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Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T10:48:51Z

QLXChristoper: Created The Place More To Come - done

'''Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India|Indian]] [[States of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajarhat New Town
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Rajarhat New Town.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rajarhat New Town Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Piyush Kanodia]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| preceded_by = [[Tapash Chatterjee]]

| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| constituency_no = 115
| established = 1962
| electors = 2,52,588
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 50
| value2 = 25
| value3 = 12.5
| value4 = 6.25
| value5 = 6.25

| label1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (8 times)
| label2 = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (4 time)
| label3 = [[Indian National Congress]] (2 times)
| label4 = [[Communist Party of India]] (1 time)
| label5= [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1 time)

| color1 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| color2 = {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color4 = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}
|color5 = {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| caption = '''Most Successful parties from Rajarhat-Newtown assembly'''
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 115 Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos. 1–5,12-14,20-21 of [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] (Before 2015 Wards 1-6 & 10-13 of [[Rajarhat|Rajarhat-Gopalpur]] Municipality) and Ward 27 of [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]](formerly Mahisbathan–II gram panchayat of [[Rajarhat (Community development block)|Rajarhat CD Block]]) and remaining [[Rajarhat (Community development block)|Rajarhat CD Block]]<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency is part of No. 17 [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> Rajarhat (SC) was part of [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 15 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|Rajarhat
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Pranab Prasad Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S.N. Das
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Rabindranath Mondal
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Khagendranath Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Rabindranath Mondal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Tanmoy Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Rabindranath Mondal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
!colspan="4"|Rajarhat New Town
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Sabyasachi Dutta]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Tapash Chatterjee]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Piyush Kanodia
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajarhat New Town<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS25115.htm</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Piyush Kanodia|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=106,564|percentage=42.19|change={{Increase}}11.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tapash Chatterjee]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=106,248|percentage=42.07|change={{Decrease}}12.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Saptarshi Deb|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=32,246|percentage=12.77|change={{Decrease}}0.66}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sk Nizamuddin|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,885|percentage=0.75|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,792|percentage=0.71|change={{Decrease}}0.16}}
{{Election box majority||votes=316|percentage=0.12|change={{Decrease}}23.09}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=252,560|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajarhat New Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Tapash Chatterjee]]
|votes = 127,374
|percentage = 54.22
|change = {{Increase}} 8.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bhaskar Roy|votes=70,942|percentage=30.20|change={{Increase}} 23.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Saptarshi Deb|votes=31,543|percentage=13.43|change={{Decrease}} 27.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=2,032|percentage=0.87|change={{Decrease}}0.30}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhendu Ghosh
|votes = 1,313
|percentage = 0.56
|change ={{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bhaskar Roy|votes=1,137|percentage=0.48|change={{Decrease}} 0.52}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subir Samaddar
|votes = 565
|percentage = 0.24
|change ={{New}}
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=56,432|percentage=24.02|change={{Increase}} 17.40}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=234,906|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajarhat New Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sabyasachi Dutta]]
|votes = 90,671
|percentage = 45.58
|change = {{Down}}3.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Narendranath Chatterjee|votes=81,478|percentage=40.96|change={{Down}}3.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nupur Ghosh|votes=17,877|percentage=8.98|change={{Up}}6.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Sheikh Md. Salim|votes=3,087|percentage=1.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bhaskar Roy|votes=1,998|percentage=1.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Samir Sardar|votes=1,447|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=2,332|percentage=1.17|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=8,923|percentage=4.62|change={{Down}}0.11}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=198,890|percentage=84.29|change={{Down}}4.95}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -0.06
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Sabyasachi Dutta of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Tapash Chatterjee of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Rajarhat New Town constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission
| access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=115| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507064851/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=115| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 7 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Rajarhat New Town| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Sabyasachi Dutta]]|votes=80,738|percentage=49.23|change=+1.83#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Tapash Chatterjee|votes=72,991|percentage=44.50|change=-5.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Priyalal Dutta|votes=3,827|percentage=2.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=Md. Salim Makkar|votes=1,474|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tapan Kumar Paul
|votes = 1,159
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Himangsu Mallick
|votes = 1,093
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopal Chakraborty
|votes = 881
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Basudeb Naskar|votes=834|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,747|percentage=4.72|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=164,000|percentage=89.24|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006 Rajarhat===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> [[Rabindranath Mondal]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Rajarhat (SC) assembly seat defeating Tanmoy Mondal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatReport_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Tanmoy Mondal of Trinamool Congress defeated [[Rabindranath Mondal]] of CPI(M). Prior to that Rabindranath Mondal had won the seat five times in a row defeating Tanmoy Mondal representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Sukumar Roy of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Biswananda Naskar of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Tanmoy Mondal of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Amalendu Sekhar Naskar of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp91.htm |title = 91 – Rajarhat (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2011}}</ref>

===1962–1972 Rajarhat===
Khagendranath Mondal of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> [[Rabindranath Mondal]] of CPI(M) won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> S.N.Das of CPI(M) won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Pranab Prasad Roy of CPI won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Prior to that the Rajarhat seat was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

1937 Bombay Presidency legislative election

2026-05-04T05:08:04Z

QLXChristoper:

{{Short description|Election in 1937}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1937 Bombay Presidency legislative assembly election
| country = British Raj
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| next_election = 1946 Bombay Presidency legislative assembly election
| next_year = '''1946'''
| election_date = 1937
| seats_for_election = All 175 seats in the [[Legislature of Maharashtra|Legislative Assembly of Bombay Presidency]]
| image1 = [[File:BG Kher 1989 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|130x130px]]
| leader1 = [[Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher|B.G Kher]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat1 = Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District
| seats1 = 86
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| swing1 =
| image2 =
| leader2 = [[Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi]]
| party2 = All-India Muslim League

| leaders_seat2 = Surat and Rander Cities, Urban
| seats2 = 20
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| swing2 =
| majority_seats = 88
| title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Prime Minister]]
| after_election = [[Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher|B.G.Kher]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

The elections to the two houses of legislatures of the [[Bombay Presidency]] were held in 1937, as part of the nationwide [[Indian Provincial Elections, 1937|provincial elections]] in [[British India]]. The [[Indian National Congress]] was the single largest party by winning 86 of 175 seats in the Legislative Assembly and 13 of 60 seats in the Legislative Council.

The Congress Government that was formed after the elections under [[B. G. Kher]] lasted till October 1939, when it resigned protesting India's involvement in the [[Second World War]]. The next election was held in 1946.

== Government of India Act of 1935 ==
The [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act of 1935]] abolished dyarchy and ensured provincial autonomy. It created a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature in the Bombay province. The Legislature consisted of the Governor and two Legislative bodies - a Legislative Assembly and a Legislative Council. The Assembly consisted of 175 members who were further classified into General seats and those reserved for special communities and interests. The Legislative Council consisted of 60 members. It was a permanent body not subject to dissolution by the Gover
The Act provided for a limited adult franchise based on property qualifications.<ref name="low">nor and one-third of its members retired every three years.
{{Cite book| last =Low| first =David Anthony| title =Eclipse of empire| publisher =Cambridge University Press| year = 1993| pages = 154| isbn =0-521-45754-8| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=QBaYddlnKBEC&pg=PA154 |id= }}</ref>

==Results==
The Congress contested 110 out of the total 175 seats in the assembly out of which 97 were general constituencies. For the council, it contested 15 out of the 26 seats where elections took place.

In the assembly, 15 seats were reserved for the Scheduled Castes. Out of these, Congress Party secured one seat unopposed and contested 8 seats out of which it won 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/freedom/29ambed1.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Arun Shourie questions B R Ambedkar's contribution to Indian Independence|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly===
Party wise break up of seats in the Bombay Legislative Assembly:<ref name="natesan">{{Cite book| last =Natesan| first =G. A.| title = The Indian review, Volume 38| publisher =G.A. Natesan & Co| year = 1937| pages =151| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-tWHqpLLKG0C }}</ref>

Total Number of Seats : 175
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!Party
!Seats
|-
|align=left|[[Indian National Congress]]||88
|-
|align=left|Independents||32
|-
|align=left|[[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]||20
|-
|align=left|[[Independent Labour Party (India)|Independent Labour Party]]||12
|-
|align=left|Europeans, Anglo-Indians and Indian Christians||8
|-
|align=left|Non-Brahman||8
|-
|align=left|[[Democratic Swarajya Party]]||5
|-
|align=left|Peasants Party||2
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''||'''175'''
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Source: [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110 Schwartzberg Atlas]
|}

<ref name="TOIWho">{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Stanley|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|year=1937|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yagSAAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

=== MLAs elected ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Reservation
!Constituency
!Member
|-
|
|Bombay City (Byculla and Parel)
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="102" |Hindu
|
|Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]]
|-
|Bombay City (Fort, Mandvi, Girgaum and Bhlueshwar)
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Ahmedabad City
|
|-
|Poona City
|
|-
|Sholapur City
|
|-
|Surat amd Rander Cities
|
|-
|Ahmedabad North
|
|-
|Ahmedabad North
|
|-
|Ahmedabad South
|
|-
|Ahmednagar North
|
|-
|Ahmednagar North
|
|-
|Ahmednagar North
|
|-
|Ahmednagar North
|
|-
|Ahmednagar South
|
|-
|Ahmednagar South
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Belgaum North
|
|-
|Belgaum North
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Belgaum South
|
|-
|Belgaum South
|
|-
|Bharuch
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Bijapur North
|
|-
|Bijapur South
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Dharwad North
|
|-
|Dharwad North
|
|-
|Dharwad North
|
|-
|Dharwad North
|
|-
|Dharwad North
|
|-
|Dharwad South
|
|-
|Dharwad South
|
|-
|Dharwad South
|
|-
|East Khandesh East
|
|-
|East Khandesh East
|
|-
|
|
|-
|East Khandesh West
|
|-
|East Khandesh West
|
|-
|East Khanesh West
|
|-
|Kaira
|
|-
|Kaira
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Kanara
|
|-
|Kanara
|
|-
|Kanara
|
|-
|Kolaba
|
|-
|Nashik East
|
|-
|Nashik East
|
|-
|Nashik West
|
|-
|Nashik West
|
|-
|Nashik West
|
|-
|Nashik West
|
|-
|Panchmahal East
|
|-
|Panchmahal West
|
|-
|Panchmahal West
|
|-
|Poona East
|
|-
|Poona East
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Poona West
|
|-
|Ratnagiri North
|
|-
|Ratnagiri North
|
|-
|Ratnagiri North
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Ratnagiri South
|
|-
|Ratnagiri South
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Satara North
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Satara South
|
|-
|Satara South
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Sholapur North East
|
|-
|Sholapur North East
|
|-
|Sholapur North East
|
|-
|Sholapur South West
|
|-
|Sholapur South West
|
|-
|Surat
|
|-
|Surat
|
|-
|Surat
|
|-
|Surat
|
|-
|Thane North
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Thane South
|
|-
|Thane South
|
|-
|
|
|-
|West Khandesh East
|
|-
|West Khandesh East
|
|-
|West Khandesh West
|
|-
|Bombay City (Girgaum) women
|Annapurna Gopal Deshmukh
|-
|Bombay City (Bhuleshwar) women
|[[Lilavati Munshi|Lilavati Kanaiyalal Munshi]]
|-
|Poona City women
|Lakshmibai Ganesh Thuse
|-
|Ahmedabad City women
|Vijayagauri Balvantrai Kanuga
|-
|Dharwad women
|Nagamma Veerangouda Patil
|-
| rowspan="31" |Muslim
|Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban
|Khan Bahadur Ali Bahadur
|-
|
|Muhammad Musa Qilledar
|-
|Bombay City South
|Hussain Abubakr Beg Muhammad
|-
|
|Muhammad Ali Allah Baksh
|-
|Ahmedabad City
|Muhammad Yasin Nuri
|-
|Surat and Rander Cities
|Sir [[Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi]]
|-
|Ahmedabad
|[[I. I. Chundrigar|Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar]]
|-
|Ahmednagar
|Muhammadbawa Madhubawa Patel
|-
|Belgaum
|Abdul Majid Abdul Kader Gheewale
|-
|Bharuch
|Musaji Yusufji Patel
|-
|Bijapur
|Allisa Nabisa Ilkal
|-
|
|Khalilullah Abasheb Janvekar
|-
|Dharwad
|Abdul Karim.Aminsab Hanagi
|-
|East Khandesh
|Sheikh Muhammad Hasan
|-
|
|Muhammad Sulaiman Qasim Mitha
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|Kaira
|Khan Sahib Faiz Muhammad Mahobat Khan
|-
|Kolaba
|Mohsin Muhammad Bhaiji
|-
|Nashik
|Khan Sahib Abdul Rahim Babu Hakim
|-
|Panchmahal
|Khan Sahib Abdullah Haji Isa Bhagat
|-
|Ratnagiri
|Aziz Gafur Kazi
|-
|Sholapur
|Khan Bahadur Abdul Haji Hajrat Khan
|-
|Surat
|Ahmed Ebrahim Singapori
|-
|Thane
|Khan Bahadur Sardar Haji Amirsaheb Mohiuddin Saheb Raees
|-
|West Khandesh
|Khwaja Bashiruddin Khwaja Moinuddin Kazi
|-
|Bombay City women
|Salima Faiz [[Badruddin Tyabji]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Indian Christian
|Bombay City
|Dr. Joseph Altino Collaco
|-
|Bombay Suburban cum Thane
|Dominic Joseph Ferreira
|-
|Poona cum Ahmednagar
|Bhaskarrao Bhaurao Chakranarayan
|-
| rowspan="2" |Anglo Indian
|Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban
|[[Stanley Henry Prater]]
|-
|Presidency
|Fred J Currion
|-
| rowspan="4" |European
|Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban
|W. W. Russell
|-
| rowspan="3" |Presidency
|Francis Holroy French
|-
|David Watson
|-
|Cyril Frederick Golding
|-
| rowspan="7" |Commerce
| rowspan="3" |Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Bombay Presidency Trades Association
|Sir John Abercromble
|-
|J. B. Greaves
|-
|Donald Hill
|-
|Ahmedabad Millowners' Association
|Sakarlal Balabhai
|-
|Bombay Millowners' Association
|Sorabji Dorabji Saklatwala (brother of [[Shapurji Saklatvala|Shapurji Saklatwala]])
|-
|East India Cotton Association
|[[Bhavanji Arjan Khimji]]
|-
|Indian Merchants' Chamber
|M. C. Ghia
|-
| rowspan="2" |Landowners
|Deccan Sardars and Inamdars
|Sardar Narayan Ganpatrao Vinchurkar
|-
|Gujarat Sardars and Inamdars
|[[Runchorelal baronets|Baronet]] [[Girjaprasad Chinubhai|Girijaprasad Chinubhai Madhavlal]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |Labour
| rowspan="2" |Ahmedabad Textile Unions
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
|Khondubhai Kasanji Desai
|-
| rowspan="2" |Railways Union
|Jamnadas Mehta
|-
|Shavaksha Hormusji Jhabvala
|-
|Bombay City and Suburban Textile Unions
|Dadasaheb Khaserao Jagtap
|-
|Sholapur City Textile Labour
|Ramchandra Amarji Khedgikar
|-
|Trade Union of Seamen and [[Mumbai Port|Dockworkers of Bombay]]
|Akhtar Hasan Mirza
|-
| colspan="2" |[[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]]
|[[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]]
|}

*

*General (115):
**Ahmedabad: [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]] (Ahmedabad City, Urban) (Speaker), Trikamlal Ugarchand Vakil (Ahmedabad City), Hariprasad Pitamber Mehta (Ahmedabad North), Bhogilal Dhirajlal Lala (Ahmedabad North), Ishvarlal Kalidas Vyas (Ahmedabad South)
**Ahmednagar: Laxman Madhav Patil (Ahmednagar North), Keshav Balwant Deshmukh (Ahmednagar North, General Rural), Ramchandra Bhagwant Girme (Ahmednagar North, General Rural), Namdeo Eknath Navle (Ahmednagar North), Prabhakar Janardan Roham (Ahmednagar South, General Rural), Ganesh Krishna Chitale (Ahmednagar South), Kundanmal Sobhachand Firodia (Ahmednagar South)
**Belgaum: [[Anna Babaji Latthe]] (Belgaum North), Balwant Hanmant Varale (Belgaum North), Narayanrao Gururao Joshi (Belgaum North) (Deputy Speaker), Malgouda Pungouda Patil (Belgaum North), Keshav Govind Gokhale (Belgaum South, General Rural), Parappa Chanbasappa Jakati (Belgaum South, Rural), Kallangouda Shiddangouda Patil (Belgaum South)
**Bijapur: Murigeppa Shiddappa Sugandhi (Bijapur North), Revappa Somappa Kale (Bijapur North), Shankreppagouda Basalingappagouda Desai (Bijapur South, General Rural), Shankargouda Timmangouda Patil (Bijapur South)
**Bombay: [[Khurshed Nariman]] (Bombay City (Fort, Mandvi, Bhuleshwar and Girgaum)), [[S. K. Patil]] (Bombay City (Fort, Mandvi, Bhuleshwar and Girgaum)), Nagindas Tribhuvandas Master (Bombay City (Fort, Mandvi, Bhuleshwar and Girgaum)), [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (Bombay City (Byculla & Parel) General Urban), Dr. Manchersha Dhanjibhoy Gilder (Bombay City (Byculla & Parel) General Urban), [[B.G. Kher]] (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District), Dattatraya Wandrekar (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District), Savlaram Gundaji Songavkar (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District),
**Broach: Chhotalal Balkrishna Purani (Broach Sub-division, General Rural)
**Dharwar: [[Siddappa Kambli]] (Dharwar North, Rural), Andaneppa Dnyanappa Dodmeti (Dharwar North, General Rural), Girimallappa Rachappa Nalwadi (Dharwar North, General Rural), Vishwanathrao Narayanrao Jog (Dharwar North), Shripad Shyamji Kargudri (Dharwar South, Rural), Thimmappa Rudrappa Neshvi (Dharwar South)
**Kaira: Bhailbhai Ukabhai Vaghela (Kaira District, General Rural), Babubhai Jasbhai Patel, Bhailalbhai Bhikabhai Patel, [[Fulsinhji Dabhi]],
**Kanara: Sheshgiri Narayanrao Keshwain (Kanara District, General Rural), Mahableshwar Ganpati Bhatt Gopi (Kanara District, General Rural), Ningappa Fakeerappa Hallikeri
**Khandesh: Gulabsing Bhila Girasey (West Khandesh East, General Rural), Namdeorao Budhajirao Marathe (West Khandesh East), Raghunath Balkrishna Wadekar (West Khandesh East), Damji Posala Gavit (West Khandesh West), Mangesh Babhuta Patel (West Khandesh West), Daulatrao Gulaji Jadhav (East Khandesh East, General Rural), Rajmal Lakhichand Marwadi (East Khandesh East), Dhanaji Nana Choudhari (East Khandesh East), Hari Vinayak Pataskar (East Khandesh West), Gambhirrao Avachitrao Patil (East Khandesh West), Narhar Rajaram Patil (East Khandesh West), Maganlal Nagindas (East Khandesh West),
**Kolaba: Ramchandra Narayan Mandlik, Laxman Govind Patil, [[Nanasaheb Kunte|Dattatraya Kashinath Kunte]], Kamalaji Ragho Talkar
**Nasik: Raosaheb Bhausaheb Thorat (Nasik East, General Rural), [[Lalchand Hirachand]] (Nasik East, General Rural), Bhaurao Sakharam Hiray (Nasik East), Govind Hari Deshpande (Nasik West, General Rural), Vasant Narayan Naik (Nasik West, General Rural), Bhaurao Krishnaji Gaikwad (Nasik West), Prithwiraj Amolakchand Nimanee (Nasik West)
**Panch Mahals: Laxmidas Mangaldas Shrikant (Panch Mahals East, General Rural), Wamanrao Sitaram Mukadam (Panch Mahals West, General Rural), [[Maneklal Gandhi]] (Panch Mahals West)
**Poona: Bhalchandra Maheshwar Gupte (Poona City, General Urban), Vithalrao Laxmanrao Thube (Poona West, General Rural), Hari Vithal Tulpule (Poona West, General Rural), Balaji Bhawansa Walwekar (Poona East, Rural), Appaji Yeshwantrao Kate (Poona East), Vinayak Atmaram Gadkari (Poona East)
**Ratnagiri: Babjeerao Narayanrao Rane (Ratnagiri North, General Rural), Shivram Laxman Karandikar (Ratnagiri North, Rural), Gangadhar Raghoram Ghatge (Ratnagiri North), Anant Vinayak Chitre (Ratnagiri North), Bachajee Ramchandra Rane (Ratnagiri South, General Rural), Purshottam Wasudeo Wagh (Ratnagiri South), Shankar Krishnaji Gavankar (Ratnagiri South), Shamrao Vishnu Parulekar (Ratnagiri South)
**Satara: [[Dhanjishah Cooper|Dhanjishah Bomanjee Cooper]] (Satara North), Shankar Hari Sathe (Satara North, General Rural), Khanderao Sakharam Savat (Satara North, General Rural), Bajirao Jagdeorao Shinde (Satara North, General Rural), Pandurang Keshav Shiralkar (Satara South, General Rural), Shankar Pandurang Mohite (Satara South, General Rural), Annappa Narayan Kalyani (Satara South), Atmaram Nana Patil (Satara South), Ramchandra Krishna Karavade (Satara South)
**Solapur: Krisnaji Bhimrao Antrolikar (Solapur City, General Urban), Jivappa Subhana Aidale (Solapur North-east, General Rural), Bhagwan Sambhuppa Kathale (Solapur North-east, General Rural), Tulshidas Subhanrao Jadhav (Solapur North-east), Jayavant Ghanshyam More (Solapur South-west, General Rural), Dattatraya Trimbak Aradhye (Solapur South-west)
**Surat: Champaklal Jeikisandas Ghia (Surat & Rander Cities, Urban), [[Morarji Desai]] (Surat District, General Rural), Morarbhai Kasanji (Surat District, General Rural), Randhir Prasavandas Desai (Surat District, General Rural), Purushottam Lalji Chohan (Surat District)
**Thana: Dattatraya Waman Raut (Thana North, General Rural), Govind Dharmaji Vartak (Thana North, Rural), Vishnu Vaman Dandekar (Thana North), Kanji Govind Shet (Thana South, General Rural), Ganesh Krishna Phadke (Thana South)
*Muhammadan (29):
**Urban: Husein Aboobaker Baig Mohamed (Bombay City South, Muhammadan Urban), Mohamedally Allabux (Bombay City South, Urban), Mahmad Yasin Nurie (Ahmedabad City, Urban), [[Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi]] (Surat and Rander Cities, Urban)
**Rural: [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar]] (Ahmedabad District, Rural), Mahomedbawa Madhubawa Patel (Ahmednagar District), Abdulmajeed Abdulkhadar Gheewale (Belgaum District), Allisa Nabisa Ilkal (Bijapur District, Muhammadan Rural), Khalilulla Abasheb Janvekar (Bijapur District), Ali Bahadur Bahadur Khan (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District Urban Muhammadan Rural), Mahomed Musa Killedar (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District), Asmal Musa Abhram (Broach Sub-division, Muhammadan Rural), Musaji Eusufji Patel (Broach Sub-division), Sardar Mahaboobali Khan Akbarkhan Savanur (Dharwar District, Muhammadan Rural), Abdul Karim Aminsab Hanagi (Dharwar District), Khan Saheb Faiz Mahamadkhan Mahobatkhan (Kaira District, Muhammadan Rural), Ismail Hassan Bapu Shiddika (Kanara District, Muhammadan Rural), Ismail Hasan Siddiqui (Kanara District), Shaikh Mohamad Hasan (East Khandesh District, Muhammadan Rural), Mohemed Suleman Cassum Mitha (East Khandesh District), Shaikh Mohamad Hasan (East Khandesh District), Mohsin Mohamed A. Bhaiji (Kolaba District), Khwaja Bashiruddin Khwaja Moinuddin Kazi (West Khandesh District, Muhammadan Rural), [[Fazal Ibrahim Rahimtoola]] (Kolaba District, Muhammadan Rural), Abdul Rahim Baboo Hakeem (Nasik District), Abdulla Haji Isa Bhagat (Panch Mahals Sub-division), Khan Bahadur Shaikh Jan Mahomed Haj Shaikh Kalla (Poona District, Muhammadan Rural), Aziz Gofur Kazi (Ratnagiri District, Muhammadan Rural), Haji Ahmad Kasam Kachhi (Satara District), Yusuf Abdulla (Satara District), Abdul Latif Haji Hajrat Khan (Solapur District, Muhammadan Rural), Ahmed Ebrahim Singapori (Surat District), Sardar Haji Amirsaheb Mohiddin Saheb Rais (Thana District, Muhammadan Rural)

===Legislative Council===

Source<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Taylor |first=David Denis |year=1971 |title=Indian Politics and the Elections of 1937 |url=https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/389306 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of London]] |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Party
!Hindu
!Muslim
!European
!Total
|-
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|13
| -
| -
|13
|-
|[[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]]
| -
|2
| -
|2
|-
|[[Democratic Swarajya Party]]
|2
| -
| -
|2
|-
|[[Indian Liberal Party|Liberal Party]]
|1
| -
| -
|1
|-
|Independent Hindus
|4
| -
| -
|4
|-
|Independent Muslims
| -
|3
| -
|3
|-
|Unaligned
| -
| -
|1
|1
|-
|Total
|20
|5
|1
|26
|}

=== MLCs elected ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Reservation
!Constituency
!Member
|-
| rowspan="20" |Hindu
| rowspan="2" |Ahmedabad cum Kaira
|Dadabhai Purushottamdas Desai
|-
|Chinubhai Lallubhai Mehta
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban Urban
|Bahram Naoroji Karanjia
|-
|Ratilal Mulji Gandhi
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban Rural
|Prof. Sohrab Davar
|-
|[[Hansa Mehta|Hansa Jivraj Mehta]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bharuch cum Panchmahal cum Surat
|[[Mangal Das Pakvasa|Mangaldas Pakvasa]]
|-
|Shantilal Harjivan Shah
|-
| rowspan="2" |Dharwar cum Kannada
|Narsinghrao Srinivasrao Desai
|-
|Shubhrai Ramchandra Haldipur
|-
| rowspan="2" |Kolaba cum Ratnagiri
|Mahadeo Bajaji Virkar
|-
|Atmaram Mahadeo Atawane
|-
| rowspan="2" |East Khandesh cum West Khandesh
|Premraj Shaligram Marwari
|-
|Madhavrao Gopalrao Bhonsle
|-
| rowspan="2" |Poona cum Satara
|Dr. Ganesh Sakharam Mahajani
|-
|Ramchandra Ganesh Soman
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sholapur cum Belgaum cum Bijapur
|Chandrappa Baswantrao Desai
|-
|Bheemji Balaji Poddar
|-
| rowspan="2" |Thane cum Nashik cum Ahmednagar
|Narayan Damodar Deodhekar
|-
|Ramchandra Ganesh Pradhan
|-
| rowspan="5" |Muslim
| rowspan="2" |Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban
|[[Ebrahim baronets|Baronet]] [[Currimbhoy Ebrahim|Ebrahim Currimbhoy]]
|-
|Dr. K. A. Hamid
|-
|Central Division
|Khan Sahib Kadir Abdul Aziz Khan
|-
|Northern Division
|Khan Sahib Muhammad Ibrahim Makhan
|-
|Southern Division
|Muhammad Amin Wazir Muhammad Tambe
|-
| colspan="2" |European
|Frederick Stones
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Nominated
|Terence Martin D'Souza Guido
|-
|S. C. Joshi
|-
|Dr. Purushottambhai Solanki
|-
|Major Sardar Bhimrao Nagojirao Patankar
|}
*

==Government formation==
Although the [[Indian National Congress]] won the elections, the party declined to form the government. The Governor [[George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd|Sir George Lloyd]] invited [[Dhanjishah Cooper|Sir Dhanjishah Cooper]] (independent member from Satara North constituency),<ref>{{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=Ramona|title=The Concept of Diarchy|year=1992|publisher=NIB Publishers|page=315|isbn=9788185538006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvaNAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> to form an interim ministry. The Cooper ministry did not last long and a Congress ministry under [[B. G. Kher]] was sworn.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1937 elections in India]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:1937 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Elections in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Elections in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Political history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Provincial Assembly elections in British India|Bombay]]

Rayjan Rajan

2026-05-04T04:42:19Z

QLXChristoper:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rayjan Rajan
| image =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011–present
| spouse = Silpa Rayjan
| children =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Rayjan Rajan''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam]]-language television shows. He is best known for playing SATHYAJITH IPS in ''[[Athmasakhi]]'' and producing the film [[Johny Johny Yes Appa]].

==Career==
He began his career as a model and worked in short films such as Makkachi and Black Hole. In 2012, he played the lead role in the TV series ''Makal'' and later pursued a career in engineering. After a hiatus, he returned to Mollywood small screen with ''[[Athmasakhi]]'' which made him a household name among the Malayali audience.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-dapper-dudes/articleshow/64002122.cms|title=The dapper dudes|work=The Times of India|date=3 May 2018 }}</ref> In between he starred in a few shorts films like Blackhole, 3 Guns and Balaji. He also played the lead pair with [[Mamta Mohandas]] in the film [[Johny Johny Yes Appa]]. He also won the title of [[Times of India|TOI Most desirable man on Television 2018]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/most-desirable-man-on-television-rayjan-rajan/articleshow/64001673.cms|title = Most Desirable Man on Malayalam Television: Rayjan Rajan|work=The Times of India| date=3 May 2018 }}</ref> He has also done several modelling assignments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/2017/04/24/interview-with-rayjan-rajan.html|title=ഇപ്പോൾ പ്രണയമില്ല, മനസിൽ ഒരൊറ്റ കാര്യം മാത്രം: റെയ്ജൻ|work=Manorama Online|language=ml}}</ref> He has also appeared in Popular TV shows like Comedy Circus, Thakarppan Comedy,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thakarppan-comedy-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/67794759.cms|title=Thakarppan Comedy completes 100 episodes|work= The Times of India|date=February 2019 }}</ref> Star Magic and ''Aram + Aram = Kinnaram'' as a participant.

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2012–2013||''Makal''||Jagannathan|| [[Surya TV]] ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Television-gives-you-instant-popularity-Rayjan-Rajan/articleshow/55291980.cms|title=Television gives you instant popularity: Rayjan Rajan – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 November 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|2016–2018||''[[Athmasakhi]]''||Sathyajith IPS||rowspan="2"|[[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/280716/the-dapper-cop-of-mini-screen.html|title = The dapper cop of mini screen|date = 28 July 2016}}</ref>
|-

|2019–2020||''[[Priyapettaval]]''||Dr.Balu||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/priyappettaval-serial-marks-the-comeback-of-avantika-mohan-and-rayjan-rajan/articleshow/71821177.cms|title = Priyappettaval serial marks the comeback of Avantika Mohan and Rayjan Rajan – Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=30 October 2019 }}</ref>

|-
|2020||''Bottle Lockdown''||Motta vineesh||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] ||
|-

|2020–2022||''[[Thinkalkalamaan]]''||Rahul|| rowspan="2"|Surya TV ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/heres-why-haritha-is-excited-for-thinkal-kalaman-watch/articleshow/78706231.cms|date=16 October 2020|title=Here's why Haritha is excited for 'Thinkal Kalaman', watch|work=Times Of India|access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref>
|-

|-
|2022–2025||''[[Bhavana (TV series)|Bhavana]]''||Suryadev||<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyJ7PXMkyfo&list=PL0u6psZycCU61m-H1IxAuDVPEY5ThEYV6&index=4|title=Rayjan as Surya Dev {{!}} Bhavana {{!}} Coming Soon {{!}} Surya TV|publisher=[[Surya TV]]|date=16 June 2022|access-date=20 June 2022|people=Rayjan Rajan}}</ref>
|-
|2024–present||''[[Ishtam Mathram]]''||Mahesh||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|}

===Films===
{|Class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!!Name!!Role
|-
|2018
|[[Johny Johny Yes Appa]]
|Jayakumar
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Guruvayur]]
[[Category:Actors from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mahad

2026-04-27T19:43:21Z

QLXChristoper: Creating Some Data Initial Version

{{Short description|City & Sub-district in Maharashtra, India}}
{{For|the village in Iran|Mahad, Iran}}
{{For|the village in Iraq|Mahad, Iraq}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{tone|date=January 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahād
| other_name = Raigad Nagari
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City|City &]] [[Taluka|Sub-district]]
| image_skyline = Savitri river at Mahad.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Savitri River]] near Mahad
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.083|N|73.417|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluka|Sub-district]]
| subdivision_name4 = Mahad
| established_title = Mahad City Municipal Council
| established_date = 1866 A.D.
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Mahad City Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 18
| population_total = 1,80,191
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Mahadkar, Raigadkar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi Language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Agri dialect|Agri-Koli]]
| demographics_type2 = Sex Ratio and Literacy in Semi-Urban region (Mahad City)
| demographics2_title1 = Sex Ratio
| demographics2_info1 = 963 Females : 1000 Males
| demographics2_title2 = Literacy
| demographics2_info2 = 94%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 402301 (Mahad City), 402309 (Mahad MIDC/Birwadi)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02145
| registration_plate = MH-06
| website = {{URL|https://www.raigad.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Pandav Leni.jpg|thumb|[[Gandharpale Caves|Gandharpale Buddhist Caves]]/Pandava Leni]]
[[File:Varandha ghad.jpg|thumb|Varandha Ghat]]'''Mahad''' ({{audio|Mahad.ogg|pronunciation}} [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[məɦaːɖ]]]) is a city in [[Raigad district]] (formerly [[Raigad district|Kulaba district]]) situated in the [[Konkan|North Konkan]] region of [[Maharashtra]] state, India. It is located {{cvt|108.5|km}} from District Headquarters [[Alibag]], and {{cvt|167|km}} from [[Mumbai]]. Mahad is known for [[Raigad Fort]], the capital of the [[Maratha Empire]] in [[Shivaji Maharaj]]'s era and the revolutionary [[Mahad Satyagraha]] launched by (Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar) at ''Chavdar Tale'' (Tasty Lake) in the wake of modern [[India]].

== History ==

Mahad, a town nestled in the Konkan region ([https://badaudyog.com/mahad/ History of Mahad]) of Maharashtra, India, holds a significant historical and cultural legacy. With a rich past that dates back to ancient times, Ma-had has witnessed the rise and fall of empires, played a vital role in the Indian independence movement, and now stands as a thriving modern town.

===Chavdaar Tale Satyagraha ===

It is known for the [[Mahad Satyagraha|Chavdaar Tale's satyagraha]] of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ambedkar]] at Chavdar Tale, which is a large public water tank in Mahad town.<ref>{{Cite web |last=today |first=Team Ambedkarite |date=2019-10-23 |title=Mahad Satyagraha - The First Battle launched by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar |url=https://www.ambedkaritetoday.com/2019/10/mahad-satyagraha-first-battle-of-dalit-liberation.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Ambedkarite Today |language=English}}</ref> Ambedkar with his followers of over 2,500 [[Dalit]]s marched to the tank. In March, a few upper caste people also participated, who used to admire Bhimrao's ideology. Ambedkar was the first to take his hand and sip water from the tank, followed by the rest. This was a revolutionary step for the time and broke the taboo of [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]]. This came to be known as the Mahad Satyagraha.<ref name=th>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/03/20/mahad-satyagraha/|title=The Significance Of Mahad Satyagraha: Ambedkar's Protest March To Claim Public Water|last=Harad|first=Tejas|date=2017-03-19|website=Feminism In India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> Many disciples of [[the Buddha]] and followers of B.R. Ambedkar visit Chavdaar Tale every year on ''Kranti Din'' (Day of Revolution).

However, this was not the end of the struggle. There was tremendous backlash from the rest of the community and some even performed a purification ritual to counter the act of revolution.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=SETALVAD |first=TEESTA |date=20 March 2021 |title=Mahad Satyagraha: After 94 years, do we have Equality, Dignity & Access? |url=https://sabrangindia.in/mahad-satyagraha-after-94-years-do-we-have-equality-dignity-access/ |access-date=9 Feb 2024 |work=Sabrang India}}</ref> Ambedkar made another statement by burning the Hindu book [[Manusmriti]] at the very same spot on 25 December 1927.<ref name=th/>

===Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Raigad fort ===
Mahad has a glorious history during the rule of the Maratha king [[Shivaji]]. The capital of Hindavi Swarajya and the Samadhi of Chhatrapati Shivaji is at [[Raigad fort]], which is around {{cvt|24|km}} from the city. It was part of [[Birwadi]] Subha ([[Tehsil]]) and was ruled by Birwadi Subhedar's [[Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)|Kadam]]s (Mahamunkars).{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} The village of Umarath [[Tanaji Malusare]] & Kinjaloli of [[Murarbaji]] are also in the vicinity of Mahad.

====Shivtharghal and Daasbodh====
The [[Shivthar Ghal|Shivtharghal]] is the birthplace of [[Samarth Ramdas]], author of the spiritual book [[Dasbodh]].

====Mahad Port====
Mahad was a flourishing port in the past. The Gul ([[Jaggery]]) of [[Kolhapur|Shahupuri Kolhapur]] and [[Satara (city)|Satara]] was exported to [[Gujarat]] via Mahad. Since the banks of the Savitri river changed during the course of time, only creek water fishing is carried out and Mahad is no longer a port.

