child, to have adequate sleep. Every night at the ''Paḷḷi-Arai'' or bedroom, the lord is informed of the status of the temple's accounts for the day, by the custodians of the temple, and then put to sleep by singing of an ''ōdhuvār'' ([[lullaby]]). An idol of the lord, called the ''Uthsavamoorthy'', is carried in state around the temple, in a [[golden chariot]], drawn by devotees, most evenings in a year.{{cn|date=May 2026}} This chariot is made using {{cvt|63|kg}} of silver and plated with {{cvt|4.73|kg}} of gold and other precious stones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://palani.in/palani-murugan-temples/palani-murugan-golden-chariot%3famp|title=Palani golden chariot|work=Palani.in|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004114915/https://www.palani.in/palani-murugan-temples/palani-murugan-golden-chariot?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Palani Panchamirtham|Panchamrita]]m'' (mixture of five) is a divine mix made of [[Virupakshi Hill Banana|banana]], [[honey]], [[ghee]], [[jaggery]] and [[cardamom]] along with [[date fruit]]s and [[sugar candy|Sugar candies]]. It is believed to have been prepared by Ganesha to soothe Muruga, after their battle for the fruit. The practice is followed in modern times where the devotees are provided the mixture as a prasad.<ref name="Bhoot" /><ref>{{cite book|title=The Lord of Vengadam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rntPBAAAQBAJ&q=palani+murugan+temple&pg=PA185|page=185|first=Ramanujam|last=S.R.|publisher=Partridge India|year=2014|isbn=978-1-482-83462-8|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522141010/https://books.google.ge/books?id=rntPBAAAQBAJ&q=palani+murugan+temple&pg=PA185&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=palani%20murugan%20temple&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> It is recognized as a [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palani-panchamirtham-the-first-temple-prasadam-to-bag-the-gi-tag/article66839174.ece|title=Palani panchamirtham, the first temple prasadam to bag the GI tag|date=11 May 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603085822/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palani-panchamirtham-the-first-temple-prasadam-to-bag-the-gi-tag/article66839174.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Worship ==
[[File:Thiru Avinan Kudi Kulandhai Velappar Temple.jpg|thumb|Kulandai Velayudhaswami Temple in the foothills]]

The temple at the foothills known as ''Thiruavinankudi Kulandhai Velappar Temple'' is considered as one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]]. It is located next to ''Sarvana Poigai'', a sacred [[pushkarni|tank]], which is believed to have been the birthplace of Murugan.<ref name="God">{{cite book|title=God and Science|first=Sridharan|last=T.K.R|isbn=979-8-8870-4354-8|publisher=Notion Press|year=2022}}</ref><ref name="Kanda">{{cite book|title=Sri Kandha Puranam|first=Akilā|last=Civarāman̲|isbn=978-8-1795-0397-3|page=55|publisher=Giri Trading|year=2006}}</ref> Devotees usually visit the temple before going atop the hill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://palani.org/avinankudi.htm|title=Avinankudi|work=Palani.org|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205223359/https://palani.org/avinankudi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[tonsure|Tonsuring]] is one of the major traditions of the temple, with devotees performing the ritual to fulfill a vow to discard their hair in imitation of the form that Murugan assumed here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.robputseys.be/portfolio/tonsure-ritual-in-hinduism/|title=Tonsure ritual in Hinduism|work=Rob Putsey|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930140457/https://www.robputseys.be/portfolio/tonsure-ritual-in-hinduism/|url-status=live}}</ref> After tonsuring, sandalwood paste is applied to imitate the ritual of anointing of the head of the presiding deity's idol with sandalwood paste, at night, prior to the temple being closed for the day. The paste, upon being allowed to stay overnight, is said to acquire special properties, and is distributed to devotees, as [[prasadam]] (''rakkāla chandaṇam'').<ref name="JSTOR">{{cite journal|title=Pilgrimage Centers in the Tamil Cultus of Murukan|jstor=1461919|last=Clothey|first=Fred W.|year=1972|page=82|publisher=Oxford University Press|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=40|issue=1}}</ref> New borns may undergo a ritual of tonsuring and [[ear piercing]] at the temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/traditions/tonsuring-and-ear-piercing.php|title=Tonsuring and ear piercing|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726213408/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/traditions/tonsuring-and-ear-piercing.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

Festivals dedicated to Murugan are celebrated with pomp. These include [[Thaipusam]], [[Panguni Uthiram]], [[Vaikaasi|Vaikhashi Vishakham]] and [[Sura Samhaaram]]. Thaipusam is the most important festival at Palani, is celebrated on the full moon day of the Tamil Month of ''[[Thai month|Thai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/thaipoosam-festival-palani-started-flagging|title=Thaipusam festivities start in Palani|language=ta|work=Nakheeran|date=2 February 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905001255/https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/thaipoosam-festival-palani-started-flagging|url-status=live}}</ref> Devotees carry a ''[[kavadi]]'', a burden or mount as a form of [[debt bondage]]. In the simplest form, it consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure, that is balanced on the shoulders of the devotee.<ref name="Hume">{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-0001-8987-2| publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> It may be decorated with flowers, glazed paper and tinsel work.<ref>{{cite journal|title=N.P. Mohamed in Conversation with A.J. Thomas|jstor=23341738|last1=Mohamed |first1=N.P.|first2=Thomas|last2=A.J.|year=2003|page=147|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|journal=Indian Literature|volume=47|issue=1}}</ref> It is often carried in commemoration of the act of Idumban who brought the hillock from Kailasha. Others bring pots of sanctified water, known as ''theertha kavadi'' or [[cow milk]] known as ''paal kavadi'' to conduct abhishekam. Pilgrims often take a strict vow of abstinence for 48 days, come barefoot, by walk, from distant places, bathe in the temple tank and go atop the hill.<ref>{{cite news|title=The special charm of Palani|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/01/21/stories/2005012100400600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709005937/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/01/21/stories/2005012100400600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2008|date=21 January 2005|access-date=4 December 2016|last=K.S.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Krishnan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|year=2017|isbn=978-1-538-10686-0|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|page=192}}</ref>

== Access ==
{{multiple image
| image1 = Palani Murugan Hill Temple.jpg
| image2 = Palani Hill Rope Car1.JPG
| align = right
| footer = [[Funicular railway]] operated by a [[winch]] system
| total_width = 400
}}
The temple is situated in the town of Palani, which is accessible by road and rail. It is connected to [[Coimbatore]] via [[NH 83|National Highway 83]]. [[Palani railway station]] falls on the [[Dindigul]]-[[Pollachi]] railway line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/palani-plni/4807|title=Palani railway station|work=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093228/https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/palani-plni/4807|url-status=live}}</ref>

Traditionally, the temple was accessed by climbing the hillock on foot. Later, staircases were cut into the hill-side for the usage of pilgrims and a gently sloping pathway was added for usage by temple [[elephants]]. Additional stairways were added later, which are used by priests to access the temple. In the late 20th century, three [[funicular railway]] tracks were laid up the hill to ferry the pilgrims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourism Palani|url=http://www.dindigul.tn.nic.in/tourism/tourism_palani_winch.html|publisher=Dindigul district administration|access-date=3 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220062627/http://www.dindigul.tn.nic.in/tourism/tourism_palani_winch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2003, a [[Gondola lift|rope way]] was added with a capacity to handle 250 people per hour. The rope way was upgraded in 2018, to increase the hourly capacity to 1500.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/palani-temple-to-get-rs-73cr-worth-rope-car-facility-in-18-mths/articleshow/64455966.cms|title=Palani temple to get Rs 73 crore worth rope car facility|date=5 June 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925211756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/palani-temple-to-get-rs-73cr-worth-rope-car-facility-in-18-mths/articleshow/64455966.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The temple is one of the most visited in the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Palani temple annual hundi collection touches Rs 33cr|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Palani-temple-annual-hundi-collection-touches-Rs-33cr/articleshow/53407866.cms|access-date=3 December 2016|date=27 July 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901050946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Palani-temple-annual-hundi-collection-touches-Rs-33cr/articleshow/53407866.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.palanimurugantemple.org/ Official website of Arulmigu Dandayudhapani Swami Devasthanam, Palani]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080205135606/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/10/stories/2006031016140100.htm Temple legend]

{{Murugan temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Dhule–Nandurbar Local Authorities constituency

2026-04-29T14:26:54Z

QWLDesiree: created the entry w/ sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
'''Dhule–Nandurbar Local Authorities constituency''' is one of 78 Legislative Council seats in [[Maharashtra]]. This constituency covers [[Dhule district|Dhule]] & [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]] districts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-18 |title=Raghuvanshi set for 4th term as MLC with Sena nomination |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/raghuvanshi-set-for-4th-term-as-mlc-with-sena-nomination/articleshow/119129466.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-04 |title=Sena leader Ramdas Kadam among 7 members to take oath as MLC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/sena-leader-ramdas-kadam-among-7-members-to-take-oath-as-mlc/story-4tmisnKI6mlSJy5FubclJM.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-30 |title=Maharashtra Legislative Council polls: Congress wins 3, Shiv Sena 2, others bag 1 seat each |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-legislative-council-polls-congress-wins-3-shiv-sena-2-others-bag-1-seat-each/articleshow/50380461.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-05 |title=BJP's Amrish Patel wins Maharashtra Legislative Council polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bjps-amrish-patel-wins-maharashtra-legislative-council-polls-923000.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-14 |title=Maharashtra MLC polls: BJP wins 4 of 6 seats; wrests Akola-Buldhana-Washim seat from Shiv Sena |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-mlc-polls-bjp-wins-4-of-6-seats-wrests-akola-buldhana-washim-seat-from-shiv-sena/articleshow/88274086.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Council ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1998
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandrakant Raghuwanshi]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|2004
|-
|2010
| rowspan="4" |[[Amrish Patel]]
|-
|2016
|-
|2020^
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2022
|}
^ - bypoll

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Local Authorities constituencies in India]]
[[Category:Council constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}

Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-29T05:59:45Z

QWLDesiree:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gwalior
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Gwalior.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| electors = 21,54,601<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author= |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Bharat Singh Kushwah.jpg
| assembly_cons = [[Gwalior Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior Rural]] [[Gwalior (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]] [[Gwalior East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior East]] [[Gwalior South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior South]] [[Bhitarwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhitarwar]] [[Dabra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dabra]] [[Karera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karera]] [[Pohari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pohari]]
}}
'''Gwalior''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state. This constituency covers the entire [[Gwalior district]] and part of [[Shivpuri district]].

==Assembly segments==
Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency currently comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|14
|[[Gwalior Rural Assembly constituency|Gwalior Rural]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]
|[[Sahab Singh Gurjar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|15
|[[Gwalior Assembly constituency|Gwalior]]
|[[Pradhuman Singh Tomar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|16
|[[Gwalior East Assembly constituency|Gwalior East]]
|[[Satish Sikarwar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|17
|[[Gwalior South Assembly constituency|Gwalior South]]
|[[Narayan Singh Kushwah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|18
|[[Bhitarwar Assembly constituency|Bhitarwar]]
|Mohan Singh Rathore
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|19
|[[Dabra Assembly constituency|Dabra]] (SC)
|Suresh Raje
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|23
|[[Karera Assembly constituency|Karera]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Shivpuri district|Shivpuri]]
|[[Ramesh Prasad Khatik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|24
|[[Pohari Assembly constituency|Pohari]]
|[[Kailash Kushwah]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[V. G. Deshpande]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Hindu Mahasabha}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]
|-
|1952^
|[[Narayan Bhaskar Khare]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Suraj Prasad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Ram Awtar Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Narain Krishna Rao Shejwalker|Narayan Shejwalkar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Ramsevak Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|2007^
| rowspan="2" |[[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Vivek Shejwalkar]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
|-
|}
{{Pie chart
| caption = [[BJP/BJS/ABHM]] is the most successful political group in [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]] Lok Sabha elections.
| value1 = 50.00
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP/BJS/ABHM''']] (10 terms)
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value2 = 35.00
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (7 terms)
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value3 = 10.00
| label3 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (2 terms)
| color3 = blue
| value4 = 5.00
| label4 = [[Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress|'''MPVC''']] (1 term)
| color4 = #00FF00
}}
* ^By Election

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Gwalior]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Priya |title=Gwalior Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/gwalior-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gwalior">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gwalior |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S123.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807045928/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S123.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=6,71,535
|percentage=49.99
|change={{down}}2.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Praveen Pathak]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=6,01,325
|percentage=44.77
|change={{up}}4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kalyan Singh Kansana
|votes = 33,465
|percentage = 2.49
|change = -1.25
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,341
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =70,210
|percentage =5.22
|change = {{down}} 7.06
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =13,43,229
|percentage =62.13
|change ={{increase}}2.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Gwalior]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vivek Narayan Shejwalkar]]
|votes = 6,27,250
|percentage = 52.44
|change = +7.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ashok Singh
|votes = 4,80,408
|percentage = 40.16
|change = -1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mamta Singh Kushwaha
|votes = 44,677
|percentage = 3.74
|change = -3.14
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Govind Singh
|votes = 6,320
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Peoples Party of India (Democratic)|PPI(D)]]
|candidate = Geeta Rani Kushwah
|votes = 5,566
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,46,842
|percentage = 12.28
|change = +9.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,96,888
|percentage = 59.82
|change = +7.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 Lok Sabha Election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gwalior]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]|votes=4,42,796|percentage=44.68|change=+1.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ashok Singh|votes=4,13,097|percentage=41.68|change=+3.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Alok Sharma|votes=68,196|percentage=6.88|change=-6.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Neelam Agrwal|votes=11,510|percentage=1.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Akhilesh Yadav|votes=10,297|percentage=1.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Balwant Singh Kushwah|votes=5,327|percentage=0.54|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Asif Khan|votes=4,969|percentage=0.50|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate|party=Jan Nyay Dal|candidate=C.L. Karodiya|votes=4,719|percentage=0.48|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=4,219|percentage=0.43|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=29,699|percentage=3.00|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,90,912|percentage=52.80|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 Lok Sabha Election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Gwalior]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]|votes=2,52,314|percentage=43.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ashok Singh|votes=2,25,723|percentage=38.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Ajab Singh Kushwah]]|votes=76,481|percentage=13.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Jagadish Gobara
|votes = 3,943
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Avtar Singh|votes=3,341|percentage=0.57|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=26,591|percentage=4.55|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,84,196|percentage=41.12|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
====2007 bye-election====

{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2007: [[Gwalior]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]|votes=2,13,583|percentage=37.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ashok Singh|votes=1,77,109|percentage=31.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Rashtriya Sawarn Dal|RSD]]
|candidate = Ramshree Baghel
|votes = 51,308
|percentage = 8.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kedar Singh Bidhuri|votes=35,707|percentage=6.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Phool Singh Baraiya|votes=31,844|percentage=5.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Munna Lal Goyal|votes=16,829|percentage=2.95|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=36,474|percentage=6.39|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,70,609|percentage=41.38|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 Lok Sabha Election===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Gwalior]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramsevak Singh(babuji) Gurjar]]|votes=2,46,467|percentage=40.91|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya]]|votes=2,10,603|percentage=34.96|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Samanta Dal|candidate=[[Sukhlal Kushwaha]]|votes=40,639|percentage=6.74|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Madan Kushwah]]|votes=30,405|percentage=5.05|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Khyaliram Baghel]]|votes=18,625|percentage=3.09|change=|}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 Lok Sabha Election ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Gwalior]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya]]|votes=2,54,486|percentage=41.27|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Chandra Mohan Nagori]]|votes=1,71,370|percentage=27.79|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Phool Singh Baraiya]]|votes=1,16,678|percentage=18.92|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Babusingh Gurjar]]|votes=34,406|percentage=5.58|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=[[Santosh]]|votes=10,687|percentage=1.73|change=|}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Lok Sabha Election ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1998 Indian general elections]]: [[Gwalior]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Madhavrao Scindia]]|votes=2,84,365|percentage=39.77|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya]]|votes=2,58,086|percentage=36.09|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Phool Singh Baraiya]]|votes=1,36,808|percentage=19.13|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal|candidate=[[Jwalaprasad Kushwah]]|votes=17,270|percentage=2.42|change=|}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 Lok Sabha Election ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Indian general elections]]: [[Gwalior]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress|candidate=[[Madhavrao Scindia]]|votes=3,37,539|percentage=66.33|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Phool Singh Baraiya]]|votes=1,13,545|percentage=22.31|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Shashibhushan Bajpai]]|votes=28,730|percentage=5.65|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=[[Shivraj Kushwah]]|votes=6,178|percentage=1.21|change=|}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984 Lok Sabha Election===
* Madhavrao Scindia (Congress) : 307,735
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee (BJP) : 132,141

Political sources claim that Scindia had told Vajpayee that he would be contesting from Guna, but changed his seat very late. The sympathy wave for Congress was so strong that Vajpayee could have lost the election in any case, but Scindia's candidacy made his defeat certain. Jana Sangh / BJP had won this seat even in the Indira waves of 1971 and 1980.<ref>{{cite web |title=1984 India General (8th Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

===1971 Lok Sabha Election===
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee (BJP) : 188,995
* Gautam Sharma (Congress) : 118,685

===1952 Lok Sabha Election===
'''General Elections 1952'''
[[V. G. Deshpande|V G Deshpande]] (Hindu Mahasabha) won from both Gwalior and Guna. He retained Guna seat, and resigned from Gwalior. The by-election for Gwalior seat was won by N B Khare, also of Hindu Maha Sabha. In 1930s, Khare had been Chief Minister (called 'Premier' in those days) of Central Province as a Congress politician. But he left the party later.

<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naveen |first1=P. |date=21 November 2015 |title=Madhya Pradesh: Son takes up cudgels for cash-for-query stung MP {{!}} India News - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Madhya-Pradesh-Son-takes-up-cudgels-for-cash-for-query-stung-MP/articleshow/49850690.cms |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[[Election Commission of India]] - [http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Report]

==See also==
* [[Gwalior district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|26.22|N|78.17|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gwalior}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gwalior district|*]]

Udaipur City–Asarva (Ahmedabad) Vande Bharat Express

2026-04-25T11:54:51Z

QWLDesiree: Stub - done

{{short description|Upcoming Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Udaipur City – Asarva (Ahmedabad) ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|16 February 2026}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|18 February 2026}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways (NWR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} (UDZ)
| stops = 03
| end = {{stnlnk|Asarva}} (ASV)
| distance = {{convert|296|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 04 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 26963 / 26964
| line_used = [[Ahmedabad–Udaipur line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = Onboard catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment system|[[IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat pockets|Bottle holder|Tray table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[Indian gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|70|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[North Western Railway zone|Udaipur City (UDZ)]] (TBC)
| map = {{Udaipur City–Asarva (Ahmedabad) VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] overhead line
}}
The 26963/26964 '''Udaipur City – Asarva (Ahmedabad) ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 81st [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, which connects [[Udaipur]], Rajastan and [[Asarwa]], a neighbourhood city of [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat.

This express train was schedule to be inaugurated by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] but was inaugurated by the Udaipur MP Dr Mannalal Rawat and Chittorgarh MP CP Joshi on 16 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=Udaipur-Asarva Vande Bharat: Travel time between Udaipur and Ahmedabad to reduce sharply – Check train schedule and timings |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-udaipur-asarva-vande-bharat-travel-time-between-udaipur-and-ahmedabad-to-reduce-sharply-check-train-schedule-and-timings-4142323/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Shivam |date=2026-02-14 |title=Udaipur to Ahmedabad in just 4 hours: Vande Bharat Express to cut travel time soon, check route, timings, stoppages and more |url=https://news24online.com/india/udaipur-to-ahmedabad-in-just-4-hours-vande-bharat-express-to-cut-travel-time-soon-check-route-timings-stoppages-and-more/746512/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} and [[Asarva railway station|Asarva (Ahmedabad)]]. It is operated with train numbers 26963/26964 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=Udaipur-Asarva (Ahmedabad) Vande Bharat train to commence commercial run next week: check stops, timings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udaipur-asarwa-ahmedabad-vande-bharat-express-train-number-travel-time-stops-timings-10530615/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is a [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation]] and [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train]] which is designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==
The 26963/26964 Udaipur City – Asarva (Ahmedabad) Vande Bharat Express operates '''6 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{convert|296|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 04hrs 15mins with average speed of 70 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Udaipur City railway station]]
* [[Asarva railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udaipur City-Asarva (Ahmedabad) Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Transport in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]

Harmeet Singh (militant)

2026-04-24T18:45:54Z

QWLDesiree: put up new bio

{{Short description|8th Chief of Khalistan Liberation Force}}
{{Overly detailed|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harmeet Singh
| office2 = 8th Jathedar of [[Khalistan Liberation Force]]
| nickname = PhD Happy
| alma_mater = [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] [[Punjabi University]]
| death_place = Dera Chahal gurdwara, [[Lahore]] [[Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|01|27|1981|09|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Chheherta, [[Amritsar]] [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1981|09|24|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = 27 January 2020
| term_start2 = 18 April 2018
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor = [[Avtar Singh Khanda]]
| predecessor = [[Harminder Singh Nihang]]
| image = Photograph of Sikh militant, Harmeet Singh ('PhD', 'Happy').jpg
| term_start = 18 April 2018
| term_end = 7 November 2014
| office = Acting Jathedar of [[Khalistan Liberation Force]]
}}

'''Harmeet Singh''' (24 September 1981 – 27 January 2020) also known as '''PhD''' or '''Happy''' was the 8th chief of [[Khalistan Liberation Force]].

== Early life and education ==
Harmeet Singh was born on 24 September 1981, in [[Chheharta Sahib|Chheharta]], [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Khalistani Leader 'Happy PhD' Killed Near Lahore: Officials |url=https://www.darpanmagazine.com/news/international/khalsa-liberation-force-chief-harmeet-singh-aka-happy-phd-gunned-down-near-lahore/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.darpanmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=View Red Notices |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-Red-Notices |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.interpol.int |language=en}}</ref> Harmeet topped [[Master of Arts]] in [[religious studies]] and in [[psychology]] from [[Punjabi University]], [[Patiala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=LAHORE KILLING: Happy Phd's parents want his body back |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/lahore-killing-happy-phd-s-parents-want-his-body-back/story-qbj0lSklGNe6NDUNUGAJqO.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Harmeet worked as a [[Research fellow|Junior Research Fellow]] in religious studies at [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] in 2008. He made 12,000 rupees a month. He was also pursuing a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD.]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Pro-Khalistan leader's murder in Pak: Harmeet Singh killed by lover's relatives |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pro-khalistan-leader-harmeet-singh-killed-pakistan-1642636-2020-02-02 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=India Today |date=2 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Militancy ==
Harmeet began associating himself with militants and became close with Khalistan Liberation Force chief [[Harminder Singh Nihang]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-22 |title=Amritsar attack: 'Mastermind had cut-out modus operandi' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/amritsar-attack-mastermind-had-cut-out-modus-operandi-5458414/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2007, [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|Ram Rahim]] was accused of hurting the religious sentiments of the Sikhs by wearing in an advertisement attire resembling the tenth and final living Sikh [[Guru Gobind Singh]], by using a turban with a ''kalgi'' (egret feather).<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2015 |title=Radical Sikh Groups Oppose Akal Takht Pardon to Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/radical-sikh-groups-oppose-akal-takht-pardon-to-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-1224439 |access-date=1 November 2015 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Radhika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJqpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 |title=Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab |date=12 March 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136704345 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Sikh militant groups began multiple attacks against Ram Rahim for this. On 2 February 2008, Harmeet and other Khalistan Liberation Force members launched an attack on the head of Dera Sacha Sauda [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|Ram Rahim]].<ref>{{cite web |title=KCF planned attack on dera chief, RDX used in explosion |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/kcf-planned-attack-dera-chief-rdx-used-explosion |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809224149/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/kcf-planned-attack-dera-chief-rdx-used-explosion |archive-date=9 August 2011 |access-date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com}}</ref> Ram Rahim escaped unhurt, but 11 followers were injured with 2 seriously injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-12 |title=Karnal court holds seven guilty of attacking Dera Sacha Sauda chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/karnal-court-holds-seven-guilty-of-attacking-dera-sacha-sauda-chief/story-8NhC7wiKPE1pYYKz0V7lSJ.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-02-02 |title=Attack on Dera cavalcade, chief Ram Rahim unhurt |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/attack-on-dera-cavalcade-chief-ram-rahim-unhurt/articleshow/2751240.cms |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 5 November 2008, an [[First information report|FIR]] named Harmeet as receiving weapons, and ammunition to kill Ram Rahim. 3 men believed to be connected to Harmeet were arrested with 5 [[Type 56 assault rifle|AK-56]], 11 pistols, 900 cartridges, 2.5 million fake rupees and 25-kg [[heroin]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=KLF leader Happy PhD, killed in Pak, was on 'most wanted' list |work=[[The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/klf-leader-happy-phd-killed-in-pak-was-on-most-wanted-list-32539}}</ref>

On 5 November 2008, Harmeet left home. The next day a police team raided Harmeet's home.<ref name=":1" />

On 28 July 2009, KLF assassinated [[Rashtriya Sikh Sangat]] (A wing of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]) President Rulda Singh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab News | Breaking News | Latest Online News |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/17781/38/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726101618/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/17781/38 |archive-date=26 July 2010 |access-date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com}}</ref> He would die in August of the same year.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-25 |title=Explained: Over a decade after Sikh Sangat leader's murder, why are authorities struggling to bring guilty to book |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/rulda-singh-murder-case-7533219/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The same day KLF assassinated [[Dera Sacha Sauda]], Srisa Manager Lilly Kumar in [[Ludhiana]]. Kumar was shot by 4 KLF members on motorcycles. Kumar was involved in clashes with Sikh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2009 |title=Dera Sirsa follower who attacked Sikhs shot dead |url=http://sikhsangat.org/2009/dera-sirsa-follower-who-attacked-sikhs-shot-dead/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218180829/http://www.sikhsangat.org/2009/07/dera-sirsa-follower-who-attacked-sikhs-shot-dead/ |archive-date=18 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-28 |title=Tension erupts after Dera follower's killing in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tension-erupts-after-dera-follower-s-killing-in-punjab/story-Ki61aXpXVRR3TOaxbAwfSI.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 October 2009, KLF assassinated [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] main accused Dr. Budh Parkash Kashyap on the 25th year anniversary of the riots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab News | Breaking News | Latest Online News |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/21401/38/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815024231/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/21401/38 |archive-date=15 August 2010 |access-date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com}}</ref> A masked man entered Kashyap's clinic and stabbed him twice in the head and chest. Kahsyap was checking a patient when he was attacked.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-02 |title=Masked man killed doc who was acquitted in 1984 riots case |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/masked-man-killed-doc-who-was-acquitted-in-1984-riots-case/articleshow/5186852.cms |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The 1984 anti-Sikh riots was a series of organised [[pogrom]]s<ref name="toiprog">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-31/india/27838902_1_communal-tension-communal-violence-gujarat-riots State pogroms glossed over]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 31 December 2005.</ref><ref name="rediffprog">{{cite web |title=Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022162632/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |archive-date=22 October 2018 |access-date=23 September 2009 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="2009BBCremember">{{cite news |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=1 November 2009 |title=Indira Gandhi's death remembered |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |archive-date=2 November 2009 |quote=The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing}}</ref> against [[Sikh]]s in [[India]] following the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] by her Sikh bodyguards.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jeffrey M. Shaw PhD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes] |author2=Timothy J. Demy PhD |date=27 March 2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1610695176 |page=129 |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426080618/https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ |archive-date=26 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Paul R. Brass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |title=Riots and Pogroms |date=October 1996 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0814712825 |page=203 |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030023956/https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ensaaf">{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Jaskaran |url=http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf |title=Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India |last2=Crossette |first2=Barbara |publisher=Ensaaf |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9 |edition=2nd |location=Portland, OR |page=27 |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== KLF leadership ===
On 7 November 2014, Harminder Singh Nihang, KLF chief, was arrested at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-28 |title=Khalistani militant Harminder Singh Mintoo, who escaped from Punjab jail, sent to 7-day police custody |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/khalistani-militant-harminder-singh-mintoo-who-escaped-from-punjab-jail-arrested-4399015/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Harmeet took over as acting chief of KLF in his place.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=Top Khalistani leader 'Happy PhD' killed near Lahore: Officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-khalistani-leader-may-have-been-killed-near-lahore-officials/story-xYDHVR765HwVGtL6Npwf7K.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Harmeet next masterminded targeted killing of Dera Sacha Sauda, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], and [[Shiv Sena]] members and leaders. Harmeet recruited Hardeep Singh Shera and Ramandeep Singh Bagga to carry out the killings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=Top Khalistani leader 'Happy PhD' killed near Lahore: Officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-khalistani-leader-may-have-been-killed-near-lahore-officials/story-xYDHVR765HwVGtL6Npwf7K.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Shera involved in 7 killings: Cops |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/shera-involved-in-7-killings-cops-495844 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=15 chargesheeted in Gosain murder case |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/15-chargesheeted-in-gosain-murder-case-584499 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> They were trained by Harmeet, and after each killing would flee the country.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-18 |title=Men behind Punjab killings linked to Rulda Singh murder: DGP |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/men-behind-punjab-killings-linked-to-rulda-singh-murder-dgp/articleshow/61695919.cms |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 13 April 2015, KLF shot Shiv Sena Punjab secretary Harvinder Soni in the stomach at 8:30 am in Fish Park. Soni managed to survive the attack. Soni had been on the hit-list of militants since 2012 when he was accused of assaulting Sikh youth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-12 |title=Punjab Shiv Sena leader Harvinder Soni shot at, seriously injured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjab-shiv-sena-leader-harvinder-soni-shot-at-seriously-injured/story-4T50bAxm5vmfxLV860BJvM.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=NIA declared a reward of Rs 10 lakh on Kashmir Singh Galwandi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/rs-10-lakh-reward-on-kashmir-singh-galwandi-nia-reward-announcement-8625595/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-13 |title=Shiv Sena leader shot at in Gurdaspur |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/shiv-sena-leader-shot-at-in-gurdaspur/articleshow/46902547.cms |access-date=2023-07-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In July 2015 Khalistan Liberation Force mailed letters to seven Shiv Sena leaders including Sanjeev Ghanauli, Rajeev Tandon, Rakesh Arora, Amit Arora, Rubal Sandhu, Sachin Ghanauli and Rajesh Palta that gave a last warning for them to leave Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalistan Liberation Force issues death threat to Shiv Sena leaders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/khalistan-liberation-force-issues-death-threat-to-shiv-sena-leaders-285623-2015-07-31 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=India Today |date=31 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 August 2015, president of the Punjab wing of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Suraksha Samiti, Manish Sood, was killed. He was shot dead by his guard. Hindu leaders claimed KLF paid the guard to kill Sood. They claimed Sood had been receiving death threats from KLF after he attempted to attack [[Jagtar Singh Hawara]] while Hawara was heading to court. Sood had previously pulled down posters showing [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]. Police denied KLF being involved.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-06 |title=Hindu outfit leader's death: Police reject Khalistan role |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hindu-outfit-leaders-death-police-reject-khalistan-role/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Suraksha Samiti, [[Bajrang Dal]] and Shiv Sena and certain [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leaders and members made a call for ''[[bandh]]'' and shops to be closed in [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] to protest the killing.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-04 |title=Hindu body blames Khalistani outfit for Punjab unit chief's murder |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/hindu-body-blames-khalistani-outfit-for-punjab-unit-chief-s-murder/story-QJQFfoJXi375WDCnnRN7cM.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 18 January 2016, Shera and Bagga on a motorcycle fired gun shots at new Kidwai Nagar Park in [[Ludhiana]]. The place was to host a [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] ''shakha'' (assembly) later in the day. No one was injured in the firing as the venue was vacant at the time of the attack.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-01-18 |title=Shots fired at RSS Shakha ground in Ludhiana, none hurt |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-ground-in-ludhiana-none-hurt/184983.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706190852/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-ground-in-ludhiana-none-hurt/184983.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Press Trust Of India |date=2018-05-16 |title=Shots fired at RSS Shakha in Ludhiana; none hurt |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-in-ludhiana-none-hurt-1191526.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2016-01-18 |title=Shots fired at RSS Shakha in Ludhiana; none hurt |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-in-ludhiana-none-hurt/articleshow/50622517.cms |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref>

On 19 January 2016, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) leader Naresh Kumar shot at and injured by Shera and Bagga at Kidwai Nagar's Shaheedi Park in Ludhiana city.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Unidentified men fire shots at RSS shakha in Ludhiana | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/2-unidentified-men-open-fire-at-rss-shaka-in-ludhiana/story-Alnk8qG1z2CnGQeDmNe34H.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

On 3 February 2016, Amit Arora, a Shiv Sena leader, was attacked by Shera and Bagga while he was sitting in his car in Ludhiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=NIA team recreates attack on Sena leader in city |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/nia-team-recreates-attack-on-sena-leader-in-city/544706.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706162723/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/nia-team-recreates-attack-on-sena-leader-in-city/544706.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bagga fired, but missed his shot. Since Shera and Bagga were missing their shots they were trained to be "perfect" at shooting.<ref name=":5" />

On 23 April 2016, Durga Parsad Gupta was shot dead by Bagga and Shera in [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]] city. He was the President of ''Mazdoor Sena'', labour wing of Shiv Sena Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-24 |title=Shiv Sena leader shot dead by two motorcycle-borne youth | Chandigarh News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Shiv-Sena-leader-shot-dead-by-two-motorcycle-borne-youth/articleshow/51961780.cms |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Shiv Sena leader shot dead in Khanna | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/shiv-sena-leader-gunned-down-in-khanna/story-uuTB1wsq5tP26Fo8sLiqDK.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-20 |title=Khalistan Liberation Force behind killings of 2 Shiv Sena leaders in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/khalistan-liberation-force-behind-killings-of-two-shiv-sena-leaders-in-punjab-nia/story-awaE6sDUjgJeNqUfNrUbDO.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 August 2016, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) Punjab Vice-President and retired [[Brigadier]], Jagdish Gagneja was shot at by Bagga and Shea in [[Chandigarh]]. He was admitted to hospital and died on 22 Sep.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-08-06 |title=Punjab: Senior RSS leader Brig (retd) Jagdish Gagneja shot at, critical |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-punjab-senior-rss-leader-shot-brig-retd-jagdish-gagneja-at-critical-2242030 |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=India PTI 22 Sep 2016 14:15:19 IST |date=2016-09-22 |title=RSS leader Jagdish Gagneja passes away, senior BJP members pay last respects |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/senior-rss-leader-jagdish-gagneja-passes-away-senior-bjp-members-pay-respect-3015426.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Jagdish Gagneja: A low-profile, yet powerful RSS leader in Punjab | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jagdish-gagneja-a-low-profile-yet-powerful-rss-leader-in-punjab/story-MtLMyv3FwUNBWBU2WwuSvL.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

On 27 November 2016, the leader of KLF, Harminder Singh, escaped from maximum security Nabha jail with 5 accomplices. Nihang had been arrested for 10 terror-related charges after coming back from Thailand. He had been mobilizing funds in Thailand. Nihang was recaptured a day later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=All you need to know about Harminder Singh Mintoo and the Khalistan Liberation Force {{!}} The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/all-you-need-to-know-about-klf-chief-harminder-singh-mintoo-and-the-khalistan-movement/lite/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019231812/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/all-you-need-to-know-about-klf-chief-harminder-singh-mintoo-and-the-khalistan-movement/lite/ |archive-date=19 October 2018 |access-date=2023-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=KLF chief Harminder Mintoo dies of ''cardiac arrest'' in Patiala jail; probe ordered |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/klf-chief-harminder-mintoo-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-patiala-jail-probe-ordered-575912}}</ref> Harmeet had masterminded the jailbreak.<ref name=":4" />

On 14 January 2017, Amit Sharma religious preacher, president of Hindu Takht and political activist of [[Indian National Congress]] killed in Ludhiana city by Bagga and Shera.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-01-15 |title=Hindu organisation leader shot dead in Ludhiana |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hindu-organisation-leader-shot-dead-in-ludhiana-4474891/ |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-01-14 |title=Hindu organisation leader shot dead in Ludhiana | Ludhiana News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/hindu-organisation-leader-shot-dead-in-ludhiana/articleshow/56543768.cms |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NIA files chargesheet against three accused in Amit Sharma killing case |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/nia-files-chargesheet-against-three-accused-in-amit-sharma-killing-case-2335648.html/amp |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

On 24 February 2017, [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] followers Satpal Kumar and his son Ramesh Kumar were killed at a ''naam charcha ghar'' (prayer hall) in Jagera village near [[Malaudh]] by Bagga and Shera.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Video | 2 Dera Sacha Sauda followers shot dead in Khanna village, cops suspect Sikh radicals | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/2-dera-sacha-sauda-followers-gunned-down-in-khanna-by-unidentified-assailants/story-fHVKu4LDdIbyqYQsirN6oO.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Dera followers' murder: After death of father, grandpa, this 8-year-old stares at uncertain future | punjab | ludhiana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dera-followers-murder-after-death-of-father-grandpa-this-8-year-old-stares-at-uncertain-future/story-cPo3Cujp07Q4wgvVW31BTP.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Satpal was also a Shiv Sena leader.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

On 15 July 2017, Sultan Masih, a pastor at Temple of God church in [[Ludhiana]], was shot dead by Bagga and Shera who fired multiple shots killing him on the spot.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Pastor shot dead outside Ludhiana church |work=Tribuneindia News Service |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/pastor-shot-dead-outside-ludhiana-church/437322.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706164357/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/pastor-shot-dead-outside-ludhiana-church/437322.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-07-16 |title=Ludhiana pastor killing: Punjab CM gives widow Rs 5 lakh, police job to son |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ludhiana-pastor-sultan-masih-killing-punjab-cm-amarinder-singh-gives-widow-rs-5-lakh-police-job-to-son-4753427/ |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

On 17 October 2017, RSS and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader Ravinder Gosai was shot dead in Ludhiana by Bagga and Shera. He was the RSS regional leader of [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=RSS leader Ravinder Gosai shot dead in Ludhiana | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/rss-leader-ravinder-gosai-shot-dead-in-ludhiana/story-d0DAwBmalUseU0yMGhZzmJ.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RSS Leader Shot Dead in Punjab While Returning From 'Shakha' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rss-leader-shot-dead-in-punjab-while-returning-from-shakha-1763915 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In the escape Shera and Bagga avoided all [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras. The bike used in the killing had been stolen a week later and would be found abandoned by police.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2017-10-23 |title='50 Lakh, SI's post for clue to RSS leader's murder |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/50-lakh-sis-post-for-clue-to-rss-leaders-murder/articleshow/61183718.cms |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 23 October 2017, police put a reward of 5,000,0000 rupees and a job as [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] for information to solve the killings.<ref name=":6" />

After a massive manhunt in November 2017 Shera and Bagga were arrested by police which brought the killings to an end.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-11-13 |title=Bushy brows, lion tattoo on chest did Shera in |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bushy-brows-lion-tattoo-on-chest-did-shera-in/496741.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

=== Official KLF leadership ===
Harminder Singh Nihang died on 18 April 2018, at Patiala jail due to [[heart attack]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2018 |title=KLF chief Harminder Singh Mintoo dies of cardiac arrest in Patiala - Times of India |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/khalistani-liberation-force-chief-harminder-singh-mintoo-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-patiala/articleshow/63816882.cms}}</ref> Harmeet would become the official chief of KLF after.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

On 18 November 2018, a grenade attack occurred at a [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Nirankari]] prayer hall in Adliwal, Amritsar. The blast claimed 3 lives including 1 preacher and left over 20 injured. Following the [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash]], which saw 13 Sikh killed and 150 injured,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsAxAQAAIAAJ |title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine |date=1978 |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref> Nirankari were expelled by the [[Akal Takht]] out of the Sikh fold and became a target of attacks.<ref name="mm">{{cite book |last1=Marty |first1=Martin E. |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart |title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance |last2=Appleby |first2=R. Scott |date=1 July 1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226508849 |edition=1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/272 272] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2002 |title=Akali ex-minister attends Nirankari meet function Dal Khalsa sees red |work=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021006/punjab1.htm#4 |access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="2nd2">{{cite book |last1=Chima |first1=Jugdep S |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publication |isbn=9788132105381 |location=New Delhi |pages=41–44}}</ref> The [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]], [[Amarinder Singh]], put a reward of 5,000,000 rupees for information on the perpetrators.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-20 |title=Award of Rs 50 lakh for information on assailants, says Amarinder |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/award-of-rs-50-lakh-for-information-on-assailants-says-amarinder/articleshow/66703073.cms |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Punjab Police arrested three perpetrators responsible for the blast. After the arrest, it was found out that the perpetrators had links with Harmeet.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2020-03-03 |title=No major terror attack in country's hinterland in last three years: Home Ministry informs Lok Sabha |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/no-major-terror-attack-in-countrys-hinterland-in-last-three-years-home-ministry-informs-lok-sabha/article30972689.ece |access-date=2020-03-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-24 |title=Prime accused in Amritsar grenade attack arrested |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-accused-in-amritsar-grenade-attack-arrested/article25587800.ece |access-date=2020-03-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab police makes second arrest in Amritsar grenade attack case, recovers pistols |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/punjab-police-makes-second-arrest-in-amritsar-grenade-attack-case-recovers-pistols/articleshow/66789123.cms |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=25 November 2018 }}</ref>

In the aftermath of the attack, at the request of the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]], the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] banned KLF under the [[Unlawful Activities Prevention Act]].<ref name="TOI_1Oct2018">{{cite news |date=1 October 2018 |title=NIA 'asks' home ministry to ban Khalistan outfit |publisher=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nia-asks-home-ministry-to-ban-khalistan-outfit/articleshow/66021319.cms |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-27 |title=Govt bans Khalistan Liberation Force |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-bans-khalistan-liberation-force/articleshow/67275538.cms |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In October 2019 [[Interpol]] issued a [[Interpol notice|Red Notice]] on Harmeet at the request of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-15 |title=Red notices against 8 Khalistani militants |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/red-notices-issued-against-top-8-khalistanis/story-PxRUMGm03GuDhEu8MLB9OM.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Happy was murdered at Dera Chahal Gurdwara, near [[Lahore]] in [[Pakistan]] on 27 January 2020.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> There have been varying reports on the cause and killer of Harmeet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arms and Drugs supplier and target killer Harmeet Singh |url=https://www.khalistanextremismmonitor.org/individual-profile/Harmeet-Singh |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Khalistan Extremism Monitor |language=en}}</ref> According to some Indian media Harmeet was killed over an affair<ref name=":3" /> while other media outlets say Harmeet was killed over a financial dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=Top Khalistani leader 'Happy PhD' killed near Lahore: Officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-khalistani-leader-may-have-been-killed-near-lahore-officials/story-xYDHVR765HwVGtL6Npwf7K.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Others have speculated Harmeet was killed by [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] or [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunting Khalistani Network And Question of Intelligence Agencies |url=https://chanakyaforum.com/hunting-khalistani-network-and-question-of-intelligence-agencies/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Chanakya Forum |language=en-US |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708212446/https://chanakyaforum.com/hunting-khalistani-network-and-question-of-intelligence-agencies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Levina |date=2020-02-03 |title=Happy PhD's killing exposes a drift between Jaish and Khalistani groups, and ISI's sinister plan to ethnically cleanse Punjab |url=https://resonantnews.com/2020/02/03/happy-phds-killing-exposes-a-drift-between-jaish-and-khalistani-groups-and-isis-sinister-plan-to-ethnically-cleanse-punjab/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Resonant News |language=en-US}}</ref> A police spokesperson when asked about Harmeet's fainted ignorance claimed they had no knowledge of such an incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Post News |date=2020-01-28 |title=Pro-Khalistani leader Harmeet Singh allegedly shot dead in Pakistan - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/pro-khalistani-leader-harmeet-singh-allegedly-shot-dead-in-pakistan/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref> Harmeet's parents requested his body so they could perform the final rites, but Pakistan didn't comply. No FIR was registered by police in Lahore over Harmeet's murder.<ref name=":3" /> Harmeet was cremated with only a few attending the creamtion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-31 |title=KLF chief Happy PhD cremated in Pakistan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/klf-chief-happy-phd-cremated-in-pakistan/story-QarnUXAyy5ULxq4iHdkzTJ.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The NIA failed to provide a death verification report for Harmeet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-18 |title=Punjab: NIA fails to produce death verification report of KLF leader Harmeet PhD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-nia-fails-to-produce-death-verification-report-of-klf-leader-harmeet-phd/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He would be succeeded by Avtar Singh Khanda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Who was Avtar Khanda, Amritpal Singh's 'mentor', who died in the UK? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/who-was-avtar-khanda-amritpal-singhs-mentor-who-died-in-the-uk-12743022.html/amp |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Avtar Singh Khanda, Amritpal Singh's Close Aide, Dies In London: Reports |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/avtar-singh-khanda-amritpal-singh-s-close-aide-dies-in-london-reports-news-294958}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Khalistan movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harmeet}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian people]]
[[Category:People assassinated in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian criminals]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:People murdered in Lahore]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Punjabi University alumni]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Indian Sikh religious leaders]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement people]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:Death conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in India]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by India]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted on terrorism charges]]

Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud

2026-04-19T00:29:20Z

QWLDesiree: created some bio needs work.

{{Short description|Indian politician from Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud
| birth_name =
| caption = Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud in 2025
| image = Bomma Mahesh Kumar goud.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|5|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = Rahamat Nagar, [[Bheemgal |Bheemgal Mandal]], [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad District]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = 4th [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|President of the Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start = 6 September 2024
| predecessor = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| 1namedata = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| 1blankname = [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] President
| office1 = [[State legislative councils of India|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 22 January 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Kadiyam Srihari]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = Elected by [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Sandhya Rani
| children = Rithwik Goud, Pranav Goud
| father = Bomma Gangadhar Goud
| mother = Bomma Mannemma
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = <ref name="Mahesh Goud Afidavit MLC 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of Telangana |title=Mahesh Goud Afidavit MLC 2024 |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/BY_MLA_AFFIDAVIT_2024/Mahesh%20Kumar%20Goud%20Bomma_2.pdf |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130191722/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/BY_MLA_AFFIDAVIT_2024/Mahesh%20Kumar%20Goud%20Bomma_2.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>
}}
'''Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud''' is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He is currently serving as President of [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] from 6 September 2024. He was elected unanimously as member of the [[Telangana Legislative Council]] under the MLA quota on 22 January 2024.

He was the Working President of [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] from 28 June 2021 to 6 September 2024.<ref name="Mahesh Goud and Venkat Balmoor elected as MLCs">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Mahesh Goud and Venkat Balmoor elected as MLCs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-and-venkat-balmoor-elected-as-mlcs/article67766758.ece |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130190911/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-and-venkat-balmoor-elected-as-mlcs/article67766758.ece |archive-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Telangana: Mahesh Goud, Balmoor elected unopposed as MLCs">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Telangana: Mahesh Goud, Balmoor elected unopposed as MLCs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jan/23/telangana-mahesh-goud-balmoor-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130192041/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jan/23/telangana-mahesh-goud-balmoor-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs |archive-date=30 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Mahesh Kumar Goud started his political journey with NSUI and later he was the NSUI State President in the 90's and held various positions in the Congress party. He contested the 1994 assembly elections as a Congress candidate from Ditchpally constituency at a young age and lost. Mahesh Kumar served as Chairman of Andhra Pradesh State Warehousing Corporation from 2013 to 2014. Mahesh Kumar Unsuccessfully contested from [[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban constituency]] in [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014 assembly elections]] and later that he worked as PCC Secretary, Spokesperson and PCC General Secretary.

Mahesh Kumar Goud was appointed as the TPCC working president on 26 June 2021,<ref name="A Revanth Reddy Appointed New Telangana Pradesh Congress Chief">{{cite news|last1=NDTV|title=A Revanth Reddy Appointed New Telangana Pradesh Congress Chief|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-mp-a-revanth-reddy-appointed-new-telangana-pradesh-congress-chief-2473237|accessdate=18 January 2024|work=|date=26 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118054752/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-mp-a-revanth-reddy-appointed-new-telangana-pradesh-congress-chief-2473237|archivedate=18 January 2024}}</ref> and later appointed asa special invitee in TPCC Political Affairs Executive Committee on 10 December 2022.<ref name="Cong sets up political affairs, executive committees in Telangana, appoints 24 VPs, 84 gen secys in Telangana unit">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cong-sets-up-political-affairs-executive-committees-in-telangana-appoints-24-vps-84-gen-secys-in-telangana-unit/articleshow/96135624.cms?from=mdr|title=Cong sets up political affairs, executive committees in Telangana, appoints 24 VPs, 84 gen secys in Telangana unit|last1=The Economic Times|date=10 December 2022|accessdate=18 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118054942/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cong-sets-up-political-affairs-executive-committees-in-telangana-appoints-24-vps-84-gen-secys-in-telangana-unit/articleshow/96135624.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=18 January 2024}}</ref> Mahesh Kumar Goud played a pivotal role in coordinating the party cadre and leaders. He was a strong aspirant for the Nizamabad Urban seat in [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Telangana Legislative]] Elections he was convinced to sacrifice his seat to former Minister Md. Ali Shabbir the TPCC chief A. Revanth Reddy's decision to contest from Kamareddy seat.

Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud's candidature was announced for member of the Legislative Council (MLC) under the MLAs' quota on 17 January 2024<ref name="Congress springs surprise by picking up Mahesh Goud, Balamoor Venkat as MLC candidates">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Congress springs surprise by picking up Mahesh Goud, Balamoor Venkat as MLC candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/congress-springs-surprise-by-picking-up-mahesh-goud-balamoor-venkat-as-mlc-candidates/article67748427.ece |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414150959/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/congress-springs-surprise-by-picking-up-mahesh-goud-balamoor-venkat-as-mlc-candidates/article67748427.ece |archive-date=14 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Congress picks Mahesh Goud and Balmoor Venkat for two MLC seats">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Congress picks Mahesh Goud and Balmoor Venkat for two MLC seats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/congress-picks-mahesh-goud-and-balmoor-venkat-for-two-mlc-seats/articleshow/106942392.cms |access-date=31 January 2024 |date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131174933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/congress-picks-mahesh-goud-and-balmoor-venkat-for-two-mlc-seats/articleshow/106942392.cms |archive-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> and filed his nomination on 18 January 2024<ref name="Mahesh Goud and Balmoor Venkat file nominations as Congress MLC candidates">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Mahesh Goud and Balmoor Venkat file nominations as Congress MLC candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-and-balmoor-venkat-file-nominations-as-congress-mlc-candidates/article67751645.ece |access-date=31 January 2024 |date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131175825/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-and-balmoor-venkat-file-nominations-as-congress-mlc-candidates/article67751645.ece |archive-date=31 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and as no other nomination was filed from others, the election authorities declared him elected unopposed as MLC on 22 January 2024<ref name="Mahesh Goud, Balmoor elected unopposed as MLCs">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Mahesh Goud, Balmoor elected unopposed as MLCs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jan/23/telangana-mahesh-goud-balmoor-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs |access-date=31 January 2024 |date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131174901/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jan/23/telangana-mahesh-goud-balmoor-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs |archive-date=31 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and he took oath as Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) on 31 January 2024 in Legislative council chairman [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]'s chamber.

Mahesh Kumar Goud was appointed as President of [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] on 6 September 2024<ref name="Mahesh Goud is the new president of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Mahesh Goud is the new president of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-is-the-new-president-of-telangana-pradesh-congress-committee/article68613617.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123162828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-is-the-new-president-of-telangana-pradesh-congress-committee/article68613617.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and took charge on 15 September 2024 at Gandhi Bhavan in Hyderabad.<ref name="Mahesh Goud takes oath as fourth PCC chief of Telangana">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Mahesh Goud takes oath as fourth PCC chief of Telangana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-takes-oath-as-fourth-pcc-chief-of-telangana/article68646086.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123163015/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-takes-oath-as-fourth-pcc-chief-of-telangana/article68646086.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Presidents of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Thrizino-Buragaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:59Z

QWLDesiree: Post - done

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Thrizino-Buragaon
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 6
| map_image = Thrizino-Buragaon Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
|established = 1990
|reservation = ST
|mla = Tenzin Nyima Glow
|party = [[Independent Politician]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 14,717
}}
'''Thrizino-Buragaon''' is one of the 60 constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh]]. [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]] is the name of the district that contains Thrizino-Buragaon.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Sinam Dususow || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | Naresh Glow || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=3 | [[Kumsi Sidisow]] || {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Thrizino-Buragaon (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Thrizino-Buragaon (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/thrizino-buragaon |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517112332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/thrizino-buragaon |archive-date=17 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Arunchal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Arunchal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S026.htm |access-date=17 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517112336/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S026.htm |archive-date=17 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>|| [[Tenzin Nyima Glow]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Thrizino-Buragaon<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tenzin Nyima Glow]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,593 |percentage=51.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumsi Sidisow]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,193 |percentage=47.69% |change={{decrease}}35.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=104 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=400 |percentage=3.67% |change= {{decrease}}64.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,890 |percentage=74.00% |change= {{decrease}}6.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,717 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}31.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Thrizino-Buragaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumsi Sidisow]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,772 |percentage=83.28% |change={{increase}}57.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalo Dususow |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,637 |percentage=15.54% |change={{decrease}}56.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=124 |percentage=1.18% |change={{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,135 |percentage=67.74% |change= {{increase}}21.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,533 |percentage=80.00% |change= {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,166 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Thrizino-Buragaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumsi Sidisow]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,873 |percentage=72.11% |change={{increase}}43.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gandhi Sakrinsow |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,790 |percentage=25.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=255 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,083 |percentage=46.56% |change= {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,918 |percentage=77.59% |change= {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,071 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Thrizino-Buragaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumsi Sidisow]] |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=8,279 |percentage=71.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Glow |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,281 |percentage=28.38% |change={{decrease}}21.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,998 |percentage=43.24% |change= {{increase}}42.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,560 |percentage=78.46% |change= {{increase}}12.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,734 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Thrizino-Buragaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Glow |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,366 |percentage=50.35% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govardhan Nimasow |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,319 |percentage=49.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47 |percentage=0.70% |change= {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,685 |percentage=65.15% |change= {{decrease}}5.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,075 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Thrizino-Buragaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Glow |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,334 |percentage=50.57% |change={{increase}}24.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govardhon Nimasow |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=3,259 |percentage=49.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=75 |percentage=1.14% |change= {{decrease}}14.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,593 |percentage=74.44% |change= {{decrease}}7.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,188 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Thrizino-Buragaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Glow |party=Independent politician |votes=2,493 |percentage=42.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinam Dususow |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,563 |percentage=26.36% |change={{decrease}}34.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govardhon Nimasow |party=Independent politician |votes=1,508 |percentage=25.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pangku |party=Independent politician |votes=263 |percentage=4.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Miali |party=Janata Dal |votes=103 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=930 |percentage=15.68% |change= {{decrease}}6.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,930 |percentage=81.50% |change= {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,463 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Thrizino-Buragaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinam Dususow |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,578 |percentage=61.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Tsering Khrime |party=Independent politician |votes=1,646 |percentage=38.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=932 |percentage=22.06% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,224 |percentage=77.42% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,615 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/rural/html/iwmp/dpr/WestKamengIWMP-I-2010-11-Thrizino.pdf More about Thrizino]

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.286|92.665|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in West Kameng district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Vir Mangdavalo

2026-04-18T16:22:36Z

QWLDesiree:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vir Mangdavalo
| image = Vir Mangdavalo 1976 film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Babubhai Mistry]]
| producer = Subhash Sagar, Upendra Trivedi
| writer = Ramjibhai Vania
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Upendra Trivedi]]
* [[Arvind Trivedi]]
* Snehlata
}}
| music = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| cinematography = [[:en:K_Vaikunth|K Vaikunth]]
| editing =
| studio = Sagar Arts Corporation
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| released = {{Film date|1976}}
| based_on = Folklore of Vir Mangdavalo
| distributor =
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|400000000}}<ref name="md"/>
}}
'''''Vir Mangdavalo''''' is 1976 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] romantic fantasy film directed by [[Babubhai Mistry]] from India. The film depicted a folklore from [[Gujarat]]. The lead role was played by [[Upendra Trivedi]], [[Arvind Trivedi]] and Snehlata. The music was composed by [[Avinash Vyas]]. It was a commercial success. The film was dubbed in Bhojpuri as ''Amar Suhagin'' in 1978.

== Plot ==
Mangdavalo was a nephew of Bhan Jethva, royal of Dhatarvad. He chases a bandit Bayal Chadva who has abducted cows from his maternal uncle's town [[Ghumli]]. On the way, he meets her lover Padmavati at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] who invite her to play [[Chaupar|Chopat]]. He promises to return for play and chases Bayal. In ensued fight, Mangdavalo dies and becomes a ghost as he died unfulfilling his promise.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ&q=Veer+Mangdavalo |title=Indian Films |date=1977 |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

Following his death, Padmavati becomes mad and her marriage is arranged with a [[Bania (caste)|Vanik]]. The ghost of Mangdavalo stops the marriage party on the way and requests his uncle Alasivala to arrange his marriage with Padmavati. They marry in a [[stepwell]] near a banyan tree which turns in a palace at night and back to banyan tree in day. The couple lives a mix of happy and sad life as their union is only possible at night. At last, Padmavati liberates the ghost of Mangdavalo from his ghostly life at [[Damodar Kund]] by drowning with his ashes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Cast ==
The cast is as follows:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* [[Upendra Trivedi]] as Mangdavalo, played double roles<ref name=":0" />
* [[Arvind Trivedi]]
* Snehlata Gadkari as Padmavati
* Champshibhai Nagda
* [[P. Kharsani]]
Others include Hercules, Jayant Vyas, [[Jagat Singh Jagga]], Minal Mehta, Madhav Sangani, Mahesh Joshi, Mukund Pandya, Jayant Shah, Saroj Parikh, Jayendra Mishra, Sharmishtha Vaidya, Pushpa Mehta, Rashidabanu, Anjanidevi, Hansa Lakod, Ranglal Nayak, Narhari Jani, Mukund Joshi, Kaustubh Trivedi, Prabhakar Joshi, Amrut Nayak, Nandu Pahelwan, Ganja Pahelwan, Lili Patel, Devyani Thakkar, Rajnibala. The film also starred [[Hindi cinema]] actors [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Tun Tun]], [[Keshto Mukherjee]], Shakilabanu Bhopali, [[Padma Khanna]] and [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] who played Bayal Chadva.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Harish |date=2005-02-01 |title=વીર માંગડાવાળો (ચલચિત્ર) |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%e0%aa%b5%e0%ab%80%e0%aa%b0-%e0%aa%ae%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%82%e0%aa%97%e0%aa%a1%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b5%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b3%e0%ab%8b/ |access-date=2023-10-20|website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}</ref><ref name="md">{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Aashu |date=2019-12-25 |title=અમજદ ખાને ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ વીર માંગડાવાળોમાં વિલન તરીકે અભિનય કર્યો હતો |trans-title=Amjad Khan acted as a villain in the Gujarati film Veer Mangdawalo |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/article/amjad-khan-acted-as-a-villain-in-the-gujarati-film-veer-mangdawalo-110659 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Gujarati Mid-day |language=gu }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Production==
The film is based on a folklore of Vir Mangdavalo popular in villages of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of [[Gujarat]]. It was the first film produced by Subhash Sagar and presented by [[Ramanand Sagar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="md" /> It was shot at [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Lakshmi Vilas Palace]].

== Soundtrack ==

The film included folk music. The soundtrack is as follows:<ref>{{Citation |publisher=Saregama |title=Vir Mangdavalo|url=https://www.saregama.com/album/vir-mangda-walo-guj_2037 |access-date=2023-10-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&dq=Veer+Mangdavalo&pg=RA39-PA1991 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |pages=148, 227, 237 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Vir Mangdavalo
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| cover = Vir Mangdavalo 1976 album cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|1976}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 47:54
| label = EMI ([[Saregama]])
| producer = Sagar Arts Corporation
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmwCGwMUG3Y&list=OLAK5uy_kiE40-1KirVmywETHMEdkSdhgyT3VDbdA&index=2 Album] on [[YouTube]]}}
}}
{{track listing
| total_length = 47:54
| headline = Track list
| all_music = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| all_lyrics =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tari Vanki Re Paghaldi
| lyrics1 = Avinash Vyas
| extra1 = [[Asha Bhonsle]], chorus
| length1 = 7:04
| title2 = Aankhiyun Man Gori
| lyrics2 = [[Kavi Daad]]
| extra2 = Asha Bhonsle, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| length2 = 3:27
| title3 = Ruperi Raatma
| lyrics3 = Avinash Vyas
| extra3 = Asha Bhonsle, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| length3 = 5:07
| title4 = Kahun Chhun Re Kanuda ([[Dandiya Raas|Raas]])
| lyrics4 =Avinash Vyas
| extra4 = Asha Bhonsle, Veljibhai Gajjar, chorus
| length4 = 8:09
| title5 = Suraj Ugta Santani
| lyrics5 =Avinash Vyas
| extra5 = Asha Bhonsle, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| length5 = 5:49
| title6 = Aashak Mashuk Samasami ([[Qawwali]])
| lyrics6 = Avinash Vyas
| extra6 = Anand Kumar C., Asha Bhosle, Mahendra Kapur
| length6 = 8:46
| title7 = Joshida Mara Josh To Juvone
| lyrics7 =Avinash Vyas
| extra7 = Asha Bhonsle
| length7 = 4:38
| title8 = Tari Vanki Re Paghaldi
| lyrics8 =Avinash Vyas
| extra8 = Jayesh Nayak, Seema Trivedi
| length8 = 4:54
}}

==Reception==
The film was a commercial success.<ref name=":0" /> The song "Tari Vanki Re Paghaldi" became a hit. It grossed over {{INRconvert|40|l|year=1976}}.<ref name="md"/>

The 2019 Gujarati film ''Vir Mangdavalo'' was produced with similar subject.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vir MangdavaloUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/vir-mangdavalo/movieshow/72738075.cms |access-date=2023-10-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bhanvad]] - a town where a banyan tree associated with Mangdavalo is located

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1970s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:1970s ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:1970s romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:1970s fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]

Kutlehar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:30Z

QWLDesiree: put up new pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kutlehar
| type= SLA
| map_image = 45-Kutlehar constituency.svg
| mla = Vivek Sharma (Vicku)
| party = [[ Indian National Congress|INC]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Una district|Una]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:86934}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Kutlehar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern Indian state. Kutlehar is also part of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kutlehar.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Kutlehar Assembly constituency]</ref> It has the territory of the former [[Kutlehar State]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sarla Sharma ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ramnath Sharma ||
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Thakur Ranjit Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Ramnath Sharma ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Thakur Ranjit Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=2| [[Ram Dass Malangar]] ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Virender Kanwar]]<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan="4"|
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Davinder Kumar Bhutto|Davinder Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Election Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0845.htm?ac=45 |website=www.results.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=15 January 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064046/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0845.htm?ac=45 |archivedate=15 January 2023}}</ref> ||
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly bye-elections|2024]]
| [[Vivek Sharma (politician)|Vivek Sharma (Vicku)]] *
|}
* By-Election

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Kutlehar">{{cite news |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Kutlehar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0845.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807152045/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0845.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Davinder Kumar Bhutto]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,636 |percentage=54.84% |change={{increase}}12.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Virender Kanwar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=29,057|percentage=43.49%|change={{decrease}}8.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anil Mankotia|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=596|percentage=0.89%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=378|percentage=0.57%|change={{increase}}0.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Capt. Jaidyal Singh Pal|party=Independent politician|votes=141|percentage=0.21%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,579 |percentage=11.34% |change= {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=66,808|percentage=76.85%|change={{increase}}1.44}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,934 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virender Kanwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,101 |percentage=51.75% |change={{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivek Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,495 |percentage=42.42% |change={{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Hari Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,017 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=570 |percentage=0.95% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Sharma |party=Swabhiman Party |votes=365 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sawarn Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=363 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=311 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,606 |percentage=9.33% |change= {{increase}}6.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,097 |percentage=75.41% |change= {{increase}}2.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,693 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virender Kanwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,028 |percentage=49.28% |change={{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,336 |percentage=46.08% |change={{increase}}7.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Sharma |party=Himachal Swabhiman Party |votes=699 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Devi |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=518 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=477 |percentage=0.90% |change={{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahinder Pal |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=440 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,692 |percentage=3.20% |change= {{decrease}}11.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,815 |percentage=72.75% |change= {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,596 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virender Kanwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,677 |percentage=53.93% |change={{increase}}25.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,734 |percentage=38.75% |change={{increase}}19.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal Arvind |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,640 |percentage=5.77% |change={{decrease}}9.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Kumar Garg |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=701 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,943 |percentage=15.17% |change= {{increase}}6.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,761 |percentage=68.68% |change= {{decrease}}3.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,629 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}25.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virender Kanwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,380 |percentage=28.83% |change={{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saroj Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,464 |percentage=19.71% |change={{decrease}}13.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Dass Malangar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,062 |percentage=18.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,851 |percentage=15.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pt. Des Raj Modgil |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,748 |percentage=15.71% |change={{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=436 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,916 |percentage=9.12% |change= {{increase}}9.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,941 |percentage=72.20% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,480 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Dass Malangar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,660 |percentage=33.58% |change={{decrease}}12.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,657 |percentage=33.57% |change={{decrease}}9.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=7,977 |percentage=22.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal Arvind |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,391 |percentage=6.89% |change={{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Capt. Onkar Chand Lohia |party=Janata Dal |votes=507 |percentage=1.46% |change={{decrease}}5.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desh Raj Gautam |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Chand |party=All India Rashtriya Janata Party |votes=191 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3 |percentage=0.01% |change= {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,722 |percentage=71.34% |change= {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,732 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Dass Malangar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,846 |percentage=46.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,874 |percentage=43.26% |change={{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,188 |percentage=6.82% |change={{decrease}}45.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,103 |percentage=3.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=972 |percentage=3.03% |change= {{decrease}}9.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,069 |percentage=67.38% |change= {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,010 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}5.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=15,994 |percentage=51.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,988 |percentage=38.94% |change={{decrease}}17.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahinder Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,714 |percentage=5.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Prasad |party=Communist Party of India |votes=394 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Sharma |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=352 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Shukla |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,006 |percentage=13.01% |change= {{decrease}}3.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,788 |percentage=66.12% |change= {{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,887 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,766 |percentage=55.96% |change={{increase}}27.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=9,714 |percentage=39.49% |change={{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saran Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=468 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhawan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=383 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand Maryana |party=Independent politician |votes=269 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,052 |percentage=16.47% |change= {{increase}}12.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,600 |percentage=70.43% |change= {{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,272 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}23.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=7,022 |percentage=32.55% |change={{decrease}}21.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,244 |percentage=28.95% |change={{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Rattan Arya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,147 |percentage=28.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,754 |percentage=8.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=194 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=778 |percentage=3.61% |change= {{decrease}}17.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,571 |percentage=65.82% |change= {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,194 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}21.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath Sharma |party=Janata Party |votes=9,836 |percentage=53.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarla Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,000 |percentage=32.67% |change={{decrease}}29.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onkar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,784 |percentage=9.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev |party=Independent politician |votes=135 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrit Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=133 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parshotam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,836 |percentage=20.89% |change= {{decrease}}3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,366 |percentage=61.52% |change= {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,234 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarla Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,750 |percentage=62.34% |change={{increase}}34.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |votes=6,493 |percentage=37.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,257 |percentage=24.69% |change= {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,243 |percentage=61.00% |change= {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,010 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}14.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutlehar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,929 |percentage=47.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,062 |percentage=28.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,399 |percentage=9.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,337 |percentage=9.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Lok |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=566 |percentage=3.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Parshad |party=Independent politician |votes=146 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,867 |percentage=19.86% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,439 |percentage=62.50% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,920 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Una district]]
* [[Kutlehar]]
* [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|31.62|76.36|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Una district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Leh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:35Z

QWLDesiree: started new page more to come!