===Gandharpale Buddhist Caves===
According to the mythological story, [[Gandharpale Caves]] are the sculptured houses built in one night by the Pandavas.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Originally these caves are Buddhist caves build during the reign of [[Vishnupalita Kambhoja]].<ref name=AHIR>{{cite book|last=Ahir|first=D. C.|title=Buddhist sites and shrines in India: history, art, and architecture|year=2003|publisher=Sri Satguru Publ.|location=Delhi|isbn=8170307740|page=198|edition=1.}}</ref>

===2016 Flood in Savitri river===

In 2016, a major flood hit Mahad because of the collapse of the British era bridge on [[National Highway 66 (India)|Mumbai-Goa highway]] and caused great losses. The incident resulted in the loss of 42 lives.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 14, 2016|first=George|last=Mendonca|title=Mahad: Locals shun fish from Mahad river where 42 drowned|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/Locals-shun-fish-from-Mahad-river-where-42-drowned/articleshow/54320603.cms|access-date=2020-04-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Several disasters like floods and landslides have continuously devastated markets and old houses, specifically classic raw houses, causing great loss of life. This is primarily due to lower elevation of the city compared to surrounding areas and being surrounded by rivers on all sides, making the city like a triangular island. Also, Konkan, receives predominantly very heavy rainfall in comparison to rest of Maharashtra.<ref>
{{GEOnet2|32FA8822D77F3774E0440003BA962ED3|Mahād (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahād |publisher=World Gazetteer |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gpro&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-1871&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=389113342 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217020411/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gpro&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-1871&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=389113342 |archive-date=2013-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Geography ==
Mahad is situated at southernmost tip of [[Raigad district]] in [[Konkan]] region at an altitude of {{cvt|59|ft}} and is surrounded by [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri Mountains]]. [[Savitri River|Savitri river]] originates from Savitri Point in [[Mahabaleshwar]] and flows through Mahad to the delta in [[Arabian Sea|Arabian sea]] via [[Bankot]].

Mahad has a tropical climate and witnesses heavy rainfall during [[monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]. Summers are very hot and winters are cold with a thick fog lay over city during morning hours. Mahad receives the highest rainfall in Raigad district because of the rain catcher forest of Raigad Fort Natural Reserve and famous hill station [[Mahabaleshwar]]. Mahad receives an average annual rainfall above {{cvt|4000|mm}}. Mahad has a favorable climate for the growth of [[alphonso (mango)|alphonso mango]] and [[coconut]] trees.

== Demographic ==
As of 2011 India Census, Mahad has a population of 180,191.

== Tourist attractions nearby ==
Raigad, popularly known as "Gateway of Konkan", is among the city's tourist destinations. Other attractions include:

* [[Raigad Fort]]
* [[Pratapgad Fort]]
* [[Gandhar Pale Buddhist Caves]]
* [[Shivthar Ghal]]
* Lingana Fort
* Birwadi Fort
* Warandha Ghat
* Mulshi-Tamhini Ghat (Bhira)
* [[Poladpur]]
* Mahabaleshwar
* Vireshwar Temple
* [[Chavdar Tale|Chavdaar Tale]]
* Walan kond
* Mandala waterfall
* Sav hot water spring
* Kol caves
* Maangad
* Hari-Hareshwar, [[Shrivardhan]] and Diveagar Beach
* Dapoli-Mandangad Beach
*

==Etymology==
The word "Mahad" is derived from [[Konkani language|Konkani-marathi]] words "महा" (Mahā) and "हाट" (Market)."महा" meaning "Great or big" and "हाट" meaning "market", collectively meaning "a big market".

The oldest reference of Mahad is found in historical documents in 225 BC. Around 130 AD, Mahad was under rule of Buddhist king [[Vishnupalita Kambhoja|Vishnu Pulit]] of [[Kamboja Pala dynasty|Kambhoja]] dynasty. He built the [[Gandharpale Caves|Gandharpale caves]] opposite to Mahad port. Under his rule, Mahad was a port and business center which continued until [[British Raj]]. The development of Mahad as a business center continued under the rule of [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas of Deogiri]] in the 13th century. Yadavas were the first make [[Marathi language|Marathi]] the official language of Maharashtra. Mahad was taken by British in 1818 and was a place of administrative work when Raigad fort was made the capital of [[Shivaji]].

== Festivals ==
Mahad is one of the well-known holiday destinations in [[Konkan|Konkan region]]. The festivals most celebrated by local people are Chabina (which falls in summer around the month of March) and Ganpati festival (which falls during the [[monsoon]], around the month of September).{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}, EID
is well celebrated in this region, mahad has diversity in its population.

===Shimga Festival===
The most important festival among whole [[Konkani people|Konkani community]] spreading from Thane, Raigad to Goa and Karwar coast is "Shimga". It is speciality of "[[Konkan]] and [[Goa]]". Every City, every town or village has its own way of celebrating it. Almost every [[Konkani people|Konkani]] working day and night, sleeplessly in metropolis like [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Delhi]] or in foreign countries rush to their homeland during Shimga. People worship their local deities, fun-fairs are organized; the [[Litter (vehicle)|Palkhis]] of local deities are main attraction and is considered prestigious among locals. Each town represents its own religious culture and traditions.

====Shimgotsav in Mahad====
Vireshwar is the most-worshipped local deity of Mahad. The temple of Vireshwar was believed to be constructed during or before [[Shivaji]]'s reign. A local fair is organised during shimga called "Mahad chi Jatra", uniquely known as "Chabina Utsav of Mahad". The "Palkhis" of seven sisters of Vireshwar who are Gram-devi (goddess) of nearby villages and towns like [[Mangaon]], [[Poladpur]] and [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]] are brought at Vireshwar Temple in Mahad. Goddess Zolai Devi is considered the most favorite sister of Vireshwar. The people are so devoted that they bring Palkhis from many miles far villages by walking, sometimes bare-footed, they consider this holy and sacred and feel lucky to be part of it.

Eid

==Economy==
===Central Market===
Mahad was the central market for people of [[Poladpur]], the [[Raigad district|Raigad]] villages and the hill station [[Mahabaleshwar]]. The city is surrounded by the [[Sahyadri]] mountain ranges and the [[Savitri River|Savitri]], Kal and Gandhari rivers originating through Mahabaleswar, hills in Mulshi and Raigad fort respectively. Mahad was a flourishing port in the past.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} "Mahadi Gul"{{clarify|date=November 2017}} was well known in Gujarat, which is made in Satara, Pune district and exported to other locations through Mahad's port.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Mahad M.I.D.C. and Economic Corridor===
====Mahad MIDC====
Mahad is now well-developed with town infrastructure. Mahad MIDC which is set up near [[Birwadi]] is the small [[Chemical industry]] cluster. It houses several [[polymer]], [[pharmaceutical]], [[organic product|organic]], [[pigments]], [[fertilizers]], aroma chemical manufacturing industries. Notable industries are -

* Pidilite
* Piramal Healthcare
* Sandoz
* Vinati Organic
* Lakshmi Organic
* Hikal Ltd.
* Maharashtra Aldehydes
* Sudarshan
* Maharashtra Seamless
* EMBIO
* Privi Organics India Limited<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.privi.com/contact-us |title = Contact us - World's Leading Aroma Chemical Manufacturer, Supplier and Exporter}}</ref>
*BlueJet HealthCare Limited

Mahad consists of two Industrial zones - Mahad-Birwadi and Mahad Additional Industrial zone.

====Bharatmala====
Mahad is part of proposed [[Bharatmala|Panvel-Mahad-Chiplun-Panjim Economic corridor]] under [[Bharatmala]] Project.

== Civic Administration ==
Mahad falls under the [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad Lok Sabha Constituency]], along with Pen, Alibaug, Shrivardhan, Dapoli and Guhagar. In 2019, [[Sunil Tatkare]] from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] won the [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Seat]] for the constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/maharashtra/raigad-election-result-s13p32/|title=Raigad Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 Live: Raigad Constituency Election Results, News, Candidates, Vote Paercentage|website=News18|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Airways===
Nearest airports:
* [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]], Ulve-Panvel, Navi Mumbai
* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|CSIA]], Mumbai
* [[Pune International Airport]], Lohagaon, Pune

===Railway===
[[Konkan railway|Konkan railway line]] starts from [[Roha|Roha-Kolad]] and exits Raigad district via Veer. Main railway stations in Mahad is [[Veer railway station]].

===Road===
National Highway NH 66 (previously known as NH 17) passes through Mahad.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} It connects [[Panvel]] (Southern Navi-Mumbai) to Kanyakumari, passing through the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].

===MSRTC===
Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation has a [[Bus garage|bus depot]] at Mahad for public transport. Buses plying from [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]], [[Chiplun]], [[Ratnagiri]] have halt at [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|Mahad MSRTC Bus depot]].

===GSRTC===
Many people from Mahad commute to cities like [[Surat]], [[Vapi]] and [[Valsad]] in Gujarat from even before the Independence. For inter-state public transport, [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] started buses from Mahad and Poladpur bus stand which are under operations of [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|Mahad MSRTC Bus Depot]] to [[Surat]] and other cities of Gujarat.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Raigad district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Konkan]]
[[Category:Raigad district]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]

Gopichand Hinduja

2026-04-26T05:38:22Z

QLXChristoper:

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1940–2025)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = GP Hinduja at Asian Awards.jpg
| image_size =
| name = Gopichand Hinduja
| caption = Hinduja in 2019
| birth_name = Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|02|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = Iran
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|11|04|1940|02|29|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| education =
| alma mater = [[Jai Hind College]]
| known_for = Co-Chairman, [[Hinduja Group]]
| spouse = Sunita Hinduja
| father = [[Parmanand Hinduja|Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja]]
| children = 3, including [[Dheeraj Hinduja]]
| relatives = [[S. P. Hinduja]] (brother) [[Prakash Hinduja]] (brother)
| website =
}}

'''Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja''' (29 February 1940 – 4 November 2025) was an Indian-British billionaire businessman controlling the Indian conglomerate [[Hinduja Group]]. For many years he was co-chairman with his brother [[S. P. Hinduja|Srichand "S. P." Hinduja]] who died in May 2023. He and his brother were frequently named among the wealthiest people in the UK and Asia, and in the ''[[Sunday Times Rich List 2024]]'' ranking of the wealthiest people in the UK he was placed first with an estimated family fortune of £37 billion.

==Early life==
Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja was born on 29 February 1940, in Iran,<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Telegraph Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |archive-date=4 November 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251104133208/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the son of [[Parmanand Hinduja]], and educated at [[Jai Hind College]], Bombay.<ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book |author=[[Europa Publications]] |title=The International Who's Who 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA733 |access-date=22 May 2016 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-85743-217-6 |page=733}}</ref>

==Business career==
The Hinduja brothers began their careers in their father's textile and trading businesses in [[Bombay]], India, and [[Tehran]], Iran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pranaygupte.com/article.php?index=590 |title=The world is their bazaar |work=[[Forbes]]|author=[[Pranay Gupte]] |date=28 December 1987 |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119120351/http://www.pranaygupte.com/article.php?index=590 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Successful early businesses included the sale of food commodities (onions and potatoes) and iron ore from India to Iran.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EuACvEhzim4C&q=Hinduja+iron+ore+Indira+Gandhi&pg=PA34 |title=The New Maharajahs: The Commercial Princes of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh |access-date=21 August 2012 |isbn=9780712677615 |year=1996 |last=Cragg |first=Claudia |publisher=[[Random House#International branches|Century Ltd]]}}</ref>

With the acquisition of [[Ashok Leyland]] (from [[British Leyland]]) and [[Gulf Oil]] (from [[Chevron Corporation]]) in the 1980s and the establishment of banks in Switzerland and India in the 1990s, Hinduja Group became one of India's best known businesses alongside such names as [[Tata family|Tata]], [[Birla family|Birla]], and [[Ambani (disambiguation)|Ambani]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Reghu Balakrishnan|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hinduja-to-launch-500-mn-infra-fund-112041800093_1.html |title=Hinduja to launch $500-mn infra fund |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |location=[[Mumbai]]|date=18 April 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the Group acquired the US firm Houghton International, the world's largest metal fluids manufacturer, for $1.045 billion, forming a consortium with the help of Ghouse Mohammed Asif, (Director of Private Equity of JP Morgan) and Hank Paulson, former United States Secretary of the Treasury and formerly of Goldman Sachs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a0472464-28e2-11e2-b92c-00144feabdc0 |title=Hindujas' Gulf Oil agrees $1bn US deal |date=7 November 2012 |work=[[Financial Times]] |author=[[James Crabtree]]}}</ref>

==Wealth==
As of May 2024, he was estimated to be the UK's richest person.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sunday Times Rich List 2024 revealed |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/society/article/sunday-times-rich-list-2024-revealed-plt3t2xrt |newspaper=The Times |language=en |date=17 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rich List puts Bamford in Top 20 |url=https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/rich-list-puts-bamford-in-top-20 |work=Construction Index |date=17 May 2024 |language=en-gb}}</ref> Since the 1990s, he had been consistently ranked among the UK and Asia's wealthiest people.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/srichand-gopichand-hinduja |title=Srichand & Gopichand Hinduja |work=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307023920/http://www.forbes.com/profile/srichand-gopichand-hinduja |archive-date=7 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2013, a rich list compiled by Asian Media & Marketing Group, estimated Hinduja's wealth at GBP 19 billion ($24.7 billion).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dc025004-930a-11e2-9593-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3dbdEP6mh |url-access=subscription |title=Mittal loses top spot in rich list |date=22 March 2013 |newspaper=Financial Times |first=Andrew |last=Bounds}}</ref>

In May 2017, Hinduja topped the [[Sunday Times Rich List 2017|''Sunday Times'' Rich List]] with an estimated wealth of GBP 16.2 billion ($21 billion).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/article/the-sunday-times-rich-list-2017-boom-time-for-billionaires-pzbkrfbv2 |title=The Sunday Times Rich List 2017: Boom time for billionaires |newspaper=The Times |date=7 May 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In May 2019 The Hinduja brothers, Gopichand and [[S. P. Hinduja|Srichand]], were once again named by ''The Times'' UK as the UK's wealthiest people, according to the annual ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' survey.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/may/11/hindujas-sunday-times-annual-rich-list-top-spot |title=Hinduja brothers take back top spot in annual Rich List |last=Connett |first=David |date=11 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |access-date=12 May 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}</ref>

Hinduja remained the wealthiest again in 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Times Rich List 2025 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/feature/article/richest-people-uk-2025-revealed-vnkmnlxgz |newspaper=The Times |url-access=subscription}}</ref> with his estimated wealth at £35.3 billion following a peak of £37.2 billion in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/gopi-hinduja-and-family-net-worth-sunday-times-rich-list-5m5r8xfgh |title=Gopi Hinduja and family net worth — Sunday Times Rich List 2025 |date=16 May 2025 |newspaper=The Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720155419/https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/gopi-hinduja-and-family-net-worth-sunday-times-rich-list-5m5r8xfgh |archive-date=20 July 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gopichand Hinduja was married to Sunita, and they had two sons and one daughter, Sanjay Hinduja, [[Dheeraj Hinduja]] and Rita Hinduja.<ref name="Publications2003" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindujagroup.com/family-tree.html |title=Hinduja Brothers Family Tree |website=Hinduja Group}}</ref> The Hinduja family is of Hindu [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] heritage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/341601/most-billionaires-in-india-today-once-resided-in-pakistans-sindh/ |title=Most billionaires in India today once resided in Pakistan's Sindh |work=Daily Times |first=Waseem |last=Palijo |date=8 January 2019}}</ref> Gopichand and his three brothers are [[teetotalism|teetotal]] and vegetarian.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lamb |first1=Christina |author-link1=Christina Lamb |last2=West |first2=Julian |title=The teetotal Hinduja brothers, who partied their way to power |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=28 January 2001 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1319931/The-teetotal-Hinduja-brothers-who-partied-their-way-to-power.html |access-date=6 September 2024 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209234601/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1319931/The-teetotal-Hinduja-brothers-who-partied-their-way-to-power.html |archive-date=9 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, their son Sanjay Hinduja married his long-time girlfriend, the designer Anu Mahtani, in [[Udaipur]], India. The wedding cost £15 million and entertainment included the pop singers [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Nicole Scherzinger]] and actor [[Arjun Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11411381/Indias-most-eligible-bachelor-Sanjay-Hinduja-marries-in-15m-ceremony.html |title='India's most eligible bachelor' Sanjay Hinduja marries in £15m ceremony |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>

===Citizenship===
Gopichand obtained British citizenship in 1997.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mandelson resigns over passport deception |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2001/feb/01/guardianweekly.guardianweekly1 |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=1 February 2001}}</ref> In 2001, Hinduja was involved in the UK's [[Hinduja Group#2001 Hinduja affair|cash-for-passports scandal]], where he donated money for the [[Millennium Dome]] while applying for British citizenship, leading to the resignation of [[Peter Mandelson]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindujas' British passports affair |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/25hindu.htm |website=[[rediff.com]] |date=25 February 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Hugo |first2=Jonathan |last2=Browning |title=Billionaire Family Feud Puts a Century-Old Business Empire in Jeopardy |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-11-24/billionaire-family-feud-puts-a-century-old-business-empire-in-jeopardy |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

===Later life and death===
The Hinduja family made headlines in 2021 for a feud that reached a London courtroom. Srichand Hinduja's daughters Vinoo and Shanu accused their three uncles of cutting them out of funding and decision-making. At the time, [[Srichand Hinduja|Srichand]] (Gopichand's elder brother) was suffering from [[dementia]], and soon died in 2023.

Hinduja died at a hospital in London, on 4 November 2025, at the age of 85.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025 |newspaper=The Times of India |title=Hinduja Group Chairman Gopichand P Hinduja, 85 years old, passes away in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/hinduja-group-chairman-gopichand-p-hinduja-85-years-old-passes-away-in-london/articleshow/125084750.cms}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name| 13451457}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduja, Gopichand}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:British billionaires]]
[[Category:British businesspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Hinduja family|Gopichand]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British people of Sindhi descent]]
[[Category:21st-century British businesspeople]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:Sindhi businesspeople]]
[[Category:Sindhi people]]

Indian School of International Studies

2026-04-25T18:56:57Z

QLXChristoper: starting stub

{{Short description|Academic institution in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = School of International Studies, JNU
| former_name = Indian School of International Studies
| established = {{Start date and age|1955||}}
| affiliation = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| city = [[Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
}}

The '''School of International Studies''' ({{langx|hi|स्कूल ऑफ इंटरनेशनल स्टडीज}}) (formerly Indian School of International Studies) is an academic institution created in 1955 which merged with the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in 1970. It was founded by Pandit [[H. N. Kunzru|Hriday Nath Kunzru]], Prof. A. Appadorai and Professor [[M.S. Rajan]], under the auspices of the [[Indian Council of World Affairs]]. In the 15 years of its existence, it came to be noted as the leading institute of research in the area of [[International Relations]] and [[Area Studies]] in [[India]]. Many of its former faculty and students went on to occupy academic positions in other universities and research institutes across the country.<ref name="rajan">{{cite journal|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=Indian School of International Studies Joins Jawaharlal Nehru University|journal=International Studies|date=1 January 1973|volume=12|issue=1|pages=138–140|doi=10.1177/002088177301200105|s2cid=153796117 }}</ref>

==History and structure==
The School was created on the suggestion of the then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign Minister]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], that there was the need for an institution to help build a pool of academic experts on [[international relations|international affairs]] and [[area studies]] who could give an informed second opinion on India's relations with the world.<ref name=Vivekanandan>{{cite journal|last=Vivekanandan|first=B.|title=A Tribute to Life and Work of Professor M.S. Rajan|journal=International Studies|date=12 April 2012|volume=47|issue=2–4|pages=99–111|doi=10.1177/002088171104700403|s2cid=154173182 }}</ref>
The school was inaugurated on 1 October 1955 in the presence of [[Prime Minister]] Jawaharlal Nehru and [[Vice President]] [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]].<ref name=Radhakrishnan>{{cite book|last=RadhaKrishnan|first=Sarvepalle|title=Occasional speeches and writings, October 1952-January 1956, Volume 1|year=1956|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOkxAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Though initially affiliated to the [[University of Delhi]], it was granted [[deemed university]] status in 1961, and could independently grant degrees.
===Centres===
The School had eleven departments of study.<ref name=Appadorai>{{cite journal|last=Appadorai|first=A.|title=International and Area Studies in India|journal=International Studies|date=1 April 1987|volume=24|issue=2|pages=133–143|doi=10.1177/0020881787024002004|s2cid=153821781 }}</ref>
* International Politics and Organisation (including European studies)
* [[International law]]
* [[International economics]]
* [[South East Asian studies]]
* West Asian studies
* [[American studies]]
* [[African studies]]
* Commonwealth studies
* [[Russian studies]]

===Directors of the school===
The school's first director was Professor A. Appadorai, who served from 1955 to 1964. Several steps were taken by him to nurture this first effort of its kind. All students had to compulsorily attend a one-year pre-Ph.D course since they did not have a background in [[International relations]].
The School's second Director was Prof. [[M.S. Rajan]] and he served until the School was merged with the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]] in 1970. The School building at 35, Feroze Shah Road was constructed during his tenure and inaugurated in 1968. Prof. Rajan also solicited fellowships from the governments of the various Indian states for financially disadvantaged students from those states, a practice that continues to this day.

===Merger with Jawaharlal Nehru University===
The merger with [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]] was opposed by the staff and scholars of the School since it was seen to imposed on the school by the government. However, there was nothing much that could be done since the government held the financial purse strings and began to squeeze the school financially to persuade it to fall in line. Even prior to this action, the School had been in the middle of a controversy in Parliament with a parliamentary committee set up to look into various allegations, in response to an intensive campaign run by various vested interests.<ref name=Vivekanandan />

A controversy that followed the merger was the decision to bifurcate the library of the ISIS on the basis of ownership of books, documents and journals. The bifurcation was done in a bureaucratic style without regard to the wholeness of collections built up over a period of time, leading the last Director of the ISIS, Prof. [[M.S. Rajan]] to describe it as "one of the tragedies that struck ICWA as well as ISIS".<ref name=Rajan2005 />

==Accomplishments over 15 years==
* Sixty six researchers were awarded Ph.D degrees over a period of 15 years.<ref name=rajan />
* More than sixty books were published by members of staff as well as students.
* The school journal ''International Studies'' began publication in 1959.
* 31 seminars were held all over India.
* The School [[Library]], whose collections were held jointly with the [[Indian Council of World Affairs]] grew to become one of the biggest libraries in India on international and area studies
* The School trained officers of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] as well as [[diplomat]]s from other countries especially from [[Bhutan]] and [[Nepal]].<ref name=Appadorai />
* The School had a program of visiting scholars and faculty and many well-known academics joined the School for short periods of time under this program, including Sardar [[K.M. Panikkar]] and Professors Tarachand, [[Nicholas Mansergh]], [[Quincy Wright]], and W.H. Morris-Jones.<ref name=Rajan2005>{{cite journal|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=Golden Jubilee of the School of International Studies: An Assessment|journal=International Studies|date=1 October 2005|volume=42|issue=3–4|pages=195–204|doi=10.1177/002088170504200301|s2cid=154778795 }}</ref>
* The School also started an annual series of extension lectures on major developments in international affairs in the mid 1960s, named after its late President, Pandit [[H. N. Kunzru|Hriday Nath Kunzru]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pandit Hridaynath Kunzru Memorial Lectures 2011|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Academics/Schools/SchoolOfInternationalStudies/Making%20SIS%20visible/KunzruLectures/Poster2011.pdf|publisher=JNU|accessdate=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302064144/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Academics/Schools/SchoolOfInternationalStudies/Making%20SIS%20visible/KunzruLectures/Poster2011.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Notable Staff ===

* Dr [[Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao|P.S. Rao]], Indian International Lawyer ([[Pedra Branca dispute]])

===Notable alumni===
* [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], Indian [[Finance minister of india|Finance Minister]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Prof. Amitabh Mattoo appointed Dean of SIS, JNU |url=https://statetimes.in/prof-amitabh-mattoo-appointed-dean-of-sis-jnu/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[S. Jaishankar]], Indian [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]] (EAM) and former [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Jyotindra Nath Dixit|J.N. Dixit]], former [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Indian Foreign Secretary]]
* [[Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit|Santishree D. Pandit]], 13th Vice Chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi

== See also ==

* [[List of institutions of higher education in Delhi]]
* [[International Relation Studies]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* School of International Studies, JNU [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815124756/http://www.jnu.ac.in/main.asp?sendval=SchoolOfInternationalStudies]
* Address delivered by Prof. A. Appadorai, Director of the Indian School of International Studies, at its Fifth Annual Convocation, 28 May 1970. Available in ''International Studies'', April 1987, 24: 133-143 [http://isq.sagepub.com/content/24/2.toc]



[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1955]]
[[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1970]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University]]

Samrat (1997 film)

2026-04-18T05:01:47Z

QLXChristoper: put up new stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Sakthi Chidambaram|C. Dinakaran]]
| screenplay = C. Dinakaran
| based_on = [[Baazigar]] by [[Abbas-Mustan]]
| producer = Lakshmi Karan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ramki]]|[[Vineetha]]|Rukma}}
| cinematography = S. Rajasekaran
| editing = Lancy–Mohan
| music = [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Saran]]
| studio = Lakshmikaran Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|10|10}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Samrat''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] (credited as C. Dinakaran) as his directorial debut. The film stars [[Ramki]], [[Vineetha]], and Rukma.

The film, produced by Lakshmi Karan with music by [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Saran]] and cinematography by S. Rajasekaran was released on 10 October 1997. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Baazigar]]'', which was based on the American film ''[[A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)|A Kiss Before Dying]]'', written by [[Ira Levin]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 |pages=321}}</ref> The film was a box-office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will you follow suit? |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News1%20.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013150710/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News1%20.htm |archive-date=13 October 2013 |access-date=25 October 2016 |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref> Two years after its release, the producers were given a {{INR}}5 [[lakh]] ({{INR}}{{lakh|5}}) subsidy by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[M. Karunanidhi]] along with ten other films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 1999 |title=Subsidy for low budget films distributed |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427180556/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

A young man ([[Ramki]]) comes in a remote village in [[Pollachi]]. He claims to be Ashok and to be reported missing when he was a kid. His sister Arukkani (Vasuki) and his brother-in-law ([[R. Sundarrajan]]) accommodate him in their house. There, Ashok meets Damayanthi (Rukma), the daughter of Sundar (Mohan Natarajan), the wealthiest man in the village. They fall in love with each other. When Sundar arranges Damayanthi's wedding with a rich bride, Ashok is heart-broken. The couples decide to get secretly married in a small temple far from the village. After tying the [[Mangala sutra|thaali]] around Damayanthi's neck, he removes himself from the knot. Damayanthi runs away crying. The entire scene is recorded by a hidden camera, and Ashok then sends the videotape of the scene to Sundar. Ashok then vanishes from the village and starts to blackmail Sundar. {{cn|date = September 2025}}

Ashok now lives in the city and tries to repeatedly woo the city girl Chandramukhi ([[Vineetha]]) under the name of Samrat. Chandramukhi is studying in the city, and she finally falls in love with him. She also succeeds in passing the IPS exams and eventually becomes a police inspector. Chandramukhi is tasked with a tricky mission: to investigate the disappearance of Damayanthi. Damayanthi is none other than Chandramukhi's elder sister. {{cn|date = September 2025}}

Damayanthi is later found by her father Sundar. However, she is not like as before: she became a mentally disabled person. Sundar explains to Chandramukhi what happened in the past to Damayanthi. Sundar tried to do everything to find Ashok but could not find him. Chandramukhi and her father send Damayanthi in a mental hospital. Chandramukhi continues her investigation with Inspector Kalidas (Veera Pandiyan), but without much success. In the meantime, Samrat covers one's tracks. He even kills Damayanthi and the hospital doctor Ilyas (Rajasekhar), who witnessed Damayanthi's murder. Samrat finally reveals to Chandramukhi the reason behind his acts. In the past, Sundar killed Samrat's innocent father ([[Thalaivasal Vijay]]) and removed the [[Mangala sutra|thaali]] from his mother's ([[Sabitha Anand]]) neck. Sundar later lied to the villagers that he had an affair with Samrat's mother, and she also died.

Samrat is a psychopath who wants to take revenge on Sundar at any cost as he believes that his late mother is still alive. Samrat also wants to impose Chandramukhi the same fate as Damayanthi. What transpires later forms the crux of the story. {{cn|date = September 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramki]] as Samrat / Ashok
*[[Vineetha]] as Chandramukhi
*Rukma as Damayanthi
*Mohan Natarajan as Sundar
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Samrat's father
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Samrat's mother
*Vasuki as Arukkani
*Rajasekhar as Doctor Ilyas
*Veera Pandiyan as Inspector Kalidas
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]]
*[[Vichithra]]
*[[Jyothi Meena]]
*K. Prabhakaran
*Chitraguptan
*John Babu
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Saran]], with lyrics written by [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]], [[Piraisoodan]] and [[Sakthi Chidambaram|C. Dhinakaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samrat |url=https://gaana.com/album/samrat-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116051629/https://gaana.com/album/samrat-tamil |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samrat Tamil audio cassette by Manoj |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/samrat-tamil-audio-cassette-by-manoj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116051522/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/samrat-tamil-audio-cassette-by-manoj/ |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Banumass}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Poove Pon Megame" || Sindhu || 3:56
|-
| "Vaa Vathiyare" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || 4:35
|-
| "Jimbumba" || [[Suresh Peters]], Vasu, [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:35
|-
| "Thaaye En Jeevane" || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || 2:14
|-
| "Oh Oh Oh Oh" || Sindhu || 1:13
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Sakthi Chidambaram}}

[[Category:1990s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films about identity theft]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on crime novels]]
[[Category:Films based on thriller novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Ira Levin]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sakthi Chidambaram]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 erotic films]]

Wokha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:33:11Z

QLXChristoper: put up a entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Wokha Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Wokha
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| district = [[Wokha district|Wokha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 38
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| mla = Y. Mhonbemo Hümtsoe
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:25750}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Wokha''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=NAGALAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Wokha district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is also part of [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/nagaland/assembly-constituencies/wokha.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Wokha Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || rowspan=2 | N. L. Odyuo || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Mhao Lotha || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Rainbow Ezung || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Mhao Lotha || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || John Lotha || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | John Lotha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || [[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Dr. Chumben Murry || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]]
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Dr. Chumben Murry<ref name=election2018/> || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Y. Mhonbemo Hümtsoe]]|| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Y. Mhonbemo Hümtsoe]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=15,949 |percentage=54.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Renponthung Ezung|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=12,888|percentage=44.16%|change=25.74%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=N. Wobenthung Lotha|party=Indian National Congress|votes=324|percentage=1.11%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=26|percentage=0.09%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,061 |percentage=10.49% |change=-21.97% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=29,187|percentage=93.39%|change=9.34%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,252 |change =-0.35% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -1.76% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Chumben Murry |party=Naga People's Front |votes=14,870 |percentage=56.41% |change=10.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Y. Mhonbemo Hümtsoe]]|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=6,315|percentage=23.96%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,855|percentage=18.42%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=321|percentage=1.22%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,555 |percentage=32.45% |change=27.86% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=26,361|percentage=84.06%|change=-9.98%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,361 |change =-8.51% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= 5.53% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=16,401 |percentage=50.88% |change=6.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Chumben Murry |party=Naga People's Front |votes=14,919 |percentage=46.28% |change=34.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. T. Ezung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=802 |percentage=2.49% |change=-18.21% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,482 |percentage=4.60% |change=-13.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,233 |percentage=94.04% |change= 13.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,277 |change =-14.28% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= 6.96% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Chumben Murry |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=14,181 |percentage=43.93% |change=19.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,270 |percentage=25.62% |change=-9.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhao Humtsoe |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,683 |percentage=20.70% |change=4.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Yentsao Odyuo |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,697 |percentage=11.45% |change=-12.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khyothungo K. Ovung |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=574 |percentage=1.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,911 |percentage=18.31% |change=7.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,283 |percentage=83.54% |change= 2.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,988 |change =31.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 8.60% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,347 |percentage=35.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Yentsao Odyuo |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,755 |percentage=24.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khyothungo |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,724 |percentage=24.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Lotha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,799 |percentage=16.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,592 |percentage=10.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,625 |percentage=77.82% |change= 77.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,364 |change =12.58% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.58% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=John Lotha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,971 |change =27.88% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=John Lotha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,386 |percentage=28.75% |change=-18.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,181 |percentage=27.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhao Humtsoe |party=Independent politician |votes=3,018 |percentage=19.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Renthungo Murry |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,034 |percentage=13.33% |change=-38.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wobenthung Murry |party=Independent politician |votes=1,142 |percentage=7.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rainbow Ezung |party=Democratic Labour Party (India) |votes=493 |percentage=3.23% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=205 |percentage=1.34% |change=-3.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,254 |percentage=72.68% |change= -6.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,091 |change =60.96% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -23.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,346 |percentage=52.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Lotha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,879 |percentage=47.72% |change=19.44% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=467 |percentage=4.57% |change=1.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,225 |percentage=78.81% |change= 2.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,103 |change =0.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Independent politician |swing= 14.69% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=John Lotha |party=Independent politician |votes=3,689 |percentage=37.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,349 |percentage=34.13% |change=0.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhao Humtsoe |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,774 |percentage=28.27% |change=-4.25% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=340 |percentage=3.47% |change=1.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,812 |percentage=76.13% |change= 14.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,071 |change =0.09% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 3.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhao Lotha |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,693 |percentage=34.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rainbow Ezung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,575 |percentage=32.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Khyochamo Khuvung |party=Independent politician |votes=1,765 |percentage=22.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Punkathung Lotha |party=Independent politician |votes=885 |percentage=11.18% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=118 |percentage=1.49% |change=-6.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,918 |percentage=61.22% |change= -17.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,059 |change =69.95% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= -19.84% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rainbow Ezung |party=Independent politician |votes=3,199 |percentage=53.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhao Lotha |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,742 |percentage=46.15% |change=11.91% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=457 |percentage=7.69% |change=-1.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,941 |percentage=79.13% |change= -1.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,684 |change =26.07% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 19.60% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhao Lotha |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,667 |percentage=34.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. L. Odyuo |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,203 |percentage=24.71% |change=-17.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santsurhomi Ezung |party=Independent politician |votes=909 |percentage=18.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nim Odyuo |party=Independent politician |votes=493 |percentage=10.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandemo |party=Independent politician |votes=316 |percentage=6.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nchumbemotungoe |party=Independent politician |votes=280 |percentage=5.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=464 |percentage=9.53% |change=8.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,868 |percentage=80.49% |change= -5.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,095 |change =44.88% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -7.65% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. L. Odyuo |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,517 |percentage=41.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wopansao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,485 |percentage=41.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yantsomo Odyuo |party=Independent politician |votes=320 |percentage=8.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nim Odyuo |party=Independent politician |votes=299 |percentage=8.26% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32 |percentage=0.88% |change=-7.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,621 |percentage=86.21% |change= -1.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,207 |change =52.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= -12.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wokha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. L. Odyuo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,310 |percentage=54.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsatheo Murry |party=Independent politician |votes=1,110 |percentage=45.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=200 |percentage=8.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,420 |percentage=87.95% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,755 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Wokha district]]
* [[Nagaland]]
* [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}
{{coord|26.09|94.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Wokha]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Wokha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Phaltan Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:25Z

QLXChristoper: Created New Post W/ Sources - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{More sources|date=January 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Phaltan
| constituency_no = 255
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 255-Phaltan.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
| district = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established = 1955
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Sachin Patil (politician)|Sachin Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =340,608
}}
'''Phaltan Assembly constituency''' of [[Maharashtra]] [[Vidhan Sabha]] is one of the constituencies located in [[Satara district]]. This constituency presently, after the delimitation of Legislative Assembly constituencies in 2008, is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|SC]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation Of Parliamentary And Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008]</ref>

It is a part of [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency]], along with five other assembly constituencies, namely [[Man Assembly constituency|Man]] in [[Satara district]] and [[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]], [[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]], Sangole, [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malsiras]] in [[Solapur district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Haribhau Nimbalkar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|Sadashivrao Bandisode
|{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1962]]
| Malojiraje Naik Nimbalkar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | Krishnachandra Bhoite
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1978]]
| Vijaysinhraje Naik Nimbalkar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=3| Suryajirao Kadam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=3| [[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Dipak Pralhad Chavan|Dipak Chavan]]
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra State Assembly Election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Sachin Patil (politician)|Sachin Patil]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]: Phaltan<ref name="Phaltan Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Phaltan Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/phaltan |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118051342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/phaltan |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Phaltan">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Phaltan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13255.htm |access-date=18 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118051422/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13255.htm |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sachin Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,19,287 |percentage = 49.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dipak Pralhad Chavan]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 1,02,241 |percentage = 42.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Digamber Rohidas Agawane |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 13,828 |percentage = 5.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Deepak Chavan |party=Sanay Chatrapati Shasan |votes = 2,157 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Adhav Ramesh Tukaram |party=Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 1,933 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,502 |percentage = 0.62% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,046 |percentage = 7.01% |change= {{decrease}}7.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,44,571 |percentage = 71.80% |change= {{increase}}7.07 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,43,069}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,40,608|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dipak Pralhad Chavan]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,17,617 |percentage = 54.99% |change={{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Digambar Rohidas Agawane|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,636 |percentage = 40.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arvind Baburao Aadhav |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,460 |percentage = 2.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,717 |percentage = 0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,981 |percentage = 14.48% |change= {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,15,987 |percentage = 64.92% |change= {{decrease}}0.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,13,887}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,32,673|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dipak Pralhad Chavan]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 92,910 |percentage = 46.69% |change={{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Digambar Rohidas Agawane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,342 |percentage = 29.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Popatrao Maruti Kakade |party=Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 24,529 |percentage = 12.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Nandkumar Yadavrao Tasgaonkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 15,704 |percentage = 7.89% |change={{decrease}}12.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,656 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Dadasaheb Appaji Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,610 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,568 |percentage = 16.87% |change= {{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,00,659 |percentage = 65.53% |change= {{increase}}9.55 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,99,001}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,06,204|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=19 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dipak Pralhad Chavan]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 71,506 |percentage = 46.95% |change={{decrease}}14.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Jyotiram Mane |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 31,592 |percentage = 20.75% |change={{decrease}}10.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kakade Popatrao Maruti |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,672 |percentage = 16.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aadhav Chandrakant Babanrao |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 7,695 |percentage = 5.05% |change={{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amol Gulab Aavale |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 2,281 |percentage = 1.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Bapu Mane |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,718 |percentage = 1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdev Bhiva Khude |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,465 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,914 |percentage = 26.21% |change= {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,52,367 |percentage = 55.47% |change= {{decrease}}12.22 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,52,287}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,74,690|ref = |change= {{increase}}38.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 82,996 |percentage = 61.69% |change={{increase}}8.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjit Naik-Nimbalkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 42,051 |percentage = 31.25% |change={{increase}}11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Shende Uttamrao Rajaram |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 4,994 |percentage = 3.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arvind Sambhaji Sul |party=Lok Rajya Party |votes = 2,315 |percentage = 1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Sachin Hanumantrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,191 |percentage = 1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,945 |percentage = 30.43% |change= {{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,34,565 |percentage = 67.67% |change= {{decrease}}3.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,34,547}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,98,869|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}8.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 63,960 |percentage = 53.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryajirao Shankarrao alias Chimanrao Kadam|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,180 |percentage = 26.92% |change={{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Shankarrao Shelke Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 23,395 |percentage = 19.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,780 |percentage = 26.59% |change= {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,25,729 |percentage = 74.68% |change= {{decrease}}7.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,19,535}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,68,356|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 84,816 |percentage = 63.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryajirao Shankarrao alias Chimanrao Kadam|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,367 |percentage = 31.94% |change={{decrease}}16.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vishnu Ramchandra Tripute|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,352 |percentage = 2.53% |change={{decrease}}19.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagatap Bajirao Appsaheb |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,345 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,449 |percentage = 32.00% |change= {{increase}}5.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,35,257 |percentage = 80.23% |change= {{increase}}8.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,32,665}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,68,588|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Suryajirao Shankarrao alias Chimanrao Kadam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 54,620 |percentage = 48.85% |change={{increase}}41.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Subhashrao Tukaram Shinde|party=Independent politician |votes = 24,915 |percentage = 22.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vijayrao Kondiram Borawake |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,518 |percentage = 21.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhashchandra Kolape |party=Janata Dal |votes = 4,470 |percentage = 4.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Metkari Dastagir Kadarbhai |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,401 |percentage = 2.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,705 |percentage = 26.57% |change= {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,13,618 |percentage = 71.38% |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,11,807}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,59,171|ref = |change= {{increase}}27.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}3.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Suryajirao Shankarrao alias Chimanrao Kadam |party=Independent politician |votes = 46,763 |percentage = 51.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rajaram Sakharam Bhonsale alias Raja Bhonsale |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 35,992 |percentage = 39.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Babasaheb Raghunath More|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,595 |percentage = 7.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kazi Haji Ahmed Salim |party=Independent politician |votes = 558 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,771 |percentage = 11.97% |change= {{decrease}}20.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,338 |percentage = 72.96% |change= {{increase}}6.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,993}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,189|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}12.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Suryajirao Shankarrao alias Chimanrao Kadam |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 46,210 |percentage = 64.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= [[Hindurao Naik Nimbalkar]]|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,908 |percentage = 31.96% |change={{increase}}22.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarak Rakhamaji Anna |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,550 |percentage = 3.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,302 |percentage = 32.51% |change= {{increase}}30.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,226 |percentage = 66.67% |change= {{decrease}}8.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,668}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,835|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}21.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vijaysinh Alias Shivajiraje Malojirao Naik Nimbalkar |party=Janata Party |votes = 32,011 |percentage = 43.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Suryajirao Shankarrao Alias Chimanrao Kadam|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,539 |percentage = 41.46% |change={{decrease}}31.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Madhavrao Bhikaji Dayagude|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 7,041 |percentage = 9.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pailwan Jagtap Bajirao Bhikaji |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 2,533 |percentage = 3.44% |change={{decrease}}10.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babar Sambhaji Atmaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,530 |percentage = 2.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,472 |percentage = 2.00% |change= {{decrease}}56.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,173 |percentage = 75.77% |change= {{increase}}16.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,654}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,530|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}29.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Krishnachandra Bhoite |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,827 |percentage = 72.90% |change={{increase}}25.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Bajirao Appaji |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 7,144 |percentage = 14.14% |change={{increase}}10.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. Ramchandra Sonawale |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,500 |percentage = 10.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kirve Vishwanath Nana |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,046 |percentage = 2.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,683 |percentage = 58.76% |change= {{increase}}55.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,256 |percentage = 58.73% |change= {{decrease}}14.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,517}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,983|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}25.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Krishnachandra Bhoite |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,749 |percentage = 47.20% |change={{decrease}}26.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. M. Naiknimbalkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,979 |percentage = 43.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. A. Jagtap |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,856 |percentage = 3.54% |change={{decrease}}16.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. A. Kharat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,136 |percentage = 2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=W. V. Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 943 |percentage = 1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. G. Chavan |party=Independent politician |votes = 775 |percentage = 1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,770 |percentage = 3.38% |change= {{decrease}}50.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,728 |percentage = 75.61% |change= {{increase}}7.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,438}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,707|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}26.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Naik Nimbalkar Malojirao Alias Nanasaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,741 |percentage = 74.08% |change={{increase}}51.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haribhau Vithal Nimbalkar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 9,209 |percentage = 20.22% |change={{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishnu Sayaji Kundalkar |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 2,594 |percentage = 5.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,532 |percentage = 53.86% |change= {{increase}}49.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,043 |percentage = 67.55% |change= {{decrease}}50.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,544}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,122|ref = |change= {{decrease}}40.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing= {{increase}}42.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Phaltan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nimbalkar Haribhau Vithalrao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 43,307 |percentage = 31.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bandisode Sadashivrao Marutirao (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 37,237 |percentage = 26.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Naik Nimbalkar Malojirao Alias Nanasaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,764 |percentage = 23.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ganpatrao Devji Tapase]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,822 |percentage = 18.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,070 |percentage = 4.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,38,130 |percentage = 114.90% |change= }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,38,130}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,213|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Phaltan]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Satara district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|17.99|74.43|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phaltan (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Satara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Garden Reach Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T11:52:00Z

QLXChristoper: started some pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Former West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Distinguish|Garden Reach}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Garden Reach
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| constituency_no = 114
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Garden Reach Assembly constituency''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It ceased to exist as a constituency from 2011.

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], while [[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency]] came into existence in 2011, Garden Reach Assembly constituency ceased to exist from the same year.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf|title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006|access-date = 15 October 2010|work = West Bengal|publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

It was part of [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 November 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|S. M. Abdullah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Shaikh Abdullah Farooquie
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan="2"|S. M. Abdullah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Arun Sen
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|S. M. Abdullah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan="2"|Chhedilal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Samsuzzoha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Fazle Azim Molla
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|Mohammed Amin
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Abdul Khaleque Molla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Abdul Khaleque Molla of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the 114 Garden Reach assembly seat defeating his nearest rival [[Mohammed Amin (politician)|Mohammed Amin]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. Mohammed Amin of CPI(M) defeated Fazle Azim Molla of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and of Congress in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Fazle Azim Molla of Congress defeated Dilip Sen of CPI(M) in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and Mohammed Amin of CPI(M) in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Shamsuzzoha of Congress defeated Chhedilal Singh of CPI(M) in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Chhedilal Singh of CPI(M) defeated S.M. Abdullah of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp114.htm |title = 114 - Garden Reach Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Chhedilal Singh of CPI(M) won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> S.M. Abdullah of Congress won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Arun Sen of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> S.M.Abdullah of Congress won in 1967<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Shaikh Abduallah Farooquie of CPI won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> S.M. Abdullah of Congress won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India’s first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{coord|22.5335|N|88.2996|E|display=|region:IN_type:city|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Benjamin Sum

2026-04-09T00:22:47Z

QLXChristoper: new the post initial version

{{short description|Burmese singer}}
{{family name hatnote|lang=Burmese|Benjamin Sum}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Benjamin Sum
| native_name = {{lang|my|ဘင်ဂျမင်ဆုမ်း}}
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Benjamin Sum in 2020.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Benjamin Sum in 2020
| birth_name = Benjamin Sum
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2000|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Kalay]], [[Sagaing Region]], Myanmar
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals | guitar}}
| years_active = 2019–present
| genre = Pop, [[pop rock]]
| occupation = Singer
}}
'''Benjamin Sum''' ({{langx|my| ဘင်ဂျမင်ဆုမ်း}}; born 27 November 2000) is a Burmese singer of ethnic [[Chin people|Chin]] descent.<ref>{{cite news |title=နေမကောင်းဖြစ်နေတဲ့ မိခင်ကို ဆေးကုဖို့ အလုပ်တွေ ပိုကြိုးစားမယ့် ဘန်ဂျမင်ဆုမ်း |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/entertainment/2020/01/24/213786.html |work=[[The Irrawaddy]] |date=24 January 2020|language=my}}</ref> He rose to public recognition following his finish as the runner-up on the [[Myanmar Idol (season 4)|fourth season]] of ''[[Myanmar Idol]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myannar Idol Season 4 Winner ဆု ချင်းတိုင်းရင်းသူ Esther က ဆွတ်ခူး |url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/news/133046.html |work=[[The Myanmar Times]] |date=29 December 2019|trans-title=Esther wins the Myannar Idol Season 4 Winner award}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Idol Season 4 ရဲ့ Top 11 ပြိုင်ပွဲဝင်အချို့ရဲ့ စကားသံများ |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/entertainment/2019/10/29/207189.html |work=[[The Irrawaddy]]|language=my|date=29 October 2019|trans-title=Voice of Some of the Top 11 contestants of Myanmar Idol Season 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ဘန်ဂျမင်ဆုမ်း နဲ့ အမာခံ ပရိသတ်များ တွေ့ဆုံပွဲ Fan Meeting |url=http://www.myanmarcelebrity.com/2019/12/fan-meeting.html?m=1 |work=Myanmar Celebrity News |date=24 December 2019 |language=my}}</ref> However, his rise to stardom is attributed to his cover of a [[Mizo language|Mizo]] love song "Chhailai Di Lenna" on [[YouTube]] in 2021.

Following threats from the [[Myanmar Army]] after the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]], Sum became a [[refugee]] in [[Mizoram]], India. Adapting to the Mizo dialect, his first song earned him "Best Male Artist" awards at Ṭhazual and "Singer of the Year (Male)" at Lelte Awards in 2021.

In 2023, he was surrounded by a controversy as he was found to possess forged Indian documents including birth certificate, [[Voter ID (India)|electoral voter identity]], [[Aadhaar]] and driving license. Investigations led to uncovering other cases of counterfeit documents among the refugees in Mizoram. Upon public pressure, Sum surrendered all his Indian documents to the [[Government of Mizoram]].

== Early life and education ==
Benjamin Sum was born on 27 November 2000 in [[Kalay]], [[Sagaing Region]], Myanmar.<ref name=":7" /> His father, Lalhmuaklian<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=Myanmarese singer Benjamin issues apology for hurting sentiments of Mizo people |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/mizoram/myanmarese-singer-benjamin-issues-apology-for-hurting-sentiments-of-mizo-people/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> was a Christian missionary and died when he was four years old.<ref name=":3" /> His younger sister, eight years his junior, died at the age of four when, at the same time his mother, Laldinpari<ref name=":8" /> was diagnosed with stage three cancer. Benjamin was then in middle school.<ref name=":3" /> His life story shocked the Myanmar audience as he stepped into the 2019 season of ''[[Myanmar Idol]]'' as a contestant. He was then studying Computer Science at the [[University of Computer Studies, Kalay]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tS_s_pff8IQ|title=Myanmar Idol Contestant Benjamin Sum|last=Idol|first=Myanmar|website=Myanmar Idol}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File: Benjamin Sum performing.jpg|thumb|Benjamin Sum performing in a concert]]

=== Myanmar Idol ===
Ben started performing in public in 2018.<ref>{{Citation |title=Benjamin Zahau- Lairam Na Dam Maw & Cherry Myo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqfF-3HMu5M |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> He wanted to pursue a career in music, and so he auditioned for the fourth season of ''[[Myanmar Idol]]''. Finally, he was selected in Top 11 finalists.<ref>{{Citation |title=Christians in Myanmar Idol Season 4 (Benjamin Sum) နှင့် ခရစ်ယာန်အသိုင်းအဝိုင်း God Bless |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=532mQsvLa_k |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>

He made the grand final on the weekend of 28 December 2019, alongside [[Esther Dawt Chin Sung]] and [[Aye Mya Phyu]]. After Esther was declared the winner, he finished as the runner-up with over 50% of the public vote.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=my:အက်စတာ၊ အေးမြဖြူနဲ့ ဘင်ဂျမင်-မြန်မာအိုင်ဒေါ Winner ဘယ်သူဖြစ်မလဲ |url=http://burmese.dvb.no/archives/363517 |work=[[Democratic Voice of Burma]]|language=my|date=27 December 2019|trans-title=Esther and Benjamin, Myanmar Idol Season 4 Winner Who?}}</ref> During his homecoming to [[Kalay]], a huge crowd of thousand fans gathered.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=my:လူပေါင်းထောင်ပေါင်း များစွာ ကြိတ်ကြိတ်တိုး ကြိုဆိုခံခဲ့ရတဲ့ Myanmar Idol ပြိုင်ပွဲဝင် ဘင်ဂျမင်ဆုမ်းရဲ့ ပုံရိပ်များ – Shwe Yaung Lan |url=https://shweyaunglan.com/28472/ |work=Shwe Yaung Lan|language=my|date=6 January 2020|trans-title=Myanmar Idol contestant Benjamin Sun's coming home, where a huge crowd of thousands fans gathered.}}</ref>

After competing Myanmar Idol, he started his tour to different cities in Myanmar. He began shooting for commercial advertisements, stage performances, and preparing to record his first solo album.<ref>{{Citation |title=BENJAMIN SUM - Valentine’s Day |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLlccqILNwQ |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>

On 18 May 2020, he released a single song called "Pyan Twae Mae Yat" MV on Facebook which earned one million views within 24 hours and then two million views in 5 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=ဘင်ဂျမင်ဆုမ်းရဲ့ သီချင်းအသစ်ကို ချီးကျူးလိုက်တဲ့ ဖြူဖြူကျော်သိန်း |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/entertainment/2020/05/18/222884.html |work=[[The Irrawaddy]] |date=18 May 2020|language=my}}</ref> Also it has long been number one on [[Joox]]'s top 100 chart.<ref>{{cite news |title=ပြန်တွေ့မယ်ရက်သီချင်းJooxမှာTop 1ဝင် |url=https://celeconnections.com/2020/07/21/%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%82%95%E1%80%99%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84/ |work=Celeconnection}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="ျပန္ေတြ႕မယ့္ရက္" သီခ်င္းေလးနဲ႕ ပတၱျမား FM ရဲ႕ Song of the Month ဆုကိုရရွိထားတဲ့ ဘင္ဂ်မင္ |url=https://www.celegabar.com/cele-news/1860 |work=Cele Gabar |date=7 July 2020}}</ref>

He also went to Australia to help the victims of the Australia bushfires and raised a charity for them just before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in January 2020.<ref>{{Citation |title=Benjamin Sum II Thlapi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pow4G5IjJDM |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> During the pandemic, he spent his days making songs and released a few of them which got charted No.1 in [[Joox]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Exclusive Interview with Benjamin Sum |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-znO6_aZl4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> Despite his passion for making more music, he wasn't able to produce it due to the military regime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log into Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F100011572842650%2Fposts%2Fpfbid06HdtvwHkf119Xb1vwRC1gKwkYxb1kFYGiqhbAi3vw4DyiPKXjhJNEzUGDXmU122Vl%2F%3Fmibextid%3Dcr9u03 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mizoram journey ===
In February 2021, a [[Myanmar coup d'état|military coup]] overtook the government of Myanmar and the country came under a military regime.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-01 |title=Myanmar's coup: Why now - and what's next? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55882938 |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sum was involved in the protest against the new government which exercised [[martial law]] on its citizens,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-15 |title=Myanmar military extends martial law after bloodiest day since coup |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56398001 |access-date=2024-01-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> and became one of the key figures in the civilian activism.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |author-link=Sanjoy Hazarika |date=17 March 2023 |title=The Rock Star Chin Refugee In Mizoram |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/mizoram/the-rock-star-chin-refugee-in-mizoram-856489 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.indiaspend.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Myanmar Army]] issued his seizure under the [[Myanmar Penal Code|Penal Code of 1861]] which would lead to years of imprisonment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Hanghal |first=Ninglun |last2=Sitlhou |first2=Makepeace |date=2022-10-02 |title=Mizoram's predicament over Myanmar refugees |url=https://www.iwmf.org/reporting/mizorams-predicament-over-myanmar-refugees/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.iwmf.org |publisher=International Women's Media Foundation |language=en}}</ref> From [[Falam, Myanmar|Falam]], where he was living at the time,<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |date=2023-03-17 |title=The Rock Star Chin Refugee In Mizoram |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/mizoram/the-rock-star-chin-refugee-in-mizoram-856489 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.indiaspend.com |language=en}}</ref> he fled to India with his ailing mother in March 2021.<ref name=":5" /> After three days of journey, he and his mother joined his grandparents who had settled in Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram.<ref name=":3" />

Living in Mizoram as a foreigner, he found it hard to make earning to support his family performing at various venues,<ref name=":5" /> and then decided to start a [[YouTube]] channel. To attract Mizo viewers, he had to learn the dialect used in Mizoram, which is distinct from his native dialect.<ref name=":3" /> After mastering the Mizo dialect, he released his first cover "Chhailai Di Lenna", a Mizo love song written by Lalthangliana Pautu and polularised by [[Lalsangzuali Sailo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hnamte |first=Ramhluna |date=2014-03-15 |title=MURVATE (Chhailai Di Lênna) |url=https://zalen.in/detail/murvate-chhailai-di-lenna-ramhluna-hnamte |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Zalen |language=Mizo}}</ref> Made in collaboration with a fellow Burmese musician, Thangbawiha Chhakchhuak, it was dedicated for charity for civilians in Myanmar.<ref>{{Citation |title=Benjamin Sum - Chhailai Di Lenna [Charity for Myanmar] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-H4SOudVkvQ |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> This was the turning point of his career in the Mizo music industry, and became a "recognisable celebrity."<ref name=":3" /> A fan-based account "Summers" was opened in an [[Instagram]] through which his song earned further popularity.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |author-link=Nandita Haksar |date=2023-06-20 |title=World is family: From Manipur to Myanmar, the escalating refugee crisis is a wake-up call for India |url=https://scroll.in/article/1051142/world-is-family-from-manipur-to-myanmar-the-escalating-refugee-crisis-is-a-wake-up-call-for-india |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He later donated all the money received from the song through YouTube and contributions from Summers to the Burmese refugees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ToMZ |date=2021-05-21 |title=Benjamin Sum'an Raltlante Țanpuina a pe |trans-title=Benjamin Sum donated to refugees |url=https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2021/05/benjamin-suman-raltlante-tanpuina-pe.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Times of Mizoram}}</ref>

Sum then proceeded to make a music video "Tunah Erawh Zawng" <ref>{{Citation |title=BENJAMIN SUM - TUNAH ERAWH ZAWNG {{!}}{{!}} Official Music Video {{!}}{{!}} |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AgUVH4TyeA |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> from which he was noticed by a Mizo producer, [[Rpa Ralte]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rpa Ralte (@rparaltemusic) • Instagram photos and videos |url=https://www.instagram.com/rparaltemusic/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.instagram.com |language=en}}</ref> and got connected via YouTube comments. Since then, he has been performing in various platforms and even won the "Best Male Artist" in Ṭhazual and Lelte Awards in 2021, the very same year he fled from Myanmar to Mizoram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanglaini - Thalai {{!}} 7th Annual Ṭhazual Award; Siampuii Ralte-in award pahnih a pawm haw |url=https://vanglaini.org/thalai/47968 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Vanglaini |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, Sum released on YouTube an original song called "Chhingmitin Biahthu Kan Hlan", which had 0.7 million views ain one month and five million views in two years.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Benjamin Sum - Chhingmit in biahthu kan hlan (Official Lyric Video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQyb7l2u8NQ |access-date=2023-01-22 |language=en}}</ref> The song rose to top of the chart on Voltas Malsawm Ṭhazual Lengzem in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Voltas Malsawm House Ṭhazual Lengzem; Benjamin Sum 'Sam ang ṭhen zai I rel tawh mai ang' pakhatna a ni |url=https://vanglaini.org/thalai/63497 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Vanglaini |language=MIZO}}</ref> He also worked with one of the biggest record labels in Mizoram, Kings & Prophets, which released his first English original song "Angel".<ref>{{Citation |title=Benjamin Sum - Angel (Official Music Video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlVj20Qjtl4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> He introduced himself as a grunge-punk artist and shocked the public with his new genre. He then released another music video "Sam Ang Then Zai I Rel Tawh Mai Ang",<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Benjamin Sum - Sam ang then zai i rel tawh mai ang {{!}}{{!}} Official Music Video {{!}}{{!}} |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OVQnPqBxxs |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> which impressed a number of listeners in Mizoram with the melodramatic lyrics, tune and the swooning vocals. He also worked with another talented artist, Saiwanah Sailo in a song "Khuanu Malsawmna" which became a successful hit.<ref>{{Citation |title=SaiWanah X Benjamin Sum - Khuanu Malsawmna (Official Music Video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8p_wg-lN2U |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>

=== Extended play ===
After releasing different singles, Sum released an all-English EP named ''Out of the Blue'' on 9 December 2022, which includes the songs: "Cancer", "Fire", "Song for You", "Feelings", "I Wish", and "Run Away".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Out Of The Blue (OUT NOW) - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZuNIiI8Q9-YqSwE2NuBUi1w7HByl-5q6 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> The content in this EP were all composed by him wherein he drew his inspiration from the people who are currently suffering a crisis back in his hometown. The genre in this EP is all Indie-pop-punk. While making this EP, Radwimps, Girl in Red, [[One Ok Rock|One OK Rock]] and Blink-182 were his muse.

=== Orange Music Festival ===
In December 2022, Sum performed along with his band at Orange Festival in [[Dambuk]], Arunachal Pradesh, India, and got featured in the ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'' with the description: "Myanmar-born, Mizoram artist Benjamin Sum – who had recently released his EP Out of the Blue – brought a raggedy [[pop-punk]] edge to the festival, matching the comedic heaviness of [[Green Day]] with jangly-pop and moving on to Radiohead-esque melancholy on "False Hope"." He included his most famous Mizo ballad to date,"Chhingmitin Biahthu Kan Hlan", as a major presentation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benjamin-Sum |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/festival-review-orange-festival-adventure-music-dambuk-returns-in-diversified-edition/benjamin-sum/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
A refugee in Mizoram, Sum became a successful singer, making earnings from his public performances and online streaming platforms.<ref name=":5" /> In April 2023, Sum was seen riding a new motorcycle in Aizawl.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Srishti B. |date=2023-06-14 |title=Fake Aadhaar Card At Just ₹ 8000 : Myanmar Refugees In Mizoram Found With Forged Govt Documents |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/myanmar-refugees-in-mizoram-found-with-forged-govt-documents-605942.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Out of curiosity, Zomuanpuia Tlau (ZMP Tlau), a freelance journalist,<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Colney |first=Kimi |date=2023-04-24 |title=Chin rockstar Benjamin Sum's 'Aadhar' card fuels refugee debate in Mizoram |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2023/04/24/chin-rockstar-benjamin-sums-aadhar-card-fuels-refugee-debate-in-mizoram/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> noted the registration plate and found that the vehicle was registered in Sum's name.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Zoramsanga |first=Isaac |date=24 April 2023 |title=How did a Myanmar refugee taking shelter in Mizoram, get Aadhaar card and a Mizoram birth certificate? |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/how-did-a-myanmar-refugee-taking-shelter-in-mizoram-get-aadhaar-card-and-a-mizoram-birth-certificate/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> In India, one has to be a bona fide citizen to own a vehicle and should be registered using citizenship verifications such as electoral voter identity card and Aadhaar, among others.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dash |first=Dipak K. |date=2023-04-25 |title=Government proposes 30 documents as proof for DLs, RCs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-proposes-30-documents-as-proof-for-dls-rcs/articleshow/99740790.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |date=2017-03-14 |title=Aadhaar, PAN numbers must for registering new vehicles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aadhaar-pan-numbers-must-for-registering-new-vehicles/article17463590.ece |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Specifically in Aizawl, the government requires a garage certificate to own any vehicle that is certified by the local administrator (Local Council) and approved by the Transport Department of Mizoram since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-10 |title=‘No Garage, No Car’ rule in Aizawl |url=https://urbanupdate.in/no-garage-no-car/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Urban Update |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Zoramthanga |first=Isaac |date=26 April 2023 |title=YMA urges officials to issue documents to bona fide Mizoram natives only |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/yma-urges-officials-to-issue-documents-to-bona-fide-mizoram-natives-only/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> Following the immigration of refugees from Myanmar, the Indian government had mandated state administrators not to issue any kind of identity cards to refugees.<ref name=":6" />

On investigating how Sum got a vehicle registration and garage license, Tlau discovered that Sum had an Indian voter card, Aadhaar, driving license, as well as birth certificate.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> The birth certificate indicated that it was issued in 2005 and Sum was born in [[Farkawn]], a village in [[Champhai district]] near Myanmar.<ref name=":8" /> Inquiry to the village authorities revealed that Sum was not registered in Farkawn. [[Young Mizo Association]] (YMA) branch of Farkawn made a press statement that Sum was not born there,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-24 |title=Farkawn Joint YMA-in Birth Certificate dik lo siam chungchangah hma la turin thuneitute ngen! |trans-title=Farkawn Joint YMA request authorities to take action against fake birth certificate |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2023/04/farkawn-joint-yma-in-birth-certificate.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Explore Mizoram |language=Mizo}}</ref> proving that the certificate was forged.<ref name=":8" />

The news created a national furore and debate as other Burmese refugees were found to possess similar counterfeit documents.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-14 |title=Five Myanmar ‘refugees’ in Mizoram found possessing Indian documents |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/five-myanmar-refugees-in-mizoram-found-possessing-indian-documents/article66967897.ece |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Vanlalruata |first=H.C. |date=2023-04-26 |title=Issue certs to bona fide Mizoram natives, YMA urges officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/issue-certs-to-bona-fide-mizoram-natives-yma-urges-officials/articleshow/99780339.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> While fans sympathised and defended Sum,<ref name=":8" /> YMA, as the largest organisation in Mizoram, intervened making a public statement that there had been a series of forgeries for Indian documents among the refugees.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> From YMA investigation, it was known that many refugees obtained Indian documents at the border, a single document usually at the price of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 8,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-14 |title=YMA said Myanmar refugees got indian Aadhar card, PAN card |url=https://www.voiceofsevensisters.com/yma-said-myanmar-refugees-got-indian-aadhar-card-pan-card/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Voice of Seven Sisters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> The controversy was feared to have a negative impact on how the refugees were received in Mizoram, such that the Central YMA urged the citizens not to take up further grudges against Sum and others who had fake documents.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> Sum himself never disclosed how he acquired the counterfeit documents,<ref name=":10" /> and got "popular [[For All the Wrong Reasons|for all the wrong reasons]]", as [[North East Live]] reported.<ref name=":7" /> Amidst the public outcry, he was forced to surrender his documents to the government authorities in late April 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-14 |title=Mizoram {{!}} Myanmar refugees obtained Indian documents like Aadhar, PAN: YMA |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/mizoram-myanmar-refugees-obtained-indian-documents-like-aadhar-pan-yma.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> making a public apology "for hurting the sentiments of the people."<ref name=":8" />

==Myanmar Idol songs==

*Week 1: He sang "Mother How are You" in Burmese version and started to win appreciation from the viewers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/entertainment/2019/10/29/207189.html|title=Myanmar Idol top 11|last=Han|first=You Phyu|date=29 October 2019|work=[[The Irrawaddy]]}}</ref>
*Week 2: He sang "Ma Tar Nae" (မတားနဲ့) which makes him the most popular contestant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news-eleven.com/article/144620|title=Rock week competition on Myanmar idol|date=9 November 2019|work=[[Eleven Media Group]]}}</ref>
*Week 3: He chose the song "Adipati Lanma Ka Chay Yar Myar" (အဓိပတိလမ်းမကခြေရာများ), Casablanca in Burmese version, for the week of College Student life.
*Week 4: He chose the song "Min Ma Shi Tae Nya Tway" (မင်းမရှိတဲ့နေ့တွေ ညတွေ) in country theme.
*Week 5: He sang "Sate Pyay Thachin" (စိတ်ဖြေသီချင်း) the week to the remembrance of the iconic singer [[Soe Lwin Lwin]].
*Week 6: He sang "December Na Nat Khin" (ဒီဇင်ဘာနံနက်ခင်း) for winter theme and he became a top 5 finalist.
*Week 7: He sang "Say" (ဆေး) for popular song week and is chosen as one of the top 4 finalists.

== Discography ==

===Singles===
* "The Day We Meet Again" ({{lang|my|ပြန်တွေ့မယ့်ရက်}}) (2020).<ref name="a">{{cite news |title="Pyan Twae Mae Yat" on Joox |url=https://www.joox.com/mm/single/zAGtJrPgpYNLSJNjIwctzA== |work=[[Joox]]}}</ref>
* "Girl from the House Next Door" ({{lang|my|ဟိုဖက်အိမ်ကကောင်မလေး}}) (2020)<ref>{{cite news |title="ဟိုဖက်အိမ်ကကောင်းမလေး'" Jooxတွင်နားဆင်ရန် |url=https://www.joox.com/mm/single/xlzJgBdhTISoOoD3iOm9Hg== |work=[[Joox]]}}</ref>
* "Chhingmitin Biahthu Kan Hlan" (in Mizo, 2021)<ref name=":0" />
* "Sam Ang Then Zai I Rel Tawh Mai Ang" (in Mizo, 2022)<ref name=":1" />

=== Album ===

* ''Out of the Blue'' (2022)<ref name=":2" />

==Awards==
*2020, [[Joox]] "Top 10 Popular Song Award"<ref>{{Cite web |title=JOOX Myanmar - Benjamin Sum |url=https://www.facebook.com/JOOXMyanmar/photos/a.1447242272132373/1447243382132262/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>
*2020, Joox "Myanmar Half Year Artist Award" (rank 1)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log into Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F327112578987%2Fposts%2Fpfbid0tgaFEfxZgfUnaCjiPDBDVeKD23dMg3eNrDsKG5BLTo663PJqkmpPZUwerguRho4wl%2F%3Fmibextid%3Dcr9u03 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref>
*2020, [[Shwe FM]] Music Award "Most Requested Song on Shwe FM"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log into Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F2195474770775784%2Fposts%2Fpfbid0ja77qxo9JdnyCC6oQVdg7hvowyByPCbQ2BvBaGVX7YahzGJUSxwd5NH2kDkAm5T2l%2F%3Fmibextid%3Dcr9u03 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref>
*2020, Chin TV Award "Chin Artist of the Year"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chin TV International added a new... - Chin TV International |url=https://www.facebook.com/thechintv/photos/a.5225497750795540/5226049030740412/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>
*2020, [[Padamyar FM]] "Song of the Year Award"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log into Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F284792225413958%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02SoNSJLqH3a9XD6aQzp4FzHFaB2Q8drH2muqjB6R5g32CLpnTFFmCgctYAXUVrgrsl%2F%3Fmibextid%3Dcr9u03 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref>
*2021, Chin TV Award "Chin Person of the Year"<ref>{{Citation |title=I am nothing, He is everything. {{!}} I am nothing, He is everything. God is good all the time. By His Grace, 2019-2021 Chin Person Of The Year award has been given to me. I dedicate this... {{!}} By Benjamin Sum {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/BenjaminSumOfficial/videos/i-am-nothing-he-is-everything/403357247977540/ |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>
*2021, 7th Annual Ṭhazual Award "Best Male Artist (Lengzem)"<ref>{{Citation |title=Benjamin Sum - The Best Male Artist (LENGZEM) at 7th Annual Thazual Award 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKd74yvDrZk |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>
*2021, Hakha Times Award "Chin Young Person of the Year"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log into Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F117726813430750%2Fposts%2Fpfbid0q9UeL4ZpCxLqGBkxoB2JUcRHg3bccok6nMdQcUnu4vMCK8DxXzZpBL6KsNuMnVGbl%2F%3Fmibextid%3Dcr9u03 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref>
*2021, Lelte Award "Singer of the Year (Male)"<ref>{{Citation |title=30th Lelte Award 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXL0EITHmOg |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>
*2022, Chin TV Award "Chin Humanitarian Award" (Guys from Chin)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log into Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F102683498999049%2Fposts%2Fpfbid0tzNidhyq1TVuPKeHa1Y4yjkqqMowdy7NrAhmoND2UsXhVXC4bAUg6FMeWNRnzEVvl%2F%3Fmibextid%3Dcr9u03 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref>
*2022, ChinTube Award "Most Influential Award" (Guys from Chin) <ref>{{Citation |title=2022 Most Influential Winner - Guys From Chin |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzsdP7Vk5X0 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>
*2022, Moonlight Award "Male Singer of the Year (Mizoram)"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zozam |date=2022-11-10 |title=Moonlight Award vote a tla tha |url=https://thezozamtimes.in/2022/11/11/moonlight-award-vote-a-tla-tha/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Zozam Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* {{Facebook|benxaminzahau}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Burmese male singers]]
[[Category:Burmese singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Burmese male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Participants in Burmese reality television series]]
[[Category:Chin people]]
[[Category:People from Sagaing Region]]
[[Category:Refugees in India]]

M. Thirumalai

2026-03-31T04:35:28Z

QLXChristoper: Creating A Post Added Tags.

{{BLP sources|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Mathirumalai.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953}}
| birth_place = [[Thummusinampatti]], composite [[Ramanathapuram district]], [[Madras State]], (now [[Virudhunagar district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| occupation =
| office = 10th [[Vice-Chancellor]], [[Tamil University]], [[Thanjavur]]
| 1blankname = [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Chancellor]]
| 1namedata = [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] (2011-16)
| term = 10 February 2012 - 9 February 2015
| predecessor = [[M. Rajendran]]
| successor = G. Bhaskaran
| order =
| alma_mater = * [[Thiagarajar College]], [[Madurai]] ([[B.A.]] & [[M.A.]] Tamil)
* [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] ([[PhD]])
| main_width = 24em
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| image_size = 220px
| caption =
| honorific_prefix =
| spouse =
| children =
| native_name_lang = ta
| native_name = ம. திருமலை
}}
''For the film director, see [[M. Thirumalai (director)]]''

'''Dr. M. Thirumalai''' (born 1953),<ref name="mohanbook" /> Former [[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Tamil University]], Thanjavur is a Tamil Scholar, Writer and former professor of [[Madurai Kamaraj University]].

== Birth ==
He was born at Thummusinampatti at [[Aruppukkottai]] taluk in [[Virudhunagar district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name=dinamani>[https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-madurai/madurai/2017/sep/06/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88-2768065.html வேருக்கு நீர்வார்க்கும் மேகங்கள் : ம.திருமலை, தினமணி, 6 செப்டம்பர் 2017]</ref>

== Education ==
He completed his school studies in [[Sholavandan]], [[Madurai district]]. He did his bachelor's and master's degrees in [[Thiagarajar College]], [[Madurai]]. His doctorate was on the comparative study on the works of [[Jayakanthan]] and [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], in the department of Tamilology in Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Under his guidance 30 scholars completed their Ph.D.<ref name=mohanbook>பேராசிரியர் ம.திருமலையின் ஆய்வுகள், தொகுப்பாசிரியர் முனைவர் இரா.மோகன், மீனாட்சி புத்தக நிலையம், மதுரை, 2017, நூலின் பின்னட்டை</ref>

== Career ==
He held various positions in [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] for nearly 31 years. They include Controller of Examinations, Director of Publications and Special Officer.<ref name=dinamani/> In the Department of Comparative Studies in the Faculty of Tamilology of the university, he worked in various capacities including lecturer, professor and head of the department.<ref name=mohanbook/> From 10 February 2012 to 9 February 2015, he was the Vice chancellor of the [[Tamil University]], [[Thanjavur]].