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Leh
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| established = 1962
| abolished = [[The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|2019]]
}}

'''Leh Assembly constituency''' was a constituency in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a former northern state of [[India]]. It was part of [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency]] until its abolition.<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/leh.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Leh Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"| Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"| {{Abbr|Con. No.|Constituency Number}}
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"| {{Abbr|Res.|Reservation}}
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"| Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"; colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| 74
| rowspan="11"| None
| Kushak Bakula
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="6"| 43
| S. Wangyal
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sonam Wangyal
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Sonam Narboo
|-
| 1980^
| S. Angdoo
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Sonam Gyalsan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Tsering Samphel]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="4"| 48
| [[Chering Dorjay]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Nawang Rigzin Jora]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|}
^Bye-Election

== Election results ==

=== 2014 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 2014 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Nawang Rigzin Jora]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 27,585
| percentage = 57.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Chering Dorjay]]
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| votes = 19,909
| percentage = 41.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = None of the Above
| party = NOTA
| votes = 662
| percentage = 1.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 7,676
| percentage = 16.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 48,156
| percentage = 67.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 125
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 48,281
| percentage = 68.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 70,840
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 2008 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3796-jammu-kashmir-2008/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Nawang Rigzin Jora]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 19,008
| percentage = 50.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Thupstan Chhewang]]
| party = Independent
| votes = 17,485
| percentage = 46.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Ponchuk Tundup
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| votes = 484
| percentage = 1.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Mohd. Ramzan
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| votes = 382
| percentage = 1.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Tashi Gyalson]]
| party = Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
| votes = 281
| percentage = 0.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 1,523
| percentage = 4.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 37,640
| percentage = 61.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 102
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 37,742
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 61,659
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Independent
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 2002 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3795-jammu-kashmir-2002/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Nawang Rigzin Jora]]
| party = Independent
| votes = Uncontested
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 74,471
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Independent
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 1996 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3794-jammu-kashmir-1996/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Chering Dorjay]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 16,712
| percentage = 51.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sonam Wangchuk Narboo
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| votes = 10,225
| percentage = 31.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Tashi Rabstan
| party = Independent
| votes = 3,024
| percentage = 9.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Spalzes Angmo
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| votes = 2,474
| percentage = 7.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 6,487
| percentage = 20.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 32,435
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 449
| percentage = 1.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 32,884
| percentage = 57.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 57,410
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1987 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 1987 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3793-jammu-kashmir-1987/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Tsering Samphel]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 16,142
| percentage = 56.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Tokdan Rinpochey
| party = Independent
| votes = 7,138
| percentage = 24.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Nurboo Gialchan
| party = Independent
| votes = 3,528
| percentage = 12.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Nasir Ali
| party = Independent
| votes = 1,012
| percentage = 3.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Lama Yangdol
| party = Independent
| votes = 484
| percentage = 1.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Lobzang Stanzin
| party = Independent
| votes = 320
| percentage = 1.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 9,004
| percentage = 31.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 28,624
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 1,034
| percentage = 3.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 29,658
| percentage = 68.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 43,455
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 1983 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3792-jammu-kashmir-1983/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Sonam Gyalsan
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 15,404
| percentage = 64.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sonam Wangchuk Narboo
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| votes = 8,287
| percentage = 34.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Chhering Stobadan
| party = Independent
| votes = 281
| percentage = 1.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 7,117
| percentage = 29.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 23,972
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 1,370
| percentage = 5.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 25,342
| percentage = 67.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 37,766
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Independent
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 Bye-Election ===

{{Election box begin
| title = 1980 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly Bye-election : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = S. Angdoo
| party = Independent
| votes = 9,173
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = T. Targais
| party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| votes = 5,861
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = S. Ganbo
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| votes = 4,072
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 3,312
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 19,106
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Independent
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 1977 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3791-jammu-kashmir-1977/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Sonam Narboo
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 11,736
| percentage = 61.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Soham Gyaltsan
| party = Janata Party
| votes = 7,450
| percentage = 38.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 4,286
| percentage = 22.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 19,186
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 1,101
| percentage = 5.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 20,287
| percentage = 64.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 31,310
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 1972 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3790-jammu-kashmir-1972/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Sonam Wangyal
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 11,041
| percentage = 49.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Koushok Tokdan
| party = Independent
| votes = 10,670
| percentage = 47.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Nurbo Gyilchan
| party = Independent
| votes = 622
| percentage = 2.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 371
| percentage = 1.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 22,333
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 67
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 22,400
| percentage = 75.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 29,571
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 1967 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3789-jammu-kashmir-1967/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = S. Wangyal
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 16,270
| percentage = 81.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = N. C. Stanzin
| party = Independent
| votes = 3,647
| percentage = 18.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 12,623
| percentage = 63.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 19,917
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 15
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 19,932
| percentage = 79.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 24,984
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Leh<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Statistical Report of Jammu & Kashmir 1962 General Election to State Legislative Assembly |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3788-jammu-kashmir-1962/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Kushak Bakula
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| votes = 20,095
| percentage = 97.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Chering Punchok
| party = Independent
| votes = 558
| percentage = 2.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 19,537
| percentage = 94.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 20,653
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 46
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 20,699
| percentage = 90.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 22,944
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Leh]]
* [[Leh district]]

== Notes ==

{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Coord|34.157|77.574|display=title}}

[[Category:Leh district]]
[[Category:Leh]]
[[Category:Government of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Politics of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]

Bisauli Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:22Z

QWLDesiree: created a data basic info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bisauli
| map_image = 112-Bisauli.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 112
| district = [[Badaun district|Badaun]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Ashutosh Maurya]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 348,849 (2012)
}}

'''Bisauli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Badaun district|Badaun]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 112.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bisauli.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Bisauli Assembly constituency is KCs Bisauli, Karanpur, [[Asafpur]], PCs Singthara, Katgaon, Vagrain, Gargaia, Penpal, Agei, Uraina, Saidpur, Pusgawan, Hatra, Baraur Amanullapur, Khurrampur Bhamori, Rahedia, Byoli, Veerampur, Manakpur of Satasi KC, Bisauli MB, Mudia NP, Saidpur NP & Faizganj NP of Bisauli Tehsil.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || rowspan="2" | [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Shiv Raj Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || rowspan="2" | Apr-1957 || rowspan="2" | Mar-1962 || rowspan="2" | 1,800 || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" |<ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || Kesho Ram
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Shiv Raj Singh || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || – ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || S. Singh || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || – ||<ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Shiv Raj Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || – ||<ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Krishan Vir Singh || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || – ||<ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Brij Ballabh || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || – ||<ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || – ||<ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Yogendra Kumar || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || – ||<ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || – ||<ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Krishan Vir Singh || [[Janata Dal]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || – ||<ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Daya Sindhu Shankhdar || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || – ||<ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Yogendra Kumar || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || – ||<ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || – ||<ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Umlesh Yadav]]
| [[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal]]|| March 2007 || October 2011|| || || ||
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ashutosh Maurya]]
| [[Samajwadi Party]]|| Mar-2012 || March 2017 || || ||
|-<ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Kushagra Sagar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||
|-
| 18 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ashutosh Maurya]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bisauli<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ashutosh Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:110569}}
|percentage = 44.23
|change = +5.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kushagra Sagar
|votes = {{formatnum:108735}}
|percentage = 43.5
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jaipal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:23454}}
|percentage = 9.38
|change = -4.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1787}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change = -0.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1834}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change = -3.93
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:249964}}
|percentage = 59.34
|change = +0.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Bisauli<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kushagra Sagar
|votes = {{formatnum:100287}}
|percentage = 43.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ashutosh Maurya Alias Raju
|votes = {{formatnum:89599}}
|percentage = 39.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Major Kailash Sagar
|votes = {{formatnum:32398}}
|percentage = 14.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2342}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10688}}
|percentage = 4.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:228995}}
|percentage = 59.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Bisauli<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ashutosh Maurya]]
|votes = 89,457
|percentage = 44.33
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Priti Sagar
|votes = 46,467
|percentage = 23.02
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Major Kailash Sagar
|votes = 40,866
|percentage = 20.25
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 10 candidates
|votes = 25,023
|percentage = 12.4
|change = –
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 42,990
|percentage = 21.3
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 201,813
|percentage = 57.85
|change = –
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Budaun district]]
*[[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Budaun district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:Budaun]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Amit Agarwal (politician)

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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|the Indian politician|the American lawyer|Amit Agarwal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amit Agarwal
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
}}

'''Amit Agarwal''' (born 23 Feb 1954) is an Indian politician. He is Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Meerut Cantonment Assembly constituency]] representing the largest party of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | date=2022-02-04 |title=BJP's Amit Agarwal Is the Richest UP Nominee With Assets Worth Rs 148 Cr: Report |url=https://www.thequint.com/uttar-pradesh-elections/bjp-amit-agarwal-richest-uttar-pradesh-candidate-congress-samajwadi-party-bsp |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Agarwal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MEERUT CANTT.(MEERUT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=212 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Agarwal in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/:state_slug:/amit-agarwal-meerut-cantt-candidate-s24a047c04/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is known to be the richest MLA candidate in 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meerut Cantt., Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP retains Meerut Cantt. seat, Amit Agarwal wins with 118072 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/meerut-cantt-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923076-2022-03-09 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=India Today |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Amit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Meerut]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lampucchwa Tharu people

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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Morangiya Tharu मोरङिया थारू<ref>{{Cite book |last= Turner |first= R. L. |title= A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language |place= London |publisher= Routledge |year= 1961 |url= http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:2790.turner |archive-date= 2016-01-08 |access-date= 2015-11-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160108225517/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:2790.turner |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| image = Tharu women of Eastern Terai.jpg
| image_caption = Morangiya Tharu women of Eastern Terai
| popplace = {{flag|Nepal}}: [[Sunsari]], [[Morang]]
| region1 =
| region2 =
| languages = [[Kochila Tharu]], [[Tharu languages]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]], traditional beliefs (Dhami)
| related = [[Dhimal]], [[Rajbanshi people]], various endogamous subgroups of [[Tharu people]]
}}
'''Lampucchwa Tharu''' or '''Morangiya Tharu''' is one of the endogamous subgroups of [[Tharu people]]<ref name="mclean">{{cite journal |url=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1628&context=himalaya |author=McLean, J. |date=1999 |title=Conservation and the impact of relocation on the Tharus of Chitwan, Nepal. |journal=Himalayan Research Bulletin|volume= XIX |number=2|pages= 38–44}}</ref> which are an [[ethnic group]] [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] to the [[Terai]], the southern foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Nepal]] and [[India]]. Likewise Morangiya Tharu dwells in the Eastern plain or [[Terai]] of Nepal. They can be found mainly in the districts of [[Morang]] and [[Sunsari]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Krauskopff|first = G. |title = The anthropology of the Tharus: an annotated bibliography |journal = Kailash |volume = 17 |issue = 3/4|location = Kathmandu |publisher = [[Ratna Pustak Bhandar]] |year = 1995 |access-date = April 11, 2011 |pages = 189–190 |url = https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_17_0304_05.pdf}}</ref> Though found in two districts, they are called by Morangiya Tharu as those two districts were one district before 1962. Within the group, they refer to themselves as Morangiya Tharu, but people from other regions would call them Lampucchwa (as the women have tail-like structures on their dress).

==Distribution==
The Lampucchwa Tharu people are distributed in Morang and Sunsari districts of [[Koshi Province|Koshi province]] Nepal.<ref>{{cite book |author= |first= |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition |publisher=SIL International. Online version |year=2014 |location=Dallas, Texas |chapter=Tharu, Kochila: a language of Nepal |chapter-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=thq}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Food===
They plant rice, mustard, corn and lentils, but also collect forest products such as wild fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants and materials to build their houses. They hunt [[deer]], [[rabbit]] and [[wild boar]], and go fishing in the rivers and oxbow lakes.
They keep domestics animals like [[cow]]s, [[goat]]s, [[pig]]s and [[water buffalo]], and birds like [[pigeon]]s, [[chicken]]s and [[duck]]s. They live close to nature.
A group of Tharu people who do not eat pig are said Thokra, and these people have a belief that if they consume such meat their kul devi becomes angry and can cause disease in their family. However, others do not have this belief.<ref name="lam2009">{{cite web|author=Lam, L. M. |year=2009 |title=Park, hill migration and changes in household livelihood systems of Rana Tharus in Far-western Nepal. |publisher=University of Adelaide |url=http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/58136/1/02whole.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051025/http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/58136/1/02whole.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

===Dress===
Achra Khadki is the name of a traditional attire worn by women. Khadki is a hand-woven piece of cloth that is only made by the [[Dhimal]] community. Achra is fine cotton or any other special fabric which has beautiful handmade paintings. Generally, it is white in color but different colors are worn for different occasions. The Achra has a tail-like structure which is called Puccha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/thq|title = Tharu, Mid-Eastern}}</ref>

===Language===
[[File:OpenSpeaks-thq-Eastern Tharu-Achhai Chaudhary-SC-Medicinal Plants 01.webm|thumb|A traditional healer describing medicinal properties of local plants in [[Kochila Tharu|Eastern (Saptariya) Tharu]]]]
Morangiya Tharus speak Kochila or [[Kochila Tharu|Morangiya Tharu language]] which differs from other Tharu sub-groups. There are estimated to be around 160,000 speakers of Morangiya Tharu in Eastern Nepal.<ref name=Guneratne2002>{{cite book |author=Guneratne, A. |year=2002 |title=Many Tongues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7FWQ6dzYZQC |publisher=Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York |isbn=0801487285}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
The spiritual beliefs and moral values of the Tharu people are closely linked to the natural environment. The [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] of their gods comprises a large number of [[deities]] that live in the forest, which the Tharu people ask for support before entering the forest.
The Tharu can also be found following [[Hinduism]] and [[Christianity]] nowadays, although some still have traditional beliefs on kul deuta.

===Marriage system===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
They practice arranged marriage as well as love marriage. In order to arrange marriage (''maagi biwaha)'' the elder members from the family and relatives arrive to girl's house to see the bride that is termed as ''Dekhasunni''. Likewise the elder members of bride and relatives go to groom's house to offer blessings and gifts that is termed as ''Sakati''. The marriage ceremony lasts for 5 days, which includes ''Kasakiti Kumaran'', ''Chumana'', and ''Manga Mani''. Morangiya Tharu do not follow dowry system but a few localities offer gifts or lands to their son in law and daughters.

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
*
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Tharu culture]]
[[Category:Koshi Province]]

2009 Korba chimney collapse

2026-04-07T18:23:01Z

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{{Short description|Disaster at a power plant in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Chhattisgarh locator map.svg|right|thumb|The chimney collapse occurred in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]]]

The '''2009 Korba chimney collapse''' occurred in the town of [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]] in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]] on 23 September 2009. The chimney was under construction under contract for the [[Bharat Aluminium Company|Bharat Aluminium Co Ltd]] (Balco). Construction had reached {{convert|240|m|abbr=on}} when the chimney collapsed on top of more than 100 workers who had been taking shelter from a thunderstorm. At least 45 deaths were recorded.<ref name="Balco chimney mishap: Three Chinese officials arrested in Korba">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/3-Chinese-techies-held-for-Balco-mishap/H1-Article1-496274.aspx|title=Balco chimney mishap: Three Chinese officials arrested in Korba|date=11 January 2010|access-date=26 January 2010|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115082506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/3-Chinese-techies-held-for-Balco-mishap/H1-Article1-496274.aspx|archive-date=15 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Financial Times">{{cite web|last=Anderlini|first=Jamil|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8411aa16-ac90-11de-a754-00144feabdc0|title=India questions Sepco staff over chimney collapse|date=29 September 2009|access-date=29 September 2009|work=[[Financial Times]]|archive-date=3 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003122417/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8411aa16-ac90-11de-a754-00144feabdc0.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="25 die in accident at BALCO's new plant at Korba">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/25-die-in-accident-at-balco%5Cs-new-plant-at-korba/371100/|title=25 die in accident at BALCO's new plant at Korba|date=24 September 2009|access-date=24 September 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

== Incident and rescue ==
Plans specify a {{convert|275|m|adj=on}} chimney for the construction of a [[thermal power plant]] by Balco, which is owned by [[Vedanta Resources]].<ref name="25 die in accident at BALCO's new plant at Korba"/><ref name="Deaths as India chimney collapses"/><ref name="Many dead after construction accident in India">{{cite web|url=http://www.rnw.nl/id/node/27538|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222160905/http://www.rnw.nl/id/node/27538|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2013|title=Many dead after construction accident in India|date=23 September 2009|access-date=23 September 2009|publisher=[[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]]}}</ref> The incident happened during [[extreme weather]] conditions involving lightning and torrential rainfall. Workers sought shelter from the rain in a nearby store room,<ref name="25 die in accident at BALCO's new plant at Korba"/><ref name="Balco chimney fall kills 24"/> and a lightning strike at approximately 16:00 brought the chimney down on top of them.<ref name="Balco chimney fall kills 24"/><ref name="25 die in accident at Balco's new plant at Korba">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/25-die-in-accident-at-balco%5Cs-new-plant-at-korba/371100/|title=25 die in accident at Balco's new plant at Korba|date=24 September 2009|access-date=24 September 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

A rescue attempt was initiated following the collapse. Ongoing rain obstructed efforts to retrieve the trapped workers.<ref name="25 die in accident at Balco's new plant at Korba"/> At least seven of the wounded were hospitalised.<ref name="Deaths as India chimney collapses">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/09/200992316369756506.html|title=Deaths as India chimney collapses|date=23 September 2009|access-date=23 September 2009|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924101301/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/09/200992316369756506.html|archive-date= 24 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> A Gannon Dunkerley & Co Ltd employee was allegedly lynched by angry workers; his corpse was located near the scene.<ref name="25 die in accident at Balco's new plant at Korba"/> It was originally thought he had fallen from the chimney, but wounds indicate he was attacked.<ref name="Balco chimney fall kills 24">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090924/jsp/nation/story_11534624.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927085200/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090924/jsp/nation/story_11534624.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2009|title=Balco chimney fall kills 24|date=24 September 2009|access-date=24 September 2009|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

== Reaction ==
An investigation is ongoing to determine the cause of the collapse.<ref name="India chimney collapse 'kills 15'">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8271423.stm|title=India chimney collapse 'kills 15'|date=23 September 2009|access-date=23 September 2009|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929194128/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8271423.stm|archive-date=29 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="15 die in power plant accident">{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_433506.html|title=15 die in power plant accident|date=23 September 2009|access-date=23 September 2009|work=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref><ref name="UPDATE 2-At least 20 killed in Indian chimney collapse"/> Balco initially did not discuss the incident at length, stating only that "[t]here is an accident and some people are injured";<ref name="UPDATE 2-At least 20 killed in Indian chimney collapse">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSSP52462320090923|title=UPDATE 2-At least 20 killed in Indian chimney collapse|date=23 September 2009|access-date=23 September 2009|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> claiming to be too busy with the rescue effort to make a longer statement.<ref name="25 die in accident at Balco's new plant at Korba"/> The state government believes that Balco had been "overlooking security aspects".<ref name="15 workers killed, 50 trapped in Chhattisgarh plant, probe ordered"/> District superintendent of police, Ratanlal Dangi, described it as "a massive accident".<ref name="India chimney collapse 'kills 15'"/> The state announced [[Indian rupee|Rs]].100,000 (US$2084) compensation for the family of each of the dead.<ref name="15 workers killed, 50 trapped in Chhattisgarh plant, probe ordered">{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jjxvOoigfij&title=15_workers_killed_50_trapped_in_Chhattisgarh_plant_probe_ordered |title=15 workers killed, 50 trapped in Chhattisgarh plant, probe ordered |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=23 September 2009 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630214735/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jjxvOoigfij&title=15_workers_killed_50_trapped_in_Chhattisgarh_plant_probe_ordered |archive-date=30 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 2009, the project manager from GDCL was arrested, as well as three officials from Vedanta Resources which manages Balco. Later the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Raipur observed that the materials were of substandard quality and technically faulty in design. NIT also concluded that there was improper water curing and that soil at the site was not up to code. Additionally, supervision and monitoring was found to be negligent. On 11 January 2010, as a result of these findings, three senior officials of Sepco, the Chinese company contracted to build the chimney, were arrested and are being held without bail.<ref name="Balco chimney mishap: Three Chinese officials arrested in Korba"/>

== Litigations ==
{{outdated section|date=February 2020}}
The 2009 Korba Chimney Collapse case was headed by Judge [[Mahadev Katulkar]]. On 26 November 2009, he rejected bail pleas of BALCO officials, including Vice-President and AGM[''[[Wikipedia:Please clarify|clarification needed]]''] of BALCO. He then sent the pair into judicial custody.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/court-rejects-bail-pleas-of-balco-officers-109112800033_1.html|title=Court rejects bail pleas of Balco officers|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=28 November 2009|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> Later, on 18 January 2010, Katulkar rejected the bail pleas of three Chinese nationals who were contracted by SEPCO to build the power plant by BALCO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/jan/18/balco-mishap-bail-denied-to-3-chinese-nationals-161871.html|title=Balco mishap: Bail denied to 3 Chinese nationals|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chimneys]]
* [[List of structural failures and collapses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100208152126/http://balcoindia.com/index1.asp Official site] of [[Bharat Aluminium Company|Bharat Aluminium Co Ltd]]

{{Disasters in India in 2009}}

{{coord|22.35|82.68|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korba chimney collapse}}
[[Category:Construction accidents]]
[[Category:2000s in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2009 disasters in India|Korba Chimney Collapse, 2009]]
[[Category:2009 industrial disasters|Korba Chimney Collapse, 2009]]
[[Category:Korba district|Chimney collapse]]
[[Category:Korba, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:September 2009 in India]]
[[Category:Vedanta Resources]]
[[Category:Chimneys]]

Imamshah Bawa Dargah

2026-04-05T13:29:58Z

QWLDesiree: put up a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

'''Imamshah Bawa Dargah ([[Urdu]]: امام شاہ باوا درگاہ)''' is a famous [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] [[Dargah]], in Pirana near the city of [[Ahmedabad]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/Ahmedabad/Imamshah-Bawa-Dargah-Pirana/079PXX79-XX79-180222141232-W8S4_BZDET|title=Imamshah Bawa Dargah|website=[[Justdial]]|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Pir Sadardin|Pir Sadardin Imamshah Bawa]], a Shia Ismaili [[Da'i]] founded the [[Satpanth]] [[Tariqa]] around 600 years ago, and taught tolerance, [[Perennial philosophy|perennialism]] and [[Religious syncretism|syncretism]] of all religions, putting a particular emphasis on the syncretism of [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Dionne|last=Bunsha|url-access=subscription|title=The chains of Pirana |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30224407.ece |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=10 September 2004 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A Dargah's Distortion: How Gujarat's Imamshah Bawa Dargah Was Converted to a Temple Over Time|date=2024-06-19|first=Tarushi|last=Aswani|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/a-dargahs-distortion-how-gujarats-imamshah-bawa-dargah-was-converted-to-a-temple-over-time |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire ]]|language=en}}</ref> The Dargah consisted of a vast complex that contained the [[grave]] of Pir Sadardin, as well as several other graves, and a [[Mosque]] also existed in the complex.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|first=Sohini|last=Ghosh|url-access=subscription|date=2022-01-31 |title=Ahmedabad: Protest over wall on dargah premises |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-protest-wall-dargah-premises-7749269/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Until 1931, the complex was the [[private property]] belonging to the direct descendants of [[Pir Sadardin]].<ref name="Shrine">{{Cite news |date=31 Jan 2022 |title=Pirana Shrine Gets Wall, Tension Mounts|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pirana-shrine-gets-wall-tension-mounts/articleshow/89231876.cms |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> The complex attracted devotees from [[Religion|religions]] other than Islam, such as Hinduism, and all 18 communities living in village of Pirana, belonging to various different [[Caste system in India|castes]] and religions, all contain devotees of [[Pir Sadardin]].<ref name="Shrine"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pir Imamuddin Kufreshikan (Imamshah Bawa) Pirana Dargah|first=Jitu|last=Mishra|url=https://pirimamshahbawa.org/satpanth-pirana-dargah.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=pirimamshahbawa.org |archive-date=2015-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220122912/http://pirimamshahbawa.org/satpanth-pirana-dargah.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> The complex was [[Demolition|demolished]] in the month of May, 2024 by the [[Hindutva|Hindu-right wing]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led [[Government of Gujarat|state government of Gujarat]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=Clash after graves of Sufi saint, kin razed in Ahmedabad, 37 held |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/clash-after-graves-of-sufi-saint-kin-razed-in-ahmedabad-37-held-9319256/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Sohini|last=Ghosh |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706060829/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/clash-after-graves-of-sufi-saint-kin-razed-in-ahmedabad-37-held-9319256/|archive-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dargahs in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Shia shrines]]
[[Category:Former religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:2024 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Ahmedabad]]

{{Shia-stub}}

Himanshu Yadav

2026-04-05T07:22:23Z

QWLDesiree: put up new pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox Politician
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| name = Himanshu Yadav
| constituency = [[Shekhupur Assembly constituency|Shekhupur]]
| country = [[India]]
| leader = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| citizenship = [[India|Indian]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
}}

'''Himanshu Yadav'''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Party Wise MLA/2/1 |work=Up Legislative Assembly |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/partyWiseMLA/2/18 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> is an Indian politician of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himanshu Yadav-हिमांशु यादव Sp Candidate Shekhupur Election Result 2022 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/himanshu-yadav-sp-2022-shekhupur-146-uttar-pradesh |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सबसे कम उम्र के विधायक बने हिमांशु यादव |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/badaun-himanshu-became-theyoungest-mla-by-defeating-bjp-mla-22534408.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhasakshi |date=2022-03-11 |title=इंटर पास हिमांशू यादव बने सबसे कम उम्र के विधायक |url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/national/inter-pass-himanshu-yadav-became-the-youngest-mla |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Prabhasakshi |language=hi}}</ref> representing the [[Shekhupur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=116-Shekhupur (Himanshu Yadav) {{!}} District Budaun Government Of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://budaun.nic.in/document/116-shekhupur-himanshu-yadav/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Himanshu}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Vattakkayal

2026-04-01T20:30:20Z

QWLDesiree: Stub - done

{{Short description|Lake in Kollam district, Kerala, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
'''Vattakkayal Lake''' is located within the [[Sakthikulangara]] [[Gram Panchayat]] of Kollam district, [[Kerala]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=വിനോദസഞ്ചാരത്തിന്റെ അനന്ത സാധ്യതകളുറങ്ങുന്ന കായൽപ്പരപ്പ്; അധികൃതർ ഒന്ന് മനസുവെച്ചാൽ മതി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/news/panmana-vattakkayal-kollam-tourism-kerala-tourism-1.4992754 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |date=21 August 2020}}</ref> The name "Vattakayal" translates to "circular lake" and reflects the lake's shape.

The lake itself encompasses an area of approximately 40 acres. Bordering the lake are an additional 100 acres of agricultural fields, bringing the total area associated with Vattakayal Lake to roughly 140 acres.

Geographically, Vattakkayal Lake falls between 8°56' North and 8°53' North latitude and 76°32' East and 76°34' East longitude. The lake occupies a central position within Kollam with respect to the surrounding areas of [[Neendakara]], [[Kavanad]], and [[Maruthadi]].

Historically, the land surrounding Vattakkayal Lake consisted of wetlands used for paddy cultivation. The water body itself was known for its abundance of fish and aquatic life. However, the current land use pattern reflects a shift. The previously vacant marshlands are no longer cultivated, and the water quality has been impacted by the influx of domestic waste, drainage channels, and industrial effluents. This has led to the proliferation of invasive aquatic plants like water hyacinth.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kollam}}

{{coord|8.918|76.549|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Wetlands in Kollam district]]

{{Lake-stub}}

Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple

2026-03-25T21:57:46Z

QWLDesiree: Bio - done

{{short description|Hindu temple in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Expand Tamil|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple
| image = Side view of the Rajagopuram of Tiruverkadu Temple 05.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai]]
| location = [[Tiruverkadu]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Karumariamman]]
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Tiruverkadu]], a suburb of [[Chennai]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[File:Karumariamman.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Goddess [[Karumariamman]] is believed to be the principal and guardian goddess of Thiruverkadu.|alt=Gateway tower with multiple storeys]]
The neighbourhood had remained a dense [[neem]] forest since the ancient times. This resulted in the locality being called ''Velakadu'', meaning "jungle of neem". The presence of a [[snake pit]] where goddess Karumari (an incarnation of [[Parvathi]]) is believed to be residing in the form of snake eventually gave the name ''Thiruverkadadu'', with ''thiru'' being the Tamil equivalent of the honorific Hindu term "Sri".<ref name="FNewsTemple">{{cite news
| last = Tejas
| first =
| title = திருவேற்காடு கருமாரி அம்மன் கோயில் [Thiruverkadu Karumari Amman Temple]
| newspaper = FNews Now
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language = ta
| publisher = FNewsNow.com
| date = 9 August 2024
| url = https://www.fnewsnow.com/news/spiritual/thiruverkadu-karumari-amman-temple
| access-date = 24 February 2025}}</ref>

== Legend ==
[[File:Devikarumari Amman temple Thiruverkadu3.JPG|thumb|The holy tank of the temple]]
[[File:Main gopuram of Tiruverkadu Temple.jpg|thumb|Rajagopuram of the temple]]
[[File:Tiruverkkadu devikarumariamman temple2.jpg|thumb|Front mandapa]]
During the [[Dwapara Yuga]], tyrant king [[Kamsa]], who ruled the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], gave his sister [[Devaki]] to [[Vasudeva]] in marriage. When he was sending the couple to Vasudeva's home, an oracle spoke from the sky informing Kamsa that the eighth child to be born to his sister would eventually kill him. On hearing this, Kamsa became furious and imprisoned Devaki and Vasudeva. Whenever a child was born to his sister, Kamsa would kill the newborn, and he succeeded in killing seven children. In Devaki's eighth pregnancy, [[Vishnu]] took his [[Dashavatara|ninth avatar]] in the form of [[Krishna]]. At the same time, Vishnu's sister goddess Parvathi appeared in the form of Maya in the womb of [[Nanda Baba|Nanda Gopa]]'s wife [[Yashoda]], who was also pregnant in the village of [[Ayarpadi]]. When Devaki gave birth the male child Krishna and Yashoda to the female child Maya, Vasudeva swapped the infants with divine help. When Kamsa was informed of the birth of a girl child to Devaki, he decided to kill the girl child anyway. When he was about to strangle the child, the divine child jumped into the sky and hinted that her brother would come from a shepherd's hut in Ayarpadi and kill him at the age of eight. Furious and confused, Kamsa uttered "Karumari" (meaning “the one who swapped the womb”).<ref name="FNewsTemple"/>

Karumari took on a fierce and terrifying form to subdue the demons and appeared in dark blue hue, planting a trident in front of her. Her fury was unbearable to the demons who eventually subdued. To pacify his sister, Vishnu appeared in front of the fierce Karumari and implored her to show her head alone and hide her body, hinting that her compassionate glance is enough to save the world. Karumari did so and additionally took a beautiful form for the devotees who came to worship her.<ref name="FNewsTemple"/> The fierce form of Karumari, whom Vishnu appeased came to be known as "Narani" (meaning the female form of [[Narayana]]) and "Krishnamari" (since she swapped womb with Krishna), and the beautiful form came to be known as "Sivai" (meaning the female form of [[Shiva]]).<ref name="FNewsTemple"/>

When [[Agastya|Sage Agastya]] saw the goddess in this state with a double form, he sang in praise of her in high [[Tamil language|Tamil]] verses. The goddess appeared to Sage Agastya on a full moon day in the Tamil month of ''Thai'' which fell on a Sunday. This day of ''Pushya'' [[nakshatra]] (''poosam'' in Tamil) is considered the incarnation day of goddess Karumari.<ref name="FNewsTemple"/> Karumari said to Agastya that she was waiting for him to come and worship her and that she will take on the form of a snake and live in the forest, only to appear again in [[Kali Yuga]] to restore peace with ashes, when she will have a temple and a holy pond to reside with all her entourage of deities. In Kali Yuga, the goddess was found to be residing in an anthill under a neem tree in the “Velakadu” locality and a temple was built there, with a holy pond located directly opposite the temple. The idols of the goddess have been installed in the place where the anthill once stood. The anthill now remains in the north-eastern corner of the temple, with a [[trident]] adorned with [[turmeric]] and [[Kumkuma|saffron]] installed on the spot.<ref name="FNewsTemple"/>

== Deity ==
[[File:Entrance of Tiruverkadu Temple.jpg|thumb|Main entrance of the temple]]
[[File:Street around the Tiruverkadu Temple 06.jpg|thumb|Street around the temple]]
The deity of the temple is [[Karumariamman]]. Its idol is in the sanctum sanctorum in a graceful form with all Parasakthi features. There is also a shrine for Karumariamman idol with the idol made of wood. She is called Wooden Idol Amman.<ref name="dm"> [https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=17/ Sri Devi Karumariamman Temple]</ref>
[[File:Middle corridor of Tiruverkadu Temple 01.jpg|thumb|Middle corridor of the temple]]

== Significance ==
[[File:Dwajasthambam of Tiruverkadu Temple.jpg|thumb|Dwajaskhambam (sacred pole) at the temple]]
There was an anthill. People worshipped as Goddess. She appeared in the dream of a devotee and asked him to build a temple for Her. When the anthill was about to be destroyed they saw the Goddess in swayambu form. As she was not in the womb of a mother, she is called as one not from the womb (Karuvil Illatha Karumari).<ref name="dm"/>

==Tank==
There is a tank outside the temple. It is known as sacred ash tank.<ref name="dm"/>

==Sunday==
Sunday is celebrated as the day of Karumari. One can happily witness the scene of sun rays falling on the head of Devikarumari twice a year.<ref>[http://www.thiruverkadukarumari.tnhrce.in/history-blessed-karumariamman.html Arulmigu Devi Karumri Amman Temple, Thiruverkadu]</ref>

==Future expansions==
In August 2023, the Ministry for Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments announced two projects worth around {{INR}} 800 million, one of which is building three new gopurams (towers) as part of the temple's consecration (kumbabishekam), expected to be completed within two years. One of the gopurams will have five tiers and two will have three tiers each.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Devi Karumariamman temple in Thiruverkadu to get 3 new gopurams
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 22 August 2023
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/devi-karumariamman-temple-in-thiruverkadu-to-get-3-new-gopurams/article67224004.ece
| access-date = 24 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{coord|13.072|80.124|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Mariamman temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Devta (1956 film)

2026-03-25T02:20:55Z

QWLDesiree: correct section per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devta
| image = Devta 1956 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Pattana
| producer = Narayanan Iyengar
| story = Sadasiva Bramham
|writer = '''Dialogue:''' Pandit [[Mukhram Sharma]]
| screenplay = Pattana
| starring = [[Gemini Ganeshan]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[Vyjayanthimala]]
| music = [[C. Ramchandra]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Narayanan Company Production
| distributor = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1956|df=y}}
| runtime = 178 min
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Devta''''' ({{translation|[[Devata|Snake God]]}}) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1956|1956]] Hindi partly coloured [[swashbuckler]] film written by Sadasiva Bramham and directed by Pattana. The film stars [[Vyjayanthimala]] in the [[title role]], along with [[Gemini Ganeshan]] and [[Anjali Devi]] in the lead, while [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Bipin Gupta]], Krishna Kumari and [[M. N. Nambiar]] form an [[ensemble cast]]. The film was produced by Narayanan Iyengar with his production company; Narayanan Company. The music was composed by [[C. Ramchandra]], with lyrics provided by [[Rajendra Krishan]]. The film was a remake of the 1955 Tamil film ''[[Kanavane Kankanda Deivam]]'', with Ganeshan, Devi, and Nambiar reprising their roles.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article73473.ece |title=Blast from the past: Kanavaney Kankanda Deivam |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=2009-12-21 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2011-03-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220100933/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article73473.ece |archive-date=20 February 2011 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>

==Plot==
This film narrated the story of a king (Bipin Gupta) who loses his sight and needs a "Nagi Jyothi" (serpent light) found in "Sarpaloka" (serpent world). A young man Vijay (Gemini Ganeshan) working in the palace and in love with the princess (Anjali Devi) undertakes the hazardous journey of going to the netherworld and getting the magic light from the hood of a snake in the custody of the serpent queen (Vyjayanthimala). The queen is attracted to the young man, who pretends to be in love with her mainly to get the light. He succeeds in getting it and the queen curses him to become an ugly man. The princess marries the prince, but they are banished and live in a hut. Soon a boy is born. The devoted wife faces many trials and tribulations before she and her son help her husband regain his original form. And they live happily thereafter.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganeshan]] as Vijay
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Nalini
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Naag Rani
* [[Bipin Gupta]] as Sangram Singh
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Veersen
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as Bahadur
* [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] as Raja
* [[Kumari Kamala]] as Naag Kanya
* Krishnakumari as Naagi
* [[Indira (actress)|Indira]] as Mallika
* Kamalkrishna as Balveer
* V. P. Balaram as The soldier
* K. Ramaswamy as The soldier
}}

==Themes and influences==
Along with ''[[Shirdi Ke Sai Baba]]'' and ''[[Ajooba]]'' (1991), this film shows disabled people being cured through magic or divine intervention.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dv4AAAAQBAJ&dq=%22devta%22+(1956)&pg=PA121 | isbn=978-0-7864-6535-4 | title=Different Bodies: Essays on Disability in Film and Television | date=4 October 2013 | publisher=McFarland }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[C. Ramchandra]] composed the soundtrack of the film, while the lyrics were penned by [[Rajendra Krishan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://songs.reloadlife.com/devta-1956/ |title=Devta(1956)) |publisher=Reloadlife.com |access-date=2011-10-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718125907/http://songs.reloadlife.com/devta-1956/ |archive-date=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Singers [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Talat Mahmood]] and [[Manna Dey]] lent their voices. It was also one of the last collaborations of [[C. Ramchandra]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]], they fell out in 1958 and parted their ways.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/lata-mangeshkar |title=Lata Mangeshkar |publisher=Upperstall.com |author=Karan Bali |access-date=2011-10-18 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ae Chand, Kal Jo Aana"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Do Nainon Ka Bana Jhulna"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Kaise Aaun Jamuna Ke Teer"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Soona Hai Mere Dil Ka Jahan"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Zalim Tere Aankhon Ne"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Kisi Se Pyar Hai Humko, Magar Hum Na Batayenge"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| "Phoolon Ke Mele"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Udhar Chali Ja Janki"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0049138|Devta}}
* [http://www.upperstall.com/films/1956/devta Devta profile] at ''Upperstall.com''

[[Category:1956 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ramchandra]]
[[Category:Indian adventure drama films]]
[[Category:1956 adventure films]]
[[Category:1956 drama films]]

Anubhav Singh Bassi

2026-03-19T04:43:38Z

QWLDesiree: enhance intro for clarity and updated info

{{short description|Indian stand-up comedian and YouTuber}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox youtuber
| name = Anubhav Singh Bassi
| image = Anubhav Singh Bassi in Surat for Bas Kar Bassi (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bassi in Surat in 2022
| alt =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|01|9}}
| birth_place = Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University|RMLNLU]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|YouTuber|Actor}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| organization = Oriole Entertainment
| website =
| youtube_handle = AnubhavSinghBassi
| youtube_display_name = Anubhav Singh Bassi
| youtube_handle2 = beabassi
| youtube_display_name2 = be_a_bassi
| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre = [[Stand-up comedy]]
| youtube_subscribers = {{Plainlist|
* 5.25 million (main channel)<ref name="AnubhavSinghBassi">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/@AnubhavSinghBassi |title=Anubhav Singh Bassi |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> 
* {{Rounddown|
{{Sum|5.25|1.42}}}} million (combined)}}{{efn|name="YTSubs"|
Subscribers, broken down by channel: 
5.25 million (Anubhav Singh Bassi) 
1.42 million (be_a_bassi)}}
| youtube_views = {{Plainlist|
* 451 million (main channel)<ref name="AnubhavSinghBassi"/>
* {{Rounddown|
{{Sum||451|254}}}} million (combined){{efn|name="YTViews"|
Views, broken down by channel: 
451 million (Anubhav Singh Bassi) 
254 million (be_a_bassi)}}}}
| stats_update = 16 December 2025{{nu|date=October 2025}}
}}

'''Anubhav Singh Bassi''' is an Indian actor, YouTuber and [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]]. His career as a standup comic started after an [[open mic]] in 2017.<ref name="Hussain">{{Cite news|last=Hussain|first=Raahat|date=2 August 2019|title=Being Bassi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/anubhav-singh-bassi-the-28-year-old-internet-comedy-sensation-is-back-for-another-show/article28795316.ece|access-date=29 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Malik|first=Ektaa|date=24 January 2020|title=Stand-up comic Anubhav Singh bassi is not on air|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/anubhav-singh-bassi-stand-up-comedy-6232159/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123224000/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/anubhav-singh-bassi-stand-up-comedy-6232159/ |archive-date=23 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Bassi's [[YouTube]] videos have garnered over 200 million views, and he has more than 5 million subscribers. He also has over 3 million followers on [[Instagram]].<ref name="Hussain" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 July 2020|title=A joke should be taken as a joke: Anubhav Singh Bassi|url=https://morungexpress.com/a-joke-should-be-taken-as-a-joke-anubhav-singh-bassi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209004840/https://morungexpress.com/a-joke-should-be-taken-as-a-joke-anubhav-singh-bassi |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=29 January 2021|website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

Along with this, he has done a monologue for Amazon Funnies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Akundi|first=Sweta|date=25 August 2020|title=How comedian Anubhav Singh Bassi is spending the lockdown|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/anubhav-singh-bassi-delves-into-reading-poetry-in-lockdown/article32437285.ece|access-date=29 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and a cameo in [[ZEE5]]'s ''[[Comedy Couple]]'' (2020). He has done his show tour in more than 35 cities across India. He also delivered a [[Ted Talk]] about his struggles.

In January 2023, Bassi announced his Bollywood debut with [[Luv Ranjan]]'s ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]'' alongside [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]], which got released on 8 March 2023. He came up with his first stand-up special, 'Bas Kar Bassi' on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in February 2023.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2020
|''[[Comedy Couple]]'' || Himself || cameo appearance
|-
|2023
|''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''|| Manu Dabbas ||
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Platform
! Notes
|-
|2023
|''Bas Kar Bassi'' || Himself ||[[Amazon Prime Video]] ||Stand-up comedy
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11811624}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|India|Comedy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bassi, Anubhav Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian comedy YouTubers]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]

{{India-actor-stub}}

Ajatashatru

2026-03-14T21:13:34Z

QWLDesiree: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|King of Magadha from 492 to 460 BCE}}
{{for|the 1989 Indian film|
Ajatha Satruvu}}
{{Redirect|Kunika|the Indian actress|Kunickaa Sadanand}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}}
{{Original research|date=April 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ajātashatru 𑀅𑀚𑀸𑀢𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀽
| image = Indian Museum Sculpture - Ajatasattu worships the Buddha %289217704485%29.jpg
| caption = Ajatashatru worships the Buddha, relief from the [[Bharhut]] Stupa at the Indian Museum, [[Kolkata]]
| death_date = 460 BCE<ref name="Sharma">[https://books.google.com/books?id=giwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT158 India's Ancient Past], by R.S. Sharma</ref> or c. 373 BCE<ref name=Sarao/><ref name="auto1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&dq=ajatashatru&pg=PT92 India: A History. Revised and Updated], by John Keay</ref>
| native_lang1_name1 = Kūṇiya
| native_lang2_name1 = Kūṇika
| dynasty = [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka]]
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Magadha#House of Haryanka|King of Magadha]]
| reign = {{circa|492|460 BCE}}<ref name="Sharma"/> or {{circa|405|373 BCE}}<ref name=Sarao/><ref name="auto1"/>
| predecessor = [[Bimbisara]]
| successor = [[Udayin|Udayabhadra]]
| religion = [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]]
| father = [[Bimbisara]]
| mother = Queen Chellana ([[Sanskrit]]: Cellaṇā), daughter of President [[Chetaka]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Rapson|first=Edward James|title=The Cambridge History of India|year=1955|publisher=CUP Archive|page=183}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Who was the mother of Ajatashatru, the king of Magadha? |url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/who-was-the-mother-of-ajatashatru-the-king-of-mag--5dbc00c3f60d5d4453ecd0f4 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Testbook}}</ref> ([[Jainism]]) Queen [[Kosala Devi|Kosala Devī]] ([[Buddhism]])
| succession1 = Governor of [[Champapuri|Champa]]
| reign1 = ? – c.492 or c.405 BCE
| spouse = * [[Princess Vajira|Vajira]]
* Padmavati
* Dharini
* Subadhra
| issue = [[Udayin|Udayabhadra]]
}}
'''Ajatasattu''' ([[Pali|Pāli]]: {{transliteration|pi|Ajātasattu}}<ref name="Sharma"/>) or '''Ajatashatru''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|pi|Ajātaśatru}}<ref name="Sharma"/>) in the Buddhist tradition, or '''Kunika''' ({{transliteration|sa|Kūṇika}}) and '''Kuniya''' ({{transliteration|sa|Kūṇiya}}) in the Jain tradition<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |date=1974 |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385 |location=[[Delhi]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n39/mode/2up 21] |isbn=978-8-120-80805-8}}</ref> (reigned c. 492 to 460 BCE, or c. 405 to 373 BCE<ref name=Sarao>{{citation |last=Sarao |first=K. T. S. |title= The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha. |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |year=2003 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1177/037698360303000201 |s2cid=141897826 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/037698360303000201|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>), was one of the most important kings of the [[Haryanka dynasty]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in [[East India]]. He was the son of King [[Bimbisara]] and was a contemporary of both [[Mahavira]] and [[Gautama Buddha]]. He forcefully took over the kingdom of Magadha from his father and imprisoned him. He fought a [[Magadha–Vajji war|war]] against the [[Vajjika League]], led by the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavis]], and conquered the republic of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]. The city of [[Pataliputra]] was formed by fortification of a village by Ajatashatru.

Ajatashatru followed policies of conquest and expansion. He defeated his neighbouring rivals including the king of [[Kosala]]; his brothers, at odds with him, went to Kashi, which had been given to Bimbisara as dowry and led to a war between Magadha and [[Kosala]].

Ajatashatru occupied Kashi and captured the smaller kingdoms. Magadha under Ajatashatru became the most powerful kingdom in North India.

==Datings==
Based on correlation with dates in the ''[[Mahāvaṃsa]]'' and concluding that the Buddha died in 483 BC, [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]] dated the accession of Ajatashatru to 491 BC.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=75}} He estimates the first campaign of Ajatashatru to have taken place in 485 BC, and his second campaign against the [[Vajjika League]] in 481–480 BC.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=75}} The ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]'' states that Ajatashatru visited the six teachers to hear their doctrines and at last visited the Buddha, an event Basham estimated to have taken place in 491 BC.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=79}} Historian [[K. T. S. Sarao]] has estimated the dates of the Buddha's lifespan as c. 477 to 397 BCE, and Ajatashatru's reign as c. 405 to 373 BCE.<ref name=Sarao/>

==Birth==
[[File:Royal cortege leaving Rajagriha.jpg|thumb|Royal procession leaving [[Rajagriha]], possibly depicting Ajatashatru, from [[Sanchi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi, 1918 p.58ff] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170820115517/https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 |date=20 August 2017 }} (Public Domain text)</ref>]]
Ajatashatru, also known as ''Kunika'', was the son of [[Bimbisara]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=36}} The ancient inscription in [[Government Museum, Mathura]] refers to him as ''vaidehi putra Ajatashatru Kunika'' "Ajatashatru Kunika, the son of Vaidehi." The story of Ajatashatru is found in the ''[[Tripiṭaka]]'' of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)|Jain Agamas]]. The account of Ajatashatru's birth is more or less similar in both the traditions. According to [[Jainism]], Ajatashatru was born to King Bimbisara and Queen Chellana;<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bimbisara |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Bimbisara/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Buddhist tradition records Ajatashatru being born to Bimbisara and [[Kosala Devi]]. It is worthwhile to note that both the queens were called "Vaidehi" in both traditions.

According to the Jain ''Nirayavalika Sutra'', during her pregnancy, Queen Chellana had a strong desire to eat the fried flesh of her husband's heart and drink liquor. Meanwhile, the very intelligent Prince Abhayakumara, son of King Bimbisara and Queen Nanda, fried a wild fruit that resembled a heart and gave it to the queen. The queen ate it and later felt ashamed for having such a demonic desire and she feared that the child might grow up and prove fatal for the family, thus after a few months of the child being born, the queen had him thrown out of the palace. When the child was lying near the garbage dump, a cock bit his little finger. King Bimbisara, learning about the child being thrown out, ran outside and picked up the child and put its bleeding little finger in his mouth and sucked it until it stopped bleeding and continued this for days until it was healed. As the little finger of the child was sore, he was nicknamed ''Kunika'' "Sore Finger". Later he was named ''Asokacanda''.<ref>Jain Aagam Uvavai Sutra chapter: Kunika</ref>

In the Buddhist ''[[Atthakatha]]'', the above story is almost the same, except that Kosaladevi desired to drink blood from Bimbisara's arm; the king obliged her and, later, when the child was thrown near the garbage dump, due to an infection he got a boil on his little finger and the king sucked it and once while sucking it the boil burst inside the king's mouth, but due to affection for his child he did not spit the pus out, rather swallowed it.

==War and victory over Vaishali==
{{See also|Magadha-Vajji war}}
The feud between Ajatashatru and [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] during 484–468 BCE led to defeat of the latter.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=272}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image2 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption2 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Ajātasattu's conquest of the Vajjika League and of Moriya
| image3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's conquest of Kosala.jpg
| caption3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajātasattu's conquest of Kosala
| footer=
}}

===The Jaina Tradition===
Once Queen Padmavati, wife of Ajatashatru, was sitting in her balcony in the evening. She saw Halla and Vihalla kumaras with their wives sitting on the elephant "Sechanaka" and one of the wives was wearing the 18-fold divine necklace. Then she heard one of the maidservants talking from the garden below. "It's Halla and Vihalla kumaras and not the king who enjoy the real pleasures of the kingdom" and Padmavati thought "What's the use of the kingdom if I do not have both the jewels in my possession?"

So, she shared this thought with Ajatashatru the same night and became excessively insistent in her demand. Ajatashatru, at last, agreed and sent a request to both his brothers to give the elephant and the necklace to him, which both his brothers denied saying that these gifts were given by their dear father so why should they part from them? Ajatashatru sent the request thrice but got the same reply all three times. This greatly annoyed him, so he sent his men to arrest them. Meanwhile, Halla and the Vihalla kumaras saw a chance and escaped to their maternal grandfather Chetaka who was the king of the great kingdom of the Vaishali republic (Vajjis/Licchavi tribe). Ajatashatru sent notice thrice to Chetaka to surrender them but was denied by Chetaka.

This was enough for Ajatashatru. He called his half brothers, Kalakumaras (10 kalakumaras, those born to King Bimbisara and 10 Kali Queens Kali, Sukali, Mahakali, etc.) to merge their army with his, since it was well known to Ajatashatru that Vaishali republic had always been invincible in the past and he alone would not be able to defeat it. Each Kalakumara brought 3000 horses, 3000 elephants, 3000 chariots and 30000 infantrymen each. On the other hand, Chetaka invited his own allies (9 [[Malla kingdom|Mallas]], 9 [[Licchavis of Vaishali|Lichhvis]] and 18 kings of [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kasi]]-[[Kosala (Mahajanapada)|Kosala]]) to fight his grandson Ajatashatru. All these kings came with 3000 horses, 3000 elephants, 3000 chariots and 30000 infantrymen each. Thus all together there were 57000 elephants, 57000 chariots, 57000 horses, and 570000 infantrymen.

The war began. King Chetaka was a devout follower of [[Mahavira]] and had a vow to not shoot more than one arrow per day in a war. It was known to all that Chetaka's aim was perfect and his arrows were infallible. His first arrow killed one Kalakumara, commander of Ajatashatru. On the nine consecutive days, the rest of the nine Kalakumaras were killed by Chetaka. Deeply sorrowed by the death of their sons, the Kali queens were initiated as nuns in the holy order of Mahavira.

As Ajatashatru was moving towards defeat, he practised penance for three days and offered prayers to Sakrendra and Charmendra ([[Indra]] of different heavens), who then helped him in the war. They protected him from the infallible arrow of Chetaka. The war became very severe and, by the divine influence of the Indras, even the pebbles, straws, leaves hurled by Ajatashatru's men were said to have fallen like rocks on the army of Chetaka. This weapon was thus named "Mahasilakantaka", i.e. the weapon through which more than a lakh (100,000) people died.
Next, the Indras granted a huge, automatically moving chariot with swinging spiked maces on each side, (and said to have been driven by Charmendra himself), to Ajatashatru. The chariot moved about in the battlefield crushing lakhs of soldiers. This war-chariot was named "Ratha-Musala."

In this battle, Chetaka was defeated. But, Chetaka and others immediately took shelter inside the city walls of Vaishali and closed the main gate. The walls around Vaishali were so strong that Ajatashatru was unable to break through them. Many days passed, Ajatashatru became furious and again prayed to Indra, but this time Indra refused to help him. But Ajatashatru was informed by an oracle of a demi-goddess "Vaishali can be conquered if '[[Śramaṇa|Sramana]] (monk) Kulvalaka' gets married to a courtesan."

Ajatashatru inquired about the monk Kulvalaka and sent for the prostitute "Magadhika" disguised as a devout follower. The fallen woman enticed the monk towards herself and finally, the monk gave up his monkhood and married her. Later Magadhika on Ajatashatru's orders brainwashed Kulvalaka to enter Vaishali disguised as an astrologer. With great difficulty, he did enter Vaishali and learned that the city was saved by a "Chaitya" (altar) dedicated to "[[Munisuvrata]]". Kulvalaka then started telling people that this altar is the reason why the city is suffering through misfortune. The people uprooted the altar from its very foundation. Kulvalaka gave a signal and Ajatashatru entered the city as per prior arrangement. This was the last attack. Vaishali was conquered by Ajatashatru.

Sechanaka the elephant died after it fell in a pit with iron rods and fire made by Ajatashatru's soldiers. Later Halla and Vihalla kumaras were initiated as monks in the holy order of Mahavira. Chetaka practiced "Sallekahna" (fasting unto death). Ajatashatru not only conquered Vaishali but also Kasi-Kosala.

===The Buddhist traditions===
[[File:King_Ajatasaru,_His_Queen,_and_His_Minister_Varshakara,_Kizil,_Maya_Cave,_(Cave_224),_c._251-403_AD,_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC01710.JPG|alt=wall painting of Ajatashatru from Kizil Caves|thumb|Wall painting of King Ajatashatru, his Queen, and his Minister Varshakara from the [[Kizil Caves]] (c. 251-403 AD).]]

There was a diamond mine near a village on the river [[Ganges]]. There was an agreement between Ajatashatru and the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] of [[Vajjika League|Vajji]] that they would have an equal share of the diamonds. However, because of sheer lethargy, Ajatashatru failed to collect his own share, and most of diamonds were carried away by the Lichhavis. Over time, finally, Ajatashatru became annoyed and decided to do something about it. Since he thought that it might be almost impossible to fight against the whole confederacy of Vaishali, he decided instead to uproot the powerful Vajjis and exterminate them. He sent his chief minister Vassakara to the Buddha to ask him why the Vaishali should be so invincible; to which Buddha gave seven reasons, including: That the Vajjis are always punctual to meetings, their disciplined behavior, their respect for elders, respect for women, that they do not marry their daughters forcefully, that they give spiritual protection to the [[Arhats]], and finally, the main reason was the Chaityas (altar), which was inside the town.

Thus, with the help of his chief minister Vassakara, Ajatashatru managed to split the Vajjis and also broke the chaityas inside. During this battle, Ajatashatru used a scythed chariot, featuring a swinging mace and blades on both sides and attacked the town with it and conquered it.

==Kingdom==
{{See also|Magadha}}
Ajatashatru moved his capital from [[Rajgriha]] to [[Champapuri|Champa]] due to death of his father.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=42}}

==Family==
===The Jaina tradition===
According to the ''Nirayāvaliyā Suttā'' Ajatashatru was born to King Bimbisara and Queen Chellana, who was the daughter of ''Chetaka'' the king of Vaishali, who was the brother of ''Queen Triśalá'', mother of Mahavira. Ajatashatru had eight wives.

===The Buddhist tradition===
[[File:Rajgir - Bimbisar Jail.jpg|alt=Bimbisara jail where king Bimbisara kept in custody by his own son king Ajatashatru|thumb|Bimbisara jail where king Bimbisara kept in custody by his own son king Ajatashatru]]
According to ''Dīgha nikāya,'' Ajatashatru was born to King Bimbisara and Queen Kosala Devi, who was the daughter of "Maha-Kosala", (the king of Kosala) and sister of "Pasenadi" who later succeeded to the throne. Ajatashatru had 500 wives but the principal consort was Princess Vajira.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=271}} The City of Kasi was given to Bimbisara as dowry by Maha-Kosala. After the murder of Bimbisara, Prasenajit took the city back. This resulted in a war between Ajatashatru and Prasenajit. The war ended in a peace treaty in which Prasenajit married his daughter Vajira to him. Ajatashatru later had a son named ''Udayabhadda or Udayabhadra''.

==Death==
The account of Ajatashatru's death recorded by the Buddhist "long chronology" is {{circa|461 BCE}}.{{sfn|Thapar
|1990|p=56}} The account of his death differs widely between Jain and Buddhist traditions. Other accounts point towards almost a century later<ref name="auto1"/> as the year of his death.

==Religion==
[[File:Sattapanni.jpg|alt=Sattapanni cave in which the first Buddhist council was held|thumb|The Sattapanni cave in which the first Buddhist council held was sponsored by King Ajatashatru.]]
Ajatashatru is mentioned in both Jaina and Buddhist traditions.

The ''Uvavai/Aupapātika sutta,'' which is the first ''Upānga'' (see [[Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)|Jain Agamas]]) of the Jains throws light on the relation between Mahavira and Ajatashatru. It accounts that Ajatashatru held Mahavira in the highest esteem. The same text also states that Ajatashatru had an officer to report to him about the daily routine of Mahavira. He was paid lavishly. The officer had a vast network and supporting field staff through whom he collected all the information about Mahavira and reported to the king. The ''Uvavai Sutta'' has detailed and illuminating discussion on Mahavira's arrival at the city of Champa, the honor was shown to him by Ajatashatru, the sermon given by Mahavira in [[Ardhamagadhi]] language, etc.

According to Buddhist tradition, the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]'' deals with his first meeting with the Buddha, where he realized his mistakes with his association to Devadatta and planning to killing his own father. According to the same text, during this meeting, Ajatashatru took protection of the Buddha, the [[Dhamma]] and the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]. He was mentioned more than once in several other Sutta as an example of strong devotee to the Buddha, the Dhamma, and the Sangha. He erected a vast ''[[Stupa]]'' on the bones and ashes of the Buddha after the funeral, and Ajatashatru also was present in the first [[Buddhist councils|Buddhist council]] at the Sattapanni (Saptparni) caves [[Rajgriha]].

In [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]], Ajatashatru plays a significant [[Soteriology|soteriological]] role. He appears in the [[Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra|Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra]] as a being completely overtaken by evil and suffering, and as such the prototype of an ordinary, sinful person who can only be saved by the Buddha's compassion; the Buddha even declares in this sutra that he will "remain in the world for the sake of Ajatashatru".<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.shabkar.org/download/pdf/Mahaparinirvana_Sutra_Yamamoto_Page_2007.pdf |title=Mahayana Mahaparinirvana-Sutra |date=1973 |pages=269 |translator-last=Yamamoto |translator-first=Kosho |chapter=25: On Pure Actions}}</ref> This episode, along with the broader theme of the [[Three Ages of Buddhism|Age of Dharma Decline]], informed several Mahayana schools' emphasis on faith rather than accumulating [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]].

Whether Ajatashatru was a Jain or Buddhist, both texts accounted for him as a devotee of the respective religions.