== Books ==
He wrote 26 books. His technique of writing is praised by literary people.<ref name=dinamani/> The books include the following:
* ''[[Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]]-Simple Commentary'' ({{langx|ta|சிறுபாணாற்றுப்படை - தெளிவுரையும் விளக்கமும்}}) <ref name=dinamalar>[https://books.dinamalar.com/books_main.asp?ty=1&apid=4814 தினமலர், புத்தகங்கள்]</ref>
* ''Comparative Literature-Theory and Practice'' ({{langx|ta|ஒப்பிலக்கியம் - கொள்கைகளும் பயில்முறையும்}}) <ref name=dinamalar/>
* ''Art of Speaking'' ({{langx|ta|பேச்சுக்கலை}})<ref name=dinamalar/>
* ''Literary Roaming'' ({{langx|ta|இலக்கிய உலா}})<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_iBYgEACAAJ கூகுள் புக்ஸ்]</ref>
* ''Tamil Literature-Applied Perspective'' ({{langx|ta|இனிய காண்க (தமிழ் இலக்கியம்-புதிய பார்வை)}})<ref>[https://www.dinamani.com/specials/nool-aragam/2018/jan/29/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D---%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88-2852944.html நூல் அரங்கம், தினமணி, 29 சனவரி 2018]</ref>
* ''Obscurity (Theory and Practice)''({{langx|ta|இருண்மையியல் கொள்கைகளும் பயில்முறைகளும்}}) <ref>[https://www.dinamani.com/specials/nool-aragam/2019/feb/11/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-3093293.html நூல் அரங்கம், தினமணி, 11 பிப்ரவரி 2019]</ref>
* ''[[Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai]]-Commentary with Critical Introduction'' ({{langx|ta|பொருநராற்றுப்படை - விளக்கமும் நயவுரையும்}}) <ref>[https://www.dinamani.com/specials/nool-aragam/2021/jul/19/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-3663099.html நூல் அரங்கம், தினமணி, 19 சூலை 2021]</ref>
* ''Critical Commentary of Mangudi Marunathar's [[Maturaikkāñci]]'' ({{langx|ta|மாங்குடி மருதனாரின் மதுரைக்காஞ்சி - ஆய்வுரை}}) <ref>[https://www.dinamani.com/specials/nool-aragam/2022/mar/21/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF-3811902.html நூல் அரங்கம், தினமணி, 21 மார்ச் 2022]</ref>
* ''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-[[Malayalam]] A Comparative Perspective'' ({{langx|ta|தமிழ் மலையாள நாவல் ஒப்பாய்வு}}) <ref>[https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/marc_view?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZpejul2 தமிழிணையம் மின்னூலகம்]</ref>
* ''Prefaces of [[Jayakanthan]] - A Critical Study'' ({{langx|ta|ஜெயகாந்தனின் முன்னுரை இலக்கியம்}})
* ''The Subtilities of Tamil Literature'' ({{langx|ta|இலக்கிய நுட்பங்கள்}})
* ''Literature and Reading'' ({{langx|ta|இலக்கியமும் வாசிப்பும்}})

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hindutamil.in/news/others/18401-.html தமிழ்ச் சமுதாயத்துக்குத் தொண்டாற்றுகிறது இந்து தமிழ் : தமிழ்ப் பல்கலை. துணைவேந்தர் ம.திருமலை பேச்சு, இந்து தமிழ், 13 அக்டோபர் 2014]
*[https://www.vallamai.com/?p=43074 தாய்மொழிவழிக் கல்வியை உயர்த்திப் பிடியுங்கள் : ம.திருமலை, தொகுப்பு எஸ்.வி. வேணுகோபாலன், வல்லமை, 17 மார்ச் 2014]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirumalai, M.}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]

Jisha Abhinaya

2026-03-30T17:22:20Z

QLXChristoper: starting new stub

{{short description|Indian woman playwright and theatre director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jisha Abhinaya
|image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Playwright, theatre director
| spouse = Anil Sincere
| father = Jayan Chetthallur
| mother = Usha
| children = 1
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] (2019)
}}
'''Jisha Abhinaya''' is an Indian theatre artist, theatre director and playwright from Kerala. Jisha's collection of eight plays, ''Eli Eli Lama Sabakthani'', won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] in 2019.

==Biography==
Jisha was born in Thrissur, Kerala, to Jayan Chetthallur and Usha, both of whom are theatre artists.<ref name="abhimukham">{{cite web |title=നിശബ്ദമായിരിക്കാന്‍ ആവാത്തതുകൊണ്ട് നാടകം എഴുതുന്നു: ജിഷ അഭിനയ – Abhimukham |url=https://abhimukham.com/jisha-abhinaya-journalist-drama-actor-interview-sreekala/ |website=abhimukham.com}}</ref> She started her career in drama by portraying a tribal girl named Chomi in an amateur drama competition organized by Kozhikode Kala while studying in 5th class.<ref name="abhimukham"/> She won the award for best child actress for that character.<ref name="abhimukham"/>

Jisha and her husband Anil Sincere have one daughter, Abhinaya.<ref name="abhimukham"/>

==Career==
Jisha Abhinaya runs a theatre group, 'Abhinaya Nataka Samithi', in [[Thrissur]].<ref name="NIE">{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Arathi |date=2016-11-24 |title=Play it up, women |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/Nov/24/play-it-up-women-1541899.html |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Jisha who is also a journalist is a sub-editor in Deshabhimani.<ref name="abhimukham"/>

==Plays==
The play, ''Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani'', written and directed by Jisha is themed after the biblical prayer that begins, "[[My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me?]]" and features a girl named Anna as the central character.<ref name="deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=പെൺകരുത്തിന്റെ അരങ്ങ‌് |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517000929/https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-weekendspecial-14-07-2019/810596 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml}}</ref> In the play ''Ente Shareeramaanu Ente Swathantryam'' [meaning:My Body is My Freedom], the characters are Sugandhi, a flower vendor, Sheela, a cleaner, and Kanchana, a sex worker.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> The play ''Otta'', which tells the story of Parimalam and her husband Madhavan, focuses on the selfishness and ego of men.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> The play ''Shyama Madhavam'' is based on [[Prabha Varma]]'s poetry, which evaluates [[Krishna]] as a human being.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> The play is set in the backdrop of the [[Tholpavakoothu]].<ref name="deshabhimani"/> The play ''Suryasomapookkal Vitarumbol'' is a work against the demonstrative devotional industry and godmen.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> The play ''Mulanavukaratodu Chila Suvisheshangal'' is about lives of people where even the body is no longer one's own.<ref name="deshabhimani"/>

''Savithri'', a solo play written, directed, and performed by Jisha Abhinaya, centers on a woman who guards a cemetery and communicates with the dead.<ref name="NIE" /> Using this setting she communicates about social injustice and the blame often placed on women.<ref name="NIE" />

Her one-act play, ''Avan /Aval'' [meaning:He/She], is a play that reveals insights into the life of a transgender person.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jisha Abhinaya's solo play, 'Avan/Aval' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-identity-crisis/article15616497.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 February 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Her play ''Farida'' won the award for best playwriting at the M.G. Soman Foundation Drama Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-30 |title=എം.ജി. സോമൻ ഫൗണ്ടേഷൻ നാടകോത്സവം; ഭൂമധ്യരേഖ മികച്ച നാടകം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/pathanamthitta/news/localnews-pathanamthitta-17098776- |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Books published==
*{{Cite book |title=Eli Eli Lama Sabakthani |publisher=Fabian Books |year=2019 |language=ml |trans-title=[[My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me?]]}} Collection of 8 plays.

==Awards==
Jisha's collection of eight plays, Eli Eli Lama Sabakthani, won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award 2019 |url=https://ia801802.us.archive.org/15/items/kerala-sahitya-academy-awards-2019/Kerala%20sahitya%20academy%20awards%202019.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards for 2019 announced |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-2019-sahitya-akademi-awards-354950c7 |work=@mathrubhumi |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> 'Eli Eli Lama Sabaktani' also received the 2017 [[Edasseri Award]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edasseri Awards |url=https://www.edasseri.org/edasseri_awards2.htm |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=www.edasseri.org}}</ref> and the 2019 [[Muthukulam Parvathy Amma Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=മുതുകുളം പാർവതി അമ്മ സാഹിത്യപുരസ്കാരം ജിഷ അഭിനയയ്ക്ക് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref> She won the VSNS Kavunkara Bhargavi Award for best playwriting in the state-level playwriting competition organized by the Women's Literature State Drama Society (VSNS) in 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=വിഎസ്‌എൻഎസ്‌ നാടകപുരസ്‌കാരം ജിഷ അഭിനയക്ക് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/district-news/-14120/vsns-drama-award-for-jisha-abhinaya-61577 |work=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jisha, Abhinaya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-27T13:18:10Z

QLXChristoper: fixed details after review and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|None}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}

This article lists all the [[Municipal governance in India|urban local bodies]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], including [[municipal corporations]], [[municipalities]] and [[Nagar panchayat]]s. According to the Directorate of Town and Country Planning under the Government of [[Andhra Pradesh]], the state comprises 123 urban local bodies across its 28 districts. These include 17 municipal corporations, 78 [[Municipality|municipalities]], and 28 [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar panchayats]].<ref name="cities">{{cite news |last1=Vadlapatla |first1=Sribala |date=11 August 2015 |title=Amaravati among 32 AP cities selected for Amruth development |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Amaravati-among-32-AP-cities-selected-for-Amruth-development/articleshow/48431080.cms |access-date=18 December 2015 |work=The Times of India |location=Hyderabad}}</ref><ref name="civicbody2">{{cite web |title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs |url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717151418/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=23 June 2016 |website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra government notifies five new nagar panchayats, rejigs 13 civic bodies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/jan/06/andhra-governmentnotifies-five-new-nagar-panchayatsrejigs-13-civic-bodies-2246162.html |access-date=2021-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Based on available data, Bheemunipatnam is the oldest municipality in Andhra Pradesh and the second oldest in India, after Chennapatnam (modern-day Chennai). Currently, Bheemunipatnam is part of the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC). In the Rayalaseema region, Adoni, located in the Kurnool district, holds the distinction of being the oldest municipality, followed by Kurnool.

'''The hierarchy of Urban Local Bodies'''
# Urban Development Authority
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipality
#* ''Selection Grade Municipality''
#* ''Special Grade Municipality''
#* ''First Grade Municipality''
#* ''Second Grade Municipality''
#* ''Third Grade Municipality''
# Nagar Panchayat

== Municipal corporations ==
[[File:Municipal Corporations in Andhra Pradesh.png|thumb|Municipal Corporations in Andhra Pradesh (before 2021)]]
The state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] comprises 18 [[municipal corporations]] across its 28 districts. The Guntur district has two municipal corporations whereas all other districts have one each.<ref name="civicbody">{{cite web |title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs |url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717151418/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=23 June 2016 |website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |format=PDF}}</ref> Of the 17 corporations, 16 serve as district headquarters; the exception is the [[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation|Mangalagiri-Tadepalli]] corporation.<ref name=corp>{{cite news|title=Municipal Corporation Status for All District HQs in AP|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Municipal-Corporation-Status-for-All-District-HQs-in-AP/2015/02/17/article2672622.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616233830/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Municipal-Corporation-Status-for-All-District-HQs-in-AP/2015/02/17/article2672622.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2015|access-date=7 February 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 February 2015|location=Hyderabad}}</ref>

The cities of [[Vizianagaram]], [[Machilipatnam]] and [[Srikakulam]] were upgraded to municipal corporations on 9 December 2015''.''<ref name="new">{{cite news|title=Masula, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram upgraded into corporations|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/masula-srikakulam-vizianagaram-upgraded-into-corporations/article7967915.ece|access-date=10 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=10 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409032222/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/vijayawada/masula-srikakulam-vizianagaram-upgraded-into-corporations/article7967915.ece|archive-date=9 April 2016|location=Vijayawada}}</ref> In March 2021 former municipalities of the [[Guntur district]], [[Mangalagiri Municipality]] and Tadepalli Municipality, were merged into the [[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]].

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!#
! class="unsortable" | District
! class="unsortable" | Municipal Corporation
!Year of Upgradation
|-
| 1
| [[Anantapur district|'''Anantapur''']]
| [[Anantapur Municipal Corporation|Anantapur Municipal Corporation (AMC)]]
|2005
|-
| 2
| [[Chittoor district|'''Chittoor''']]
| [[Chittoor Municipal Corporation|Chittoor Municipal Corporation (CMC)]]
|2012
|-
| 3
| [[East Godavari district|'''East Godavari''']]
| [[Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation|Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (RMC)]]
|1994
|-
| 4
|[[Eluru district|'''Eluru''']]
|[[Eluru Municipal Corporation|Eluru Municipal Corporation (EMC)]]
|2005
|-
| 5
| rowspan="2" | [[Guntur district|'''Guntur''']]
| [[Guntur Municipal Corporation|Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC)]]
|1994
|-
| 6
|[[Mangalagiri–Tadepalli Municipal Corporation|Mangalagiri–Tadepalli Municipal Corporation (MTMC)]]
|2021
|-
| 7
| [[Kadapa district|'''Kadapa''']]
| [[Kadapa Municipal Corporation|Kadapa Municipal Corporation (KMC)]]
|2005
|-
| 8
| [[Kakinada district|'''Kakinada''']]
| [[Kakinada Municipal Corporation|Kakinada Municipal Corporation (KMC)]]
|2007
|-
| 9
| [[Krishna district|'''Krishna''']]
|[[Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation|Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation (MMC)]]
|2015
|-
| 10
| [[Kurnool district|'''Kurnool''']]
| [[Kurnool Municipal Corporation|Kurnool Municipal Corporation (KMC)]]
|1994
|-
| 11
| [[Nellore district|'''Nellore''']]
| [[Nellore Municipal Corporation|Nellore Municipal Corporation (NMC)]]
|2004
|-
| 12
| [[NTR district|'''NTR''']]
| [[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation|Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC)]]
|1981
|-
| 13
| [[Prakasam district|'''Prakasam''']]
| [[Ongole Municipal Corporation|Ongole Municipal Corporation (OMC)]]
|2012
|-
| 14
|[[Srikakulam district|'''Srikakulam''']]
|[[Srikakulam Municipal Corporation|Srikakulam Municipal Corporation (SMC)]]
|2015
|-
| 15
| [[Tirupati district|'''Tirupati''']]
| [[Tirupati Municipal Corporation|Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC)]]
|2007
|-
| 16
|[[Visakhapatnam district|'''Visakhapatnam''']], [[Anakapalli district|'''Anakapalli''']]
|[[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC)]]
|1979
|-
| 17
|[[Vizianagaram district|'''Vizianagaram''']]
|[[Vizianagaram Municipal Corporation|Vizianagaram Municipal Corporation (VMC)]]
|2015
|}

'''''Source''''': ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160808132411/http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/webdtcp/pdf/List%20of%20ULBs.pdf Statistical Information of ULBs and UDAs]''

== Municipalities ==

Municipalities in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] are categorised into five types. They are in the following hierarchy

#Selection Grade Municipality - 8
#Special Grade Municipality - 11
#First Grade Municipality - 14
#Second Grade Municipality - 36
#Third Grade Municipality - 19

[[Kadapa district]] and [[Palnadu district]]s has the most municipalities with 6 each.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dachepalli, Gurazala in Palnadu district get municipality status|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/jan/27/dachepalli-gurazala-in-guntur-district-get-municipality-status-2095047.html|access-date=27 January 2020|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="civicbody" />

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! District
! Selection Grade
!Special Grade
! First Grade
! Second Grade
! Third Grade
! Total
|-
|[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|'''Alluri Sitarama Raju''']]
|
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |0
|-
|[[Anakapalli district|'''Anakapalli''']]
|
|
|
|
|[[Narsipatnam]], [[Elamanchili]]
| style="text-align:center" |2
|-
|[[Anantapur district|'''Anantapur''']]
|[[Guntakal]]
|[[Tadipatri]]
|[[Rayadurgam]]
|
|[[Gooty]], [[Kalyandurg]]
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|-
|[[Annamayya district|'''Annamayya''']]
|[[Madanapalle]]
|[[Rayachoty]]
|
|[[Punganur]]
|
| style="text-align:center" | 3
|-
|[[Bapatla district|'''Bapatla''']]
|
|
|[[Bapatla]], [[Chirala Municipality|Chirala]]
|[[Repalle Municipality|Repalle]]
|
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|-
|[[Chittoor district|'''Chittoor''']]
|
|
|
|
|[[Palamaner]], [[Nagari, Andhra Pradesh|Nagari]], [[Kuppam]]
| style="text-align:center" | 3
|-
|[[East Godavari district|'''East Godavari''']]
|
|
|[[Nidadavolu]]
|
|[[Kovvur]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|-
|[[Eluru district|'''Eluru''']]
|
|
|[[Jangareddygudem]]
|[[Nuzvid]]
|
| style="text-align:center" |2
|-
|[[Guntur district|'''Guntur''']]
|[[Tenali Municipality|Tenali]]
|
|
|[[Ponnur Municipality|Ponnur]]
|
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|-
|[[Kadapa district|'''Kadapa''']]
|
|[[Proddatur]]
|[[Pulivendula]]
|[[Badvel]], [[Rajampet]], [[Yerraguntla]]
|[[Mydukur]]
| style="text-align:center" |6
|-
|[[Kakinada district|'''Kakinada''']]
|
|
|
|[[Samalkota]], [[Peddapuram]], [[Pithapuram]], [[Tuni]]
|
| style="text-align:center" |4
|-
|[[Konaseema district|'''Konaseema''']]
|
|[[Mandapeta]]
|[[Amalapuram]]
|[[Ramachandrapuram, Konaseema district|Ramachandrapuram]]
|
| style="text-align:center" |3
|-
|[[Krishna district|'''Krishna''']]
|
|[[Gudivada Municipality|Gudivada]]
|[[Tadigadapa]]
|[[Vuyyuru]]
|[[Pedana]], [[Pedana]]
| style="text-align:center" | 3
|-
|[[Kurnool district|'''Kurnool''']]
|
|[[Adoni]], [[Yemmiganur]]
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|-
|[[Markapuram district|'''Markapuram''']]
|
|
|
|[[Markapuram]], [[Kanigiri]]
|
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|-
|[[Nandyal district|'''Nandyal''']]
|
|[[Nandyal]]
|
|[[Dhone]], [[Nandikotkur]], [[Allagadda]]
|
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|-
|[[Nellore district|'''Nellore''']]
|
|
|[[Gudur]], [[Kavali]]
|[[Buchireddypalem]], [[Kandukur]]
|[[Atmakur, Nellore district|Atmakur]]
| style="text-align:center" |4
|-
|[[NTR district|'''NTR''']]
|
|
|
|[[Jaggayyapeta]], [[Nandigama]]
|[[Kondapalli]]
| style="text-align:center" |3
|-
|[[Palnadu district|'''Palnadu''']]
|[[Narasaraopet Municipality|Narasaraopet]]
|
|[[Chilakaluripet Municipality|Chilakaluripet]]
|[[Macherla]], [[Piduguralla]], [[Sattenapalle]], [[Vinukonda]]
|
| style="text-align:center" | 6
|-
|[[Parvathipuram Manyam district|'''Parvathipuram Manyam''']]
|
|
|[[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvathipuram]]
| [[Salur]]
|
| style="text-align:center" |2
|-
|[[Prakasam district|'''Prakasam''']]
|
|
|[[Addanki]]
|[[Chimakurthy]], [[Darsi]], [[Giddaluru]]
|
| style="text-align:center" |1
|-
|[[Polavaram district|'''Polavaram''']]
|
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |0
|-
|[[Sri Satyasai district|'''Sri Satyasai''']]
|[[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]], [[Hindupur]]
|[[Kadiri]]
|
|[[Puttaparthi]]
|
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|-
|[[Srikakulam district|'''Srikakulam''']]
|
|
|
|[[Amudalavalasa]], [[Palasa–Kasibugga Municipality|Palasa–Kasibugga]]
|[[Ichchapuram Municipality|Ichchapuram]]
| style="text-align:center" | 3
|-
|[[Tirupati district|'''Tirupati''']]
|
|
|[[Srikalahasti]]
|
|[[Sullurpeta]], [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]], [[Venkatagiri]], [[Naidupeta]]
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|-
|[[Visakhapatnam district|'''Visakhapatnam''']]
|
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center" | 0
|-
|[[Vizianagaram district|'''Vizianagaram''']]
|
|
|
|[[Bobbili]]
|[[Rajam]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|-
|[[West Godavari district|'''West Godavari''']]
|[[Bhimavaram Municipality|Bhimavaram]], [[Tadepalligudem]]
|[[Palakollu Municipality|Palakollu]]
|[[Narasapuram]], [[Tanuku]]
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |5
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''''Total'''''
|8
|11
|14
|36
|19|| style="text-align:center" |81
|}

'''''Source''''': ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160808132411/http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/webdtcp/pdf/List%20of%20ULBs.pdf Statistical Information of ULBs and UDAs]''

== Nagar panchayats ==
The state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] has a total of 18 nagar panchayats.

[[Kadapa district]] has the most nagar panchayats of three.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! District
! class="unsortable" |Nagar panchayats
! Total
|-
|[[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
|[[Pileru]], [[B.Kothakota]]
|2
|-
|[[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
|[[Palakonda]]
|1
|-
|[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Nellimarla]], [[Rajam, Andhra Pradesh|Rajam]]
|2
|-
|[[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
|[[Mummidivaram]]
|1
|-
|[[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
|[[Gollaprolu]], [[Yeleswaram]]
|2
|-
|[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|[[Akividu]]
|1
|-
|[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|[[Chintalapudi, West Godavari district|Chintalapudi]]
|1
|-
|[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|[[Vuyyuru]]
|1
|-
|[[NTR district|NTR]]
|[[Tiruvuru]]
|1
|-
|[[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
|[[Dachepalle]], [[Gurazala]]
|2
|-
|[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|[[Chimakurthy]], [[Darsi]]
|2
|-
|[[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
|[[Giddaluru]], [[Podili]]
|2
|-
|[[Nellore district|Nellore]]
|[[Allur, Nellore district|Allur]]
|1
|-
|[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|[[Gudur, Kurnool district|Gudur]]
|1
|-
|[[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
|[[Bethamcherla]]
|1
|-
|[[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
|[[Pamidi]]
|1
|-
|[[Sri Satyasai district|Sri Satyasai]]
|[[Madakasira]], [[Penukonda]]
|2
|-
|[[Kadapa District|Kadapa]]
|[[Jammalamadugu]], [[Yerraguntla]], [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa district|Kamalapuram]]
|3
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |'''''Total'''''|| style="text-align:center" |27
|}

== Municipalities formation year ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
constitution
|-
|1
|Srikakulam
|Srikakulam
|1856
|-
|2
|Bheemunipatnam Merged with [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|GVMC]]
|Visakhapatnam
|1861
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
constitution
|-
|1
|Adoni
|Kurnool
|1865
|-
|2
|Rajahmundry
|East Godavari
|1865
|-
|3
|Visakhapatnam
|Visakhapatnam
|1865
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
constitution
|-
|1
|Guntur
|Guntur
|1866
|-
|2
|Kurnool
|Kurnnol
|1866
|-
|3
|Nellore
|Nellore
|1866
|-
|4
|Machilipatnam
|Krishna
|1866
|-
|5
|Kakinada
|Kakinada
|1866
|-
|6
|Eluru
|Eluru
|1866
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
|-
|1
|Kadapa
|Kadapa
|1868
|-
|2
|Anantapuram
|Anantapuram
|1869
|-
|3
|Ongole
|Prakasam
|1876
|-
|4
|Tirupati
|Tirupati
|1886
|-
|5
|Vizianagaram
|Vizianagaram
|1888
|-
|6
|Vijayawada
|NTR
|1888
|-
|7
|Nandyal
|Nandyal
|2000
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
|-
|1
|Tenali
|Guntur
|1912
|-
|2
|Proddatur
|Kadapa
|1915
|-
|3
|Peddapuram
|Kakinada
|1915
|-
|4
|Pithapuram
|Kakinada
|1915
|-
|5
|Narasaraopet
|Palnadu
|1915
|-
|6
|Chittoor
|Chittoor
|1915 
|-
|7
|Palakollu
|West Godavari
|1919
|-
|8
|Hindupuram
|Sri Sathya Sai
|1920
|-
|9
|Tadipatri
|Anantapuram
|1920
|-
|10
|Gudivada
|Krishna
|1937
|}
Above 28 are the municipalities formed before Independence.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
|-
|1
|Guntakal
|Anantapuram
|1948
|-
|2
|Amalapuram
|Konaseema
|1948
|-
|3
|Bhimavaram
|West Godavari
|1948
|-
|4
|Chirala
|Bapatla
|1948
|-
|5
|Saluru
|Parvathipuram Manyam
|1950
|-
|6
|Bapatla
|Bapatla
|1951
|-
|7
|Gudur
| Nellore
|1951
|-
|8
|Bobbili
|Vizianagaram
|1956
|-
|9
|Narsapur
|West Godavari
|1956
|-
|10
|Repalle
|Bapatla
|1956
|-
|11
|Mandapeta
|Konaseema
|1958
|-
|12
|Samalkota
|Kakinada
|1958
|-
|13
|Tadepalligudem
|West Godavari
|1958
|-
|14
|Srikalahasti
|Tirupati
|1958
|-
|15
|Parvathipuram
|Parvathipuram Manyam
|1959
|-
|16
|Ramachandrapuram
|Konaseema
|1959
|-
|17
|Tuni
|Kakinada
|1959
|-
|18
|Madanapalli
|Annamayya
|1961
|-
|19
|Rayadurgam
|Anantapuram
|1963
|-
|20
|Nidadavole
|East Godavari
|1964
|-
|21
|Chilakaluripet
|Palnadu
|1964
|-
|22
|Ponnur
|Guntur
|1964
|-
|23
|Markapuram
|Markapuram
|1964
|-
|24
|Dharmavaram
|Sri Sathya Sai
|1964
|-
|25
|Kadiri
|Sri Sathya Sai
|1964
|-
|26
|Kovvur
|East Godavari
|1965
|-
|27
|Yemmiganur
|Kurnool
|1965
|-
|28
|Kavali
|Nellore
|1967
|-
|29
|Mangalagiri [Merged with [[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation|MTMC]]]
|Guntur
|1969
|-
|30
|Tanuku
|West Godavari
|1979
|-
|31
|Nuzvid
|Eluru
|1983
|-
|32
|Macherla
|Palnadu
|1983
|-
|33
|Sattenapalle
|Palnadu
|1984
|-
|34
|Pedana
|Krishna
|1985
|-
|35
|Punganur
|Annamayya
|1985
|-
|36
|Ichapuram
|Srikakulam
|1986
|-
|37
|Amadalavalasa
|Srikakulam
|1987
|-
|38
|Kandukur
|Prakasam
|1987
|-
|39
|Jaggaiahpeta
|NTR
|1988
|-
|40
|Palasa - Kasibugga
|Srikakulam
|2000
|}

In 2005, the government of Andhra Pradesh upgraded 12 areas as municipalities.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
|-
|1
|Rajam
|Vizianagaram
|2005
|-
|2
|Piduguralla
|Palnadu
|2005
|-
|3
|Vinukonda
|Palnadu
|2005
|-
|4
|Dhone
|Nandyal
|2005
|-
|5
|Jammalamadugu
|Kadapa
|2005
|-
|6
|Pulivendula
|Kadapa
|2005
|-
|7
|Rajampeta
|Kadapa
|2005
|-
|8
|Rayachoty
|Annamayya
|2005
|-
|9
|Palamaneru
|Chittoor
|2005
|-
|10
|Nagari
|Chittoor
|2005
|-
|11
|Puttur
|Tirupati
|2005
|-
|12
|Venkatagiri
|Tirupati
|2005
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
|-
|1
|Badvel
|Kadapa
|2006
|-
|2
|Tadepalle [Merged with MTMC]
|Guntur
|2009
|}

In 2011, the government of Andhra Pradesh upgraded 21 areas as municipalities.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
|-
|1
|Narsipatnam
|Anakapalli
|2011
|-
|2
|Yelamanchili
|Anakapalli
|2011
|-
|3
|Gollaprolu
|Kakinada
|2011
|-
|4
|Mummidivaram
|Konaseema
|2011
|-
|5
|Yeleswaram
|Kakinada
|2011
|-
|6
|Janga reddy gudem
|Eluru
|2011
|-
|7
|Nandigama
|NTR
|2011
|-
|8
|Tiruvuru
|NTR
|2011
|-
|9
|Vuyyuru
|Krishna
|2011
|-
|10
|Addanki
|Bapatla
|2011
|-
|11
|Chimakurthy
|Prakasam
|2011
|-
|12
|Giddalur
|Markapuram
|2011
|-
|13
|Kanigiri
|Markapuram
|2011
|-
|14
|Gooty
|Anantapur
|2011
|-
|15
|Madakasira
|Sri Satya Sai
|2011
|-
|16
|Puttaparthi
|Sri Sathya Sai
|2011
|-
|17
|Allagadda
|Nandyal
|2011
|-
|18
|Atmakur - N
|Nandyal
|2011
|-
|19
|Gudur - K
|Kurnool
|2011
|-
|20
|Nandikotkur
|Nandyal
|2011
|-
|21
|Mydukur
|Kadapa
|2011
|}

In 2012, 6 more Towns were upgraded as Municipal Bodies
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
|-
|1
|Kalyanadurgam
|Anantapur
|2012
|-
|2
|Pamidi
|Anantapur
|2012
|-
|3
|Yerraguntla
|Kadapa
|2012
|-
|4
|Sullurupeta
|Tirupati
|2012
|-
|5
|Naidupeta
|Tirupati
|2012
|-
|6
|Atmakur - N
|Nellore
|2012
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
|-
|1
|Palakonda
|Parvathipuram Manyam
|2013
|-
|2
|Nellimarla
|Vizianagaram
|2013
|}

As of 2020, the government of Andhra Pradesh has upgraded 10 areas as Municipal Bodies.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
|-
|1
|Kamalapuram
|Kadapa
|2020
|-
|2
|Bethamcherla
|Nandyal
|2020
|-
|3
|Kuppam
|Chittoor
|2020
|-
|4
|Penukonda
|Sri Sathya Sai
|2020
|-
|5
|Buchireddy Palem
|Nellore
|2020
|-
|6
|Darsi
|Prakasam
|2020
|-
|7
|Dachepalle
|Palnadu
|2020
|-
|8
|Guruzala
|Palnadu
|2020
|-
|9
|Kondapalli
|NTR
|2020
|-
|10
|Akiveedu
|West Godavari
|2020
|}

In 2021, the government of Andhra Pradesh created 1 municipal corporation and 1 Municipality.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Municipality Name
!District
!Year of
Constitution
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[Mangalagiri-Tadepalli Municipal Corporation|MTMC]]
|Guntur
|2021
|Merged Mangalagiri & Tadepalli to form MTMC
|-
|2
|Tadigadapa
|Krishna
|2021
|Renamed from YSRTadigadapa to Tadigadapa in 2025
|}
'''Source of Formation Year'''

http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717151418/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |date=17 July 2019 }}

http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ULBS.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510190534/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ULBS.html |date=10 May 2021 }}

'''Source''':

Directorate of Town and Country Planning website. [http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ULBS.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510190534/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ULBS.html |date=10 May 2021 }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists]]
[[Category:Local government-related lists|Andhra Pradesh, Urban local bodies]]

Paytm

2026-03-25T18:14:53Z

QLXChristoper: adjusted structure per standard format and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Indian financial technology company}}
{{distinguish|Paym}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Paytm
| logo = Paytm Logo (standalone).svg
| logo_alt =
| logo_size = 200
| image = Paytm HQ in Noida.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Paytm headquarters in [[Noida]]
| trade_name = Paytm
| former_name =
| type = [[Public limited company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{NSE|PAYTM}}|{{BSE|543396}}}}
| ISIN = INE982J01020
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Financial technology]]
*[[E-commerce]]}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2010|}}
| founder = [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]]
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| hq_location_country = India
| areas_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Vijay Shekhar Sharma {{small|([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}}}
| products = {{unbulleted list
| Paytm Insider
| [[Paytm Payments Bank]]
| Paytm PG
| Paytm Money
| Paytm Insurance
| Paytm First Games<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/paytm-gaming-platform-gamepind-rebranded-as-firstgames-205605-2019-06-17|title=Paytm's gaming platform Gamepind rebranded as FirstGames|work=Business Today}}</ref>
}}
| brands =
| services = {{unbulleted list
| Payment systems
| Mobile payments
| Bill payments
| [[Unified Payments Interface]]
}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|9978|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24" />
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|559|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24"/>
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|-1423|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24">{{cite web |title=Earnings Release - For quarter and year ending March 2024 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/a077612f-e122-4fbf-96fd-c0f199ed6fdc.pdf |website=BSE |publisher=One97 Communications Limited |access-date=29 June 2024}}</ref>
| owners = {{Unbulleted list|Vijay Shekhar Sharma (19.42%)|Elevation Capital (15.4%)<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm shares flat as 2.9% equity changes hands via block deal, Antfin likely seller |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/paytm-shares-in-focus-as-antfin-to-offload-entire-stake-worth-rs-3-800-crore-via-block-deal-13389586.html |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>}}
| members =
| members_year = 2024
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = [[One97 Communications]]
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|https://paytm.com/}}
}}

'''Paytm''' (short for '''Pay Through Mobile'''<ref name="v502">{{cite web | title=Google launches India mobile payments app Tez | website=BBC Home | date=2017-09-18 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41306312 | access-date=2026-03-14}}</ref>) is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Fintech|financial technology]] company, that specializes in [[digital wallet|digital payments]] and [[financial services]], based in [[Noida]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/1f4e1558-d003-4a36-97d6-075a036e8825.pdf |title=Outcome of Board Meeting – Financial Results for the quarter and nine months ended 31 December 2021 |publisher=bseindia}}</ref> Paytm was founded in 2010 by [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]] under [[One97 Communications]]. The company offers [[mobile payment]] services to consumers and enables merchants to receive payments through [[QR code payment]], Soundbox, Android-based-[[payment terminal]], and online payment gateway.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/hr-leadership/leadership/paytm-promotes-svp-kiran-vasireddy-to-the-position-of-coo/articleshow/59749896.cms |title=Paytm promotes SVP Kiran Vasireddy to the position of COO |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=4 April 2018 |last1=Ganguly |first1=Payal}}</ref> In partnership with financial institutions, Paytm also offers financial services such as [[microcredit]] and [[buy now, pay later]] to its consumers and merchants.<ref name="auto"/>

Apart from [[E-commerce payment system|bill payments]] and [[Instant payment|money transfer]], the company also provides [[Electronic ticket|ticketing]] services, [[Broker|retail brokerage]] products and [[online game]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Modi |first1=Ajay |title=Paytm Travel eyes top spot in online bus, flight ticket bookings |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/paytm-travel-eyes-top-spot-in-online-bus-flight-ticket-bookings-119010801419_1.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Equity investing: Paytm Money app gaining traction |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/equity-investing-paytm-money-app-gaining-traction/article35408550.ece |access-date=6 June 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=19 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Tarush |title=Paytm First Games goes international, eyes expansion in South Asian market |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paytm-first-games-goes-international-eyes-expansion-in-south-asian-market-11589979115863.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |publisher=mint |date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

Paytm's parent company [[One97 Communications]] was listed on the Indian stock exchanges on 18 November 2021 after an [[initial public offering]], which was the largest in India at the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/paytm-files-for-india-s-largest-ipo-eyes-25-bn-30-bn-valuation-121071601614_1.html|title=Paytm files for India's largest IPO, eyes $25 bn-$30 bn valuation|work=Business Standard}}</ref> For the fiscal year 2022–23, Paytm's [[Gross merchandise volume|gross merchandise value]] (GMV) was reported to be {{INRconvert|13.2|lc}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Q4: Fintech Giant Reports Revenue of ₹2,334 cr |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/paytm-q4-fintech-giant-reports-revenue-of-2-334-cr-71683354622181.html |access-date=7 September 2023 |work=HT Tech |date=6 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|date=1 April 2021|title=Paytm achieves over 1.4 bn transactions in Mar, leads digital payment services|publisher=Mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paytm-achieves-over-1-4-bn-transactions-in-mar-leads-digital-payment-services-11617275661251.html|access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Untangling Paytm|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/interactive/immersive/untangling-paytm-digital-payment-company/|access-date=7 December 2021|publisher=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dsouza|first1=Sharleen|title=Flipkart, Paytm Now Among India's 10 Most Valuable Brands, HDFC Bank Still No. 1|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/flipkart-paytm-now-among-indias-10-most-valuable-brands-hdfc-bank-still-no-1|access-date=28 March 2022|publisher=BloombergQuint|date=18 September 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
===Early history; 2010-2019===
Paytm was founded in August 2010 with an initial investment of {{USD|2 million}} by its founder [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]] in [[Noida]], [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]]. It started off as a prepaid mobile and [[Direct-to-home television in India|DTH]] recharge platform, and later added debit card, postpaid mobile and landline bill payments in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.paytm.com/the-inspiring-journey-of-paytm-founder-vijay-shekhar-sharma-2f9707c9e8c7|title=The inspiring journey of Paytm Founder Vijay Shekhar Sharma|date=2017-03-11|work=Paytm Blog|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref>

In October 2011, [[Sapphire Ventures]] (fka SAP Ventures) invested $10 million in One97 Communications Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-10|title=SAP Ventures Invests $10M In One97 Communications|url=https://www.vccircle.com/sap-ventures-invests-10m-one97-communications|access-date=2019-02-10|website=VCCircle|language=en-US}}</ref> By January 2014, the company had launched the Paytm Wallet, which the [[Indian Railways]] and [[Uber]] added as a payment option.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2015/04/29/paytms-big-day-railway-ticketing-platform-irctc-adds-paytm-wallet-as-a-payment-option/|title=Paytm's big day: railway ticketing platform IRCTC adds Paytm wallet as a payment option|website=Techcircle|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-04|date=29 April 2015}}</ref> It launched into [[e-commerce]] with online deals and bus ticketing. In 2015, it added education fees, metro recharges, electricity, gas, and water bill payments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/paytm-is-now-powering-irctcs-payment-gateway/379367/|title=Paytm is now powering IRCTC's Payment Gateway|date=2016-09-16|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Paytm's registered user base grew from 1.18 crore in August 2014 to 10.4 crore in August 2015. Its travel business crossed $500 million in annualised [[Gross merchandise volume|GMV]] run rate, with 20 [[lakh]] tickets booked per month.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaturvedi|first=Anumeha|date=2017-08-24|title=Paytm bets on local travel boom, eyes 3-fold business growth|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/paytm-bets-on-local-travel-boom-eyes-3-fold-business-growth/articleshow/60203386.cms|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Alibaba Group]] and its affiliate [[Ant Financial]] increased their combined stake in Paytm to 40%, making them its largest shareholders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aulakh |first1=Gulveen |title=Alibaba, Ant Financial invest about $680 million in Paytm, up stake to 40% |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/alibaba-ant-financial-invest-about-680-million-in-paytm-up-stake-to-40/articleshow/49148651.cms |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=The Economic Times |date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Soon after, it received backing from [[Ratan Tata]], the MD of [[Tata Sons]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vardhan|first1=Jai|date=13 March 2015|title=Paytm secures funding from Ratan Tata, plans to have 100M wallet users by year end|publisher=Your Story}}</ref> In August 2016, Paytm raised funding from Mountain Capital, one of [[Taiwan]]-based [[MediaTek]]'s investment funds at a valuation of over $5 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2016-08-31|title=Paytm receives investment from Mountain Capital|work=Business Standard India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/paytm-receives-investment-from-mountain-capital-116083100971_1.html|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref> Also in 2016, it launched movies, events and amusement parks ticketing<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/paytm-enters-online-movie-ticketing-116032100529_1.html|title=Paytm enters online movie ticketing|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2016-03-22|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref> as well as flight ticket bookings and Paytm QR.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/bi91FFdrT4RRFNmkK3sbqN/Paytm-launches-QR-code-payment-option-for-wallet-app.html|title=Paytm launches QR code payment option for wallet app|last=Sahay|first=Priyanka|date=2015-10-14|work=livemint.com|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref> Later that year, it launched rail bookings<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/paytm-now-lets-you-make-irctc-train-ticket-bookings-1460506|title=Now You Can Book Train Tickets Using Paytm|work=NDTV Gadgets360.com|access-date=2018-04-07|language=en}}</ref> and gift cards. [[California]]-based [[PayPal]] filed a case against Paytm in the Indian trademark office for using a logo with a similar colour combination to its own on 18 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/paytm-has-copied-our-logo-paypal/article9430703.ece|title=Paytm has copied our logo: PayPal|first=Priyanka|last=Pani|website=@businessline|date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

In May 2017, Paytm received its biggest round of stake from a single investor – [[SoftBank Group|SoftBank]], thus bringing the company's valuation to an estimated $10 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Chanchani|first1=Madhav|last2=Variyar|first2=Mugdha|date=2017-05-19|title=Paytm raises $1.4 billion from Softbank, valuation jumps to over $8 billion|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/paytm-raises-1-4-billion-from-softbank-valuation-jumps-to-over-8-billion/articleshow/58733667.cms|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref> In August 2018, [[Berkshire Hathaway]] invested $356 million for 3%- 4% stake in Paytm,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Choudhury|first=Saheli Roy|date=2018-08-27|title=Berkshire Hathaway buys a stake in India's largest digital payments company|work=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/27/berkshire-hathaway-reportedly-in-talks-to-buy-a-stake-in-india-paytm.html|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hunnicutt|first=Trevor|title=Berkshire Hathaway buys stake in India's Paytm|language=en-US|work=U.S.|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-paytm-funding-berkshire/berkshire-hathaway-buys-stake-in-indias-paytm-idUSKCN1LC05F|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref> although Berkshire Hathaway confirmed that [[Warren Buffett]] was not involved in the transaction.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Philipose|first=Mobis|date=2018-08-29|title=Warren Buffett's Paytm bet is actually not that big a deal|work=LiveMint|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/KXfG70iKDykfcbGStNlmgP/Warren-Buffett-Paytm-bet-is-actually-not-that-big-a-deal.html|access-date=2018-09-22}}</ref>

In 2017, Paytm launched Paytm Gold,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/buy-sell-gold-instantly-on-paytm/article9667276.ece|title=Buy, sell gold instantly on Paytm|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-04-07|language=en}}</ref> allowing users to buy gold online. It also launched [[Paytm Payments Bank]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/arun-jaitley-launches-paytm-payments-bank/article9975256.ece|title=Arun Jaitley launches Paytm Payments Bank|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-04-04|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/paytm-payments-bank-officially-launched-ceo-vijay-shekhar-sharma-outlines-growth-path-1781097|title=Paytm Payments Bank Officially Launched; CEO Outlines Growth Path|work=NDTV Gadgets360.com|access-date=2018-04-07|language=en}}</ref> and ‘Inbox’, a messaging platform with in-chat payments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/paytm-launches-inbox-messaging-platform-with-ability-to-send-or-request-money-and-share-multimedia-messages-4197793.html|title=Paytm launches 'Inbox' messaging platform with ability to send or request money and share multimedia messages|website=Tech2|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-07|date=7 November 2017}}</ref> By 2018, it started allowing merchants to accept Paytm, [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] and card payments into their bank accounts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.paytm.com/accepting-payments-from-your-customers-through-paytm-qr-code-is-easier-than-ever-13ed06d8a4ba|title=Now, existing & new Merchants can accept Paytm, UPI & Card payments directly into their Bank…|last=Paytm|date=2017-12-04|website=Paytm Blog|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tmsnews.co.in/2017/12/18/paytm-qr-now-allows-merchants-to-accept-paytm-upi-and-card-payments-directly-into-bank-account-at-0-charge/|title=Paytm QR now allows merchants to accept Paytm, UPI and Card payments directly into bank account at 0% charge {{!}} TMS News|website=TMS News|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211155845/http://tmsnews.co.in/2017/12/18/paytm-qr-now-allows-merchants-to-accept-paytm-upi-and-card-payments-directly-into-bank-account-at-0-charge/|archive-date=11 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also launched the ‘Paytm for Business’ app (now called Business with Paytm App) for merchants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mobile/paytm-launches-business-app-on-android-for-its-merchants/62604801|title=Paytm launches business app on Android for its merchants - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=22 January 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref> Its merchant base to grow to more than 70 lakh by March 2018. In January 2018, it entered into a joint venture with [[Alibaba Group]]-owned gaming company AGTech Holdings to launch Gamepind, a mobile gaming platform.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mobile/paytm-agtech-launch-mobile-gaming-platform-gamepind/62689739|title=Paytm, AGTech launch mobile gaming platform Gamepind - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=29 January 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref> It was rebranded as Paytm First Games in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=www.ETtech.com|title=Paytm rebrands its gaming platform Gamepind as FirstGames - ETtech|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/paytm-rebrands-its-gaming-platform-gamepind-as-firstgames/69816895|access-date=2020-07-14|newspaper=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref> In March 2018, Paytm Money was started with an investment of ₹9 [[crore]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/paytm-plans-to-launch-mutual-funds-insurance-and-banking-services-118031201388_1.html|title=Paytm to launch mutual funds, insurance, banking services via payments bank|last=Choudhury|first=Karan|date=2018-03-13|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.paytm.com/we-have-set-up-paytm-money-to-focus-on-investment-and-wealth-management-218038c97589|title=We have set up Paytm Money to focus on Investment and Wealth Management|date=2018-01-10|work=Paytm Blog|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref> for investment and wealth management.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Money gets ₹9 crore from parent One97 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/companies/paytm-money-gets-rs-9-crore-from-parent-one97/articleshow/64458994.cms |publisher=TimesOfIndia}}</ref>

In March 2019, the firm launched a subscription based loyalty program called Paytm First,<ref>{{Cite web|title='Paytm First' Loyalty Programme Takes on Amazon Prime, Flipkart Plus|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/paytm-first-subscription-based-loyalty-programme-launched-amazon-prime-flipkart-plus-2003022|access-date=2020-07-14|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=5 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and in May 2019, it partnered with [[Citibank]] to launch Paytm First [[credit card]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/paytm-launches-credit-card-in-partnership-with-citigroup/articleshow/69327069.cms|title=Paytm ties up with Citibank to launch credit cards|date=2019-05-15|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Paytm Launches Credit Card That Offers Cashback, Works Internationally|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/paytm-first-credit-card-citi-cashback-2037420|access-date=2020-07-14|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|language=en}}</ref> On 25 November 2019, Paytm raised $1 billion in a funding round led by US asset manager T Rowe Price along with existing investors Ant Financial and SoftBank Vision Fund.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shrivastava|first=Aditi|date=25 November 2019|title=Paytm gets $1 billion topup in latest financing round|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/paytm-gets-1-billion-topup-in-latest-financing-round/articleshow/72216174.cms}}</ref>

===2020-present===

In July 2020, [[Tata Starbucks]] partnered with Paytm allowing its customers to order food online during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tandon|first=Tarush Bhalla, Suneera|date=2020-06-23|title=Starbucks and Paytm offer diners a contactless experience|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/retail/starbucks-and-paytm-offer-diners-a-contactless-experience-11592876958648.html|access-date=2020-07-23|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|language=en}}</ref>

On 18 September 2020, the firm's official app was briefly unlisted from the [[Google Play]] allegedly due to violations of the Play Store's gambling policy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paytm|date=18 September 2020|title=Your Money is Safe with us — the Paytm App will be back on Google Play Store shortly.|url=https://blog.paytm.com/your-money-is-safe-with-us-the-paytm-android-app-will-be-back-on-google-play-store-shortly-7de35723cb9d|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ishwar|first=Sai|date=18 September 2020|title=Paytm returns hours after Play Store exit over alleged policy violation|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/paytm-returns-hours-after-play-store-exit-over-alleged-policy-violation-120091801631_1.html|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> The company claimed that [[Google]] did not offer any prior warning or give the company an opportunity to explain its views on the contentious 'cashback' offers while claiming that Google's own payments app [[Google Pay (mobile app)|Google Pay]] offered similar 'cashback' offers and suffered no repercussions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhalla|first=Tarush|date=20 September 2020|title=Paytm hits back at Google, terms its brief ban from Play Store as 'arm-twisting'|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paytm-hits-back-at-google-calls-its-ban-arm-twisting-11600607731444.html|access-date=21 September 2020|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Paytm|date=20 September 2020|title=The story behind Paytm App's de-listing from Google Play Store|url=https://blog.paytm.com/the-story-behind-paytm-apps-de-listing-from-google-play-store-42b3b6f54da0|access-date=21 September 2020|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>

In July 2021, One97 Communications filed a draft [[red herring prospectus]] with the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] to launch its [[initial public offering]] (IPO).<ref>{{cite news|title=Red herring, red flags: Top 10 takeaways from Paytm's draft IPO filing|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/paytm-ipo-details-red-herring-red-flags-top-10-takeaways-from-paytms-ipo-filing/articleshow/84473002.cms|access-date=13 November 2021|website=The Economic Times|date=16 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nov 11|first1=TIMESOFINDIA COM /|title=Paytm IPO oversubscribed nearly 2 times: FIIs flood issue, domestic mutual funds and HNIs show least interest - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/paytm-ipo-oversubscribed-nearly-2-times-fiis-flood-issue-domestic-mutual-funds-and-hnis-show-least-interest/articleshow/87638119.cms|access-date=13 November 2021|website=The Times of India|date=11 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It launched its [[Initial public offering|IPO]] in November 2021, raising {{INRconvert|18300|c}} at a valuation of {{USD}}20 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Deepsekhar |title=Paytm pegs IPO at $20 bn valuation, CEO says 'life to become QSQT' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/paytm-pegs-ipo-at-20-bn-valuation-vijay-sharma-says-life-to-become-qsqt-121102800620_1.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=28 October 2021}}</ref> It was the largest ever IPO in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paytm's IPO ends oversubscribed 1.89 times after a bumpy start|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/IPO/Paytm-s-IPO-ends-oversubscribed-1.89-times-after-a-bumpy-start|access-date=13 November 2021|website=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> The shares began trading on 18 November 2021, opening at {{INR}}1,950 on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]], 9.3% below the upper band of the IPO price range, and closed down more than 27% at {{INR}}1,560,<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm shares make weak debut; tumble over 27 pc |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/paytm-shares-make-tepid-debut-list-with-over-9-per-cent-discount-339796 |access-date=22 November 2021 |work=Tribune |language=en}}</ref> making it the biggest drop on a listing day in Indian IPO history.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Abhinav|date=2021-11-22|title=Paytm, India's biggest IPO in corporate history, is also the biggest listing day loser|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/markets-paytm-ipo-share-price-listing-day-biggest-loser-list-746174|access-date=2021-11-30|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>

In December 2021, Paytm launched Paytm Wealth Academy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=K.R.Srivats&|title=Paytm launches Paytm Wealth Academy|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/paytm-launches-paytm-wealth-academy/article37959511.ece|access-date=2022-02-08|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|date=15 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] barred [[Paytm Payments Bank]] from signing up new customers after an inspection found that the company was leaking customer data to China-based entities which indirectly owned a stake in Paytm Payments Bank.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-14/india-said-to-punish-paytm-bank-for-data-leaks-to-chinese-firms|title=Paytm Bank Punished for Sharing Data Abroad, Verification Lapses|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=14 March 2022|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>

On 31 January 2024, [[Reserve Bank of India]], the banking regulator in India, ordered Paytm Payments Bank Ltd to stop the bulk of its activities from 29 February 2024. RBI found that the company did not conduct proper background checks on the source of funds before onboarding clients. This date was further extended to 15 March 2024 as per the updated FAQ.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=164 | title=Reserve Bank of India - Frequently Asked Questions }}</ref> It may lead to 20% work force cut down.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Samant |first=Aishwarya |date=26 May 2025 |title=Indian Government and Paytm Unite on UPI, ONDC, and Digital Commerce Goals as Minister Goyal Charts India's Fintech Future |url=https://www.newsx.com/business/indian-government-and-paytm-align-on-upi-ondc-and-digital-commerce-goals-minister-goyal-discusses-indias-fintech-future/ |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=newsx}}</ref>

== Funding and shareholding ==
{{update section|date=January 2023}}
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|bSize = 400
|cWidth = 230
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|oTop = 35
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|Description = A Paytm [[Know your customer|KYC]] point in [[Kolkata]].
}}
Post-IPO shareholding (as of April 2024):<ref>{{cite news |title=One 97 Communications Ltd |url=https://ir.paytm.com/shareholder-profile |work=bseindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nakhwa|first=Darshan A.|title=Paytm Listing: Shareholder Base, Top Investors, Locked-In Shares And More|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/paytm-listing-shareholder-base-top-investors-locked-in-shares-and-more|access-date=15 March 2022|website=BloombergQuint|date=17 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Shareholding
|-
| Vijay Shekhar Sharma || 9.1%
|-
| [[Ant Group|Antfin (Netherlands) Holding B.V]]|| 9.88%
|-
| Resilient Asset Management B.V || 10.28%
|-
| Saif lii Mauritius Company Ltd || 10.82%
|}

== Acquisitions ==
In 2013, Paytm acquired Plustxt for under $2 million; the platform allowed fast text messaging in [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcircle.vccircle.com/2013/08/08/one97-acquires-cross-messaging-platform-plustxt-for-under-2m|title=One97 acquires cross-messaging platform Plustxt for under $2M|date=8 August 2013|work=Techcircle|access-date=24 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2016, it acquired Delhi-based consumer behaviour prediction platform Shifu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/04/paytm-shifu/|title=Paytm Acquires Personal Assistant App Shifu To Improve Its Artificial Intelligence Tech – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=4 January 2016|language=en-US|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> and local services startup Near.in.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/paytm-acquires-near-in-to-strengthen-its-presence-in-online-to-offline-space/articleshow/50069177.cms|title=Paytm acquires Near.in to strengthen its presence in online-to-offline space|last=Gooptu|first=Biswarup|date=7 December 2015|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> In July 2017, it acquired a majority stake in online ticketing and events platform Insider.in, from event management company [[Only Much Louder]] (OML).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/paytm-acquires-majority-stake-in-online-ticketing-platform-insider-in-for-over-rs-35-cr/59571563|title=Paytm acquires majority stake in online ticketing platform Insider.in for around Rs 35 cr|newspaper=The Economic Times|language=en|access-date=7 April 2018|last1=Shankar|first1=Shashwati}}</ref> In 2017, it acquired restaurant deals platform Little and hyperlocal e-commerce company nearbuy.com in 2017, and merged the two companies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm acquires Nearbuy and Little, to merge both |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/KTsJ4Szt1ORbpRVMDHMCwL/Paytm-acquires-Nearbuy-and-Little-to-merge-both.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref>

Paytm acquired the startup Cube26 in January 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/deals/-ma/paytm-acquires-flipkart-backed-startup-cube26/articleshow/64646730.cms|title=Paytm acquires Flipkart-backed startup Cube26|date=19 June 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=TNN|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> In May 2018, Paytm acquired movie ticket booking platform TicketNew from [[Alibaba Group]] for around $40 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahay |first1=Priyanka |title=Paytm acquires Alibaba-backed TicketNew for around $40 million |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/paytm-acquires-alibaba-backed-ticketnew-for-around-40-million-2573685.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=Moneycontrol |date=25 May 2018}}</ref> It acquired the hotel booking platform NightStay in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahuja|first1=Aakanksha|title=Paytm forays into hotel booking with NightStay acquisition|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paytm-forays-into-hotel-booking-with-nighstay-acquisition-1548764249112.html|access-date=7 December 2021|work=mint|date=29 January 2019|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2021, Paytm acquired digital lending company CreditMate.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPO-bound Paytm acquires lending startup CreditMate|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/ipo-bound-paytm-acquires-lending-startup-creditmate/articleshow/86749292.cms|access-date=7 December 2021|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

===Other investments===
Paytm invested $5 million in [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaw]] aggregator and hyperlocal delivery firm Jugnoo in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/N46vHVtsoC6p4YyKnIaTXL/Jugnoo-raises-10-mn-in-funding-round-led-by-Paytm.html|title=Jugnoo raises $10 million in funding round led by Paytm|last=Poovanna|first=Sharan|date=18 April 2016|work=livemint.com|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> In 2016, it invested in logistics startups LogiNext and XpressBees.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/paytm-invests-10-mn-in-logistics-data-start-up-115092300680_1.html|title=Paytm invests $10 mn in logistics data start-up|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/paytm-to-replicate-alibabas-logistics-strategy-with-loginext/article9272248.ece|title=Paytm to replicate Alibaba's logistics strategy with LogiNext|work=@businessline|access-date=7 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> In April 2017, Paytm invested in healthcare artificial intelligence (AI) startup QorQL.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/paytm-backs-qorql/|title=Paytm Backs AI And Big Data Driven Healthtech Startup QorQL|date=7 April 2017|work=Inc42 Media|access-date=7 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> It also invested in mobile loyalty program and analytics startup MobiQuest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm invests in loyalty program and analytics startup MobiQuest |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/paytm-invests-in-loyalty-program-and-analytics-startup-mobiquest-2328525.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== International expansion ==
=== Japan ===
{{Main|PayPay}}
Paytm established a joint venture with SoftBank and [[Yahoo! Japan]], called PayPay Corporation, to offer services in the Japanese market. Paytm launched the PayPay app, a QR-based payment settlement service, in [[Japan]] on 22 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/paypay-in-japan-with-paytms-qr-tech/articleshow/66310108.cms|title=Papay in Japan with Paytm's QR tech|newspaper=Economic Times|date=22 October 2018}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
Paytm Labs Inc. was established in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] in 2014 as a [[research and development]] division.<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=https://www.paytm.ca/about/|website=www.paytm.ca|access-date=26 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> It recently launched a fraud risk management platform called Pi for fintechs and digital marketplaces where transaction value is high.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://securitybrief.asia/story/paytm-labs-launches-ml-powered-fraud-risk-management-platform|title=Paytm Labs launches ML-powered fraud risk management platform|work=securitybrief.asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ganguly|first1=Payal|title=Paytm: Paytm launches its digital wallet play in Canada|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/paytm-launches-its-digital-wallet-play-in-canada/articleshow/57670360.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.paytm.com/paytm-goes-global-we-now-have-an-app-for-canadian-bill-payments-1e710b582c49|title=Paytm goes global, we now have an app for Canadian bill payments|publisher=Paytm|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>

== Paytm Insider ==
Paytm Insider is a mobile app that helps to book tickets for Cricket matches, live entertainment shows and sports games online.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Paytm-Insider-Swiggy-Steppinout-Join-Hands-To-Bring-Arijit-Singh-s-India-Tour-/16-11-2022-454396/|title=Paytm Insider & Swiggy Steppinout Join Hands To Bring Arijit Singh's 'India Tour'|work=Businessworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/sports/why-you-cant-buy-ind-vs-aus-3rd-t20i-match-tickets-paytm-insider-161072|title=Why You Can't Buy IND vs AUS 3rd T20I Match Tickets on Paytm Insider|work=Sakshi}}</ref>

In August 2024, [[Zomato]] acquired Paytm's entertainment-ticketing business, including the Paytm Insider and TicketNew platforms, for approximately ₹2,048 crore, as part of its strategy to expand into a “going-out” super-app. The transaction was structured through Paytm's parent company, [[One97 Communications]] (OCL), transferring its entertainment-ticketing operations to two wholly owned subsidiaries—Orbgen Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (OTPL) and Wasteland Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. (WEPL)—which operated TicketNew and Insider, respectively. Zomato then acquired 100 % of the equity in OTPL and WEPL. Under the agreement, the acquired platforms would continue operating for up to 12 months during a phased transition, with eventual integration into Zomato's District app.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Zomato completes acquisition of Paytm's entertainment, ticketing business {{!}} Company Business News | url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/zomato-completes-acquisition-of-paytms-entertainment-ticketing-business-11724832927997.html | access-date=2025-08-25 | website=www.livemint.com | date=28 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Zomato to buy Paytm's entertainment ticketing business for Rs 2,048 crore - India Today | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/zomato-paytm-insider-entertainment-ticketing-business-acquisition-2586055-2024-08-22 | access-date=2025-08-25 | website=www.indiatoday.in | date=22 August 2024 }}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In May 2018, the Indian investigative news agency [[Cobrapost]] released a video of an undercover reporter meeting with Paytm's vice president, Ajay Shekhar Sharma who is the brother of [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/cobrapost-paytm-investigation-claim-about-pm-office|title=Cobrapost Siting: Paytm Senior VP Claims PMO Demanded Data of Paytm Users|work=Malavika Balasubramanian|publisher=[[The Quint]]|date=28 May 2018|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.in/2018/05/28/cobrapost-expose-first-demonetisation-then-data-brokering-should-you-trust-paytm-with-your-personal-data_a_23445555/|title=CobraPost Exposé: First Demonetisation Then Data Brokering; Should You Trust Paytm With Your Personal Data?|work=Aman Sethi|publisher=[[HuffPost]]|date=29 May 2018|access-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210155224/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/05/28/cobrapost-expose-first-demonetisation-then-data-brokering-should-you-trust-paytm-with-your-personal-data_a_23445555/|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the meeting, he reportedly said the company had provided the [[Government of India]] with the personal data of Paytm users in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], violating user's privacy and policies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.androidauthority.com/did-indias-paytm-share-user-data-with-the-government-870102/|title=Did India's Paytm Share User Data With The Indian Government?|publisher=Android Authority|work=Abhisek Baxi|date=28 May 2018|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/media/cobrapost-expose-top-paytm-official-claims-that-firm-was-asked-to-share-user-data-with-pmo|title=Cobrapost Expose: Senior VP at Paytm Claims Firm Was Asked to Share User Data with PMO|publisher=The Wire|date=29 May 2018|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> Later, [[BuzzFeed]] reported that, Sharma has close ties with India's ruling party [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pranavdixit/india-paytm-data-sharing-government-jammu-kashmir|title=India's Largest Digital Wallet Has Been Accused Of Handing Over User Data To The Government|work=Pranav Dixit|publisher=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=26 May 2018|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> Meanwhile, in response, the company tweeted that, it had never shared user's data with third parties, denied the contents in the video, and stated that it had never received requests from law enforcement on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/we-do-not-share-user-data-with-third-parties-govt-paytm/articleshow/64333427.cms|title=We do not share user data with third-parties, government: Paytm|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=26 May 2018|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pymnts.com/news/security-and-risk/2018/paytm-user-data-privacy-indian-government/|title=Paytm Accused Of Sharing User Data With Indian Government|publisher=PYMNTS|date=28 May 2018|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> Paytm also stated that any person claiming otherwise "is not aware of the policy and is not authorised to speak on behalf of the company".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/we-do-not-share-user-data-with-third-parties-government-paytm/article24000832.ece|title=We do not share user data with third-parties, govt: Paytm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 May 2018|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.medianama.com/2018/05/223-paytm-cobrapost-sting/|title=Paytm responds to Cobrapost siting, and claims that it never shares users data|work=Rashi Varshney|publisher=Medianama|date=28 May 2018|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref>

== Charity ==
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], Paytm contributed {{INR}}10 to every single user who pays to the [[PM CARES Fund]] via their app; within ten days they had collected {{INR}}100 crores in their app. Their 1,200 employees contributed 15 days or even a few months of their salaries to the fund.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Paytm collects Rs 100 crore for PM-CARES fund from donors|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/coronavirus-paytm-collects-Rs-100-crore-for-pm-cares-fund-from-donors/story/400754.html|access-date=16 April 2020|work=businesstoday.in}}</ref>

Through their platform, Paytm made 21,000 [[oxygen concentrator]]s available for people in need,<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETRetail.com|title=Paytm to make available 21,000 oxygen concentrators from May 1st week – ET Retail|url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/paytm-to-make-available-21000-oxygen-concentrators-from-may-1st-week/82291180|access-date=17 June 2021|website=ETRetail.com|language=en}}</ref> and donated oxygen plants in 13 worst-hit cities to help hospitals get oxygen.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=4 May 2021|title=Paytm to set up oxygen plants across 13 cities to assist hospitals|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paytm-to-set-up-oxygen-plants-across-13-cities-to-assist-hospitals-11620122911152.html|access-date=17 June 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

In August 2022, Paytm Foundation partnered with the [[United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)]] to set up the Air Quality Action Forum (AQAF) to curb air pollution in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://paytm.com/blog/sustainability/paytm-foundation-united-nations-environment-program/|title=Paytm Foundation, United Nations Environment Program Join Hands to Establish Air Quality Action Forum|work=Paytm}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[PhonePe]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal bar|Internet|Companies|India|Technology}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://paytm.com/ Official website]

{{Banking in India}}
{{Digital payment providers}}
{{FinTech in India}}
{{SoftBank}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:E-commerce in India]]
[[Category:Mobile payments in India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Online payments]]
[[Category:Payment service providers]]
[[Category:SoftBank portfolio companies]]
[[Category:Super-apps]]
[[Category:Payments banks]]
[[Category:2021 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Mobile payments]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Online retailers of India]]

Lesbian

2026-03-16T09:22:42Z

QLXChristoper: further fixed lead based on references and added references based on references

{{Short description|Homosexual woman or girl}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
[[File:Lesbians at 2022 Montreal Pride protest march (retouched).jpg|thumb|290px|right|Two lesbians holding a [[lesbian pride flag]] at the [[Montreal Pride#Montreal Pride 2022|2022 Fierté Montréal march]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Ziya |title=Montreal's makeshift Pride march was more meaningful than any parade |url=https://xtramagazine.com/power/montreal-pride-fierte-228354 |website=[[Xtra Magazine]] |date=August 11, 2022 |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref>]]
[[File:Double Venus symbol (bold).svg|thumb|upright=0.9|Symbol for [[LGBTQ symbols#Encoding|female homosexuality]] consisting of two intersecting [[female]] symbols<ref name="Stevens-748-quote">{{harvnb|Stevens|2000|p=748|loc=Symbols}}: "Finally, two interlocking female symbols are also often used to signify lesbianism. [...] [Venus's] sign, which once represented life, love, and sexuality, is now both a botanical and zoological symbol of femaleness, as well as the astronomical symbol of the planet Venus. Lesbian and feminist communities have also adopted the symbol, using two interlocking Venus emblems to represent lesbianism or, alternatively, the sisterhood of women"</ref>]]
{{Sexual orientation}}


A '''lesbian''' is a [[homosexual]] [[woman]] or [[girl]].<ref name="Oxford-Lesbian">{{Cite web |title=Lesbian |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100100998 |website=Oxford Reference: A Dictionary of Psychology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410214103/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100100998 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lamos2000"/><ref name="Solarz1999">{{cite book |editor1-last=Solarz |editor1-first=Andrea L. |title=Lesbian Health: Current Assessment and Directions for the Future |date=1999 |edition=1st |publisher=[[National Academies Press|National Academy Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0309060936}}</ref>{{rp|p=48}} The word is also used as an adjective for women in relation to their experiences, regardless of their [[sexual orientation]]; or as an adjective relating to female homosexuality.<ref name="Lamos2000">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lamos |first=Colleen |title=Lesbian |pages=453–454 |editor-last=Zimmerman |editor-first=Bonnie |editor-link=Bonnie Zimmerman |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures |date=2000 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]] |location=New York |isbn=9780203825532 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/453/mode/2up |url-access=registration|quote="The equivocal grammatical status of "lesbian," as both noun and adjective, captures the historical difficulty and the controversy over its definition. Whereas the former names a substantive category of persons—female homosexuals—the latter refers to a contingent attribute. The use of the term to denominate a particular kind of woman, one whose sexual desire is directed toward other women, originated in the late nineteenth century with the formulation of types of sexual deviance, especially homosexuality. ...Taking "lesbian" as an adjective, however, implies that female same-sex desire is a detachable modifier, a relative characteristic rather than an essential, or core, substance. Describing an object or activity as lesbian may simply reflect its contingent affiliation or association with female homoeroticism. Such an understanding of the term was common in Western society before the twentieth century and remains so in non-Western cultures that do not sharply distinguish female homosexuality from heterosexuality."}}</ref><ref name="Solarz1999"/>{{rp|p=22}}

The term lesbian is a derivative of the island of [[Lesbos]], the [[Greece|Greek]] island home to ancient poet [[Sappho]]. Relatively little in history was documented to describe women's lives in general or female homosexuality in particular. The earliest mentions of lesbianism date to around the 600s–500s BC, including Sappho's poetry.

Lesbian relationships and attractions, along with gender nonconforming behaviors more often displayed by lesbians, have been treated in different ways throughout different ages and cultures. While there is a longer documented history of lesbian behavior and relationships throughout different cultures, the idea of a 'lesbian' as a category of person distinct from other women emerged in Europe around the turn of the 19th century. Lesbians' current rights vary widely worldwide, ranging from severe abuse and legal persecution to general acceptance and legal protections.

Modern polls often estimate lesbians to be 1–3% of the population (i.e., 2–6% of women). Lesbian social movements often advocate for legal changes (such as anti-discrimination protections, child custody protections, and legal civil unions or marriages), as well as for cultural, familial, and religious acceptance of lesbian orientations and relationships.

== Etymology ==
[[File:Amanda Brewster Sewell, Sappho, 1891.jpg|left|alt=Painting of a woman dressed in Greek robes holding a lyre, with three partially nude women sitting in front of her on a long marble bench.|thumb|''Sappho'' by [[Amanda Brewster Sewell]], 1891. [[Sappho]] of [[Lesbos]] gave the term ''lesbian'' the connotation of erotic desire between women.]]