==Depictions in popular culture==
* A fictionalised account of Ajatashatru – depicted as a physically gross and tyrannical figure, who delights in committing atrocities and massacres – appears in [[Gore Vidal]]'s novel ''[[Creation (novel)|Creation]]''.
* He features as the protagonist in the film ''[[Amrapali (film)|Amrapali]]'' (1966), where he is played by [[Sunil Dutt]] with [[Vyjayanthimala]] in the titular role of [[Amrapali]].
* A book about his life was written titled Ajatashatru, by Subba Rao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://books.rediff.com/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120707122814/http://books.rediff.com/bookshop/bkproductdisplay.jsp?prrfnbr=81885200&pvrfnbr=82563574&multiple=&frompg=recom_|title=Buy Books Online | Online Bookstore India | Online Book Shopping | Free Shipping Across India|archivedate=7 July 2012|website=books.rediff.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)]]
* [[Samaññaphala Sutta]]
* ''[[Maharaja Ajasath]]'', a biographical Sinhala-language film about Ajatashatru
* [[Avanti-Magadhan Wars]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |date=1991 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}} }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|plainurl=yes}} |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson PLC]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=A History of India |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=1990 |orig-year=First published in 1966 |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-14-194976-5 }}

==Further reading==
* Ācharya Nagrajji''.'' "Agama and Tripitaka - A comparative study of Lord Mahavira and Lord Buddha". ''History and Tradition'', Vol. 1. Chapter 14 "Follower Kings". pg. 355–377, (English version by Muni Mahendrakumarji). Published by Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi 110059.
* [[G. P. Singh]]. 2004. "Early Indian Historical Tradition and Archaeology". [[DK (publisher)|D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd]]. New Delhi 110015. pp. 164, 165.
* [[Jain literature|Jain Aagam]], 1st Upanga ''Uvavai Sutta.'' Chapter "Kunika''".''
* [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham|Basham, A. L.]] (1951) “Ajātasattu’s War with the Licchavis,” ''[[Indian History Congress|Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]]'' 14: 37–41. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/44303932.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/am/ajatasattu.htm Entry on "Ajatasattu" in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names]

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bimbisara]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Ajatashatru]]|years=493 BCE–461 BCE}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Udayabhadra]]}}
{{end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Patricides]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Haryanka dynasty]]
[[Category:460s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Magadha]]

Buddha Smriti Park

2026-03-14T18:57:22Z

QWLDesiree:

{{Short description|Park in Patna, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

{{Infobox park
|name = Buddha Smriti Park
|alt_name = बुद्ध स्मृति पार्क Buddha Memorial Park

|photo =Buddha Smriti Park.jpg
|photo_width = 1080
|photo_caption = Patliputra Karuna Stupa
in Buddha Smriti Park
|photo_alt =
|map = India Patna
|map_width =
|map_caption = Location in Patna
|map_alt =

|coords = {{coord|25|36|24|N|85|8|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = [[Frazer Road]], [[Patna]], [[India]]
| area = 22 acre<ref name="DECCEN" />
|operator = [[Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/sobriety-first-buddhist-conclave-220056757.html | title=Sobriety first for Buddhist conclave | publisher=Yahoo News | work=telegraphindia.com | date=4 January 2013 | accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref>
| budget=
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| status =Active
| awards =
| open = perennial open
| camp_sites =
| hiking_trails =
| plants =
| species =
| collections =

| free_label = Construction cost
| free_data = {{INRConvert|125|c}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110216/jsp/bihar/story_13583927.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131839/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110216/jsp/bihar/story_13583927.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 April 2015 | title=Odd timings keep monks away from Buddha park | work=The Telegraph| date=16 February 2011 | accessdate=19 March 2015 | author=Aarohi Keshav}}</ref>
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806022031/http://buddha-smriti-park.com/ buddha-smriti-park.com]

|child =
|embedded =
}}

'''Buddha Smriti Park''' is also known as '''Buddha Memorial Park''' (as translated in English) is an [[urban park]] located on [[Frazer Road]] near [[Patna Junction]] in [[Patna, India]].<ref name="DECCEN">{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/71854/content/214735/F | title=Dalai Lama inaugurates Patna's Buddha Smriti Park | work=Deccen Herald| date=27 May 2010 | accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref> This park has been designed by [[Vikram Lall]]<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2017-05-09|title=Art and culture reduced to a spectacle: Performing artistes|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Commoner/2017-05-08/Art-and-culture-reduced-to-a-spectacle-Performing-artistes/298574|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> and developed by the [[Bihar Government]]<ref>[http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/UD-BP-7.pdf Urban Development & Housing Dept Buddha Smriti Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606073849/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/UD-BP-7.pdf |date=6 June 2016 }} Bihar Urban</ref> to commemorate the 2554th birth anniversary of the [[Buddha]]. This park was inaugurated by the 14th [[Dalai Lama]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalai-lama-inaugurates-buddha-smriti-park-in-patna/article439371.ece Dalai Lama inaugurates Buddha Smriti Park in Patna] The Hindu. Retrieved 27 May 2010</ref>

==Overview==
The park has been constructed at the place where once the historical [[Bankipur Central Jail]] of [[United Kingdom|British]] era existed. After a new central jail was built at Beur on the outskirts of [[Patna]], the old jail become redundant.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Patna-has-lost-its-charm/articleshow/13016546.cms | title=Patna has lost its charm | work=The Times of India| publisher=B K Mishra, TNN | date=6 May 2012 | accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref> The park is a brainchild of the Chief Minister of [[Bihar]], [[Nitish Kumar]]. Tibetan spiritual leader, [[Dalai Lama]], on 27 May 2010 inaugurated Buddha Smriti Park<ref name="lama">{{cite web | url=http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/541-dalai-lama-inaugurates-buddha-park | title=Dalai Lama Inaugurates Buddha Park | publisher=dalailama.com | date=28 May 2010 | accessdate=19 March 2015 | archive-date=4 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804074408/http://dalailama.com/news/post/541-dalai-lama-inaugurates-buddha-park | url-status=dead }}</ref> and planted two saplings one was brought from [[Bodh Gaya]] and the other from [[Anuradhapura]] in [[Sri Lanka]] of the sacred Bodhi tree. A branch of the original Mahabodhi tree at Bodh Gaya is believed to have been taken to Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka by Emperor [[Ashoka]]'s son Mahendra. The Sri Lankan delegation had brought a sapling from this tree to be planted at the Buddha Smriti Park.<ref name="lama" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130419045606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/patna/28251450_1_sapling-buddha-smriti-park-patna-airport Sacred tree sapling planted at Patna s Buddha park] The Times of India. Retrieved 16 Nov 2010</ref>

The central attraction of this park is the stupa, known as Patliputra Karuna Stupa, 200 feet high, situated in the middle of the park.<ref name="times">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/High-end-star-hotel-behind-Patnas-Buddha-memorial-park-mooted/articleshow/18833465.cms | title=High end star hotel behind Patna's Buddha memorial park mooted | work=The Times of India| publisher=Pranava Kumar Chaudhary, TNN | date=6 March 2013 | accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref> This 22-acre park located in the heart of city house the pot containing holy ashes of Buddha inside the main stupa. Previously the pot containing ashes of Buddha was for display in [[Patna Museum]], pot was earlier excavated from [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]. The park has a museum,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Rs-25-cr-Buddha-museum-opened/articleshow/22568405.cms | title=Rs 25-cr Buddha museum opened | work=The Times of India| date=14 September 2013 | accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref> where Buddhist relics from [[Japan]], [[Myanmar]], [[South Korea]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Thailand]] have been installed.

The park is also having meditation hall for prayers.<ref name="times" /> The entry charge is {{INR}}20 per individual be it child or an elder person. It now has a tall statue of Buddha.

==Attractions==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 340
| align =
| background color = #FFD068
| width =
| image1 = Buddha Smriti Park Patna.jpg
| image2 = Buddha Smriti Park 3.jpg
| image3 = Budhha-Memorial-Park-Patna.jpg
| image4 = New horizon of bihar.jpg
| footer_background = #FFD068
| footer_align = center
| footer = Patliputra Karuna Stupa
}}
{{multiple image
| align =
| background color = #FFD068
| width =
| image1 = Buddha Smriti Park 02.JPG
| caption1 = Walkway through the garden
| image2 = Budha Smriti Park 01.JPG
| caption2 = Path leading into the Meditation centre
| image3 =
| caption3 = Patliputra Karuna Stupa
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
| footer =
| total_width = 340
}}

===Laser show===

There is a laser show in the park in the evenings. The show is related to the history of Bihar from the time of Ramayana to post Independence.

===Meditation centre===
The Meditation Centre has been developed to create a unique facility dedicated to the derived from plan of the monasteries in the ancient [[Mahavihara]] of [[Nalanda]]. It consists of a total of 60 air conditioned cells, each having a view of the Stupa enshrining the sacred relics of Sakyamuni Buddha. Its library has books on Buddhism along with a large Audio-Visual Hall. The Hall has been designed to be used by the groups visiting the park.

===Smriti Bagh (Park of Memories)===
The park of memories is a landscaped open space which have votive stupas from countries across the world, each designed in the architectural pattern representative of the specific country. The park symbolically represents the dispersion of [[Buddhism]] from Bihar to various regions of the world. It has a seating capacity of around 5000 people.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120720/jsp/bihar/story_15750948.jsp#.VQsQTNKUdH4 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730062615/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120720/jsp/bihar/story_15750948.jsp#.VQsQTNKUdH4 | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 July 2012 | title=Laser lessons on Buddha at park | work=The Telegraph| date=20 July 2012 | accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref>

===Museum===
The museum building impersonates the free flowing natural form of the Buddhist Cave Monasteries of India that evolved from the earliest examples of Barabar Caves found in Bihar. The museum will showcase the life and times of Buddha through original artefacts, 3-D models, audio — visual medium and multimedia presentations.

===Stupa===
The stupa enshrining the holy relics of the Sakyamuni Buddha, is the focal point of the Buddha Smriti Park. Ambulatory paths around the stupa for parikrama have been provided at three levels that lead to the highest level of the building. The relics are enshrined within the secure glass structure of the stupa and is accessible for viewing. Holy relics from Japan, Myanmar, South Korea, Thailand, Sri Lanka and Tibet can be seen here.

===Bodhi trees===
The park has saplings of holy [[Ficus religiosa|Bodhi trees]] which have been received from Mahameghavana Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka and [[Bodh Gaya]], India.

==See also==
* [[Cetiya]]
* [[Relics associated with Buddha]]
* [[Global Vipassana Pagoda]]
* [[Buddha Samyak Darshan Museum and Memorial Stupa]]
* [[Eco Park, Patna|Eco Park]]
* [[Bihar Museum]]
* [[Prakash Punj]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20130806022031/http://buddha-smriti-park.com/}} Archived 6 August 2013.

{{Patna}}
{{Tourist attractions in Patna}}

[[Category:Parks in Patna]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Urban public parks]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]

Khamoshi (1969 film)

2026-03-06T15:13:09Z

QWLDesiree: put up a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{About-distinguish|the 1969 film|Khamoshi (2019 film)|Khamoshi: The Musical}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khamoshi
| image = Khamoshi, 1969 film.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]
| producer = [[Hemant Kumar]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] (screenplay)|[[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]] (dialogue)}}
| screenplay =
| story = [[Ashutosh Mukherjee (writer)|Ashutosh Mukherjee]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Nurse Mitra'', a short story|[[Ashutosh Mukherjee (writer)|Ashutosh Mukherjee]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Waheeda Rehman]]|[[Rajesh Khanna]]|[[Dharmendra]] (special appearance)}}
| music = [[Hemant Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Bose]]
| editing =
| studio = Geetanjali Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1969|04|25}}
| runtime = 127 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Khamoshi''''' ({{translation|''Silence''}}) is a 1969 black-and-white [[Hindi]] drama film directed by [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]], starring [[Waheeda Rehman]] and [[Rajesh Khanna]]. It is especially remembered for its memorable music by [[Hemant Kumar]] and lyrics by [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]] in songs such as "Tum Pukaar Lo... Tumhara Intezaar Hai" sung by Hemant Kumar, "Woh Shaam Kuch Ajeeb Thi" by Kishore Kumar and "Humne Dekhi Hai In Aankhon Ki Mehekti Khushboo" sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. Though what really made this film stand out was the B&W cinematography by [[Kamal Bose]], who won [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South|Best Cinematographer]] at the [[18th Filmfare Awards]] for his work in the film and received high critical acclaim for Rehman and Khanna's performances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-unmatched-hit-streak/976712/|title = The Unmatched Hit Streak - Indian Express}}</ref> Rehman's performance earned her a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination at the same ceremony.<ref name=hin/> The film was a moderate success at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|title=The best of Rajesh Khanna|date=31 July 2012 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/the-best-of-rajesh-khanna-1.382533/|publisher=}}</ref>

''Khamoshi'' was shot in [[Calcutta]] and was based on the Bengali short story titled ''Nurse Mitra'' by noted [[Bengali people|Bengali]] writer, [[Ashutosh Mukherjee (writer)|Ashutosh Mukherjee]] and is a remake of director [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen's]] own Bengali film, ''[[Deep Jwele Jaai]]'' (1959), starring [[Suchitra Sen]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/remakes-of-bengali-films-whats-new-in-this-trend/articleshow/72241437.cms|title = Remakes of Bengali films: What's new in this trend? - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=27 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - নিবন্ধ |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1140111/11smaran.html |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=archives.anandabazar.com |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112104758/https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1140111/11smaran.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Bengali original proved to be a hit at the box office, especially at the urban centres. Impressed by the story line, producer Vuppunuthula Purushotham Reddy and director G. Ramineedu remade the Bengali film into ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi]]'' (1960), which was a blockbuster.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Chivaraku-Migiledi-1960/article14022703.ece|title=Chivaraku Migiledi (1960)|first=M. L.|last=Narasimhan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 January 2016|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Colonel Sahab, a [[World War II]] veteran doctor, is head of the [[psychiatry ward]] at a hospital. Nurse Radha working the same ward is heart-broken after a civilian patient, Dev Kumar, whom she cured, left the hospital. She had been unable to keep her heart separate from her professional work and had fallen in love with that patient. Arun Choudhary, a writer and poet enters as a patient, suffering from acute mania after being rejected by his lover, Sulekha, a singer. After refusing to take care of him initially, Radha later relents. While caring for Arun, she reminisces about her past and tells a story of how she took care of injured brave army soldiers when she was posted in Ladakh during the Sino-Indian war of 1962.

Gradually, Arun is cured but Nurse Radha, yet again is emotionally involved with her patient. Unable to deal with her complex feelings, Radha becomes emotionally deranged. Ironically she is admitted to the same room of the ward. Colonel Sahab regrets that he always saw a devoted nurse in her and didn't see the woman inside her. Arun promises to wait for her recovery.

==Cast==
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Nurse Radha
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Arun Choudhary
* [[Dharmendra]] (special appearance) as Dev Kumar (Patient #24)
* [[Nazir Hussain]] as Dr. Colonel Saab
* [[Iftekhar]] as Doctor
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Matron
* [[Deven Verma]] as Patient #22
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Biharilal Gupta
* Snehalata as Sulekha, Arun's girlfriend

==Background==
Director [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] (not to be confused with the actor-comedian [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]]) acted in the original Bengali film ''[[Deep Jwele Jaai]]'' (1959) in a role which was essayed by [[Dharmendra]] in ''Khamoshi''. The movie-goers did not recognise Asit Sen in the film, because it was a dark scene marked with the baritone voice of [[Hemant Kumar]]. The director revealed this in an interview in the 1990s.<ref name=hin>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804050555/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/08/16/stories/2008081653140600.htm Khamoshi 1969] [[The Hindu]], 16 August 2008.</ref> After his success in the off-beat films ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' (1966) and ''[[Anokhi Raat]]'' (1968), Sen, wanting to make it big in Bombay as well, decided to remake his Bengali hit.

The lead actress of the film, Waheeda Rehman suggested the name of actor [[Rajesh Khanna]] to Sen, having been impressed by his work in ''[[Aakhri Khat]]'' (1966). She said that her own performance came "nowhere near that of [[Suchitra Sen]] in the original." She credited the director for helping her a lot during difficult scenes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asitda was a rare talent|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-26/kolkata/27257888_1_rajesh-khanna-dev-anand-hindi-version |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104065059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-26/kolkata/27257888_1_rajesh-khanna-dev-anand-hindi-version |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |date=26 August 2001 |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=29 April 2013}}</ref> Rehman said in an interview that she could not meet the standards set by [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] in ''Chivaraku Migiledi'' (1960) for the character.<ref name="auto"/>

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Hemant Kumar]] and lyrics were written by [[Gulzar]].

# "Woh Shaam Kuch Ajeeb Thi... Yeh Shaam Bhi Ajeeb Hai": [[Kishore Kumar]]
# "Tum Pukaar Lo... Tumhara Intezaar Hai": Hemant Kumar
# "Humne Dekhi Hai Un Aankhon Ki Mehekti Khushboo": [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<ref name="hin" />
# "Aaj Ki Raat Chiraagon": [[Aarti Mukherjee]]<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/hindi/moviedetail.asp?mid=H000102 Khamoshi songs]</ref>
# "Dost Kahaan Koi Tumsa": [[Manna Dey]]

==Awards and nominations==
'''[[18th Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Filmfare Awards 1953|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|publisher=|access-date=8 April 2008|archive-date=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>'''

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematographer]] (B&W) ''–'' [[Kamal Bose]]

'''Nominated'''
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] ''–'' [[Waheeda Rehman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0142431|title=Khamoshi}}

[[Category:1969 drama films]]
[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hemant Kumar]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Nannedeya Haadu

2026-03-05T18:40:07Z

QWLDesiree: started initial post and citations

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nannedeya Haadu
| image = Nannedeya Haadu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Guruvendra
| writer = Immadi Venkatesh (dialogue)
| screenplay = Immadi Venkatesh
| story = Guruvendra
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|*Anand
*[[Ramya Barna]]
*Charashri
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mallikarjuna
| editing = Shivaraj Mehu
| music = A T Raveesh
| studio = Sanath Prekshitha Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|5|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nannedeya Haadu''''' ({{Translation|The song of my heart}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Guruvendra and starring Anand, [[Ramya Barna]] and Charashri with [[Ramesh Bhat]] in a supporting role.

== Plot ==
Mohan goes to Shankara Shastry's class for music lessons in order to impress his lover Spoorthi but he also falls in love with his music teacher's granddaughter Pallavi.

==Cast==
*Anand as Mohan
*[[Ramya Barna]] as Pallavi
*Charashri as Spoorthi
*[[Ramesh Bhat]] as Shankara Shastry
*[[Bank Janardhan]]

== Production ==
This film marks the second film of television anchor-turned-actor Anand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/three-to-tango/articleshow/22133722.cms|title=Three to tango|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=27 May 2009|access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref> [[Ramya Barna]] plays a music teacher in the film.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sharadha |last=Srinidhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/way-to-go-ramya/articleshow/4616349.cms |title=Way to go, Ramya! |date=5 June 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=14 October 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nannedeya Haadu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = A T Raveesh
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 March 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 36:03
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| chronology = A T Raveesh
| prev_title = [[Seena]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Preethiyinda Ramesh]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Tgy_g_Q14nc|Nannedeya Haadu – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The soundtrack was composed by A T Raveesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nannedeya Haadu Songs by A T Raveesh |url=https://gaana.com/album/nannedeya-haadu-kannada |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Heegeko Kane
| length1 = 6:11
| lyrics1 = Venugopal
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| title2 = Ninna Preethiyonde Nanage
| length2 = 6:24
| lyrics2 = Umashankar
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| title3 = Yeranneri Holev
| length3 = 5:18
| lyrics3 = Sridhar Koteshwara
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title4 = Usiru Hogo
| length4 = 0:48
| lyrics4 = Guruvendra
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan
| title5 = Yarado Shapa
| length5 = 0:48
| lyrics5 = Umashankar
| extra5 = Guruvendra
| title6 = Ranganayaka
| length6 = 2:03
| lyrics6 = Purandara Dasaru
| extra6 = Anuradha Bhat
| title7 = Nannusire Nannusire
| length7 = 4:47
| lyrics7 = Umashankar
| extra7 = Guruvendra
| title8 = Kanninali Sanneyal
| length8 = 4:43
| lyrics8 = Sridhar Koteshwara
| extra8 = [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| title9 = Kallina Koli
| length9 = 5:01
| lyrics9 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra9 = [[C. Ashwath]], [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Sathish
| total_length = 36:03
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Director Guruvendra has a decent story in hand but his story telling ways are compromises of convenience, almost killing the film"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nannedeya-haadu-soulless-song/articleshow/22133063.cms|title=Nannedeya Haadu : Soulless song|website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=28 May 2009|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "A decent story is spoilt by narration that reeks of inexperience, lack of confidence and loads of compromises".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/5150/nannedeya-haadu.html|title=Nannedeya Haadu|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=29 May 2009|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> On the contrary, a critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of fives tars and wrote that "This one's a musical love story brilliantly presented by director Guruvendra with an excellent script, neat narration and good command over sequences. Though the opening has loose ends, the director gradually, takes control of the story and keeps up the momentum".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nannedaya-haadu/movie-review/4593677.cms|title=Nannedaya Haadu Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 May 2009|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14149054}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Naanum Oru Penn

2026-03-05T00:50:06Z

QWLDesiree: started basic page initial version

{{short description|1963 film by A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Naanum Oru Penn.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
| screenplay = A. C. Tirulokchandar [[:ml:കെ.പി. കൊട്ടാരക്കര|K. P. Kottarakkara]] (uncredited)
| based_on = {{based on|''Bodhu''|Sri Shailesh Dey}}
| producer = [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Kumaran M. Murugan
| starring = [[S. S. Rajendran]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari|R. Vijayakumari]]
| cinematography = T. Muthusamy
| editing = R. G. Gopi
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions|Murugan Brothers]]
| released = {{Film date|1963|6|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Naanum Oru Penn''''' ({{translation|I too am a woman}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] and written by [[:ml:കെ.പി. കൊട്ടാരക്കര|K. P. Kottarakkara]]. The film stars [[S. S. Rajendran]] and [[C. R. Vijayakumari|R. Vijayakumari]], with [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[M. R. Radha]], [[S. V. Subbaiah]], [[Nagesh|C. K. Nagesh]], [[A. V. M. Rajan|Rajan]] and [[Pushpalatha|C. S. Pushpalatha]] in supporting roles. It revolves around a dark complexioned and uneducated girl and how she convinces everyone that more than appearance and education, it is the character which is important for a woman.

''Naanum Oru Penn'' is an adaptation of Sri Shailesh Dey's Bengali play ''Bodhu''. The film is the second production of Murugan Brothers, a subsidiary of [[AVM Productions]], and the feature film debut of Rajan. The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]], while the lyrics for the songs were written by [[Kannadasan]], [[Panchu Arunachalam]], Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam and V. Seetharaman.

''Naanum Oru Penn'' was released on 7 June 1963. The film earned positive critical feedback and went on to become a commercial success. It won many awards, including the [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film]], the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film]] and Cinema Fans Award for Best Film. The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Main Bhi Ladki Hoon]]'' (1964) and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Naadi Aada Janme]]'' (1965). Both the versions were directed by Tirulokachander with Ranga Rao reprising his role.

== Plot ==
The [[Zamindar]] of [[Selvapuram]] is unable to get over the death of his wife and continues grieving her. His sons Bhaskar and Balu live with him. Sabapathi, the Zamindar's brother-in-law, lives in the same house with his wife and son and secretly lusts for the Zamindar's wealth. Bhaskar, the older son, desires to marry an attractive and educated girl. Balu and his collegemate Malathi are lovers.

Kali, the Zamindar's trusted servant, advises the Zamindar to have Bhaskar married, believing the bride would fill the void left by the Zamindar's wife. The Zamindar tasks Sabapathi with finding a girl for Bhaskar. Sabapathi cunningly schemes to have Bhaskar marry Kalyani, a dark-skinned, illiterate girl whose brother Chidambaram is a grocer. He takes Balu and Bhaskar to Chidambaram's house. There, he tricks them by presenting Kalyani's younger sister, revealed to be the more attractive Malathi. Bhaskar agrees, and Balu becomes disheartened. The Zamindar agrees to the marriage without having seen the bride.

On the day of the marriage, the truth is revealed and everyone abuses Kalyani. But to protect her grace and his esteem, Bhaskar decides to continue with the marriage. Sabapathi, to save himself, pins the manipulation on Chidambaram. The Zamindar, who is displeased over not getting an attractive daughter-in-law, cancels the [[Wedding reception|reception]] arrangements, and refuses to bless the newly married couple. He treats Kalyani poorly and she becomes depressed. Kalyani, oblivious to Sabapathi's machinations, apologises to Bhaskar and he wholeheartedly accepts her. The Zamindar too gradually begins to accept her.

Months later, Kalyani becomes pregnant. Bhaskar, unaware that Kalyani cannot read, sends her a letter asking her to prepare dinner for his visiting friends and appear presentable, but is dismayed when neither instruction is followed. He berates her until she apologises and confesses that she is illiterate; Kalyani explains that, following her parents' death, she sacrificed her education to support Malathi. Kalyani's trauma causes her to miscarry.

Kalyani decides to learn to read, and Balu agrees to help her; they decide on nighttime tuitions to conceal Kalyani's illiteracy from the others. While Bhaskar is in [[Delhi]], Sabapathi tries to steal valuables from the safe, but Kalyani thwarts him. In revenge, he tells the Zamindar of an [[extramarital affair]] between her and Balu. While Kalyani is attending tuition in Balu's room, the Zamindar spots them together; he throws them out of the house after believing Sabapathi's lies, despite them pleading innocent.

In Delhi, Bhaskar finds his friend Mohan unconscious on the road after drinking. Mohan says his attractive wife abandoned him and tells Bhaskar that character and culture matter more than beauty, education and sophistication. A regretful Bhaskar returns to Selvapuram to meet Kalyani. He learns that she and Balu were thrown out of the house due to their alleged affair. Bhaskar refuses to believe that story; after unsuccessfully trying to pacify his father, Bhaskar too leaves the house.

The Zamindar goes into depression, becomes ill and bedridden. Seizing the change to usurp the Zamindar's wealth, Sabapathi requests him to sign a document giving himself certain properties, concealing the fact that it means his entire wealth. Meanwhile Kalyani, on learning of the Zamindar's condition, rushes to meet him. Just before the Zamindar signs the document without having read the full content, Kalyani snatches it and exposes Sabapathi's foul play by reading the full content aloud, much to the surprise of the Zamindar, Bhaskar, Balu and Kali, while Sabapathi escapes. The Zamindar understands Kalyani's noble character and apologises. With the family reunited, the Zamindar fixes Balu and Malathi's marriage.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
*[[S. S. Rajendran]] as Bhaskar
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari|R. Vijayakumari]] as Kalyani
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as the [[Zamindar]]
*[[M. R. Radha]] as Sabapathi{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=168}}
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Kali{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=168}}
*[[Nagesh|C. K. Nagesh]] as Chidambaram
*[[A. V. M. Rajan|Rajan]] as Balu
*[[Pushpalatha|C. S. Pushpalatha]] as Malathi
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Sabapathi's wife{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=168}}

*[[S. A. Ashokan]] as Mohan (guest appearance){{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=169}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After watching the Bengali play ''Bodhu'', [[A. V. Meiyappan]] of [[AVM Productions]] was impressed and decided to adapt it into a Tamil film. [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] was selected to direct the film, titled ''Naanum Oru Penn''.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=135}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=20 February 2005 |title=நாகேஷ் போட்ட சவால்! |trans-title=The challenge laid by Nagesh! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-02-20/kalki2005-02-20.pdf |access-date=28 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–55 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It was produced by Meiyappan's sons Murugan, [[M. Saravanan (producer)|Saravanan]] and Kumaran under Murugan Brothers, a subsidiary of AVM. ''Naanum Oru Penn'' was the second production of Murugan Brothers.<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Nanum Oru Penn |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[AVM Productions|Murugan Brothers]] |time=0:00 to 2:24 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref><ref name="Sport&Pastime">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=6 July 1983 |title=Nanum Oru Penn |url=https://archive.org/download/dli.bengal.10689.12015/10689.12015_text.pdf |access-date=28 March 2024 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |pages=42–43 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref> The producers wanted [[:ml:കെ.പി. കൊട്ടാരക്കര|K. P. Kottarakkara]] to write the screenplay and he agreed, but Tirulokchandar, a screenwriter himself, was against anyone writing the screenplay under his direction. However, the producers remained resolute and persuaded him to co-operate with Kottarakkara in the screenwriting process. Tirulokchandar relented under the condition that he be credited as the sole screenwriter.<ref name="AVM Sagaptham 18">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2019 |title=ஏவி.எம்., சகாப்தம் (18) |trans-title=AVM, Era (18) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/avm-era-18/47130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417142625/https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/avm-era-18/47130 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by T. Muthusamy and editing by R. G. Gopi.<ref name="credits" /> [[Sowcar Janaki]], in an interview with ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' in 1993, said that ''Naanum Oru Penn'' was based on the 1955 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[:te:కన్యాదానం (1955)|Kanyadaanam]]'' in which she acted.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜானகி |first=சௌகார் |author-link=Sowcar Janaki |date=2 May 1993 |title=வித்தியாச வாய்ப்பு; கூடவே சோதனை! |trans-title=A unique opportunity; a test too! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-02/page/n63/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240328140953/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-02/page/n63/mode/2up? |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=62–63 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The crew initially wanted [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Bhaskar and Kalyani; however Tirulokchandar was adamant and chose [[S. S. Rajendran]] and [[C. R. Vijayakumari|R. Vijayakumari]] instead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2012 |title=ஏ.சி.திருலோகசந்தர்: எம்.ஜி.ஆரை வைத்து இயக்கிய ஒரே படம் 'அன்பே வா' |trans-title=A. C. Tirulokchandar: The only directed film to star M. G. R. was ''Anbe Vaa'' |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/04/28162800/avm-production-mgr-act-anbe-va.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207144517/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/04/28162800/avm-production-mgr-act-anbe-va.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The make-up for Vijayakumari was done by Kini.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்.பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=22 July 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 18- நாகேஷின் அழுகை! |trans-title=Try making a film 18- Nagesh's cries! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/48952-18.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007040947/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/48952-18.html |archive-date=7 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Vijayakumari initially had apprehension of portraying the character since many people warned her not to spoil her career by doing this character, but [[Sivaji Ganesan]] encouraged her to act in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2015 |title=விஜயகுமாரி கறுப்புப் பெண்ணாக நடித்த நானும் ஒரு பெண் |trans-title=Vijayakumari acted as a dusky girl in ''Naanum Oru Penn'' |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2015/06/01215848/vijayakumari-acted-nanum-oru-p.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902115551/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/ |archive-date=2 September 2020 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> This was the feature film debut of [[A. V. M. Rajan|Rajan]], who later prefixed AVM to his name; he portrayed Bhaskar's brother Balu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2014 |title=About AVM Rajan's name |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/About-AVM-Rajans-name/articleshow/33389194.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206120228/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/About-AVM-Rajans-name/articleshow/33389194.cms |archive-date=6 December 2014 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rajan and [[Pushpalatha|C. S. Pushpalatha]], who portrayed Kalyani's sister Malathi, met during the film's production, fell in love and got married.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 July 2010 |title=Chitrangi (1964) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/chitrangi-1964/article517519.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902115552/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Chitrangi-1964/article16197751.ece |archive-date=2 September 2020 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2012 |title=நானும் ஒரு பெண்ணில் இணைந்து நடித்த ஏ.வி.எம்.ராஜன் புஷ்பலதா வாழ்க்கையிலும் இணைந்தனர் |trans-title=A. V. M. Rajan and Pushpalatha who co-starred in ''Naanum Oru Penn'' were also together in real life |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/06/03180217/nanum-or-pen-actor-avm-raja.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630003610/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/06/03180217/nanum-or-pen-actor-avm-raja.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Nagesh|C. K. Nagesh]] initially charged {{INRConvert|10000|year=1963}} for portraying Kalyani's brother Chidambaram, while AVM suggested half the price; he finally agreed for {{INRConvert|6000|year=1963}}.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=136–137}}<ref name="nagesh">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=27 February 2005 |title=நாகேஷின் அழுகை! |trans-title=Nagesh's cries! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-02-27/kalki2005-02-27.pdf |access-date=21 June 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=44–46 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> This was Nagesh's first film with AVM.<ref name="hindu" />

=== Filming ===
The song "Yemara Sonnadhu" was shot at main road of Vidhan Soudha, Bangalore with Karnataka Assembly building in the background.<ref name="AVM Sagaptham 18" /> It was later reshot at Vijaya Garden in Madras as the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] objected to the scene where Rajan and Pushpalatha's characters are shown dancing in [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] costumes.<ref name="hindu" /> A scene required Chidambaram to cry over the misfortune of his sister Kalyani; Nagesh was concerned whether people would accept such a scene due to his reputation as a comedian, but Tirulokchander encouraged him; everyone was impressed after watching the filmed footage.<ref name="nagesh" />{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=137–138}}

While discussing the ending, the team felt this film's end should be tragic with [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] and Vijayakumari's characters dying as they felt ''[[Pasamalar]]'' (1961) succeeded because of its tragic climax and wanted to repeat it; however Meiyappan decided to have a [[happy ending]] as he wanted Vijayakumari's character to lead a happy life.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=21 July 1991 |title=ஏ.வி.எம்: 1–150 |trans-title=AVM: 1–150 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1991-07-21/kalki1991-07-21.pdf |access-date=21 June 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=8–12 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The final length of the film's prints were initially over {{Convert|16000|feet|metres|abbr=on}}, at a time when films were generally {{Convert|15000|feet|metres|abbr=on}}; it was edited down to {{Convert|4520|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=168}}{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=138–139}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=1963 – நானும் ஒரு பெண் – முருகன் பிரதர்ஸ் |trans-title=1963 – Naanum Oru Penn – Murugan Brothers |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1963-cinedetails22.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215052629/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1963-cinedetails22.asp |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=3 August 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1963 |title=Naanum Oru Penn (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/naanum-oru-penn-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1366582501 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109051915/https://music.apple.com/us/album/naanum-oru-penn-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1366582501 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The tune of the song "Kanna Karumai" was created before the lyrics had been written. Saravanan was not happy with the lyrics provided by the lyricist despite it matching the tune, so [[Kannadasan]] was approached. According to Saravanan, "He said the lyric should precede the music, and also insisted that the [[pallavi]] should present the basic theme of the film. Thus was born ‘Kanna karumai nira Kanna,’ which we then set to tune".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=20 October 2016 |title=Kannadasan's lyrics held a mirror to life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Kannadasans-lyrics-held-a-mirror-to-life/article16076779.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123100408/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Kannadasans-lyrics-held-a-mirror-to-life/article16076779.ece |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=14 February 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Poopola Poopola
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| length1 = 3:54
| title2 = Emara Sonnathu
| note2 = female
| extra2 = P. Susheela
| lyrics2 = [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]
| length2 = 3:17
| title3 = Kanna Karumai
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| lyrics3 = [[Kannadasan]]
| length3 = 3:21
| title4 = Emara Sonnathu
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan
| lyrics4 = Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam
| note4 = male
| length4 = 3:06
| total_length = 18:00 
}}

== Release ==
''Naanum Oru Penn'' was released on 7 June 1963.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=135}} It became a commercial success, completing a theatrical run of 25 weeks, and becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].{{sfn|Raghavendra|2017|p=43}}

=== Reception ===
The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in its original review of the film dated 30 June 1963 mentioned that though many had acted well, Ranga Rao deserved the first prize for acting in the film for making viewers cry in a few places.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=170}} T. M. Ramachandran, writing for ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'', praised the film for Tirulokchandar's "imaginative screenplay and skilful direction", the performances of Vijayakumari, Rajendran, Ranga Rao, Rajan and Pushpalatha, and the music by Sudarsanam.<ref name="Sport&Pastime" /> Kanthan of ''Kalki'' appreciated many aspects of the film, including Tirulokchandar's execution of the story, the cast performances, the music and the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=30 June 1963 |title=நானும் ஒரு பெண் |trans-title=I too am a woman |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1963-06-30/page/n45/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230908121925/https://archive.org/details/kalki1963-06-30/page/n45/mode/2up? |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=28 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=44–45 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Politician [[Jothi Venkatachalam]], then the minister for public health in Madras, appreciated the film for its quality and gave souvenirs to the cast and crew during the film's 100th day celebrations.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 October 1963 |title=Tit-Bits |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n503/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230303063652/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n503/mode/2up |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=9 March 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=51 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film]] at [[11th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 1964 |title=State Awards for Films |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/103_11thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609120223/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/103_11thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 1964 |title='Best Picture' award for Hindi film |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kIFlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xJ0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1036%2C3969227 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524143845/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kIFlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xJ0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1036%2C3969227 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> It also won [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]] and Film Fans Award for Best Film.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=170}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=6-12 August 2011 |title=Tamil cinema 75 – A look back {{!}} The AVM Story – 75 |url=http://mambalamtimes.in/admin/pdf/1312550277.06.08.2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117174155/http://mambalamtimes.in/admin/pdf/1312550277.06.08.2011.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=Mambalam Times}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Naanum Oru Penn'' was remade in Telugu as ''[[Naadi Aada Janme]]'' and in Hindi as ''[[Main Bhi Ladki Hoon]]''. Both versions, released in 1964, were directed by Tirulokachander and featured Ranga Rao reprising his role.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=143}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2019 |title=காப்பிய நாயகி கண்ணகிக்கு உருவம் கொடுத்தவர் விஜயகுமாரி |trans-title=Vijayakumari who gave shape to the epic heroine Kannagi |url=http://kungumam.co.in/ThArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5667&id1=85&issue=20190516 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919153036/http://kungumam.co.in/ThArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5667&id1=85&issue=20190516 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Kanna Karumai" was reused in the Hindi remake.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 November 1979 |title=இசை அமைப்பாளருடன் சில அனுபவங்கள்! |trans-title=Some experiences with a music composer! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-11-18/kalki1979-11-18.pdf |access-date=28 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=24–26 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was also remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Hridhayathinte Nirangal]]'' (1979).<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2015 |title=தமிழ் டூ மலையாளம் உண்டல்லோ? |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |pages=12 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Naanum Oru Penn'' is considered a landmark film in Tamil cinema for "the role of women".{{sfn|Raghavendra|2017|pp=42–43}} Historian [[G. Dhananjayan]] considers it "the first film to address the relevant theme of what is needed in a woman for a happy family", attributing its success to this.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=170}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |title=Beyond Bollywood: The Cinemas of South India |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2017 |editor-last=Raghavendra |editor-first=M. K. |editor-link=M. K. Raghavendra |oclc=1015680442}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{AVM Productions}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Tamil}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:1963 drama films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Discrimination based on skin tone]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about racism]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. C. Thirulokachandar]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Sri Lanka

2026-03-05T00:13:12Z

QWLDesiree: minor changes

{{Short description|Country in South Asia}}
{{Redirect|Ceylon}}
{{Redirect|Ilangai}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
| common_name = Sri Lanka
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|si|ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජය|italics=off}}
| {{native name|ta|இலங்கை சனநாயக சோசலிசக் குடியரசு|italics=off}}
| {{Infobox
| subbox = yes
| bodystyle = font-size:0.85rem;font-weight:normal;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow
| label1 = [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]:
| data1 = {{transliteration|si|ISO|Śrī Laṅkā Prajātāntrika Samājavādī Janarajaya}}
| rowclass2 = mergedrow
| label2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]:
| data2 = {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Ilaṅkai Caṉanāyaka Cōcalicak Kuṭiyaracu}}
}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Sri Lanka.svg
| coa_size = 70
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_anthem = "[[Sri Lanka Matha]]" ශ්‍රී ලංකා මාතා (Sinhala) தாயே இலங்கை (Tamil) ({{Langx|en|"Mother Sri Lanka"}}) <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Sri Lankan national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga|center]]</div>
| image_map = Sri Lanka (orthographic projection).svg
| capital = {{ubl|[[Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte]] (legislative)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Jayewardenepura-Kotte |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617044803/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Jayewardenepura-Kotte |url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Colombo]] (executive and judicial)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Colombo |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Colombo |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306022806/https://www.britannica.com/place/Colombo |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Coord|6|56|N|79|52|E|type:city}}}}
| largest_city = [[Colombo]]
| languages_type = '''Official languages''' and recognised national languages
| languages = {{hlist|[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Languages Policy |url=http://www.languagesdept.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=38&Itemid=163&lang=en |website=languagesdept.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Official Languages |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412193905/http://languagesdept.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=38&Itemid=163&lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = Recognised language
| languages2 = [[Sri Lankan English|English]]
| ethnic_groups = {{ubli|74.1% [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]|12.3% [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]|{{nowrap|10.5% [[Sri Lankan Moors]]}}|2.8% [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]]|0.3% other}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistics.gov.lk//Resource/en/Population/CPH_2024/Population_Preliminary_Report.pdf|date=30 October 2025 |publisher=The Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka |access-date=30 October 2025 |title=BASIC POPULATION INFORMATION by Districts and Divisional Secretary Divisions}}</ref>
| religion = {{ubli|{{nowrap|69.8% [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Buddhism]] ([[State religion|official]])}}|12.6% [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka|Hinduism]]|10.7% [[Islam in Sri Lanka|Islam]]|6.9% [[Christianity in Sri Lanka|Christianity]]|0.1% other/none}}
| religion_year = 2024
| demonym = Sri Lankan
| government_type = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of Sri Lanka |url=https://www.parliament.lk/files/pdf/constitution.pdf |website=[[Parliament of Sri Lanka]] |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826023910/http://parliament.lk/files/pdf/constitution.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Sri Lanka|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Harini Amarasuriya]]
| leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka|Speaker of the Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Jagath Wickramaratne]]
| leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Sri Lanka|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4 = [[Padman Surasena]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Sri Lanka|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Sinhala Kingdom]] established<ref>De Silva, K. M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-561655-2}}. A History of Sri Lanka.</ref>
| established_date1 = 543 BCE
| established_event2 = [[Anuradhapura period]]
| established_date2 = 377 BCE – 1017 CE
| established_event3 = [[Polonnaruwa period]]
| established_date3 = 1017–1232
| established_event4 = [[Transitional period of Sri Lanka|Transitional period]]
| established_date4 = 1232–1592
| established_event5 = [[Kandyan period]]
| established_date5 = 1592–1815
| established_event6 = [[British Ceylon period]]
| established_date6 = 1815–1948
| established_event7 = [[Independence Day (Sri Lanka)|Independence]]
| established_date7 = 4 February 1948
| established_event8 = [[Republic]]
| established_date8 = 22 May 1972
| established_event9 = [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|Current constitution]]
| established_date9 = 7 September 1978
| area_km2 = 67,240
<ref>{{cite web|title=Recalculation of Country Extent|author=Survey Department of Sri Lanka|date=2 August 2024|url=https://survey.gov.lk/sdweb/pdf/latestpost/Recalculation%20of%20Country%20Extent_to%20WEB.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank = 120th
| area_sq_mi = 25,962 
| percent_water = 4.4
| population_estimate = 23,300,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka Population |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/sri-lanka-population/|website=Worldometer.info|access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>
| population_census = 21,781,800<ref>{{cite web |title=Basic Population Information by Districts and Divisional Secretary Divisions |url=https://www.statistics.gov.lk/Resource/en/Population/CPH_2024/Population_Preliminary_Report.pdf |website=Department of Census and Statistics |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2026
| population_estimate_rank = 60th
| population_census_year = 2024
| population_density_km2 = 337.7
| population_density_rank = 36th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$342.6 billion <ref name="IMFDataMapperLKA">{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka - IMF DataMapper |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LKA |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 62nd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $15,632 <ref name="WB_GDP_PCAP_PPP">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=LK
|title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) – Sri Lanka
|publisher=World Bank
|website=data.worldbank.org
|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 111th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $98.9 billion<ref name="Sri Lanka GDP 2025">{{cite web |title=National Account Estimates 2025 |url=https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/statistics/national_account_estimates_2025_annual_e.pdf |publisher=[[Central Bank of Sri Lanka]] |website=www.cbsl.gov.lk |access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 71st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,516
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 120th
| Gini = 39.8 
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = decrease 
| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=LK |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=24 May 2018 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519204956/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=LK |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.776 
| HDI_year = 2023 
| HDI_change = decrease
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 89th
| currency = [[Sri Lankan rupee]] ([[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]])
| currency_code = LKR
| time_zone = [[Sri Lanka Standard Time|SLST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| drives_on = Left
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka|+94]]
| iso3166code = LK
| cctld = {{hlist|[[.lk]]|[[.ලංකා]]|[[.இலங்கை]]}}
| official_website = {{URL|https://www.gov.lk|gov.lk}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Sinhalese}}

'''Sri Lanka''',{{efn|[[British English|UK]]: {{IPAc-en|s|r|i|_|ˈ|l|æ|ŋ|k|ə|,_|ʃ|r|iː|_|-}}, [[American English|US]]: {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Sri Lanka.ogg|-|_|ˈ|l|ɑː|ŋ|k|ə}}; {{langx|si|ශ්&zwj;රී ලංකා|Śrī Laṅkā|translit-std=ISO|engvar=in}} ({{IPA|si|ʃriː laŋkaː|IPA}}); {{langx|ta|இலங்கை|Ilaṅkai|translit-std=ISO|engvar=in}} ({{IPA|ta|ilaŋɡaj|IPA}}).}} officially the '''Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka''', formerly known as '''Ceylon''',{{efn|Many names have been used to refer to the island, with Ceylon being used post-independence and still in use in some cases. For other names, see [[Names of Sri Lanka]].}} is an [[island country]] in [[South Asia]]. It is located in the [[Indian Ocean]], southwest of the [[Bay of Bengal]], and is separated from [[India]] by the [[Gulf of Mannar]] and the [[Palk Strait]]. Sri Lanka shares a [[maritime border]] with the [[Maldives]] to the southwest and India to the northwest, and lies across the Bay of Bengal from [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to the northeast and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of India to the east. Its capital is [[Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte]], while [[Colombo]] is its [[List of cities in Sri Lanka|largest city]] and the political, financial and cultural centre. Sri Lanka's [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|population is 22 million]]; with the [[Sinhalese people]], who speak the [[Sinhala language]], forming the vast majority—while [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is spoken by the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|large Tamil minority]]. Other long-established ethnic groups include the [[Sri Lankan Moors|Moors]], [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]], [[Burgher people|Burghers]], [[Sri Lankan Malays|Malays]], [[Chinese people in Sri Lanka|Chinese]], and [[Vedda]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vedda |title=Vedda |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024458/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Vedda |url-status=live }}</ref>

The island has a documented history of over 3,000 years, with evidence of prehistoric human settlement dating back 125,000 years.<ref name="histr">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PD8DseEWyuoC |title=Urbanization and sustainability in Asia: case studies of good practice |author=Roberts, Brian |chapter=Sri Lanka: Introduction |year=2006 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |isbn=978-971-561-607-2}}</ref> Sri Lanka has been given [[Names of Sri Lanka|various names]] throughout its long history, with Ceylon most notably being used prior to its independence. The earliest known [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Buddhist writings in the island]], known collectively as the [[Pali Canon]], date back to [[Fourth Theravāda Council|29 BCE]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62KQpPX1oVkC&pg=PA69 |title=Essential Buddhism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs and Practices |author=Jack Maguire |date=2001 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-04188-5 |page=69 |quote=... the Pali canon of Theravada is the earliest known collection of Buddhist writings ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd16.htm |title=Religions – Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism |date=2 October 2002 |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 February 2012 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306115250/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd16.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sri Lanka, owing to its strategic geographical location, played a role as a major trading hub, and was well known to explorers across the world as early as the [[Anuradhapura period]]. The [[Portuguese Empire]] established [[Portuguese Ceylon|a colony]] in the sixteenth century, during a period of [[Crisis of the Sixteenth Century|political upheaval]] in the [[Kingdom of Kotte]] where it also faced attacks from neighboring [[Sinhala kingdom|kingdoms]] of [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy]] and [[Kingdom of Sitawaka|Sitawaka]]. Following the [[Sinhalese–Portuguese War]], the [[Dutch colonial empire]] controlled the [[Dutch Ceylon|coastal areas]]. By the early 19th century, the [[British Empire]] established a [[British Ceylon|colony on the island]], which lasted until 1948. The early 20th century saw the rise of nationalist movements and [[Sri Lankan independence movement|increasing calls for independence]]. In 1948, Sri Lanka gained independence as the [[Dominion of Ceylon]], eventually becoming a [[republic]] in 1972. Sri Lanka's recent history has been marred by a [[Sri Lankan civil war|prolonged civil war]] between the Tamil separatist militant organisation of [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] and the [[Sri Lankan Armed Forces]], which lasted from 1983 to 2009, and ended with the [[Eelam War IV|defeat of the separatists]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-srilanka-war-sb-idUSTRE54D1GR20090518 Reuters Sri Lanka wins civil war, says kills rebel leader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016032645/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/18/us-srilanka-war-sb-idUSTRE54D1GR20090518 |date=16 October 2015 }} [[Reuters]] (18 May 2009). Retrieved 18 November 2012.</ref>

In the 21st century, Sri Lanka has emerged as a [[developing country]], with a strategically important geographical location in the Indian Ocean, with its deep harbors giving it significant geopolitical leverage as a major trading post from the ancient [[Maritime Silk Road]].<ref name="silkr">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Sri Lanka and the silk road of the sea |chapter=Sri Lankan Role in the Maritime Silk Route |page=21 |year=1990 |isbn=978-955-9043-02-7 |author=Bandaranayake, Senake|publisher=Sri Lanka National Commission for Unesco and the Central Cultural Fund }}</ref><ref>British Prime Minister Winston Churchill described the moment a Japanese fleet prepared to invade Sri Lanka as "the most dangerous and distressing moment of the entire conflict". – ''Commonwealth Air Training Program Museum'', [http://www.airmuseum.ca/mag/0410.html The Saviour of Ceylon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022152654/http://www.airmuseum.ca/mag/0410.html |date=22 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html |title=A Brief History of Sri Lanka |website=localhistories.org |access-date=14 August 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723124255/http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|highest level of human development in South Asia]] and the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|second-highest GDP per capita]] in the region. Sri Lanka has a long history of International engagement and cooperation, and is a member of several international organisations—including [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], the [[Group of 77|G77]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].

== Toponymy ==
{{Main|Names of Sri Lanka}}

In antiquity, Sri Lanka was known to travellers by a variety of names. According to the ''[[Mahāvaṃsa]]'', the legendary [[Prince Vijaya]] named the island [[Kingdom of Tambapanni|Tambapaṇṇĩ]] ("[[Copper (color)|copper-red]] hands" or "copper-red earth"), because his followers' hands were reddened by the [[red soil]] of the area where he landed.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nanda Pethiyagoda Wanasundera |title=Sri Lanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ts1khhfXm8C&pg=PA26 |year=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-1477-3 |page=26}}</ref><ref name="JMS_1997">{{cite book |author=John M. Senaveratna |title=The story of the Sinhalese from the most ancient times up to the end of "the Mahavansa" or Great dynasty |publisher=Asian Educational Services |date=1997 |page=11 |isbn=978-81-206-1271-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9TeEcMi0e0C&pg=PA11+}}</ref> In [[Hindu mythology]], the term [[Lanka|''Lankā'']] ("Island") appears but it is unknown whether it refers to the island. The Tamil term [[Eelam]] ({{Langx|ta|ஈழம்|translit=īḻam|engvar=in}}) was used to designate the whole island in [[Sangam literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS4OAQAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopedia of the world's minorities |last=Skutsch |first=Carl |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-57958-470-2 |language=en |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023929/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS4OAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_anEcoRJIQC&pg=PT105 |title=Autonomy and Ethnic Conflict in South and South-East Asia |last=Ganguly |first=Rajat |date=20 May 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-31188-8 |language=en}}</ref> The island was known [[Chola conquest of Anuradhapura|under Chola rule]] as ''Mummudi Cholamandalam'' ("realm of the [[Three Crowned Kings|three crowned]] Cholas").<ref>{{Cite book |title=Art of the Imperial Cholas |last=Dehejia |first=Vidya |date=18 October 1990 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-51524-5 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Ancient Greek]] geographers called it ''[[Taprobana|Taprobanā]]'' ({{langx|grc|Ταπροβανᾶ}}) or ''Taprobanē'' ({{lang|grc|Ταπροβανῆ}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/slm-taprobane.htm |title=In Search of Taprobane: the Western discovery and mapping of Ceylon |author=Abeydeera, Ananda |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151116/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/slm-taprobane.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> from the word ''Tambapanni''. The Arabs and Persians referred to it as ''Sarandīb'' (the origin of the word "[[serendipity]]") from [[Sanskrit]] ''Siṃhaladvīpaḥ''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.0.hobson.994549 |title=Hobson-Jobson |publisher=Dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu |date=1 September 2001 |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227225430/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.0.hobson.994549 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/serendipity |title=Serendipity – definition of serendipity by The Free Dictionary |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013192621/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/serendipity |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Ceilão'', the name given to Sri Lanka by the Portuguese when they arrived in 1505,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rajasingham |first1=K. T. |title=Sri Lanka: The untold story |url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/CH11Df02.html |website=[[Asia Times]] |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010814202127/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/CH11Df02.html |archive-date=14 August 2001 |date=11 August 2001 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> was transliterated into English as ''Ceylon''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glue.umd.edu/~pkd/sl/facts/name_origin.html |title=Etymologies of Lanka, Serendib, Taprobane and Ceylon |author=Zubair, Lareef |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422115208/http://www.glue.umd.edu/~pkd/sl/facts/name_origin.html |archive-date=22 April 2007}}</ref> As a British [[crown colony]], the island was known as Ceylon; it achieved independence as the [[Dominion of Ceylon]] in 1948.

The country is now known in Sinhala as ''{{transliteration|si|ISO|Śrī Laṅkā}}'' ({{langx|si|ශ්&zwj;රී ලංකා}}) and in Tamil as ''{{transliteration|ta|ISO|Ilaṅkai}}'' ({{langx|ta|இலங்கை}}, {{IPA|ta|iˈlaŋɡaɪ|IPA}}). In 1972, its formal name was changed to "Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka". Later, on 7 September 1978, it was changed to the "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/srilanka/constitutions/1978%20Constitution.pdf |title=The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka |publisher=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |date=7 September 1978 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202031113/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/srilanka/constitutions/1978%20Constitution.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Chapter I – The People, The State And Sovereignty |journal=The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Chapter_01_Amd.html |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531083515/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Chapter_01_Amd.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 }}</ref> As the name Ceylon still appears in the names of a number of organisations, the Sri Lankan government announced in 2011 a plan to rename all those over which it has authority.<ref>{{cite news |author=Haviland, Charles |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12099596 |title=Sri Lanka erases colonial name, Ceylon |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=1 January 2011 |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201204129/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12099596 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Sri Lanka}}

=== Prehistory ===
{{Main|Prehistory of Sri Lanka}}

The pre-history of Sri Lanka goes back 125,000 years and possibly even as far back as 500,000 years.<ref name="pps">{{cite web |author=Deraniyagala, Siran U. |title=Pre and Protohistoric settlement in Sri Lanka |series=XIII U. I. S. P. P. Congress Proceedings – Forli, 8–14 September 1996 |work=International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dera1.html |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820080625/http://lankalibrary.com/geo/dera1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The era spans the [[Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], and early [[Iron Age]]s. Among the [[Paleolithic]] human settlements discovered in Sri Lanka, [[Fa Hien Cave|Pahiyangala]] (37,000 BP), named after the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] traveller [[Bhikkhu|monk]] [[Faxian]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/in4/visitsl/prehistoric/pahiyagala/pahiyangala.htm |title=Pahiyangala (Fa-Hiengala) Caves |work=[[Angelfire]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902171134/http://www.angelfire.com/in4/visitsl/prehistoric/pahiyagala/pahiyangala.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Batadombalena]] (28,500 BP);<ref name="btd">{{Cite book |author=Kennedy, Kenneth A.R., Disotell, T.W., Roertgen, J., Chiment, J., Sherry, J. |title=Ancient Ceylon 6: Biological anthropology of upper Pleistocene hominids from Sri Lanka: Batadomba Lena and Beli Lena caves |pages=165–265}}</ref> and [[Belilena]] (12,000 BP) are the most important. In these caves, archaeologists have found the remains of [[anatomy|anatomically]] modern [[humans]] which they have named [[Balangoda Man]], and other evidence<ref>{{Harvnb|De Silva|1981|pp=6–7}}</ref> suggesting that they may have engaged in [[agriculture]] and kept domestic dogs for driving game.<ref>{{cite book |author=Deraniyagal, Siran |title=The Prehistory of Sri Lanka |publisher=[[Department of Archaeological Survey]] |year=1992 |place=[[Colombo]] | page=454 |isbn=978-955-9159-00-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZihuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The earliest inhabitants of Sri Lanka were likely ancestors of the [[Vedda people]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dera2.html |title=Early Man and the Rise of Civilisation in Sri Lanka: the Archaeological Evidence |author=Deraniyagala, S.U. |work=lankalibrary.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105134736/http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dera2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> an indigenous people numbering approximately 2,500 living in modern-day Sri Lanka.

During the protohistoric period (1000–500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with southern India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30208096.ece |title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way – Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] (2006) |date=26 January 2006 |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126024531/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30208096.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and shared the same megalithic burials, [[Black and red ware culture|pottery]], iron technology, farming techniques and [[megalithic graffiti symbols|megalithic graffiti]].<ref name="Seneviratne">{{cite book |last=Seneviratne |first=Sudharshan |title=Social base of early Buddhism in south east India and Sri Lanka |date=1984}}</ref><ref name="Karunaratne">{{cite book |last=Karunaratne |first=Priyantha |title=Secondary state formation during the early iron age on the island of Sri Lanka : the evolution of a periphery |date=2010}}</ref> This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the [[Velir]], prior to the migration of [[Prakrit]] speakers.<ref>Robin Conningham – Anuradhapura – The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta
Volumes 1 and 2 (1999/2006)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seneviratne |first=Sudarshan |year=1989 |title=Pre-state chieftains and servants of the state: a case study of Parumaka |url=http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/archive/handle/123456789/2078 |language=en |journal=The Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815201049/http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/archive/handle/123456789/2078 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Seneviratne" />

One of the first written references to the island is found in the Indian [[Epic poetry|epic]] [[Ramayana]], which provides details of a kingdom named ''[[Lanka]]'' that was created by the divine sculptor [[Vishwakarma|Vishvakarma]] for [[Kubera]], the God of Wealth.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Keshavadas, Sant |title=Ramayana at a Glance |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-208-0545-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XIatVGyjmQC}}</ref> It is said that Kubera was overthrown by his [[rakshasa]] stepbrother, [[Ravana]].<ref name="parkrsl">{{Cite book |author=Parker, H. |title=Ancient Ceylon |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1992 |page=7 |isbn=978-81-206-0208-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nk8xpkY0bqEC}}</ref>

=== Ancient history ===
{{Main|Pre-Anuradhapura period|Anuradhapura period}}

[[File:Ptolemy's Taprobana.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ptolemy's world map]] of Ceylon, first century CE, in a 1535 publication]]

According to the ''[[Mahāvaṃsa]]'', a [[Pali|Pāḷi]] chronicle written in the 5th century CE, the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka are said to be the [[Yaksha]]s and [[Naga people (Lanka)|Nagas]]. Sinhalese history traditionally starts in 543 BCE with the arrival of [[Prince Vijaya]], a semi-legendary prince who sailed with 700 followers to Sri Lanka, after being expelled from [[Vanga kingdom]] (present-day [[Bengal]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/06-coming-vijaya/ |title=The Coming of Vijaya |work=The Mahavamsa |date=8 October 2011 |access-date=16 October 2015 |archive-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030084837/http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/06-coming-vijaya/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He established the [[Kingdom of Tambapanni]], near modern-day [[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]]. Vijaya (Singha) is the first of the approximately [[List of Sri Lankan monarchs|189 monarchs of Sri Lanka]] described in chronicles such as the ''[[Dīpavaṃsa]]'', ''Mahāvaṃsa'', ''[[Cūḷavaṃsa]]'', and ''Rājāvaliya''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3000.html |title=Vijaya (Singha) and the Lankan Monarchs – Family #3000 |work=[[Ancestry.com]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=24 Feb 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/cl7tD |url-status=live }}</ref>

Once [[Prakrit]] speakers had attained dominance on the island, the ''[[Mahāvaṃsa]]'' further recounts the later migration of royal brides and service castes from the Tamil [[Pandya kingdom]] to the [[Anuradhapura kingdom]] in the early historic period.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/07-consecrating-vijaya/ |title=The Consecrating of Vijaya |work=Mahavamsa |date=8 October 2011 |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620071000/https://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/07-consecrating-vijaya/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Buda de Avukana - 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Avukana Buddha statue]], a {{convert|12|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} standing Buddha statue from the reign of [[Dhatusena of Anuradhapura]], 5th century]]

The [[Anuradhapura period]] (377 BCE{{snd}}1017 CE) began with the establishment of the [[Anuradhapura kingdom]] in 380 BCE during the reign of [[Pandukabhaya]]. Thereafter, Anuradhapura served as the capital city of the country for nearly 1,400 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/anuradhapura.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107085324/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/anuradhapura.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2004 |title=World Heritage site: Anuradhapura |work=worldheritagesite.org |access-date=15 July 2014 }}</ref> Ancient Sri Lankans excelled at building certain types of [[Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka|structures]] such as [[Sri Lankan irrigation network|tanks]], [[Stupa|dagobas]] and palaces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mysrilankaholidays.com/ancient-sinhalese-irrigation.html |title=Waterworld: Ancient Sinhalese Irrigation |work=mysrilankaholidays.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626105945/http://www.mysrilankaholidays.com/ancient-sinhalese-irrigation.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Society underwent a major transformation during the reign of [[Devanampiya Tissa]], with the arrival of Buddhism from India. In 250 BCE,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/perera/wheel100.html#preface |title=Buddhism in Sri Lanka: A Short History |author=Perera H. R. |work=accesstoinsight.org |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=22 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422013525/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/perera/wheel100.html#preface |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]], a [[bhikkhu]] and the son of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka]] arrived in [[Mihintale]] carrying the message of Buddhism.<ref name="Macmillan1">{{cite book |author=Holt, John Clifford |contribution=Sri Lanka |year=2004 |title=Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism |editor=Buswell, Robert E. Jr. |pages=795–799 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0-8160-5459-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dxCHAAACAAJ}}</ref> His mission won over the monarch, who embraced the faith and propagated it throughout the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese population]].<ref name="mahav1">{{cite web |url=http://mahavamsa.org/2008/05/king-devanampiya-tissa-306-bc/ |title=King Devanampiya Tissa (306 BC – 266 BC) |work=[[Mahāvaṃsa]] |date=28 May 2008 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814102643/http://mahavamsa.org/2008/05/king-devanampiya-tissa-306-bc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Succeeding kingdoms of Sri Lanka would maintain many [[schools of Buddhism|Buddhist schools]] and monasteries and support the propagation of Buddhism into other countries in Southeast Asia. Sri Lankan Bhikkhus studied in India's famous ancient Buddhist University of [[Nalanda]], which was destroyed by [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khalji]]. It is probable that many of the scriptures from Nalanda are preserved in Sri Lanka's many monasteries and that the written form of the [[Tripiṭaka]], including Sinhalese Buddhist literature, were part of the University of Nalanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/lanka-txt.htm |title=Buddhism in Sri Lanka |work=buddhanet.net |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221072955/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/lanka-txt.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 245 BCE, [[bhikkhunī]] [[Sanghamitta]] arrived with the [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi]] tree, which is considered to be a sapling from the historical [[Bodhi Tree]] under which [[Gautama Buddha]] became enlightened.<ref>{{Harvnb|Paw|p=6}}</ref> It is considered the oldest human-planted tree (with a continuous historical record) in the world. ([[Bodhivaṃsa]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Julian |title=Plantation Forestry in the Tropics: Tree Planting for Industrial, Social, Environmental, and Agroforestry Purposes |date=1992 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=9780198542575 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1oF-88qKRsC |access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref>

Sri Lanka experienced the first of many foreign invasions during the reign of [[Suratissa of Anuradhapura|Suratissa]], who was defeated by two horse traders named [[Sena and Guttika]] from South India.<ref name="mahav1" /> The next invasion came immediately in 205 BCE by a [[Chola]] named [[Elara (monarch)|Elara]], who overthrew [[Asela of Anuradhapura|Asela]] and ruled the country for 44 years. [[Dutugamunu]], the eldest son of the southern regional sub-king, [[Kavan Tissa, Prince of Ruhuna|Kavan Tissa]], defeated Elara in the [[Battle of Vijithapura]]. During its two and a half millennia of existence, the [[Sinhala kingdom]] was invaded at least eight times by neighbouring South Indian dynasties such as the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]], and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} There also were incursions by the kingdoms of [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] (modern [[Odisha]]) and from the [[Malay Peninsula]] as well.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

[[File:Sigiriya.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sigiriya]] ("Lion Rock"), a rock fortress and city, built by King [[Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura|Kashyapa]] (477–495 CE) as a new more defensible capital. It was also used as a Buddhist monastery after the capital was moved back to [[Anuradhapura]].]]

The [[Fourth Theravāda Council]] was held at the [[Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya]] in Sri Lanka under the patronage of [[Valagamba]] in 25 BCE. The council was held in response to a year in which the harvests in Sri Lanka were particularly poor and many [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] subsequently died of starvation. Because the [[Pali Canon]] was at that time [[oral literature]] maintained in several recensions by ''dhammabhāṇaka''s ([[dharma]] reciters), the surviving monks recognised the danger of not writing it down so that even if some of the monks whose duty it was to study and remember parts of the Canon for later generations died, the teachings would not be lost.{{sfn | Buswell | Lopez | 2013 | p=200}} After the council, [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s containing the completed Canon were taken to other countries such as [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Laos]].