The word ''lesbian'' is the [[demonym]] of the Greek island of [[Lesbos]], home to the 6th-century BCE poet [[Sappho]].<ref name="Oxford-Lesbian" /> Some of Sappho's surviving poetry discusses her love for other women.<ref name="Aldrich2006">{{cite book |last1=Aldrich |first1=Robert |title=Gay Life and Culture: A World History |date=2006 |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=0-7893-1511-4}}</ref>{{rp|pp=47–49}}

Before the mid-19th century,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gollmann |first=Wilhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzkzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA201 |title=The Homeopathic Guide, In All Diseases of the Urinary and Sexual Organs, Including the Derangements Caused by Onanism and Sexual Excesses |publisher=Rademacher & Sheek |others=[[Charles Julius Hempel]]; J. Emerson Kent |year=1855 |location=Philadelphia |page=201}}</ref> the word ''lesbian'' referred to any aspect of Lesbos, including a [[Lesbian wine|type of wine]].{{efn|An attempt by natives of Lesbos (also called "Mytilene" in Greece) in 2008 to reclaim the word to refer only to people from the island was unsuccessful in a Greek court. Inhabitants of Lesbos claimed the use of ''lesbian'' to refer to female homosexuality violated their human rights and "disgrace[d] them around the world".<ref>{{cite news |title=Lesbos locals lose lesbian appeal |date=22 July 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7520343.stm |work=[[BBC News]] Europe |access-date=3 February 2009 |archive-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304110436/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7520343.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} A shift of the word to describe erotic relationships between women had been documented in 1870.<ref name="Stevens2000">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Stevens |first=Christy |title=Symbols |pages=748, 776–777 |editor-last=Zimmerman |editor-first=Bonnie |editor-link=Bonnie Zimmerman |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures |date=2000 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]] |location=New York |isbn=9780203825532 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/747/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1875, a critic referred to [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire's]] poem "Delphine and Hippolyte" (a poem about love between two women, and without reference to Lesbos) as "Lesbian".<ref name="Cohen2001">{{Cite book |title=The Literary Channel: The Inter-National Invention of the Novel |date=2001 |url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:157283/CONTENT/Sharon_Marcus_-_Comparative_Sapphism.pdf |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0691050010 |editor-last=Cohen |editor-first=Margaret |location=Princeton, New Jersey |pages=251–285 |chapter=Chapter Ten: Comparative Sapphism, [[Sharon Marcus]] |editor-last2=Dever |editor-first2=Carolyn |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129075722/https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:157283/CONTENT/Sharon_Marcus_-_Comparative_Sapphism.pdf |url-status=live}} (Document made available by [[Columbia University Libraries]]. PDF downloads automatically.)</ref> In 1890, the term ''lesbian'' was used in the National Medical Dictionary as an adjective to describe [[tribadism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesbian Terms & Code In Women's LGBTQ History |url=https://www.sushi-rider.com/friends-of-dorothy/lesbian-terminology-timeline.html |website=Girl Friends of Dorothy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209183840/https://www.sushi-rider.com/friends-of-dorothy/lesbian-terminology-timeline.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

The terms ''lesbian'', ''[[Sexual inversion (sexology)|invert]]'' and ''homosexual'' were interchangeable with ''[[sapphist]]'' around the turn of the 20th century.<ref name="Stevens2000"/> The use of ''lesbian'' in medical literature became prominent; by 1925, the word was recorded as a noun to mean the female equivalent of ''sodomite''.<ref name="Stevens2000"/><ref name="oed">"Lesbian", [http://dictionary.oed.com/ Oxford English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625103623/http://dictionary.oed.com/ |date=2006-06-25 }}, Second Edition, 1989. Retrieved on January 7, 2009.</ref>

== Sexuality and identity ==

[[File:Lesbian Pride Flag 2019.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Lesbian community flag introduced in social media in 2018, with the dark orange stripe representing [[gender variance]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2019 |title=Lesbian Flag, Sadlesbeandisaster |url=https://majesticmess.com/encyclopedia/lesbian-flag-sadlesbeandisaster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608151937/https://majesticmess.com/encyclopedia/lesbian-flag-sadlesbeandisaster/ |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=24 August 2019 |website=Majestic Mess}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy-Kasp |first=Paul |date=6 July 2019 |title=Pride in London: What do all the flags mean? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-london-48885240/pride-in-london-what-do-all-the-flags-mean |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617211013/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-london-48885240/pride-in-london-what-do-all-the-flags-mean |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

[[File:Labrys Lesbian Flag.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Lesbian feminist flag consisting of a [[labrys]] (a double-bladed axe) within the inverted [[Black triangle (badge)|black triangle]], set against a [[Violet (color)#Social movement|violet]]-hue background. The labrys represents [[lesbian feminism|lesbian strength]].<ref name="BendixAE">{{Cite news |last=Bendix |first=Trish |date=8 September 2015 |title=Why don't lesbians have a pride flag of our own? |url=https://www.afterellen.com/people/452039-dont-lesbians-pride-flag |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909150736/https://www.afterellen.com/people/452039-dont-lesbians-pride-flag |archive-date=9 September 2015 |access-date=23 July 2019 |website=[[AfterEllen]]}}</ref>|alt=]]

[[File:Lesbian Pride pink flag.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Lesbian flag derived from the colors of the [[lipstick lesbian]] flag design<ref>{{Cite news |last=Andersson |first=Jasmine |date=4 July 2019 |title=Pride flag guide: what the different flags look like, and what they all mean |work=[[The i Paper]] |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/pride-flag-guide-what-the-different-flags-look-like-and-what-they-all-mean/ |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824081636/https://inews.co.uk/news/pride-flag-guide-what-the-different-flags-look-like-and-what-they-all-mean/ |archive-date=24 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rawles |first=Timothy |date=July 12, 2019 |title=The many flags of the LGBT community |work=[[San Diego Gay & Lesbian News]] |url=https://sdgln.com/social/2019/07/12/many-flags-lgbt-community |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712231000/https://sdgln.com/social/2019/07/12/many-flags-lgbt-community |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

===Biological factors===

{{Further|Biology and sexual orientation}}

Prenatal [[androgen]] exposure correlates with [[Sexual practices between women|same-sex sexual behavior in women]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Neuroendocrinology]] |last=Roselli |first=C.E. |title=Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation |date=2018 |volume=30 |issue=7 |article-number=e12562 |doi=10.1111/jne.12562 |pmid=29211317 |pmc=6677266 }}</ref> Biological characteristics known to be affected by prenatal hormone exposure have been shown to vary by sexual orientation in women.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology]] |last=McFadden |first=Dennis |title=Sexual orientation and the auditory system |volume=32 |issue=2 |date=April 2011 |pages=201–213 |doi=10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.001 |pmid=21310172 |pmc=3085661 }}</ref><ref name="PrenatalInfl">{{cite journal |vauthors=Breedlove SM |title=Prenatal Influences on Human Sexual Orientation: Expectations versus Data |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1583–1592 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28176027 |pmc=5786378 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0904-2}}</ref> The finding that digit ratios (one characteristic affected by prenatal hormone exposure) differ between lesbian and heterosexual women has been replicated in cross-cultural studies.<ref name="PrenatalInfl"/> Neuroimaging studies have found differences between heterosexual and homosexual women in neurological structures, including both those known to be affected by prenatal androgen exposure<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ponseti |first1=Jorge |last2=Siebner |first2=Hartwig R. |last3=Klöppel |first3=Stefan |last4=Wolff |first4=Stephan |last5=Granert |first5=Oliver |last6=Jansen |first6=Olav |last7=Mehdorn |first7=Hubertus M. |last8=Bosinski |first8=Hartmut A. |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |title=Homosexual Women Have Less Grey Matter in Perirhinal Cortex than Heterosexual Women |year=2007 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=e762 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000762 |pmid=17712410 |pmc=1942120 |bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..762P |doi-access=free }}</ref> and those not known to be affected by prenatal androgen exposure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manzouri |first1=A. |last2=Savic |first2=I. |journal=Human Brain Mapping |title=Cerebral sex dimorphism and sexual orientation |year=2017 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=1175–1186 |doi=10.1002/hbm.23908 |pmid=29227002 |pmc=6866632 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Savic |first1=Ivanka |last2=Lindstrom |first2=Per |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |title=PET and MRI show differences in cerebral asymmetry and functional connectivity between homo- and heterosexual subjects |volume=105 |issue=27 |year=2008 |pages=9403–9408 |url=https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0801566105 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0801566105 |issn=1091-6490 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A later meta-analysis concluded that the small sample sizes and small number of studies meant that findings were inconclusive as of 2021.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frigerio |first1=A. |last2=Ballerini |first2=L. |last3=Valdés Hernández |first3=M. |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |year=2021 |title=Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Brain Differences as a Function of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation: A Systematic Review of the Human Neuroimaging Literature/ |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=3329–3352 |doi=10.1007/s10508-021-02005-9 |pmid=33956296 |pmc=8604863}}</ref> Genetics plays a role; around 20% of the variance of sexual orientation in women is controlled by genes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Långström |first1=N |last2=Rahman |first2=Q |last3=Carlström E |first3=E |last4=Lichtenstein |first4=P |title=Genetic and environmental effects on same-sex sexual behavior: a population study of twins in Sweden |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |year=2020 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1 |pmid=18536986 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Lesbian identity formation===

When a woman realizes she is a lesbian, it may cause an "existential crisis". When a woman was raised in an environment with negative stereotypes of lesbians, she may need to work through these stereotypes and prejudices to come to terms with her orientation.<ref name="Schlager1998">{{cite book |editor-last=Schlager |editor-first=Neil |date=1998 |title=Gay & Lesbian Almanac |publisher=[[St. James Press]] |isbn=1-55862-358-2}}</ref>{{rp|p=93}} Lesbians in modern times share an identity that parallels those built on ethnicity, including the concept of group heritage and group pride.<ref name="rust">{{cite journal |last1=Rust |first1=Paula C. |title=The Politics of Sexual Identity: Sexual Attraction and Behavior among Lesbian and Bisexual Women |journal=[[Social Problems]] |date=November 1992 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=366–386 |doi=10.2307/3097016 |jstor=3097016 |issn=0037-7791 |url=https://academic.oup.com/socpro/article-abstract/39/4/366/1630177?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Compared to gay men, lesbians more often developed their sexual self-concepts either alone or in intimate relationships, instead of in communities, and disclosed them less often.<ref name="Schlager1998"/>{{rp|p=153}}

=== Self-identification and behavior ===

Some women report a consistently lesbian orientation. Other women report varying degrees of fluidity in how they describe their sexual orientation.<ref name="Farr2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Farr |first1=Rachel H. |last2=Diamond |first2=Lisa M. |last3=Boker |first3=Steven M. |date=2014 |title=Female Same-Sex Sexuality from a Dynamical Systems Perspective: Sexual Desire, Motivation, and Behavior |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1477–1490 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0378-z |issn=0004-0002 |pmc=4199863 |pmid=25193132}}</ref> Women who identify as lesbians and report never having been with men may be referred to as "[[gold star lesbian]]s." Women who identify as lesbians and had sex with men before coming out may face ridicule from other lesbians or identity challenges with regard to defining what it means to be a lesbian.<ref name="Shelby">{{Cite book |last1=R Dennis Shelby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNQJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |title=Lesbian Women and Sexual Health: The Social Construction of Risk and Susceptibility |last2=Kathleen Dolan |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1317718192 |page=34 |access-date=April 11, 2018}}</ref> Some researchers observe that self-applied identity labels and reported sexual behavior do not always align: for example, some self-identified straight women report sex with women, and some self-identified lesbians report sex with men.<ref name="Solarz1999"/>{{rp|p=22}}<ref name="Diamond">{{Cite book |last=Lisa M. Diamond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4C1ktwsIrgwC&pg=PA105 |title=Sexual Fluidity |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0674033696 |pages=105–106 |access-date=July 20, 2014}}</ref>

Several studies have found that the sexual behavior and attractions of exclusively lesbian women are significantly more likely to be aligned with their identity than those of exclusively heterosexual women. These included studies of reported attraction throughout the fertility cycle, and direct measures of arousal by different imagery.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=Lisa M. |last2=Dickenson |first2=Janna A. |last3=Blair |first3=Karen L. |date=2022-01-01 |title=Menstrual Cycle Changes in Daily Sexual Motivation and Behavior Among Sexually Diverse Cisgender Women |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-021-02171-w |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=577–588 |doi=10.1007/s10508-021-02171-w |pmid=35028805 |issn=1573-2800 |quote=Women with exclusive same-gender orientations reported increased motivation for same-gender sexual contact during the higher-fertility phase of the cycle, but women with exclusive other-gender orientations did not show a parallel increase in other-gender sexual motivation during the higher-fertility phase. ... As noted earlier, the same pattern of difference between women with exclusive same-gender attractions versus bisexual attractions also emerged in the small pilot study of 20 women conducted by Diamond and Wallen (2011). ... Although this suggests important similarities between bisexual women and those with exclusive same-gender orientations, other research (reviewed by Chivers, 2017) has found that self-identified lesbians show more "category-specific" patterns of genital arousal than other groups of women, meaning that they show significantly greater arousal to the stimuli that they report preferring (women) than to their nonpreferred stimuli (men).|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Some people identify as both lesbian as well as [[non-binary]] or [[queer]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connell |first1=Cati |title=The Lesbian-Identified Lesbian: Lesbian Feminisms for a Post-Binary Future |journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]] |date=1 January 2026 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=401–425 |doi=10.1086/737443}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hord |first1=Levi CR |title=Specificity without identity: Articulating post-gender sexuality through the "non-binary lesbian" |journal=[[Sexualities (journal)|Sexualities]] |date=September 2022 |volume=25 |issue=5–6 |pages=615–637 |doi=10.1177/1363460720981564}}</ref> while others eschew the label and prefer to describe themselves as queer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernales |first1=Maura Ryan |title=The lezurrection: lesbian identity in queer times |journal=[[Journal of Lesbian Studies]] |date=2 October 2025 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=465–484 |doi=10.1080/10894160.2024.2401261}}</ref> Additionally, some women use both the terms bisexual and lesbian as self-applied identity labels.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rust |first1=Paula C. |title=Two Many and Not Enough: The Meanings of Bisexual Identities |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |date=12 July 2000 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=31–68 |doi=10.1300/J159v01n01_04}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Faulkner |first1=Sandra L. |last2=Hecht |first2=Michael L. |title=The negotiation of closetable identities: A narrative analysis of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered queer Jewish identity |journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |date=September 2011 |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=829–847 |doi=10.1177/0265407510391338}}</ref>

===The importance of sex===

A 1983 survey asked couples "About how often during the last year have you and your partner had sex relations?". The survey found that long-term lesbian couples named lower numbers than long-term heterosexual or homosexual male couples.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Blumstein |first1=Philip |title=American Couples: Money, Work, Sex |last2=Schwartz |first2=Pepper |publisher=William Morrow and Company |year=1983 |isbn=9780688037727 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/americancouplesm0000blum/page/n5/mode/2up}}</ref> This conclusion became known as "[[lesbian bed death]]".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=White |first=Ro |title=The Gay B C's of Sex: L Is for Lesbian Bed Death |url=https://www.autostraddle.com/lesbian-bed-death-definition/ |access-date=September 14, 2025 |magazine=[[Autostraddle]] |date=August 4, 2022}}</ref> Numerous critiques were leveled at the study, including that the language could be misinterpreted to mean "heterosexual intercourse", and that the survey sample was limited to a biased sample of self-identified lesbians in 1983.<ref name="nichols">{{cite journal |last1=Nichols |first1=Margaret |title=Lesbian sexuality/female sexuality: Rethinking 'lesbian bed death' |journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy |date=2004 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=363–371 |doi=10.1080/14681990412331298036 |s2cid=143879852}}</ref>

Researchers report that lesbian and heterosexual women are just as likely to view achieving orgasm as important,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Yurcaba |first=Jo |date=April 9, 2024 |title=New research helps explain why lesbians report more orgasms than straight women |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-health-and-wellness/new-research-helps-explain-lesbians-report-orgasms-straight-women-rcna146661 |access-date=August 2, 2025 |work=NBC}}</ref> and that the two groups report statistically equivalent rates of overall sexual and romantic satisfaction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frederick |first1=David A. |last2=Gillespie |first2=Brian Joseph |last3=Lever |first3=Janet |last4=Berardi |first4=Vincent |last5=Garcia |first5=Justin R. |date=2021-11-01 |title=Debunking Lesbian Bed Death: Using Coarsened Exact Matching to Compare Sexual Practices and Satisfaction of Lesbian and Heterosexual Women |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-021-02096-4 |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |language=en |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=3601–3619 |doi=10.1007/s10508-021-02096-4 |pmid=34725751 |issn=1573-2800}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Castleman |first=Michael |date=February 28, 2023 |title=Debunking the Myth of 'Lesbian Bed Death' |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/all-about-sex/202302/debunking-the-myth-of-lesbian-bed-death |access-date=August 2, 2025 |work=Psychology Today}}</ref> The research suggests that lesbian women tend to achieve said satisfaction through higher quality rather than more frequent sex, and that they engage in different romantic and [[sexual scripts]] than heterosexual women.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== In history ==

{{main|History of lesbianism}}

Women have been underrepresented in history as both writers and subjects, and lesbianism has been correspondingly under-recorded. Since the 1970s, efforts have been made to gather together and preserve lesbian history.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Loveland |first1=Barry |last2=Doran |first2=Malinda Triller |date=2016 |title=Out of the Closet and Into the Archives: A Partnership Model for Community-Based Collection and Preservation of LGBTQ History |url=https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/view/63299 |journal=[[Pennsylvania History (journal)|Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies]] |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=418–419 |doi=10.5325/pennhistory.83.3.0418 |issn=0031-4528 |eissn=2153-2109 |url-access=subscription|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Lesbian Herstory Archives: A Constant Affirmation That You Exist |url=http://www.autostraddle.com/the-lesbian-herstory-archives-a-constant-affirmation-that-you-exist-139931/ |magazine=[[Autostraddle]] |date=19 June 2012 |author=Vanessa |access-date=19 July 2025 |archive-date=1 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101192922/https://www.autostraddle.com/the-lesbian-herstory-archives-a-constant-affirmation-that-you-exist-139931/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Homosexuality in ancient Greece#Love between adult women|In ancient Greece]], Sappho of Lesbos wrote poetry regarding her love for other women, fragments of which survive.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Daisy |date=30 July 2024 |title=The First Lesbian: How Sappho's Poetry Paved the Way for Modern Queer Literature |url=https://lithub.com/the-first-lesbian-how-sapphos-poetry-paved-the-way-for-modern-queer-literature/ |website=LitHub |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref> Other Greek references include mentions in Plato's [[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Plato |title=The Symposium |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1600/1600-h/1600-h.htm |location=Project Gutenberg |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |page= |isbn= |access-date=}}</ref>{{efn|"[H]e begins by treating of the origin of human nature. The sexes were originally three, men, women, and the union of the two; and they were made round—having four hands, four feet, two faces on a round neck, and the rest to correspond. Terrible was their strength and swiftness; and they were essaying to scale heaven and attack the gods. Doubt reigned in the celestial councils; the gods were divided between the desire of quelling the pride of man and the fear of losing the sacrifices. At last Zeus hit upon an expedient. Let us cut them in two, he said; then they will only have half their strength, and we shall have twice as many sacrifices. He spake, and split them as you might split an egg with an hair; and when this was done, he told Apollo to give their faces a twist and re-arrange their persons, taking out the wrinkles and tying the skin in a knot about the navel. The two halves went about looking for one another, and were ready to die of hunger in one another's arms. Then Zeus invented an adjustment of the sexes, which enabled them to marry and go their way to the business of life. Now the characters of men differ accordingly as they are derived from the original man or the original woman, or the original man-woman. Those who come from the man-woman are lascivious and adulterous; those who come from the woman form female attachments; those who are a section of the male follow the male and embrace him, and in him all their desires centre."}}

[[File:Apollodoros (attr.), kylix attica con due etere alla toeletta, 490-480 ac.jpg|thumb|A red-figure kylix depicting two women in an intimate setting. Attributed to the painter Apollodorus, c. 490–480 BCE. (Tarquinia National Museum)|218x218px]]

[[Homosexuality in ancient Rome#Lesbianism in ancient Rome|In ancient Rome]], accounts of lesbian characters include the story of [[Iphis|Iphis and Ianthe]],<ref name="300000Kisses">{{cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=Sean |last2=Hall |first2=Luke Edward |date=2023 |title=300,000 Kisses: Tales of Queer Love from the Ancient World |url= |location= |publisher=Clarkson Potter/Publishers, an imprint of Crown Publishing Group |page=23 |isbn=978-0-593-58244-2}}</ref>{{rp|p=79–86}} a myth from fabulist [[Phaedrus (fabulist)|Phaedrus]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WS3w5rJP1IC&pg=PA156 |title=Sexual Diversity and Catholicism: Toward the Development of Moral Theology |isbn=9780814659397 |access-date=29 November 2014 |last1=Coray |first1=Joseph Andrew |year=2001 |publisher=Liturgical Press |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412032845/https://books.google.com/books?id=_WS3w5rJP1IC&pg=PA156 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Lucian's [[Dialogues of the Courtesans]].<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=LUCIAN:Dialogues of the Courtesans Section 5: LEAENA AND CLONARIUM |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/lucian-court.asp |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project |location= |publisher=Fordham University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003133203/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/lucian-court.asp |archive-date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=May 21, 2025}}</ref>.

In the [[Aztec Empire]], female homosexuality is described in the [[Florentine Codex]], a 16th-century study of the Aztec world, including its violent repression during Spanish colonization.<ref name="Kimball1993">{{cite journal |last1=Kimball |first1=Geoffrey |title=Aztec Homosexuality: The Textual Evidence |journal=[[Journal of Homosexuality]] |date=6 December 1993 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=7–24 |doi=10.1300/J082v26n01_02 |pmid=8113605}}</ref> Some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] conceptualize a [[third gender]] for women who dress as, and fulfill the roles of men or a third sex in their cultures.<ref name="Vowel-1">{{Cite book |last=Vowel |first=Chelsea |title=Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada |date=2016 |publisher=Highwater Press |isbn=978-1553796800 |location=Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada |chapter=All My Queer Relations - Language, Culture, and [[Two-Spirit]] Identity}}</ref><ref name="NCIA">{{Cite journal |last1=Pruden |first1=Harlan |last2=Edmo |first2=Se-ah-dom |date=2016 |title=Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America |url=http://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/Pruden-Edmo_TwoSpiritPeople.pdf |journal=National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center |access-date=2018-09-01 |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708104610/https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/Pruden-Edmo_TwoSpiritPeople.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In early Modern western literature, homoerotic masquerade of one gender for another to seduce an unsuspecting woman was a common plot device, seen for instance in ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' (1601), ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'' (1590), and ''[[The Bird in a Cage]]'' (1633).<ref name="Jennings2007">{{cite book |last=Jennings |first=Rebecca |date=2007 |title=A Lesbian History of Britain |publisher=[[Greenwood World Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-84645-007-5}}</ref>{{rp|pp=1–11, 22–24}} From the 17th to the 19th centuries in the West, it was fashionable, accepted, and encouraged for a woman to express passionate love for another woman.<ref name="Aldrich2006">{{cite book |last1=Aldrich |first1=Robert |title=Gay Life and Culture: A World History |date=2006 |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=0-7893-1511-4}}</ref>{{rp|p=136}}

[[File:Charles Buchel - Radclyffe Hall.jpg|thumb|left|A portrait of English lesbian writer [[Radclyffe Hall]]|218x218px]]

In the 19th and 20th centuries, sexologists [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]] from Germany and Britain's [[Havelock Ellis]] created categorizations of female same-sex attraction, approaching it as a form of insanity.<ref name="Faderman1981">{{Cite book |last=Faderman |first=Lillian |author-link=Lillian Faderman |date=1981 |title=Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present |publisher=Quill |isbn=0-688-00396-6}}</ref>{{rp|p=241–242}} In the 1920s, [[Berlin]] had a vibrant homosexual culture with some 50 clubs for lesbians.<ref name="Aldrich2006"/>{{rp|pp=241–244}} In 1928, [[Radclyffe Hall]] published the novel ''[[The Well of Loneliness]]'', intended as a call for tolerance.<ref name="Faderman1981"/>{{rp|p=320}} Professor Laura Doan described the resulting trial for obscenity as "''the'' crystallizing moment in the construction of a visible modern English lesbian subculture".<ref name="Doan2001">{{cite book |last=Doan |first=Laura |date=2001 |title=Fashioning Sapphism: The Origins of a Modern English Lesbian Culture |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-11007-3 |pages=XIII, XV, 64–66}}</ref>
In the United States, the 1920s was a decade of sexual experimentation.<ref name="Faderman1991">{{Cite book |last=Faderman |first=Lillian |author-link=Lillian Faderman |date=1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/oddgirlstwilight00fade |title=Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0140171223 |edition=paperback}}</ref>{{rp|pp=63–67}} Homosexual subculture disappeared in Germany with the rise of the Nazis in 1933.<ref name="Aldrich2006"/>{{rp|pp=191–193}} Following World War II, the U.S. government began persecuting homosexuals around 1950.<ref name="Edsall2003">{{cite book |last=Edsall |first=Nicholas |date=2003 |title=Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World |publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]] |isbn=0-8139-2211-9}}</ref>{{rp|p=277}} Between 1955 and 1969, over 2,000 books of lesbian pulp fiction were published in North America.<ref name=Keller>{{cite journal |last1=Keller |first1=Yvonne |title="Was It Right to Love Her Brother's Wife so Passionately?": Lesbian Pulp Novels and U.S. Lesbian Identity, 1950-1965 |journal=[[American Quarterly]] |date=June 2005 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=385–410 |doi=10.1353/aq.2005.0028 |jstor=40068271 |s2cid=144844572 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40068271 |issn=0003-0678 |oclc=1480637}}</ref> From the late 1950s to the 1970s, the [[sexual revolution]] encouraged women to try varied sexual experiences.<ref name="Faderman1991"/>{{rp|p=203}}

Lesbians face government persecution in the Middle East, such as in [[Yemen]], where homosexuality is criminalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gaylawnet.com/laws/ye.htm|title=GayLawNet - Laws - Yemen|website=Gaylawnet.com|accessdate=21 May 2025|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107002433/https://www.gaylawnet.com/laws/ye.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gerber |first=Paula |url=https://antigaylaws.org/regional/middle-east/ |title=Countries that still criminalise homosexuality |website=AntiGayLaws |date=17 March 2014 |accessdate=21 May 2025}}</ref>

In [[Latin America]], lesbian subcultures increased as several countries transitioned to or reformed democratic governments. However, social harassment has remained common.<ref name="Mogrovejo2004">Mogrovejo, Norma (2004). "Relevancia de las lesbianas en América Latina: la recuperación de nuestra historia". In Drucker, Péter; Mercad, Enrique (in Spanish). ''Arco iris diferentes''. Siglo XXI. {{ISBN|978-968-23-2486-4}}. pp. 85–103, 281-294</ref>

Cross-gender roles and marriage between women have been recorded in over 30 traditional African societies.<ref name="Roscoe Murray 2021">{{cite book |last1=Roscoe |first1=Will |last2=Murray |first2=Stephen O. |last3=Epprecht |first3=Marc |title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |publication-place=Albany |date=2021 |orig-year=1998 |isbn=978-1-4384-8410-5 |at=New Foreword}} (open access)</ref><ref name="Aldrich2006"/>{{rp|p=262}} In Africa, the [[Coalition of African Lesbians]] has worked since 2004 to eradicate stigma, legal discrimination, and violence against lesbians.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal |last1=Ngubane |first1=Musa |last2=Frank |first2=Liz |date=2004 |title=Standing up for their rights: Coalition of African Lesbians formed in Windhoek |url=http://electra.lmu.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/standing-up-their-rights-coalition-african/docview/194911079 |journal=Sister Namibia |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=10 |id={{ProQuest|194911079}}}}</ref> In Africa, lesbian activities have been "shaped by silence and secrecy, oppression and repression".<ref name="Currier 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Currier |first1=Ashley |last2=Migraine-George |first2=Thérèse |title="Lesbian"/female same-sex sexualities in Africa |journal=[[Journal of Lesbian Studies]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |date=3 April 2017 |doi=10.1080/10894160.2016.1146031 |pages=133–150 |pmid=27768541 }}</ref>

Historical Chinese culture has not recognized female homosexuality.<ref name="SullivanJackson2001">{{cite book |editor1-last=Sullivan |editor1-first=Gerard |editor2-last=Jackson |editor2-first=Peter |date=2001 |title=Gay and Lesbian Asia: Culture, Identity, Community |publisher=Harrington Park Press |isbn=1-56023-146-7}}</ref>{{rp|p=29}}<ref name="Aldrich2006"/>{{rp|p=311}}

==Demographics==

{{further|Demographics of sexual orientation}}

===Early reports===

The most extensive early study of female homosexuality was the 1953 [[Kinsey Institute]] analysis of the sexual experiences of more than 8,000 American women. Its methodology has been criticized,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leonhardt |first=David |author-link=David Leonhardt |date=July 28, 2000 |title=John Tukey, 85, Statistician; Coined the Word 'Software' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/28/us/john-tukey-85-statistician-coined-the-word-software.html |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=August 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306012549/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/28/us/john-tukey-85-statistician-coined-the-word-software.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Biography 15.1, ''John W. Tukey'' (1915–2000) |url=http://www.swlearning.com/quant/kohler/stat/biographical_sketches/bio15.1.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=South-Western Educational Publishing |archive-date=2015-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227025040/http://www.swlearning.com/quant/kohler/stat/biographical_sketches/bio15.1.html |url-status=dead}} John Tukey criticizes sample procedure</ref><ref name="Bullough1998" /> but it proved popular. It reported that 28% of women had been aroused by a female, that 19% had had sexual contact with a female,<ref name="Kinsey1953">[[Kinsey Institute|Institute for Sex Research]] ([[Alfred Kinsey|Kinsey]], ''et al.'') (1953). ''[[Sexual Behavior in the Human Female]]'', Saunders.</ref>{{rp|p=453}} and that some 9% had orgasmed.<ref name="Kinsey1953"/>{{rp|pp=453–454}} Its dispassionate discussion of homosexuality as a form of sexual behavior was revolutionary.<ref name="Bullough1998">{{cite journal |last1=Bullough |first1=Vern L. |title=Alfred Kinsey and the Kinsey report: Historical overview and lasting contributions |journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |date=1998 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=127–131 |doi=10.1080/00224499809551925}}</ref>

In 1976, sexologist [[Shere Hite]] did a qualitative survey of 3,019 women on their sexual experiences. Hite's questions focused on how women identified and what they preferred, rather than their prior experiences. Respondents indicated that 8% preferred sex with women, while 9% said that they identified as bisexual or had had sexual experiences with men and women without indicating a preference.<ref name="Hite1976">{{cite book |author-link=Shere Hite |last=Hite |first=Shere |date=1976 |title=The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study on Female Sexuality |publisher=MacMillan |isbn=0-02-551851-8 |pages=261, 262, 274}}</ref>

===Population estimates===

* A 2023 international survey (which excluded Africa and the Middle East) found that, on average, 3% of participants self-identified as lesbian or gay<ref name="Moreau 2023">{{cite news |last1=Moreau |first1=Julie |title=Global survey finds 9% of adults identify as LGBTQ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/global-survey-finds-9-adults-identify-lgbtq-rcna87288 |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=NBC News |date=1 June 2023}}</ref>
* Lesbians in the U.S. form about 2.6% of the population, according to a 2000 survey.<ref name="almanac">Wright, John, ed. "Homosexuality in the U.S., 1998–2000", ''The New York Times Almanac'' (2009), Penguin Reference. {{ISBN|0-14-311457-3}}, p. 314.</ref> Another survey showed that between 2000 and 2005, the number claiming to be in same-sex relationships increased by 30%, possibly because people were more comfortable self-identifying as homosexual.{{efn|The study estimated the total population of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals at 8.8 million, but did not differentiate between men and women.<ref>Gates, Gary [October 2006]. "Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey", [http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/home.html The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213183201/http://www.law.ucla.edu/WilliamsInstitute/home.html |date=2009-02-13 }}, [[University of California Los Angeles]], pp. 1–25.</ref>}}
* A survey by the UK [[Office for National Statistics]] in 2010 found that 1.5% of Britons identified as gay or bisexual; other surveys had shown the number between 0.3% and 3%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2010 |title=Measuring Sexual Identity : Evaluation Report, 2010 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/measuring-sexual-identity---evaluation-report/2010/index.html |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626204329/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/measuring-sexual-identity---evaluation-report/2010/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="more-or-less-2010-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Harford |first=Tim |date=1 October 2010 |title=More or Less examines Office for National Statistics figures on gay, lesbian and bisexual people |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tznbk |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105183125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tznbk |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Polls in Australia recorded a range of self-identified lesbian or bisexual women from 1.3% to 2.2% of the total population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Shaun |date=December 2004 |title=Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender identification and attitudes to same-sex relationships in Australia and the United States |journal=[[People and Place]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=12–22 |url=https://tapri.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/v12n4_2wilson.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-17 |access-date=2022-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217010533/https://tapri.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/v12n4_2wilson.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, a 2024 ABS release stated the percentage of reported non-heterosexual orientations in cisgender women was 3.7%.<ref>{{cite web|title= Estimates and characteristics of LGBTI+ populations in Australia.|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/estimates-and-characteristics-lgbti-populations-australia/latest-release|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=2022}}</ref>
* A 2016 survey in France found 4% of women identifying as gay or bisexual.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paris, ville lumière, ville de débauche ? L'OBSERVATOIRE DE LA VIE SEXUELLE DES PARISIENS|date=19 December 2016|url=http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/3596-1-study_file.pdf|website=IFOP|language=fr|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=22 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722030448/http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/3596-1-study_file.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In a 2012 survey in Israel, 15.2% of women self-reported attraction to women, 8.7% reported having had a same-gender encounter, and 4.8% identified as lesbian or bisexual.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mor |first1=Zohar |last2=Davidovich |first2=Udi |title=Sexual Orientation and Behavior of Adult Jews in Israel and the Association With Risk Behavior |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |date=August 2016 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=1563–1571 |doi=10.1007/s10508-015-0631-0 |pmid=26754157 |s2cid=25933408 |oclc=5966345530}}</ref>
* In a 2013 survey [[LGBT culture in the Philippines|in the Philippines]], 1.8% of women identified as lesbian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey|url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/sites/default/files/YAFS4%20Key%20Findings/YAFS4%20Key%20Findings.pdf|website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation|page=18|access-date=2020-11-02|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029193428/https://www.drdf.org.ph/sites/default/files/YAFS4%20Key%20Findings/YAFS4%20Key%20Findings.pdf}}</ref>
* A 2021 survey in Sri Lanka found that 0.5% of the population (some 1% of women) identified as lesbian.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://equalityfund.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Mapping.pdf-Research-report.pdf |title=Mapping LGBTQ Identities in Sri Lanka |publisher=Equal Ground |access-date=June 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007220334/https://equalityfund.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Mapping.pdf-Research-report.pdf |archive-date=October 7, 2021}}</ref>

==Health==

=== Disparities ===

A systematic review conducted in 2023 found that lesbian and bisexual women were 1.5 to 2 times more likely to have asthma than heterosexual women. Additionally, they were somewhat more likely to experience back pain, hepatitis B/C, and urinary tract infections. However, they were less likely to suffer from heart attacks, diabetes, or hypertension, possibly because they avoided pregnancy in the case of the latter two conditions.<ref name="Haarmann Folkerts 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Haarmann |first1=Lena |last2=Folkerts |first2=Ann-Kristin |last3=Lieker |first3=Emma |last4=Eichert |first4=Kai |last5=Neidlinger |first5=Marlene |last6=Monsef |first6=Ina |last7=Skoetz |first7=Nicole |last8=Träuble |first8=Birgit |last9=Kalbe |first9=Elke |title=Comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on physical health conditions in lesbian- and bisexual-identified women compared with heterosexual-identified women |journal=Women's Health |volume=19 |date=2023 |article-number=17455057231219610 |pmid=38146632 |pmc=10752089 |doi=10.1177/17455057231219610}}</ref> Since lesbians are less likely to become pregnant, they are less likely to receive protection from pregnancy hormones against breast and other cancers.<ref name="HHS"/>

American studies in the 2010s and 2020s have found that LGBT people experience higher rates of mental distress, and that this relationship is mediated by experiences of rejection and adverse childhood experiences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moagi |first1=Miriam |last2=van der Wath |first2=Anna |date=20 Jan 2021 |title=Mental health challenges of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people: An integrated literature review |journal=Health Sa = Sa Gesondheid |volume=26 |page=1487 |publisher=NIH National Library of Medicine |doi=10.4102/hsag.v26i0.1487 |pmid=33604059 |pmc=7876969}}</ref>

=== Factors ===
==== Lifestyle ====

Factors that add to risk of heart disease include the prevalence of [[obesity]] and [[smoking]] among lesbians. Lesbians are less concerned about weight issues than heterosexual women; and lesbians consider women with higher body masses to be more attractive than heterosexual women do.<ref name="HHS"/><ref name="mravack">{{cite journal |last1=Mravack |first1=Sally A. |date=July 2006 |title=Primary Care for Lesbians and Bisexual Women |journal=[[American Family Physician]] |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=279–286 |pmid=16883925}}</ref> Lesbians are more likely to exercise regularly than heterosexual women.<ref name="haines">{{cite journal |last1=Haines |first1=Megan E. |last2=Erchull |first2=Mindy J. |last3=Liss |first3=Miriam |last4=Turner |first4=Dixie L. |last5=Nelson |first5=Jaclyn A. |last6=Ramsey |first6=Laura R. |last7=Hurt |first7=Molly M. |title=Predictors and Effects of Self-Objectification in Lesbians |journal=[[Psychology of Women Quarterly]] |date=2008 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=181–187 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00422.x |s2cid=145638302}}</ref>

==== Social ====

Lesbians experience negative social factors such as [[Discrimination against lesbians|discrimination]], stigma, and violence; policies that oppose their sexuality, such as access to marriage or employment; and lower incomes.<ref name="Lampe Barbee 2024"/> Partly as a result, lesbians may be less likely to be in a marriage.<ref name="Compton Baumle 2018">{{cite book |last1=Compton |first1=D'Lane R. |last2=Baumle |first2=Amanda K. |title=International Handbook on Gender and Demographic Processes |chapter=Demographics of Gay and Lesbian Partnerships and Families |publisher=Springer Netherlands |volume=8 |date=2018 |isbn=978-94-024-1288-8 |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1290-1_18 |pages=267–285}}</ref> These factors contribute to increased levels of chronic ill-health, increased misuse of alcohol and substances, reduced mobility, increased cardiovascular disease, chronic pain, and poor sleep.<ref name="Lampe Barbee 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Lampe |first1=Nik M. |last2=Barbee |first2=Harry |last3=Tran |first3=Nathaniel M. |last4=Bastow |first4=Skyler |last5=McKay |first5=Tara |title=Health Disparities Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Older Adults: A Structural Competency Approach |journal=The International Journal of Aging and Human Development |volume=98 |issue=1 |date=2024 |pmid=37122150 |pmc=10598237 |doi=10.1177/00914150231171838 |pages=39–55}}</ref>

Lesbians may fear doctors' attitudes to their sexuality. Lesbians perceive a lower risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, and may therefore miss routine screenings such as for cervical cancer.<ref name="HHS">{{cite web |url=http://womenshealth.gov/faq/lesbian-health.cfm |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Lesbian Health |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129175054/http://www.womenshealth.gov/faq/lesbian-health.cfm |archive-date=29 January 2009 |website=womenshealth.gov |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] |access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref>

==Media representation==
{{Further|Media portrayal of lesbians}}

The majority of media about lesbians has been produced by men;<ref name="Schlager1998"/>{{rp|pp=389–390}} women's publishing companies did not develop until the 1970s, films about lesbians made by women did not appear until the 1980s, and women-written television shows portraying lesbians written only began to be created in the 21st century. When depictions of lesbians began to surface, they were often one-dimensional, simplified stereotypes.<ref name="Schlager1998"/>{{rp|pp=389–390}}

===Literature===

{{Further|Lesbian literature|List of lesbian fiction}}

Ancient lesbian writers include Sappho.{{efn|Sappho has served as a subject of many works of literature by writers such as [[John Donne]], [[Alexander Pope]], [[Pierre Louÿs]], and several anonymous writers, that have addressed her relationships with women and men. She has been used as an embodiment of same-sex desire, and as a character in fictions loosely based on her life.<ref name="Castle2003">{{cite book |editor-last=Castle |editor-first=Terry |editor-link=Terry Castle |date=2003 |title=The Literature of Lesbianism: A Historical Anthology from Ariosto to Stonewall |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-12510-0}}</ref>{{rp|pp=125, 208, 252, 319, 566}} }} Ancient stories interpreted as examples of lesbianism include the [[Book of Ruth]],<ref name="Foster1956">[[Jeannette Howard Foster|Foster, Jeannette H.]] (1956). ''Sex Variant Women in Literature'', Naiad Press edition, 1985. {{ISBN|0-930044-65-7}}</ref>{{rp|pp=22–23}}<ref name="Castle2003"/>{{rp|p=108}} [[Camilla (mythology)|Camilla]] and [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Artemis]] and [[Callisto (mythology)|Callisto]], and [[Iphis|Iphis and Ianthe]].<ref name="Foster1956"/>{{rp|pp=24–27}} For ten centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, lesbianism disappeared from literature.<ref name="Castle2003"/>{{rp|p=11}} Foster points to the particularly strict view that [[Eve]]—representative of all women—caused the downfall of mankind; [[original sin]] among women was a particular concern, especially because women were perceived as creating life.<ref name="Foster1956"/>{{rp|pp=30–31}} During this time, women were largely illiterate and discouraged from intellectual pursuit, and men shaped ideas about sexuality.<ref name="Castle2003"/>{{rp|p=6}}

In the 15th and 16th centuries, French and English depictions of relationships between women, writers' attitudes spanned from amused tolerance to arousal. Physical relationships between women were often encouraged, as long as they did not supersede heterosexual relationships; there was a cultural belief that lesbian sex and relationships could not be as fulfilling as heterosexual sex and relationships.<ref name="Faderman1981"/>{{rp|pp=26–29}} At worst, if a woman became enamored of another woman, she became a tragic figure. Male intervention into relationships between women was necessary only when women acted as men and demanded the same social privileges.<ref name="Faderman1981"/>{{rp|pp=29}} In the 18th century, writings mentioning lesbianism included the 1749 English erotica ''[[Fanny Hill]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/on-a-hunt-for-19th-century-erotica |title=On a Hunt for 19th-Century Erotica, We Found Lesbians |publisher=History News Network |date=28 October 2025}}</ref> and the 1778 erotica ''L'Espion Anglais''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alpennia.com/blog/lesbian-historic-motif-podcast-episode-181-anandrine-sect |date=24 October 2020 |title=Lesbian Historic Motif Podcast Episode 181 - The Anandrine Sect |quote="The Anandrine Sect itself is first introduced—as far as I can find—in the pornographic work L'espion Anglais (The English Spy) written in 1778. This is a collection of salacious anecdotes, one of which involves an adolescent country girl who, having inclinations toward sex with women, is sent off to Paris to be initiated into an Anandrine sect. Her sponsor describes the group thus: “A tribade,” she told me, “is a young virgin who, not having had any relations with men, and convinced of the excellence of her sex, finds in it true pleasure, pure pleasure, dedicates herself wholly to it, and renounces the other sex, as perfidious as it is seductive. Or, it is a woman of any age who, having fulfilled the wish of nature and country for the propagation of the human race, gets over her mistake, detests, abjures crude pleasures, and devotes herself to training pupils for the goddess." [...] [The initiation ceremony] takes place in a classical temple featuring statues of the goddess Vesta, of Sappho, and other symbolic figures."}}</ref>

[[File:Lautrec in bed 1893.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Le Lit (Toulouse-Lautrec)|In Bed]]'' by [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] (1893). The Parisian artist employed the association between lesbianism and prostitution.<ref name="Faderman1981"/>{{rp|pp=281–283}}|alt=A painting of two short-haired women in a massive bed, covered to their chins in blankets under a red top cover. One woman is looking sleepily at the other.]]