Sri Lanka was the first Asian country known to have a female ruler: [[Anula of Anuradhapura]] (r. 47–42 BCE).<ref name="sigiriya12">{{cite web |title=The History of Ceylon |work=sltda.gov.lk |url=http://www.sltda.gov.lk/history |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808014733/http://www.sltda.gov.lk/history |archive-date=8 August 2014 }}</ref> Sri Lankan monarchs undertook some remarkable construction projects such as [[Sigiriya]], the so-called "Fortress in the Sky", built during the reign of [[Kashyapa I]], who ruled between 477 and 495. The Sigiriya rock fortress is surrounded by an extensive network of ramparts and moats. Inside this protective enclosure were gardens, ponds, pavilions, palaces and other structures.<ref name="Ponnamperuma 2013">{{cite book |last=Ponnamperuma |first=Senani |title=Story of Sigiriya |year=2013 |publisher=Panique Pty Ltd |location=Melbourne |isbn=978-0-9873451-1-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25zxmgEACAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Bandaranayake 1999">{{cite book |last=Bandaranayake |first=Senake |title=Sigiriya: City, Palace, and Royal Gardens |year=1999 |publisher=Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Cultural Affairs |location=Colombo |isbn=978-955-613-111-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw9uAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

In 993 CE, the invasion of [[Chola dynasty|Chola emperor]] [[Rajaraja I]] forced the then Sinhalese ruler [[Mahinda V]] to flee to the southern part of Sri Lanka. Taking advantage of this situation, [[Rajendra I]], son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. Mahinda V was captured and taken to India, and the Cholas [[Chola conquest of Anuradhapura|sacked the city of Anuradhapura]] causing the fall of [[Anuradhapura kingdom]]. Subsequently, they moved the capital to [[Polonnaruwa]].<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 44">{{cite book |last=Siriweera |first=W. I. |title=A Study of the Economic History of Pre Modern Sri Lanka |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7069-7621-2 |pages=44–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OubsAAAAMAAJ |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105344/https://books.google.com/books?id=OubsAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-classical period ===
{{Main|Polonnaruwa period|Transitional period of Sri Lanka}}

Following a 17-year-long campaign, [[Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Vijayabahu I]] successfully drove the Chola out of Sri Lanka in 1070, reuniting the country for the first time in over a century.<ref>Codrington, [http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap04.html Ch. 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807212106/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap04.html |date=7 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html |title=A Brief History of Sri Lanka |author=Lambert, Tim |work=localhistories.org |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723124255/http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon his request, ordained monks were sent from [[Burma]] to Sri Lanka to re-establish Buddhism, which had almost disappeared from the country during the Chola reign.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Relations between Ceylon and Burma in the 11th Century AD |volume=23 |pages=93–95 |author=Bokay, Mon |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |year=1966 |publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers |jstor=1522637 |doi=10.2307/1522637 |issn = 1423-0526 }}</ref> During the medieval period, Sri Lanka was divided into three sub-territories, namely, [[Principality of Ruhuna|Ruhunu]], Pihiti and [[Maya Rata|Maya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lakdiva.org/coins/medievallanka/1153_1186_parakramabahu~i_Em.html |title=Ancient Irrigation Works |work=lakdiva.org |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102152939/http://lakdiva.org/coins/medievallanka/1153_1186_parakramabahu~i_Em.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Gal Viharaya 02.jpg|thumb|The seated image of [[Gal Vihara]] in [[Polonnaruwa]], 12th century, which depicts the [[List of mudras (yoga)|dhyana mudra]], shows signs of [[Mahayana]] influence.]]
Sri Lanka's [[Sri Lankan irrigation network|irrigation system]] was extensively expanded during the reign of [[Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Parākramabāhu the Great]] (1153–1186).<ref name="ethniccr">{{cite book |title=Sri Lankan Ethnic Crisis: Towards a Resolution |author=Herath, R. B. |year=2002 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-55369-793-0 |quote=Parakramabahu 1 further extended the system to the highest resplendent peak of hydraulic civilization of the country's history. |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC |url-status=live }}</ref> This period is considered as a time when Sri Lanka was at the height of its power.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 7 |year=1875 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] for the Royal Asiatic Society |place=[[Cambridge]] |quote=... and when at the height of its prosperity, during the long and glorious reign of Parakramabahu the Great ... |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPo78i8KrlEC |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105344/https://books.google.com/books?id=rPo78i8KrlEC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Beveridge |first=H. |year=1894 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRngAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA324 |title=The Site of Karna Suvarna |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=62 |quote=His [Parakramabahu's] reign is described by Tumour as having been the most martial, enterprising, and glorious in Singhalese history. |page=324 |via=Google Books |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105344/https://books.google.com/books?id=VRngAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> He built 1,470 reservoirs – the highest number by any ruler in Sri Lanka's history – repaired 165 dams, 3,910 canals, 163 major reservoirs, and 2,376 mini-reservoirs.<ref name="ethniccr1" /> His most famous construction is the [[Parakrama Samudra]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-45.html |title=Parakrama Samudra |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083015/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-45.html |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> the largest irrigation project of medieval Sri Lanka. Parākramabāhu's reign is memorable for two major campaigns – in the south of India as part of a Pandyan war of succession, and a punitive strike against the kings of Ramanna ([[Myanmar|Burma]]) for various perceived insults to Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://srilankanheritage.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=32&lang=en |title=ParakramaBahu I: 1153–1186 |work=lakdiva.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204034638/http://srilankanheritage.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=32&lang=en |archive-date=4 February 2014}}</ref>

After his demise, Sri Lanka gradually decayed in power. In 1215, [[Kalinga Magha]], an invader with uncertain origins, identified as the founder of the Jaffna kingdom, invaded and captured the [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]]. He sailed from [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]<ref name="ethniccr1">{{cite book |title=Sri Lankan Ethnic Crisis: Towards a Resolution |author=Herath, R.B. |year=2002 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-55369-793-0 |pages=18–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC |url-status=live }}</ref> 690 nautical miles on 100 large ships with a 24,000 strong army. Unlike previous invaders, he [[Looting|looted]], ransacked and destroyed everything in the ancient [[Anuradhapura kingdom|Anuradhapura]] and [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa]] Kingdoms beyond recovery.<ref>{{cite book |title=Security dilemma of a small state, Part 1 |author=Jayasekera, P.V.J. |year=1992 |publisher=Institute for International Studies [[University of Peradeniya]], Sri Lanka |place=[[Peradeniya]] |isbn=978-81-7003-148-2 |quote=..His invasion in 1215 was more or less a looting expedition.. |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRngAAAAMAAJ |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=VRngAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> His priorities in ruling were to extract as much as possible from the land and overturn as many of the traditions of [[Rajarata]] as possible. His reign saw the massive migration of native [[Sinhalese people]] to the south and west of Sri Lanka, and into the mountainous interior, in a bid to escape his power.<ref name="Nadarajan, V p. 72">Nadarajan, V ''History of Ceylon Tamils'', p. 72</ref><ref name="Indrapala, K p. 16">Indrapala, K ''Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon'', p. 16</ref>

Sri Lanka never really recovered from the effects of Kalinga Magha's invasion. King Vijayabâhu III, who led the resistance, brought the kingdom to [[Kingdom of Dambadeniya|Dambadeniya]]. The north, in the meanwhile, eventually evolved into the [[Jaffna kingdom]].<ref name="Nadarajan, V p. 72" /><ref name="Indrapala, K p. 16" /> The Jaffna kingdom never came under the rule of any kingdom of the south except on one occasion; in 1450, following the conquest led by king [[Parakramabahu VI of Kotte|Parâkramabâhu VI]]'s adopted son, [[Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte|Prince Sapumal]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Gnanaprakasar, Swamy |title=A Critical History of Jaffna |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2003 |place=[[New Delhi]] |page=122 |isbn=978-81-206-1686-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9H53Sldfv8C |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=o9H53Sldfv8C |url-status=live }}</ref> He ruled the North from 1450 to 1467 CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=Holt, John Clifford |title=Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1991 |page=304 |isbn=978-0-19-506418-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDbnCwAAQBAJ |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDbnCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The next three centuries starting from 1215 were marked by kaleidoscopically shifting collections of capitals in south and central Sri Lanka, including Dambadeniya, [[Yapahuwa]], [[Gampola]], [[Raigama]], [[Kingdom of Kotte|Kotte]],<ref name="HC">Codrington, [http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap06.html Ch. 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210180428/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap06.html |date=10 December 2007 }}</ref> [[Kingdom of Sitawaka|Sitawaka]], and finally, [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy]]. In 1247, the Malay kingdom of [[Tambralinga]] which was a vassal of [[Sri Vijaya]] led by their king [[Chandrabhanu]]<ref>India's interaction with Southeast Asia, by Govind Chandra Pande p.286</ref> briefly invaded Sri Lanka from [[Insular Southeast Asia]]. They were then expelled by the South Indian Pandyan dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Craig J. Reynolds |title=Power, Protection and Magic in Thailand: The Cosmos of a Southern Policeman |publisher=ANU Press |year=2019 |pages=74–75}}</ref> However, this temporary invasion reinforced the steady flow of the presence of various [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] merchant ethnic groups, from [[Sri Lankan Malays|Sumatrans]] (Indonesia) to [[Philippines–Sri Lanka relations|Lucoes]] (Philippines) into Sri Lanka which occurred since 200 BCE.<ref>[https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/pdf/book.pdf "Astronesians Historical and Comparative Perspectives" Page 146] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524202017/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/pdf/book.pdf |date=24 May 2022 }} "Annual trade between China and India through the Malacca Straits had opened by about 200 BCE. Perhaps by that time Austronesian sailors were regularly carrying cloves and cinnamon to India and Sri Lanka, and perhaps even as far as the coast of Africa in boats with outriggers. Certainly they have left numerous traces in canoe design, rigs, outriggers and fishing techniques, and a mention in Greek literature (Christie 1957)."</ref> Chinese admiral [[Zheng He]] and his naval expeditionary force landed at Galle, Sri Lanka in 1409 and got into [[Ming-Kotte War|battle]] with the local king [[Vira Alakesvara of Gampola]]. Zheng He captured King Vira Alakesvara and later released him.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Geoff Wade, 2005 |url=http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/1778?hl=%22Zheng+He%22 |title=South East Aisa in Ming Shi-lu |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623012455/http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/1778?hl=%22Zheng+He%22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=National Geographic |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0507/feature2/map.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218063244/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0507/feature2/map.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2007 |title=Voyages of Zheng He 1405–1433 |access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Columbia University |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000ce_mingvoyages.htm |title=Ming Voyages |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306203037/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000ce_mingvoyages.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=aramco world |url=https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.admiral.zheng.he.htm |title=Admiral Zheng He |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031051234/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.admiral.zheng.he.htm |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zheng He erected the [[Galle Trilingual Inscription]], a stone tablet at [[Galle]] written in three [[languages]] ([[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Persian language|Persian]]), to commemorate his visit.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=lankalibrary forum |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=1022 |title=The trilingual inscription of Admiral Zheng He |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620165307/http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=1022 |archive-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=world heritage site |url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/tags/tag622.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412063521/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/tags/tag622.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2010 |title=Zheng He |access-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref> The [[stele]] was discovered by S. H. Thomlin at Galle in 1911 and is now preserved in the [[National Museum of Colombo|Colombo National Museum]].

=== Early modern period ===
{{Main|Kandyan period}}

{{See also|Portuguese Ceylon|Dutch Ceylon|British Ceylon}}
[[File:SpilbergenVimala.jpg|thumb|left|A 17th-century engraving of [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]] explorer [[Joris van Spilbergen]] meeting with King Vimaladharmasuriya in 1602]]
[[File:Laor Sri Lanka Map (Cropped).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A 1595 map of Sri Lanka created by Dutch cartographer [[Petrus Plancius]]|A 1595 map of Sri Lanka created by [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]] cartographer [[Petrus Plancius]]]]
The early modern period of Sri Lanka begins with the arrival of Portuguese soldier and explorer [[Lourenço de Almeida]], the son of [[Francisco de Almeida]], in 1505.<ref name="francal">{{cite web |url=http://www.thondaman.org/srilankanhistory.html |title=Sri Lanka History |publisher=Thondaman Foundation |access-date=22 August 2011 |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111082707/http://www.thondaman.org/srilankanhistory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1517, the Portuguese built a fort at the port city of [[Colombo]] and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas. In 1592, after decades of intermittent warfare with the Portuguese, [[Vimaladharmasuriya I]] moved his kingdom to the inland city of [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy]], a location he thought more secure from attack.<ref name="isl23">{{cite web |url=http://www.island.lk/2005/08/27/satmag1.html |title=King Wimaladharmasuriya |work=S.B. Karalliyadde – The Island |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126054442/http://www.island.lk/2005/08/27/satmag1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1619, succumbing to attacks by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], the independent existence of the [[Jaffna kingdom]] came to an end.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Knox, Robert |author-link=Robert Knox (sailor) |year=1681 |title=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon |pages=19–47 |publisher=Reprint. Asian Educational Services |place=London |title-link=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon}}</ref>

During the reign of the [[Rajasinha II]], Dutch explorers arrived on the island. In 1638, the king signed a [[Kandyan Treaty of 1638|treaty]] with the [[Dutch East India Company]] to get rid of the Portuguese who ruled most of the coastal areas.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dutch in Ceylon: an account of their early visits to the island, their conquests, and their rule over the maritime regions during a century and a half |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2mkUharg6AC |author=Anthonisz, Richard Gerald |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-206-1845-9 |pages=37–43}}</ref> The following [[Dutch–Portuguese War]] resulted in a Dutch victory, with Colombo falling into Dutch hands by 1656. The Dutch remained in the areas they had captured, thereby violating the treaty they had signed in 1638. The [[Burgher people]], a distinct ethnic group, emerged as a result of intermingling between the Dutch and native Sri Lankans in this period.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C |title=Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920 |author=Bosma, U. |publisher=University of Michigan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-89680-261-2 |chapter=1 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105859/https://books.google.com/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Kingdom of Kandy was the last independent monarchy of Sri Lanka.<ref name="kandyk">{{cite web |url=http://sundaytimes.lk/070304/KandyTimes/514_kt1.html |title=A kingdom is born, a kingdom is lost |work=The Sunday Times |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724004438/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070304/KandyTimes/514_kt1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1595, Vimaladharmasurya brought the sacred [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|Tooth Relic]]—the traditional symbol of royal and religious authority amongst the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]—to Kandy and built the [[Temple of the Tooth]].<ref name="kandyk" /> In spite of on-going intermittent warfare with Europeans, the kingdom survived. Later, a crisis of succession emerged in Kandy upon king [[Vira Narendra Sinha ]]'s death in 1739. He was married to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Nayaks of Madurai|Nayakkar]] princess from South India ([[Madurai]]) and was childless by her.<ref name="kandyk" />

Eventually, with the support of [[bhikkhu]] Weliwita Sarankara and ignoring the right of ''"Unambuwe Bandara"'', the crown passed to the brother of one of Narendrasinha's princesses, overlooking Narendrasinha's own son by a Sinhalese [[Concubinage|concubine]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka |author=Dharmadasa, K.N.O. |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-472-10288-4 |pages=8–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8NQrTmjpRcC |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105900/https://books.google.com/books?id=x8NQrTmjpRcC |url-status=live }}</ref> The new king was crowned [[Sri Vijaya Rajasinha]] later that year. Kings of the Nayakkar dynasty launched several attacks on Dutch controlled areas, which proved to be unsuccessful.<ref>Codrington, [http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap09.html Ch. 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613031731/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap09.html |date=13 June 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]] of Kandy, the last ruling native Sri Lankan monarch]]
During the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], fearing that French control of the Netherlands might deliver Sri Lanka to the French, the [[British Empire]] occupied the coastal areas of the island (which they called the colony of [[British Ceylon]]) with little difficulty in 1796.<ref name="colvoyg">{{cite web |url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/trincomalee-first-british-occupation-definitive-dutch-surrender/|title=The first British occupation and the definitive Dutch surrender |work=colonialvoyage.com |date=18 February 2014 |access-date=11 October 2025 |archive-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011023258/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/trincomalee-first-british-occupation-definitive-dutch-surrender/ |url-status=live|publisher=Marco Ramerini}}</ref> Two years later, in 1798, [[Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha]], third of the four Nayakkar kings of Sri Lanka, died of a fever. Following his death, a nephew of Rajadhi Rajasinha, eighteen-year-old Kannasamy, was crowned.<ref name="scnsl">{{cite web |url=http://www.scenicsrilanka.com/history-of-sri-lanka-1948.html |title=History of Sri Lanka and significant World events from 1796 AD to 1948 |work=scenicsrilanka.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102055412/http://www.scenicsrilanka.com/history-of-sri-lanka-1948.html |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> The young king, now named [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]], faced a [[British Empire|British]] invasion in 1803 but successfully retaliated. The First Kandyan War ended in a stalemate.<ref name="scnsl" />

By then the entire coastal area was under the [[British East India Company]] as a result of the [[Treaty of Amiens]]. On 14 February 1815, [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy]] was occupied by the British in the [[Second Kandyan War]], ending Sri Lanka's independence.<ref name="scnsl" /> Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last native monarch of Sri Lanka, was exiled to India.<ref>Codrington, [http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap11.html Ch. 11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621214254/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap11.html |date=21 June 2015 }}</ref> The [[Kandyan Convention]] formally ceded the entire country to the British Empire. Attempts by Sri Lankan noblemen to undermine British power in 1818 during the [[Great Rebellion of 1817–1818|Uva Rebellion]] were thwarted by [[governors of British Ceylon|Governor]] [[Robert Brownrigg]].<ref name="keppetipola">{{cite web |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/keppetipola2.htm |title=Keppetipola and the Uva Rebellion |work=lankalibrary.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126125830/http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/keppetipola2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The beginning of the modern period of Sri Lanka is marked by the [[Colebrooke–Cameron Commission|Colebrooke–Cameron reforms]] of 1833.<ref name="corankel" /> They introduced a [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian]] and [[Liberalism|liberal]] political culture to the country based on the [[rule of law]] and amalgamated the Kandyan and maritime provinces as a single unit of government.<ref name="corankel" /> An [[Executive Council of Ceylon|executive council]] and a [[Legislative Council of Ceylon|legislative council]] were established, later becoming the foundation of a representative legislature. By this time, experiments with [[coffee]] plantations were largely successful.<ref name="Nubin 2002 115">{{Harvnb|Nubin|2002|p=115}}</ref>

Soon, coffee became the primary commodity export of Sri Lanka. Falling coffee prices as a result of the [[Panic of 1847|depression of 1847]] stalled economic development and prompted the governor to introduce a series of taxes on firearms, dogs, shops, boats, etc., and to reintroduce a form of ''rajakariya'', requiring six days free labour on roads or payment of a cash equivalent.<ref name="Nubin 2002 115" /> These harsh measures antagonised the locals, and [[Matale rebellion|another rebellion]] broke out in 1848.<ref name="matale1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/gongalegoda.htm |title=Gongale Goda Banda (1809–1849) : The leader of the 1848 rebellion |work=Wimalaratne, K.D.G. |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126130118/http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/gongalegoda.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> A devastating leaf disease, ''[[Hemileia vastatrix]]'', struck the coffee plantations in 1869, destroying the entire industry within fifteen years.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lennox A. Mills |title=Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795–1932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyHG9ZKl3bwC&pg=PA246 |year=1965|publisher=Psychology Press |page=246 |isbn=978-0-7146-2019-0 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105900/https://books.google.com/books?id=YyHG9ZKl3bwC&pg=PA246 |url-status=live }}</ref> The British quickly found a replacement: abandoning coffee, they began cultivating tea instead. [[Tea production in Sri Lanka]] thrived in the following decades. Large-scale rubber plantations began in the early 20th century.

[[File:Kandyan Chiefs in 1905.JPG|upright=1.4|thumb|left|British appointed [[Native headmen of Ceylon|Kandyan chief headmen]] in 1905.]]
By the end of the 19th century, a new educated [[social class]] transcending race and [[caste]] arose through British attempts to staff the [[Ceylon Civil Service]] and the legal, educational, engineering, and medical professions with natives.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nubin|2002|pp=116–117}}</ref> New leaders represented the various ethnic groups of the population in the [[Legislative Council of Ceylon|Ceylon Legislative Council]] on a communal basis. Buddhist and Hindu revivalists reacted against [[Christian missionary]] activities.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q11ID2xfqD8C |author=Bond, George D. |title=The Buddhist revival in Sri Lanka: Religious tradition, reinterpretation and response |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications |year=1992 |pages=11–22 |isbn=978-81-208-1047-1 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105900/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q11ID2xfqD8C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tamlwk">{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilweek.com/Cutting_edge_hindu_revivalism_0625.html |title=Cutting edge of Hindu revivalism in Jaffna |date=25 June 2006 |work=Balachandran, P.K. |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134643/http://www.tamilweek.com/Cutting_edge_hindu_revivalism_0625.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first two decades in the 20th century are noted by the unique harmony among Sinhalese and [[Tamils|Tamil]] political leadership, which has since been lost.<ref>{{Harvnb|De Silva|1981|p=387}}</ref>

The [[1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon]] actually started in the early 1900s, but the first case was documented in 1906.

In 1919, major Sinhalese and Tamil political organisations united to form the Ceylon National Congress, under the leadership of [[Ponnambalam Arunachalam]],<ref>{{Harvnb|De Silva|1981|p=386}}</ref> pressing colonial masters for more constitutional reforms. But without massive popular support, and with the governor's encouragement for "communal representation" by creating a "Colombo seat" that dangled between Sinhalese and Tamils, the Congress lost momentum towards the mid-1920s.<ref>{{Harvnb|De Silva|1981|pp=389–395}}</ref>

The [[Donoughmore Constitution|Donoughmore reforms]] of 1931 repudiated the communal representation and introduced [[Universal suffrage|universal adult franchise]] (the franchise stood at 4% before the reforms). This step was strongly criticised by the Tamil political leadership, who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in the newly created [[State Council of Ceylon]], which succeeded the legislative council.<ref name="tamllib">{{cite web |url=https://tamilelibrary.org/teli/slhist.html |title=Chronology of events related to Tamils in Sri Lanka (1500–1948) |work=Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar |publisher=[[National University of Malaysia]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194411/http://www.tamilelibrary.org/teli/slhist.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|De Silva|1981|p=423}}</ref> In 1937, Tamil leader [[G. G. Ponnambalam]] demanded a 50–50 representation (50% for the Sinhalese and 50% for other ethnic groups) in the State Council. However, this demand was not met by the [[Soulbury Commission|Soulbury reforms]] of 1944–45.

=== Contemporary history ===
{{Main|History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)}}

{{See also|Sri Lankan independence movement|Sri Lankan Civil War}}
[[File:SL Independence.jpg|thumb|The formal ceremony marking the start of self-rule, with the opening of the first parliament at [[Independence Square, Colombo|Independence Square]]]]
[[File:J. R. Jayawardene, President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka on June 20, 1984.jpg|thumb|197x197px|J. R. Jayewardene was the most influential political figure of Sri Lanka in the 1970s and 1980s.]]
The Soulbury constitution ushered in [[Dominion of Ceylon|dominion status]], with independence proclaimed on 4 February 1948.<ref name="countrst68">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/21.htm |title=Sinhalese Parties |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=1 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401001002/http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/21.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Don Stephen Senanayake|D. S. Senanayake]] became the first [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister of Ceylon]].<ref name="DS">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/68.htm |title=Sinhalese Parties |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821135521/http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/68.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Prominent [[Tamils|Tamil]] leaders including Ponnambalam and [[Arunachalam Mahadeva]] joined his cabinet.<ref name="tamllib" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Nubin|2002|pp=121–122}}</ref> The [[Royal Navy|British Royal Navy]] remained stationed at [[Trincomalee]] until 1956. A countrywide [[1953 Ceylonese Hartal|popular demonstration]] against withdrawal of the rice rations resulted in the resignation of prime minister [[Dudley Senanayake]].<ref name="islnksd">{{cite web |url=http://www.island.lk/2008/08/16/satmag1.html |title=Bandaranaike and Hartal of 1953 |author=Weerakoon, Batty |work=The Island |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126054816/http://www.island.lk/2008/08/16/satmag1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]] was elected prime minister in 1956. His three-year rule had a profound influence through his self-proclaimed role of "defender of the besieged Sinhalese culture".<ref>{{Harvnb|Nubin|2002|p=123}}</ref> He introduced the controversial [[Sinhala Only Act]], recognising [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] as the only official language of the government. Although partially reversed in 1958, the bill posed a grave concern for the Tamil community, which perceived in it a threat to their language and culture.<ref name="FW">{{Cite book |author=Ganguly, Šumit |editor=Brown, Michael E. |title=Fighting Words: language policy and ethnic relations in Asia |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2003 |pages=136–138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC |isbn=978-0-262-52333-2 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105901/https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AV">{{Cite book |editor1=Schmid, Bettina |editor2=Schroeder, Ingo |title=Anthropology of Violence and Conflict |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx-1MdUlzaUC |isbn=978-0-415-22905-0 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="a1">{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka Profile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12004081 |work=BBC News |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614231749/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12004081 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi|Federal Party]] (FP) launched a movement of non-violent resistance ([[satyagraha]]) against the bill, which prompted Bandaranaike to reach an agreement ([[Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact]]) with [[S. J. V. Chelvanayakam]], leader of the FP, to resolve the looming ethnic conflict.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peebles, Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxO0eISluqEC |title=The History of Sri Lanka |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2006 |pages=109–111 |isbn=978-0-313-33205-0 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SxO0eISluqEC |url-status=live }}</ref> The pact proved ineffective in the face of ongoing protests by opposition and the Buddhist clergy. The bill, together with various government [[Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes|colonisation schemes]], contributed much towards the political rancour between Sinhalese and Tamil political leaders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff profile: Jonathan Spencer |publisher=University of Edinburgh |url=http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/staff/social_anthropology/spencer_jonathan |access-date=15 July 2014 |author-link=University of Edinburgh |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808052143/http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/staff/social_anthropology/spencer_jonathan |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bandaranaike was [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike#Assassination|assassinated]] by an extremist Buddhist monk in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/Cl01Df05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011220212820/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/Cl01Df05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=20 December 2001 |title=Sri Lanka: The untold story – Assassination of Bandaranaike |work=Rajasingham, K. T. |year=2002 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

{{multiple image |total_width=220
|title = Leaders in 1960
| align = left
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (1959).jpg
|caption1=[[Elizabeth II]] [[Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)|Queen of Ceylon]]
|image2= Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon 1960 (cropped).PNG
|caption2=[[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] Prime Minister
|footer=1960 saw the election of Sirimavo Bandaranaike as Ceylon's Prime Minister and the first time in world history that the heads of both state and government in a country were female.
}}

[[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], the widow of Bandaranaike, took office as prime minister in 1960, and withstood an [[1962 Ceylonese coup d'état attempt|attempted coup d'état]] in 1962. During her second term as prime minister, the government instituted socialist economic policies, strengthening ties with the [[Soviet Union]] and China, while promoting a policy of non-alignment. In 1971, Ceylon experienced a [[1971 JVP insurrection|Marxist insurrection]], which was quickly suppressed. In 1972, the country became a [[republic]] named Sri Lanka, repudiating its dominion status. Prolonged minority grievances and the use of communal emotionalism as an election campaign weapon by both Sinhalese and Tamil leaders abetted a fledgling Tamil militancy in the north during the 1970s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nubin|2002|pp=128–129}}</ref> The [[policy of standardisation]] by the Sirimavo government to rectify disparities created in university enrolment, which was in essence an [[affirmative action]] to assist geographically disadvantaged students to obtain tertiary education,<ref name="affrmact">{{cite web |url=http://www.ices.lk/publications/esr/articles_jul97/Esr-kmdesilva.PDF |pages=248–254 |title=Affirmative Action Policies: The Sri Lankan Experience |author1=De Silva |author2=K. M. |date=July 1997 |publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930154652/http://www.ices.lk/publications/esr/articles_jul97/Esr-kmdesilva.PDF |archive-date=30 September 2011}}</ref> resulted in reducing the proportion of Tamil students at university level and acted as the immediate catalyst for the rise of militancy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jayasuriya, J.E. |title=Education in the Third World |publisher=Indian Institute of Education |year=1981 |place=[[Pune]] | oclc=7925123}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilnation.co/forum/sivaram/940508eelam_history.htm |title=The Exclusive Right to Write Eelam History |author=Taraki Sivaram |date=May 1994 |publisher=Tamil Nation |author-link=Taraki Sivaram |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119055553/http://tamilnation.co/forum/sivaram/940508eelam_history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The assassination of [[Jaffna]] [[Mayor]] [[Alfred Duraiyappah]] in 1975 by the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) marked a crisis point.<ref name="Hoffman139">{{Cite book |author=Hoffman, Bruce |title=Inside Terrorism |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |place=New York |year=2006 |page=139 |isbn=978-0-231-12699-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ayrAgAAQBAJ |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105902/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ayrAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rohang">{{cite web |url=http://www.padippakam.com/document/srilankan_gov/gov002.pdf |title=International and Regional Implications of the Sri Lankan Tamil Insurgency |author=Rohan Gunaratna |date=December 1998 |author-link=Rohan Gunaratna |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101122924/http://www.padippakam.com/document/srilankan_gov/gov002.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The government of [[J. R. Jayawardene]] swept to power in 1977, defeating the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] government.<ref name="attms">{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA26Df04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020213090010/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA26Df04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=13 February 2002 |title=Tamil militancy – a manifestation |author=Rajasingham, K.T. |year=2002 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> Jayawardene introduced a [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|new constitution]], together with a [[free-market economy]] and a powerful [[Executive president|executive presidency]] modelled after that of France. It made Sri Lanka the first [[South Asia]]n country to [[Liberalism|liberalise]] its economy.<ref name="filbrn" /> Beginning in [[Four Four Bravo|1983]], ethnic tensions were manifested in an [[Sri Lankan civil war|on-and-off insurgency]] against the government by the LTTE. An [[Four Four Bravo|LTTE attack on 13 soldiers]] resulted in the start of a civil war, and in response anti-Tamil [[Black July|race riots]] took place, allegedly backed by [[Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism|Sinhalese hard-line]] ministers, which resulted in more than 150,000 Tamil civilians fleeing the island, seeking asylum in other countries.<ref name="Remembering">{{cite news |title=Remembering Sri Lanka's Black July – BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23402727 |website=BBC News |access-date=20 October 2015 |date=23 July 2013 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322023421/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23402727 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lkwbblk">{{cite web |url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2010/04/27/the-black-july-1983-that-created-a-collective-trauma/ |title=The Black July 1983 that Created a Collective Trauma |work=Jayatunge, Ruwan M. |publisher=LankaWeb |year=2010 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703213952/http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2010/04/27/the-black-july-1983-that-created-a-collective-trauma/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lapses in foreign policy resulted in India strengthening the Tigers by providing arms and training.<ref name="sndaytst">{{cite news |url=http://sundaytimes.lk/970119/plus4.html |title=LTTE: the Indian connection |newspaper=Sunday Times |year=1997 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915053716/http://sundaytimes.lk/970119/plus4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971212/34650923.html |title=Uppermost in our minds was to save the Gandhis' name |newspaper=Express India |year=1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811204127/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971212/34650923.html |archive-date=11 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2009/07/for-firmer-and-finer-international.html |title=For firmer and finer International Relations |work=Wijesinghe, Sarath |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201181154/http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2009/07/for-firmer-and-finer-international.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1987, the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]] was signed and the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) was deployed in northern Sri Lanka to stabilise the region by neutralising the LTTE.<ref name="Stokke2000a">{{Cite journal |author=Stokke, K. |author2=Ryntveit, A.K. |year=2000 |title=The Struggle for Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka |journal=Growth and Change: A Journal of Urban and Regional Policy |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=285–304 |doi=10.1111/0017-4815.00129|bibcode=2000GroCh..31..285S }}</ref> The same year, the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|JVP]] launched its [[1987–89 JVP Insurrection|second insurrection]] in Southern Sri Lanka,<ref name="secninsr">{{Cite book |author=Gunaratna, Rohan |title=Sri Lanka's Ethnic Crisis and National Security |publisher=South Asian Network on Conflict Research |place=[[Colombo]] |year=1998 |page=353 |isbn=978-955-8093-00-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpnhAAAACAAJ |author-link=Rohan Gunaratna |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105902/https://books.google.com/books?id=YpnhAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> necessitating redeployment of the IPKF in 1990.<ref name="atimes">{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC09Df04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020416181258/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC09Df04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=16 April 2002 |title=Chapter 30: Whirlpool of violence, Sri Lanka: The Untold Story |work=Asia Times |year=2002 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> In October 1990, the LTTE [[Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE|expelled Sri Lankan Moors]] (Muslims by religion) from northern Sri Lanka.<ref name="slnp">{{cite web |url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2008/11/35271_space.html |title=1990, The War Year if Ethnic Cleansing of the Muslims From North and the East of Sri Lanka |publisher=lankanewspapers.com |year=2008 |access-date=21 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012159/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2008/11/35271_space.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> In 2002, the Sri Lankan government and LTTE signed a Norwegian-mediated ceasefire agreement.<ref name="a1" />

The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Asian tsunami]] killed over 30,000 and displaced over 500,000 people in Sri Lanka.<ref name="BBC News 2005">{{cite web | title=US presidents in tsunami aid plea | website=BBC News | date=3 January 2005 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4143459.stm#map | access-date=20 December 2021 | archive-date=20 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220175054/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4143459.stm#map | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wsws1">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/dec2005/sri2-d29.shtml|title=One year after the tsunami, Sri Lankan survivors still live in squalour|publisher=World Socialist Web Site|date=29 December 2005|access-date=24 December 2012|archive-date=23 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123063125/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/dec2005/sri2-d29.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1985 to 2006, the Sri Lankan government and Tamil insurgents held four rounds of peace talks without success. Both LTTE and the government resumed fighting in 2006, and the government officially backed out of the ceasefire in 2008.<ref name="a1" /> In 2009, under the [[President of Sri Lanka|Presidency]] of [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] defeated the LTTE, bringing an end to the 26 year long civil war on 19 May 2009,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/tamil-tigers-killed-sri-lanka |title=Sri Lanka declares end to war with Tamil Tigers |work=The Guardian |date=19 May 2009 |access-date=18 August 2011 |location=London |first1=Matthew |last1=Weaver |first2=Gethin |last2=Chamberlain |archive-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906141729/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/tamil-tigers-killed-sri-lanka |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Mark |title=Tamil Tigers Confirm Death of Their Leader |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/26/world/asia/26lanka.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 May 2009 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411014251/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/26/world/asia/26lanka.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2009|title=Tamil Tigers confirm leader's death|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/05/2009524124042406562.html|access-date=24 May 2009|archive-date=25 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525011712/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/05/2009524124042406562.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2009|title=Tamil Tigers admit leader is dead|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8066129.stm|access-date=24 May 2009|archive-date=25 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525011643/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8066129.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and re-established control of the entire country by the Sri Lankan Government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/tamil-tigers-killed-sri-lanka |title=Sri Lanka declares end to war with Tamil Tigers |work=The Guardian |date=19 May 2009 |place=London |first1=Matthew |last1=Weaver |first2=Gethin |last2=Chamberlain |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906141729/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/tamil-tigers-killed-sri-lanka |url-status=live }}</ref> Overall, between 60,000 and 100,000 people were killed during the course of the 26 year long conflict.<ref name="ABC200509">{{cite news |title=Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-20/up-to-100000-killed-in-sri-lankas-civil-war-un/1689524 |newspaper=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Australia]] |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923153656/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-20/up-to-100000-killed-in-sri-lankas-civil-war-un/1689524 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/srilanka/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=sri%20lanka&st=cse |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Erik |last=Olsen |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804092738/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/srilanka/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=sri%20lanka&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings]] carried out by the terrorist group [[National Thowheeth Jama'ath]] on 21 April 2019 resulted in the brutal death of 261 innocent people.<ref name="timeline">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/190428/columns/easter-sunday-massacres-where-do-we-go-from-here-347090.html|title=Easter Sunday massacres: Where do we go from here?|access-date=12 March 2023|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428182021/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/190428/columns/easter-sunday-massacres-where-do-we-go-from-here-347090.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 26 April 2019 an anti [[Sainthamaruthu shootout|terrorist operation]] was carried out against the National Thowheeth Jama'ath by the [[Sri Lanka Army]] with the operation being successful and National Thowheeth Jama'ath's insurgency ending.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-hospital-idUSKCN1S5113|title=Wife, daughter of Sri Lanka bombings mastermind will survive blast:...|newspaper=Reuters|date=29 April 2019|access-date=24 May 2019|via=www.reuters.com|archive-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521204214/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-hospital-idUSKCN1S5113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/54693/15-bodies-including-children-found-at-blast-site-in-sainthamaruthu|title=15 bodies including children found at blast site in Sainthamaruthu|website=adaderana.lk|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081702/http://www.adaderana.lk/news/54693/15-bodies-including-children-found-at-blast-site-in-sainthamaruthu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hirunews.lk/215282/15-bodies-found-from-site-of-shootout-and-explosions-in-saindamaradu6-suicide-bombers-among-them|title=15 bodies found from site of shootout and explosions in Saindamaradu;6 Suicide bombers among them|website=Hiru News|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081706/http://www.hirunews.lk/215282/15-bodies-found-from-site-of-shootout-and-explosions-in-saindamaradu6-suicide-bombers-among-them|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Anti-government protest in Sri Lanka 2022.jpg|thumb|[[2022 Sri Lankan protests|Sri Lankans protesting]] in front of the [[Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)|Presidential Secretariat]] in Colombo, 13 April 2022]]
Economic troubles in Sri Lanka began in 2019, when a [[2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis|severe economic crisis]] occurred caused by rapidly increasing foreign debt, massive government budget deficits due to tax cuts, falling foreign remittances, a food crisis caused by mandatory organic farming along with a ban on chemical fertilisers, and a multitude of other factors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2022 |title=Everything to Know About Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/sri-lankas-economic-crisis/ |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519130407/https://www.borgenmagazine.com/sri-lankas-economic-crisis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sri Lankan Government officially declared the ongoing crisis to be the worst [[Economy of Sri Lanka|economic crisis in the country]] in 73 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2021 |title=Sri Lanka declares worst economic downturn in 73 years |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210430-sri-lanka-declares-worst-economic-downturn-in-73-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015180503/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210430-sri-lanka-declares-worst-economic-downturn-in-73-years |archive-date=15 October 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, a food emergency was declared.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2021 |others=Agence France-Presse |title=Sri Lanka declares food emergency as forex crisis worsens |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/sri-lanka-declares-food-emergency-forex-crisis-1847478-2021-08-31 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406094041/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/sri-lanka-declares-food-emergency-forex-crisis-1847478-2021-08-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2022, Prime Minister [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]] declared the collapse of the Sri Lankan economy in parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lanka's PM says its debt-laden economy has 'collapsed' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/sri-lankas-pm-says-its-debt-laden-economy-has-collapsed-12638329 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094829/https://news.sky.com/story/sri-lankas-pm-says-its-debt-laden-economy-has-collapsed-12638329 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> The crisis resulted in Sri Lanka defaulting on its $51 billion sovereign debt for the first time in its history, along with double-digit inflation, a crippling energy crisis that led to approximately 15 hour power cuts, severe fuel shortages leading to the suspension of fuel to all non-essential vehicles, and more such economic disorder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka becomes first Asia-Pacific country in decades to default on foreign debt |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2022/05/19/sri-lanka-becomes-first-asia-pacific-country-in-decades-to-default-on-foreign-debt/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=NewsWire |date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519121627/https://www.newswire.lk/2022/05/19/sri-lanka-becomes-first-asia-pacific-country-in-decades-to-default-on-foreign-debt/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Sri Lanka to reduce power cut duration from April 18 as rains start – PUCSL |url=https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-to-reduce-power-cut-duration-from-april-18-as-rains-start-pucsl-92927 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=EconomyNext |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194528/https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-to-reduce-power-cut-duration-from-april-18-as-rains-start-pucsl-92927/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the crisis, massive [[2022 Sri Lankan protests|street protests]] erupted all over the country, with protesters demanding the resignation of the President [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]]. The protests culminated with the storming and siege of the [[President's House, Colombo|President's House]] on 9 July 2022, and resulted in President Gotabaya Rajapaksa fleeing to Singapore<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2022|title=Sri Lanka protesters break into President's House as thousands rally|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/09/asia/sri-lanka-protest-president-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=9 July 2022|website=CNN|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715132642/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/09/asia/sri-lanka-protest-president-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and later emailing his resignation to parliament, formally announcing his resignation and making him the first Sri Lankan president to resign in the middle of his term.<ref>{{cite news |title=President Gotabaya Rajapaksa Resigns – letter sent to Speaker of Parliament |url=https://www.hirunews.lk/english/309987/president-gotabaya-rajapaksa-resigns-letter-sent-to-speaker-of-parliament |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=Hiru News |date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714134628/https://www.hirunews.lk/english/309987/president-gotabaya-rajapaksa-resigns-letter-sent-to-speaker-of-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref> On the same day the President's House was stormed, protesters besieged and stormed the [[115 Fifth Lane|private residence of the prime minister]] and burnt it down.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2022 |title=Sri Lankan crisis: Protesters set PM Ranil Wickremesinghe's residence on fire |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/protesters-set-sri-lankan-pm-ranil-wickremesinghe-s-residence-on-fire-101657381849320.html |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=Hindustan Times News |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713064308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/protesters-set-sri-lankan-pm-ranil-wickremesinghe-s-residence-on-fire-101657381849320.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]] elected the new president as [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]] on [[2022 Sri Lankan presidential election|20 July 2022]], Wickremesinghe took oath as the ninth President of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/ranil-wickremesinghe-takes-oath-as-sri-lankan-president-video-1978092-2022-07-21|title=Ranil Wickremesinghe takes oath as President of Sri Lanka|website=indiatoday.in|date=21 July 2022|access-date=29 July 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325190951/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/ranil-wickremesinghe-takes-oath-as-sri-lankan-president-video-1978092-2022-07-21|url-status=live}}</ref> He implemented various economic reforms in efforts to stabilise Sri Lanka's economy, which has shown slight improvement since.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-cuts-policy-rates-to-reduce-inflation-and-boost-economic-recovery/article66919025.ece | title=Sri Lanka cuts policy rates to reduce inflation and boost economic recovery | newspaper=The Hindu | date=June 2023 | access-date=6 October 2023 | archive-date=27 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927194156/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-cuts-policy-rates-to-reduce-inflation-and-boost-economic-recovery/article66919025.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/03/01/022224oped-srilanka-economic-reform-program-is-starting-to-work|title=Sri Lanka's Economic Reform Program is Starting to Work—Keep at It for a Full Recovery|website=IMF}}</ref> On 23 September 2024, [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]] was sworn in as Sri Lanka's new president after winning the presidential [[2024 Sri Lankan presidential election|election]] as a left-wing candidate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anura Kumara Dissanayake sworn in as Sri Lanka's president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqxr03x4dvzo |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref> On 14 November 2024, President Anura Kumara Dissanayake's [[National People's Power]] (NPP), a left-leaning alliance, received a two-thirds majority in parliament in Sri Lankan [[2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|parliamentary election.]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka: Left-leaning leader's coalition secures landslide victory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crr9n2w0lyzo |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Sri Lanka}}

[[File:Topography Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A roughly oval island with a mountainous centre|Topographic map of Sri Lanka]]

Sri Lanka, an island in [[South Asia]], lies on the [[Indian Plate]], a major [[plate tectonics|tectonic plate]] that was formerly part of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Seth Stein |title=The January 26, 2001 Bhuj Earthquake and the Diffuse Western Boundary of the Indian Plate |url=https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/public/emile/PDF/EAO147.pdf |website=earth.northwestern.edu |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211629/https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/public/emile/PDF/EAO147.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is in the Indian Ocean southwest of the [[Bay of Bengal]], between latitudes [[5th parallel north|5°]] and [[10th parallel north|10° N]], and longitudes [[79th meridian east|79°]] and [[82nd meridian east|82° E]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jyotisha.00it.com/Lankaco.htm |title=Geographic Coordinates for Sri Lanka Towns and Villages |publisher=jyotisha.00it.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720060903/http://jyotisha.00it.com/Lankaco.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sri Lanka is separated from the mainland portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]] by the [[Gulf of Mannar]] and [[Palk Strait]]. According to [[Hindu mythology]], a land bridge existed between the Indian mainland and Sri Lanka. It now amounts to only a [[Adam's Bridge|chain of limestone shoals]] remaining above [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6996621.stm |title=Gods row minister offers to quit |publisher=BBC |date=15 September 2007 |access-date=16 September 2007 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205062935/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6996621.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Legends claim that it was passable on foot up to 1480 CE, until [[cyclone]]s deepened the channel.<ref name="Garg1992">{{cite book |author=Garg, Ganga Ram |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |volume=A–Aj |year=1992 |publisher=South Asia Books |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-261-3489-2 |page=142 |chapter=Adam's Bridge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/04spec.htm |title=Ramar Sethu, a world heritage centre? |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214082353/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/04spec.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Portions are still as shallow as {{convert|1|m|ft|sigfig=1}}, hindering navigation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Adam's Bridge |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Adams-Bridge |access-date=21 December 2015 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113002452/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003680 |url-status=live }}</ref> The island consists mostly of flat to rolling coastal plains, with mountains rising only in the south-central part. The highest point is [[Pidurutalagala]], reaching {{convert|2524|m|ft|0}} above sea level.
[[File:Sri Paada1.JPG|thumb|A view of [[Adam's Peak|Sripada]] from [[Maskeliya]]]]
Sri Lanka has 103 rivers. The longest of these is the [[Mahaweli River]], extending {{convert|335|km|mi|0}}.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Aves, Edward |year=2003 |title=Sri Lanka |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |page=372 |place=London |isbn=978-1-903471-78-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_kbgCvVm4UC}}</ref> These waterways give rise to 51 natural waterfalls of {{convert|10|m}} or more. The highest is [[Bambarakanda Falls]], with a height of {{convert|263|m|ft|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/sri-lanka |title=Introducing Sri Lanka |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717232921/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/sri-lanka |url-status=live }}</ref> Sri Lanka's coastline is {{cvt|1,585|km}} long.<ref name="unep">{{cite web |url=http://www.rrcap.unep.org/pub/soe/srilanka_coastal.pdf |page=86 |title=Depletion of coastal resources |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331091614/http://www.rrcap.unep.org/pub/soe/srilanka_coastal.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> Sri Lanka claims an [[exclusive economic zone]] extending 200 [[nautical mile]]s, which is approximately 6.7 times Sri Lanka's land area. The coastline and adjacent waters support highly productive marine ecosystems such as [[Fringing reef|fringing]] [[coral reef]]s and shallow beds of coastal and [[Estuary|estuarine]] [[seagrass]]es.<ref name="faosl">{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/X5627E/x5627e09.htm |title=5 Coral Reefs of Sri Lanka: Current Status And Resource Management |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307052654/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5627e/x5627e09.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sri Lanka has 45 [[Estuary|estuaries]] and 40 [[lagoon]]s.<ref name="unep" /> Sri Lanka's [[mangrove]] ecosystem spans over 7,000 [[hectare]]s and played a vital role in buffering the force of the waves in the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]].<ref name="iucnas">{{cite web |url=http://www.elanguages.org/files/144094 |title=Information Brief on Mangroves in Sri Lanka |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126103137/http://www.elanguages.org/files/144094 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The island is rich in minerals such as [[ilmenite]], [[feldspar]], [[graphite]], [[silica]], [[kaolin]], [[mica]] and [[thorium]].<ref name="minr">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=lk&product=graphite&graph=production |title=Sri Lanka Graphite Production by Year |publisher=indexmundi.com |year=2009 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205010400/http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=lk&product=graphite&graph=production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="thor">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/13747 |title=Availability of sizeable deposits of thorium in Sri Lanka |work=[[Tissa Vitharana]] | year=2008 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224104852/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/13747 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Existence of [[petroleum]] and gas in the Gulf of Mannar has also been confirmed, and the extraction of recoverable quantities is underway.<ref name="prdssl">{{cite web |url=http://www.prds-srilanka.com/pdfs/Sri_Lanka_Seismic_EIA_Final_Report.pdf |pages=iv–vii |title=Three Dimensional Seismic Survey for Oil Exploration in Block SL-2007-01-001 in Gulf of Mannar–Sri Lanka |publisher=Cairn Lanka |year=2009 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126072118/http://www.prds-srilanka.com/pdfs/Sri_Lanka_Seismic_EIA_Final_Report.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{See also|Geography of Sri Lanka#Climate}}

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map LKA present.svg|thumb|left|Sri Lanka map of Köppen climate classification]]

The climate is [[Tropical climate|tropical]] and warm because of moderating effects of ocean winds. Mean temperatures range from {{convert|17|°C|°F|1}} in the [[Central Highlands of Sri Lanka|Central Highlands]], where frost may occur for several days in the winter, to a maximum of {{convert|33|C|F|1|abbr=on}} in low-altitude areas. Average yearly temperatures range from {{convert|28|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} to nearly {{convert|31|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}. Day and night temperatures may vary by {{convert|14|C-change|F-change|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|18|C-change|F-change|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mysrilanka.com/travel/theland/climate.htm |title=Climate & Seasons: Sri Lanka |website=mysrilanka.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151923/http://www.mysrilanka.com/travel/theland/climate.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The rainfall pattern is influenced by [[monsoon]] winds from the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal. The "wet zone" and some of the windward slopes of the central highlands receive up to {{convert|2500|mm|in|1}} of rain each year, but the leeward slopes in the east and northeast receive little rain. Most of the east, southeast, and northern parts of Sri Lanka constitute the "dry zone", which receives between {{convert|1200|and|1900|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mysrilanka.com/travel/theland/rainfall.htm |title=Sri Lanka Rainfall |work=mysrilanka.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102072708/http://www.mysrilanka.com/travel/theland/rainfall.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The arid northwest and southeast coasts receive the least rain at {{convert|800|to|1200|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year. Periodic squalls occur and sometimes [[tropical cyclone]]s bring overcast skies and rains to the southwest, northeast, and eastern parts of the island. Humidity is typically higher in the southwest and mountainous areas and depends on the seasonal patterns of rainfall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climatetemp.info/sri-lanka/ |title=Sri Lanka Climate Guide |publisher=climatetemp.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625222627/http://www.climatetemp.info/sri-lanka/ |archive-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> An increase in average rainfall coupled with heavier rainfall events has resulted in recurrent flooding and related damages to infrastructure, utility supply and the urban economy.<ref>[http://cdkn.org/resource/integrating-urban-agriculture-and-forestry-into-climate-change-action-plans-lessons-from-sri-lanka/ Integrating urban agriculture and forestry into climate change action plans: Lessons from Sri Lanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714214438/http://cdkn.org/resource/integrating-urban-agriculture-and-forestry-into-climate-change-action-plans-lessons-from-sri-lanka/ |date=14 July 2014 }}, Marielle Dubbeling, the RUAF Foundation, 2014</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Environment of Sri Lanka|Wildlife of Sri Lanka}}

{{See also|List of mammals of Sri Lanka|List of birds of Sri Lanka}}
[[File:Elephas maximus maximus - 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Sri Lankan elephant]] is one of three recognised [[subspecies]] of the [[Asian elephant]]. The 2011 elephant census estimated a population of 5,879.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/sri-lanka-survey-finds-more-elephants-than-expected-129086673/167947.html |title=Sri Lanka Survey Finds More Elephants Than Expected |date=2 September 2011 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] | access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129112134/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/Sri-Lanka-Survey-Finds-More-Elephants-Than-Expected-129086673.html |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The [[Western Ghats]] of India and Sri Lanka were included among the first 18 global [[biodiversity hotspot]]s due to high levels of species endemism. The number of biodiversity hotspots has now increased to 34.<ref name="Current Science">{{cite journal |last1=Gunawardene |first1=N. R. |last2=Daniels |first2=A. E. D. |last3=Gunatilleke |first3=I. A. U. N. |last4=Gunatilleke |first4=C. V. S. |last5=Karunakaran |first5=P. V. |last6=Nayak |first6=K. |last7=Prasad |first7=S. |last8=Puyravaud |first8=P. |last9=Ramesh |first9=B. R. |last10=Subramanian |first10=K. A |last11=Vasanthy |first11=G. |title=A brief overview of the Western Ghats—Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot |journal=Current Science |date=10 December 2007 |volume=93 |issue=11 |pages=1567–1572 |url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue53/bibliography/115-a-brief-overview-of-the-western-ghats.PDF |access-date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118022902/http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue53/bibliography/115-a-brief-overview-of-the-western-ghats.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> Sri Lanka has the highest biodiversity per unit area among Asian countries for flowering plants and all vertebrate groups except birds.<ref name="mahindapala">{{cite book |last1=Mahindapala |first1=R. |editor1-last=Carew-Reid |editor1-first=J. |title=Biodiversity Planning in Asia |date=2002 |publisher=IUCN |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=2-8317-0643-2 |page=451 |url=http://www.icem.com.au/documents/biodiversity/bioplan/sri_lanka.pdf |chapter=Sri Lanka |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407151019/http://www.icem.com.au/documents/biodiversity/bioplan/sri_lanka.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A remarkably high proportion of the species among its flora and fauna, 27% of the 3,210 flowering plants and 22% of the mammals, are [[Endemism|endemic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1106-interview_ranil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723163108/http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1106-interview_ranil.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2014 |title=An interview with Dr. Ranil Senanayake, chairman of Rainforest Rescue International |work=news.mongabay.com |access-date=15 July 2014 }}</ref> Sri Lanka supports a rich avifauna of that stands at 453 species and this includes 240 species of birds that are known to breed in the country. [[List of endemic birds of Sri Lanka|33 species]] are accepted by some ornithologists as endemic while some ornithologists consider only 27 are endemic and the remaining six are considered as proposed endemics.<ref name="redlist2012">{{cite book |last1=Weerakoon |first1=D. K. |last2=Gunawardena |first2=K. |editor1-last=Weerakoon |editor1-first=D. K. |editor2-last=Wijesundara |editor2-first=S. |title=The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora |date=2012 |publisher=Ministry of Environment |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka |isbn=978-955-0-03355-3 |page=114 |url=https://www.cea.lk/web/images/pdf/redlist2012.pdf |chapter=The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Birds in Sri Lanka |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202136/http://cea.lk/web/images/pdf/redlist2012.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sri Lanka's protected areas are administered by two government bodies: The [[Department of Forest Conservation (Sri Lanka)|Department of Forest Conservation]] and the [[Department of Wildlife Conservation (Sri Lanka)|Department of Wildlife Conservation]]. Department of Wildlife Conservation administers 61 wildlife sanctuaries, 22 national parks, four nature reserves, three strict nature reserves, and one jungle corridor; while Department of Forest Conservation oversees 65 conservation forests and one national heritage wilderness area. 26.5% of the country's land area is legally protected. This is a higher percentage of protected areas when compared to the rest of Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Senevirathna |first1=H.M.M.C. |last2=Perera |first2=P.K.P. |title=Wildlife Viewing Preferences of Visitors to Sri Lanka's National Parks: Implications for Visitor Management and Sustainable Tourism Planning |journal=Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment |year=2013 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.31357/JTFE.V3I2.1838 |s2cid=58915438 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Sri Lanka contains four terrestrial ecoregions: [[Sri Lanka lowland rain forests]], [[Sri Lanka montane rain forests]], [[Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests]], and [[Deccan thorn scrub forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |display-authors=1 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Flowering [[acacia]]s flourish on the arid [[Jaffna Peninsula]]. Among the trees of the dry-land forests are valuable species such as [[Chloroxylon|satinwood]], [[ebony]], [[Mesua ferrea|ironwood]], [[mahogany]] and [[teak]]. The wet zone is a tropical evergreen forest with tall trees, broad foliage, and a dense undergrowth of vines and creepers. Subtropical evergreen forests resembling those of temperate climates flourish in the higher altitudes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/for_cou_144.PDF |title=Forests, Grasslands, and Drylands – Sri Lanka |page=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027053304/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/for_cou_144.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Rainbirder - Leopard (1).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sri Lankan leopard]] (''Panthera pardus kotiya'') is an [[endangered species|endangered]] subspecies of [[leopard]] native to Sri Lanka.]]
[[Yala National Park]] in the southeast protects herds of elephant, deer, and peacocks. The [[Wilpattu National Park]] in the northwest, the largest national park, preserves the habitats of many water birds such as storks, pelicans, ibis, and spoonbills. The island has four [[Nature reserve|biosphere reserves]]: [[Bundala National Park|Bundala]], [[Hurulu Forest Reserve]], the [[Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya]], and [[Sinharaja Forest Reserve|Sinharaja]].<ref name="unesco biosphere reserves">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/contact.asp?code=SRL |title=Sri Lanka |date=1 September 2006 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=21 May 2009 |archive-date=4 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204011828/http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/contact.asp?code=SRL |url-status=live }}</ref> Sinharaja is home to 26 endemic birds and 20 rainforest species, including the elusive [[red-faced malkoha]], the [[green-billed coucal]] and the [[Sri Lanka blue magpie]]. The untapped genetic potential of Sinharaja flora is enormous. Of the 211 woody trees and lianas within the reserve, 139 (66%) are endemic. The total vegetation density, including trees, shrubs, herbs, and seedlings, has been estimated at 240,000 individuals per hectare. The Minneriya National Park borders the [[Minneriya Tank]], which is an important source of water for elephants inhabiting the surrounding forests. Dubbed "The Gathering", the congregation of elephants can be seen on the tank-bed in the late dry season (August to October) as the surrounding water sources steadily disappear. The park also encompasses a range of micro-habitats which include classic dry zone tropical monsoonal evergreen forest, thick stands of giant bamboo, hilly pastures (patanas), and grasslands (talawas).<ref name="Minneriya">{{cite web |url=http://trabanatours.com/locations/minneriya/ |title=Minneriya National Park |publisher=trabanatours.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516114439/http://trabanatours.com/locations/minneriya/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

[[File:Rhododendron arboreum zeylanicum flower.jpg|thumb|Maha rath mala (''Rhododendron arboreum'' ssp. ''zeylanicum'') is a rare sub-species of ''[[Rhododendron arboreum]]'' found in [[Central Highlands of Sri Lanka]].]]

During the Mahaweli Program of the 1970s and 1980s in northern Sri Lanka, the government set aside four areas of land totalling {{convert|1900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} as national parks. Statistics of Sri Lanka's forest cover show rapid deforestation from 1956 to 2010. In 1956, 44.2 percent of the country's land area had forest cover. Forest cover depleted rapidly in recent decades; 29.6 percent in 1999, 28.7 percent in 2010.<ref name="forests">{{cite journal |last1=Ranagalage |first1=M. |last2=Gunarathna |first2=M. H. J. P. |last3=Surasinghe |first3=T. D. |last4=Dissanayake |first4=D. M. S. L. G. |last5=Simwanda |first5=M. |last6=Murayama |first6=Y. |last7=Morimoto |first7=T. |last8=Phiri |first8=D. |last9=Nyirenda |first9=V. R. |last10=Premakantha |first10=K. T. |last11=Sathurusinghe |first11=A. |title=Multi-Decadal Forest-Cover Dynamics in the Tropical Realm: Past Trends and Policy Insights for Forest Conservation in Dry Zone of Sri Lanka |journal=Forests |date=1 August 2020 |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=836 |doi=10.3390/f11080836 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/8/836/pdf |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Fore...11..836R |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106110416/https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/forests/forests-11-00836/article_deploy/forests-11-00836-v2.pdf?version=1596439027 |url-status=live |hdl=2241/0002003128 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Sri Lanka|Politics of Sri Lanka}}

{{See also|Constitution of Sri Lanka}}

[[File:Old Parliament Building, Colombo.JPG|thumb|The [[Old Parliament Building, Colombo|old Sri Lankan Parliament building]], near the [[Galle Face Green]] in Colombo. It now serves as the [[Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)|Presidential Secretariat]]'s headquarters.]]

Sri Lanka is a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[republic]] and a [[unitary state]] which is governed by a [[semi-presidential system]].<ref name="constnt">{{cite web |title=Chapter 1 – The People, The State and Sovereignty |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Chapter_01_Amd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531083515/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Chapter_01_Amd.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |work=The Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka}}</ref> Sri Lanka is the oldest democracy in Asia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Norton, James H.K. |title=India and South Asia |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] | place=United States |isbn=978-0-07-243298-5 |year=2001}}</ref> Most provisions of the constitution can be amended by a [[Supermajority|two-thirds majority]] in [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|parliament]]. The amendment of [[Entrenched clause|certain fundamental features]], including clauses on national symbols, religion, term limits, the reference to Sri Lanka as a unitary state, and the entrenchment mechanism itself, requires both a two-thirds majority in Parliament and approval in a nationwide [[referendum]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Walpola |first=Thilina |date=15 July 2024 |title=Creating confusion about a crystal-clear Article 83 (b) |url=https://island.lk/creating-confusion-about-a-crystal-clear-article-83-b/ |access-date=19 November 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Op-ed: Are there limits to amending Sri Lanka's constitution? |url=https://constitutionnet.org/news/op-ed-are-there-limits-amending-sri-lankas-constitution |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=ConstitutionNet |language=en}}</ref> The Constitution of Sri Lanka officially declares it to be a [[socialist state]].<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka|language=|ratified=7 September 1978|url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Preamble.html|access-date=}}</ref>

In common with many democracies, the Sri Lankan government has three branches:
* '''Executive''': The [[President of Sri Lanka]] is the [[head of state]]; the [[Commander-in-chief|commander in chief]] of the armed forces; [[Chief executive (gubernatorial)|chief executive]], and is popularly elected for a five-year term.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Presidency |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/execpres/Indexep.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921054039/http://www.priu.gov.lk/execpres/Indexep.html |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |work=The Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka}}</ref> The president heads the [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]] and appoints [[minister (government)|ministers]] from elected [[Member of parliament|members of parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2003 |title=The Constitution of Sri Lanka – Contents |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/CONTENTS.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118180853/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/CONTENTS.html |archive-date=18 November 2014 |work=The Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka}}</ref> The president is immune from legal proceedings while in the office with respect to any acts done or omitted to be done by him or her in either an official or private capacity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Immunity |url=http://www.constitution.lk/static_pages/view/26 |publisher=constitution.lk}}{{dead link|date=July 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Following the passage of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka|19th amendment to the constitution]] in 2015, the president has two terms, which previously stood at no term limit.
* '''Legislative''': The [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]] is a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] 225-member legislature with 196 members elected from 22 multi-seat constituencies and 29 elected by [[proportional representation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolution of the Parliamentary System |url=http://www.parliament.lk/about_us/evolution.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616221401/http://www.parliament.lk/about_us/evolution.jsp |archive-date=16 June 2010 |publisher=[[Parliament of Sri Lanka]]}}</ref> Members are elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term. The president may summon, suspend, or end a legislative session and dissolve Parliament anytime after four and a half years. The parliament reserves the power to make all laws.<ref name="parliam">{{cite web |title=The Legislative Power of Parliament |url=http://www.parliament.lk/functions/legislative_power.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616221100/http://www.parliament.lk/functions/legislative_power.jsp |archive-date=16 June 2010 |publisher=[[Parliament of Sri Lanka]]}}</ref> The president's deputy and [[head of government]], the [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|prime minister]], leads the [[ruling party]] in parliament and shares many executive responsibilities, mainly in domestic affairs.
[[File:Supreme Court Colombo.jpg|thumb|The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka, Colombo]]
* '''Judicial''': Sri Lanka's judiciary consists of a [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka|Supreme Court]]—the highest and final superior court of record,<ref name="parliam" /> a Court of Appeal, High Courts, and a number of subordinate courts. The highly complex legal system reflects diverse cultural influences.<ref name="unpanh">{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka public administration |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023242.pdf |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=[[United Nations Public Administration Network]] |page=2 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102055202/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023242.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Criminal law is based almost entirely on [[English law|British law]]. Basic civil law derives from [[Roman-Dutch law]]. Laws pertaining to marriage, divorce, and inheritance are [[Common law|communal]].<ref name="lawsd">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Sri Lanka |newspaper=U.S. Department of State |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192233/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of ancient customary practices and religion, the Sinhala customary law (Kandyan law), the [[Thesavalamai]], and [[Sharia]] law are followed in special cases.<ref name="custmryl">{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka Society & Culture: Customs, Rituals & Traditions |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/rit.html |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=lankalibrary.com |archive-date=18 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618224748/http://www.lankalibrary.com/rit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The president appoints judges to the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and the High Courts. A judicial service commission, composed of the [[Chief Justice of Sri Lanka|chief justice]] and two Supreme Court judges, appoints, transfers, and dismisses lower court judges.

=== Politics ===
{{Main|Politics of Sri Lanka}}

{{See also|Elections in Sri Lanka}}
{{Sri Lankan symbols}}

The current political culture in Sri Lanka is a contest between two rival coalitions led by the [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] and [[Progressivism|progressive]] [[United People's Freedom Alliance]] (UPFA), an offspring of [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] (SLFP), and the comparatively [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] and pro-[[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[United National Party]] (UNP). After 2018, two major political parties split from these two parties: The [[Samagi Jana Balawegaya]] split from the UNP, and the [[Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna]] split from the UPFA. The third wing party [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] has gained popularity since 2022.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nubin|2002|p=95}}</ref>

Sri Lanka is essentially a multi-party democracy with many smaller Buddhist, socialist, and Tamil nationalist political parties. As of July 2011, the number of registered political parties in the country is 67.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919123154/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pp.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2011 |title=Political Parties in Sri Lanka |publisher=Department of Election, Sri Lanka |date=July 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> Of these, the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (LSSP), established in 1935, is the oldest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2010/12/18/fea01.asp |title=Sri Lanka's oldest political party |work=Daily News |date=18 December 2010 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824024913/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2010/12/18/fea01.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UNP, established by D. S. Senanayake in 1946, was until recently the largest single political party.<ref name="unpl">{{cite web |url=http://www.unplanka.com/ |title=UNP: The Story of the Major Tradition |publisher=unplanka.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518080126/http://unplanka.com/ |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> It is the only political group which had representation in all parliaments since independence.<ref name="unpl" /> SLFP was founded by [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]] in July 1951.<ref name="slfps">{{cite web |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/11/16/fea03.asp |title=Charting a new course for Sri Lanka's success |work=Daily News |date=16 November 2009 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220161248/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/11/16/fea03.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> SLFP registered its first victory in 1956, defeating the ruling UNP in the [[1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1956 Parliamentary election]].<ref name="slfps" /> Following the parliamentary election in [[July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|July 1960]], [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] became the prime minister and the world's first elected [[List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government|female head of government]].<ref name="bbcsirimavo">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2784000/2784527.stm |title=Ceylon chooses world's first woman PM |publisher=BBC |date=20 July 1960 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307032617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2784000/2784527.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[G. G. Ponnambalam]], the [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Tamil nationalist]] counterpart of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike,<ref name="socs">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4Y9AAAAYAAJ |author=Society of Jesus in India |title=New review, Volume 23 |publisher=Macmillan and co. ltd. |place=India |page=78 |year=1946 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106110417/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4Y9AAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> founded the [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress]] (ACTC) in 1944. Objecting to Ponnambalam's cooperation with D. S. Senanayake, a dissident group led by [[S. J. V. Chelvanayakam|S.J.V. Chelvanayakam]] broke away in 1949 and formed the [[Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi]] (ITAK), also known as the Federal Party, becoming the main Tamil political party in Sri Lanka for the next two decades.<ref name="poltitak">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLqmdDp3l0oC|first1=Lakshman|last1=W. D.|author-link2=Clem Tisdell|last2=Tisdell|first2=Clem|title=Sri Lanka's development since independence: socio-economic perspectives and analyses|publisher=[[Nova Publishers]]|place=[[New York City|New York]]|page=80|isbn=978-1-56072-784-2|year=2000|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106110417/https://books.google.com/books?id=MLqmdDp3l0oC|url-status=live}}</ref> The Federal Party advocated a more aggressive stance toward the Sinhalese.<ref name="postcolhist">{{cite web |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/postcolonial_history.htm |title=Sri Lanka: Post Colonial History |publisher=Lanka Library |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126130640/http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/postcolonial_history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> With the constitutional reforms of 1972, the ACTC and ITAK created the Tamil United Front (later [[Tamil United Liberation Front]]). Following a period of turbulence as Tamil militants rose to power in the late 1970s, these Tamil political parties were succeeded in October 2001 by the [[Tamil National Alliance]].<ref name="postcolhist" /><ref name="tnas">{{cite news |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/02/24/sri-lanka-tamil-national-alliance-denies-having-talks-buddhist-prelates |title=Sri Lanka Tamil National Alliance denies having talks with Buddhist prelates |newspaper=[[Asian Tribune]] |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123053/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/02/24/sri-lanka-tamil-national-alliance-denies-having-talks-buddhist-prelates |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]], a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] political party founded by [[Rohana Wijeweera]] in 1965, serves as a third force in the current political context.<ref name="jvpnew">{{cite web |url=http://socialsciences-ejournal.org/SP%2012.%20Shathasiri.pdf |page=139 |title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics |publisher=Asia-Pacific Journal of Social Sciences |date=December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920090225/http://socialsciences-ejournal.org/SP%2012.%20Shathasiri.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> It endorses leftist policies which are more radical than the traditionalist leftist politics of the LSSP and the [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka|Communist Party]].<ref name="postcolhist" /> Founded in 1981, the [[Sri Lanka Muslim Congress]] is the largest Muslim political party in Sri Lanka.<ref name="muslcon">{{cite web |url=http://www.sangam.org/2011/02/SL_Muslims.php?uid=4258 |title=Sri Lankan Muslims: Between ethno-nationalism and the global ummah |work=Dennis B. McGilvray |publisher=[[Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism]] |date=January 2011 |access-date=29 April 2012 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306194038/http://www.sangam.org/2011/02/SL_Muslims.php?uid=4258 |url-status=live }}</ref>

President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] lost the [[2015 Sri Lankan presidential election|2015 presidential elections]], ending his ten-year presidency. However, his successor as Sri Lankan President, [[Maithripala Sirisena]], decided not to seek re-election in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka President Sirisena abandons re-election bid |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka-president-sirisena-abandons-re-election-bid |work=The Straits Times |date=6 October 2019 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123143110/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka-president-sirisena-abandons-re-election-bid |url-status=live }}</ref> The Rajapaksa family regained power in November [[2019 Sri Lankan presidential election|2019 presidential elections]] when Mahinda's younger brother and former wartime defence chief [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]] won the election, and he was later sworn in as the new president of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/03/05/sri-lankas-ruling-party-calls-an-election-hoping-for-a-landslide |title=Sri Lanka's ruling party calls an election, hoping for a landslide |date=5 March 2020 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309095940/https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/03/05/sri-lankas-ruling-party-calls-an-election-hoping-for-a-landslide |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/17/world/asia/sri-lanka-Gotabaya-Rajapaksa-election.html |title=Gotabaya Rajapaksa Wins Sri Lanka Presidential Election |first1=Dharisha |last1=Bastians |first2=Kai |last2=Schultz |date=17 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304005105/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/17/world/asia/sri-lanka-Gotabaya-Rajapaksa-election.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Their firm grip of power was consolidated in the [[2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] in August 2020. The family's political party, [[Sri Lanka People's Front]] (known by its Sinhala initials SLPP), obtained a landslide victory and a clear majority in the parliament. Five members of the Rajapaksa family won seats in the new parliament. Former president Mahinda Rajapaksa became the new prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/9/mahinda-rajapaksa-sworn-in-as-sri-lankas-pm-after-record-victory |title=Mahinda Rajapaksa sworn in as Sri Lanka's PM |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307092414/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/9/mahinda-rajapaksa-sworn-in-as-sri-lankas-pm-after-record-victory |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, a [[2022 Sri Lankan political crisis|political crisis]] started due to the power struggle between [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]] and the [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]]. The crisis was fuelled by [[2022 Sri Lankan protests|anti-government protests and demonstrations by the public]] and also due to the worsening [[economy of Sri Lanka]] since 2019. The anti-government sentiment across various parts of Sri Lanka has triggered unprecedented political instability, creating shockwaves in the political arena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajapaksa Clan Losing Grip on Power in Sri Lanka |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/rajapaksa-clan-losing-grip-on-power-in-sri-lanka/ |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430192710/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/rajapaksa-clan-losing-grip-on-power-in-sri-lanka/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 July 2022, [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]] was elected as the ninth President via a [[2022 Sri Lankan presidential election|parliamentarian election]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jayasinghe |first1=Uditha |last2=Pal |first2=Alasdair |last3=Ghoshal |first3=Devjyot |title=Sri Lanka gets new president in six-time PM Wickremesinghe |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/sri-lanka-could-tip-back-chaos-if-six-time-pm-voted-president-2022-07-20/ |work=Reuters |date=21 July 2022 |language=en |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929043828/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/sri-lanka-could-tip-back-chaos-if-six-time-pm-voted-president-2022-07-20/ |url-status=live }}</ref> President Ranil Wickremesinghe was defeated by left-leaning [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]] in 2024 presidential [[2024 Sri Lankan presidential election|elections]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New Sri Lanka President Anura Kumara Dissanayake sworn in – DW – 09/23/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/new-sri-lanka-president-anura-kumara-dissanayake-sworn-in/a-70297993 |work=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka}}

For administrative purposes, Sri Lanka is divided into nine [[Provinces of Sri Lanka|provinces]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Schedle_8_Amd.html |title=The Constitution of Sri Lanka – Eighth Schedule |publisher=Priu.gov.lk |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016025856/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Schedle_8_Amd.html |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref> and twenty-five [[Districts of Sri Lanka|districts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Schedle_1_Amd.html |title=The Constitution of Sri Lanka – First Schedule |publisher=Priu.gov.lk |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016025819/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Schedle_1_Amd.html |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref>

==== Provinces ====
Provinces in Sri Lanka have existed since the 19th century, but they had no legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment of the 1978 constitution established provincial councils after several decades of increasing demand for a [[Devolution|decentralisation]] of the government.<ref name="official">{{cite web |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |title=Provincial Councils |work=The Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka |date=3 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214924/http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |archive-date=7 July 2009 }}</ref> Each provincial council is an autonomous body not under the authority of any ministry. Some of its functions had been undertaken by central government ministries, departments, corporations, and statutory authorities,<ref name="official" /> but authority over land and police is not as a rule given to provincial councils.<ref name="landpolc">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lanka-heads-for-collision-course-with-india/802524/ |title=Lanka heads for collision course with India: Report |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=12 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="landpolc2">{{cite web |url=http://www.peace-srilanka.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=296:accepting-reality-and-building-trust&catid=1:latest&Itemid=121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006012934/http://www.peace-srilanka.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=296%3Aaccepting-reality-and-building-trust&catid=1%3Alatest&Itemid=121 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2010 |title=Accepting reality and building trust |work=Jehan Perera |publisher=peace-srilanka.org |date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> Between 1989 and 2006, the Northern and Eastern provinces were temporarily merged to form the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North-East Province]].<ref name="lnpx">{{cite web |url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/10/8947.html |title=North-East merger illegal: SC |publisher=LankaNewspapers.com |date=17 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524142033/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/10/8947.html |archive-date=24 May 2009 }}</ref><ref name="norteastn">{{cite web |url=http://southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cnotes4%5Cnote344.html |title=North East De-merger-At What Cost? Update No. 107 |work=Hariharan, R. |publisher=southasiaanalysis.org |date=19 October 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613022544/http://southasiaanalysis.org/notes4/note344.html |archive-date=13 June 2010}}</ref> Prior to 1987, all administrative tasks for the provinces were handled by a district-based civil service which had been in place since colonial times. Now each province is administered by a directly elected provincial council:

{{Sri Lankan Provinces and districts|float=left}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:85%;"
|- style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
! style="width:160px;"| [[Provinces of Sri Lanka|Province]] !! style="width:85px;" | Capital !! style="width:75px;" | Area (km2) !! style="width:70px;" | Population (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Population|url=https://www.statistics.gov.lk//Resource/en/Population/CPH_2024/CPH2024_Preliminary_Report.pdf |website=www.statistics.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics|access-date=17 May 2025 |date=2024 }}</ref> !! style="width:100px;"| Density (Persons per km2) !! style="width:100px;" | Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Gross Domestic Product (PGDP) - 2023 |url=https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/press/pr/press_20241220_pgdp_2023_e.pdf |website=cbsl.gov.lk |publisher=Central Bank of Sri Lanka |access-date=12 February 2025 |date=2024 }}</ref> !! style="width:100px;" | Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka Prosperity Index - 2021 |url=https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/press/pr/press_20221230_sri_lanka_prosperity_index_2021_e.pdf |website=cbsl.gov.lk |publisher=Central Bank of Sri Lanka |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=2022 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330010354/https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/press/pr/press_20221230_sri_lanka_prosperity_index_2021_e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central]] || [[Kandy]] || style="text-align:right"|5,674 || style="text-align:right"|2,712,804 || style="text-align:right"| 453 || style="text-align:right"|10.3 || style="text-align:right"|0.559
|-
| [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || [[Trincomalee]] || style="text-align:right"|9,996 || style="text-align:right"|1,782,050 || style="text-align:right"| 155 || style="text-align:right"|4.7 || style="text-align:right"|0.519
|-
| [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] || [[Anuradhapura]] || style="text-align:right"|10,714 || style="text-align:right"|1,406,890 || style="text-align:right"| 118 || style="text-align:right"|4.8 || style="text-align:right"|0.521
|-
| [[North Western Province, Sri Lanka|North Western]] || [[Kurunegala]] || style="text-align:right"|7,812 || style="text-align:right"|2,578,894 || style="text-align:right"| 305 || style="text-align:right"|10.9 || style="text-align:right"|0.541
|-
| [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || [[Jaffna]] || style="text-align:right"|8,884 || style="text-align:right"|1,149,240 || style="text-align:right"| 119 || style="text-align:right"|4.5 || style="text-align:right"|0.564
|-
| [[Sabaragamuwa Province|Sabaragamuwa]] || [[Ratnapura]] || style="text-align:right"|4,902 || style="text-align:right"|2,015,039 || style="text-align:right"| 393 || style="text-align:right"|7.0 || style="text-align:right"|0.499
|-
| [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern]] || [[Galle]] || style="text-align:right"|5,559 || style="text-align:right"|2,605,506 || style="text-align:right"| 446 || style="text-align:right"|9.3 || style="text-align:right"|0.582
|-
| [[Uva Province|Uva]] || [[Badulla]] || style="text-align:right"|8,488 || style="text-align:right"|1,399,049 || style="text-align:right"| 149 || style="text-align:right"|4.7 || style="text-align:right"|0.468
|-
| [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western]] || [[Colombo]] || style="text-align:right"|3,709 || style="text-align:right"|6,113,698 || style="text-align:right"| 1,578 || style="text-align:right"|43.7|| style="text-align:right"|0.802
|-
| Sri Lanka || [[Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte]] and [[Colombo]] || style="text-align:right" |65,610 || style="text-align:right"|21,763,170 || style="text-align:right"| 310 || style="text-align:right"|100 || style="text-align:right"|0.796
|}
{{clear}}

==== Districts and local authorities ====
Each district is administered under a [[Government Agent (Sri Lanka)|district secretariat]]. The districts are further subdivided into 256 [[Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka|divisional secretariats]], and these to approximately 14,008 [[Grama Niladhari]] divisions.<ref name="tstasgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/GNcode/introduction.pdf |page=3 |title=List of Codes for the Administrative Divisions of Sri Lanka 2001 |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519151751/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/GNcode/introduction.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The districts are known in Sinhala as ''disa'' and in Tamil as ''māwaddam''. Originally, a ''disa'' (usually rendered into English as Dissavony) was a [[duchy]], notably Matale and Uva.

There are three other types of local authorities: municipal councils (18), urban councils (13) and pradeshiya sabha, also called pradesha sabhai (256).<ref>{{Cite book |author=Commonwealth Secretariat |year=2004 |title=Commonwealth Local Government Handbook |place=London |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |isbn=978-0-9542917-9-2 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNM1oHe3eTIC |author-link=Commonwealth Secretariat |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106110419/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNM1oHe3eTIC |url-status=live }}</ref> Local authorities were originally based on feudal counties named ''korale'' and ''rata'', and were formerly known as "D.R.O. divisions" after the divisional revenue officer.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Dilesh Jayanntha |year=2006 |title=Electoral Allegiance in Sri Lanka |place=London |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-02975-9 |pages=82–85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkr3ra6gR2YC |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106110418/https://books.google.com/books?id=nkr3ra6gR2YC |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, the D.R.O.s became "assistant government agents", and the divisions were known as "A.G.A. divisions". These divisional secretariats are currently administered by a divisional secretary.

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Sri Lanka}}

{{See also|Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement}}
[[File:Jayewardene presents elephant to Reagan.jpg|thumb|President [[J. R. Jayewardene]] gifting [[Jayathu]], a baby elephant to US President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1984]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the Prime Minister of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Mr. Mahinda Rajapaksa, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on February 08, 2020.jpg|thumb|Sri Lankan Prime Minister [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2020]]
Sri Lanka is a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM). While ensuring that it maintains its independence, Sri Lanka has cultivated [[India–Sri Lanka relations|relations with India]].<ref name="relatns">{{Cite news |title=Foreign Relations |url=http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/74.htm |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331174753/http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/74.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sri Lanka became a member of the [[United Nations]] in 1955. Today, it is also a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], the [[World Bank]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[Asian Development Bank]], and the [[Colombo Plan]].

The United National Party has traditionally favoured links with the West, while the Sri Lanka Freedom Party has favoured links with the East.<ref name="relatns" /> Sri Lankan Finance Minister J. R. Jayewardene, together with then Australian Foreign Minister Sir Percy Spencer, proposed the Colombo Plan at the Commonwealth Foreign Minister's Conference held in Colombo in 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Colombo Plan at 57 |url=http://www.colombo-plan.org/viewPressContent.php?id=93&page=4 |work=[[Colombo Plan]] | author=Jayasekera, Upali S. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113150629/http://www.colombo-plan.org/viewPressContent.php?id=93&page=4 |archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> At the [[Treaty of San Francisco|San Francisco Peace Conference]] in 1951, while many countries were reluctant, Sri Lanka argued for a free [[Japan]] and refused to accept payment of reparations for [[World War II]] damage because it believed it would harm Japan's economy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sri Lanka excels at the San Francisco Peace Conference |url=http://pdfs.island.lk/2009/09/07/p12.pdf |work=The Island |date=7 September 2009 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111157/http://pdfs.island.lk/2009/09/07/p12.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sri Lanka-China relations started as soon as the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949. The two countries signed an important [[Ceylon-China Trade Agreement of 1952|Rubber-Rice Pact]] in 1952.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lanka-China bilateral ties at its zenith |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2010/10/03/fea02.asp |work=The Sunday Observer |date=3 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082628/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2010/10/03/fea02.asp |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Sri Lanka played a vital role at the [[Asian–African Conference]] in 1955, which was an important step in the crystallisation of the NAM.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bandung Conference of 1955 and the resurgence of Asia and Africa |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2005/04/21/fea01.htm |work=The Daily News |date=21 April 2005 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231075624/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2005/04/21/fea01.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Bandaranaike government of 1956 significantly changed the pro-western policies set by the previous UNP government. It recognised Cuba under [[Fidel Castro]] in 1959. Shortly afterward, Cuba's revolutionary [[Che Guevara]] paid a visit to Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lanka-Cuba relations should be strengthened |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2004/01/14/new24.html |work=The Daily News |date=14 January 2004 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231070650/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2004/01/14/new24.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Sirima–Shastri Pact|Sirima-Shastri Pact]] of 1964<ref>{{Cite news |title=29 October 1964 |url=http://pact.lk/29-october-1964/ |work=Pact.lk |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112857/http://pact.lk/29-october-1964/ |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}</ref> and [[Sirima–Gandhi Pact|Sirima-Gandhi Pact]] of 1974<ref>{{Cite news |title=Statelessness abolished? |url=http://www.cope.nu/show.asp?NewsID=170&DocType=News |work=cope.nu |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813065808/http://www.cope.nu/show.asp?NewsID=170&DocType=News |archive-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> were signed between Sri Lankan and Indian leaders in an attempt to solve the [[Ceylon Citizenship Act|long-standing dispute]] over the status of [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|plantation workers of Indian origin]]. In 1974, [[Katchatheevu|Kachchatheevu]], a small island in [[Palk Strait]], was formally ceded to Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India-Sri Lanka: 1921 Conference On Fisheries And Ceding Of Kachchatheevu – Analysis |url=http://www.albanytribune.com/22082011-india-sri-lanka-1921-conference-on-fisheries-and-ceding-of-kachchatheevu-%E2%80%93-analysis/ |work=Albany Tribune |date=22 August 2011 |author=Suryanarayan, V. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402073824/http://www.albanytribune.com/22082011-india-sri-lanka-1921-conference-on-fisheries-and-ceding-of-kachchatheevu-%E2%80%93-analysis/ |archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> By this time, Sri Lanka was strongly involved in the NAM, and the [[5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|fifth NAM summit]] was held in Colombo in 1976.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NAM Golden Jubilee this year |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2011/07/10/fea02.asp |work=The Sunday Observer |date=10 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095243/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2011/07/10/fea02.asp |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> The relationship between Sri Lanka and India became tense under the government of [[Junius Richard Jayewardene|J. R. Jayawardene]].<ref name="atimes" /><ref name="indnrel">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/09700160008455216 |title=Indo-Sri Lankan security perceptions: Divergences and convergences |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=24 |issue=2 |page=343 |year=2000 |last1=Murthy |first1=P. |s2cid=154512767}}</ref> To this end, Sri Lanka had briefly adopted a 'Look [[Southeast Asia|East]]' policy,<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last1=Wadhva |first1=Charan D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdDZy2fdZmMC&q=asean&pg=PA341 |title=ASEAN-South Asia Economic Relations |last2=Asher |first2=Mukul G. |date=1985 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-9971-902-98-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} and at one point pursued [[Accession of Sri Lanka to ASEAN|ASEAN membership]] over joining SAARC.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=De Silva |first=Mervyn |date=1981 |title=Sri Lanka: ASEAN Operation |url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2020/10/sri-lanka-asean-operation.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |via=Sri Lanka Guardian |ref=none}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Shastri |first=Amita |date=1 February 1997 |title=Regional Powers and Small State Security: India and Sri Lanka, 1977–90. By K. M. de Silva. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1995. xvii, 388 pp. $48.50 (cloth). |url=https://archive.org/details/regionalpowerssm00desi/page/n11/mode/2up |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages= |doi=10.2307/2646399 |issn=0021-9118 |jstor=2646399}}</ref>{{rp|64}} Further deterioration led to the [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War]] and subsequently deployed an [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE0D8173FF936A35755C0A961948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fIndia |title=India airlifts aid to Tamil rebels |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 June 1987 |author=Weisman, Steven R. |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=19 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219034919/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE0D8173FF936A35755C0A961948260&n=Top%2FNews%2FWorld%2FCountries%20and%20Territories%2FIndia |url-status=live }}</ref> In the present, Sri Lanka enjoys extensive relations with China,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL31707.pdf |page=6 |title=Sri Lanka: Background and U.S. Relations |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126061136/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL31707.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/02/09/russia-and-sri-lanka-strengthen-bilateral-relations |title=Russia and Sri Lanka to strengthen bilateral relations |newspaper=[[Asian Tribune]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213355/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/02/09/russia-and-sri-lanka-strengthen-bilateral-relations |url-status=live }}</ref> and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/02/04/world-leaders-send-warm-greeting-sri-lanka-independence-day |title=World leaders send warm greeting to Sri Lanka on Independence Day |newspaper=[[Asian Tribune]] |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213317/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/02/04/world-leaders-send-warm-greeting-sri-lanka-independence-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Sri Lanka Armed Forces}}

The Sri Lanka Armed Forces, comprising the [[Sri Lanka Army]], the [[Sri Lanka Navy]], and the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]], come under the purview of the [[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/ |title=CIA World Factbook: Sr Lanka |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=16 August 2011 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217185333/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The total strength of the three services is around 346,000 personnel, with nearly 36,000 reserves.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2010 |pages=370–371 |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |editor=Hackett, James |date=3 February 2010 |publisher=[[Routledge]] | place=London |isbn=978-1-85743-557-3 |ref=IISS2010}}</ref> Sri Lanka has not enforced [[Conscription|military conscription]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mil_con-military-conscription |title=Conscription (most recent) by country |publisher=NationMaster |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231015536/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mil_con-military-conscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Paramilitary units include the [[Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)|Special Task Force]], the [[Sri Lanka Civil Security Force|Civil Security Force]], and the [[Sri Lanka Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/sri-lanka-coast-guard-sets-up-bases/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194800/http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/sri-lanka-coast-guard-sets-up-bases/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Sri Lanka coast guard sets up bases |publisher=Lanka Business Online |date=10 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090710_04 |title=Coast Guard bill passed in Parliament |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence]] | date=7 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213156/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090710_04 |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

Since independence in 1948, the primary focus of the armed forces has been internal security, crushing three major insurgencies, two by [[Marxism|Marxist]] militants of the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|JVP]] and a 26-year-long conflict with the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]]. The armed forces have been in a continuous mobilised state for the last 30 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8063409.stm |title=How Sri Lanka's military won |work=BBC News |date=22 May 2009 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307021811/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8063409.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Doucet |first=Lyse |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20308610 |title=UN 'failed Sri Lanka civilians', says internal probe |work=BBC News |date=13 November 2012 |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308145024/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20308610 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sri Lankan Armed Forces have engaged in [[United Nations]] [[peacekeeping]] operations since the early 1960s, contributing forces to permanent contingents deployed in several UN peacekeeping missions in [[United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad|Chad]], [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|Lebanon]], and [[United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti|Haiti]].<ref name="unmissions09">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2012/March12_3.pdf |title=UN Mission's Summary detailed by Country – March 2012 |page=33 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=April 2012 |access-date=29 April 2012 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212201338/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2012/March12_3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sri Lanka is the 100th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Sri Lanka}}

Officially, the constitution of Sri Lanka guarantees human rights as ratified by the United Nations. However, several groups, such as [[Amnesty International]], [[Freedom from Torture]], [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sri-lanka |title=Amnesty International{{snd}}Sri Lanka Human Rights Reports |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217135852/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sri-lanka |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Keerthisinghe | first=Lakshman I. | url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/172-opinion/28002-the-british-duplicity-in-protecting-human-rights-in-sri-lanka.html | title=The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka | publisher=Daily Mirror | year=2013 | access-date=21 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021114438/http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/172-opinion/28002-the-british-duplicity-in-protecting-human-rights-in-sri-lanka.html | archive-date=21 October 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[United States Department of State]] have criticised human rights violations in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/index.cfm?docid=704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010607063826/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/index.cfm?docid=704 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 June 2001 |title=Sri Lanka: Country Report on Human Rights Practices |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] | date=23 February 2001}}</ref> The [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Government]] and the LTTE have both been accused of violating human rights. A [[Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka|report by an advisory panel to the UN secretary-general]] accused both the LTTE and the Sri Lankan government of [[Alleged war crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War|war crimes]] during the final stages of the civil war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf |title=Report of the Secretary – General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka |page=71 |date=31 March 2011 |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2009/05/28/sri-lanka-l-onu-a-cache-l-ampleur-des-massacres_1199091_3216.html |title=L'ONU a caché l'ampleur des massacres au Sri Lanka |newspaper=Le Monde |access-date=26 February 2013 |date=28 May 2009}}</ref> Corruption remains a problem in Sri Lanka, and there is little protection for those who stand up against corruption.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Sri Lanka |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/south-asia/sri-lanka/business-corruption-in-sri-lanka.aspx |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal |access-date=8 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215752/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/south-asia/sri-lanka/business-corruption-in-sri-lanka.aspx |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> The 135-year-old [[Article 365 of the Sri Lankan Penal Code]] criminalises [[LGBT rights in Sri Lanka|homosexual acts]], with a penalty of up to ten years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/03/06/LKA103948.E.pdf|title=Department for Justice}}</ref>

The [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]] has documented [[Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka|over 12,000 named individuals]] who have disappeared after detention by security forces in Sri Lanka, the second-highest figure in the world since the Working Group came into being in 1980.<ref name="UNHRC involuntary disappearances report">{{cite web |last=United Nations |first=Human Rights Council Nineteenth session |title=Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session19/A-HRC-19-58-Rev1_en.pdf |publisher=UN |access-date=24 November 2012 |pages=3,113 |quote='The original mandate derives from Commission on Human Rights resolution 20 (XXXVI) of 29 February 1980','Since its establishment, the Working Group has transmitted 12,460 cases to the Government; of those, 40 cases have been clarified on the basis of information provided by the source, 6,535 cases have been clarified on the basis of information provided by the Government, 214 cases were found to be duplications and were therefore deleted, and 5,671 remain outstanding.'}}</ref> The Sri Lankan government confirmed that 6,445 of these died. Allegations of human rights abuses have not ended with the close of the ethnic conflict.<ref name="People are disappearing">{{cite news |last=Disappearances in Sri Lanka |title=Murky business: People are disappearing{{snd}}and the government has been accused|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2012/01/14/murky-business|access-date=24 November 2012|newspaper=The Economist|date=14 January 2012}}</ref>

[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|UN Human Rights Commissioner]] [[Navanethem Pillay]] visited Sri Lanka in May 2013. After her visit, she said: "The war may have ended [in Sri Lanka], but in the meantime, democracy has been undermined and the rule of law eroded." Pillay spoke about the military's increasing involvement in civilian life and reports of military [[land grabbing]]. She also said that, while in Sri Lanka, she had been allowed to go wherever she wanted, but that Sri Lankans who came to meet her were harassed and intimidated by security forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/130831/un-human-rights-commissioner-democracy-has-been-undermined |title=UN Human Rights Commissioner: 'democracy has been undermined' in Sri Lanka |work=GlobalPost |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23899082 |title=UN's Navi Pillay attacks Sri Lanka human rights record |work=BBC News |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2012, the UK charity [[Freedom from Torture]] reported that it had received 233 referrals of torture survivors from Sri Lanka for clinical treatment or other services provided by the charity. In the same year, the group published ''Out of the Silence'', which documents evidence of torture in Sri Lanka and demonstrates that the practice has continued long after the end of the civil war in 2009.<ref>[https://www.freedomfromtorture.org/feature/out_of_the_silence/5980 Sri Lanka: Out of the Silence]. freedomfromtorture.org</ref> On 29 July 2020, [[Human Rights Watch]] said that the Sri Lanka government has targeted lawyers, human rights defenders, and journalists to suppress criticism against the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/29/sri-lanka-human-rights-under-attack |title=Sri Lanka: Human Rights Under Attack |date=29 July 2020 |access-date=29 July 2020 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Sri Lanka}}

{{See also|Agriculture in Sri Lanka|Tea production in Sri Lanka|Tourism in Sri Lanka|Transport in Sri Lanka|Nationalisation in Sri Lanka}}
[[File:GDP per capita development of Sri Lanka.svg|thumb|Development of real GDP per capita, 1820 to 2018]]

According to the International Monetary Fund, Sri Lanka's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] in terms of [[purchasing power parity]] is the second highest in the South Asian region in terms of [[per capita income]]. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Sri Lanka became a [[plantation economy]] famous for its production and export of [[cinnamon]], [[rubber]], and [[Tea production in Sri Lanka|Ceylon tea]], which remains a trademark national export.<ref name="plnyn">{{cite web |url=http://www.historyofceylontea.com/articles/tea_feat_echoes_plantation_economy.html |title=Echoes of a Plantation Economy |publisher=historyofceylontea.com |author=Fernando, Maxwell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117155721/http://www.historyofceylontea.com/articles/tea_feat_echoes_plantation_economy.html |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Ports and Aviation (Sri Lanka)|development of modern ports]] under British rule raised the strategic importance of the island as a centre of trade.<ref name="startim">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/articles/53/The-Strategic-Importance-of-Sri-Lanka-to-Australia |title=The Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka to Australia |publisher=asiapacificdefencereporter.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807181932/http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/articles/53/The-Strategic-Importance-of-Sri-Lanka-to-Australia |archive-date=7 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 1948 to 1977, socialism strongly influenced the government's economic policies. Colonial plantations were dismantled, [[Nationalisation in Sri Lanka|industries were nationalised]], and a [[welfare state]] established. In 1977, the [[free market]] economy was introduced to the country, incorporating privatisation, deregulation, and the promotion of private enterprise.<ref name="filbrn">{{cite web |url=http://www.fulbrightsrilanka.com/?page_id=561 |title=Sri Lanka – an Overview |publisher=[[Fulbright Program|Fulbright commission]] |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316231316/http://www.fulbrightsrilanka.com/?page_id=561 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:LK-Colombo-altes-parlament.jpg|thumb|The [[World Trade Center Colombo|World Trade Center]] in Colombo. [[Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)|Presidential Secretariat]], Bank of Ceylon and Galadari Hotel are also visible in the image.]]

While the production and export of tea, rubber, coffee, sugar, and other commodities remain important, industrialisation has increased the importance of food processing, textiles, telecommunications, and finance. The country's main economic sectors are tourism, tea export, clothing, rice production, and other agricultural products. In addition to these economic sectors, overseas employment, especially in the Middle East, contributes substantially in foreign exchange.<ref name="treasry">{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov.lk/api/file/2a7fd7a7-2ce2-4b4a-afc3-6e61ff0c993c |title=Annual Report 2010 |publisher=Ministry of Finance – Sri Lanka |year=2011 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707104601/https://www.treasury.gov.lk/api/file/2a7fd7a7-2ce2-4b4a-afc3-6e61ff0c993c |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2020}}, the service sector makes up 59.7% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.2%, and the agriculture sector 8.4%.<ref name="Annual Report 2020">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2020 |url=https://www.treasury.gov.lk/api/file/0b7d1935-6235-4156-97b6-752d6a8039d0 |website=treasury.gov.lk |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (Sri Lanka)|Ministry of Finance]] |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523190037/https://www.treasury.gov.lk/api/file/0b7d1935-6235-4156-97b6-752d6a8039d0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The private sector accounts for 85% of the economy.<ref name="adbrep">{{cite web |url=https://www.adb.org/Documents/CPSs/SRI/2008/CPS-SRI-2009-2011.pdf |page=1 |title=Country Partnership Strategy |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] | year=2008 |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115144722/http://www2.adb.org/Documents/CPSs/SRI/2008/CPS-SRI-2009-2011.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> China, India and the United States are Sri Lanka's largest trading partners.<ref name="Sri Lanka's Trading Partners">{{cite web |url=https://www.lki.lk/blog/who-are-sri-lankas-top-trading-partners/ |title=Sri Lanka's Top Trading Partners |publisher=Lakshman Kadiragamar Institute |year=2018 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617093141/https://www.lki.lk/blog/who-are-sri-lankas-top-trading-partners/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Economic disparities exist between the provinces with the Western Province contributing 45.1% of the GDP and the Southern Province and the Central Province contributing 10.7% and 10%, respectively.<ref name="ecdisp">{{cite news |url=http://sundaytimes.lk/110717/BusinessTimes/bt24.html |title=Western Province share of national GDP falling: CB |newspaper=Sunday Times |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113958/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110717/BusinessTimes/bt24.html |url-status=live }}</ref> With the end of the war, the Northern Province reported a record 22.9% GDP growth in 2010.<ref name="northpr">{{cite news |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/07/18/sri-lanka%E2%80%99s-northern-province-has-recorded-highest-gdp-growth-rate-229-cent-last-yea |title=Sri Lanka's Northern province has recorded the highest GDP growth rate of 22.9 per cent last year |newspaper=[[Asian Tribune]] |date=18 July 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122500/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/07/18/sri-lanka%E2%80%99s-northern-province-has-recorded-highest-gdp-growth-rate-229-cent-last-yea |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Sri Lanka 030.jpg|thumb|Sri Lanka's most widely known export, [[Ceylon tea]], which [[ISO]] considers the cleanest tea in the world in terms of pesticide residues. Sri Lanka is also the world's 3rd largest exporter of tea.<ref name="clnst">{{cite web |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/03/27/india-surpasses-sri-lanka-to-become-second-largest-tea-exporter/ |title=Newswire |date=27 March 2025 |publisher=newswire.lk|access-date=27 March 2025 }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>]]
The per capita income of Sri Lanka doubled from 2005 to 2011.<ref name="toplsl">{{cite web |url=http://www.tops.lk/article35231-parliament-per-capita-income-has-doubled.html |title=Per capita income has doubled |publisher=tops.lk |year=2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320123833/http://www.tops.lk/article35231-parliament-per-capita-income-has-doubled.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the same period, poverty dropped from 15.2% to 7.6%, unemployment rate dropped from 7.2% to 4.9%, [[market capitalisation]] of the [[Colombo Stock Exchange]] quadrupled, and the [[Government budget deficit|budget deficit]] doubled.<ref name="treasry" /> 99% of the households in Sri Lanka are electrified; 93.2% of the population have access to safe drinking water; and 53.1% have access to pipe-borne water.<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /> Income inequality has also dropped in recent years, indicated by a [[Gini coefficient]] of 0.36 in 2010.<ref name="statgovineq">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/poverty/PovertyIndicators2009_10.pdf |page=3 |title=Inequality drops with poverty |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=27 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627062832/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/poverty/PovertyIndicators2009_10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Sri Lanka ranked 5th in the [[World Giving Index]], registering high levels of contentment and charitable behaviour in its society.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAF world giving index 2016 |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-publications/1950a_wgi_2016_report_web_v2_241016.pdf?sfvrsn=4 |website=cafonline.org |publisher=Charities aid foundation |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025184737/https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-publications/1950a_wgi_2016_report_web_v2_241016.pdf?sfvrsn=4 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, ''[[The New York Times]]'' placed Sri Lanka at the top of its list of 31 places to visit.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/travel/10places.html |title=The 31 Places to Go in 2010 |work=The New York Times |date=24 January 2010 |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=19 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119022604/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/travel/10places.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[S&P Dow Jones Indices]] classifies Sri Lanka as a [[Frontier markets|frontier market]] as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indexologyblog.com/2018/04/26/a-closer-look-at-indices-country-classifications/ |title=A Closer Look at Indices Country Classifications – Indexology® Blog | S&P Dow Jones Indices |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711161138/https://www.indexologyblog.com/2018/04/26/a-closer-look-at-indices-country-classifications/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Sri Lanka ranks]] well above other South Asian countries in the [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) with an index of 0.750.

By 2016, the country's debt soared as it was developing its infrastructure to the point of near bankruptcy which required a bailout from the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/02/why-sri-lankas-economic-outlook-is-looking-less-rosy.html |title=Why Sri Lanka's economic outlook is looking less rosy |last=Shaffer |first=Leslie |date=2 May 2016 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=14 January 2017 |quote=While the government is aiming to raise its low revenue collection, partly through an increase in the value-added tax rate ... the country has a spotty record on tax collection. |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503120133/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/02/why-sri-lankas-economic-outlook-is-looking-less-rosy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The IMF had agreed to provide a US$1.5 billion bailout loan in April 2016 after Sri Lanka provided a set of criteria intended to improve its economy. By the fourth quarter of 2016, the debt was estimated to be $64.9 billion. Additional debt had been incurred in the past by state-owned organisations and this was said to be at least $9.5 billion. Since early 2015, domestic debt increased by 12% and external debt by 25%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/09/30/sri-lankas-debt-crisis-is-so-bad-the-government-doesnt-even-know-how-much-money-it-owes/ |title=Sri Lanka's Debt Crisis Is So Bad The Government Doesn't Even Know How Much Money It Owes |last=Shepard |first=Wade |date=30 September 2016 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=14 January 2017 |quote="We still don't know the exact total debt number," Sri Lanka's prime minister admitted to parliament earlier this month. |archive-date=1 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001150730/https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/09/30/sri-lankas-debt-crisis-is-so-bad-the-government-doesnt-even-know-how-much-money-it-owes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2016, the IMF reported that the initial disbursement was larger than US$150 million originally planned, a full US$162.6 million (SDR 119.894 million). The agency's evaluation for the first tranche was cautiously optimistic about the future. Under the program, the Sri Lankan government implemented a new Inland Revenue Act and an automatic fuel pricing formula which was noted by the IMF in its fourth review. In 2018 China agreed to bail out Sri Lanka with a loan of $1.25 billion to deal with foreign debt repayment spikes in 2019 to 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/11/18/PR16515-Sri-Lanka-IMF-Completes-First-Review-of-the-Extended-Arrangement-Under-the-EFF |title=IMF Completes First Review of the Extended Arrangement Under the EFF with Sri Lanka and Approves US$162.6 Million Disbursement |author= |date=18 November 2016 |website=IMF |access-date=14 January 2017 |quote=[IMF] completed the first review of Sri Lanka's economic performance under the program supported by a three-year extended arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) arrangement. |archive-date=20 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120140933/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/11/18/PR16515-Sri-Lanka-IMF-Completes-First-Review-of-the-Extended-Arrangement-Under-the-EFF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2018/06/19/Sri-Lanka-2018-Article-IV-Consultation-and-the-Fourth-Review-Under-the-Extended-Arrangement-45997 |title=Sri Lanka : 2018 Article IV Consultation and the Fourth Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Sri Lanka |website=IMF |language=en |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625141232/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2018/06/19/Sri-Lanka-2018-Article-IV-Consultation-and-the-Fourth-Review-Under-the-Extended-Arrangement-45997 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economynext.com/China_on_track_to_bail_out_Sri_Lanka_with_US$1.25bn_in_2018-3-11431.html |title=China on track to bail out Sri Lanka with US$1.25bn in 2018 |website=economynext.com |language=en |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112826/https://economynext.com/China_on_track_to_bail_out_Sri_Lanka_with_US$1.25bn_in_2018-3-11431.html |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 2021, Sri Lanka declared a major [[economic crisis]].<ref name="BBC News 2021 crisis">{{cite web|date=1 September 2021|title=Covid: Sri Lanka in economic emergency as food prices soar|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-58390292|access-date=10 September 2021|website=BBC News|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130122230/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-58390292|url-status=live}}</ref> The Chief of its Central Bank has stepped down amid the crisis.<ref name="Bloomberg 2021">{{cite web|last=Ondaatjie|first=Anusha|date=10 September 2021|title=Sri Lanka Central Bank Chief Steps Down Amid Reserves Crisis|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-10/sri-lanka-central-bank-governor-lakshman-to-step-down-sept-14|access-date=10 September 2021|website=Bloomberg|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910101236/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-10/sri-lanka-central-bank-governor-lakshman-to-step-down-sept-14|url-status=live}}</ref> The Parliament has declared emergency regulations due to the crisis, seeking to ban "food hoarding".<ref name="Al Jazeera 2021 crisis">{{cite web|date=7 September 2021|title=Sri Lanka parliament approves state of emergency – Food News|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/sri-lanka-parliament-emergency-food-prices-economic-crisis|access-date=10 September 2021|website=Al Jazeera|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907035532/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/sri-lanka-parliament-emergency-food-prices-economic-crisis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Lanka parliament passes emergency regulations to seize food stocks, warehouses|date=6 September 2021|url=https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-parliament-passes-emergency-regulations-to-seize-food-stocks-warehouses-85840/|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906131412/https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-parliament-passes-emergency-regulations-to-seize-food-stocks-warehouses-85840/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tourism, which provided the economy with an input of foreign currency, has significantly declined as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="The New York Times 2021sri"/>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Sri Lanka}}

[[File:UG-LK Photowalk - Colombo Harbour - 2017-03-12 (10).jpg|thumb|[[Port of Colombo|Colombo Port]] is the largest and busiest port in Sri Lanka]]
Sri Lanka has an extensive road network for inland transportation. With more than {{cvt|100,000|km}} of paved roads,<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/1812598-1130163750121/20988151/Sri_Lanka_Benchmarking_Summary_21-12-04.pdf Sri Lanka: Transport at a Glance – Core Road Performance Indicators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114922/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/1812598-1130163750121/20988151/Sri_Lanka_Benchmarking_Summary_21-12-04.pdf |date=2 April 2015 }} World Bank</ref> it has one of the highest road densities in the world ({{cvt|1.5|km|disp=or}} of paved roads per every {{cvt|1|km2|disp=or}} of land). The road network consists of 35 [[List of A-Grade highways in Sri Lanka|A-Grade highways]] and [[Expressways of Sri Lanka|four]] [[controlled-access highway]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Expressway |url=http://www.rda.gov.lk/supported/expressways/stdp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415105137/http://www.rda.gov.lk/supported/expressways/stdp.htm |archive-date=15 April 2009 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Road Development Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Colombo_Katunayaka Expressway |url=http://www.rda.gov.lk/supported/expressways/cke.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417080550/http://www.rda.gov.lk/supported/expressways/cke.htm |archive-date=17 April 2009 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Road Development Authority}}</ref> A and B grade roads are national (arterial) highways administered by Road Development Authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rda.gov.lk/source/rda_roads.htm |title=Class A, B & E Roads |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015938/http://www.rda.gov.lk/source/rda_roads.htm |archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> C and D grade roads are provincial roads coming under the purview of the Provincial Road Development Authority of the respective province. The other roads are local roads falling under local government authorities.

The [[Sri Lanka Railways|railway network]], operated by the state-run National Railway operator [[Sri Lanka Railways]], spans {{convert|1447|km|mi|-1}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics – Sri Lanka Railways |url=http://www.transport.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=128&Itemid=114&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228064539/http://www.transport.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=128&Itemid=114&lang=en |archive-date=28 December 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Transport Sri Lanka}}</ref> Sri Lanka also has three [[deep-water port]]s at [[Port of Colombo|Colombo]], [[Galle]], and [[Trincomalee]], in addition to the newest port being built at [[Ruhunu Magampura International Port|Hambantota]].

=== Transition to biological agriculture ===

In June 2021, Sri Lanka imposed a nationwide ban on inorganic fertilisers and pesticides. The program was welcomed by its advisor [[Vandana Shiva]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2021|title=Sri Lanka's shift towards organic farming|url=https://navdanyainternational.org/sri-lankas-shift-towards-organic-farming/|access-date=5 September 2021|website=Navdanya international|language=en-US|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905105342/https://navdanyainternational.org/sri-lankas-shift-towards-organic-farming/|url-status=live}}</ref> but ignored critical voices from scientific and farming community who warned about possible collapse of farming,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Opinion {{!}} The ban on chemical fertilizer and the way forward of Sri Lankan Tea Industry|url=https://agrigateglobal.com/reads/opinion/opinion-the-ban-on-chemical-fertilizer-and-the-way-forward-of-sri-lankan-tea-industry/|access-date=5 September 2021|website=Agrigate Global|date=25 May 2021 |language=en-US|quote=By diverting the attention of policymakers towards pointless nonscientific arguments instead of promoting such integrated management systems and high technological fertilizer production, will be only a time-wasting effort and meanwhile, the global demand for Ceylon Tea will generate diminishing returns. At present, there are about 500,000 direct beneficiaries from the tea industry and about 600 factories are operating around the country. In general, the livelihood of around 3 million people is directly and indirectly woven around the domestic tea industry. The researchers and the experienced growers have predicted that a 50 percent reduction in the yield has to be anticipated with the ban of chemical fertilizer. The negative implication of this yield reduction is such that there is a risk of collapsing the banking sector which is centralized around the tea industry in the major tea growing areas including Ratnapura, Galle, Matara, Kaluthara, and Kegalle.|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905104247/https://agrigateglobal.com/amp/reads/opinion/opinion-the-ban-on-chemical-fertilizer-and-the-way-forward-of-sri-lankan-tea-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Opinion {{!}} Inorganic Fertilizer and Agrochemicals Ban in Sri Lanka and Fallacies of Organic Agriculture|url=https://agrigateglobal.com/reads/opinion/inorganic-fertilizer-and-agrochemicals-ban-in-sri-lanka-and-fallacies-of-organic-agriculture/|access-date=5 September 2021|website=Agrigate Global|date=11 May 2021 |language=en-US|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015032253/https://agrigateglobal.com/amp/reads/opinion/inorganic-fertilizer-and-agrochemicals-ban-in-sri-lanka-and-fallacies-of-organic-agriculture/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2021|title=Sri Lanka Going Organic: Rethink the strategy; Agriculturists Write to President {{!}} The Sri Lankan Scientist|url=https://scientist.lk/2021/06/08/sri-lanka-going-organic-rethink-the-strategy-agriculturists-write-to-president/|access-date=5 September 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119105054/https://scientist.lk/2021/06/08/sri-lanka-going-organic-rethink-the-strategy-agriculturists-write-to-president/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2021|title=Organic Farming In Sri Lanka – Ideology Of Hitler & Sri Lankan Agri "Cults"|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/organic-farming-in-sri-lanka-ideology-of-hitler-sri-lankan-agri-cults/|access-date=5 September 2021|website=Colombo Telegraph|language=en-US|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015022319/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/organic-farming-in-sri-lanka-ideology-of-hitler-sri-lankan-agri-cults/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2021|title=Sri Lanka's organic push threatens to backpedal ag progress|url=https://www.agdaily.com/insights/perspective-sri-lankas-organic-push-threatens-to-backpedal-ag/|access-date=5 September 2021|website=AGDAILY|language=en-US|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003002356/https://www.agdaily.com/insights/perspective-sri-lankas-organic-push-threatens-to-backpedal-ag/|url-status=live}}</ref> including financial crisis due to devaluation of national currency pivoted around tea industry.<ref name=":7" /> The situation in the tea industry was described as critical, with farming under the organic program being described as ten times more expensive and producing half of the yield by the farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organic food revolution in Sri Lanka threatens its tea industry|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/1/organic-food-revolution-sri-lanka-tea-industry|access-date=5 September 2021|website=aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904184316/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/1/organic-food-revolution-sri-lanka-tea-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2021 the government declared an economic emergency, as the situation was further aggravated by falling national currency exchange rate, inflation rising as a result of high food prices, and pandemic restrictions in tourism which further decreased country's income.<ref name="BBC News 2021 crisis"/>

In November 2021, Sri Lanka abandoned its plan to become the world's first organic farming nation following rising food prices and weeks of protests against the plan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Watt|first=Louise|date=21 November 2021|title=Sri Lanka abandons drive to become world's first organic country amid spiralling food prices|language=en-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/11/21/sri-lanka-abandons-drive-become-worlds-first-organic-country/|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118001307/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/11/21/sri-lanka-abandons-drive-become-worlds-first-organic-country/|archive-date=18 January 2022|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> As of December 2021, the damage to agricultural production was already done, with prices having risen substantially for vegetables in Sri Lanka, and time needed to recover from the crisis. The ban on fertiliser has been lifted for certain crops, but the price of urea has risen internationally due to the price for oil and gas.<ref name="The New York Times 2021sri">{{cite web|last1=Wipulasena|first1=Aanya|last2=Mashal|first2=Mujib|date=7 December 2021|title=Sri Lanka's Plunge Into Organic Farming Brings Disaster|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/07/world/asia/sri-lanka-organic-farming-fertilizer.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107014029/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/07/world/asia/sri-lanka-organic-farming-fertilizer.html|archive-date=7 January 2022|access-date=19 January 2022|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Jeevika Weerahewa, a senior lecturer at the [[University of Peradeniya]], predicted that the ban would reduce the paddy harvest in 2022 by an unprecedented 50%.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Wallen|first1=Joe|last2=Hewage|first2=Nishantha|date=31 January 2022|title=Sri Lankan families go hungry as cost of food skyrockets|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/sri-lankan-families-go-hungry-cost-food-skyrockets/|url-status=live|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201045654/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/sri-lankan-families-go-hungry-cost-food-skyrockets/|archive-date=1 February 2022|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Sri Lanka}}

Sri Lanka's tourism industry is recovering, with tourism revenue reaching over $1.5 billion in the first half of 2024, a 78% increase year-on-year. Tourist arrivals also increased to 1.01 million, up 62% from the same period in 2023. This growth is attributed to the government's proactive measures and improvements from [[SriLankan Airlines]].<ref name="k997">{{cite web | last=Bhutia | first=Peden Doma | title=Is This the Comeback of Sri Lanka's Tourism? $1.5 Billion Revenue Suggests So | website=Skift | date=10 July 2024 | url=https://skift.com/2024/07/10/is-this-the-comeback-of-sri-lankas-tourism-a-1-5-billion-revenue-suggests-so/#:~:text=Sri%20Lanka's%20tourism%20revenue%20reached,have%20played%20a%20crucial%20role. | access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref> The government launched a global tourism marketing campaign and offered visa-free entry for visitors from several countries to encourage tourism. A free tourist visa program was introduced for visitors from selected countries, allowing them to stay for up to 30 days.<ref name="k997"/>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Sri Lanka}}

[[File:SL population growth.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Sri Lanka's population, (1871–2001)]]

Sri Lanka has roughly 22,156,000 people and an annual population growth rate of 0.5%. The [[birth rate]] is 13.8 births per 1,000 people, and the [[Mortality rate|death rate]] is 6.0 deaths per 1,000 people.<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /> Population density is highest in western Sri Lanka, especially in and around the capital. [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] constitute the largest ethnic group in the country, with 74.8% of the total population.<ref name="CPH2011_1">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/cph2011Pub/pop42.pdf |title=Sri Lanka Census of Population and Housing, 2011 – Population by Ethnicity |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113161924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/cph2011Pub/pop42.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] are the second major ethnic group in the island, with a percentage of 11.2%. [[Sri Lankan Moors|Moors]] comprise 9.2%. There are also small ethnic groups such as the [[Burgher people|Burghers]] (of mixed European descent) and [[Sri Lankan Malays|Malays]] from Southeast Asia. Moreover, there is a small population of [[Vedda people]] who are believed to be the original indigenous group to inhabit the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dera2.html |title=Early Man and the Rise of Civilisation in Sri Lanka: the Archaeological Evidence |work=lankalibrary.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105134736/http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dera2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Clear}}

===Largest cities===
{{Largest cities
| country = Sri Lanka
| stat_ref = (2012 Department of Census and Statistics enumeration)<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Municipal Councils and Urban Councils by sex Census 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2021/CHAP2/2.4|website=statistics.gov.lk|publisher=Department of Census and Statistics|access-date=6 July 2017|date=2012|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807014745/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2021/CHAP2/2.4|url-status=live}}</ref>
| div_name = Province
| city_1 = Colombo | div_1 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_1 = 561,314
| city_2 = Kaduwela, Western Province{{!}}Kaduwela | div_2 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_2 = 252,041
| city_3 = Maharagama | div_3 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_3 = 196,423
| city_4 = Kesbewa | div_4 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_4 = 185,122
| city_5 = Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia | div_5 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_5 = 184,468
| city_6 = Moratuwa | div_6 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_6 = 168,280
| city_7 = Negombo | div_7 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_7 = 142,449
| city_8 = Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte | div_8 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_8 = 107,925
| city_9 = Kalmunai | div_9 = Eastern Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Eastern | pop_9 = 99,893
| city_10 = Kandy | div_10 = Central Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Central | pop_10 = 98,828
| city_11 = Galle | div_11 = Southern Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Southern | pop_11 = 86,333
| city_12 = Batticaloa | div_12 = Eastern Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Eastern | pop_12 = 86,227
| city_13 = Jaffna | div_13 = Northern Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Northern | pop_13 = 80,829
| city_14 = Matara, Sri Lanka{{!}}Matara | div_14 = Southern Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Southern | pop_14 = 74,193
| city_15 = Gampaha | div_15 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_15 = 62,335
| city_16 = Katunayake | div_16 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_16 = 60,915
| city_17 = Boralesgamuwa | div_17 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_17 = 60,110
| city_18 = Kolonnawa | div_18 = Western Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Western | pop_18 = 60,044
| city_19 = Anuradhapura | div_19 = North Central Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}North Central | pop_19 = 50,595
| city_20 = Trincomalee | div_20 = Eastern Province, Sri Lanka{{!}}Eastern | pop_20 = 48,351
}}

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Sri Lanka}}

[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] are the two [[official language]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagescom.gov.lk/about_us.htm |title=Official Languages Commission |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214143656/http://www.languagescom.gov.lk/about_us.htm |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> The constitution defines [[Sri Lankan English|English]] as the link language. English is widely used for education, scientific and commercial purposes. Members of the [[Burgher people|Burgher]] community speak variant forms of [[Portuguese Creole]] and Dutch with varying proficiency, while members of the Malay community speak a form of [[Creole language|Creole]] [[Sri Lanka Malay language|Malay]] that is unique to the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/10-slm2010/pdf/How_unique_is_Sri_Lanka_Malay.pdf |title=How unique is Sri Lanka Malay? |work=Peter Bakker |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]]}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Sri Lanka}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Religion in Sri Lanka (2024 census)<ref>{{cite web |title=A3 : RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION |url=https://www.statistics.gov.lk//Resource/en/Population/CPH_2024/Population_Preliminary_Report.pdf |work=Census of Population & Housing, 2024 |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref>
| label1 = [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Buddhism]]
| value1 = 69.8
| color1 = Gold
| label2 = [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka|Hinduism]]
| value2 = 12.5
| color2 = DarkOrange
| label3 = [[Islam in Sri Lanka|Islam]]
| value3 = 10.7
| color3 = Green
| label4 = [[Christianity in Sri Lanka|Christianity]]
| value4 = 6.9
| color4 = Dodger Blue
| label5 = Others
| value5 = 0.1
| color5 = White
}}

[[Buddhism]] is the largest and is considered as an "[[Official religion]]" of Sri Lanka under Chapter II, Article 9, "The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana".<ref name="lawnet.gov.lk">{{cite web |url=https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/018-SLLR-SLLR-2007-V-1-ASHIK-v.-BANDULA-AND-OTHERSNoise-Pollution-Case.pdf |title=Ashik v Bandula And Others (Noise Pollution Case) |website=lawnet.gov.lk |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301194734/https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/018-SLLR-SLLR-2007-V-1-ASHIK-v.-BANDULA-AND-OTHERSNoise-Pollution-Case.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90234.htm |title=Sri Lanka |work=International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] | date=14 September 2007}}</ref>
Buddhism is practised by 69.8% of the Sri Lankan population with most being predominantly from [[Theravada]] school of thought.<ref name="bisl-sn" /> Most Buddhists are of the Sinhalese ethnic group with minority Tamils. Buddhism was introduced to Sri Lanka in the 2nd century BCE by [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda Maurya]].<ref name="bisl-sn" /> A sapling of the [[Bodhi Tree]] under which [[the Buddha]] attained enlightenment was brought to Sri Lanka during the same time. The [[Pāli Canon]] (''Thripitakaya''), having previously been preserved as an oral tradition, was first committed to writing in Sri Lanka around 30 BCE.<ref name="ph-tbas">{{cite web |url=http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/english/2005/03/200503280400.shtml |title=Theravada Buddhism and Shan/Thai/Dai/Laos Regions Boxun News |publisher=Peacehall.com |date=28 March 2005}}</ref> Sri Lanka has the longest continuous history of Buddhism of any predominantly Buddhist nation.<ref name="bisl-sn">{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/lanka-txt.htm |title=Theravada: Buddhism in Sri Lankan |publisher=Buddhanet.net |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221072955/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/lanka-txt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> During periods of decline, the Sri Lankan monastic lineage was revived through contact with Thailand and Burma.<ref name="ph-tbas" />

Although [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka|Hindus in Sri Lanka]] form a religious minority, Hinduism has been present in Sri Lanka at least since the 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Claveyrolas |first1=Mathieu |last2=Goreau-Ponceaud |first2=Anthony |last3=Madavan |first3=Delon |last4=Meyer |first4=Eric |last5=Trouillet |first5=Pierre-yves |title=Hindus and Others: A Sri Lankan Perspective (Introduction) |journal=The South Asianist Journal |date=2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=4 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01900123/document |access-date=4 July 2022 |publisher=University of Edinburg}}</ref> Hinduism was the dominant religion in Sri Lanka before the arrival of Buddhism in the 2nd century BCE. Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka by Mahinda, the son of Emperor Ashoka, during the reign of King [[Devanampiya Tissa]];<ref>Asian Religions in British Columbia, UBC Press 2011, p. 125.</ref> the Sinhalese embraced Buddhism and Tamils remain Hindus in Sri Lanka. However, it was activity from across the [[Palk Strait]] that truly set the scene for [[Hinduism]]'s survival in Sri Lanka. [[Shaivism]] (devotional worship of Lord Shiva) was the dominant branch practised by the Tamil peoples, thus most of the traditional [[Hindu temple architecture]] and [[philosophy]] of Sri Lanka drew heavily from this particular strand of [[Hinduism]]. Thirugnanasambanthar mentioned the names of several Sri Lankan Hindu temples in his works.<ref>[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/events/611-lecture-on-hindu-sculpture-and-architecture-of-sri-lanka Lecture on Hindu sculpture and architecture of Sri Lanka] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012234629/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/events/611-lecture-on-hindu-sculpture-and-architecture-of-sri-lanka |date=12 October 2012 }} Sunday Times – 29 September 2010</ref>

[[Islam in Sri Lanka|Islam]] is the third most prevalent religion in the country, having first been brought to the island by Arab traders over the course of many centuries, starting around the mid or late 7th century CE. Most followers on the island today are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] who follow the [[Shafiʽi school|Shafi'i school]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/history_of_muslims_in_india/lankan_muslims_historical_links_with_india.html |title=Lankan Muslims' historical links with India |publisher=Indianmuslims.info |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060024/http://www.indianmuslims.info/history_of_muslims_in_india/lankan_muslims_historical_links_with_india.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> and are believed to be descendants of Arab traders and the local women whom they married.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sailanmuslim.com/news/wp-content/uploads/the-origins-and-affinities-of-the-sri-lankan-moors.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729002356/http://sailanmuslim.com/news/wp-content/uploads/the-origins-and-affinities-of-the-sri-lankan-moors.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2014 |title=Origins and Affinities of the Sri Lankan Moors}}</ref>
[[File:ගල්ඒදණ්ඩ පුරාණ රජමහා විහාරයේ වැඩ වාසය කරන ස්වාමින්වහන්සේ.jpg|thumb|[[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] in Sri Lanka represent a significant community dedicated to the [[Theravada]] tradition]]
[[Christianity in Sri Lanka|Christianity]] reached the country at least as early as the fifth century (and possibly in the first),<ref>{{cite web |author=Pinto, Leonard |date=20 September 2013 |title=A Brief History Of Christianity In Sri Lanka |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/a-brief-history-of-christianity-in-sri-lanka/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612094839/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/a-brief-history-of-christianity-in-sri-lanka/ |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=26 February 2015 |publisher=Colombo Telegraph}}</ref> gaining a wider foothold through Western colonists who began to arrive early in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The carpenter-heretic: a collection of Buddhist stories about Christianity from the 18th century Sri Lanka |year=1998 |isbn=978-955-9098-42-3 |author1=Young, R. F. |author2=Sēnānāyaka, J. E. B. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Colombo: Karunaratne & Sons. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axkLAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> Around 7.4% of the Sri Lankan population are Christians, of whom 82% are [[Catholic Church in Sri Lanka|Roman Catholics]] who trace their religious heritage directly to the Portuguese. Tamil Catholics attribute their religious heritage to [[Francis Xavier|St. Francis Xavier]] as well as Portuguese missionaries. The remaining Christians are evenly split between the [[Church of Ceylon|Anglican Church of Ceylon]] and other [[Protestantism|Protestant denominations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mongabay.com/history/sri_lanka/sri_lanka-christianity.html |title=Sri Lanka – Christianity |publisher=[[Mongabay]]}}</ref>

There is also a small population of [[Zoroastrian]] immigrants from India ([[Parsis]]) who settled in Ceylon during the period of British rule.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/parsiintro.htm |title=The Parsi Community of Sri Lanka |publisher=[[Ancestry.com]]}}</ref> This community has steadily dwindled in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sundaytimes.lk/000910/plus5.html |title=Sri Lankan Parsis facing extinction? |work=The Sunday Times}}</ref>

Religion plays a prominent role in the life and culture of Sri Lankans. The [[Buddhist]] majority observe [[Poya]] Days each month according to the [[Lunar calendar]], and [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] also observe their own holidays. In a 2008 [[Gallup poll]], Sri Lanka was ranked the third most religious country in the world, with 99% of Sri Lankans saying religion was an important part of their daily life.<ref name="gallu">{{cite web |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/114211/Alabamians-Iranians-Common.aspx |title=What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common |publisher=[[The Gallup Organization]] | date=9 February 2009}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Sri Lanka}}

[[File:SLINTEC060917.jpg|thumb|The [[Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology]] is a research institute specialising in the field of [[nanotechnology]].]]

With a [[literacy rate]] of 92.9%,<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /> Sri Lanka has one of the most literate populations amongst developing nations.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Problems of Illiteracy in a Literate Developing Society: Sri Lanka |author=Gunawardena, Chandra |year=1997 |volume=43 |issue=5/6 |pages=595–609 |journal=International Review of Education |jstor=3445068 |doi=10.1023/A:1003010726149 |bibcode=1997IREdu..43..595G |s2cid=142788627}}</ref> Its youth literacy rate stands at 98.8%,<ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24) – Sri Lanka |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS?locations=LK |publisher=World Bank | access-date=24 February 2021 |date=September 2020}}</ref> computer literacy rate at 35%,<ref name="daynwsl">{{cite web |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/07/29/cdnstory.asp?sid=20110705_01 |title=Govt targets 75% computer literacy rate by 2016 |work=The Daily News}}</ref> and primary school enrollment rate at over 99%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sri_lanka_statistics.html |title=Sri Lanka – Statistics |publisher=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=13 November 2010 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830142313/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sri_lanka_statistics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An education system which dictates nine years of [[Compulsory education|compulsory schooling]] for every child is in place.

The [[free education]] system established in 1945<ref>{{Cite book |author=De Silva, K.M. |title=A Short History of Sri Lanka |publisher=[[University of California Press]] | year=1981 |place=Los Angeles |page=472 |isbn=978-0-520-04320-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dByI_qil26YC}}</ref> is a result of the initiative of [[C. W. W. Kannangara]] and A. Ratnayake.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/06/08/fea26.asp |title=Honouring the Father of Free Education |work=The Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://transcurrents.com/tc/2009/10/who_was_father_of_free_educati.html |title=Who was "Father" of free education in Sri Lanka?: C.W.W. Kannangara or A. Ratnayake? |publisher=Trans Currents |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065821/http://transcurrents.com/tc/2009/10/who_was_father_of_free_educati.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> It is one of the few countries in the world that provide universal free education from primary to tertiary stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/46.htm |title=Education: Traditional and Colonial Systems |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]}}</ref> Kannangara led the establishment of the [[Madhya Vidyalaya]]s (central schools) in different parts of the country in order to provide education to Sri Lanka's rural children.<ref name="daynwsl" /> In 1942, a special education committee proposed extensive reforms to establish an efficient and quality education system for the people. However, in the 1980s changes to this system separated the administration of schools between the central government and the provincial government. Thus the elite [[National school (Sri Lanka)|national schools]] are controlled directly by the [[Ministry of Education (Sri Lanka)|ministry of education]] and the provincial schools by the provincial government. Sri Lanka has approximately 10,155 government schools, 120 private schools and 802 [[pirivena]]s.<ref name="Annual Report 2020"/>

Sri Lanka has 17 public universities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=Universities and Higher Educational Institutions established under the purview of the University Grants Commission |url=https://www.ugc.ac.lk/index.php?option=com_university&view=list&Itemid=25&lang=en |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=UGC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ugc.ac.lk/downloads/statistics/stat_2010/Chapter1.pdf |page=3 |title=Sri Lanka University Statistics 2010 |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (Sri Lanka)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> A lack of responsiveness of the education system to labour market requirements, disparities in access to quality education, lack of an effective linkage between secondary and tertiary education remain major challenges for the education sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/geography/fr/files/10905/12353682765Sri_Lanka.pdf/Sri%2BLanka.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623172848/http://portal.unesco.org/geography/fr/files/10905/12353682765Sri_Lanka.pdf/Sri%2BLanka.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2013 |pages=3–4 |title=Facing Global and Local Challenges: The New Dynamics for Higher Education – Sri Lanka Country Report |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> A number of private, degree awarding institutions have emerged in recent times to fill in these gaps, yet the participation at tertiary level education remains at 5.1%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.lk/en/statistics/educational-indicators.html |title=Educational Indicators 1980–2009 |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (Sri Lanka)]] | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222203802/http://www.ugc.ac.lk/en/statistics/educational-indicators.html |archive-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> Sri Lanka was ranked 93rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/sri-lanka |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Sri Lanka}}

[[File:Life expectancy in Sri Lanka.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy]]

Sri Lankans have a [[life expectancy]] of 75.5 years at birth, which is 10% higher than the world average.<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /><ref name="treasry" /> The infant mortality rate stands at 8.5 per 1,000 births and the maternal mortality rate at 0.39 per 1,000 births, which is on par with figures from developed countries. The universal "pro-poor"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.island.lk/2008/05/31/features1.html |title=Our Pro-poor health care policy rewarded |work=The Island |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074209/http://www.island.lk/2008/05/31/features1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> health care system adopted by the country has contributed much towards these figures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quickoverview.com/issues/universal-healthcare-system.html |title=Universal Health Care |publisher=quickoverview.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412190920/http://quickoverview.com/issues/universal-healthcare-system.html |archive-date=12 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sri Lanka ranks first among southeast Asian countries with respect to deaths by suicide, with 33 deaths per 100,000 persons. According to the Department of Census and Statistics, poverty, destructive pastimes, and inability to cope with stressful situations are the main causes behind the high suicide rates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/social/social%20conditions.pdf |title=Social Conditions of Sri Lanka |pages=15–17 |publisher=statistics.gov.lk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117025044/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/social/social%20conditions.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2017 |access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
On 8 July 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] declared that Sri Lanka had successfully eliminated [[rubella]] and [[measles]] ahead of their 2023 target.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/detail/08-07-2020-maldives-sri-lanka-eliminate-measles-and-rubella-ahead-of-2023-target|title=Maldives, Sri Lanka eliminate measles and rubella, ahead of 2023 target|website=www.who.int}}</ref>

[[Sexually transmitted infections]] (STIs) in Sri Lanka, including [[syphilis]] and [[genital herpes]], are predominantly reported in regions with high tourist activity and among high-risk groups.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A preliminary assessment of sexual transmitted infections (STIs) in Sri Lanka: District-wise overview |journal=Sri Lanka Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |date=2018 |volume=40 |pages=31-38 |url=https://sljog.sljol.info/articles/7844/files/submission/proof/7844-1-27604-1-10-20180727.pdf}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Sri Lanka}}

[[File:Vavuniya Kavadi.JPG|thumb|Hindu devotees engaging in ''[[Kavadi]]'' at a temple in [[Vavuniya]]]]
The culture of Sri Lanka is influenced primarily by Buddhism and Hinduism.<ref name="precol">{{cite web |url=https://www.panix.com/~kendra/tea/precolonial_history.html |title=Pre-Colonial Sri Lankan History |publisher=panix.com}}</ref> Sri Lanka is the home to two main traditional cultures: the Sinhalese (centred in Kandy and Anuradhapura) and the Tamil (centred in Jaffna). Tamils co-existed with the Sinhalese people since then, and the early mixing rendered the two ethnic groups almost physically indistinguishable.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nubin|2002|p=97}}</ref> Ancient Sri Lanka is marked for its genius in [[Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka#Irrigation Works|hydraulic engineering]] and [[Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka|architecture]]. The British colonial culture has also influenced the locals. The rich cultural traditions shared by all Sri Lankan cultures is the basis of the country's long life expectancy, advanced health standards, and high literacy rate.<ref name="nub94">{{Harvnb|Nubin|2002|p=94}}</ref>

=== Visual, literary and performing arts ===
{{Main|Cinema of Sri Lanka|Music of Sri Lanka|Dances of Sri Lanka|Theatre of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan literature}}

[[File:Two Women in Traditional Kandyan Dress Laugh While Waiting as Secretary Kerry Meets With Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Samaraweera (16720359423).jpg|thumb|Female dancers in traditional [[Kandyan dance|Kandyan dress]]]]
[[File:The landmark Nelum Pokuna (Lotus Pond) Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre.JPG|thumb|The [[Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre]] was constructed as a major venue for the performing arts.]]