Lesbianism became almost exclusive to French literature in the 19th century, based on male fantasy and the desire to shock bourgeois moral values.<ref name="Faderman1981"/>{{rp|pp=264, 268}} [[Honoré de Balzac]], in ''[[The Girl with the Golden Eyes]]'' (1835), employed lesbianism in his story about three people living amongst the moral degeneration of Paris, and again in later works. His work influenced novelist [[Théophile Gautier]]'s ''Mademoiselle de Maupin'', which provided the first description of a physical type that became associated with lesbians: tall, wide-shouldered, slim-hipped, and athletically inclined.<ref name="Foster1956"/>{{rp|pp=51–65}} [[Charles Baudelaire]] repeatedly used lesbianism as a theme in his poems "Lesbos", {{lang|fr|"Femmes damnées 1"}} ("Damned Women"), and {{lang|fr|"Femmes damnées 2"}}.<ref name="Castle2003"/>{{rp|p=435}} Reflecting French society, as well as employing stock character associations, many of the lesbian characters in 19th-century French literature were prostitutes or courtesans: personifications of vice who died early, violent deaths in moral endings.<ref name="Faderman1981"/>{{rp|pp=281–283}} [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]'s 1816 poem "[[Christabel (poem)|Christabel]]" and the novella ''[[Carmilla]]'' (1872) by [[Sheridan Le Fanu]] both present lesbianism associated with vampirism.<ref name="Faderman1981"/>{{rp|pp=277, 288–289}}

Gradually, women began to write, and began to write about lesbian relationships. Until the 1920s, most major works involving lesbianism were penned by men. Foster suggests that women would have encountered suspicion about their own lives had they used same-sex love as a topic, and that some writers including [[Louise Labé]], [[Charlotte Charke]], and [[Margaret Fuller]] either changed the pronouns in their literary works to male, or made them ambiguous.<ref name="Foster1956"/>{{rp|pp=116–127}} Author [[George Sand]] was portrayed as a character in several works in the 19th century; writer [[Mario Praz]] credited the popularity of lesbianism as a theme to Sand's appearance in Paris society in the 1830s.<ref name="Faderman1981"/>{{rp|pp=263}}{{efn|The cross-dressing Sand was the subject of a few of [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]]'s sonnets.<ref name="Castle2003"/>{{rp|pp=426–427}} [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Villette (novel)|Villette]]'' in 1853 initiated a genre of boarding [[School story|school stories]] with homoerotic themes.<ref name="Castle2003"/>{{rp|p=429}}}}

In the 20th century, [[Katherine Mansfield]], [[Amy Lowell]], [[Gertrude Stein]], [[H.D.]], [[Vita Sackville-West]], [[Virginia Woolf]], and [[Gale Wilhelm]] wrote popular works that had same-sex relationships as themes.<ref name="Norton1997">{{cite book |last1=Norton |first1=Rictor |title=The Myth of the Modern Homosexual: Queer History and the Search for Cultural Unity |date=1997 |publisher=Cassell |location=[[London]] |isbn=0-304-33892-3}}</ref>{{rp|p=182}} In 1928, ''The Well of Loneliness'' and three other novels with lesbian themes were published in England: [[Elizabeth Bowen]]'s ''The Hotel'', Woolf's ''[[Orlando: A Biography|Orlando]]'', and [[Compton Mackenzie]]'s satirical novel ''Extraordinary Women''.<ref>Lanser, 1979, p. 39.</ref> Unlike ''The Well of Loneliness'', none of these other novels were banned.<ref name="Foster1956"/>{{rp|pp=281–287}}{{efn|A fifth novel in 1928, American author Djuna Barnes' ''[[Ladies Almanack]]'', is a ''[[roman à clef]]'' of [[Natalie Clifford Barney#Salon|a lesbian literary and artistic salon in Paris]] and circulated at first within those circles; Susan Sniader Lanser calls it a "sister-text" to Hall's landmark work,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lanser |first1=Susan Sniader |title=Speaking in Tongues: 'Ladies Almanack' and the Language of Celebration |journal=[[Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies]] |date=1979 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.2307/3346147 |jstor=3346147}}</ref> as Barnes includes a character based on Radclyffe Hall and passages that may be a response to ''The Well of Loneliness''<ref name="Barnes1992">Barnes, Djuna. With an introduction by Susan Sniader Lanser. (1992). ''Ladies Almanack'', [[New York University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8147-1180-4}}. p. xxxi</ref>}}

As the paperback book came into fashion, lesbian themes were relegated to [[Pulp magazines|pulp fiction]]. Many of the pulp novels typically presented very unhappy women, or relationships that ended tragically. Marijane Meaker later wrote that she was told to make the relationship end badly in ''Spring Fire'' because the publishers were concerned about the books being confiscated by the U.S. Postal Service.<ref>Packer, Vin (Marijane Meaker). ''Spring Fire'', Introduction. 2004, Cleis Press.</ref> [[Patricia Highsmith]], writing as Claire Morgan, wrote ''[[The Price of Salt]]'' in 1951 and refused to follow this directive.<ref name="Castle2003"/>{{rp|pp=1024–1025}} In the 1970s, lesbian feminist magazines such as ''[[The Furies Collective|The Furies]]''<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[National Park Services]] |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/furies-collective.htm |title=The Furies Collective |quote=The collective’s publications set the terms of debate over the ideology, strategies and tactics, and actual accomplishments of lesbian feminist separatism in the early years of newly militant gay and lesbian activism. Their first issue of The Furies proclaimed, “We believe The FURIES will make important contributions to the growing movement to destroy sexism. As a collective, in addition to outside projects, we are spending much time building an ideology which is the basis for action.” According to historian Lillian Faderman, “the Furies newspaper, which was sold at the women’s bookstores that were mushrooming across America, inspired thousands of lesbian feminists to form their own collectives in cities, farms, forests, and mountains all over America and in Europe, too.”}}</ref> and ''[[Sinister Wisdom]]'' began publication.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sinisterwisdom.com/history |title=History, SINISTER WISDOM, founded 1976 |publisher=Sinister Wisdom |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Well-known writers who wrote on lesbian topics or about lesbian-themed plots included [[Rita Mae Brown]], [[Dorothy Allison]],<ref name="Schlager1998"/>{{rp|p=377–379}} [[Audre Lorde]], and [[Cherríe Moraga]].<ref name="Schlager1998"/>{{rp|p=379}}

===Film===
{{Main|List of feature films with lesbian characters}}

Lesbianism arrived early in filmmaking. The same constructs as in literature were placed on women in film. Women could challenging their feminine roles. Actresses appeared as men in male rolesas early as 1914 in ''[[A Florida Enchantment]]''. In ''[[Morocco (film)|Morocco]]'' (1930) [[Marlene Dietrich]] kisses a woman on the lips, and [[Katharine Hepburn]] plays a man in ''[[Christopher Strong]]'' in 1933 and again in ''[[Sylvia Scarlett]]'' in 1936.<ref name="Benshoff2006">{{cite book |last1=Benshoff |first1=Harry |last2=Griffin |first2=Sean |date=2006 |title=Queer Images: A History of Gay and Lesbian Film in America |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]] |isbn=0-7425-1971-6}}</ref>{{rp|pp=27–28}} Overt female homosexuality was introduced in the 1929 film ''[[Pandora's Box (1929 film)|Pandora's Box]]''. German films depicting homosexuality were distributed throughout Europe, but 1931's ''[[Mädchen in Uniform (1931 film)|Mädchen in Uniform]]'' was thought unsuitable for the U.S.<ref name="Russo1987">{{cite book |last=Russo |first=Vito |author-link=Vito Russo |date=1987 |title=[[The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies]] |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] |isbn=0-06-096132-5}}</ref>{{rp|p=58}}

[[File:Childrens Hour trailer.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Lesbianism, or homosexuality, was never spoken about in ''[[The Children's Hour (film)|The Children's Hour]]'', but it is transparent why [[Shirley MacLaine]]'s character hangs herself.|alt=Still shot from the film "The Children's Hour", showing Shirley MacLaine looking down at the left and Audrey Hepburn to her right staring at her, in a bedroom. The words "Can an ugly rumor destroy what's beautiful?" obscure much of MacLaine's face.]]

The 1930 [[Hays Code]] resulted in censoring of most references to homosexuality in American films. The originally-lesbian play ''[[The Children's Hour (play)|The Children's Hour]]'' was converted into a heterosexual love triangle and retitled ''[[These Three]]''. The 1933 biopic ''[[Queen Christina (film)|Queen Christina]]'' veiled speculation about Christina of Sweden's affairs with women.<ref name="Russo1987"/>{{rp|p=58}} Censors removed a lesbian scene from the 1951 film ''[[Olivia (1951 film)|The Pit of Loneliness]]''.<ref name="Russo1987"/>{{rp|p=102}} The code was relaxed somewhat after 1961, and the next year [[William Wyler]] remade ''[[The Children's Hour (film)|The Children's Hour]]'', though with a tragic ending that set a precedent for endings of films about homosexuality.<ref name="Russo1987"/>{{rp|p=139}} If not victims, lesbians were depicted as villains or morally corrupt, such as brothel madames by [[Barbara Stanwyck]] in ''[[Walk on the Wild Side (film)|Walk on the Wild Side]]'' from 1962 and [[Shelley Winters]] in ''[[The Balcony (film)|The Balcony]]'' in 1963. Lesbians as predators were presented in ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'' (1940), women's prison films like ''[[Caged (1950 film)|Caged]]'' (1950), or ''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'' (1963).<ref name="Russo1987"/>{{rp|pp=143–156}} Lesbian vampire themes reappeared in ''[[Dracula's Daughter]]'' (1936), ''[[Blood and Roses]]'' (1960), ''[[Vampyros Lesbos]]'' (1971), and ''[[The Hunger (1983 film)|The Hunger]]'' (1983).<ref name="Russo1987"/>{{rp|p=49}} ''[[Basic Instinct]]'' (1992) featured a bisexual murderer played by [[Sharon Stone]]; it set off protests about the depiction of gay people as predators.<ref name="Benshoff2006"/>{{rp|pp=150–151}}

The first film to address lesbianism with depth was ''[[The Killing of Sister George (film)|The Killing of Sister George]]'' in 1968, filmed in London's lesbian [[Gateways club]]. Film historian [[Vito Russo]] considers the film to treat a multifaceted, openly lesbian character who other lesbians force into silence.<ref name="Russo1987"/>{{rp|pp=170–173}} ''[[Personal Best (film)|Personal Best]]'' in 1982, and ''[[Lianna]]'' in 1983 treated lesbian relationships more sympathetically, though with unhappy relationships. ''Personal Best'' was criticized for its plot device of one woman returning to a relationship with a man, implying that lesbianism is a phase.<ref name="Benshoff2006"/>{{rp|pp=185–186}} More ambiguous portrayals were seen in ''[[Silkwood]]'' (1983), ''[[The Color Purple (1985 film)|The Color Purple]]'' (1985), and ''[[Fried Green Tomatoes (film)|Fried Green Tomatoes]]'' (1991).<ref>''[[The Celluloid Closet (film)|The Celluloid Closet]]''. Dir. Epstein, R., Friedman, J. DVD, Home Box Office, 1996.</ref>

An era of independent filmmaking brought different stories, writers, and directors to films. ''[[Desert Hearts]]'' (1985) was directed by lesbian [[Donna Deitch]], loosely based on [[Jane Rule]]'s novel ''[[Desert of the Heart]]''. It received a mixed reception.<ref name="Benshoff2006"/>{{rp|pp=194–195}} The late 1980s and early 1990s ushered in [[New Queer Cinema]]m treating lesbian issues seriously.<ref name="Benshoff2006"/>{{rp|p=237}} Films included [[Rose Troche]]'s avant garde romantic comedy ''[[Go Fish (film)|Go Fish]]'' (1994) and the first film about African American lesbians, [[Cheryl Dunye]]'s ''[[The Watermelon Woman]]'', in 1995.<ref name="Benshoff2006"/>{{rp|pp=241–242}} Later films included ''[[The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love]]'' (1995), ''[[Antonia's Line]]'' (1995), ''[[When Night Is Falling]]'' (1995), ''[[Better Than Chocolate]]'' (1999), and the social satire ''[[But I'm a Cheerleader]]'' (1999).<ref name="Benshoff2006"/>{{rp|p=270}}

=== Theatre ===
The first stage production to feature a lesbian kiss and open depiction of two women in love is the 1907 [[Yiddish theatre|Yiddish]] play ''God of Vengeance'' (''Got fun nekome'') by [[Sholem Asch]]. Rivkele, a young woman, and Manke, a prostitute in her father's brothel, fall in love. On March 6, 1923, during a performance of the play in a New York City theatre, producers and cast were informed that they had been indicted by a Grand Jury for violating the Penal Code that defined the presentation of "an obscene, indecent, immoral and impure theatrical production." They were arrested the following day when they appeared before a judge. Two months later, they were found guilty in a jury trial. The producers were fined $200 and the cast received suspended sentences. The play is considered by some to be "the greatest drama of the Yiddish theater".<ref name="Curtin1987">{{Cite book |last=Curtin |first=Kaier |title=We Can Always Call Them Bulgarians: The Emergence of Lesbians and Gay Men on the American Stage |date=1987 |publisher=[[Alyson Publications]] |isbn=0-932870-36-8 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |pages=25–42 |chapter=The First Lesbian Character Ever Seen on an English-language Stage |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/wecanalwayscallt0000curt/page/25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Curtin |first=Kaier |date=Spring 1988 |title=Yiddish Lesbian Play Rocks Broadway |url=https://www.lilith.org/articles/yiddish-lesbian-play-rocks-broadway/ |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Lilith (magazine)|Lilith]] |issue=5748 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411105243/https://www.lilith.org/articles/yiddish-lesbian-play-rocks-broadway/ |archive-date=11 April 2020 |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> ''God of Vengeance'' was the inspiration for the 2015 play ''[[Indecent (play)|Indecent]]'' by [[Paula Vogel]], which features lesbian characters Rifkele and Manke.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gold |first=Sylviane |date=15 October 2015 |title='Indecent' Opens Yale Repertory Theater Season |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/18/nyregion/indecent-opens-yale-repertory-theater-season.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019021848/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/18/nyregion/indecent-opens-yale-repertory-theater-season.html |archive-date=19 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title='Indecent': A Play About A Yiddish Play That Was Ahead Of Its Time |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/526157986 |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=[[NPR]] |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603052634/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/526157986 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Indecent'' was nominated for multiple 2017 [[Tony Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/press/2017-tony-award-nominations/ |title=2017 TONY AWARD® NOMINATIONS |date=2 May 2017}}</ref>


[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical ''[[The Prom (musical)|The Prom]]'' featured lesbian characters Emma Nolan and Alyssa Greene. In 2019, the production was nominated for six Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and received the Drama Desk Award for [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical#2010s|Outstanding Musical]]. A performance from ''The Prom'' was included in the 2018 [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]] and made history by showing the first [[Homosexuality|same-sex]] kiss in the parade's broadcast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vagianos |first=Alanna |date=November 22, 2018 |title=Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade Features Same-Sex Kiss In Historic Moment |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/macys-parade-2018-gay-kiss_n_5bf6d42fe4b0eb6d930c8577 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701041220/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/macys-parade-2018-gay-kiss_n_5bf6d42fe4b0eb6d930c8577 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=11 April 2020 |work=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wild |first=Stephi |date=23 November 2018 |title=THE PROM Makes History With First LGBTQ Kiss on Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade |work=[[BroadwayWorld]] |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/THE-PROM-Makes-History-With-First-LGBTQ-Kiss-on-Macys-Thanksgiving-Day-Parade-20181123 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603001159/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/THE-PROM-Makes-History-With-First-LGBTQ-Kiss-on-Macys-Thanksgiving-Day-Parade-20181123 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Jagged Little Pill (musical)|Jagged Little Pill]]'' featured lesbian character Jo, who is dealing with her religious mother's disapproval.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kircher |first=Madison Malone |date=June 13, 2020 |title=''Jagged Little Pill''{{'}}s Lauren Patten Will Not Admit That She Steals the Show |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/06/jagged-little-pills-lauren-patten-steals-the-show.html |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]] |archive-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702141033/https://www.vulture.com/2020/06/jagged-little-pills-lauren-patten-steals-the-show.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Television===
{{Main|List of lesbian characters in television}}

Television began to address homosexuality much later than film. The first time a lesbian was portrayed on network television was the NBC drama ''[[The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)|The Eleventh Hour]]'' in the early 1960s, ending with the lesbian being "converted" to heterosexuality.<ref name="Tropiano2002">{{cite book |last=Tropiano |first=Stephen |date=2002 |title=Prime Time Closet: A History of Gays and Lesbians on TV |publisher=Applause Theater and Cinema Books |isbn=1-55783-557-8}}</ref>{{rp|pp=7–9}} Lesbian invisibility in TV continued into the 1970s.<ref name="Tropiano2002"/>{{rp|pp=13–44}} Police drama series could include a gay [[stock character]] to serve as a victims of blackmail or anti-gay violence, or as a criminal.<ref name="Russo1987"/>{{rp|pp=186–189}} Lesbians were included as villains, motivated to murder by their desires, internalized homophobia, or fear of being exposed as homosexual. One episode of ''[[Police Woman (TV series)|Police Woman]]'' earned protests by the [[National Gay Task Force]] before it aired for portraying a trio of murderous lesbians who killed retirement home patients for their money.<ref name="Tropiano2002"/>{{rp|p=68}} NBC edited the episode because of the protests.<ref name="Tropiano2002"/>{{rp|pp=69}} In the mid-1970s, lesbians began to appear as police officers or detectives.<ref name="Tropiano2002"/>{{rp|pp=75–76}} In 1991, a bisexual lawyer character on ''[[L.A. Law]]'' shared the first significant [[Lesbian kiss episode|lesbian kiss]]{{efn|''[[21 Jump Street]]'' included a kiss between series regular [[Holly Robinson Peete]] and guest star Katy Boyer in "A Change of Heart" (1990) but it did not inspire the critical or popular attention later such kisses would engender.<ref name="Capsuto2000">{{cite book|last1=Capsuto |first1=Steven |title=Alternate Channels: The Uncensored Story of Gay and Lesbian Images on Radio and Television |date=2000 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |location=New York |isbn=0-345-41243-5}}</ref>{{rp|p=235}}}} on primetime television, stirring controversy.<ref name="Tropiano2002"/>{{rp|p=89}}

[[File:EllenDeGeneres1997Emmies.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ellen DeGeneres with her Emmy Award in 1997. Her coming out in the media, as well as her sitcom, "ranks, hands down, as the single most public exit in gay history", changing media portrayals of lesbians in Western culture.<ref name="Streitmatter2009"/>|alt=A photograph of Ellen DeGeneres with her 1997 Emmy Award.]]

In the mid-1980s through the 1990s, sitcoms frequently employed a "coming out" episode, where a friend of one of the stars admits she is a lesbian, forcing the cast to deal with the issue, as in ''[[Designing Women]]'', ''[[The Golden Girls]]'', and ''[[Friends]]''.<ref name="Tropiano2002"/>{{rp|pp=202–204}} Recurring openly lesbian characters were seen on ''[[Married... with Children]]'', ''[[Mad About You]]'', and ''[[Roseanne (TV show)|Roseanne]]'' with a [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell (Roseanne)|highly publicized episode]].<ref name="Schlager1998"/>{{rp|pp=394, 399}} The sitcom with the most significant impact to the image of lesbians was ''[[Ellen (TV show)|Ellen]]'', which generated enormous publicity from the 1997 coming out episode; [[Ellen DeGeneres]] appeared on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine with the headline "Yep, I'm Gay". The episode won DeGeneres an Emmy, but conservative organizations opposed it, and the show was cancelled.<ref name="Tropiano2002"/>{{rp|pp=245–249}} A popular show for adolescents was ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]''. In the fourth season, [[Tara Maclay|Tara]] and [[Willow Rosenberg|Willow]] admit their love for each other, without fanfare.<ref name="Tropiano2002"/>{{rp|pp=183–184}} In the 2000s came network television series devoted solely to gay characters. [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]'s American rendition of ''[[Queer as Folk (North American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'' ran from 2000 to 2005 with a lesbian couple as main characters. Aggressive advertising made the show the highest rated on the network.<ref name="Tropiano2002"/>{{rp|pp=150–152}}

==Chic and popular culture==

[[File:Vanity Fair Cover Lang Crawford.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The August 1993 cover of ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' that marked the arrival of lesbian chic as a social phenomenon in the 1990s|alt=Cover of Vanity Fair magazine from August 1993 showing k.d. lang reclining in a barber chair with eyes closed and holding a compact mirror. She has shaving foam on her chin and is wearing an open-collar white shirt, black and white striped tie, dark color pinstripe vest and cuffed pants, and black lace boots. Supermodel Cindy Crawford is holding a straight razor to lang's chin while lang's head rests on her breast. Crawford is wearing a one-piece black bathing suit and high heel black boots, with head thrown back as her long hair cascades down her back.]]

Lesbian visibility has improved since the early 1980s, partly due to public figures who have attracted public and press discussion of their sexuality. The primary figure earning this attention was [[Martina Navratilova]], as she denied being lesbian, admitted to being bisexual, had very public relationships with [[Rita Mae Brown]] and [[Judy Nelson]], and acquired as much press about her sexuality as she did her athletic achievements.<ref name="Hamer1994">Hamer, Diane, Budge, Belinda, eds. (1994). ''The Good, The Bad, and the Gorgeous: Popular Culture's Romance with Lesbianism'', Pandora. {{ISBN|0-04-440910-9}}. pp. 1, 57–77, 87–90.</ref>

Other public figures acknowledged their homosexuality, such as musicians [[k.d. lang]] and [[Melissa Etheridge]]. [[Madonna]] pushed sexual boundaries in her performances. In 1993, heterosexual supermodel [[Cindy Crawford]] posed for a cover of ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' in a provocative arrangement that showed Crawford pretending to shave k.d. lang's face.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennetts |first=Leslie |date=August 1, 1993 |title=k.d. lang Cuts It Close |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/1993/08/kd-lang-cover-story |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125062739/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/1993/08/kd-lang-cover-story |url-status=live }}</ref> The image "became an internationally recognized symbol of the phenomenon of lesbian chic".<ref name="Hamer1994"/>

The year 1994 marked a rise in lesbian visibility, particularly appealing to women with feminine appearances. Between 1992 and 1994, ''[[Mademoiselle (magazine)|Mademoiselle]]'', ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'', ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'', ''[[Newsweek]]'', and ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazines featured stories about women who admitted sexual histories with other women.<ref name="Streitmatter2009">{{cite book |last=Streitmatter |first=Rodger |date=2009 |title=From 'Perverts' to 'Fab Five': The Media's Changing Depiction of Gay Men and Lesbians |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-7890-3670-4 |pages=77–78, 81, 104}}</ref> Lesbian visibility increased again in 2009 when sexually fluid female celebrities, such as [[Cynthia Nixon]] and [[Lindsay Lohan]], commented openly about their relationships with women, and reality television addressed same-sex relationships. Psychiatrists and feminist philosophers wrote that the rise in women acknowledging same-sex relationships was due to growing social acceptance, but conceded that "only a certain kind of lesbian—slim and elegant or butch in just the right androgynous way—is acceptable to mainstream culture."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fischer |first1=Mary A. |title=Why women are leaving men for other women |url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/personal/04/23/o.women.leave.menfor.women/ |work=[[CNN]] |date=April 23, 2009 |access-date=April 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100320013847/https://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/personal/04/23/o.women.leave.menfor.women/ |archive-date=March 20, 2010}}</ref>

==Legal rights==

===Criminalization of sexual activity===

Thirty-eight countries penalize sex between women, or have unclear laws that may be applied to lesbian sex. Penalties explicitly listed for lesbian sexual activity include lashings (as in Iran and Brunei) or prison sentences (as in Oman, Gambia, and Malawi), or lashes and fines (as in Mauritania).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://features.hrw.org/features/features/lgbt_laws/ |title=#OUTLAWED "THE LOVE THAT DARE NOT SPEAK ITS NAME" |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>

===Custody and parenting===

{{Further|Same-sex parenting}}

Family issues were significant concerns for lesbians when gay activism became more vocal in the 1960s and 1970s. Custody issues in particular were of interest since often courts would not award custody to mothers who were openly homosexual, even though the general procedure acknowledged children were awarded to the biological mother.<ref name="Schlager1998"/>{{rp|pp=125–126}}<ref name="Jennings2007"/>{{rp|p=182}}

Several studies performed as a result of custody disputes compared outcomes for children of single lesbian mothers and single nonlesbian mothers. They found that children's mental health, happiness, overall adjustment, sexual orientation, and sex roles, were similar between both groups.<ref name="Schlager1998"/>{{rp|pp=125–126}}

The ability to adopt domestically or internationally children or provide a home as a foster parent is a political and family priority for many lesbians, as is improving access to [[artificial insemination]].<ref name="Schlager1998"/>{{rp|pp=128–129}}

===Marriage===
[[File:Same-sex-marriage-taiwan.jpg|thumb|Two women at their Buddhist wedding ceremony. Taiwan legalized same-sex marriage in 2019.]]

In a 2023 international survey covering thirty countries, 56% of respondents wanted same-sex marriage to be legal. In 19 of the 20 countries in the survey that have same-sex marriage, support for the practice is above 50%; in 9 of the other 10 countries, over half of respondents favor some legal recognition for same-sex couples.<ref name="Moreau 2023"></ref> As of 2025, [[same-sex marriage]] is legal in thirty-nine countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/fact-sheet/same-sex-marriage-around-the-world/ |publisher=[[PEW Research Center]] |title=Same-Sex Marriage Around the World |date=2 June 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

==See also==



{{Portal|LGBTQ}}

{{divcol|colwidth=30em}}
* [[African-American LGBTQ community]]
* {{annotated link|Domestic violence in lesbian relationships}}
* {{annotated link|Dyke (slang)|Dyke}}
* {{annotated link|Dyke march}}
* {{annotated link|Female bonding}}
* {{annotated link|Homosexual behavior in animals}}
* {{annotated link|Homosociality}}
* {{annotated link|Lesbian bar}}
* {{annotated link|Lesbian erasure}}
* {{annotated link|Lesbian erotica}}
* {{annotated link|Lesbian Visibility Week}}
* [[LGBT themes in speculative fiction]]
* {{annotated link|Lipstick lesbian}}
* [[List of lesbian periodicals]]
* {{annotated link|Queerplatonic relationship}}
* {{annotated link|Yuri (genre)|Yuri}}
{{div col end}}

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

;Books
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Castle |first1=Terry |author-link=Terry Castle |title=The Apparitional Lesbian: Female Homosexuality and Modern Culture |date=1995 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-07652-5 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Cogan |editor-first1=Jeanine C. |editor-last2=Erickson |editor-first2=Joanie M. |title=Lesbians, Levis and Lipstick: The Meaning of Beauty in Our Lives |date=1999 |publisher=[[The Haworth Press]] |isbn=0-7890-0661-8 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Cooper |editor1-first=Sara E. |title=Lesbian Images in International Popular Culture |date=2010 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1560237969 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Jay |editor1-first=Karla |editor1-link=Karla Jay |url=https://archive.org/details/dykelifefromgrow00jayk |title=Dyke Life: From Growing Up To Growing Old, A Celebration Of The Lesbian Experience |date=1995 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0465039074 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Elizabeth Lapovsky |author-link=Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy |last2=Davis |first2=Madeline D. |url=https://archive.org/details/bootsofleathersl00kenn_0 |title=Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community |date=1993 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-90293-2 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=McHugh |editor1-first=Kathleen A. |editor2-last=Johnson-Grau |editor2-first=Brenda |editor3-last=Sher |editor3-first=Ben Raphael |url=https://archive.org/details/MakingInvisibleHistoriesVisibleTheJuneL.MazerLesbianArchive |title=The June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives: Making Invisible Histories Visible |date=2014 |publisher=[[UCLA Center for the Study of Women]] ([[Regents of the University of California]]) |isbn=978-0-615-99084-2 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Bonnie J. |author-link=Bonnie J. Morris |url=http://www.sunypress.edu/p-6263-the-disappearing-l.aspx |title=The Disappearing L: Erasure of Lesbian Spaces and Culture |date=2016 |edition=1st |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-1-4384-6177-9 |archive-date=2017-06-27 |access-date=2017-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627083347/http://www.sunypress.edu/p-6263-the-disappearing-l.aspx |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Dell |url=https://archive.org/details/lesbianlistslook00rich_0 |title=Lesbian Lists: A Look at Lesbian Culture, History, and Personalities |date=1990 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Alyson Publications]] |isbn=155583163X |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vicinus |first1=Martha |title=Intimate Friends: Women Who Loved Women, 1778-1928 |date=2004 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/intimatefriendsw0000vici/mode/2up |url-access=registration |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |isbn=978-0226855639 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

;Journals
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Sue |date=2017 |title=Working class dykes: class conflict in the lesbian/feminist movements in the 1970s |journal=The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=281–289 |doi=10.1080/17541328.2017.1378512 |issn=1754-1328 |doi-access=free |ref=none}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Moreno-Domínguez |first1=Silvia |last2=Raposo |first2=Tania |last3=Elipe |first3=Paz |date=2019 |title=Body Image and Sexual Dissatisfaction: Differences Among Heterosexual, Bisexual, and Lesbian Women |journal=[[Frontiers in Psychology]] |volume=10 |article-number=903 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00903 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6520663 |pmid=31143139 |doi-access=free |s2cid=147707651 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

;Audio
* {{Cite web |last=Guy Raz |date=August 7, 2010 |title='Late-Life Lesbians' Reveal Fluidity Of Sexuality |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129050832 |website=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |ref=none}}

==External links==

{{Sister project links|Lesbianism|commonscat=yes|n=no|s=no|b=no|v=no|d=yes}}
* [https://lesbianherstoryarchives.org/ Lesbian Herstory Archives]
* [https://www.mazerlesbianarchives.org/ June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives]
* [https://www.bayarealesbianarchives.org/ Bay Area Lesbian Archives] (San Francisco/Oakland, California)
* [https://womenslibrary.org.uk/explore-the-library-and-archive/the-archive-collection/the-lesbian-archive/ Lesbian Archive] at [[Glasgow Women's Library]] (Scotland)
* [https://slfaherstoryproject.org/ Southern Lesbian Feminist Activist Herstory Project]
* [https://www.olohp.org/ ''Old Lesbian Oral Herstory Project''] ([[Old Lesbian Oral Herstory Project|OLOHP]])
**[https://findingaids.smith.edu/agents/corporate_entities/1078 ''Old Lesbian Oral Herstory Project''] collection at [[Smith College]]
* [https://scua.uoregon.edu/repositories/2/resources/8789 Eugene Lesbian Oral History Project collection] at [[University of Oregon Libraries]]
* [https://www.sinisterwisdom.org/oralherstorians Oral Herstorians Collection], Lesbian Feminist Activist Oral Herstory Project, ''[[Sinister Wisdom]]''
* [https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/lesbians-20th-century/intro ''Lesbians in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1999''], [[Esther Newton]], ''[[OutHistory]]'', 2008 (Lesbian History project, [[University of Michigan]])
* [https://seesaw.typepad.com/dykeaquarterly/ ''Dyke, A Quarterly''], published 1975–1979 (online annotated archive, live website)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021203222212/http://www.sappho.com/vintage/index.html Vintage Images], ''Isle of Lesbos'' (''Sappho.com'')

{{LGBTQ}}
{{Lesbian feminism}}
{{Sexual identities}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lesbianism| ]]
[[Category:Homosexuality|*]]
[[Category:Lesbians| ]]
[[Category:Terms for women]]
[[Category:LGBTQ studies]]
[[Category:Sexual orientations]]

Ayesha Miran rape case

2026-03-15T09:11:00Z

QLXChristoper:

{{Short description|Ayesha Meera rape case of united Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Ayesha Miran rape and murder case
| image =
| image_upright = 1.15
| caption = Protesters demanded justice for Ayesha Miran
| date = {{start date|2007|12|27|df=y}}
| time =
| location = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| injuries =
| victims = Ayesha Miran
| fatalities = 1
| type = [[Rape]], [[Femicide]], [[Stabbing attack]], [[Murder]]
| perps = * Initially accused: P. Satyam Babu * Allegedly implicated: Koneru Satish (grandson of former deputy CM [[Koneru Ranga Rao]]) and others (under investigation by CBI)
| verdict = Initially convicted, later acquitted by Hyderabad High Court (2017); ordered fresh investigation by CBI (2018)
| convictions =
* Initial judgment: [[Murder in Indian law|Murder]] and [[Rape]] (later overturned)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-one-killed-ayesha-meera-59641|title=No One Killed Ayesha Meera|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=April 2017|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065528/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-one-killed-ayesha-meera-59641|archive-date=1 April 2017}}</ref>
* Court ordered CBI investigation in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayesha-meera-murder-case-hyd-hc-orders-cbi-investigate-11-year-old-crime-92468|title=Ayesha Meera murder case: Hyd HC orders CBI to investigate the 11-year-old crime|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=30 November 2018|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130173450/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayesha-meera-murder-case-hyd-hc-orders-cbi-investigate-11-year-old-crime-92468|archive-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>
* Initial sentence: 14 years for murder and 10 years for rape (concurrent)<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2010 |title=Lifer for Satyam Babu in Ayesha murder case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lifer-for-Satyam-Babu-in-Ayesha-murder-case/articleshow/6655385.cms |accessdate=23 May 2019 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Hyderabad High Court acquitted accused and awarded ₹1 lakh compensation for wrongful imprisonment
}}

'''Ayesha Miran''' (sometimes written as '''Ayesha Meeran''' or '''Ayesha Meera''') was a 17.5 year old girl who was raped and murdered in [[Vijayawada]], India.