The movie ''[[Kadawunu Poronduwa]]'' (''The Broken Promise''), produced by [[S. M. Nayagam]] of Chitra Kala Movietone, heralded the coming of Sri Lankan cinema in 1947. ''[[Ranmuthu Duwa]]'' (''Island of Treasures'') marked the transition of cinema from [[black-and-white]] to colour. In recent years, movies have featured subjects such as family melodrama, social transformation and the years of conflict between the military and the LTTE.<ref name="easiancinem">{{Cite book |author=Dissanayake, Wimal |year=2006 |title=Contemporary Asian cinema: popular culture in a global frame, Chapter 8 |publisher=Berg |pages=108–119 |isbn=978-1-84520-237-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_PmysZli1cC}}</ref> The Sri Lankan cinematic style is similar to [[Bollywood]] movies. In 1979, movie attendance rose to an all-time high but has been in a steady decline since then.<ref name="denandind">{{Cite book |author=Lakshman, W. D. |year=2000 |title=Sri Lanka's development since independence |publisher=[[Nova Publishers]] | page=253 |place=[[New York City|New York]] | isbn=978-1-56072-784-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLqmdDp3l0oC}}</ref>

An influential filmmaker is [[Lester James Peiris]], who has directed a number of movies which led to global acclaim, including ''[[Rekava]]'' (''Line of Destiny'', 1956), ''[[Gamperaliya (film)|Gamperaliya]]'' (''The Changing Village'', 1964), ''[[Nidhanaya]]'' (''The Treasure'', 1970) and ''[[Golu Hadawatha]]'' (''Cold Heart'', 1968).<ref name="lstjms">{{cite news |title=Dr. Lester James Peiris, Father of Sri Lankan Cinema, celebrates 90th Birthday |newspaper=[[Asian Tribune]] | url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16540 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309042437/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16540 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sri Lankan-Canadian poet [[Rienzi Crusz]], is the subject of a documentary on his life in Sri Lanka. His work is published in Sinhala and English. Naturalised Canadian [[Michael Ondaatje]] is well known for his English-language novels and three films.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The earliest music in Sri Lanka came from theatrical performances such as ''Kolam'', ''Sokari'' and ''Nadagam''.<ref name="cambrmu">{{Cite book |author=Brandon, James R. |year=1997 |title=The Cambridge guide to Asian theatre |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | pages=226–229 |place=[[Cambridge]] | isbn=978-0-521-58822-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC}}</ref> Traditional music instruments such as ''Béra'', ''Thammátama'', ''Daŭla'' and ''Răbān'' were performed at these dramas. The first music album, ''Nurthi'', recorded in 1903, was released through Radio Ceylon. Songwriters like [[Mahagama Sekara]] and [[Ananda Samarakoon]] and musicians such as [[W. D. Amaradeva]], [[Victor Ratnayake]], [[Nanda Malini]] and [[Clarence Wijewardene]] have contributed much towards the progression of Sri Lankan music.<ref name="wmrhg">{{Cite book |author=McConnachie, James |year=2000 |title=World music: the rough guide, Volume 2 |publisher=Rough Guides |page=230 |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC}}</ref> [[Baila music]] originated among [[Sri Lanka Kaffirs|Kaffirs]] or the Afro-Sinhalese community.<ref name="lnlypnlu">{{Cite book |author=Atkinson, Brett |year=2009 |title=Lonely Planet Sri Lanka |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] | page=50 |isbn=978-1-74104-835-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QAgHA69_rwC}}</ref>

[[File:Sri Lanka traditional drum.jpg|thumb|A Low Country drummer playing the traditional ''Yak Béra'']]
There are three main styles of Sri Lankan classical dance. They are, the [[Kandyan dance]]s, low country dances and [[Sabaragamuwa]] dances. Of these, the Kandyan style is most prominent. It is a sophisticated form of dance<ref name="dncen2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kandyan dance |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kandyan-dance}}</ref> that consists of five sub-categories: ''Ves dance'', ''Naiyandi dance'', ''Udekki dance'', ''Pantheru dance'' and ''18 Vannam''.<ref name="sldance">{{Cite book |author=Cummings, Joe |year=2006 |title=Sri Lanka |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] | pages=50–52 |isbn=978-1-74059-975-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pq9XaJuzwkQC}}</ref> An elaborate headdress is worn by the male dancers, and a drum called ''Geta Béraya'' is used to assist the dancers to keep on rhythm.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |title=Dance of Sri Lanka |publisher=lakpura.com |url=https://lakpura.com/pages/dance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714003824/http://www.lanka.com/sri-lanka/dance-and-drama-of-sri-lanka-104.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

The history of Sri Lankan painting and sculpture can be traced as far back as to the 2nd or 3rd century BCE.<ref name="lklibrform">{{cite web |title=History of painting and sculpture in Sri Lanka |publisher=lankalibrary.com |url=http://lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=3128 |access-date=20 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084513/http://lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=3128 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The earliest mention about the art of painting on Mahāvaṃsa, is to the drawing of a palace on cloth using [[cinnabar]] in the 2nd century BCE. The chronicles have a description of various paintings in relic chambers of Buddhist stupas and in monastic residences.

Theatre came to the country when a [[Parsi theatre]] company from [[Mumbai]] introduced ''Nurti'', a blend of European and Indian theatrical conventions to the Colombo audience in the 19th century.<ref name="sldance" /> The golden age of Sri Lankan drama and theatre began with the staging of ''Maname'', a play written by [[Ediriweera Sarachchandra]] in 1956.<ref name="theatresl">{{cite web |title=The Sinhala Theatre of Sri Lanka: A Form of Political Discourse |publisher=artsrilanka.org |url=http://www.artsrilanka.org/essays/theatre/index.html |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=14 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114210156/http://www.artsrilanka.org/essays/theatre/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was followed by a series of popular dramas like ''Sinhabāhu'', ''Pabāvatī'', ''Mahāsāra'', ''Muudu Puththu'' and ''Subha saha Yasa''.

Sri Lankan literature spans at least two millennia and is heir to the [[Aryan race|Aryan]] literary tradition as embodied in the hymns of the [[Rigveda]].<ref name="lklinbr" /> The [[Pāli Canon]], the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, was written down in Sri Lanka during the [[Fourth Buddhist council]], at the Alulena cave temple, [[Kegalle]], as early as 29 BCE.<ref name="alulena">{{cite web |title=Challenge to Buddha Jayanthi Stamp Selection Board |work=The Island |url=http://www.island.lk/2006/05/31/opinion6.html |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115010/http://www.island.lk/2006/05/31/opinion6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chronicles such as the ''[[Mahāvaṃsa]]'', written in the 6th century, provide vivid descriptions of Sri Lankan dynasties. According to the German philosopher [[Wilhelm Geiger]], the chronicles are based on Sinhala [[Atthakatha]] (commentary).<ref name="lklinbr" /> The oldest surviving prose work is the ''Dhampiya-Atuva-Getapadaya'', compiled in the 9th century CE.<ref name="lklinbr" /> The greatest literary feats of medieval Sri Lanka include ''Sandesha Kāvya'' (poetic messages) such as ''Girā Sandeshaya'' (parrot message), ''Hansa Sandeshaya'' (swan message) and ''Salalihini Sandeshaya'' (myna message). Poetry including ''Kavsilumina'', ''Kavya-Sekharaya'' (''Diadem of Poetry'') and proses such as ''Saddharma-Ratnāvaliya'', ''Amāvatura'' (''Flood of Nectar'') and ''Pujāvaliya'' are also notable works of this period, which is considered to be the golden age of Sri Lankan literature.<ref name="lklinbr">{{cite web |title=A survey of Sinhalese poetry from ancient times to the modern period |publisher=lankalibrary.com |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/books/sinhala8.htm |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114355/http://www.lankalibrary.com/books/sinhala8.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first modern-day novel, ''Meena'' by Simon de Silva appeared in 1905<ref name="sldance" /> and was followed by several revolutionary literary works. [[Martin Wickramasinghe]], the author of ''[[Madol Doova]]'' is considered the iconic figure of Sri Lankan literature.<ref name="martinw">{{cite web |title=Martin Wickramasinghe: An icon of world intellectual heritage |work=The Daily News |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2010/07/23/fea01.asp}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media in Sri Lanka}}

The [[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation]] (formerly [[Radio Ceylon]]) is the oldest-running radio station in Asia,<ref name="slbcv">{{cite web |title=Radio Ceylon/Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation: The history of broadcasting in Sri Lanka |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation]] | url=http://www.slbceng.org/pdf/Radio%20Ceylon-Sri%20Lanka%20Broadcasting%20Corporation.pdf |page=1 |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320060209/http://www.slbceng.org/pdf/Radio%20Ceylon-Sri%20Lanka%20Broadcasting%20Corporation.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> established in 1923 by [[Edward Harper (engineer)|Edward Harper]], just three years after broadcasting began in Europe.<ref name="slbcv" /> The station broadcasts services in Sinhala, Tamil, English and Hindi. Since the 1980s, many private radio stations have also been introduced. Broadcast television was introduced in 1979 when the [[Independent Television Network]] was launched. Initially, all television stations were state-controlled, but private television networks began broadcasting in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sri-lanka |title=Sri Lanka Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers |publisher=Pressreference.com}}</ref>

{{As of|2020}}, 192 newspapers (122 Sinhala, 24 Tamil, 43 English, 3 multilingual) are published and 25 TV stations and 58 radio stations are in operation.<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /> In recent years, [[freedom of the press]] in Sri Lanka has been alleged by media freedom groups to be amongst the [[Press Freedom Index|poorest in democratic countries]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-press-lockdown-srilanka-2008.pdf |pages=5–6 |title=Media under fire: Press freedom lockdown in Sri Lanka |publisher=International Press Freedom and Freedom of Expression Mission to Sri Lanka}}</ref> Alleged abuse of a newspaper editor by a senior government minister<ref name="You are pigs who eat shit">{{cite news |last=Jansz |first=Frederica |title=Gota goes berserk |url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2012/07/08/gota-goes-berserk/ |access-date=24 November 2012 |newspaper=Sunday Leader |date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020203648/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2012/07/08/gota-goes-berserk/ |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> achieved international notoriety because of the unsolved murder of the editor's predecessor, [[Lasantha Wickrematunge]],<ref name="Death foretold">{{cite news |title=Chronicle of a death foretold |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2009/01/15/chronicle-of-a-death-foretold |access-date=24 November 2012 |newspaper=The Economist |date=15 January 2009}}</ref> who had been a critic of the government and had presaged his own death in a posthumously published article.<ref name="pre-written posthumous editorial">{{cite news |last=Wickramasinghe |first=Lasantha |title=And then they came for me |url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/20090111/editorial-.htm |access-date=25 November 2012 |newspaper=Sunday Leader |date=11 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016035116/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/20090111/editorial-.htm |archive-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Cuisine and festivals ===
{{Main|Sri Lankan cuisine|Festivals in Sri Lanka}}

[[File:Sri Lankan Rice and Curry.jpg|thumb|Sri Lankan rice and curry]]

Dishes include rice and curry, [[puttu|pittu]], [[kiribath]], wholemeal [[roti]], [[Idiyappam|string hoppers]], [[watalappam]] (a rich pudding of Malay origin made with [[coconut milk]], jaggery, cashews, eggs, and spices including cinnamon and nutmeg), [[kottu]], and [[appam]].{{Cn|date=December 2025}} [[Jackfruit]] may sometimes replace rice. Traditionally food is served on a [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain leaf or lotus leaf]]. Middle Eastern influences and practices are found in traditional Moor dishes, while Dutch and Portuguese influences are found with the island's Burgher community preserving their culture through traditional dishes such as [[lamprais]] (rice cooked in stock and baked in a banana leaf), [[breudher]] (Dutch holiday biscuit), and [[Bolo fiado]] (Portuguese-style layer cake).{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In April, Sri Lankans celebrate the [[Sinhalese New Year|Buddhist]] and [[Tamil New Year|Hindu]] new year festivals.<ref name="dersl">{{Cite book |author=Wickremeratne, Swarna |year=2006 |title=Buddha in Sri Lanka: remembered yesterdays |publisher=SUNY Press |page=31 |isbn=978-0-7914-6881-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QskAmQEACAAJ}}</ref> [[Esala Perahera]] is a symbolic Buddhist festival consisting of dances and decorated elephants held in Kandy in July and August.<ref name="esalasl">{{Cite book |author=Dassanayake, M. B. |year=1970 |title=The Kandy Esala perahera: Asia's most spectacular pageant |publisher=Lake House Bookshop |page=7 |place=Colombo}}</ref> Fire dances, whip dances, Kandyan dances and various other cultural dances are integral parts of the festival. Christians celebrate [[Christmas]] on 25 December to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ and [[Easter]] to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus. Tamils celebrate [[Thai Pongal]] and [[Maha Shivaratri]], and Muslims celebrate [[Hajj]] and [[Ramadan]].

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Sri Lanka}}

[[File:The_clouds_roll_in.jpg|thumb|[[R. Premadasa Stadium]] in [[Colombo]]]]
While the [[national sport]] is [[volleyball]], by far the most popular sport in the country is [[Cricket]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2008/10/02/spo12.asp |title=Can Sri Lanka form an invincible cricket team? |author=Gurusinghe, Nimal |work=The Daily News |date=2 October 2008}}</ref> [[Rugby union]] also enjoys extensive popularity,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/25/rugby-sri-lanka-asias-little-known-rugby-haven.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408233643/http://dawn.com/2011/05/25/rugby-sri-lanka-asias-little-known-rugby-haven/ |archive-date=8 April 2012 |title=Rugby: Sri Lanka, Asia's little-known rugby haven |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] | date=25 May 2011}}</ref> as do [[association football]], [[netball]] and [[tennis]]. Aquatic sports such as boating, surfing, swimming, kitesurfing<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kitesurfingsrilanka.com/ |title=Kitesurf Sri Lanka |publisher=kitesurfingsrilanka.com |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206111947/http://www.kitesurfingsrilanka.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[scuba diving]] attract many Sri Lankans and foreign tourists. There are two styles of martial arts native to Sri Lanka: [[Cheena di]] and [[Angampora]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sinhalaya.com/srilankatravelguide/ac_martial_arts_lanka.php |title=Sri Lankan martial arts |publisher=sinhalaya.com |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125023655/http://www.sinhalaya.com/srilankatravelguide/ac_martial_arts_lanka.php |archive-date=25 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:MUTTIAH MURALITHARAN (5155181205).jpg|right|thumb|170px|[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] holds the record for the highest number of [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] in [[Test cricket]].<ref name="Muralitharan">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/49636.html|title=Player Profile: Muttiah Muralitharan|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=30 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213191453/http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/49636.html|archive-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>|alt=Muttiah Muralitharan]]

The [[Sri Lanka national cricket team]] achieved considerable success beginning in the 1990s, rising from [[underdog]] status to winning the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]], defeating [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the final on 17 March 1996.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/1996/mar/18/cricket.cricketworldcup2007 |title=Sri Lanka light up the world |author=Selvey, Mike |work=[[The Guardian]] | date=18 March 1996 |place=London}}</ref> They also won the [[2014 World Twenty20|2014 ICC World Twenty20]] played in Bangladesh, beating India in the final. In addition, Sri Lanka became the runners-up of the [[Cricket World Cup]] in [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/247507.html |title=Final: Australia v Sri Lanka at Bridgetown, Apr 28, 2007 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author-link=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and [[2011 Cricket World Cup final|2011]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/9444277.stm |title=India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph |author=Sheringham, Sam |publisher=BBC |date=2 April 2011}}</ref> and of the [[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC World Twenty20]] in [[2009 World Twenty20|2009]] and [[2012 World Twenty20|2012]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wt202009/content/story/410042.html |title=Afridi fifty seals title for Pakistan |author=McGlashan, Andrew |date=21 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Former Sri Lankan [[Off spin|off-spinner]] [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] has been rated as the greatest [[Test cricket|test match]] [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]] ever by ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/2572069.stm |title=Murali 'best bowler ever' |work=[[BBC]] Sport |date=13 December 2002 |place=London}}</ref> and four Sri Lankan cricketers ranked 2nd ([[Kumar Sangakkara|Sangakkara]]), 4th ([[Sanath Jayasuriya|Jayasuriya]]), 5th ([[Mahela Jayawardene|Jayawardene]]) and 11th ([[Tillakaratne Dilshan|Dilshan]]) highest ODI run scorers of all time, which is the second best by a team. As of June 2022, Muttiah Muralitharan has the highest aggregate wickets in Test Cricket with a record 800 wickets, a feat he achieved in a Test Match against India in July 2010 that Sri Lanka had won by 10 Wickets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2010-455238/sri-lanka-vs-india-1st-test-456669/match-report|title=Murali gets 800, Sri Lanka win by ten wickets|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|first=Sriram|last=Veera|date=22 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofsports.com/cricket/highest-test-wicket-takers/|title=Top 50 Highest Test Wicket Takers in Cricket History|website=[[Times of Sports]]|date=13 March 2023 }}</ref> Sri Lanka has won the [[Asia Cup]] in 1986,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/47/47039.html |title=John Player Gold Leaf Trophy (Asia Cup) 1985/86 (Final) |date=6 April 1986 |publisher=cricketarchive.co.uk}}</ref> 1997,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151650.html |title=Pepsi Asia Cup, 1997–98 |author=Thawfeeq, Sa'adi |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> 2004,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/134815.html |title=Sri Lanka win the Asia Cup |author=Vasu, Anand |date=1 August 2004 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asiacup/content/current/series/298014.html |title=Asia Cup 2008 |date=6 July 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307220216/http://www.espncricinfo.com/asiacup/content/current/series/298014.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2014/content/current/series/671665.html |title=Asia Cup 2014 |date=8 March 2014 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921144658/http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2014/content/current/series/671665.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2788151 |title=Brilliant Sri Lanka clinch Asia Cup 2022 title|access-date=12 September 2022 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> Sri Lanka once held the highest team score in all three formats of cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exzoon.com/sri_lanka_national_cricket_team.html |title=Sri Lanka National Cricket Team |publisher=exzoon.com |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101040927/http://www.exzoon.com/sri_lanka_national_cricket_team.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> The country co-hosted the Cricket World Cup in [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]] and [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and hosted the [[2012 World Twenty20|2012 ICC World Twenty20]].

Sri Lankans have won two medals at [[Olympic Games]]: one silver, by [[Duncan White]] at the [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London Olympics]] for men's [[400 metres hurdles]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2008/06/12/spo09.asp |title=Duncan White – the greatest Sri Lankan athlete |date=12 June 2008 |work=The Daily News}}</ref> and one silver by [[Susanthika Jayasinghe]] at the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney Olympics]] for women's [[200 metres]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/susanthika-jayasinghe |title=Athlete Susanthika Jayasinghe |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=20 June 2016}}</ref> In 1973, [[Muhammad Lafir]] won the [[IBSF World Billiards Championship|World Billiards Championship]], the highest feat by a Sri Lankan in a [[Cue sports|Cue sport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://print.dailymirror.lk/editorial/106-editorial/12395.html |title=LKY's prejudice |date=7 June 2010 |work=Daily Mirror |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218191441/http://print.dailymirror.lk/editorial/106-editorial/12395.html |archive-date=18 December 2013 }}</ref> Sri Lanka has also won the Carrom World Championship titles twice in 2012, [[2016 Carrom World Championship|2016]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thepapare.com/sri-lanka-mens-champions-carrom-world-championship-2016/ |title=Sri Lanka emerged as world champions |date=10 November 2016 |work=Prepare}}</ref> and 2018, the men's team becoming champions and the women's team winning second place. The [[Sri Lankan National Badminton Championships]] was annually held between 1953 and 2011.

Sri Lanka is ranked 6th in the ICC Men's Test Team Rankings 2025 with rating 86.<ref>{{Cite web |last=icc |title=ICC Men's Test Team Rankings |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/mens/test |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=icc |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sri Lanka national football team]] also won the prestigious [[1995 SAARC Gold Cup|1995 South Asian Gold Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://saffederation.org/saff-gold-cup-1995/ |title=SAFF Website |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918095651/https://saffederation.org/saff-gold-cup-1995/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/saff-gold-cup-1995-sri-lanka/semi-finals/17371/|title=1995 SAFF Championship;globalsport archive.com|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.11v11.com/competitions/south-asian-football-federation-(saff)-championship/1995/|title=1995 SAFF Championship|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/saffgold95.html|title=1995 SAFF Championship;RSSSF.com|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/04/04/spo03.asp|title=Lanka hopes to regain supremacy|access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Sri Lanka|Islands|Asia}}
* [[Outline of Sri Lanka]]
* [[List of cities in Sri Lanka]]
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist
| refs =
<ref name="corankel">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTOJiGQ2mLIC |author1=Corea, Gamani |author2=Kelegama, Saman |name-list-style=amp |title=Economic policy in Sri Lanka: Issues and debates |publisher=SAGE |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7619-3278-9 |pages=405–406}}</ref>
}}

===Sources and further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Codrington|first=H.W.|title=A Short History of Ceylon|publisher=Macmillan & Co.|orig-year=1926|date=1970|location=London|isbn=978-0-8369-5596-5|oclc=2154168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hyiaAXhNd8C}}
* {{cite book|last1=Buswell|first1=R.E.|last2=Lopez|first2=D.S.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-691-15786-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fWKngEACAAJ|access-date=29 May 2021}}
* Ganguly, Sumit. "Ending the Sri Lankan civil war." ''Dædalus'' 147.1 (2018): 78–89. [https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article-pdf/147/1/78/1831032/daed_a_00475.pdf online]
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC|last=Nubin|first=Walter|title=Sri Lanka: Current issues and historical background|publisher=[[Nova Publishers]]|year=2002|isbn=978-1-59033-573-4}}
* Peebles, Patrick. ''The History of Sri Lanka'' (Greenwood, 2005).
* {{cite web|url=http://www.usamyanmar.net/Buddha/Article/The%20Theri%20Arahant%20Sanghamitta.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Theri Sanghamitta and the Bodhi Tree|last=Paw|first=Maung|website=usamyanmar.net|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724120135/http://www.usamyanmar.net/Buddha/Article/The%20Theri%20Arahant%20Sanghamitta.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=De Silva|first=K. M.|title=A history of Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dByI_qil26YC|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1981|isbn=978-0-520-04320-6}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Sri Lanka|d=Q854|Sri Lanka}}
{{EB1911 poster|Ceylon}}

===Government===
* [https://www.gov.lk/ Official Sri Lankan Government Web Portal], a gateway to government sites.
* [http://www.parliament.lk/ Official website] of the [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]].
* [http://www.news.lk/ Official Government News Portal]
* [http://www.president.gov.lk/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725214707/http://www.president.gov.lk/ |date=25 July 2011 }} of the [[President of Sri Lanka]].
* [http://www.pmoffice.gov.lk/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113000513/http://www.pmoffice.gov.lk/ |date=13 November 2018 }} of the [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka]] / [[Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)|Prime Minister's Office]].
* [https://www.cabinetoffice.gov.lk/ Official website] of the Office of the [[Cabinet of Sri Lanka|Cabinet of Ministers of Sri Lanka]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190810153706/http://www.supremecourt.lk/ Official website] of the [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka]].

===Overviews and data===
* {{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sri Lanka}}
* [http://www.statistics.gov.lk/ Official site] of the Department of Census and Statistics.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111201012336/http://www.treasury.gov.lk/reports/annualreport/AnnualReport2010-eng.pdf Annual Report 2010] from the Ministry of Finance and Planning.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212335/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/srilanka.htm Sri Lanka] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11999611 Sri Lanka profile] from the [[BBC News]].
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561906/Sri-Lanka Sri Lanka] in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].
* [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/sri-lanka Introducing Sri Lanka] Overview of the country from [[Lonely Planet]].
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LK Key Development Forecasts for Sri Lanka] from [[International Futures]].

===History===
* [https://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html Mahavamsa] an ancient Sri Lankan chronicle written in the 6th century.
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13325/13325-h/13325-h.htm Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon] by Sir [[James Emerson Tennent]], 1861.

===Maps===
* {{Wikiatlas|Sri Lanka}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|536807}}
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=sri+lanka Sri Lanka Map] in [[Google Maps]].
* [https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,sri%20lanka&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=tlevel,include,online_resources,2&lang=iw_IL&offset=0&came_from=sort Old maps of Sri Lanka], Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, [[National Library of Israel|The National Library of Israel]]

===Trade===
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/LKA/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Sri Lanka]

{{clear}}
{{Sri Lanka topics}}
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Roti (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:41:54Z

QWLDesiree: small changes

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Roti
| image = Roti 1974.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Manmohan Desai]]
| producer = Rajni Desai [[Rajesh Khanna]]
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] {{small|(dialogues)}} [[Anand Bakshi]] {{small|(lyrics)}}
| story = Smt. Jeevan Prabha M. Desai
| screenplay = Prayag Raj
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[:en:K_Vaikunth|K Vaikunth]]
| editing = Kamlakar Karkhanis
| studio = Aashirwad Pictures Pvt.Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1974|10|11}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Roti''''' ({{translation|Flatbread}}) is a 1974 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Manmohan Desai]] and produced by Rajni Desai and [[Rajesh Khanna]] under the banner Aashirwad Pictures Pvt. Ltd. It stars Khanna and [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], with music composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]. This film was released on 11 October 1974, along with ''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]'' and ''[[Roti Kapda Aur Makaan]]''.<ref name="aamir">{{cite web|title=Aamir UTV arm twist exhibitors forced Bombay Velvet to November 28|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/aamir-utv-arm-twist-exhibitors-forced-bombay-velvet-to-november-28-hindi-news-106307|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420072723/http://www.indiaglitz.com/aamir-utv-arm-twist-exhibitors-forced-bombay-velvet-to-november-28-hindi-news-106307|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2014|website=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=25 December 2016|date=17 April 2014}}</ref> [[Kader Khan]] was reportedly paid '''[[Indian rupee|₹]]'''1.21 [[lakh]]s for writing dialogues for the film.<ref name="mfm">{{cite web|title=Bollywood Icon Kader Khan Admitted to Baba Ramdev's Ashram with Acute Diabetes|url=http://www.microfinancemonitor.com/bollywood-icon-kader-khan-admitted-to-baba-ramdevs-ashram-with-acute-diabetes/39477|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016120329/http://www.microfinancemonitor.com/bollywood-icon-kader-khan-admitted-to-baba-ramdevs-ashram-with-acute-diabetes/39477|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2015|website=Microfinancemonitor.com|access-date=25 December 2016|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Neram Nadi Kadu Akalidi]]'', starring [[N.T. Rama Rao]] and [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]].

==Plot==
Mangal Singh has been a career criminal and he is finally sentenced to be hanged due to the murder of a man for the sake of [[roti]]. Underworld don, Suraj who raises him as a criminal, plans his escape from jail and is followed by a [[Inspector|police inspector]]. He escapes on a train when he throws a fellow passenger Shravan Kumar off the train. Mangal Singh lands up in a small village in [[North India|Northern India]] and becomes a school teacher with the help of a local restaurateur, Bijli. He takes on the identity of Ramu, a friend of Shravan, and goes to live with Shravan's parents, Lalaji and Malti who are blind, little knowing that they are the parents of a man he killed while escaping from the police.

Bijli falls in love with the reluctant Mangal, but she discovers the truth when inspector Jagdish Raj comes to search Mangal in the same village and informs the blind couple about Shravan's death due to Mangal. Finally, Mangal also learns the truth about Shravan's parents. Mangal reunites Lalaji's long-lost daughter with him, who thereby releases Shravan's house. Mangal takes Shravan's parents for a holy pilgrimage along with Bijli where he meets the alive Shravan again. He pardons him and allows him to escape from the police, but Bijli follows him. While in pursuit of Mangal, Suraj shoots Bijli, but he dies in the [[Avalanche|snow avalanche]]. Bijli dies and Mangal is shot by inspector Sujit. The inspector finds Mangal dying with a gun without cartridges asking none to deprive anyone of roti.

==Cast==
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Mangal Singh
* [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] as Bijli
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Malti
* [[Jagdeep]] as Khadak Singh
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Suraj
* [[Sujit Kumar]] as Police Inspector
* [[Jagdish Raj]] as Police Inspector
* [[Viju Khote]] as Doctor
* [[Om Prakash]] as Lala[[-ji|jee]]
* [[Vijay Arora]] as Shravan
* [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Headmaster
* [[Asrani]] as Ramu
* [[Jeetendra]] as ''Himself (guest appearance)''
* [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Lala[[-ji|ji]]
* Pravin Paul as Mrs Lalaji
* [[Kader Khan]] as Lawyer (voice only during opening credit)

==Soundtrack==
The songs were composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]. The lyrics were written by [[Anand Bakshi]].

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Yaar Hamari Baat Suno"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 2
| "Yeh Public Hai"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| 3
| "Naach Meri Bulbul"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| 4
| "Gore Rang Pe Na Itna"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 5
| "Phoolon Ke Saath"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|}

==Box office==
The film was a major box-office success of the year and considered to be a milestone in the formula-films made by [[Manmohan Desai]]. The film grossed '''₹'''2 [[crore]] in India and '''₹'''4 crore worldwide, which works out to '''₹'''160 crore and '''₹'''320 crore resp. in 2018.

==Remakes==
The film is loosely inspired by the 1959 American [[Western (genre)|Western]] film ''[[Face of a Fugitive]]'' (an adaptation of the short story "Long Gone" by Peter Dawson), vast changes were made in the script of ''Roti''. Later, ''Roti'' itself was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Neram Nadi Kadu Akalidi]]'', in 1976 starring [[N.T. Rama Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghantasala.info/tfs/cdatab6d0.html |title=nEraM nAdi kAdu Akalidi ( 1976 ) |publisher=Ghantasala.info |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> It was also remade in [[#Remake:~:text=also remade in-, Bangladesh,-as Ek mutho|Bangladesh]] as ''Ek Mutho Bhat'' ({{Literal translation|One Fist Rice}}) starring [[Zafar Iqbal (actor)|Zafar Iqbal]], [[Farida Akhtar Babita|Babita]] in 1976.

==Awards==
* [[Filmfare Best Editing Award]] – Kamlakar Karkani<ref>[http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf 1st Filmfare Awards 1953]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb title|0176105}}

{{Manmohan Desai}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roti (1974 Film)}}
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manmohan Desai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Urdu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about avalanches]]
[[Category:Heist films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Films about murderers]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films based on American short stories]]
[[Category:Films set in the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Kaamannana Makkalu

2026-03-03T21:43:06Z

QWLDesiree: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaamannana Makkalu
| image = Kaamannana Makkalu.jpg
| director = [[Chi. Guru Dutt|Chi.Gurudutt]]
| based_on = ''[[Thommanum Makkalum]]'' (Malayalam)(2005)
| producer = Chi.Gurudutt N.S.Rajkumar
| story = [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]
| starring = [[Sudeep]] [[Rockline Venkatesh]] Deepu Vaibhavi
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] '''Background Score:''' Ramesh Krishna
| cinematography = Sri Venkat
| editing = T. Shasihikumar
| studio = Udayaravi Cinemaz
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|06|20}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime =
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kaamannana Makkalu''''' ({{translation|Sons of Kaamanna}}) is a 2008 [[Kannada]]-language [[Action comedy film|action comedy]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Chi. Guru Dutt|Chi.Gurudutt]] and produced by Chi.Gurudutt and [[N.S. Rajkumar]] starring [[Sudeep]], [[Rockline Venkatesh]], Deepu and Vaibhavi. The film is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Thommanum Makkalum]]'' which had already been remade in Tamil as ''[[Majaa]]'' by [[Rockline Venkatesh]] who incidentally was the second lead of this movie. The film was dubbed into [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Aandhi Aur Toofan'' in 2009 by Wide Angle Media Pvt Ltd and into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Eela'' and released on 26 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/eela.html|title=Eela (2013) | Eela Movie | Eela Telugu Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|access-date=2 August 2013|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801035501/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/movies/eela.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

Kamanna ([[Doddanna]]) is a thief who has two children: Krishna ([[Rockline Venkatesh]]) and Rama ([[Sudeep]]). Years go by and the two, Krishna and Rama, decide to stop stealing and mend their ways and lead a hardworking life along with their father. They migrate to neighboring village and meet a retired agricultural officer, Shivaramanna ([[Ramesh Bhat]]) who is in deep debt and is under pressure from the village's landlord, Patela ([[O.A.K. Sundar]]) to clear his debts. In efforts to help Shivaramanna, Rama confronts Gayatri (Deepu), Patela's daughter, who comes to collect the money Shivaramanna owes her father. Gayatri starts to acquire a liking for Rama but keeps it hidden due to her father's atrocious temper. In an attempt to teach Patela a lesson, Rama forcibly ties the mangalsutram around Gayatri's neck. Patela, realizing his daughter's love for Rama, comes down to arrange a grand remarriage between the two. But things go awry when Neelakanta (Adi Lokesh), Gayatri's maternal uncle, comes to town in an effort to stop the wedding between the two as he has plans of marrying her and wiping her family fortune.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sudeep]] as Rama
* [[Rockline Venkatesh]] as Krishna
* [[Doddanna]] as Kaamanna
* Deepu as Gayathri
* Vaibhavi as Kanaka
* [[O.A.K. Sundar]] as Patela
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Shivaramanna
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Huliraya
* [[Adi Lokesh]] as Neelakanta
* [[Pooja Gandhi]] (Guest Appearance in the "Mungaru Male" song)
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaamannana Makkalu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 June 2008
| recorded = [[Varsha Vallaki Studios]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:05
| language = Kannada
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Mere Baap Pehle Aap]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]]
| next_year = 2008
}}

The songs featured in the film were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. Three tracks were re-used from the composer's [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Majaa]]'' - "Kamannanavare", "Mungaru Male" and
"Che Che Chee".

Ramesh Krishna composed the film's [[background score]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kamannanavare
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Manicka Vinayagam]]
| lyrics1 = Ranganath
| length1 =
| title2 = Mungaru Male
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length2 =
| title3 = Thakita Thakadhimi
| extra3 = Tippu
| lyrics3 = Ranganath
| length3 =
| title4 = Yaako Brahma
| extra4 = Fayaz Khan
| lyrics4 = Ranganath
| length4 =
| title5 = Che Che Chee
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Saindhavi]]
| lyrics5 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Nanna Kanase
| extra6 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics6 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| length6 =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "Except for some well-crafted comedy sequences, ''Kaamannana Makkalu'' does not impress".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/20ssk.htm|title=Kaamannana Makkalu does not impress|last=Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|date=20 June 2008|work=Rediff}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "On the whole an average film".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kamannana-makkalu-review-kannada-pclwEnaabjjgc.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009215205/https://www.sify.com/movies/kamannana-makkalu-review-kannada-pclwEnaabjjgc.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 October 2020 | title=Kamannana Makkalu | work =[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2969320|Kaamannana Makkalu}}

{{Chi. Guru Dutt}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2008 action comedy films]]

Padayani (film)

2026-03-03T21:08:42Z

QWLDesiree: rework details as per guidelines and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{For|the traditional folk dance and ritual art|Padayani}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Padayani
| image = Padayani (1986).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = T. S. Mohan
| producer = [[Sukumaran]]
| writer = T. S. Mohan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Mosses
}}
| screenplay = T. S. Mohan
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Mohanlal]] [[Indrajith Sukumaran| Master.Indrajith]] [[Shobhana]] [[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography = C. E. Babu
| editing = [[MN Appu|M. N. Appu]]
| studio = Indraraj Creation
| distributor = Divya, Shiny, Prema Release
| released = {{Film date|1986|11|1|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Padayani''''' is a 1986 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by T. S. Mohan and produced by [[Sukumaran]]. It stars [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Master.Indrajith]], [[Shobhana]] and [[Devan (actor)|Devan]]. The film features music composed by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1869|title=Padayani|accessdate=2014-10-23|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1777|title=Padayani|accessdate=2014-10-23|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> Sudhakaran, Ramesh and Rajasekharan are long-lost friends, who reunite to take revenge against the evildoer in their lives. The film was the debut of [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], who plays the younger version of Ramesh (Mohanlal).

The film was released on November 1, 1986 on [[Diwali]].

==Plot==
The film begins when a [[widow]] comes with her child to a [[bungalow]] to see Vikraman Nair; the lawyer of the owner of the bungalow. Vikraman Nair had a history with the widow where he cheated on her and captured all of her properties. She meets the lawyer and requests him to give her some money to live and provide for her child, but he was heartless and didn't give her anything and tried to drive them away. The servant of that bungalow saw this and felt pity towards them. So, he gave them a job at the bungalow.

The widow's son Ramesh, the owner's son Sudhi, and another servant's son Raju from that house became close friends. One day, Vikraman Nair tries to rape the widow and she dies in the attempt. Sahadevan, the owner saw this incident and tries to call the police, but Vikraman Nair kills him. The servant saw this and fled with the children. Vikraman Nair and his men went on a lookout to kill them, but he was unable to find them. During this chaos, The three friends lost contact with each other and grew up in entirely different circumstances.

Sudhi, now Sudhakaran becomes a mechanic while Ramesh works for Vikraman Nair without the knowledge that he is the man who cheated his mother of her properties and Raju, now [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Rajashekaran becomes a police officer. They meet several times, yet they do not recognize each other. However, when they finally do; they move onto kill Vikraman Nair. During a fight, Sudhakaran stabs Vikraman Nair in the stomach with a knife, but when Sudhakaran comes down the stairs; Vikraman Nair shoots him from the back and he dies in the arms of Ramesh and Rajashekaran.

==Cast==
*[[Mammootty]] as Sudhakaran
*[[Mohanlal]] as Ramesh
**[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Young Ramesh
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as SI Rajashekaran
*[[Shobana]] as Radha
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Shankaran
*[[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Rajini
*[[Sukumaran]] as Sahadevan
*[[T. G. Ravi]] as Vikraman Nair
*[[Kundara Johnny]]
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Ramu

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] with lyrics by [[Poovachal Khader]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Hridayam Oru Vallaki" || [[K. S. Chithra]], Sunanda || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Hridayam Oru Vallaki" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Jayachandran]] || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 3 || "Hridayam Oru Vallaki" (Bit) || [[Mohanlal]] || Poovachal Khader ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0271699|Padayani}}

[[Category:1986 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1986 action films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)

2026-03-03T20:41:04Z

QWLDesiree: Refined content and updated sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avatharam
| image = avatharam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer = [[Udaykrishna]] Siby K. Thomas Dileep K. Kunnath Vyaasan Edavanakadu
| writer = Vyaasan Edavanakadu
| starring = [[Dileep]] [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] [[Sijoy Varghese]] [[Joy Mathew]] [[Mithun Ramesh]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = Shyam Sasidharan
| studio = Four B Productions
| distributor = Popcorn Entertainments Australia
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|08|01}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Avatharam''''' ({{translation|Incarnation}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Joshiy]], written by Vyaasan Edavanakadu, and produced by [[Udaykrishna]], Siby K. Thomas, Dileep K. Kunnath, and Vyaasan Edavanakadu. It stars [[Dileep]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Sijoy Varghese]],[[Joy Mathew]] and [[Mithun Ramesh]]. The film was released on 1 August 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Vijay|title=The people's hero|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-actor-dileep-on-how-he-rose-above-personal-challenges-to-star-in-joshiys-avatharam/article6267650.ece|access-date=17 January 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Asha |title=Avatharam Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Avatharam by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/avatharam/movie-review/39557316.cms |access-date=26 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/avatharam-review-malayalam-pcmbvladjjfce.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804180218/http://www.sify.com/movies/avatharam-review-malayalam-pcmbvladjjfce.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2016|title=Avatharam|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2014/avatharam-movie-review-155756.html|title=Avatharam Movie Review|first=Akhila|last=Menon|date=1 August 2014|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/avatharam-review-malayalam-movie-13060|title=Avatharam review. Avatharam Malayalam movie review, story, rating|website=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15253/malayalam/avatharam/4771/review.htm Avatharam Review | Avatharam Malayalam Movie Review by Shaji Francis]</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|section|date=October 2022}}
Madhavan Mahadevan, an engineering post-graduate who is a social worker from [[Idukki]]. He comes to [[Kochi]] with sister-in-law Valsala and her daughter Anjali after the death of his elder brother [[Customs officer|Customs Officer]] Sudhakaran. He is in Cochin to know the mystery behind his brother's death. He visits LIC office claiming the insurance amount of Sudhakaran. Manimekhala is authorised to deal with claims. From the LIC advisor, he realises that Sudhakaran's death is a well-planned murder.

He later decides to find the mystery behind the death. Meanwhile, he falls in love with Manimekhala. He discovers that [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Jeevan, who works for an underworld don Karimban John and his brother Joby is involved in the murder. Since then, Madhavan has killed everyone who killed Sudhakaran, except John. Just before the end of the story, he understands that Sudhakaran was murdered by Sri Rama Krishnamoorthy alias SRK, an influential politician with many criminal dealings. [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Gautham Vishwanath reaches and takes Moorthy into his custody. Soon receives a call informing him of a nearby protest between John, his henchmen and his rival Jabbar's father, brother Jamal and their henchmen. When Gautham and the police fights John's and Jabbar's men, Madhavan kills Moorthy by creating a blast in Gautham's car in which Moorthy was handcuffed. John kills Jamal and later he gets killed by Jabbar's father. After completing all his revenge, Madhavan takes his now pregnant wife, Manimegala back home.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dileep]] as Madhavan Mahadevan
* [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] as Manimekala (Manikutty), Madhavan's lover and wife (voiceover by [[Devi S.]])
* [[Sijoy Varghese]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Gautham Viswanath [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Karimban John
* [[Mithun Ramesh]] as Karimban Joby
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Sri Ramakrishna Moorthy (S. R. K.)
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar|Ganesh Kumar]] as Sudhakaran, Madhavan's elder brother
* [[Sreejaya Nair]] as Valsala George, Madhavan's sister-in-law and Sudhakaran's wife
* [[Anju Aravind]] as Leelamma
* Baby Drishya as Anjali
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Jeevan
* Kannan Pattambi as Karimban Chacko
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Dr. Mathew Philip
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Mahadevan, Sudhakaran's and Madhavan's father
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Lalitha, Sudhakaran's and Madhavan's mother
* [[Chali Pala]] as Krishnankutty, Colony secretary
* Nandu Poduval as Pappachan
* Balaji as Bhadran
* [[Prem Prakash]] as Narendran, LIC advisor
* Shiju as Jabbar
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Hakkim, Jabbar's father
* [[Prasanth Alexander]] as Jamal, Jabbar's younger brother
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Saraswathy, Moorthy's wife
* [[Valsala Menon]] as John's mother
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as John's wife
* Lakshmipriya as John's sister
* [[Anil Murali]] as [[Tipper lorry|Tipper]] George
* [[Lishoy]] as Valsala's father
* Gayathri as Valsala's mother
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Manimeghala's aunt
* Sathaar as Commissioner
* Geetha Oommen Mathew as Madhavan's neighbour
* [[Joju George]] as Surendran (guest appearance)
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Sundaresan (guest appearance)
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Divakaran (guest appearance)
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Advt. Thomas
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Babu, Sundaresan's colleague
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Priya, Sundaresan's wife
{{colend}}

==Music==

The music of the film is composed by [[Deepak Dev]] with lyrics penned by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] and [[B. K. Harinarayanan|Harinarayan.]] The music album has two songs:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Song title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Konji Konji" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Rimi Tomy]]
|-
| 2 || "Njaan kanum" || [[Nivas (singer)|Nivas]]
|}

==Release==
The film was released on 1 August 2014.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3916772}}

{{Joshiy}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]
[[Category:2014 action thriller films]]

Moodu Mukkalata

2026-03-03T18:08:43Z

QWLDesiree: started some details added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Moodu Mukkalata
| image = Moodu_Mukkalaata.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| writer = [[Janardhana Maharshi]] {{small|(story / dialogues)}}
| screenplay = K. Raghavendra Rao
| starring = [[Jagapati Babu]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Soundarya (actress)|Soundarya]] [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cinematography = V. Srinivasa Reddy
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Ushakiran Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2000|09|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Moodu Mukkalata''''' ({{translation|''[[Three card poker]]''}}) is a 2000 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film, produced by [[Ramoji Rao]] under the [[Ushakiran Movies]] banner and directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. It stars [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Soundarya (actress)|Soundarya]], [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] and music composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]].

==Plot==
The film begins at City College, where 3 beauties, Sravani, a librarian, Lahari, & Aliveni, are students. Their respective brother-in-law Paramahamsa, sibling Yugandhar Prasad, & father Barrela Balaraju guard them. Ergo, none collegians dare to see them. Shanti Swaroop, a handsome new-appointee lecturer, arrives, whom these 3 befriend. However, Shanti Swaroop grows even silent endearment with Sravani. Sravani resides with Paramahamsa and handles the house chores with his 2 infants because of her sister Susheela's disability. He showers ample attention for her, which she adopts as a godsend fatherly nurture. Once, a lecturer, Nivas, hoodwinked a student, Bhaskar Lakshmi, when Shanti Swaroop tactically exposed and knitted him with her.

Currently, Sombabu, a callow, anonymously posts a line of heart to Aliveni, which Shanti Swaroop spots and advises her to grant lightly. Accidentally, the letter drops into Lahari's hand via Shanti Swaroop when assuming as he proposed; she also reciprocates and replies. It lands at Sravani, and the two make conjugal love. Here, as a flabbergast, Paramahamsa unveils his hellish hue, which has [[incest]]uous lust for Sravani and vows to pose her by hook or crook. Aliveni, too, crushes on Shanti Swaroop when he shields her against danger. Next, Lahari walks onto Shanti Swaroop to address their nuptial when he divulges the misinterpretation & his love affair, and Lahari attempts suicide. Yudgandhar collapses since he dotes on her and does anything for her wish. Hence, Yugandhar ultimately warns Shanti Swaroop to splice his sibling by keeping his mother at risk. To avert the threat, he pretends his approval.

Parallelly, Balaraju moves to Shanti Swaroop because of Alivelu's fondness for him, which he denies. So, he plots with Nivas, who makes a suicide drama claiming that Alivelu got pregnant by Shanti Swaroop. Thus, to bar it, he enacts his signature for martial. Following this, Paramahamsa breaks his dark desire by forewarning and coerciving Sravani to be his bride. Shanti Swaroop feels something shady and is conscious of the fact via Susheela. Now, he schemes a clash between Yugandhar & Balaraju, who abduct Lahari & Alivelu conversely. At which, the two make them admit their error. Besides, Shanti Swaroop schedules his wedlock with Sravani when Paramahamsa clutches her. Shanti Swaroop secures her and ceases the blackguard who reforms. At last, Yugandhar & Balaraju get close to slaying Sravani when Lahari & Alivelu hinder and change their men's mindset. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Shanti Swaroop & Sravani.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jagapati Babu]] as Shanti Swaroop
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Lahari
* [[Soundarya (actress)|Soundarya]] as Sravani
* [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Aliveni
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Paramahamsa
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Yugandhar Prasad
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Barrela Bala Raju
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Pandu
* [[Brahmanandam]] as priest
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Bala Raju's assistant
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S.]] as Gottam Govinda Raju
* [[L.B. Sriram]] as Yugandhar's assistant
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Lecturer Nivas
* [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] as priest
* [[Gundu Sudharshan]] as Bala Raju's assistant
* [[Uttej]] as Student
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Shanti Swaroop's mother
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Priya]] as Paramahamsa's wife
* [[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]] as Bhaskara Lakshmi
* Sana as Amrita
* Delhi Rajeswari as Bala Raju's wife
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Moodu Mukkalata
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2000
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:21
| label = Mayuri Audio
| producer = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| prev_title = [[Preyasi Rave]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Preminchu]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

Music composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]]. Music released on Mayuri Audio Company. The audio was released on 28 July 2000 at Mayuri films office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news29.html|title=Audio of Moodu Mukkalata Released|website=Idlebrain|date=29 July 2000|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:21
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Chinavaada Chinavaada
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 5:41

| title2 = Palakova
| lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 4:34

| title3 = Prema Prema Andi
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length3 = 4:36

| title4 = Raashi Chooste
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], Chitra
| length4 = 3:49

| title5 = Prema Vikramarkudu
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vasundhara Das
| length5 = 4:53

| title6 = Vaana Kanyaka
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length6 = 4:48
}}

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''Idlebrain'' wrote "This film is a cakewalk for Raghavendra Rao. He stuffed this film with all commercial elements and glamour (fruits, flowers, pots along with the heroines, that is!)".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-moodu.html|title = Telugu Cinema - Moodu Mukkalata movie review|website=Idlebrain|last=Jeevi}}</ref> ''Andhra Today'' wrote "Tormented hero and two heroines have become routine ingredients of a love triangle and as a seeker of variety, the director has introduced three heroines which don't seem to make much dent in making the movie a hit. Although the first half is racy with love sequences in the backdrop of the college, rest of it goes on in quite a routine manner".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://andhratoday.com/movie/moodumukk.htm|title=MOODU MUKKALATA|website=Andhra Today|access-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010622191959/http://andhratoday.com/movie/moodumukk.htm|archive-date=22 June 2001}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "The film is watchable for the entertaining pace maintained throughout by the director. Coming to the acting credits, all the lead actors have done their part well, having done such roles many times before. Photography by Srinivas Reddy is the highlight of the film. Srilekha has come out with some hum able tunes and they are well picturised, especially the song, Premavikramarkudu aided by excellent graphics from Mantra, the graphics department of Ramoji Film City. Janardhan Maharshi’s dialogues have the required punch".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/mudu.html|last=Sowmith|website=Indiainfo|access-date=25 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609191348/http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/mudu.html|archive-date=9 June 2001|title=Moodumukkalata : Handling three with ease}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1575636}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Srilekha]]

10 Nahi 40

2026-03-02T04:55:40Z

QWLDesiree: Made first pg from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| director = J.S. Randhawa
| writer = J.S. Randhawa
| producer = J.S. Randhawa
| starring = Manmauji, Birbal, [[Manoj Bakshi]], J. S. Randhawa, [[Rajendra Bhatia]]
| cinematography = Satyajeet
| music = Vipul Kapoor
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|03|11|ref1=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/10-nahi-40/movieshow/64398446.cms|title=10 Nahi 40 Movie|website=Times of India|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''10 Nahi 40''''' ({{translation|10 not 40}}) is a 2022 Indian film starring [[Birbal]], Manmauji, J.S. Randhawa, Ramesh Goyal, [[Rajendra Bhatia]], and [[Manoj Bakshi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Senior actors Birbal and Manmauji: We will have the hunger to work till we die – Exclusive! - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/senior-actors-birbal-and-manmauji-we-will-have-the-hunger-to-work-till-we-die-exclusive/articleshow/89950399.cms |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=The Times of India |date=2 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The film is written and directed by J.S. Randhawa.<ref name=:0>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Review : युवा वर्ग की उपेक्षा के बावजूद बुर्जुगों के खुश रहने के जज्बे की कहानी है '10 नहीं 40' |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/read-the-review-of-hindi-film-10-nahi-40-releasing-on-11-march-in-theaters-senior-legendry-actors-manmauji-birbal-manoj-bakshi-j-s-randhawa-creates-good-comedy-and-magic-1103793.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=पुराने जमाने के एक्टर्स को लेकर डॉक्टर रंधावा ने बनाई '10 नहीं 40', जानिए ये फिल्म बनाने की क्या थी वजह? |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/founder-of-reverbation-films-doctor-j-s-randhawa-is-showing-his-wonder-in-the-film-world-along-with-medicine-10-nahi-40-1110922.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

== Summary ==
This [[educational film]] aims to send a message to society about the importance of understanding and caring for the elderly. It highlights their insecurities and fears as they approach the twilight of their lives. The story is set in a residential society where both old and young people live together.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Reception ==
[[News18 India|News18]] rated the film 3 star our 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=10 Nahi 40 Movie Review: गुदगुदाने के साथ अपने संदेश से भावुक भी कर देगी ये फिल्‍म |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-10-nahi-40-movie-review-along-with-tickling-this-film-will-also-make-you-emotional-4058274.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Birbal as Birbal
* Manmauji as Manmauji
* J.S. Randhawa as Sumit
* Ramesh Goyal
* Rajendra Bhatia
* Sonal Mudgal
* [[Manoj Bakshi]]
* Sinha Mridul Gupta
* Mahesh Gehlot
* Radha
* Aashi Singh
* Ranjan Singh
* Ronny Rakhi
* Anand Agarwal
* Rakhi Anand
* Prerna
* Rahul Gautam<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7705476}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]

List of Begum Akhtar songs

2026-02-17T17:36:10Z

QWLDesiree: started basic stub needs work

{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Begum Akhtar.jpg|thumb|Screenshot from ''[[Roti (1942 film)|Roti]]'', 1942]]

This is a list of songs recorded or performed by '''[[Begum Akhtar]]''' (1914–1974), an Indian singer of [[Hindustani classical]] music. Akhtar, who was also an actress, was proficient at [[dadra]], [[thumri]], and [[ghazal]]s. Cited as "one of India's finest ghazal singers", she was referred to as Mallika-E-Tarannum or Mallika-e-Ghazal (Queen of Ghazals).<ref name="Ollikkala1997">{{cite book |author=Robert Charles Ollikkala |title=Concerning Begum Akhtar: "Queen of Ghazal" |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9SgnQEACAAJ |accessdate=26 February 2015 |year=1997 |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}}</ref><ref name="Sharma2006">{{cite book |author=Manorma Sharma |title=Tradition of Hindustani Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdtqrooCo-oC&pg=PA70 |accessdate=26 February 2015 |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-999-7 |pages=70–}}</ref> Akhtar's first recording was a combination of ghazals and dadras for the [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] label. She recorded or performed a total of 167 songs during her career, among which twenty were for films.<ref name="Ahuja">{{cite book |author=M. L. Ahuja |title=Eminent Indians: Musicians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRmcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40 |accessdate=26 February 2015 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-2782-2 |pages=40–}}</ref>

Akhtar's performances were in the nature of a classical presentation, with the accompaniment of the [[tabla]], [[sitar]], and [[harmonium]].<ref name="Mukherjee2003">{{cite book |author=Sutapa Mukherjee |title=Begum Akhtar the Queen of Ghazal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1WfUj1W0PYC&pg=PA1944 |accessdate=26 February 2015 |year=2003 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-7167-985-0 |pages=1944–}}</ref> Her rendering of [[Ghalib]]'s ghazals made her a household name.<ref name="Mukherjee2003"/>

Born '''Akhtaribai Faizabadi''', she begaan her career as a [[mehfil]] singer and became famous when she sang at the [[Bihar]] earthquake music conference in 1934.<ref name="Sharma2006" /> On the basis of her popularity, she received offers to appear in films, starting her career with ''Ek Din Ka Badshah'' and ''Nal Damayanti'' (1933), produced by the East India Company, in Calcutta.<ref name="Srivastava2006">{{cite book |author=Gouri Srivastava |title=Women Role Models: Some Eminent Women of Contemporary India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kfs4Cns3nJIC&pg=PA68 |accessdate=27 February 2015 |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-336-6 |pages=68–}}</ref> In 1942, Akhtar was cast by [[Mehboob Khan]] in the film ''[[Roti (1942 film)|Roti]]'', in which she both sang and acted.<ref name="Ahuja2006">{{cite book |author=M. L. Ahuja |title=Eminent Indians: Musicians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEypJnZcIbUC&pg=PT20 |accessdate=27 February 2015 |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-1015-2 |pages=20–}}</ref> In 1945, she married Ishtiaq Ahmed Abbasi, Nawab of Kakoli, putting her career on hold for five years. She returned to film with ''Dana Pani'' (1953) and ''Ehsan'' (1954).<ref name=hindilyrics.net>{{cite web |last1=Goswami |first1=Saheli |title=Begum Akhtar: The Queen of Ghazal |url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/legends/begum-akhtar-the-queen-of-ghazal/ |website=hindilyrics.net |publisher=HindiLyrics.Net |accessdate=26 February 2015 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511133520/http://www.hindilyrics.net/legends/begum-akhtar-the-queen-of-ghazal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> After 1956, Akhtar stopped working in film but continued performing on stage. Her repertoire included the ghazals of Mirza Ghalib, [[Momin Khan Momin|Momin]], [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], [[Jigar Moradabadi]], [[Shakeel Badayuni]], [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Mirza Rafi Sauda|Sauda]], and Shamim Jaipuri.<ref name=Sharma2006 />

==Non-film==
===Poets===
{| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Class"
! {{MediaWiki:Toc}}
|-
| style="text-align:centr;"|[[#Akhtar|Akhtar]]{{·}}[[#Azmi|Azmi]]{{·}}[[#Badayuni|Badayuni]]{{·}}[[#Barabankvi|Barabankvi]]{{·}}[[#Behzad|Behzad]]{{·}}[[#Daagh|Daagh]]{{·}}[[#Faiz|Faiz]]{{·}}[[#Fakir|Fakir]]{{·}}[[#Firaq|Firaq]]{{·}}[[#Ghalib|Ghalib]]{{·}}[[#Jaipuri|Jaipuri]]{{·}}[[#Jaleeli|Jaleeli]]{{·}}[[#Jasdanwala|Jasdanwala]]{{·}}[[#Kanpuri|Kanpuri]]{{·}}[[#Mir|Mir]]{{·}}[[#Minai|Minai]]{{·}}[[#Moradabadi|Moradabadi]]{{·}}[[#Momin|Momin]]{{·}}[[#Qazalbaksh|Qazalbaksh]]{{·}}[[#Taskeen|Taskeen]]{{·}}[[#Saeed|Saeed]]{{·}}[[#Shaz|Shaz]]{{·}}[[#Sauda|Sauda]]{{·}}[[#Zauq|Zauq]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Poet
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | No.
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Song
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Composer
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | ref
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Akhtar}} [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]] || 1 || "Bujhi Hui Shama Ka Dhuan" ||Traditional ||Murli Manohar Swarup ||<ref name="Sa Re Ga Ma">{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Aye Mohabbat Tere Anjaam Pe Rona Aaya |medium=CD |language=Urdu |location=India |publisher=Sa Re Ga Ma |ref=Akhtar}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Azmi}} [[Kaifi Azmi]] || 2 || "Itna To Zindagi Me Kisi Ki Khalal Pade" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=mp3mad>{{cite web |title=Itna To Zindagi Mein |url=http://mp3mad.com/download-128194/Itna-To-Zindagi-Mein-Begum-Akhtar.html |website=mp3mad.com |publisher=Mp3MaD.CoM |accessdate=28 February 2015 |ref=Best of Begum Akhtar |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225339/http://mp3mad.com/download-128194/Itna-To-Zindagi-Mein-Begum-Akhtar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Planetradio>{{cite web |title=Kaifi Azmi |url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/article-lyricist/Kaifi-Azmi/3501 |website=planetradiocity.com |publisher=Planetradiocity.com |accessdate=28 February 2015 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415040551/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/article-lyricist/Kaifi-Azmi/3501 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="8"| {{anchor|Badayuni}} [[Shakeel Badayuni]] || 3 || "Ae Mohabbat Tere Anjaam Pe Rona Aaya" ||Traditional ||Murli Manohar Swarup ||<ref name=Lastfm>{{cite web |title=Ae Mohabbat Tere Anjaam Pe Rona Aaya |url=http://www.last.fm/music/Begum+Akhtar/Aye+Mohabbat+Tere+Anjam+Pe+Rona+Aaya+-+B |website=last.fm |publisher=Last.fm Ltd. |accessdate=28 February 2015 |ref=Album:Best of Begum Akhtar Ae Mohabbat Tere Anjaam Pe Rona Aaya}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || "Door Hain Manzil Raahein Mushkil" ||Raga [[Pilu (raga)|Pilu]] ||Mohammed Zahur Khaiyyam ||<ref name=Bemisaal>{{cite web |title=Bemisaal |url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/singer/akhtari-bai-faizabad-begum-akhtar |website=lyricsbogie.com |publisher=Lyrics bogie |accessdate=28 February 2015 |ref=Album: Begum Akhtar: Bemisaal 1994}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || "Mere Humnafas Mere Humnawa" || || ||<ref name=MereHumnafas>{{cite web |title=Mere Humnafas |url=http://www.poshmaal.com/ghazals#h.26nyrv-mrxirf |website=poshmaal.com |publisher=Poshmaal |accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|6 || "Ye Maikhana Hai" || ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=Bemisaal />
|-
|7 || "Khush Hoon Ke Mera Husn-E-Talab Kaam Toh Aaya" || || ||<ref name=abmp>{{cite web |title=Khush Hoon Ke Mera Husn E Talab |url=http://m.abmp3songs.com/t-4125/khush-hoon-ke-mera-husn-e-talab-songs-download.html |website=m.abmp3songs.com |publisher=abmp3songs3.com |accessdate=28 February 2015 |ref=Album: Begum Akhtar Vol 1 1989 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329021229/http://m.abmp3songs.com/t-4125/khush-hoon-ke-mera-husn-e-talab-songs-download.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|8 || "Sahabae Garaj Thi Shola Phish" || || ||<ref name=SIRC>{{cite journal |title=Akhtaribai Fyzabadi alias Begum Akhtar |journal=The Record News |date=2008 |volume=Annual: TRN 2008 |pages=57 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/trn/pdfs/trn_2008.pdf |accessdate=12 March 2015 |ref=SIRC Feature Article: Gramophone Celebrities-III}}</ref>
|-
| 9 || "Sharab-E-Naab Ko" ||Ghazal ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=Sharabenab>{{cite web |title=Sharab-E-Naab Ko |url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/albums/begum-akhtar-bemisal-1994/sharab-e-naab-ko.html |website=lyricsbogie.com |date=14 October 2013 |publisher=Lyrics Bogie |accessdate=28 February 2015 |ref=Album Be-misaal |archive-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706035651/http://www.lyricsbogie.com/albums/begum-akhtar-bemisal-1994/sharab-e-naab-ko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 10 || "Zindagi Ka Dard Lekar" ||Traditional ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=ZindagiKaDard>{{cite web |title=Zindagi Ka Dard Lekar |url=http://www.last.fm/music/Begum+Akhtar/The+Golden+Collection+-+Begum+Akhtar/Zindagi+Ka+Dard+Lekar |publisher=Last.fm Ltd. |accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Barabankvi}} [[Khumar Barabankvi]] || 11 || "Jhunjlae Hain Lajaaye Hain" || ||Murli Manohar Swarup ||<ref name="Sa Re Ga Ma"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"| {{anchor|Behzad}} [[Behzad Lucknavi]] || 12 || "Diwana Banaana Hai To Diwana Bana De" ||Traditional ||Begum Akhtar ||<ref name=HindiGeetmala>{{cite web |title=Begum Akhtar |url=http://hindigeetmala.net/singer/begum_akhtar.php |website=hindigeetmala.net |publisher=Hindi Geetmala |accessdate=2 March 2015 |ref=Album Begum Akhtar: 10 Greatest Ghazals}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || "Kash Itna Mere Naalon Mein Asar Ho Jaaye" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=Raagtune>{{cite web |title=Album-Best of Begum Akhtar |url=http://raagtune.com/song/mxb7qe8b/Itna-To-Zindagi-Mein-Best-Of-Begum-Akhtar-Begum-Akhtar.html |website=raagtune.com |publisher=Raagtune.coM |accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || "Un Aankhon Ka Aalam Gulabi Gulabi" ||Ghazal || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| {{anchor|Daagh}} [[Daagh Dehlvi]] || 15 || "Rasm-e-Ulfat Sikha Gaya Koyi" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="Ghazals">{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Ghazals |medium=CD |language=Urdu |access-date= |location=India |publisher=Music India |ref=BAkhtar}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || "Uzr Aane Mein Bhi Hai Aur Bulate Bhi Nahin" ||Traditional ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=Smriti>{{cite web |title=Uzr Aane Mein Bhi Hai |url=http://smriti.com/hindi-songs/uzr-aane-men-bhii-hai-aur-bulaate-bhii-nahiin |website=smriti.com |publisher=Navin Kabra |accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref>
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| 17 || "Ulti Ho Gain Sab Tadabiren" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="IndiaMp3">{{cite web |title=Ulti Ho Gayin |url=http://www.indiamp3.com/music//index.php?action=album&id=9820 |website=indiamp3.com |publisher=IndiaMp3.com |accessdate=7 March 2015 |ref=The Golden Collection-Begum Akhtar}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| {{anchor|Faiz}} [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]] || 18 || "Sham-E-Firaq Ab Na Poochh" ||Traditional ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=ShameFiraq>{{cite web |title=Sham-e-firaq |url=http://smriti.com/hindi-songs/shaam-e-firaaq-ab-na-puuchh-aaii-aur-aa-ke-tal-gaii-----begum-akhtar |accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 19 || "[[Aaye Kuchh Abr|Aaye Kuchh Abr Kuchh Sharab Aaye]]" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=REM>{{cite web |title=Album:Begum Akhtar -Rooh-E-Mousiqui |url=http://mio.to/album/Begum+Akhtar/Rooh-E-Mousiqui+Heritage+of+Indian+Classical+Music+Best+of+Begum+Akhtar+Songs+(2014) |website=MusicIndiaOnline |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001626/http://mio.to/album/Begum+Akhtar/Rooh-E-Mousiqui+Heritage+of+Indian+Classical+Music+Best+of+Begum+Akhtar+Songs+(2014) |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 20 || "Donon Jahan Teri Mohabbat Mein Haar Ke" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=AbhaySharma>{{cite web |title=Faiz Ahmed Faiz |url=https://sites.google.com/a/abhayasharma.net/faizahamdfaiz/poetic_lyrics/dono-jahaan-teri |website=sites.google.com |publisher=Abhaya Sharma |accessdate=11 March 2015 |ref=Begum Akhtar sings Faiz}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"| {{anchor|Fakir}} Sudarshan Fakir || 21 || "Apanon Ke Sitam Ham Se Bataae Nahin Jaate" ||Ghazal ||Begum Akhtar ||<ref name=ApnonKeSitam>{{cite web |title=Apnon Ke Sitam |url=http://smriti.com/hindi-songs/apanon-ke-sitam-ham-se-bataae-nahiin-jaate |website=smriti.com |publisher=Navin Kabra |accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 22 || "Ishq Mein Ghairat-e-Jazbat" ||Ghazal ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=IshqMein>{{cite web |title=Ishq Mein Gairat-e-jazbaat |url=http://raagtune.com/songapi/148878627.html |website=raagtune.com |publisher=Raagtune.coM |accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 23 || "Koyalia Mat Kar Pukar" ||Raga Manj Khamaj ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=mio>{{cite web |title=Best of Begum Akhtar |url=http://mio.to/album/Begum+Akhtar/Best+Of+Begum+Aktar |website=MusicIndiaOnline |publisher=Music India Online |access-date=9 March 2015 |ref=Album |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024132557/http://mio.to/album/Begum+Akhtar/Best+Of+Begum+Aktar |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|24 || "Kuchh Toh Duniya Ki Inaayat Ne Dil Tod Diya" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=KuchhToh>{{cite web |title=Kuchh Toh Duniya Ki |url=http://raagtune.com/songapi/48691432.html |website=raagtune.com |accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|25 || "Laila Majnu Ke Misaalon Pe Hansi Aati" ||Ghazal ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=abmp />
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Firaq}} [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]] || 26 || "Sar Mein Sauda Bhi Nahin" ||Traditional ||Murli Manohar Swarup ||<ref name=IndiaMp3 />
|-
|rowspan="13"| {{anchor|Ghalib}} [[Mirza Ghalib]] || 27 || "Aah Ko Chahiiye Ek Umar Asar Hone Tak" ||Traditional || ||<ref name="BA">{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Begum Akhtar Singh Ghalib A Ghalib Centenary Presentation |medium=VinylRecord |language=Urdu |location=India |publisher=[[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] |ref=The Gramophone Company Of India Ltd, ECSD 2399}}</ref>
|-
| 28 || "Bas Ke Dushwar" || || ||<ref name=Magurdu>{{cite web |title=Bas Ke Dushwar |url=http://www.magurdu.com/urdu-songs/begum-akhtar-bas-ke-dushwar-hai-mirza-ghalib |website=magurdu.com |publisher=magurdu |accessdate=4 March 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306140840/http://www.magurdu.com/urdu-songs/begum-akhtar-bas-ke-dushwar-hai-mirza-ghalib |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|29 || "Dayam Pada Hua Tere Dar Par" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=BA />
|-
|30 || "Dard Minnat Kash-E-Dawa Na Hua" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=BA />
|-
|31 || "Dil Hi To Hai Na Sung-O-Khisht" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=BA />
|-
|32 || "Ibn-E-Mariyam Hua Kare Koi" ||Traditional ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=IbneMariam>{{cite web |title=Ibn E Mariam |url=http://gaana.com/song/ibn-e-mariam-hua-kare-koi |website=gaana.com |publisher=Raagtune |accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref>
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|33 || "Koi Umeed Bar Nahin Aati" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=BA />
|-
|34 || "Phir Mujhe Deeda-E-Tar Yaad Aaya" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=BA />
|-
|35 || "Rahiye Ab Aisi Jagah Chalkar Jahan Koi Na Ho" || || ||<ref name=RahiyeAb>{{cite web |title=Rahiye Ab Aisi Jagah |url=http://smriti.com/hindi-songs/rahiye-ab-aisii-jagah-chalakar-jahaan-koii-na-ho-----begum-akhtar |website=smriti.com |publisher=Navin Kabra |accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref>
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|36 || "Sab Kahan Kuchh Laal-o-Gul" || || ||
|-
|37 || "Taskin Ko Hum Na Royein" ||Traditional ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=BA />
|-
|38 || "Yeh Na Thi Hamari Kismet" ||Traditional ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=abmp />
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|39 || "Zikr Us Parivash Ka" ||Traditional ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=ZikrUs>{{cite web |title=Zikr Us Parivash Ka |url=http://mr-johal.com/get/305254/zikr-us-parivash-ka-begum-akhtar.html |website=mr-johal.com |publisher=DJJohal |accessdate=5 March 2015 |ref=Album:Begum Akhtar-The Golden Collection}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6"| {{anchor|Jaipuri}} Shamim Jaipuri || 40 || "Bazm Se Unki Ham Kya Laaye" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=BazmSeUnki>{{cite web |title=Bazm Se Unki Ham Kya Laaye |url=http://gaana.com/song/bazm-se-unki-hum-kya-laaye |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=8 March 2015 |ref=Deedar-e-Ghazal-Begum Akhtar Vol 1}}</ref>
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| 41 || "Ilahi Kash Ghum-E-Ishq" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=IlahiKash>{{cite web |title=Ilahi Kash |url=http://gaana.com/song/ilahi-kaash-gham-e-ishq-kaam-kar-jaaye |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=8 March 2015 |ref=Deedar-e-Ghazal-Begum Akhtar Vol 1}}</ref>
|-
|42 || "Nao Saahil Pe Dagmagai Hai" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=NaoSaahil>{{cite web |title=Nao Saahil Pe |url=http://gaana.com/song/nao-saahil-pe-dagmagai-hai |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=8 March 2015 |ref=Begum Akhtar-Bemisal Vol 2}}</ref>
|-
| 43 || "Na Socha Na Samjha" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=NaSocha>{{cite web |title=Na Socha Na Samjha |url=http://gaana.com/song/na-socha-na-samjha-na-seekha-na-jana |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=8 March 2015 |ref=Deedar-e-Ghazal-Begum Akhtar Vol 1}}</ref>
|-
|44 || "Sakht Hai Ishq Ki Rehguzar" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=SakhtHai>{{cite web |title=Sakht Hai Ishq Ki |url=http://gaana.com/song/sakht-hai-ishq-ki-rehguzar |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=8 March 2015 |ref=Begum Akhtar-Bemisal Vol 2}}</ref>
|-
|45 || "Zameen Pe Rah Kar Dimaag Aasman Pe Rehta Hai ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="Ghazals"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{anchor|Jaleeli}} Ali Ahmed Jaleeli || 46 || "Ab Chhalakte Hue Sagar Nahin Dekhe Jaate" ||Ghazal ||Begum Akhtar ||<ref name=IndiaMp3 />
|-
|47 || "Khushi Ne Mujhko Thukraya" ||Ghazal ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=gaana>{{cite web |title=Khushi Ne Mujhko Thukraya |url=http://gaana.com/song/khushi-ne-mujhko-thukraya-hai |website=gaana.com |publisher=gaana |accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref>
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|rowspan="2"| {{anchor|Kanpuri}} Fana Nizami Kanpuri || 48 || "Jab Bhi Nazam-E-Maikada Badla Gaya" ||Ghazal ||Murli Manohar Swarup ||<ref name=Johal>{{cite web |title=Jab Bhi Nazam-E-Maikada |url=http://mr-johal.com/get/129283/jab-bhi-nazm-e-maikada-badla-gaya-begum-akhtar.html |website=mr-johal.com |publisher=DJJohal.Com |accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref>
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|49 || "Mere Chehre Se Gham Aashkara" || ||Murli Manohar Swarup ||<ref name=MereChehreSe>{{cite web |title=Mere Chehre Se Gham Aaskara |url=http://gaana.com/song/mere-chehre-se-gham |website=gaana.com |publisher=gaana |accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref>
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|rowspan="2"| {{anchor|Mir}} [[Mir Taqi Mir]] || 50 || "Ulti Ho Gayin Sab Tadbirein" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=IndiaMp3 />
|-
|51 || "Dil Ki Baat Kahin Nahi Jaati" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=IndiaMp3 />
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Minai}} Amir Minai || 52 || "Haalaat Maikade Ke Karwat" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=HalatMaykade>{{cite web |title=Halat Maykade Ke |url=http://hindigeetmala.net/song/halat_maikade_ke_karwat_badal_rahe_hai.htm |website=hindigeetmala.net |publisher=Hindi Geetmala |accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref>
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|rowspan="7"| {{anchor|Moradabadi}} [[Jigar Moradabadi]] || 53 || "Koi Yeh Keh De Gulshan Gulshan" ||Ghazal ||Begum Akhtar ||<ref name=KoiYehKehde>{{cite web |title=Koi Yeh Kehde |url=http://gaana.com/song/koi-yeh-kehde-gulshan-gulshan |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref>
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|54 || "Duniya Ke Sitam Yaad" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=DuniyaKeSitam>{{cite web |title=Duniya Ke Sitam Yaad |url=http://gaana.com/search/songs/Duniya%20Ke%20Sitam%20Yaad |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|55 || "Hum Ko Mita Sakay Yeh Zamanay May Dam Nahin" || || ||<ref name=HumKoMita>{{cite web |title=Hum Ko Mita Sake |url=http://gaana.com/song/hum-ko-mita-sake-ye-zamane-me-dum-nahin |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=5 March 2015 |ref=Album: Begum Akhtar-Bemisal Vol 1}}</ref>
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|56 || "Is Ishq Ke Haathon Se Hargis" || ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=IsIshqKe>{{cite web |title=Is Ishq Ke Haathon Se |url=http://gaana.com/search/songs/Is%20Ishq%20Ke%20Haathon%20Se%20Hargis |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=5 March 2015 |ref=Album:Rare Gems-Begum Akhtar}}</ref>
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|57 || "Kya Cheez Gham-E-Ishq Ki" || || ||<ref name=KyaCheez>{{cite web |title=Kya Cheez Gham-E-Ishq |url=http://gaana.com/search/songs/Kya%20Cheez%20Gham-E-Ishq%20Ki |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=5 March 2015 |ref=Album:Begum Akhtar-Bemisal Vol 2}}</ref>
|-
|58 || "Saqiya Chhod Na Khaali" || ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=Saqiya>{{cite web |title=Saqiya Chhod Na Khaali |url=http://play.raaga.com/hindi/song/playlist/Begum-Akhtar-5587962/Saqiya-Chhod-Na-Khali-14065 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |accessdate=5 March 2015 |ref=Album:A Journey-Begum Akhtar }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
|59 || "Tabiyat in Dinon Begana-E-Gam Hoti Jaati Hai" || || ||<ref name=TabiyatInDino>{{cite web |title=Tabiyat in Dino |url=http://www.rangtv.biz/tabiyat-in-dino-begana-e-gham-hoti-jaati-haiold-classic-begum-akhtar-sings-jigar-muradabadi-video_a27353175.html |website=rangtv.biz |publisher=Rang TV |accessdate=5 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419171756/http://www.rangtv.biz/tabiyat-in-dino-begana-e-gham-hoti-jaati-haiold-classic-begum-akhtar-sings-jigar-muradabadi-video_a27353175.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Momin}} [[Momin Khan Momin|Momin]] ||60 || "Woh Jo Hum Mein Tum Mein Qarar Tha" || ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name=Raagfm>{{cite web |title=Album-The Very Best:Begum Akhtar |url=http://music.raag.fm/Hindi/songs-2485-The_Very_Best_Begum_Akhtar-Begum_Akhtar |website=music.raag.fm |publisher=Raagfm |accessdate=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203021816/http://music.raag.fm/Hindi/songs-2485-The_Very_Best_Begum_Akhtar-Begum_Akhtar |archive-date=3 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Qazalbash}} Amir Qazalbash || 61 || "Unki Berukhi Mein Bhi" ||Ghazal ||Murli Manhar Swarup ||<ref name="Sa Re Ga Ma"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"| {{anchor|Taskeen}} Taskeen Qureshi || 62 || "Ab Toh Yehi Hain Dil Ki Duaayein" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=AbToh>{{cite web |title=Ab Toh Yehi Hain Dil Se |url=http://raagtune.net/song/8m6qdqag/Ab_To_Yahi_Hain_Dil_Ki_Duayen.html |website=raagtune.net |publisher=Raagtune.coM |accessdate=7 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084636/http://raagtune.net/song/8m6qdqag/Ab_To_Yahi_Hain_Dil_Ki_Duayen.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|63 || "Kis Se Poochhein' ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=KisasePoochein>{{cite web |title=Kisase Poochen Hum Ne |url=http://hindigeetmala.net/song/kisase_puchhen_hamane_kahaan_cheharaa.htm |website=hindigeetmala.net |publisher=Hindi Geet mala |accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|64 || "Khayal-E-Kaba-Otaiba" ||Ghazal ||Khaiyyam ||{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{anchor|Saeed}} Saeed || 65 || "Abhi Josh-e-Baharaan Dekhna Hai" ||Traditional || ||<ref name=AbhiJoshe>{{cite web |title=Abhi Josh-e-Baharaan |url=http://gaana.com/song/abhi-josh-e-baharan-dekhna-hai |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=8 March 2015 |ref=Rare Gems-Begum Akhtar}}</ref>
|-
|66 || "Phoolon Ki Rut Hai Thandi Hawaaen" || || ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Shaz}} Shaz Tamkanat || 67 || "Mere Naseeb Ne Jab Mujh Se" ||Traditional ||Murli Manhar Swarup ||<ref name="Sa Re Ga Ma"/>
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Sauda}} [[Mirza Rafi Sauda]] || 68 || "Gul Phenke Hain" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=GulPhenkeHain>{{cite web |title=Gul Phenke Hain |url=http://www.urdushayari.in/2012/03/sauda-gul-phenke-hain-begum-akhtar.html |website=urdushayari.in |publisher=Sher-O-Sukhan |accessdate=9 March 2015 |ref=Sauda}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|Zauq}} [[Zauq]] || 69 || "Laayi Hayaat Aaye Qaza Le Chali Chale" ||Traditional ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name="Sa Re Ga Ma"/>
|}

===Other===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | No.
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Song
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Composer
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | ref
|-
|70 || "Aaye Balam Karam More Jaage" ||[[Dadra]] in Mishra [[Khamaj]], [[Tala (music)|Tal]] [[Kaharwa]] || ||<ref name=MusicIndia>{{cite web |title=Thumri-The Music of Love-Begum Akhtar |url=http://mio.to/album/Begum+Akhtar/Thumri+The+Music+Of+Love |website=MusicIndiaOnline |publisher=Music India Online |access-date=9 March 2015 |ref=Album |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723013849/http://mio.to/album/Begum+Akhtar/Thumri+The+Music+Of+Love |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|71 || "Ab Kaisi Kati Mori Sooni Sejariya" ||[[Thumri]] in Mishra [[Pilu (raga)|Pilu]] [[Kafi]], Tal Chaanchar || ||<ref name=mio />
|-
|72 || "Ab Ke Sawan Ghar Aa Ja" ||Thumri (Sawan) || ||<ref name="MusicIndia"/>
|-
|73 || "Ada-e-Naaz Ko Zaalim" ||Qawali || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Akhtari Bai- Fyzabad |medium=Record |language=Urdu |url=https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/ellpatke/miscellany/begum%20akhtar.htm? |access-date=10 March 2015 |location=India |publisher=Megaphone blue label records |ref=Megaphone}}</ref>
|-
|74 || "Ashkon Mein Koi Husn Hi Paya Nahin Jaata" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name=AshkonMein>{{cite web |title=Begum Akhtar-Ghazal |url=http://www.hitfitmaza.com/ytdetail.php?id=TzcV0tSDtcI |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150310112613/http://www.hitfitmaza.com/ytdetail.php?id=TzcV0tSDtcI |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2015 |website=hitfitmaza.com |publisher=Hit Fit Maza |accessdate=10 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|75 || "Badar Dekh Dari" ||Dadra || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Album: Rare Gems Begum Akhtar |medium=CD |language=Urdu |url=http://www.last.fm/music/Begum+Akhtar/Thumri+-+Kajri+-+Hori+-+Sawan+-+Dadra |access-date=11 March 2015 |location=India |publisher=Sa re gama |ref=RareGemsfm}}</ref>
|-
|76 || "Bahut Din Beete" ||Thumri || ||<ref name="MusicIndia"/>
|-
|77 || "Balamwa Tum Kya Jaano Preet" ||Dadra in Mishra Madhukauns, Tal Kaharwa || ||<ref name=mio />
|-
|78 || "Balamwa Tum Kya Jaano Preet" || Dadra in Mishra [[Kirwani]], Tal Kaharwa || ||<ref name=mio />
|-
|79 || "Chahe Kachhu Hoye" ||Thumri || ||<ref name=Megaphone>{{cite web |title=Akhtari Bai- Fyzabad}}</ref>
|-
|80 || "Chha Rahi Kali Ghata" ||Dadra in Gaud Malhar || ||<ref name=ChhaRahiKali>{{cite web |title=Chha Rahi Kali Ghata |url=http://gaana.com/song/chha-rahi-kali-ghata |website=gaana.com |publisher=Gaana |accessdate=11 March 2015 |ref=Deedar-e-Ghazal- Begum Akhtar Vol 1 |archive-date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429031049/http://gaana.com/song/chha-rahi-kali-ghata |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|81 || "Dil Mein Teri Nisan" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name= MegaphoneBlueLabel >{{cite web |title=Miss Akhtari Bai (Fyzabad) JNG, J.N.G series}}</ref>
|-
|82 || "Donon Pe Hai Sadqe Dil-E-Shaida Madina" || || ||<ref name=RareGemsfm >{{cite web |title=Album: Rare Gems Begum Akhtar}}</ref>
|-
|83 || "Farza Hai Mehafile" || || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|84 || "Ghir Kar Aayi Badariya Ram" ||Kajri || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Thumri Kajri Hori Sawan Dadra |medium=Record |language=Urdu |url=http://www.last.fm/music/Begum+Akhtar/Thumri+-+Kajri+-+Hori+-+Sawan+-+Dadra |access-date=11 March 2015 |location=India |publisher=Universal Music India Ltd. |ref=Universal}}</ref>
|-
|85 || "Hamar Kahin Mano Rajaji" ||Thumri || ||<ref name=MusicOnline>{{cite web |title=Thumri-The Music of Love-Begum Akhtar}}</ref>
|-
|86 || "Hamko Nazar Se Apani" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name= MegaphoneRecord >{{cite web |title=Ghazals of Begum Akhtar}}</ref>
|-
|87 || "Hum Pachatane Sajanaba" ||Thumri || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|88 || "Hum Raunak-e-Hasti Ka" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|89 || "Humri Atariya Pe Aao" ||Thumri || ||<ref name="MusicOnline"/>
|-
|90 || "Hungama-E-Gham Se" || || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Begum Akhtar: Unforgettable Legends |medium=CD |language=Urdu |url=http://www.last.fm/music/Begum+Akhtar/Unforgettable+Legends |access-date=11 March 2015 |location=India |publisher=Living Media India, Ltd |ref=LastFm}}</ref>
|-
|91 || "Is Darja Bad Guman Se Hum" ||Thumri || ||<ref name="MusicOnline"/>
|-
|92 || "Jab Se Shayam Sidhare" ||Thumri || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Begum Akhtar ECLP 2374 |medium=Record |language=Urdu |url=http://ngh.co.in/begum-akhtar-eclp-2374.html |access-date=12 March 2015 |location=India |publisher=The Gramophone Company of India Limited |ref=His Master's Voice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419174835/http://ngh.co.in/begum-akhtar-eclp-2374.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|93 || "Ja Re Ja Kaaga" ||Thumri in Mishra Pahari, Tal Chaanchar || ||<ref name=mio />
|-
|94 || "Kahun Kaise SharamKi Hai Baat" ||Dadra Raga Bhihag || ||<ref name=Polydor >{{cite web |title=Begum Akhtar 2392 838 (1975)}}</ref>
|-
|95 || "Kal Nahi Aaye" ||Thumri in Mishra [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]], Tal Deepchandi || ||<ref name=mio />
|-
|96 || "Kaisi Bansiya Bajai" ||Thumri Raga Pilu || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Miss Akhtari Bai (Fyzabad) J.N.G 609 series |medium=Record |language=Urdu |url=https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/ellpatke/miscellany/begum%20akhtar.htm? |access-date=12 March 2015 |location=India |publisher=Megaphone blue label records |ref=MegaphoneBlueLabel}}</ref>
|-
|97 || "Kaisi Yeh Dhoom Machayi" ||[[Hori (music)|Hori]] Thumri || ||<ref name=MIO>{{cite web |title=Best of Begum Akhtar}}</ref>
|-
|98 || "Katte Na Birha Ki Raat" ||Thumri in Mishra Talang, Tal Chaanchar || ||<ref name="MIO"/>
|-
|99 || "Kaun Kase Sharam Kia Hai Baat" ||Dadra : Raga Bihag || ||<ref name=Universal>{{cite web |title=Thumri Kajri Hori Sawan Dadra}}</ref>
|-
|100 || "Kaun Tarah Se Tum Khelat Hori Re" ||Hori Raga Kafi || ||<ref name="Universal"/>
|-
|101 || "Khoone Dil Ka Jo Kuchh" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneRecord"/>
|-
|102 || "Khudaki Shan Hai" ||Ghazal || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Ghazals of Begum Akhtar |medium=Record |language=Urdu |url=http://ngh.co.in/begum-akhtar-gazals-of-jnlx-1006.html |access-date=12 March 2015 |location=India |publisher=Megaphone Record, Calcutta, SN:JNLX 1006 |ref=MegaphoneRecord |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426204350/http://ngh.co.in/begum-akhtar-gazals-of-jnlx-1006.html |archive-date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|103 || "Khushi Ne Mujhko Thukraya Hai, Dard O Gham Ne Paala" || || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=The Golden Collection Ghazals Khaiyyaam |medium=CD |language=Urdu |url=http://mr-jatt.com/download-ycdc/khushi-ne-mujhko-thukraya-hai-begum-akhtar.html |access-date=11 March 2015 |location=India |publisher=Jatt.Fm |ref=JattFm}}</ref>
|-
|104 || "Kya Soje Mohabbat Mein" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|105 || "Lagi Beriya Piya Ke Avan Ki" ||Thumri || ||<ref name="MusicOnline"/>
|-
|106 || "Main Tere Sang Na" ||Pat Manjri || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|107 || "Main Voh Badnasib Hoon" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|108 || "Mat Kar Preet Hum Pacchtaye" || Dadra in Mishra Kafi, Tal Kaharwa || ||<ref name="MIO"/>
|-
|109 || "Mere Jahan Mohabbat Par" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|110 || "Mora Balam Pardesiya" ||Thumri || ||<ref name="MusicOnline"/>
|-
|111 || "Mori Toot Gai Aas" || Poorvi Dadra || ||<ref name="His Master's Voice">{{cite web |title=Begum Akhtar ECLP 2374}}</ref>
|-
|112 || "Muft Huye Badnaam Saanwariya Tere Liye" ||Dadra || ||<ref name=MuftHueBadnaam>{{cite web |title=Muft Hue Badnam |url=https://stafaband345.info/download/muft-hue-badanam-sanwariya-tere-liye-begum-akhtar/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150311134328/http://downloadlagu.jamielcs.tv/download/lagu_muft_hue_badanam_sanwariya_tere_liye_begum_akhtar/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2015 |website=downloadlagu.jamielcs.tv |publisher=DownloadLaguMp3 |accessdate=11 March 2015 |ref=Begum Akhtar }}</ref>
|-
|113 || "Na Ja Balam Pardes" ||Raga Mishra Khamaj ||Khaiyyam ||<ref name="Universal"/>
|-
|114 || "Najaraya Kahe Phere Re Balama" || || ||<ref name=SIRC />
|-
|115 || "Nanadiya Kahe Mare" || || ||<ref name= LastFm >{{cite web |title=Begum Akhtar: Unforgettable Legends}}</ref>
|-
|116 || "Nihur Nihure Balam" ||Thumri || ||<ref name="MusicOnline"/>
|-
|117 || "O Bedardi Sapne Mein Aa Ja" ||Dadra || ||<ref name=mio />
|-
|118 || "Papiha Dheere Dheere Bol" ||Dadra in Mishra Talang, Tal Kaharwa (Sawan) || ||<ref name=mio />
|-
|119 || "Pirai Mori Akhiyan" ||Dadra Raga Pilu || ||<ref name="Universal"/>
|-
|120 || "Piya Nahi Aaye" ||Thumri in Mishra Gara, Tal Chaanchar || ||<ref name=mio />
|-
|121 || " Sajadon Ka Jabin Par Hai Nisha" ||Ghazal (Shaukat Tanvi) || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|122 || "Sajani Ke Liye Tan Man Dhan" ||Geet || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|123 || "Saqiya Chhod Na Khali" || || ||<ref name="RareGemsfm"/>
|-
|124 || "Shyam Na Aabtak Aaye" ||Dadra || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|125 || "Sundar Sari Mori" ||Traditional || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|126 || "Sunle Sajani Dilki Baat" ||Geet || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|127 || "Tasveer Ban Gaya Hun" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|-
|128 || "Tu Hi Bharosa" || || ||<ref name="LastFm"/>
|-
|129 || "Tum Jao Jao Jao Mose Na Bolo" ||Dadra Raga Khamaj || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Akhtar, Begum |title=Begum Akhtar 2392 838 (1975) |medium=Record |language=Urdu |url=http://ngh.co.in/begum-akhtar-2392-838.html |access-date=12 March 2015 |location=India |publisher=Polydor of India Ltd |ref=Polydor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426195826/http://ngh.co.in/begum-akhtar-2392-838.html |archive-date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|130 || "Tune Bute Harjai" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneRecord"/>
|-
|131 || "Tum Jao Jao Mose Na Bolo" ||Dadra Raga Khamaj || ||<ref name="Universal"/>
|-
|132 || "Unse Jab Tyori Badalkar" || || ||
|-
|133 || "Usay Kis Taraha Se Sakun Ho" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneRecord"/>
|-
|134 || "Wafa Nahin Na Sahi" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneRecord"/>
|-
|135 || "Wafaon Ke Badle" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneRecord"/>
|-
|136 || "Woh Aa Rahein Hain" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneRecord"/>
|-
|137 || "Yun To Chahe Yahan Saheb" ||Ghazal || ||<ref name="MegaphoneBlueLabel"/>
|}

===Bengali===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | No.
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Song
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Composer
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Lyricist
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | ref
|-
|138 || "Chupi Chupi Chole Na Giye" || Robi Guha Mazumder ||Robi Guha Mazumder ||<ref name=MagicMoments>{{cite web |title=Magic Moments of Begum Akhtar |url=https://downloadlagu123.cc/mp3/begum-akhtar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914230230/https://downloadlagu123.cc/mp3/begum-akhtar/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2021 |website=en.likefm.org |publisher=Sa Re Ga Ma |accessdate=10 March 2015 |ref=Album }}</ref>
|-
|139 || "Jochona Koreche Aari" ||Robi Guha Mazumder || Robi Guha Mazumder ||<ref name=MagicMoments />
|-
|140 || "Ei Mousume Paradeshe" ||Robi Guha Mazumder ||Robi Guha Mazumder ||<ref name=MagicMoments />
|-
|141 || "Koyelia Gaan Thama Ebar" || Jnanprakash Ghosh || Jnanprakash Ghosh ||<ref name=MagicMoments />
|-
|142 || "Phiraye Diyo Na More Shunya Haate" ||Jnanprakash Ghosh ||Pulak Banerjee ||<ref name=MagicMoments />
|-
|143|| "Phire Ja Phire Ja Bone" || Robi Guha Mazumder ||Robi Guha Mazumder ||<ref name=MagicMoments />
|-
|144 || "Phire Keno Ele Na" ||Jnanprakash Ghosh ||Jnanprakash Ghosh ||<ref name=MagicMoments />
|-
|145 || "Piya Bholo Abhiman" ||Jnanprakash Ghosh ||Jnanprakash Ghosh ||<ref name=MagicMoments />
|}

===Gujarati===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | No.
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Song
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | ref
|-
|146 || "Me Kari Tari" ||Ghazal ||
|-
|147 || "Sun Jalun Ke Kooi Ni Jaaho Jalaali Thaaey Chey" ||Ghazal ||<ref name="SunJalunKe">{{cite web |title=Suun Jalun Ke |url=http://www.mp3cool.in/index.php?q=begum+akhtar+gujrati+ghazal+02 |publisher=MP3.cool |accessdate=17 October 2015 |ref=Begum Akhtar-Gujarati Ghazal-01 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329031647/http://www.mp3cool.in/index.php?q=begum%20akhtar%20gujrati%20ghazal%2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Film==
{| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Class"
! {{MediaWiki:Toc}}
|-
| style="text-align:centr;"|[[#1933|1933]]{{·}}[[#1934|1934]]{{·}}[[#1935|1935]]{{·}}[[#1936|1936]]{{·}}[[#1942|1942]]{{·}}[[#1945|1945]]{{·}}[[#1953|1953]]{{·}}[[#1954|1954]]{{·}}[[#1956|1956]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have no record of Begum Akhtar songs}}
| Denotes films that have no record of Begum Akhtar songs
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | No.
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Song
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Composer
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Lyricist
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Director
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes/ref
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|{{anchor|1933}} ''Nal O Damyanti'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1933|1933]]) {{dagger|alt=Films that have no record of Begum Akhtar songs}} || 1 || |||| || ||<ref name=Srivastava2006 />
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''Naach Rang '' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1933|1933]]) {{dagger|alt=Films that have no record of Begum Akhtar songs}} || 2 || || || || ||<ref name=Ahuja2006 />
|-
|rowspan="1"| ''Ek Din Ka Badshah'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1933|1933]]) || 3 || "Woh Asire-Daame-Bala Hoon" ||Moti Babu, N. R. Bhattacharya ||Shivshankar Shastri ||Rajhans ||
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|{{anchor|1934}} ''Ameena'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1934|1934]]) {{dagger|alt=Films that have no record of Begum Akhtar songs}} || 4|| |||| || ||<ref name=Srivastava2006 />
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''Mumtaz Begum'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1934|1934]]) {{dagger|alt=Films that have no record of Begum Akhtar songs}} || 5|| || || || ||<ref name=Ahuja2006 />
|-
|rowspan="1"| {{anchor|1935}} ''Jawani Ka Nasha'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1935|1935]]) || 6 ||"Koyalia Mat Kar Pukar" ||Ramzan Khan ||Agha Jani Kashmiri ||Manjur Ahmad, Nazar Ajimabadi ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| ''Jahanara'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1935|1935]]) || 7||"Paayi Fokat Ki Daulat Apni Khul Gayi Kismat" ||Master Chhailaram Solanki || ||F. R. Irani||
|-
|8 || "Ae Mere Khaibar Shakan Aka Madda Farmaiye" ||Master Chhailaram Solanki || || ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|{{anchor|1936}} ''Naseeb Ka Chakkar'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1936|1936]]) || 9 || "Kaljug Hai Jabse Aaya Maya Ne Jaal Bichhaya" ||Brijlal Verma ||Munshi Haider Hussain Lucknowi ||Pesi Karani||
|-
|rowspan="6"|{{anchor|1942}} ''[[Roti (1942 film)|Roti]]'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1942|1942]]) || 10 || "Phir Faasle Bahar Aayi" ||[[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] ||Safdar Aah||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||
|-
|11 ||"Char Dinon Ki Jawani" ||Anil Biswas||Safdar Aah || ||
|-
|12 || "Rahne Laga Hai Dil Mein Andhera Tere Bagair" ||Anil Biswas||Behzad Lucknowi || ||
|-
|13 || "Ae Prem Teri Balihari Ho" ||Anil Biswas||Safdar Aah || ||
|-
|14 || "Ulajh Gaye Nainwa" ||Anil Biswas||Arzu Lucknavi || ||
|-
|15 || "Wo Hans Rahe Hain Aah Kiye Ja Raha Hun Main" ||Anil Biswas||Arzu Lucknavi || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{anchor|1945}} ''Panna Dai'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1945|1945]]) || 16 || "Fasle Gul Aayi Hame Yaad Teri Sataane Lagi" ||[[Gyan Dutt]] ||[[D. N. Madhok]] ||Ram Daryani ||<ref name=MySwar>{{cite web |title=Panna Dai |url=http://myswar.com/album/panna-dai-1945 |website=MySwar |publisher=MySwar.com |accessdate=27 February 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221401/http://myswar.com/album/panna-dai-1945 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|17 || "Main Raja Ko Apne Rijha Ke Rahungi" || Gyan Dutt || Diwan Sharar || ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|{{anchor|1953}} ''Daana Pani'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1953|1953]]) || 18 || "Ae Ishq Mujhe Aur Toh Kuch" ||Mohan Junior ||Kaif Irfani ||V. M. Vyas ||<ref name=IshqMujhe>{{cite web |title=Ishq Mujhe Aur Toh Kuchh |url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/movies/dana-paani-1953/ishq-mujhe-aur-toh-kuch.html |website=www.lyricsbogie.com |date=26 April 2013 |publisher=LyricsBogie |accessdate=27 February 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910220702/http://www.lyricsbogie.com/movies/dana-paani-1953/ishq-mujhe-aur-toh-kuch.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|{{anchor|1954}} ''Ehsan'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1954|1954]]) {{dagger|alt=Films that have no record of K. L. Saigal songs}} || 19 || "Hamein Dil Mein Basa Lo Yeh Kehte Hain" ||Madan Mohan ||Kaif Irani||R. Sharma ||Unreleased song<ref name=MadanMohan>{{cite web |title=Madan Mohan |url=http://www.madanmohan.in/html/his_music/songography/unrelsngrelfilms.html |website=madanmohan.in |publisher=madanmohan.in |accessdate=27 February 2015 |ref=Unreleased Songs}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|{{anchor|1956}} ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 1956|1956]]) || 20 || "Bhar Bhar Aaye" ||[[Vilayat Khan]] || ||[[Satyajit Ray]] ||<ref name=SatyajitRay>{{cite web |title=Jalsaghar (The Music Room) |url=http://www.satyajitray.org/films/jalsagh.htm |website=satyajitray.org |publisher=SatyajitRay.org |accessdate=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125101243/http://satyajitray.org/films/jalsagh.htm |archive-date=25 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1209683|name=Begum Akhtar }}
* [https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/ellpatke/miscellany/begum%20akhtar.htm? Selected discography] – 78 RPM records of Begum Akhtar (1914–1974)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhtar, Begum}}
[[Category:Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers]]

Diksha Kumari

2026-02-06T15:30:15Z

QWLDesiree: created some bio basic info.

{{Short description|Indian handball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Diksha Kumari
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = 16 March 1999
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Handball player
| years_active = 2018–present
| position = Right back
| team = [[India women's national handball team]]
}}

'''Diksha Kumari''' (born 16 March 1999)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Handball Diksha Kumari - The 19th Asian Games |url=https://www.ocagames.com/HZ_Info/AG2022-/en/results/handball/athlete-profile-n2030227-diksha-kumari.htm#bio |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.ocagames.com}}</ref> is a handball player from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She plays for the [[India women's national handball team]] as right back.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-12-08 |title=Indian sports wrap, December 8: India beats Singapore at Asian Women's Handball Championship |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/indian-sports-wrap-december-8-roundup-score-results-highlights-news/article68962340.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kumari is from [[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Khushboo |date=2024-12-04 |title=Did you know? Diksha Kumari from Kanpur is captaining India's Handball Team at AWHC 2024 |url=https://www.knocksense.com/kanpur/did-you-know-diksha-kumari-from-kanpur-is-captaining-indias-handball-team-at-awhc-2024 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Knocksense |language=en}}</ref> She is a product of the Handball Nursery at [[Morsinghi]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] run by former Indian handball players Snehalatha and Sachin Chaudhary. As a player from a Himachal Pradesh academy, she was awarded a cash prize of Rs.3 lakhs by the chief minister of Himachal Pradesh along with other handball players from the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Government |url=http://www.himachalpr.gov.in/OneNews.aspx?Language=1&ID=37198 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.himachalpr.gov.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumari was captain of the senior India women’s team at the 20th the [[Asian Women's Handball Championship|Asian Women’s Handball Championship 2024]] at the Indira Gandhi Arena in New Delhi in December 2024.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-09 |title=Solan's Bhawna Sharma shines for India at Asian Handball Championships |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/solans-bhawna-sharma-shines-for-india-at-asian-handball-championships-101733765192597.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117065412/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/solans-bhawna-sharma-shines-for-india-at-asian-handball-championships-101733765192597.html |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> India finished sixth, their best ever result in the Asian event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=India finish 6th at Asian Women's Handball Championship 2024 |url=https://thebridge.in/handball/india-finish-6th-at-asian-womens-championship-2024-51039 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, she was part of the Indian women's team at the [[2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], the [[People’s Republic of China]]. This is the fifth Asian Games for the Indian women's handball team. They finished third in a tough group behind Japan and China and failed to advance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peesara |first=Anuraag |date=30 September 2023 |title=Asian Games 2023 handball: Indian women's team's campaigns ends in group stage |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-games-2023-hangzhou-women-handball-schedule-results-india |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=Olympics}}</ref> Earlier, she was part of the Indian team that won the gold at the SAF games.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawhney |first=Kriti |date=2024-12-09 |title=Kanpur's Diksha Kumari Leads India Team At Asian Women's Handball Championship |url=https://www.kanpurwants.com/trending-now/kanpurs-diksha-kumari-leads-india-team-at-asian-womens-handball-championship |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=KanpurWants |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Asian Women's Handball C'ship 2024: India dazzle in opener |url=https://thebridge.in/handball/asian-womens-handball-championship-2024-india-dazzle-50933 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, she played the Asian Championship in the Republic of Korea.<ref name=":1" />

She also represented India playing [[handball at the 2018 Asian Games]] at Jakarta, Indonesia. India finished 9th.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari. Diksha}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's handball players]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Handball players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Handball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]

Eskay Movies

2026-02-03T17:08:41Z

QWLDesiree: add intro further as per guidelines

{{Short description|Film production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Eskay Movies
| logo = Eskay_Movies.jpg
| type = Media and Entertainment Company
| key_people = [[Ashok Dhanuka]] [[Himanshu Dhanuka]]
| subsid = *Eskay Digital
* Eskay Music
* Eskay Digilab
| foundation = February 1988 (as Eskay Video Private Limited)
| location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage = {{URL|eskaymovies.com}}
}}

'''Eskay Video Private Limited''' is an Indian Company promoted by Dhanuka family. The company was incorporated in 1988 and since then it has been a vital part in the media and entertainment industry in India. The company has produced more than 50 films and acquired another 200 films. Eskay group has digitized 80+ Cinemas, Operated Television Channels, owns 5 Theatres, produced television serials, reality shows and webseries.

In 2019, Eskay opened up a Subsidiary in UK - High Five Productions Limited and the company is growing globally, providing Filming Equipment services and line production services to Indian films which are shot in the UK. Eskay has invested around 10 Million Pounds, equivalently in Filming Equipment and Post Production facilities in India. Internationally, Eskay's film - Doob ( English title - No bed of Roses ) was the official selection for Oscar. It is the first Bengali film of late legendary star [[Irrfan Khan]].

== History ==

=== 1988–2009: Early years and initial releases ===
Eskay Movies was founded by [[Ashok Dhanuka|Ashok]] and [[Himanshu Dhanuka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eskaymovies.com/#about-us|title=Eskay Movies Production|website=www.eskaymovies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref> In 1988, [[Ashok Dhanuka]] founded Eskay Video Pvt. Ltd. Distribution house. His first distributed film, ''[[Bhai Amar Bhai]]'', first movie of [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]. After, they distributed [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]], [[Swapan Saha]], [[Pijush Saha|Prince Entertainment]] and other Production houses movies, including ''Baba Keno Chakor (1998)'', [[Sasurbari Zindabad|''Sasurbari Jindabad'']] (2000), [[Annadata (2002 film)|''Annadata'']] (2002), [[Sathi (2002 film)|''Sathi'']] (2002), ''Sneher Protidan'' (2003), [[Mayer Anchal|''Mayer Anchol'']] (2003), ''[[Raju Uncle]]'' (2005). In 2007, the joint venture produced the Bengali movie ''Pagal Premi, .''<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's all about love |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kolkata/its-all-about-love/articleshow/2334219.cms |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The ETimes Photogallery}}</ref> In 2008, Eskay released their first produced film, [[Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (2008 film)|''Bhalobasa Bhalobasa'']] .From 2009, Eskay would begin to release films every year, such as, ''Dujone'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/10694209-dujone-2009-dev-srabanti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102155136/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/10694209-dujone-2009-dev-srabanti|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 November 2009|title=Dujone (2009) – Dev, Srabanti|date=31 October 2009|work=Washington Bangla Radio|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-wbri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/5839910-bengali-movie-le-chakka-2010-first-look-trailer-release-dev-payel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506073753/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/5839910-bengali-movie-le-chakka-2010-first-look-trailer-release-dev-payel|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 May 2010|title=Bengali Movie {{!}} *First Look* Trailer Release {{!}} DEV – Payel|date=2 May 2010|work=Washington Bangla Radio|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-wbri}}</ref> and ''Jamai Raja''.

=== 2010–2013: Commercial successes ===
Eskay Movies released two films in 2010, ''Kohono Biday Bolo Na'' and ''[[Wanted (2010 film)|Wanted]]'', the latter of which became popular for its director-actor duo of [[Rabi Kinagi]] and [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Wanted/movie-review/5892432.cms|title=Wanted Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|date=20 May 2016|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref> After releasing ''Hello Memsaheb'', Eskay would go on to release [[Fighter (2011 film)|''Fighter'']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.induna.com/1000009928-productdetails/?oI6Sbg==|title=Fighter VCD (2011)|last=Akhilesh|website=www.induna.com|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref> and ''[[Shotru]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/52485011-eskay-movies-shatru-jeet-nusrat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190459/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/52485011-eskay-movies-shatru-jeet-nusrat|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 May 2011|title=Eskay Movies' Shatru: Jeet-Nusrat|work=WBRi Washington Bangla Radio USA|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-wbri}}</ref> in 2011.

Eskay began 2012 with the critically acclaimed film ''[[Khokababu]]'' starring [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and [[Subhashree Ganguly]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/14036412-wbri-movie-review-khokababu-bengali-2012-tollywood-hero-dev-sparkles-shubhasree-sty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124034153/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/14036412-wbri-movie-review-khokababu-bengali-2012-tollywood-hero-dev-sparkles-shubhasree-sty|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 January 2012|title=WBRi Movie Review: Khokababu (Bengali, 2012) Tollywood Hero DEV Sparkles with Shubhasree In A Stylized Rehash Of A Telugu Movie|work=WBRi Washington Bangla Radio USA|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-wbri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120113/jsp/entertainment/story_14997687.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214718/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120113/jsp/entertainment/story_14997687.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2018|title=Close-up|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref> which became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|highest grossing Bengali films]]. Eskay would go on to release ''[[Bikram Singha: The Lion Is Back]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/review-bikram-singha--the-lion-is-back-(bangla)/961105/|title=Review: Bikram Singha – The Lion Is Back (Bangla) – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Prosenjits-film-title-changed-once-again/articleshow/12172168.cms?referral=PM|title=Prosenjit's film title changed once again|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref> and [[Idiot (2012 film)|''Idiot'']].<ref>{{Citation|last=Biswas|first=Rajib|title=Idiot|date=2012-11-16|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3054472/|others=Srabanti Chatterjee, Ankush Hazra, Aditya Pancholi|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> After the successful release of ''Kanamachi'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/previews/Kanamachi/articleshow/18333003.cms|title=Kanamachi|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> Eskay released ''[[Khoka 420]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64764713-khoka-420-2013-not-dull-moment-bangla-movie-review-story-trailer-and-wallpaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620145436/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64764713-khoka-420-2013-not-dull-moment-bangla-movie-review-story-trailer-and-wallpaper|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 June 2013|title=KHOKA 420 (2013): Not a Dull Moment – Bangla Movie Review, Story, Trailer and Wallpaper|work=WBRi Washington Bangla Radio USA|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en-wbri}}</ref> and [[Khiladi (2013 film)|''Khiladi'']],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/khiladi-invades-bengal-turf-ahead-of-pujas-113092900141_1.html|title=Khiladi 'invades' Bengal turf ahead of pujas|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2013-09-29|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> with the former becoming a box office success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131222/jsp/t2/story_17707107.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227204827/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131222/jsp/t2/story_17707107.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2013|title=5 films that rocked the box office this year|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> Eskay has also acquired the rights to remake the hit youth-centric romantic comedy Kannada movie ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali and Telugu filmmakers to throw Googly in theatres – Bangalore Mirror - |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bengali-telugu-filmmakers-googly-eskay-movies-entertainment-yash-kriti-kharbanda/articleshow/49063387.cms? |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

=== 2014–present: India-Bangladesh joint ventures and critical acclaim ===
Eskay Movies' sole release in 2014 was ''[[Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay]]'', which was co-produced with Bangladeshi film company Action Cut Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/entertainment/2014/04/05/subhashree-and-ankush-in-dhaka-for-shooting/|title=Subhashree and Ankush in Dhaka for shooting|date=5 April 2014|website=Dhaka Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> The film, which won the award for Best Bengali Film at the 2015 Kalakar Awards, would go on to spark a trend of [[Indo-Bangla joint production|Indo-Bangla joint venture films]], most of which would be a co-production of Eskay Movies and [[Jaaz Multimedia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rayhan |first=Nasir |date=11 July 2017 |title=How the actions of one company brought the entire initiative to a halt |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/business/regulations/2017/07/11/actions-one-company-brought-entire-initiative-halt/ |access-date=2018-01-12 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

Aside from their film ''Mayer Biye'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Sudeshna-Roys-Mayer-Biye-inspired-from-Aparna-Sens-life/articleshow/48985332.cms|title=Sudeshna Roy's Mayer Biye inspired from Aparna Sen's life|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> Eskay Movies co-produced three films with Jaaz Multimedia in 2015[[Romeo vs Juliet|: ''Romeo vs Juliet'']], ''[[Agnee 2]]'' and [[Aashiqui (2015 film)|''Aashiqui: True Love'']]. Despite having initial success with the audience,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Romeo-vs-Juliet-finds-many-takers-in-Bangladesh/articleshow/45938490.cms|title=Romeo vs Juliet finds many takers in Bangladesh|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> ''Romeo vs Juliet,'' a remake of the film ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'', was panned critically.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/romeo-vs-juliet/movie-review/45967638.cms|title=Romeo Vs Juliet Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> ''Agnee 2'', a sequel to the Bangladeshi film [[Agnee (2014 film)|''Agnee'']], was released to commercial success<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/deshi-grapevine/overwhelming-demands-agnee-2-116110|title=Overwhelming Demands: Agnee 2|date=2015-07-25|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> but mixed critical reception.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/movie-review/bangla/agnee-2-126952|title=Agnee 2|date=2015-08-15|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> ''Aashiqui: True Love'' would launch the career of actress [[Nusrat Faria Mazhar|Nusrat Faria]] in both India and Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Ankush-Nusraat-the-next-hit-jodi/articleshow/49010618.cms|title=Ankush, Nusraat the next hit jodi?|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/cover-story/nusrat-faria-journey-so-far-154651|title=Nusrat Faria – Journey So Far|date=2015-10-10|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref>

Eskay Movies released seven films in 2016, all of which were co-produced by Jaaz Multimedia: [[Angaar (2016 film)|''Angaar'']], ''[[Hero 420]]'', ''[[Niyoti]]'', ''[[Badsha – The Don]]'', [[Shikari (2016 film)|''Shikari'']], ''[[Prem Ki Bujhini]]'' and ''[[Rokto]]''. The year began with two films starring [[Om (actor)|Om]], ''Angaar'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/shooting-angar-wraps-160135|title=Shooting for Angar wraps up|date=2015-10-21|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> a drama, and ''Hero 420'', a romantic comedy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/enjoy-doing-fight-sequences-dancing-hero-420-actor-om/story-3ZHUk0cWUOuZMpqFOoD1OI.html|title=Enjoy doing fight sequences, dancing: Hero 420 actor Om|date=2016-02-10|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> ''Hero 420'' was released for the occasion of Valentine's Day, releasing on 12 February in India and 19 February in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/%E2%80%9Chero-420%E2%80%9D-releases-today-574318|title="Hero 420" releases today|date=2016-02-19|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160221/jsp/frontpage/story_70528.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221090933/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160221/jsp/frontpage/story_70528.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2016|title=Niggles in Tollywood cross-border future|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> After debuting in ''Angaar'', [[Falguni Rahman Jolly|Jolly]] starred alongside acclaimed actor [[Arifin Shuvo]] in the film ''Niyoti'', which released in India in June<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/%E2%80%9Cniyoti%E2%80%9D-solid-start-1237996|title="Niyoti" off to a solid start|date=2016-06-12|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> and in Bangladesh in August.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/%E2%80%9Cniyoti%E2%80%9D-release-bangladesh-1260901|title="Niyoti" to release in Bangladesh|date=2016-07-29|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> ''Badsha – The Don'', a remake of the film ''[[Don Seenu]]'' starring [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Dev-Jeet-not-ready-to-ditch-remakes/articleshow/52020915.cms|title=Dev, Jeet not ready to ditch remakes?|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> and Nusrat Faria, received commercial success<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/news/111357/Eid-release-%E2%80%98Shikari%E2%80%99-rules-box-office|title=Eid release 'Shikari' rules box office|work=Prothom Alo|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/deshi-grapevine/shikari-tops-eid-release-1254244|title=Shikari – Tops in Eid Release|date=2016-07-16|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> and mixed critical reception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Badshah-the-Don/movie-review/53171863.cms|title=Badshah the Don Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> ''Shikari'', which stars [[Shakib Khan]] and [[Srabanti Chatterjee]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/dhallywood/new-look-shakib-stirs-storm-1242262|title=New-look Shakib stirs up a storm|date=2016-06-20|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/check-out-shakibs-menacing-%E2%80%9Cshikari%E2%80%9D-look-1235188|title=Check out Shakib's menacing "Shikari" look|date=2016-06-06|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> was a commercial success<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> and received critical acclaim,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/film-shikari-set-kolkata-release-1260067|title=Film "Shikari" set for Kolkata release|date=2016-07-27|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/deshi-grapevine/shikari-release-kolkata-1261369|title=Shikari to release in Kolkata|date=2016-07-30|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> leading to a Best Film win at the Kalakar Awards, where Srabanti Chatterjee also won Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/200869/King-Khan-sterrer-Shikari-wins-Kalakar-Award-|title=King Khan sterrer Shikari wins Kalakar Award {{!}} daily sun|last=Sun|first=The Daily|work=Daily Sun|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> ''Shikari'' also led for two Best Actor wins for Shakib Khan, at the Tele Cine Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2017/05/26/razzak-conferred-lifetime-achievement-award-kolkata/|title=Razzak conferred with a lifetime achievement award in Kolkata {{!}} Dhaka Tribune|website=www.dhakatribune.com|date=26 May 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> and Bangladesh's [[Meril Prothom Alo Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/1153141/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC|title=ছেলে আব্রামকে পুরস্কার উৎসর্গ করলেন শাকিব|work=প্রথম আলো|access-date=2018-01-12|language=bn}}</ref> ''Prem Ki Bujhini'' received negative reception<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/prem-ki-bujhini/movie-review/54808122.cms|title=Prem Ki Bujhini Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> while ''Rokto'' received mixed reception.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/movie-review/bangla/rokto-1292215|title=ROKTO|date=2016-10-01|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Eskay Movies released two Indian films, ''[[The Bongs Again]]'' and ''[[Byomkesh O Agnibaan]]'', and two films co-produced with Jaaz Multimedia, ''[[Nabab]]'' and ''[[Doob: No Bed of Roses]]''. ''The Bongs Again'', a sequel to ''[[The Bong Connection]]'', received mixed reception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/the-bongs-again/movie-review/56595267.cms|title=The Bongs Again Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> ''Byomkesh O Agnibaan'', a sequel to ''[[Byomkesh O Chiriyakhana]]'', also received mixed reception.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/bengali-byomkesh-o-agniban-movie-review/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930072725/http://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/bengali-byomkesh-o-agniban-movie-review/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 September 2017|title=Bengali Byomkesh O Agniban Movie Review & Rating, (3.5/5) Hit or Flop Box Office Collection|date=2017-09-22|work=Latest Entertainment Bollywood Hollywood {{!}} Dekh News|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/byomkesh-o-agnibaan-movie-review-anjan-dutts-film-is-an-ambitious-but-half-baked-endeavour-4224253.html|title=Byomkesh O Agnibaan movie review: Anjan Dutt's film is an ambitious but half-baked endeavour|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Both ''Nabab'' and ''Doob'' were a box office successes and received critical acclaim,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/cover-story/dhallywood-hot-news-love-letter-2017-1515514|title=A Love Letter to 2017!|date=2018-01-06|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/deshi-grapevine/bangladesh-film-industry-dhallywood-box-office-hits-2017-at-glance-1509004|title=Box Office Hits of 2017 – At a Glance|date=2017-12-23|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/five-significant-dhallywood-movies-2017-1502551886.html|title=Five significant Dhallywood movies in 2017 – The Statesman|date=2017-12-26|work=The Statesman|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/movie-review/bangla/nabab-1429750|title=Nabab|date=2017-07-08|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> but ''Doob'', starring [[Irrfan Khan]], received international praise,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/no-bed-of-roses-doob-1016626|title='No Bed of Roses' ('Doob'): Film Review {{!}} Shanghai 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/no-bed-of-roses-review-1202496880/|title=Film Review: 'No Bed of Roses' ('Doob')|last=Lee|first=Maggie|date=2017-07-28|work=Variety|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/no-bed-of-roses-doob-shanghai-review/5119648.article|title='No Bed Of Roses' ('Doob'): Shanghai Review|work=Screen|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> competing at the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-s-bangladeshi-film-doob-heads-to-shanghai-film-fest-for-world-premiere/story-RGz3ZvXrHKkmy9MClniOWO.html|title=Irrfan Khan's Bangladeshi film, Doob, heads to Shanghai film fest for world premiere|date=2017-06-12|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref> and winning at the [[Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khans-doob-wins-at-moscow-international-film-festival-1450551.html|title=Irrfan Khan's Doob Wins At Moscow International Film Festival|work=News18|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref>

==Films==

===Released===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;" class="unsortable"| Cast
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"| Note
|-
| align="center" | 2002
|[[Annadata (2002 film)|Annadata]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Abdur Razzak]], [[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]]
|[[Ravi Kinagi]]
|
|-
|2004
|Aakrosh
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Anamika Saha]], [[Subhasish Mukherjee]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty|Sabyasachi]], Pushpita, Mousumi Mukherjee, [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
|[[Prashanta Nanda|Prasanta Nanda]]
|
|-
|2005
|[[Rajmohol]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Anu Choudhury]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Subhasish Mukherjee]]
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|Remake of Malayalam film [[Manichitrathazhu]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
|[[Kalishankar]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Anu Chowdhury]]
|[[Prashanta Nanda]]
|
|-
|[[Bandhu (2007 film)|Bandhu]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Rajatava Dutta]]
|[[Prashanta Nanda|Prasanta Nanda]]
|
|-
|''[[Pagal Premi]]''
|[[Yash Dasgupta]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], Arpita Mukherjee, [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
|[[Hara Patnaik]]
|Remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film [[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-09-10 |title=Ekta is superstitious: Yashh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ekta-is-superstitious-yashh/articleshow/2353102.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''[[Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (2008 film)|Bhalobasa Bhalobasa]]''
|[[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiraan]], [[Srabanti Malakar|Shrabanti]]
|[[Rabi Kinnagi]]
|Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Bommarillu]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 2009
|''[[Dujone]]''
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
|[[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
|Remake of ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''
|-
|''Jamai Raja''
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Anu Choudhury|Anu Choudury]]
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Wanted (2010 film)|Wanted]]''
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
|[[Rabi Kinnagi]]
|Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Athadu]]''
|-
|''[[Le Chakka]]''
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Payel Sarkar]]
|[[Raj Chakraborty]]
|Remake of ''[[Chennai 600028]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
||''[[Fighter (2011 film)|Fighter]]''||[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]]||[[Rabi Kinnagi]]||Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]''

|-
||''[[Shotru]]''||[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]||[[Raj Chakraborty]]||Remake of ''[[Singam]]''
|-
||''Hello Memsaheb'' ||[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Priyanka Trivedi]] ||[[Nandita Roy]], [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee|Shiboprasad
Mukhopadhyay]]||

2011 Piya Tumi Rishi(Actor), Priyadarshini, Rajatav Dutta
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 2012
||''[[Khokababu]]''||[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]]||D. Shankar Aiyya||Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]''
|-
||''[[Idiot (2012 film)|Idiot]]'' ||[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] ||[[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] ||Remake of ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]''
|-
|| ''[[Bikram Singha: The Lion Is Back]]'' || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] ||Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film''[[Vikramarkudu]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 2013
|| ''[[Khoka 420]]'' || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]], [[Nusrat Jahan]] || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]''
|-
|''[[Kanamachi (film)|Kanamachi]]''
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Saayoni Ghosh]]
|[[Raj Chakraborty]]
|Remake of ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]''
|-
|''[[Khiladi (2013 film)|Khiladi]]''
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
|[[Ashok Pati]]
|Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan|Dhenikaina Ready]]''
|-
|2014
|''[[Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay]]''
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|[[Ashok Pati]]
|Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Arya 2]]''
Co-produced by Action Cut Entertainment

Won Kalakar Awards for Best Film
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | 2015
|| ''[[Romeo vs Juliet]]'' || [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Mahiya Mahi]] || [[Ashok Pati]] || Remake of ''[[Singh vs Kaur]]'' Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''[[Agnee 2]]'' || [[Om (actor)|Om]], [[Mahiya Mahi]] || [[Iftakar Chowdhury]], Himunshu Dhanuka || Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''[[Aashiqui (2015 film)|Aashiqui: True Love]]'' || [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusraat Faria Mazhar]] || [[Ashok Pati]] || Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]'' Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''Mayer Biye'' || [[Saayoni Ghosh]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]] || [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]], [[Sudeshna Roy]] || Radical Story
|-
| rowspan="8" align="center" | 2016
|| ''[[Angaar (2016 film)|Angaar]]'' || [[Om (actor)|Om]], [[Falguni Rahman Jolly]] || Wazed Ali Sumon, Nehal Dutta || Remake of ''[[Appayya (2013 film)|Appayya]]'' Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''[[Hero 420]]'' || [[Om (actor)|Om]], [[Nusraat Faria Mazhar]], [[Riya Sen]] || [[Sujit Mondal]] || Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]'' Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''[[Niyoti]]'' || [[Arifin Shuvoo]], [[Falguni Rahman Jolly]] || [[Jakir Hossain Raju]] || Remake of ''[[The Notebook (2004 film)|The Notebook]]'' Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''[[Badsha – The Don]]'' || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Nusraat Faria Mazhar]], [[Shraddha Das]] || [[Baba Yadav]] || Remake of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Don Seenu]]'' Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]'' || [[Shakib Khan]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] || [[Joydip Mukherjee]] || Remake of ''[[Aadhavan]]'' Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''[[Prem Ki Bujhini]]'' || [[Om (actor)|Om]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]] || Sudipto Sarkar || Remake of ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' Co-produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''[[Rokto]]'' || [[Pori Moni]], [[Ziaul Roshan]] || Wazed Ali Sumon || Loosely Based on [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] movie ''[[The Long Kiss Goodnight]]'' Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|| ''[[Kiriti Roy (2016 film)|Kiriti Roy]]'' ||[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] || Aniket Choudory || Based on Nihar Ranjan Gupta's ''Setarer Sur''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|| ''[[The Bongs Again]]'' ||[[Parno Mitra]], Neha Panda, [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]]|| [[Anjan Dutt]]||
|-
| ''[[Nabab]]'' || [[Shakib Khan]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]] || [[Joydip Mukherjee]] || Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh O Agnibaan]]'' || [[Jishu Sengupta]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]] || [[Anjan Dutt|Anjun Dutt]]||
|-
| ''[[No Bed of Roses|Doob: No Bed Of Roses]]'' || [[Irfan Khan (actor)|Irfan Khan]], [[Nusrat Imrose Tisha]] || [[Mostofa Sarwar Farooki]] || Co-Produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | 2018
| ''[[Ami Neta Hobo]]'' || [[Shakib Khan]], [[Bidya Sinha Saha Mim|Bidya Sinha Mim]], [[Omar Sani]], [[Moushumi]], [[Sadek Bachchu]] || [[Uttam Akash]] || Co-Produced by Shapla Media
|-
| ''[[Chalbaaz]]'' || [[Shakib Khan]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]] || [[Joydip Mukherjee]] || Remake of ''[[Subramanyam For Sale]]'' Co-Produced by Action Cut Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Bhaijaan Elo Re]]'' || [[Shakib Khan]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Payel Sarkar]] || [[Joydip Mukherjee]] ||
|-
| ''Tui Sudhu Amar'' || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Mahiya Mahi]], [[Om (actor)|Om]] || [[Joydip Mukherjee]] || Remake Of Humraaz
Co-Produced by Action Cut Entertainment
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | 2019
| ''Bhokatta'' || [[Om (actor)|Om]], [[Elina Samantray]], Sagnik || Ramesh Rout ||Remake Of Odia Film ''Tokata Fasigala''
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | 2020
| ''Hullor'' || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Om (actor)|Om]], [[Darshana Banik]] || Abhimanyu Mukherjee ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | 2021
| ''[[Anusandhan (2021 film)|Anusandhan]]'' || [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Churni Ganguly]], [[Joydip Mukherjee]], [[Riddhi Sen]] || [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] || Based on the 1956 German novel ''[[A Dangerous Game (novel)|A Dangerous Game]]'' by [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Bengali film looks EERILY similar to Amitabh Bachchan-Emraan Hashmi starrer Chehre |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/buzz/blog/Movies/bengali-film-looks-eerily-similar-amitabh-bachchan-emraan-hashmi-starrer-chehre |website=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" alig n="center"| 2022
|''[[Swastik Sanket]]''
|[[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Shataf Figar]]
|[[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|Based on the novel ''Narak Sanket'' by Debarati Mukhopadhyay
|-
|''[[Ogo Bideshini]]''
|[[Ankush Hazra]], Alexandra Taylor, Rajnandini Paul
|[[Anshuman Pratyush]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 2023
|''[[Aaro Ek Prithibi]]''
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]], Shaheb Bhattacharjee, Tasnia Farin
|Atanu Ghosh
|
|-
|''[[Ghore Pherar Gaan]]''
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Ishaa Saha]]
|Aritya Sen
|
|-
| rowspan="9" align="center" | 2025
| ''[[Oporichito]]''
| [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Ishaa Saha]], [[Anirban Chakrabarti]]
| Joydeep Mukherjee
| Released on 10 January 2025
|-
| ''[[Jodi Emon Hoto]]''
| [[Ditipriya Roy]], [[Sean Banerjee]], [[Rishav Basu]]
| Rabindra Nambiar
|
|-
| ''[[Babushona]]''
| [[Jeetu Kamal]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
| Anshuman Pratyush
|
|-
| ''[[Grihosto]]''
| [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]], [[Saheb Bhattacharya]], [[Aryann Bhowmick]]
| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
|
|-
| ''[[Annapurna]]''
| [[Ananya Chatterjee]], [[Ditipriya Roy]], [[Rishav Basu]], [[Arna Mukhopadhyay]]
| Anshuman Pratyush
|
|-
| ''[[Chandrabindoo (film)|Chandrabindoo]]''
| [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Oindrila Sen]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], [[Tulika Basu]]
| [[Raja Chanda]]
| Released on 23 May 2025
|-
| ''[[Rabindra Kabya Rahasya]]''
| [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
| [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
| Released on 20 June 2025
|-
| ''[[Tobuo Bhalobashi]]''
| [[Aryann Bhowmik]], [[Debattama Saha]], [[Saheb Bhattacharya]]
| Rabindra Nambiar
|
|-
| ''[[Saralakkho Holmes]]''
| [[Rishav Basu]], [[Arna Mukhopadhyay]], [[Gaurav Chakraborty]]
| [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Eskay Movies}}

[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Film production companies of India]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]

The Little Girl in Blue

2026-02-02T14:56:29Z

QWLDesiree: New

{{Short description|1934 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file=The Little Girl in Blue by Amrita Sher-Gil.jpg
| title=The Little Girl in Blue
| artist=[[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
| year=1934
| medium=Oil on canvas
| height_metric=48
| width_metric=40.6
| height_imperial=
| width_imperial=
| metric_unit=cm
| imperial_unit=
| museum=
| city=
| italic title=yes
}}
'''''The Little Girl in Blue''''' is an [[oil painting]] on [[canvas]] created in 1934 near [[Amritsar]], India, by Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1913 – 1941). Under India's [[Antiquities and Art Treasures Act (1972)]], the work is a national art treasure and must stay in the country. In 2018, it was auctioned by [[Sotheby's]], Mumbai, fetching {{Usd|2.67 million}}.

Sher-Gil spent her childhood in Hungary and India, and her later teens in France, before returning to India towards the end of 1934. In December of that year, she visited her family's ancestral home near [[Amritsar]], and painted Lalit Kaur Mann, an eight-year-old girl who lived across the road. The painting depicts the girl wearing striking blue clothing and staring into space. It has been seen as Sher-Gil's transition from Paris, where blues and greens were typical, to India, where she worked with more reds and browns.

Mann's mother disliked the painting, seeing it as not a true likeness of her daughter. The painting was subsequently one of 33 of Sher-Gil's works displayed at her successful [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|solo exhibition]] at [[Faletti's Hotel]] in [[Lahore]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], held in 1937. It was priced at {{Currency|150|INR}} and acquired by the Hungarian art critic [[Charles Fabri]], and remained in his family.

==Amrita Sher-Gil==
[[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1913–1941) was born in Hungary to an Indian aristocrat, [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil Majithia|Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]], and his Hungarian wife, an opera singer.<ref name=Dalmia2013.1>Dalmia, pp. 1–16</ref> After the [[First World War]], the family moved to India.<ref name=Dalmia2013.2>Dalmia, pp. 17–25</ref> She spent part of her childhood in [[Shimla]].<ref name=Singh1975>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N Iqbal |title=Amrita Sher-Gil |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=1975 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=209–217 |jstor=23001838 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001838 |issn=0376-9771|url-access=subscription}}</ref> There, she was influenced by her uncle, [[Ervin Baktay]], who introduced her to [[Nagybánya artists' colony|Nagybánya artistic methods]] and [[En plein air|plein air painting]].<ref name=Dalmia2013.2/> He encouraged her to carefully observe the reality around her and transfer it to her work, particularly using [[Model (art)|live models]].<ref name=Dalmia2013.2/> In 1929, at the suggestion of Baktay, the family moved to Paris so that 16-year-old Sher-Gil could study art, first at the [[Académie de la Grande Chaumière]] and later the [[Beaux-Arts de Paris]].<ref name=Dalmia2013.3>Dalmia, pp. 26–44</ref> Her mentors included [[Pierre Henri Vaillant]] and [[Lucien Simon]].<ref name=Dalmia2013.3/> In 1933, she was awarded the [[Salon (Paris)|Paris Salon]]'s gold medal, for the painting ''[[Young Girls (painting)|Young Girls]]''.<ref name=Higgie2021>{{cite book |last1=Higgie |first1=Jennifer |title=The Mirror and the Palette: Rebellion, Revolution and Resilience: 500 Years of Women's Self-Portraits |date=2021 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=978-1-4746-1380-4 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFfiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190 |language=en}}</ref> By this time, she had longed to work with more colour and return to India.<ref name=Singh1975/> She moved back to India towards the end of 1934, discarded her European clothes, and took to wearing [[sari]]s.<ref name=Dalmia2013.6>Dalmia, pp. 59–75</ref>

==Subject and composition==
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil.jpg|thumb|Amrita Sher-Gil in a sari]]
In 1934, Sher-Gil was staying with her uncle [[Sunder Singh Majithia]] at the family's ancestral home, Majitha Palace, near [[Amritsar]].<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/> There, in December of that year, she painted ''The Little Girl in Blue'' in the garden of the house opposite.<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/><ref name=Iyengar2018>{{cite news |last=Iyengar|first=Radhika |date=23 November 2018 |title=Living to tell the tale |language=en |work=Mintlounge |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/living-to-tell-the-tale-111644830622536.html |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112215527/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/living-to-tell-the-tale-111644830622536.html |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref> It was modelled on the eight-year-old daughter of Mahinder Kaur and the colonel Sir Buta Singh.<ref name=Sundaram2010.1>Sundaram, pp. 184–185</ref>{{efn|Two of Mahinder Kaur's sisters had married into the Sher-Gil family. Harbanso married two of Umrao Singh's sons by his first marriage, first to Satyavan and later to Vivek. Another sister, Persin Kaur, married his nephew, Gurbachan Singh.<ref name=Sundaram2010.1/>}} ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'' and [[Sotheby's]] clarify that her name is Lalit Kaur Mann, nicknamed Babette, who lived across the road.<ref name=Khanna2018>{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Shailaja |date=25 November 2018 |title=Meet Amrita's 'Little girl in blue' |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/meet-amrita-s-little-girl-in-blue-688640 |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112212151/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/meet-amrita-s-little-girl-in-blue-688640 |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Soth2018">{{cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil Portrait Comes to Market After 80 Years |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/amrita-sher-gil-portrait-comes-to-market-after-80-years |website=www.sothebys.com |publisher=Sotheby's |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=26 November 2018}}</ref>{{efn|Some sources incorrectly name the little girl as Babit, a cousin of Sher-Gil.<ref name=Sotheby/> }} Mann's maternal grandfather, [[Jogendra Singh|Sir Jogendra Singh]], and Sher-Gil's father were good friends, had summer and winter residences near each other, and it was usual to visit each other's homes.<ref name=Khanna2018/> Mann said in an interview with cultural editor of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', [[Radhika Iyengar]]:<ref name=Iyengar2018/><ref name=Iyengar2019>{{cite web |last=Iyengar|first=Radhika|title=Living to tell the tale |url=http://radhikaiyengar.squarespace.com/work/amritashergilsothebys |website=Radhika Iyengar |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113180257/http://radhikaiyengar.squarespace.com/work/amritashergilsothebys|archive-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

{{quote|My father, Col. Sir Buta Singh, entertained a lot (of guests) and the house was always full of visitors. Children kept away from grown-ups those days, but we had heard about Amrita, so we were quite curious as she seemed mysterious and different. I remember her always wearing a sari or a long dark skirt with a blouse. My mother, Lady Buta Singh (Mahinder Kaur), was a great friend of Amrita's. She spent most afternoons at our Nowshera House. Her family home, Majitha House, was just across the road and she used to just walk over. One day, Amrita told my mother that she wanted to paint me. My mother agreed.}}

Mann recalled that she could not stop fidgeting, and Sher-Gil kept asking her to "sit still!".<ref name=Iyengar2019/> The painting depicts her wearing striking blue and staring into space.<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/> Her slicked-back, thick black hair exposes her ear, and her closed lips are red and full in body.<ref name=Iyengar2019/> It is set on a background of Amritsar's natural parkland and has an older woman in pinkish, positioned at the back towards the left; added at a later date.<ref name=Sotheby>{{cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: The Little Girl in Blue |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2018/boundless-india-in1801/lot.12.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110144230/https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2018/boundless-india-in1801/lot.12.html |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=sothebys.com |publisher=Sotheby's}}</ref><ref name=Iyengar2019/> The date and Sher-Gil's signature are seen at the lower left of the painting.<ref name=Sotheby/>

==Reception==
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil at Lahore 1937 Exhibition.jpg|thumb|Amrita Sher-Gil at her 1937 opening of her Lahore Exhibition, with ''The little Girl in Blue'']]
Mann's mother disliked the painting, seeing it as not a true likeness of her daughter.<ref name=Arora2021>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Nikhita |title=Meet Babette Kaur – Amrita Sher-Gil's Muse For Her Painting 'The Little Girl In Blue' |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-voices/meet-babette-kaur-amrita-sher-gils-muse-in-her-painting-the-little-girl-in-blue |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=Homegrown |date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113175431/https://www.instagram.com/reel/CzDWxnxRDXo/embed/captioned/?cr=1&v=14&wp=658&rd=https%3A%2F%2Fhomegrown.co.in&rp=%2Fhomegrown-voices%2Fmeet-babette-kaur-amrita-sher-gils-muse-in-her-painting-the-little-girl-in-blue |archive-date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She asked for it to be painted over.<ref name=Tripathi2018/> Mann recalled "mummy didn't like it at all. She asked Amrita to take the portrait with her and paint over it if she wanted".<ref name=Arora2021/> According to artist [[Tyeb Mehta]], had she thought it "pretty enough" she might have bought it.<ref name=Tripathi2018/>

The painting was subsequently number 12 of 33 of Sher-Gil's works displayed at [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|her solo exhibition]] at [[Faletti's Hotel]] in [[Lahore]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], held from 21 to 27 November 1937.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422>Sundaram, pp. 422–425</ref><ref name=Dalmia2013.8>Dalmia, pp. 99–100</ref> The exhibition catalogue records an asking price of {{Currency|150|INR}}.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/> [[Charles Fabri]], an art critic for the ''[[Civil and Military Gazette]]'' and present at the Lahore exhibition was quoted as saying in general that "Miss Sher-Gil's oeuvre is essentially modern without being fantastic. Simplification and the grasping of important essentials are the key-note in most of her work and there is a certain quality of decorativeness in most of her canvases. Her most fascinating subjects are women and children."<ref name=CMGDec1941>{{cite news |title=Well known artist dies in Lahore |work=Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) |date=7 December 1941 |page=4}}</ref> In an essay he wrote after her death, he called her a "miraculous marriage of Indian and Western, brought up in the discipline of western painting, suffused in her mental make-up with Indian feeling and attitudes".<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/>

Art historian [[Yashodhara Dalmia]] notes that "the colour blue made an impact with its rich, translucent hues".<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/> This she felt was part of the transition from Paris, where blues and greens were typical, to India, where she soon dropped those tones with the introduction of more reds and browns, as seen in her subsequent painting ''[[Three Girls (painting)|Three Girls]]''.<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/>

Sotheby's called the painting a combination of "diverse visual cultures of Europe and India. Stylised and powerful in its presentation{{nbsp}}... the work is both unequivocally modern and decidedly Indian at the same time".<ref name=Sotheby/>

==Ownership and conservation==
With the assistance of [[Diwan Chaman Lall]], the painting was sold to Fabri at the [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|Lahore exhibition of 1937]] and thereafter remained in his family.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/> In November 2018 it became the third of Sher-Gil's paintings to be sold by auction in India.<ref name=Tripathi2018>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Smita |title=Tyeb Mehta and Amrita Sher-Gil to lead Sotheby's first auction in India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/tyeb-mehta-and-amrita-sher-gil-to-lead-sotheby-s-first-auction-in-india/cid/1676887 |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113052353/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/tyeb-mehta-and-amrita-sher-gil-to-lead-sotheby-s-first-auction-in-india/cid/1676887|archive-date=13 November 2023|work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=28 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It fetched ₹18.69 [[crore]], or {{Usd|2.67 million}}, through auction at Sotheby's, Mumbai.<ref name=Tribune2028>{{cite news |title=Amrita Sher-Gil's 'The Little Girl in Blue' fetches Rs 18.69 crore |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/amrita-sher-gil-s-the-little-girl-in-blue-fetches-rs-18-69-crore-691393 |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=Tribune |date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112082104/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/amrita-sher-gil-s-the-little-girl-in-blue-fetches-rs-18-69-crore-691393 |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=Shaw2021>{{Cite thesis |title=Why Now?: The Euro-U.S. Canon Adopts Tarsila do Amaral and Amrita Sher-Gil Almost 90 Years Later |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64k1h1vj |publisher=UC Davis |date=2021 |language=en |first=Amanda |last=Shaw-Johnson}}</ref> At the time of sale the painting was generally in good state of conservation, though the edges were rubbed by the frame.<ref name=Sotheby/> There was slight unevenness of pigment with evidence of retouching, particularly of the girl's hair and clothing.<ref name=Sotheby/> The faces appeared spared from manipulation.<ref name=Sotheby/>

The work is a national art treasure under India's [[Antiquities and Art Treasures Act (1972)]].<ref name=Crichton-Miller2019>{{cite journal |last1=Crichton-Miller |first1=Emma |title=The market for modern Indian art |journal=Apollo Magazine |date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/modern-indian-art-market/}}</ref> As such, it must remain in India and may only leave the country with permission from the [[Government of India|Indian Central Government]].<ref name=Sotheby/><ref name=Crichton-Miller2019/>

==See also==
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
{{Portal bar|Art|Painting|India}}{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Little Girl in Blue}}
[[Category:1934 paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings of children]]
[[Category:Portraits of women]]
[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Paintings in India]]

Pothareddy Palli

2026-01-22T16:20:38Z

QWLDesiree: starting new stub

{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pothareddy Palli<ref>{{cite web |title=POTHIREDDY PALLI Pin Code - 505129, NA All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search KARIM NAGAR Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/telangana/karim-nagar/pothireddy-palli-pincode-505129.html |website=[[ABP News]] |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Nuzvid Taluk
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pothureddy Palli''' is a village in [[Nuzvid]] [[mandal]], located in [[Krishna district|Krishna]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Krishna district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Chakula

2026-01-21T17:16:33Z

QWLDesiree:

{{Short description|Mountain peak}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Chakula
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 6534
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1517
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Ladakh]]
| map = India#Ladakh
| map_caption = Location in Ladakh
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|33|23|50.93|N|78|26|29.624|E|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| type =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}
'''Chakula''' is a [[Summit|mountain peak]] located at {{cvt|6534|m}} above [[sea level]] in the far west of the [[Transhimalaya]] mountain range.

== Location ==
The peak is located between the villages of [[Chumathang]] and [[Chushul]] in the [[Leh district]], in the region of [[Ladakh]] which is administered as a [[union territory]] by [[India]]. The prominence is {{cvt|1517|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chakula|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/chakula.html|access-date=2021-11-07|website=PeakVisor|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of Ladakh]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Pio Esteves

2026-01-13T21:04:15Z

QWLDesiree: starting a pg

{{Short description|Indian writer and journalist (born 1968)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pio Esteves
| image = Pio Esteves.jpg
| caption = Esteves in 2015
| birth_name = Pio Antonio Jose Caetano Judas Esteves
| birth_place = [[Panjim]], Goa, India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|5|16|df=y}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Cristina Estibeiro|2002}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|journalist|cartoonist|poet|playwright|director}}
| years_active = 1990s–present
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[St. Xavier's College, Mapusa, Goa|St. Xavier's College]]
* [[MES College]]}}
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/pio.esteves}}
| module = {{Infobox writer
| embed = yes
| period =
| years_active = 2005–2020; 2022
| genre =
| language = [[Romi Konkani]]
}}
}}

'''Pio Antonio Jose Caetano Judas Esteves''' (born 16 May 1968) is an Indian writer, journalist, [[cartoonist]], poet, playwright, and [[theatre director]]. As a journalist, he works for the local daily English newspaper ''[[O Heraldo]]''. In the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatre scene, he is known for his work in children's ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Pio Antonio Jose Caetano Judas Esteves was born on 16 May 1968, in [[Panaji, Goa]]. His parents are Agostinho do Rodrigo Esteves and Victoria C. Caldeira dos Milagres Martins do Rego. Esteves received the sacrament of baptism at the [[Se Cathedral]] in [[Old Goa]]. His educational journey involved attending Don Bosco High School in Panaji for his primary education, followed by earning a [[bachelor's degree]] from [[St. Xavier's College, Mapusa, Goa|St. Xavier's College]] in [[Mapusa, Goa]]. He pursued further studies at [[MES College]] in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]] where he completed his higher education. Esteves embarked on a career in education after obtaining his [[postgraduate degree]]. He dedicated five years to teaching at St. Xavier's High School in [[Bathinda, Punjab]], and later served as a teacher at [[Christ School, Poonch|Christ School]] in [[Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir]], for an additional two years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |url=https://www.amazon.in/Kanknnam-Roman-konkani-Pio-Esteves/dp/B084ZYP3YZ |title=Kanknnam |date=2019-01-01 |publisher=Generic |edition= |language=Konkani |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401184918/https://www.amazon.in/Kanknnam-Roman-konkani-Pio-Esteves/dp/B084ZYP3YZ |url-status=live }}</ref> Esteves exhibited an affinity for the [[Konkani language]] from an early age, and
his passion for it continued to grow as he matured.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pio Esteves |url=http://archive.org/details/alebele0000pioe |title=Ale Bele |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=Esteves Prokaxon |others=Servants of Knowledge |pages=120}}</ref>

==Career==
On 24 April 2015, the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] (DKA) marked Konkani Cinema Day by launching a new edition of their [[in-house magazine]]. The magazine, curated and edited by Vincy Quadros, the secretary of DKA, and a team of editors including Esteves, Menino Almeida, and Walter Menezes, was unveiled by [[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza]], the then-[[Deputy Chief Minister of Goa]]. Esteves contributed a literary piece titled "How to Write Essays/Articles?" ({{langx|gom|Nibond/Lekh Koxe Borounche?}}) to this edition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-05-07 |title=DKA released 'Gõycho Pormoll' Special – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/05/07/magazines/buzz/dka-released-goycho-pormoll-special/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401184919/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/05/07/magazines/buzz/dka-released-goycho-pormoll-special/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 5 July 2015, the Dalgado Konknni Akademi (DKA) organized a "Poetry Presentation Workshop" at the Reginald Fernandes Conference Hall with the aim of providing guidance to poets writing [[Konkani in the Roman script]] and enhancing their [[presentation]] skills. Esteves was one of the poets who attended this [[workshop]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-07-16 |title=DKA holds successful 'poetry presentation workshop' – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/07/16/magazines/buzz/dka-holds-successful-poetry-presentation-workshop/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401184923/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/07/16/magazines/buzz/dka-holds-successful-poetry-presentation-workshop/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2016, the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] (DKA) hosted an award ceremony at the Reginald Fernandes Conference Hall. The event was graced by Brazinho Soares as the guest of honor, Natividade de Sa as a special invitee, and the presence of Premanand A. Lotlikar, the president of DKA, and Vincy Quadros, the secretary. Esteves was among the writers present at the function.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-04-05 |title='Bright Future for Romi Konknni': Harischandra Nagvenkar – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/04/05/magazines/buzz/bright-future-for-romi-konknni-harischandra-nagvenkar/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401184746/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/04/05/magazines/buzz/bright-future-for-romi-konknni-harischandra-nagvenkar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2016, the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG), in partnership with St. Mary's School in [[Ponda, Goa]], conducted a six-day [[acting workshop]] focused on ''[[tiatr]]s'' for students. Esteves, as the chief guest during the closing event, commended the fifteen participants and the school administration for their enthusiastic engagement with ''tiatr''. He awarded certificates to the participants, along with [[Religious sister|Sr.]] Leena Cotta, in the presence of Jose Alexandre Rodrigues, the member secretary, and Jess Luz, a JCA of TAG.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-05-13 |title=TAG and St Mary's School cheer on art of tiatr {{!}} The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/13/magazines/kuriocity/tag-and-st-marys-school-cheer-on-art-of-tiatr/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401184923/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/13/magazines/kuriocity/tag-and-st-marys-school-cheer-on-art-of-tiatr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2016, the opening ceremony of the writers' conference was led by Fr. Simão Diniz, the principal of [[List of institutions of higher education in Goa#General Education Colleges under Goa University|Rosary College of Commerce & Arts]] in [[Navelim]]. Hosted by the Dalgado Konkani Akademi (DKA), the conference aimed to encourage the development of [[Romi Konkani|Konkani literature in the Roman script]]. Willy Goes delivered a paper during the event, and the panel of speakers featured Alvaro Gomes, Brenda Menezes, and Esteves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-06-09 |title=DKA's writers' conference held – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/06/09/magazines/buzz/dkas-writers-conference-held/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401184814/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/06/09/magazines/buzz/dkas-writers-conference-held/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 October 2016, [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] (DKA) hosted two competitions and awareness programs. An evening event, consisting of a competition and an awareness program, was conducted at the [[Colva]] venue. This event was hosted at the Lions Club of Colva Hall, in collaboration with the [[Lions Club]] and JCI, Colva. Esteves, alongside other individuals, was in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-10-18 |title=DKA organises village-level Konkani Reading Competition and Konkani Awareness Programme – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/10/18/magazines/buzz/dka-organises-village-level-konkani-reading-competition-and-konkani-awareness-programme/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401184748/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/10/18/magazines/buzz/dka-organises-village-level-konkani-reading-competition-and-konkani-awareness-programme/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 May 2017, DKA organized the Göy Mogacho Kovita Utsov (poetry [[Convention (meeting)|convention]]) in [[Panaji]] to commemorate Goa Statehood Day. Esteves was among the featured poets who presented their poetic works. During discussions, the poets offered their insights on the advancements made by [[Goa]] in the 30 years since [[History of Goa|attaining statehood]]. Esteves engaged the audience through musical renditions, using a [[guitar]] and [[mouth organ]] for accompaniment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2017-05-31 |title=Reminiscing the last 30 years of statehood – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/05/31/magazines/buzz/reminiscing-the-last-30-years-of-statehood/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 22 October 2017, [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] arranged a "Workshop on Critical Evaluation" at the Reginald Fernandes Conference Hall. Esteves participated in the [[workshop]], alongside writers Sonia Gomes, Anselm Femandes, JP Pereira, Irene Cardozo, Fausto V. Da Costa, Vassalo Carvalho, Alvaro Gomes, and Anthony Correia Pienkar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2017-10-25 |title=DKA organised 'Workshop on Critical Evaluation of Books' – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/10/25/magazines/buzz/dka-organised-workshop-on-critical-evaluation-of-books/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2019, DKA arranged a two-day workshop focused on the art of [[novel writing]] at the St Joseph Vaz Spiritual Renewal Centre in [[Old Goa]]. Esteves was among the attending writers who benefited from the workshop. During the event, the DKA secretary, Vincy Quadros, shared insights on novel writing based on the guidelines by American writer [[Jerry Jenkins]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-04-07 |title=Inspiring the written word – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/04/07/magazines/buzz/inspiring-the-written-word/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2020, Esteves showcased his talents at the 10th Children's Tiatr Competition, jointly organized by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] and Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]]. He presented his self-written and directed ''[[tiatr]]'', titled ''Opangull'' (Handicap). Esteves earned accolades for his lyrics, while his cast members also received recognition in various categories, including Best Comedian (Female), Best Background Music, merit prizes for Best Solo (Male), Best Solo (Female), The Best Duet award, and a merit prize for Best Duo in singing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2020-01-19 |title='Kanvllean Kelem Kanv Kanv' wins big – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/01/19/magazines/buzz/kanvllean-kelem-kanv-kanv-wins-big/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021110429/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/01/19/magazines/buzz/kanvllean-kelem-kanv-kanv-wins-big/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 25 May 2002, he entered into matrimony with Cristina S. G. Estibeiro, a [[homemaker]] hailing from Macasana in [[Salcete]], [[Goa]]. The nuptial ceremony was held at St. Lawrence Martyr Church in [[Agaçaim]], where they exchanged their vows, following their [[civil marriage]] registration in [[Panaji]] two days prior.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Joaquim Loyola |date=25 May 2002 |title=Marriage Register |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030120953/https://goaonline.gov.in/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> Currently, he resides in Agaçaim with his spouse and children.<ref name=":1" /> He is actively engaged in his local parish church, St. Lawrence Martyr Church, serving as a [[mistri]], while also pursuing a career as a journalist. His professional endeavors as a journalist sparked his interest in photography, particularly capturing moments during cultural and religious events. He attributes his appreciation for the [[Konkani language]] to the influence and inspiration of Fr. Freddy J. da Costa, a [[Catholic]] priest and Konkani writer. Esteves is known for his strong devotion to the Catholic faith.<ref name=":0" /> On 12 May 2021, his mother Victoria died. In honor of her first [[death anniversary]] in 2022, Esteves published a biographical work entitled ''Niz Göykarn'' ({{translation|Native Goan}}) in the Konkani language. This publication marked Esteves's final literary contribution, as he subsequently decided to retire from writing books.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niz Goykarn (Romi Konkani) – GRANTH ABHIMAN |url=https://www.granthabhiman.com/product/niz-goykarn-romi-konkani/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401185314/https://www.granthabhiman.com/product/niz-goykarn-romi-konkani/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2005|title=Kupam|location=[[Agaçaim]], [[Goa]]|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2006|title=Pakham|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2007|title=Ambot Tik|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2008|title=Sallkam|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |date=11 November 2009|title=Kaddyo Boddyo|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2010|title=Lharam|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |date=13 October 2011|title=Jinneche Panvdde|location=[[Pilar, Goa]]|publisher=Pilar Industrial Institute|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |date=31 October 2012|title=Jinnechim Panvlam|location=Pilar, Goa|publisher=Pilar Industrial Institute|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |date=October 2013|title=Ale Bele|location=Pilar, Goa|publisher=Pilar Industrial Training Institute|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |date=18 November 2014|title=Jinnecheo Paklleo|location=Pilar, Goa|publisher=Pilar Industrial Institute|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2015|title=San'nam Vodde|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2016|title=Sorpotel|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2017|title=Katkutleo|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2018|title=Paim Vatt|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2018|title=Off the Mark|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Publications}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |date=2 January 2019|title=Kanknnam|location=Goa, India|publisher=Generic |asin=B084ZYP3YZ|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |year=2020|title=Patram|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Prakaxon|language=kok}}
*{{cite book |last=Esteves |first=Pio |date=12 May 2022|title=Niz Gõykarn|location=Agaçaim, Goa|publisher=Esteves Publications|language=kok}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Esteves, Pio}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]

Sadgop

2026-01-10T21:26:48Z

QWLDesiree: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{short description|Social community of India}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sadgop and Gop
| image =
| caption =
| regions = [[Birbhum]], [[Burdwan district|Burdwan]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]], [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Nadia]]
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Sadgop''' ({{langx|bn|সদগোপ}}), also spelled as '''Sadgope''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] [[Yadav]] (Gopa) caste.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Mamata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HABAAAAMAAJ&q=Sadgop+ahir |title=Tribes of Ancient India |date=1977 |publisher=Indian Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A"> People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 827 to 831 Seagull Books</ref> Traditionally they are engaged in cultivation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFsVOKk7AqcC&q=Sad+Gope+|title=Man in Biosphere: A Case Study of Similipal Biosphere Reserve|date=2013|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-212-1163-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name="BandyopadhyayRao2011">{{cite book|author1=Suraj Bandyopadhyay|author2=A R. Rao|author3=Bikas Kumar Sinha|title=Models for Social Networks With Statistical Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OIpYyzBTlsC&pg=PA24|year=2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-4168-6|pages=24–}}</ref> Since late mediaeval period Sadgops had established themselves as dominant political power in peripheral lateritic forest areas of [[Rarh region]], now included in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Burdwan district|Burdwan]] and [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] districts in [[West Bengal]]. [[Midnapore Raj|Karnagarh]], [[Narajole]],<ref name="McLane2002">{{cite book|author=John R. McLane|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA157|date=25 July 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|pages=157–}}</ref> [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur|Narayangarh]] and [[Balarampur, Purulia|Balarampur]] in Midnapore and several other zamindari estates in Burdwan, Hooghly, Birbhum belonged to them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Sudarshana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmL3zgEACAAJ |title=The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas C. 1700-1931 |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-367-70418-6 |pages=7, 16, 48, 197 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bandyopadhyay2004">{{cite book|author=Sekhar Bandyopadhyay|title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPqHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|date=1 July 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0407-0|pages=51–}}</ref> As of the late nineteenth century they were one of the fourteen castes belonging to 'Nabasakh' group.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Hitesranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezzuAAAAIAAJ&q=gandhabanik|title=Social Mobility in Bengal|date=1981|publisher=Papyrus|pages=115|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ |title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change |date=2022-09-26 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 |pages=128–129 |language=en}}</ref>

==Origin==
===Etymology===
The Sadgop name is derived from two Sanskrit word Sad and Gope, which means clean or good Gopes or milkmen.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFsVOKk7AqcC&q=Sadgop+Gope |title=Man in Biosphere: A Case Study of Similipal Biosphere Reserve |date=2013 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-212-1163-5 |language=en}}</ref>

===Origin===
The Sadgops are an offshoot of the pastoral [[Gopa (caste)|Gopa]] caste who broke away from the main caste before the middle of the sixteenth century. Their switch to agriculture was only 'the starting point of rise to eminence'. Through extending their activities to trade, they established control over the land they had put under the plough. Thus, leaders from the group acquired political power at the local level. Later on the group also ventured into trade and worked as officials of the state and the big [[Zamindar|Zamindars]]. Members of the new group also made achievements in the fields of religion, and from dissident Gop families came popular saints like Syamananda and the founder of the influential [[Kartabhaja]] sect, [[Aulchand]]. In the process, they changed their jati affiliation by adding sad (sat, 'clean') to their name, thus becoming Sadgops.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Hitesranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezzuAAAAIAAJ&q=sadgop+goala |title=Social Mobility in Bengal |date=1981 |publisher=Papyrus |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heierstad |first=Geir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7s1DgAAQBAJ&dq=sad+gop+goala&pg=PA24 |title=Caste, Entrepreneurship and the Illusions of Tradition: Branding the Potters of Kolkata |date=2017-01-02 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-518-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C1RAAAAYAAJ&dq=sadgop+goala&pg=PA353 |title=Census of India, 1911 |date=1902 |publisher=Superintendent Government Prtg. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Swaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2huAAAAMAAJ&q=sadgop+goala |title=Bathudi and Sounti Tribes: A Bio-anthropological Profile |date=1994 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0466-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Marvin G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kw4AAAAIAAJ&dq=sadgop+goala&pg=PA58 |title=Rank and Rivalry: The Politics of Inequality in Rural West Bengal |date=1983-03-10 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-24657-6 |language=en}}</ref>

The Sadgops believe they have descended from Lord [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFsVOKk7AqcC&q=Krishna|title=Man in Biosphere: A Case Study of Similipal Biosphere Reserve|date=2013|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-212-1163-5|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Varna===
Sadgops have generally been considered as clean [[shudra]]s (sat-shudras) in the caste structure of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Hitesranjan |date=1971 |title=Continuities of Social Mobility in Traditional and Modern Society in India: Two Case Studies of Caste Mobility in Bengal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/continuities-of-social-mobility-in-traditional-and-modern-society-in-india-two-case-studies-of-caste-mobility-in-bengal/ED9A4F64E784EE62E1DABCEDB0FD4504 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=315–339 |doi=10.2307/2942917 |jstor=2942917 |s2cid=163001574 |issn=1752-0401|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|title=The Tribes and Castes of West Bengal|last=Mitra|first=A.|date=1953|publisher=Land and Land Revenue Department, Government of West Bengal|page=21|series=Census 1951}}</ref> Like south India social groups of east India usually divided in two grades - Brahmins and Shudras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=SIRCAR |first=D. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12965 |title=STUDIES IN THE SOCIETY AND ADMINISTRATION OF ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA VOL. 1 |date=1959 |publisher=FIRMA K. L. MUKHOPADHYAY, CALCUTTA |pages=115}}</ref>

===Sanskritisation===
In the 1910s, Sadgops along with [[Ahir|Ahirs]], [[Gopa (caste)|Gops]], [[Gopal (caste)|Gopals]] etc began claiming [[kshatriya]] status based on claimed descent from the legendary king [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]]. The Yadav-kshatriya movement attracted communities in the [[Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]] who were associated with a combination of cultivation, cattle-herding, and dairy farming.<ref name="Pinch1996">{{cite book|author=William R. Pinch|title=Peasants and Monks in British India|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc|url-access=registration|accessdate=9 July 2017|date=18 June 1996|publisher=University of California Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-520-91630-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/91 91]}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
The Sadgop consist of a number of sub-divisions. They are an endogamous group and practice [[gotra]] exogamy. The Sadgop are mainly a landholding community, but many Sadgop have settled in [[Kolkata]] and other cities of West Bengal. Their own community organization is named as Bangiya Sadgop Samiti.<ref name="A"/>

Sadgops and Gops(Goala) both were included in the list of 177 "backward classes" for the state of West Bengal by [[Mandal Commission]]. Gops were given [[Other Backward Class]] status in 1990s (now OBC-A in West Bengal), and Sadgops have been recognized as an other backward class (OBC-B) since June 2025.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pfeffer|first1=Georg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change|last2=Behera|first2=Deepak Kumar|date=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Agrawal |first1=S. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COcwoYRCYhcC |title=Educational and Social Uplift of Backward Classes: At what Cost and How? : Mandal Commission and After |last2=Aggarwal |first2=J. C. |date=1991 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-339-9 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anagrasarkalyan {{!}} Backward Classes Welfare Department |url=https://anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/Bcw/ex_page/17 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=anagrasarkalyan.gov.in}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Rani Shiromani]], Zamindar of [[Karnagarh]], one of the leaders of [[Chuar Rebellion]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Swarupa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C&q=sadgop+kornagar&pg=PA289 |title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, c. 1867–1905 |date=2009 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17614-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mahendralal Sarkar]], Indian physician, founder of [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ernst |first=Waltraud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-GEAgAAQBAJ&dq=mahendralal+sarkar+sadgop&pg=PA50 |title=Plural Medicine, Tradition and Modernity, 1800-2000 |date= November 2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-73602-7 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rash Behari Ghosh]], Indian politician, lawyer and social worker

==See also==
*[[Gopa (caste)|Gopa]]
*[[Yadav]]
*[[Gopbhum]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali Hindu people}}

[[Category:Bengali Hindu castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]

Krishnagiri Stadium

2025-12-28T21:20:30Z

QWLDesiree: page fix

{{Short description|Cricket stadium in Wayanad, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Krishnagiri Stadium
| nickname =
| logo_image =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image = Krishnagiri Stadium.JPG
| caption = Krishnagiri Stadium
| fullname =
| former_names =
| location = [[Krishnagiri Village|Krishnagiri]], [[Wayanad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.664389|N|76.190197|E}}
| broke_ground =
| built =
| opened = {{start date and age|15|11|2013}}
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Kerala Cricket Association]]
| operator =
| surface = Grass (oval)
| scoreboard =
| construction_cost = {{INRConvert|5|c}}
| suites =
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 20,000
| record_attendance =
| executive_suites =
| dimensions =
| acreage =
| website =
| embedded =
| end1 =
| end2 =
| firsttestdate =
| firsttestyear =
| firsttesthome =
| firsttestaway =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttesthome =
| lasttestaway =
| international =
| onlyodidate =
| onlyodiyear =
| onlyodihome =
| onlyodiaway =
| onlyt20idate =
| onlyt20iyear =
| onlyt20ihome =
| onlyt20iaway =
| date =
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| source =
}}

'''Krishnagiri Stadium''' is a cricket stadium in [[Wayanad]], [[Kerala]]. The stadium is located in [[Krishnagiri Village]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It holds up to 20,000 people, and at 2,100 feet above sea level, it is the highest-altitude stadium used exclusively for [[cricket]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Scenic Krishnagiri Stadium Warms up for First International Match|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Scenic-Krishnagiri-Stadium-Warms-up-for-First-International-Match/2015/08/03/article2954355.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114071652/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Scenic-Krishnagiri-Stadium-Warms-up-for-First-International-Match/2015/08/03/article2954355.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2015|access-date = 2015-09-14}}</ref>

== History ==

The stadium site was purchased in 2006, and the foundation stone was laid in 2009 by former Indian cricket players [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] and [[Sunil Joshi]]. It was dedicated by Governor [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]] at Krishnagiri in Wayanad in 2013.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/2635/wayanadu-cricket-stadium/E|title=Mathrubhumi: ReadMore -'Cricket fever soon to clutch Krishnagiri'|work=mathrubhuminews.in|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193931/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/2635/wayanadu-cricket-stadium/E|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kcas-first-cricket-stadium-at-krishnagiri/article5473008.ece|title=KCA's first cricket stadium at Krishnagiri|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/high-altitude-stadium-to-be-commissioned-in-wayanad-dist_775644.html|title=High Altitude stadium to be commissioned in Wayanad dist|work=Zee News}}</ref> The stadium has hosted four first-class matches, including two between [[India A cricket team|India A]] and [[South Africa A cricket team|South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/10232_f.html|title=CA details|work=CricketArchive}}</ref>

== Features ==

* 11.5 acres
* Two-foot slanted height accelerates drainage<ref name=":0" />
* Grass viewing mound and a viewing gallery in the form of a sloped lawn for seating.<ref name=":1" />
* Main coaching center for [[cricket]] in the state ([[Kerala]]).<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Krishnagiri Stadium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150828211459/http://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/cricket/baby-snake-in-krishnagiri-stadium.html Krishna Stadium]
* [http://www.hotelgreatjubilee.in/wayanad-cricket-stadium.html Hotel Great Jubilee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703102237/http://www.hotelgreatjubilee.in/wayanad-cricket-stadium.html |date=3 July 2017 }}
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/10232.html CricketArchive]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/804003.html ESPNcricinfo]

{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{coord|11|39|53.75|N|76|11|25.18|E|display=title}}

{{Stadiums in Kerala}}
{{Wayanad}}

[[File:KrishnagiriStadium.jpg|thumb]]

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Kerala]]

Magahi Paan

2025-12-20T22:31:01Z

QWLDesiree: started the post w/ refs!

{{Short description|Type of Betel leaf variety from Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Magahi Paan (मगही पान)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description = Betel leaf variety cultivated in Bihar, India
| type = Betel leaf
| area = Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada and Nalanda districts
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 28 March 2018
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/554|ipindia.gov.in}}}}
'''Magahi Paan''' is a traditional crop variety of [[Betel leaf]] cultivated mainly in the [[Magadh division]] of the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=State likely to seek GI tag for five iconic products |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-agriculture-department-collaborates-with-bihar-agricultural-university-to-secure-gi-tags-for-unique-products/articleshow/112388990.cms |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=9 August 2024}}</ref> It is mainly cultivated in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Nawada district|Nawada]] and [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]] districts of southern Bihar.<ref name="indiatimes"/>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Magahi Paan".<ref>{{cite web |title=Magahi Paan |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/554 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>

==Name==
It is named after its place of origin, the ancient Indian region of [[Magadha]] located in the southern part of Bihar. The term "Magahi" originates from the word "Magadhi" (From the region of Magadha) which underwent phonological changes from [[Sanskrit]]. "Paan" means "leaf" in the local state language of [[Hindi]].<ref name="ipindia"/>

==Description==
India is home to diverse betelvine varieties, with Magahi being the most expensive and sought-after due to its tender nature. Magahi Paan, cultivated in the specific 4 districts, is renowned for its exceptional quality and premium price.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Success Story of Magahi Paan Grower for Income Enhancement in Rural Area|url=https://www.ijcmas.com/special/7/Shivnath%20Das,%20et%20al.pdf|journal=International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences|access-date=23 January 2025|date=21 February 2018|issn=2319-7706|author1=Shivnath Das|author2=Prabhat Kumar|author3=A.K. Pandey|author4=A.K. Das|author5=Sangeeta Kumari}}</ref> This variety of betel leaf boasts a pungent, less fibrous, and easily soluble [[betel quid]], along with an attractive shiny dark green color and distinct taste.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jardalu mango, Katarani paddy, Magahi betel leaf get GI tag |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jardalu-mango-katarani-paddy-magahi-betel-leaf-get-gi-tag-117120501414_1.html |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=यहां मिलता है स्पेशल मगही पान, 40 साल से स्वाद की बादशाहत कायम,जानिए खासियत |url=https://www.msn.com/hi-in/news/jharkhand/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%A8-40-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AC-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%96-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4/ar-AA1pinKJ?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=MSN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar Diwas 2024 - Marcha Rice To Silao Khaja, 7 GI-Tagged Foods From The State |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/news/bihar-diwas-2024-marcha-rice-to-silao-khaja-7-gi-tagged-foods-from-the-state-article-108694520 |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=Times Now |date=22 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Its excellent keeping quality further adds to its value. Its leaves are also the smallest among all paan cultivars.<ref name="ipindia">{{cite web|title=Magahi Paan|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/portal/ipojournal/1_2559_1/journal_101.pdf|website=Intellectual Property India|access-date=23 January 2025|date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

Magahi Paan's cultivation serves as a vital source of livelihood for the [[Chaurasia]] community.<ref>{{cite news |title=मगध की शान है नवादा का मगही पान - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/nawada-magadha-is-the-pride-of-navaada-kaaahi-paan-17479742.html |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The Chaurasia community, comprising small landholders and marginal farmers, has cultivated betel vine with expertise for generations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Magahi paan's popularity goes beyond India's borders, but farmers who grow them are unable to feed their children |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/magahi-paans-popularity-goes-beyond-indias-borders-but-farmers-who-grow-them-are-unable-to-feed-their-children-6270091.html |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=Firstpost |date=15 March 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref> Magahi Paan is sold by betel growers in Paan Mandis (markets) in [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] and [[Varanasi]], typically in units of 200 leaves per "Dholi".<ref>{{cite news |title=मशहूर बनारसी पान का बिहार के नवादा से है गहरा नाता जानिए कैसे, मगध की शान है "मगही पान" - The famous Banarasi paan is closely related to Nawada of Bihar know how the pride of Magadha is Maghi Paan |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-the-famous-banarasi-paan-is-closely-related-to-nawada-of-bihar-know-how-the-pride-of-magadha-is-maghi-paan-22708172.html |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Additionally, Magahi Paan is suitable for bleaching, which enhances its shelf life up to 30–35 days.<ref name="ipindia"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Success Story of Magahi Paan Grower for Income Enhancement in Rural Area |url=https://www.ijcmas.com/special/7/Shivnath%20Das,%20et%20al.pdf |website=International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>

Notably, Magahi Paan has a sweeter taste than Bangala Paan from [[West Bengal]]. Due to its medicinal value, Magahi Paan is commonly used as a mouth freshener, antiseptic, stimulant, and cough reliever. This variety is prized for its soft, smooth, and glossy leaves, which are preferred by "Paan" ([[Betel nut chewing|Betel Quid]]) connoisseurs and traders.<ref name="ipindia"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Three GI cheers for Bihar: Magahi paan, Jardalu mango, Katarni rice get exclusive tag |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/three-gi-cheers-for-bihar-magahi-paan-jardalu-mango-katarni-rice-get-exclusive-tag/story-OLrbSJh8OG5zMnj166u3eJ.html |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The [[India Post]] Eastern region, [[Patna]] had released a Special Postal Cover to commemorate the Geographical Indicator for Magahi Pan (Betelvine) highlighting the significance of Magahi Paan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Postal Cover on GI Tagged Magahi Pan Released |url=https://icar.org.in/node/329 |website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Bhavan |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 28 March 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Magahi Paan |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/554 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three Bihar agri products—Jardalu mango, Katarni paddy, Magahi Paan—set for GI tag |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/three-bihar-agri-products-jardalu-mango-katarni-paddy-magahi-paan-set-for-gi-tag/story-GzTygkRCVpWFLZxDtQzoAI.html |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 December 2017 |language=en-us}}</ref>

Magahi Paan Utpadak Kalyan Samiti from [[Bihar Agricultural University]] located in [[Bhagalpur]], proposed the GI registration of 'Magahi Paan'.<ref>{{cite news |title=GI tag cheer for trio from Bihar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/gi-tag-cheer-for-trio-from-bihar/cid/1439198 |access-date=21 January 2025 |agency=The Telegraph}}</ref> After filing the application in June 2016, the Betel leaf was granted the GI tag in 2018 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Magahi Paan" exclusive to the Betel leaf cultivated in the region. It thus became the second Betel leaf variety from India and the 11th type of goods from Bihar to earn the GI tag.

The prestigious GI tag, awarded by the GI registry, certifies that a product possesses distinct qualities, adheres to traditional production methods, and has earned a reputation rooted in its geographical origin.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=GI tag for jardalu mango, katarni rice and betel leaf |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gi-tag-for-jardalu-mango-katarni-rice-betel-leaf/articleshow/63561090.cms |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=1 April 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Marcha rice]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bihar}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]
[[Category:Economy of Bihar]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Betel leaf varieties of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Bihar]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Bihar]]

Padmāvatī

2025-11-27T19:09:35Z

QWLDesiree: starting new entry - done

{{Short description|Goddess in Jainism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| image = File:MET - Padmavati Idol (1).jpg
| alt = Padmavati
| caption = Padmavati, 10th century, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
| spouse = [[Dharanendra]]
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Padmāvatī''' is the protective goddess or śāsana devī (शासनदेवी) of [[Parshvanatha|Pārśvanātha]], the twenty-third [[Jain]] [[tirthankara|tīrthāṅkara]], complimenting Parshwa yaksha in Swetambara and Dharanendra in digambar the shasan deva.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=186}} She is a yakshini (attendant goddess) of Parshwanatha.{{sfn|Cort|1987|pp=235–255}}

== Jain biography ==
There is another pair of souls of a [[nāga]] and [[Nāga|nāginī]] who were saved by Parshwanath while being burnt alive in a log of wood by the [[tapas kamath]], and who were subsequently reborn as [[Indra]] (Dharanendra in particular) and Padmavati (different from sashan devi) after their death.{{Sfn|Babb|1996|p=33}} According to the [[Jainism|Jain]] tradition, Padmavati and her husband [[Dharanendra]] protected Lord Parshvanatha when he was harassed by Meghmali.{{Sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=21}}{{Sfn|Sūri|Raval|Shah|1987|p=267}} After Padmavati rescued Parshvanatha grew subsequently powerful in to yakshi, a powerful tantric deity and surpassed other snake goddess ''Vairotya''.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=221}}

== Legacy ==
=== Worship ===
[[File:9th century Padmavati Devi bas-relief Jain Monuments Chitaral Tamil Nadu India.jpg|thumb|left|9th century Padmavati relief in [[Chitharal Jain Monuments]] ]]
Goddess Padmavati along with [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] and [[Chakreshvari]] are held as esteemed deities and worshipped by Jains along with [[tirthankaras]].{{Sfn|Krishna|2014|p=68}}{{Sfn|Chawdhri|1992|p=128}} Ambika and Padmavati are associated with [[Tantra#Other religions|tantric]] rituals. Both Padmavati and Dharanendra are revered exclusively as powerful intercessor deities.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=186}} These tantric rites involves ''yantra-vidhi'', ''pitha-sthapana'' and ''mantra-puja''.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1989|p=29}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=221}} Friday of every week is a particularly popular day to worship the Goddess.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=213-214}}

=== In literature ===
* ''Bhairava-Padmavati-Kalpa'' written by Mallisena in 12th century is tantric text to worship Padmavati. The text discusses rites connected with Padmavati, namely, stambha, vasya, akarsana, nimitta-jnana, garuda tantra etc.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=277}}
* ''Adbhuta-Padmavati-Kalpa'' is [[Śvetāmbara]] text composed by Shri Chandra Suri, 12th century.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=277}}
* ''Padmavati-astaka'' composed by Śvetāmbara scholar Parshvadeva gani is commentary of various tantric rites.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=277}}
* ''Padmavati-catusadika'' composed by Jinaprabha suri.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=277}}
* ''Padmavati-Pujanama'', ''Padmavati-strota'', ''Padmavati-sahasra-nama-strota'', ''Rakta-Padmavati-Kalpa'' are tantric text dedicated to Padmavati.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=277}}

=== Iconography ===
A snake's hood covers her head, and she sits on a lotus flower. Often a small image of Parshvanatha is placed in her crown. She may be depicted as four-armed, carrying noose and rosary (japa mala), elephant goad, lotus and a fruit.{{Sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=21}} Her mount, or [[vahana]], is the rooster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jain Goddess Padmavati {{!}} India (Gujarat) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/76744 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> Yaksha-Yakshi pair sculptures of Padmavati Ambika and [[Dharanendra]] are one of the most favoured along with [[Gomukha]]-[[Chakreshwari]] and Sarvahanabhuti-[[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]].{{Sfn|Tiwari|1989|p=13}}
<gallery>
File:Indian - Mandala of Padmavati - Walters 543007.jpg|'Mandala of Padmavati', bronze, [[Walters Art Museum]], 11th century
File:Sculpture of Yakshi Padmavathi at Akkana Basadi in Shravanabelagola.jpg|Sculpture of Goddess Padmavati in [[Akkana Basadi]], 12th century
File:Padmavati Chandigarh Museum.jpg|Sculpture of Padmavati in the [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]]. [[Chola dynasty]], 13th century
File:Padmavati Devi Walkeshwar Jain Temple.jpg|Goddess Padmavati at [[Walkeshwar#Places_of_interest|Walkeshwar Jain Temple]]
File:Shri Mahaveerji temple - Padmavati Idol.jpg|Padmavati at [[Shri Mahavirji]]
File:Hanumantal padmavati.jpg|Goddess Padmavati at [[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]], [[Jabalpur]]
</gallery>

=== Main temples ===
* [[Padmakshi Gutta]] in Warangal, Telangana
* [[Padmavati temple, Humcha]], 7th century temple

<gallery>
File:Karkala_1.jpg|Padmavati Basadi, [[Karkala]], [[Karnataka]]
File:Backside view of Basadi in Humcha.jpg|[[Padmavati temple, Humcha|Padmavati temple]], [[Humcha]]

File:Bale padmavati.jpg| Bale Padmavati Temple, [[Padmavati Temple Vadanbilu]], [[jog falls]] [[Karnataka]]

</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Humcha]]
* [[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]]

==References==
===Citation===
{{Reflist}}

===Source===
*{{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|jdjNkZoGFCgC|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}
*{{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant P. | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina Iconography |url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=267|plainurl=yes}} |year=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 }}
*{{citation |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra | author-link1=Jyotindra Jain |last2=Fischer |first2=Eberhard | author-link2=Eberhard Fischer (art historian) |title=Jaina Iconography |url={{Google books|mbXwopoqITIC|page=21|plainurl=yes}} | year=1978 | publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden | isbn=978-90-04-05259-8 }}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|first=John|last=Cort|author-link=John E. Cort|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2010|isbn=9780199739578}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y64wDwAAQBAJ|title=Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture|first=Lawrence A. |last=Babb|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley, Calif.|date=1996|isbn=9780520203242|access-date=2017-09-22}}
*{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0Tt04JDN0kC| title=Ambika in Jaina Art and Literature | first=Dr. Maruti Nandan Prasad | last=Tiwari | publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] | date=1989 }}
*{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_xsAwAAQBAJ | title=Sacred Plants of India | first=Nanditha | last=Krishna | publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]] | date=2014 | isbn=9789351186915 }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngmw3CDm4MkC|title=Secrets of Yantra, Mantra and Tantra| first=L. R. |last=Chawdhri | publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |date=1992 |isbn=9781845570224 }}
*{{cite book|url=http://ualberta.worldcat.org/title/padmasundarasuriviracita-yadusundaramahakavya/oclc/255996470|title=Padmasundarasūriviracita Yadusundaramahākāvya|last1=Sūri|first1=Padmasundara|last2=Raval|first2=D. P|last3=Shah|first3=Nagin J|series=L. D. Series 105 |date=1987|publisher=Lālabhāī Dalapatabhāī Bhāratīya Saṃskṛti Vidyāmadira|location=Ahamadābād|language=sa}}
*{{cite journal|last=Cort|first=John|author-link=John E. Cort|date=1987-01-01|title=Medieval Jaina Goddess Traditions|journal=[[Numen]]|language=en|volume=34|issue=2|pages=235–255|doi=10.1163/156852787x00047|issn=1568-5276 }}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}

{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jain minor deities]]
[[Category:Parshvanatha]]
[[Category:Nāgas]]

Modheshwari

2025-11-13T14:35:44Z

QWLDesiree:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Modheshwari Mata ({{langx|gu|મોઢેશ્વરી}})''' is an aspect of the ''[[devi]]'' [[Matangi]]. She is the [[Kuladevata|clan deity]] of the [[Modh]] community of [[Gujarat]].

==Mythological story==
It is believed that the demon Karnat was creating havoc in the region by disturbing the [[Brahmin]]s and [[Vaishya]]s during their prayers. Seeking protection from the demon, the Brahmins and Vaishyas went together to the goddess Parvati Mata. On hearing their grievances, she became angry and a flame emerged from her mouth, which gave birth to an aspect of her known as Goddess Modheshwari. The Goddess slayed the demon and bestowed her blessings upon the Modh community. She promised to always protect those who worship her. This incarnation of the goddess has eighteen arms, each having a weapon; the most prominent being the trident.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://modh-samaj.com/pragatya.htm | title=Modheswari Ma's Pragatya | access-date=2013-06-09 | archive-date=2022-12-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208021255/http://modh-samaj.com/pragatya.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Iconography==
The goddess is depicted as having eighteen arms, each having a weapon, including a [[trishula]], [[khaḍga]], [[talwar]], [[kamandala]], [[shankha]], [[gada (mace)|gada]], [[pash (weapon)|pash]], [[dándá|danda]], [[damaru]].

==Clan deity==
She is the clan deity of the [[Modh]] community, which consists of four groups: Brahmin [[Modh Brahmin's]], Patel [[Modh Patidar]], [[Modh Vaishya]], [[Modh Modi]] and [[Modh Kshatriya]] all of whom were residents of the Modhera region ([[Modhera]]).

The Modh people mainly reside in modern-day [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]]. A common surname of Modh Brahmins is [[Trivedi]]. Modeshwari Mata is Kuldevi of Prime Minister [[Narendra Damodardas Modi]]

==Temples==
Among the ancient temples of Goddess Modheshwari, one is located at [[Modheshwari Temple, Modhera|Modhera]] ,<ref name=m>Gujarat State Gazetteers: Mehsana - Page xxiv</ref> which gets its name from the goddess.<ref name=g>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India, Volume 2 By Manohar Sajnani|year=2001|page=112|isbn=9788178350189|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&dq=modheshwari&pg=PA112|last1=Sajnani|first1=Manohar}}</ref> The temple is located near the ruins of famous [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Sun Temple]], where another original place of worship is situated below the step-well.<ref name=g/>

Another ancient temple is located at [[Chanasama]] in [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] [[taluka]] of Gujarat.<ref name=m/>

There are notable temples of the devi in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bharuch]], [[Bhavnagar]], [[Bhuj]], [[Himmatnagar]], [[Jhabua]], [[Khedbrahma]], [[Sinhore]], [[Tera, Kutch|Tera]], [[Ujjain]] and [[Vadodara]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://modh-samaj.com/temples.htm |title=Temples of Modheswar |access-date=2013-06-09 |archive-date=2019-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320081617/http://modh-samaj.com/temples.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Modhera]]

2024 Speaker of the Lok Sabha election

2025-11-05T05:12:46Z

QWLDesiree:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Speaker election in India}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Speaker of the Lok Sabha election
| flag_image = [[File:Lok Sabha.svg|100px]]
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| before_election = [[Om Birla]]
| title = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| after_election = [[Om Birla]]
| previous_election = 1976 Speaker of the Lok Sabha election
| previous_year = 1976
| election_date = 26 June 2024
| next_year = 2029
| 1blank = Constituency
| 2blank = Result
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Om Birla (2021) (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| candidate1 = '''[[Om Birla]]'''
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| 1data1 = [[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]]
| 2data1 = '''[[Voice vote|Won by Majority Voice]]'''
| 3data1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=കൊടിക്കുന്നിൽ സുരേഷ്.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| candidate2 = [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
| 1data2 = [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]]
| 2data2 = [[Voice vote|Lost by Minority Voice]]
| 3data2 =
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The '''2024 [[Lok Sabha Speaker]] election''' in India was held on 26 June 2024 to elect the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]] of the [[18th Lok Sabha]]. It was the fourth Lok Sabha Speaker election in India after 1952, 1967, and 1976 elections.<ref name="FourthElection"/>{{efn|6 elections were held to elect speakers of [[Central Legislative Assembly]] from 1925 to 1946.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-06-18 |title=Lok Sabha Speaker chosen by consensus since Independence |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-speaker-chosen-by-consensus-since-independence/article68302564.ece |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |quote=The post of the Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly witnessed a contest on six occasions between 1925 and 1946.}}</ref> Incumbent Speaker [[Om Birla]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] was elected back to the position after defeating [[Kodikunnil Suresh]] of the [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Om Birla wins Lok Sabha Speaker contest, defeats INDIA bloc's K Suresh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-wins-lok-sabha-speaker-battle-steer-lower-house-second-term-2558236-2024-06-26 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=NDA candidate Om Birla elected Speaker of Lok Sabha for 2nd consecutive term |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/om-birla-ls-speaker-1.9670006 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |quote=New Delhi: Om Birla, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) candidate and Member of Parliament from Kota, Rajasthan, was elected as the Speaker of the 18th Lok Sabha on Wednesday. The motion, moved by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and seconded by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, was adopted through a voice vote amidst resounding 'Ayes' and 'Noes' echoing in the house. Pro-tem Speaker Bhartruhari Mahtab officially declared Om Birla as the Speaker of the lower house. Interestingly, the opposition, which had nominated K Suresh as the candidate for the INDIA bloc, chose not to press for a division vote.}}</ref>

==History==
In 1952, following the [[1951–52 Indian general election|election]] of the [[1st Lok Sabha]], 2 leaders from the Congress, [[G. V. Mavalankar]] and [[Shankarrao More|Shankar Shantaram More]] contested for the post, with the former winning with 394 votes, with only 5 MPs opposing. In 1967, Congress leader [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] contested against Independent MP [[Tenneti Viswanadham]] for the Speaker's post, with the former winning with 278 votes, while 207 members voted against him. In 1976, following the resignation of [[Gurdial Singh Dhillon|G. S. Dhillon]], [[Bali Ram Bhagat]] of [[Indian National Congress (R)|INC(R)]] contested against [[Jagannathrao Joshi]] of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] for the post of Speaker with 344 votes in his favour and 58 voting against him.<ref name="FourthElection">{{cite news |last1=Banakar |first1=Pushkar |last2=Henry |first2=Nikhila |title=Three previous Speaker elections: in first Lok Sabha, post-Emergency |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/lok-sabha-speaker-elections-9413946/ |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Since the [[6th Lok Sabha]], the speaker has been selected by the ruling party without a formal election with support from the Opposition parties in exchange for the government to nominate an Opposition MP as the [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]. The Opposition parties under the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (buoyed by its increase in numbers) were demanding the post of deputy speaker (vacant throughout the duration of the [[17th Lok Sabha|previous Lok Sabha]]) as per the convention in exchange for their unconditional support to the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] candidate for the post of speaker. After the government refused to meet their demand, the opposition fielded its candidate for election to the post of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-25 |title=Congress' Kodikunnil Suresh files nomination for LS Speaker post, forcing first-ever contest since 1946 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2024/06/25/kodikunnil-suresh-congress-speaker-post-election.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

==Election process==
Newly elected [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament]] from the [[Lok Sabha]] who have been administered the oath of office by the pro-tem Speaker (whose oath is administered by the [[President of India|President]]) elect the Speaker among themselves. The Speaker should be someone who understands how the Lok Sabha functions and should be someone accepted among the ruling and opposition parties.

After the general elections, the President of India notifies the first meeting of the Lok Sabha as well as the date for the election of the Speaker. Generally either on the day of the election of the Speaker of a day before it, the Prime Minister or the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs proposes the name of the candidate. Any other candidate may also submit their names however, until now, all elections of Lok Sabha speakers have been unanimous.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules/rulep3.pdf|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=21 December 2018|title=Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker and Nomination of Panel of Chairpersons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://speakerloksabha.nic.in/roleofthespeaker.asp|title=The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha|website=speakerloksabha.nic.in|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title= Lok Sabha Speaker elected without contest since Independence| url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/lok-sabha-speaker-elected-without-contest-since-independence-nda-vs-india-find-details-in-5-points-11718689785843.html}}</ref> If only one name is proposed, the Speaker is elected without any formal vote. However, if more than one nomination is received, a division (vote) is called. The successful candidate is elected as Speaker of the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-25 |title=Congress' Kodikunnil Suresh files nomination for LS Speaker post, forcing first-ever contest since 1946 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2024/06/25/kodikunnil-suresh-congress-speaker-post-election.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

==Election schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
!S.No.
!'''Event'''
!'''Date'''
!'''Day'''
|-
!1.
|Date of filing nominations
|25 June 2024
|Tuesday
|-
!2.
|Date of election and result
|26 June 2024
|Wednesday
|}

==Election==
The BJP led NDA fielded 3 time [[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]] MP, Om Birla, who had also served as the Speaker for the previous Lok Sabha as its candidate. Birla's tenure was characterised by frequent suspension of Opposition MPs. In the last session of the previous Lok Sabha, he had suspended a total of 100 MPs of the Opposition for disrupting parliamentary business in demand of a statement from Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] on the [[2023 Indian Parliament breach|breach of parliamentary security]], including 45 MPs on a single day which was considered unprecedented in India's parliamentary history till then.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nihalani |first=Jasmin |date=2023-12-21 |title=Record breaking suspension of 146 MPs: Which States and parties affected most {{!}} Data |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/record-breaking-suspension-of-143-mps-which-states-and-parties-affected-most-data/article67661005.ece |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The opposition Congress led INDIA fielded its seniormost MP, 8 time MP from [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]], Kodikunnil Suresh. As the seniormost MP amongst all elected members of the 18th Lok Sabha, it was expected that the government would make Suresh the pro-tem Speaker according to the established parliamentary traditions. However, the government instead chose [[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]] MP [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]], who had been elected on a BJP ticket this time after representing [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] for the last 6 terms as the pro-tem Speaker, drawing widespread condemnation from the Opposition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chitre |first=Manjiri |date=24 June 2024 |title=Row over appointment of Bhartruhari Mahtab as pro-tem Speaker explained |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/row-over-appointment-of-bhartruhari-mahtab-as-pro-tem-speaker-explained-101719197571426-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The election was conducted through [[voice vote]]. The NDA had the clear majority with 293 MPs. Om Birla was also supported by unaligned parties like the [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] (4 MPs), [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (1 MP), [[Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|ASP(KR)]] (1 MP) & [[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|VPP]] (1 MP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Om Birla, K Suresh to face off in first Lok Sabha Speaker poll in nearly 50 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-lok-sabha-speaker-post-narendra-modi-move-motion-india-bloc-k-suresh-row-over-post-2558149-2024-06-26 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The opposition INDIA (234 MPs + 3 Independents) was on backfoot since 5 of its members were yet to take oath as MPs,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Parliament Session 2024: Seven MPs, including Amritpal Singh, set to take oath as members of 18th Lok Sabha today |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/parliament-session-2024-seven-mps-including-amritpal-singh-set-to-take-oath-as-members-of-18th-lok-sabha-today/3535073/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> which meant that they couldn't participate in the voting process. [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (1 MP), [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]] (1 MP) & 2 Independents ([[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]] & [[Umeshbhai Patel]]) didn't participate in the voting.

==See also==
*[[2024 Indian general election]]
*[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2024 elections in India]]
[[Category:18th Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Speaker of the Lok Sabha elections]]

Rajasthan State Commission for Protection of Child Rights

2025-11-03T21:22:36Z

QWLDesiree: starting data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}

{{Infobox Law enforcement agency
| agencyname = ''Rajasthan State Commission for Protection of Child Rights''
| nativename = '''राजस्थान राज्य बाल अधिकार संरक्षण आयोग'''
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| country = India
| federal = Yes
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| legaljuris = [[Jaipur]]
| governingbody = [[Government of India]]
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
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| oversightbody = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
| headquarters = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
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| parentagency = [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]]
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The '''Rajasthan State Commission for Protection of Child Rights''' ('''RSCPCR''') was constituted by the [[Government of Rajasthan]] in 2010 to address the public grievances relating to child rights violations as per the [[Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-05 |title=Child rights commission seeks report over kids joining doctors' protest |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/child-rights-commission-seeks-report-over-kids-joining-doctors-protest/articleshow/99254949.cms |access-date=2023-12-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/Rajasthan-RSCPCRR%202010.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211154450/https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/Rajasthan-RSCPCRR%202010.pdf | archive-date=2023-12-11}}</ref>

== Functions ==
It aims to uphold and defend the rights of children in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Mohammed |date=2021-06-14 |title=Rajasthan Child Rights Commission to identify children for COVID-19 relief |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-child-rights-commission-to-identify-children-for-covid-19-relief/article34814122.ece |access-date=2023-12-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It oversees the enforcement of laws related to children, including the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act|Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012]], and the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009]], as outlined in Sections 13, 14, and 15 of the CPCR Act, 2005, and Section 9 of the RCPCR Rules, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kids exploited right under Rajasthan govt's nose! Seven child labourers rescued from state-run dairy in Jaipur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/rajasthan-govt-child-labourers-rescued-state-run-dairy-103381-2012-05-24 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=India Today |date=25 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://rscpcr.rajasthan.gov.in/department-order/129 RSCPCR website]
{{Indian commissions}}
[[Category:Human rights enforcement agencies in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Children's rights in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2010]]