==The incident==
A 17.5-year-old pharmacy student named Ayesha Meera was raped and murdered brutally in a hostel in [[Vijayawada]]. Her body with stab injuries was found in the bathroom on 27 December 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2018/dec/30/ayesha-case-3-named-for-destroying-evidence-1918288.html|title=Ayesha Meera murder case: Three named for destroying evidence|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> A letter dropped by the 'murderer' stated that the girl was raped and murdered for refusing his request for 'love'.<ref name="TwoCircles">{{cite web |date=22 May 2010 |title=Accused in Andhra girl's murder held after escape |url=http://twocircles.net/node/203295 |accessdate=14 December 2013 |publisher=Two Circles}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |date=30 September 2010 |title=Lifer for Satyam Babu in Ayesha murder case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lifer-for-Satyam-Babu-in-Ayesha-murder-case/articleshow/6655385.cms |accessdate=23 May 2019 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Skepticism of police claims==
Relatives of P. Satyam Babu and [[Human Rights]] activists alleged that the police was trying to eliminate him in an effort to shield the real culprits in the case. They pointed out that Babu is unable walk as he suffered from a neurological disorder. He has GB Syndrome and as a result had badly affected his nervous system and his two legs are paralysed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/his-youth-lost-behind-bars-who-will-give-satyam-babu-his-life-back-his-sister-asks-59609|title=His youth lost behind bars, who will give Satyam Babu his life back, his sister asks|last=|first=|date=31 March 2017|website=www.thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401033750/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/his-youth-lost-behind-bars-who-will-give-satyam-babu-his-life-back-his-sister-asks-59609 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> The doctors at Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS) confirmed that he could hardly walk. Even the victim's parents also rejected the police claim that Babu murdered her and alleged that police were trying to save some politically influential people.<ref name = TwoCircles/>

Several activists had alleged that the police arrested Satyam Babu only as they could let Koneru Satish, the grandson of former deputy CM [[Koneru Ranga Rao]] off the case.<ref name=":0" /> Ayesha's parents also alleged that Koneru Satish and his friends were a regular visitors to the girls hostel as it was owned by his relative, Konera Padma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2018/feb/11/ayesha-case-police-in-dark-about-whereabouts-of-key-suspects-1771532.html|title=Ayesha case: Police in dark about whereabouts of key suspects|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207051447/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2018/feb/11/ayesha-case-police-in-dark-about-whereabouts-of-key-suspects-1771532.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Arrest, escape and re-arrest of the accused==
P. Satyam Babu was first arrested in August 2008.<ref name = TwoCircles/> However, he exhibited his agility soon after his arrest by escaping from police custody at Suryapet in Nalgonda district in the middle of the arrest night when the policemen escorting him got down at a hotel for food. Police were taking the accused to Vijayawada after treatment at a hospital in Hyderabad.<ref name="zeenews">{{cite web |title=Accused in Andhra girl's rape and murder escapes |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/andhra-pradesh/accused-in-andhra-girl-s-rape-and-murder-escapes_628467.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214192047/http://zeenews.india.com/news/andhra-pradesh/accused-in-andhra-girl-s-rape-and-murder-escapes_628467.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |accessdate=14 December 2013 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> The Vijayawada Police suspended 11 policemen, including a sub-inspector, two head constables and eight constables, who were escorting the accused on the charges of negligence.<ref name = TwoCircles/> However, despite this effort to escape, Babu
was arrested in Krishna district of [[Andhra Pradesh]] within hours of the event.<ref name = TwoCircles/>

==Judicial judgement==
The [[Vijayawada]] women's special sessions court awarded 14 years jail to P. Satyam Babu in the case under section 302 of IPC for murder and 10 years of rigorous imprisonment under section 376 of IPC for rape. The court ruled that both the jail terms would run concurrently. In addition, the court ordered Satyam Babu to pay a fine of Rs 1,000 or undergo six months jail.<ref name = TOI/>

In a landmark judgment on 31 March 2017, the Hyderabad High Court not only acquitted the accused in the murder case but also awarded him 1 lakhs compensation for putting him in jail for eight years.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-one-killed-ayesha-meera-59641|title=No One Killed Ayesha Meera|last=|first=|date=April 2017|website=www.thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065528/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-one-killed-ayesha-meera-59641 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> The court in its judgment reprimanded the police for putting the accused in jail for eight years. The court said it was inhuman on the part of the police and ordered action against the officials responsible for Satyam Babu's arrest and confinement.

[[High Court of Andhra Pradesh]] in its Judgement on 29 November 2018 by Chief Justice [[Thottathil B. Radhakrishnan]] and Justice S V Bhatt directed the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] to investigate the case afresh and directed the [[Andhra Pradesh Police]] to hand over the case to [[Central Bureau of Investigation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayesha-meera-murder-case-hyd-hc-orders-cbi-investigate-11-year-old-crime-92468|title=Ayesha Meera murder case: Hyd HC orders CBI to investigate the 11-year-old crime|last=|first=|date=30 November 2018|website=www.thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130173450/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayesha-meera-murder-case-hyd-hc-orders-cbi-investigate-11-year-old-crime-92468 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> The Court observed that a High Court administered probe by a SIT unearthed the fact that even before the appeal of acquitted Satyam Babu was pending there has been destruction of records in the Trial Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ayesha-meera-murder-hyderabad-hc-hands-over-probe-to-cbi/articleshow/66866169.cms|title=Ayesha Meera murder: Hyderabad HC hands over probe to CBI - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref>

==Evidences and findings==
The autopsy report of doctors informs that Ayesha's body has stab injuries and she has been raped and then murdered. Semen traces were extracted from her body and many bite marks and scratch marks were identified throughout her body.

== CBI investigation ==
In January 2019, as a part of the investigation, CBI team grilled Satyam Babu at his home in Anasagaram village in Nandigama mandal. They also visited Koneru Satish at his house in Gudavalli village and took his statements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/19/ayesha-case-cbi-questions--satyam-koneru-satish-1927121.html|title=Ayesha case: CBI questions Satyam, Koneru Satish|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207051444/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/19/ayesha-case-cbi-questions--satyam-koneru-satish-1927121.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Rape in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miran, Ayesha}}
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Crime in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2007 murders in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:Rape in the 2000s]]
[[Category:December 2007 in India]]
[[Category:December 2007 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in India]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 2007]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Rape trials]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]
[[Category:2000s trials]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]

Qulij Khan Turani

2026-03-14T11:24:26Z

QLXChristoper: Created Basic Stub Basic Info

[[File:Qulij Khan accepts the keys to Bost (Qulij Khan Turani scene). Attributed to Murad. Mughal, ca. 1646. Musée Guimet (MA 3318).jpg|thumb|Qulij Khan Turani in 1638 at the [[Siege of Bost (1638)|Siege of Bost]]. Painting attributed to Murad. Mughal, ca. 1646. Musée Guimet, Paris.<ref name="Met247"/>]]
'''Qulij Khan Turani''', also '''Qilich Khan Turani''' (died 1654) was a Mughal governor and general who fought against the Safavids in 1638–39.

On May 3, 1638, Qulij Khan Turani, previously governor of [[Multan]], arrived from Multan to [[Old Kandahar|Kandahar]] with imperial decrees in order to take possession of the fortress as imperial governor, following the [[Fall of Kandahar (1638)|Surrender of Kandahar]] of February-March 1638.<ref>{{harvnb|Thackston|2025|page=25}} "After the imperial decree and Qilich Khan arrived in Qandahar, Alimardan Khan came out of the fortress with his followers and camped outside the city on the 18th of Dhu’l-Hijja [May 3]."</ref> He then participated to later campaigns to take Safavid fortresses in Afghanistan, particularly capturing the fortress of [[Lashkari Bazar|Bost]] from [[Mihrab Khan]] in 1638 at the [[Siege of Bost (1638)]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thackston |first1=Wheeler M. |title=Padshahnama: A Chronicle of the Reign of Shahjahan (Volume 2: 1637–1647) |date=2025 |pages=28–30, 61 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-96-5924-1 |quote=p.28: The next day Qilich Khan and the army commanders toured the fortress, and he stationed his liegeman Fulad Beg there with five hundred riflemen and yeomen to guard it. After reassuring himself of the security of all the ways in and out of that installation and of the others he turned his attention to conquering the Bust fortress. He arrived at the foot of that bastion on the 14th of Rabi‘ I [July 26], and on the 18th [July 30] he assigned battle stations around the fortress to the troops. (...) p.61: When the Qandahar fortress came under the control of the agents of the empire this Mihrab Khan had been the castellan of Bust, and Qilich Khan took Bust from him by force and gave him amnesty and leave to return to Iran.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Nawwab Samsam-ud-daula Shah Nawaz |title=The Maathir -ul-umara Vol.ii |date=1952 |page=1001 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115968/page/n129/mode/2up?q=%22Qandahfir+fort+came%22 |quote=(Mirza) Yusuf Khan Radavi (...) In the 11th [1638-1639] year when the Qandahar fort came into the royal possession, he was deputed with the Faujdar of Siwistan for settling that area. He performed valuable services in company with Qulij Khan the Governor of the area in connection with the capture of the Bust fort.}}</ref><ref name="Met247">{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=India: art and culture, 1300-1900 |date=1985 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |location=New York |isbn=978-0030061141 |pages=247–248 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/india-art-and-culture-1300-1900}} "In the miniature, Qulij Khan accepts the keys of a conquered city, probably Bust, which was captured in the eleventh year of the reign from Mihrab Khan, one of the Iranian shah's abler generals. (...) Qulij Khan Turani, the devoted follower of the emperor, whose army boasted an elite corps of one thousand Uzbeks"</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=La reddition de Kandahar |url=https://www.guimet.fr/fr/nos-collections/monde-indien/la-reddition-de-kandahar |website=Musée Guimet |language=fr}}</ref>

As a youth, Qulij Khan Turani was a follower and servant of 'Abdullah Khan Zakhmi.<ref name="Singh"/>

Qulij Khan Turani also held various positions as Governor: [[List of rulers of Multan|Ruler of Multan]] (1631–1638),{{sfn|Thackston|2025|page=18}} Governor of Kandahar (1638-),{{sfn|Thackston|2025|page=18}} [[Subah of Multan]] (1641–1642), [[Subah of Lahore]] (1643–1645). He was also Governor of Delhi in the reign of [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name="Singh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra Kr |title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: Muh-R |date=2001 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7648-234-9 |page=461 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Muslim_Biography_Muh_R/RhJuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|language=en}}</ref>

A [[:File:Portrait of Qilich Khan Turani, Folio from the Shah Jahan Album. Painting by La'lchand. ca. 1640.jpg|portrait of Qulij Khan Turani]] dated ca. 1640 appears in the ''[[Shah Jahan Album]]'', with a mention in [[Shah Jahan]]'s own hand reading "a portrait of Qilich Khan, governor of Qandahar Fort, done by La'lchand" (''shabih-i Qilich Khan hakim-i qal 'a-i Qandahar 'amal-i La'/chand'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |last2=Schimmel |first2=Annemarie |last3=Swietochowski |first3=Marie Lukens |title=The Emperors' Album: Images of Mughal India [catalog of an exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art from october 21 1987 to February 14 1987] |date=1987 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New york |isbn=978-0300194074 |page=224, item 70}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Portrait of Qilich Khan Turani, Folio from the Shah Jahan Album. Painting by La'lchand. ca. 1640.jpg|Portrait of Qilich Khan Turani. ''[[Shah Jahan Album]]''. Painting by La'lchand. ca. 1640
File:Portrait of Qilich Khan Turani, Folio from the Shah Jahan Album. Painting by La'lchand. ca. 1640 (portrait).jpg|Portrait of Qilich Khan Turani (detail). ''[[Shah Jahan Album]]''. Painting by La'lchand. ca. 1640
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1654 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:17th-century generals]]

Virunnu

2026-03-14T00:56:44Z

QLXChristoper:

{{Short description|2024 Indian action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Virunnu
| image = Virunnu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kannan Thamarakkulam]]
| producer = Gireesh Neyyar
| writer = Dinesh Pallath
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Arjun Sarja]]
* [[Nikki Galrani]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| [[Ratheesh Vega]]
| Saanand George Grace
| '''Score:'''
| Ronnie Raphael
}}
| cinematography = {{Ubl|Ravi Chandran|Pradeep Nair}}
| editing = V. T. Sreejith
| studio = Neyyar Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|8|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Virunnu''''' (lit. ''Feast'') is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[action drama]] film directed by [[Kannan Thamarakkulam]] and written by Dinesh Pallath. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja]] and [[Nikki Galrani]] in lead roles,<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Sarja and Nikki Galrani team up for 'Virunnu" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/arjun-sarja-and-nikki-galrani-team-up-for-virunnu/articleshow/100840624.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 June 2023}}</ref> with [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sona Nair]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], and Gireesh Neyyar portraying supporting roles.

The film is entirely in [[Malayalam]], except for Arjun Sarja's portions which were shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Virunnu' release date: Arjun Sarja starrer to hit the big screens on THIS date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/virunnu-release-date-arjun-sarja-starrer-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/112360145.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New poster from Arjun's Virundhu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/19/new-poster-from-arjuns-virundhu-out-48777.html |work=Cinema Express |date=8 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Sarja's Virundhu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/23/arjun-sarjas-virundhu-gets-a-release-date |work=Cinema Express |date=5 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The Tamil version was released under the title ''Virundhu''.

==Plot==

The movie opens with the mysterious death of a businessman named John Kalathil. As the investigation into John's death unfolds, his wife Elizabeth also meets a tragic end in a car accident. In her final moments, Elizabeth sees Hemanth and implores him to meet a man named Balan. What follows is a mishmash of events as Hemanth embarks on a quest to uncover the truth behind the deaths of John and Elizabeth.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Arjun Sarja]] as Deva Narayanan
* [[Nikki Galrani]] as Perly
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as John Abraham, Perly's father
* [[Sona Nair]] as Elizabeth
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Praveen
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as Balan Uncle
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as David Kalathil, Perly's grandfather
* [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Murali
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Manoharan
* Gireesh Neyyar as Rajan
* [[Ajai Vasudev]] as Ponnan
* Sudheer Sukumaran as Binto
}}

== Production ==
In April 2021, it was reported that [[Arjun Sarja]] would play the lead role in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=തമിഴ് സൂപ്പർ താരം അർജുൻ നായകനാകുന്ന 'വിരുന്ന്' വരുന്നു; സംവിധാനം കണ്ണൻ താമരക്കുളം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/tamil-actor-arjun-sarjas-next-with-kannan-thamarakkulam-titled-as-virunnu/articleshow/82227477.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=24 April 2021 |language=ml}}</ref> The principal photography commenced on 3 May 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=അർജ്ജുൻ സർജ്ജ നായകനാകുന്ന കണ്ണൻ താമരക്കുളം ചിത്രം; 'വിരുന്ന്' ടൈറ്റിൽ ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/tamil-actor-arjun-sarjas-next-with-kannan-thamarakkulam-virunnu-movie-title-poster-revealed/articleshow/85130483.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=7 August 2021 |language=ml}}</ref> but was halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=B |first1=Shibu |title=Film shooting in Kerala restarts Tuesday, movies that need wider canvas to wait |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Jul/20/film-shooting-in-kerala-restarts-tuesday-movies-that-need-wider-canvas-to-wait-2332578.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asha Sharath to play mysterious character in a family action thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asha-sharath-to-play-mysterious-character-in-a-family-action-thriller/articleshow/82701206.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=മമ്മൂട്ടിക്കൊപ്പം 'സിബിഐ 5', അര്‍ജ്ജുനോടൊപ്പം 'വിരുന്ന്'; സന്തോഷം പങ്കിട്ട് ആശ ശരത്ത് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/actress-asha-sharath-to-join-the-cast-of-mammootty-starrer-cbi-5-and-arjun-sarja-starrer-virunnu/articleshow/82973100.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=26 May 2021 |language=ml}}</ref> Filming resumed on 19 July 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam film shoots resume: Kannan Thamarakkulam's movie 'Virunnu' goes on floors in Peermedu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-film-shoots-resume-kannan-thamarakkulams-movie-virunnu-goes-on-floors-in-peermedu/articleshow/84519381.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=കണ്ണൻതാമരക്കുളത്തിന്റെ വിരുന്ന് തുടങ്ങി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kannan-thamarakulam-arjun-movie-virunnu-resumes-shooting-in-kerala-1.5843978 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=20 July 2021 |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007233645/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/kannan-thamarakulam-arjun-movie-virunnu-resumes-shooting-in-kerala-1.5843978 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=കണ്ണൻ താമരക്കുളത്തിന്റെ 'വിരുന്നി'ന്റെ ചിത്രീകരണം താത്കാലികമായി നിർത്തിവച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kannan-thamarakulam-movies-virunnu-arjun-sarja-started-rolling-1.5839058 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=കണ്ണൻ താമരക്കുളം 'വിരുന്ന്' പുനരാരംഭിച്ചു - Malabar News - Most Reliable & Dependable News Portal |url=https://www.malabarnews.com/kannan-thamarakkulam-resumes-virunnu/ |work=www.malabarnews.com |date=20 July 2021 |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418080136/https://www.malabarnews.com/kannan-thamarakkulam-resumes-virunnu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the second schedule began on 21 January 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Sarja continues Virunnu's shooting in Thodupuzha |url=https://theprimetime.in/arjun-sarja-continues-virunnus-shooting-in-thodupuzha/amp/ |work=The PrimeTime News |date=19 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Sarja starrer 'Virunnu' to resume shoot in Thodupuzha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/arjun-sarja-starrer-virunnu-to-resume-shoot-in-thodupuzha/articleshow/88994441.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Nikki Galrani to resume shooting for Malayalam mystery-thriller Virunnu after Pongal |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-nikki-galrani-to-resume-shooting-for-malayalam-mystery-thriller-virunnu-after-pongal/2742b2a927123 |work=www.ottplay.com |date=7 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=കേരളത്തിൽ സിനിമാ ചിത്രീകരണത്തിന് തുടക്കം; ആദ്യമായി ഷൂട്ടിംഗ് ആരംഭിച്ചത് 'വിരുന്ന്' |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/action-king-arjun-starrer-kannan-thamarakkulam-directorial-virunnu-movie-shoot-restarts/articleshow/84585853.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=20 July 2021 |language=ml |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150027/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/action-king-arjun-starrer-kannan-thamarakkulam-directorial-virunnu-movie-shoot-restarts/amp_articleshow/84585853.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was shot in [[Peermade]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Erattupetta]] and [[Thodupuzha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=South Star Arjun Sarja Visits Kerala's Padmanabhaswamy Temple |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/south-star-arjun-sarja-visits-keralas-padmanabhaswamy-temple-4967755.html |work=News18 |date=12 April 2022 |language=en |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624055047/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/south-star-arjun-sarja-visits-keralas-padmanabhaswamy-temple-4967755.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ചെങ്കല്‍ചൂള രാജാജി നഗറിലെ കുട്ടികൾ ഇനി സിനിമയിൽ, അർജുൻ സർജയോടൊപ്പം 'വിരുന്നി'ൽ! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/chengal-choola-childrens-joins-kannan-thamarakkulam-s-new-movie-virunnu/articleshow/84918509.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=31 July 2021 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='വിരുന്നി'ന്റെ ടൈറ്റിൽ പോസ്റ്റർ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/virunnu-movie-arjun-sarja-kannan-thamarakulam-nikki-galrani-title-launched-1.5897284 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=9 August 2021 |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007233945/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/virunnu-movie-arjun-sarja-kannan-thamarakulam-nikki-galrani-title-launched-1.5897284 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cinematography was by Ravi Chandran and Pradeep Nair. The editing was handled by VT Sreejith.<ref>{{cite news |title=അർജുൻ സിനിമ വിരുന്നിന്റെ ആദ്യ ഷെഡ്യൂൾ പൂർത്തിയായി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/virunnu-arjun-sarja-kannan-thamarakkulam-1.5886344 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=5 August 2021}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of the songs composed by [[Ratheesh Vega]] and Saanand George Grace,<ref>{{cite web |title=Virunnu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs: Virunnu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) MP3 Malayalam Songs by Ratheesh Vegha Online on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/virunnu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=7 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Virundhu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs: Virundhu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) MP3 Tamil Songs by Ratheesh Vegha Online on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/virundhu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=7 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> while the background score was by Ronnie Raphael.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing - Malayalam
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kalyanapattu
| length1 = 3:41
| lyrics1 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| extra1 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| music1 = [[Ratheesh Vega|Ratheesh Vegha]]
| title2 = Nila Nilavithal
| length2 = 4:17
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| extra2 = Gouri Lakshmi
| music2 = Ratheesh Vegha
| title3 = Sakka Podu Podu
| length3 = 2:30
| lyrics3 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra3 = Jagatheesh
| music3 = Saanand George Grace
| total_length = 10:28
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing - Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kottu Kottu Getti Melam
| length1 = 3:43
| lyrics1 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], Anjali Warrier
| music1 = Ratheesh Vegha
| title2 = Kana Kana Vizhiyoram
| length2 = 4:17
| lyrics2 = Mohan Rajan
| extra2 = [[Sharanya Srinivas]]
| music2 = Ratheesh Vegha
| title3 = Kottu Kottu Getti Melam (Male version)
| length3 = 3:43
| lyrics3 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| extra3 = Rahul Nambiar
| music3 = Ratheesh Vegha
| title4 = Sakka Podu Podu
| length4 = 2:30
| lyrics4 = Mohan Rajan
| extra4 = Jagatheesh
| music4 = Saanand George Grace
| total_length = 14:13
}}

== Release ==
The film was originally scheduled for release on 23 August 2024,<ref>{{cite news |title=Action King Arjun's Malayalam Film Virunnu Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/action-king-arjuns-malayalam-film-virunnu-gets-a-release-date-article-112370412/amp |work=Times Now |date=8 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Release Date Of Arjun Sarja's Malayalam Movie Virunnu Announced |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/release-date-of-arjun-sarjas-malayalam-movie-virunnu-announced-8996575.html |work=News18 |date=8 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831222819/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/release-date-of-arjun-sarjas-malayalam-movie-virunnu-announced-8996575.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: New Teaser Of Arjun Sarja Starrer Virunnu Raises The Intrigue |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-new-teaser-of-arjun-sarja-starrer-virunnu-raises-the-intrigue-article-112410833/amp |work=Times Now |date=10 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> but was delayed. It subsequently released theatrically on 29 August 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Action King Arjun's Virunnu Gets A New Release Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/action-king-arjuns-virunnu-gets-a-new-release-date-article-112660033/amp |work=Times Now |date=20 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It was released in OTT via Amazon Prime and Simply South (Tamil version).

== Reception ==
Virunnu received generally negative reviews by critics. Abishek Balaji of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Arjun has a solid screen presence, and there are some gripping scenes. But the overdose of background music and quick cutaways gets exhausting".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balaji |first1=Abishek |title=Virundhu Movie Review: This action flick has its moments but is hampered by chaotic treatment |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/31/virundhu-movie-review-this-action-flick-has-its-moments-but-is-hampered-by-chaotic-treatment |work=Cinema Express |date=31 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Harshini SV of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Unlike the usual pattern in Tamil cinema, ''Virundhu'' offers multiple twists and a cleverly designed climax, keeping you hooked throughout the second half. The actual surprises, including the story of a cult group, catch you off-guard. Their motives and routines are also interestingly captured and it’s here you get a glimpse of what the film could’ve been with a better-written screenplay".<ref>{{cite news |title=Virundhu Movie Review : Barring Arjun's Style, This Wannabe Thriller Is Messed Up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/virundhu/movie-review/112942133.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15502790}}

[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about post-traumatic stress disorder]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

The Lucky Ones (memoir)

2026-03-04T04:47:28Z

QLXChristoper: put up new pg

{{Short description|2024 memoir by Zara Chowdhary}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Lucky Ones
| title_orig =
| image = The Lucky Ones.jpeg
| author = [[Zara Chowdhary]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Arsh Raziuddin<ref name="m563">{{cite web | title=Zara Chowdhary | website=Zara Chowdhary | date=July 17, 2024 | url=https://www.zarachowdhary.com/ | access-date=June 28, 2025}}</ref>
| country = India, United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[Memoir]]
| publisher = [[Crown Publishing Group]]
| pub_date = July 16, 2024
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print (Hardcover, Paperback), [[e-book]]
| pages =
| isbn = 978-0-593-72743-0
| oclc =
}}

'''''The Lucky Ones''''' is a 2024 memoir by [[Zara Chowdhary]]. The book recounts her experiences as a sixteen-year-old during the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India. It explores themes of religious violence, trauma, family dynamics, and the rise of [[Hindu nationalism]]. The book received critical acclaim and was the winner of the 2025 [[Shakti Bhatt Prize]].

== Synopsis ==
In 2002, Zara Chowdhary is a teenager living with her family in Ahmedabad. The narrative begins as the [[Godhra train burning]] precipitates widespread anti-Muslim violence. Chowdhary, her family, and other Muslim residents find themselves under siege for three months, fearing for their lives as mobs target their community. The memoir details the family's confinement within their apartment, the psychological toll of the violence, and the breakdown of civil society around them.<ref name="PenguinRandomHouse">{{cite web |title=The Lucky Ones by Zara Chowdhary: 9780593727430 |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/733872/the-lucky-ones-by-zara-chowdhary/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=PenguinRandomHouse.com |publisher=Penguin Random House}}</ref>

The book interweaves Chowdhary's personal coming-of-age story with the broader political and social history of [[Gujarat]] and India. It delves into her family's multigenerational history, exploring their origins and the complexities of their identity as Muslims in India. Chowdhary also examines the internal dynamics of her family, including her father's experiences with discrimination, her mother's resilience, and her relationship with her grandmother.<ref name="FrontlineReview">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Raksha |date=2025-01-14 |title=Book Review: In Her Memoir 'The Lucky Ones', Zara Chowdhary Refuses to Let Trauma Define Her Identity |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/the-lucky-ones-zara-chowdhary-memoir-2002-gujarat-riots/article69060672.ece |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Frontline |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The narrative reflects on how the violence reshaped her understanding of home, identity, and belonging.<ref name="Madison365">{{cite web |last=Banting |first=Rodlyn-mae |date=2024-09-09 |title=Q&A with Zara Chowdhary, author of "The Lucky Ones" |url=https://madison365.com/qa-with-zara-chowdhary-author-of-the-lucky-ones/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Madison365}}</ref>

== Themes ==
A central theme of ''The Lucky Ones'' is the nature of trauma and memory. Chowdhary explores how both personal and collective trauma are processed, remembered, and often erased. In an interview, she stated that she felt compelled to write the book after the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]] in 2019, when she felt the history of the Gujarat riots was being forgotten or distorted.<ref name="Article14">{{cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title="One Day There Was A City, A Family, A Country & Then There Wasn't:" Writer Of New Memoir On Gujarat Riots |url=https://article-14.com/post/-one-day-there-was-a-city-a-family-a-country-then-there-wasn-t-writer-of-new-memoir-on-gujarat-riots-67565e2d3c45c |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Article-14.com}}</ref>

The memoir is also a critique of rising [[Hindu nationalism]] and the political climate in India. Chowdhary connects the events of 2002 to the subsequent political trajectory of [[Narendra Modi]], who was the Chief Minister of Gujarat at the time of the riots.<ref name="PenguinRandomHouse" />

Family and identity are other significant themes. The book examines the fault lines within Chowdhary's own family, including domestic tensions and generational differences in coping with discrimination. She explores broader questions of what it means to be an Indian Muslim and the struggle to claim one's identity on one's own terms.<ref name="FrontlineReview" />

== Reception ==
''The Lucky Ones'' received starred reviews from ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' and ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''.<ref name="Kirkus2">{{cite web |title=THE LUCKY ONES |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/zara-chowdhary/the-lucky-ones-5/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lucky Ones: A Memoir by Zara Chowdhary |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780593727430 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.publishersweekly.com}}</ref> ''Kirkus'' called it a "tight, suspenseful narrative that interweaves one girl's keen observations of family within India's problematic history."<ref name="Kirkus2" />

Writing for ''[[Washington Post]]'', reviewer Bilal Qureshi described the memoir as "a visceral work of bearing witness, recounted with exacting and unapologetic subjectivity."<ref name="m090">{{cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Bilal |date=July 17, 2024 |title=A story of political violence that demands to be heard |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2024/07/17/lucky-ones-memoir-india-modi/ |access-date=June 27, 2025 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> Colleen Mondor in ''[[Booklist]]'' noted that by "blending her story with a history of India's fraught ethnic tensions and a nearly journalistic documentation of the attacks, the author sheds new perspective on the events."<ref name="b350">{{cite web |title=Booklist Online: Leading Book Discovery |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/The-Lucky-Ones-/pid=9797818 |access-date=June 27, 2025 |website=Booklist Online}}</ref>

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named it one of the ten best nonfiction books of 2024, calling it "a harrowing survivor's tale, an important history lesson, and a desperate warning from someone who has seen the tragic effects of ethnic violence."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gutterman |first=Annabel |date=2024-12-10 |title=The 10 Best Nonfiction Books of 2024 |url=https://time.com/7200389/best-nonfiction-books-2024/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=TIME |language=en}}</ref> The book was also a finalist for the 2025 PEN/Galbraith Award for Nonfiction.<ref name="PENFinalist">{{cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Zara Chowdhary's Lucky Ones Named Finalist for 2025 PEN America Literary Awards |url=https://southasia.wisc.edu/2025/04/30/zara-chowdharys-lucky-ones-named-finalist-for-2025-pen-america-literary-awards/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Center for South Asia – UW–Madison}}</ref>

In June 2025, it was announced that ''The Lucky Ones'' was the winner of the [[Shakti Bhatt Prize]], with the foundation praising it as a "brave and striking account."<ref name="ShaktiBhatt">{{cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=Zara Chowdhary wins 2025 Shakti Bhatt Prize |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/zara-chowdhary-wins-2025-shakti-bhatt-award-for-debut-memoir/article69744658.ece |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 debut works]]
[[Category:Indian memoirs]]
[[Category:Books about women in India]]
[[Category:Bildungsromans]]

Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya

2026-03-03T18:27:28Z

QLXChristoper: put up new entry

{{Short description|1996 film by K. Raghavendra Rao}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya
| image = Sahasa_Veerudu_Sagara_Kanya.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = Burugapalli Sivarama Krishna
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Shilpa Shetty]] [[Malashri|Malashree]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]] [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = K. A. Marthand [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Sri Venkateswara Art Films
| released = {{Film date|1996|02|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya''''' ({{translation|Adventurous Hero and the Mermaid}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Telugu language]] film directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. It stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] and [[Malashri|Malashree]], with music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-shilpa-shetty-kundra-successful-telugu-films-of-the-popular-actress/articleshow/69701599.cms|title=Happy Birthday Shilpa Shetty Kundra: Successful Telugu films of the popular actress|date=8 June 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Kanavu Kanni'' and in Hindi as ''Sagar Kanya''.

==Synopsis==
The film is about Ravi Chandra, the film's hero, and Sagara Kanya, a [[mermaid]]. [[Malashri|Malashree]] plays Ganga, Ravi's [[Parallel and cross cousins|cross-cousin]], who loves him. They stay with some comedians in a house near the seashore. Bangaru Raju, the villain of the film, tries to acquire a ship which sank with much treasure on board.

He associates himself with a witch who helps him find the treasure. After a few attempts, the witch finds out that the treasure can be recovered with the help of a mermaid. Accidentally, one day, Sagara comes onto land from the water and loses her mermaid body. She transforms into a beautiful woman. Whenever water is spilled over her, however, she turns back into a mermaid.

On land, she becomes involved with the hero, Venkatesh. She is named Bangaram. Bangaram starts loving Ravi. The witch learns about Sagara and informs Bangaru Raju that only a mermaid can find the treasure.

The film continues with Bangaram being harassed and with Ravi's adventures. In the end, Ravi wins over the evil elements. Bangaram returns to the sea, uniting Ravi and his cousin.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Ravi Chandra
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] as Bangaram<ref name="T"/>
* [[Malashri|Malashree]] as Ganga
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Bangaru Raju
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Mutyalu
* [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Ratnalu
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Nallodu
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Lingaraju
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Police Inspector
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* Ananth
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Gundu
* [[Suthivelu]]
* [[Visweswara Rao]] as Pottivadu
* Mada
* Jagga Rao
* [[Vijaya Lalitha|Vijayalalitha]] as Malakpeta Manchala
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1996
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 30:00
| label = Melody Makers
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Pelli Sandadi]]
| prev_year = 1996
| next_title = [[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]
| next_year = 1996
}}

Music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and was released on Melody Makers audio label.

;Telugu version
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:00
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Abbabbo Abbabbo
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 5:03

| title2 = Ghadiya Ghadiyakomuddu
| lyrics2 = Bhuvanachandra
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length2 = 5:10

| title3 = Meena Meena
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| length3 = 5:10

| title4 = Srinadhuni Kavithaloni
| lyrics4 = [[Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length4 = 4:56

| title5 = Appananga Chikkenamma
| lyrics5 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sindhu
| length5 = 4:52

| title6 = Pettamandhi Pettamandhi
| lyrics6 = Vennelakanti
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chitra
| length6 = 5:19
}}

;Tamil version (Kanavu Kanni)

All the lyrics are written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kanavu-kanni/KsWye3qdtO8_|title=Kanavu Kanni Songs|date=January 1995 |access-date=25 March 2022|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325081638/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kanavu-kanni/KsWye3qdtO8_|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:57
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Manjal Niraj Konda
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Kaniya Kaniya
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length2 = 4:59
| title3 = Kandai Meen
| lyrics3 = Vairamuthu
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length3 = 4:55
| title4 = Meenu Meenu Nee
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length4 = 4:54
| title5 = Eru Kangalal Kavithai
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length5 = 4:50
| title6 = Malligai Thoranangal
| lyrics6 = Vairamuthu
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length6 = 5:11
}}

== See also ==
* [[Splash (film)|Splash]]
* [[Laal Paree]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0368233}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:1990s fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films about mermaids]]
[[Category:1996 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1996 romantic comedy-drama films]]

Pehchaan (2005 film)

2026-03-03T11:57:24Z

QLXChristoper: Created First Article Nd Citations

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pehchaan
| image = Pehchaan,_The_Face_of_Truth.jpeg

| caption =
| director = [[Shrabani Deodhar]]
| producer = [[Raveena Tandon]] Prakash Khubchandani
| writer = Faizal Akhtar Shrabani Deodhar [[Manoj Tyagi]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raveena Tandon]] [[Rati Agnihotri]] [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Sudhanshu Pandey]]
| music = Daboo Malik
| cinematography = [[Debu Deodhar]]
| editing =
| studio = [[Sahara One Motion Pictures]] Reel Life Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|06|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Pehchaan: The Face of Truth''''' is a [[Bollywood]] film that was released in 2005. The film directed by [[Shrabani Deodhar]] stars [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], and [[Raveena Tandon]], who also produced the film.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/03rave.htm | title=Raveena on cricket, war and Stumped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/12rav.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: Stumped and raring to go|website=www.rediff.com|accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mridula is a headstrong, opinionated girl who, along with her best friend Swati, go to college together. The two are close and do everything together. They successfully finish their education and go on to marry into their respective families. Mridula marries Milind D. Khanna, the son of top lawyer Deepak Khanna ([[Vinod Khanna]]), and Swati marries Ajay Lal, the son of a high-ranking politician.

Many years pass, and Mridula, now a lawyer, hears from a friend that Swati has committed suicide. Her friend tells her the circumstances surrounding her death, and Mridula suspects that Swati's death was far from suicide. Mridula gets hold of Swati's diary, in which she chronicles her daily thoughts. After reading the diary, Mridula is convinced that Swati was murdered by her in-laws and husband.

Determined to get justice for her deceased friend, Mridula decides to fight the case against the Lal family. Unfortunately, her father-in-law is fighting the case for the Lal's. Milind tries to convince Mridula to drop the case, but she refuses, causing a rift between husband and wife. During the rift, she finds support from her mother-in-law, Uttara Khanna ([[Rati Agnihotri]]), who urges her to fight for justice.

Mridula is caught between being a dutiful wife and a loyal friend. As she fights the case, her family and, more importantly, her unborn child are placed in danger by supporters of the Lal family.

== Cast ==
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Advocate Deepak Khanna
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Uttara D. Khanna
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Mridula Khanna
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Milind Khanna, Mridula's husband
* Rajinder Sharma as Dr. Sinha
* [[Juhi Parmar]] as Swati Lal
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Hasmukh Lal
* [[Prabhat Bhattacharya]] as Ajay Lal
* [[Diwakar Pundir]] as Prasad Saxena

==Music==
#Dil De Dil Tu De De - [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
#Pal Hai Khushi - [[Kumar Sanu]] & [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
#Sun Le Sun Le - N/A
#Thode Se Paagal - N/A

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0473684}}

[[Category:Films scored by Daboo Malik]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shrabani Deodhar]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ouseppinte Osiyathu

2026-03-03T09:35:25Z

QLXChristoper: Created First Post Needs Work - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian-Malayalam language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ouseppinte Osiyathu
| image = Ouseppinte Osyath.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sarath Chandran R. J.
| story =
| screenplay = Fazal Hassan
| producer = Edward Anthony
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijayaraghavan]]|[[Dileesh Pothan]]|[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]|[[Hemanth Menon]]}}
| cinematography = Arvind Kannabiran
| editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]
| music = Sumesh Parameswar (1 song) Akshay Menon (1 song & [[Film score|background score]])
| studio = Maygoor Films
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|03|07}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|4 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-27 |title=All March releases, except Empuraan, flopped at box office, as per producers' association's figures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/all-march-releases-except-empuraan-flopped-at-box-office-as-per-producers-associations-figures/article69497040.ece |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ouseppinte Osiyathu''''' ({{Translation|Ousepp's [[Will and testament|Will]]}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by debutant R. J. Sarath Chandran and written by Fazal Hassan. It stars [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Hemanth Menon]], [[Kani Kusruti]] and [[Zarin Shihab]]. It is produced by Edward Anthony under the banner Maygoor Films. Arvind Kannabiran handles the cinematography and editing by [[B. Ajithkumar]]. Sumesh Parameswar composed a song and Akshay Menon composes the [[Film score|background score]] and a song.<ref name="news">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=Shooting of Actor Vijayaraghavan's Film Titled Ouseppinte Osyath Begins |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shooting-of-actor-vijayaraghavans-film-titled-ouseppinte-osyath-begins-8954188.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[CNN-News18]] |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910211906/https://www.news18.com/movies/shooting-of-actor-vijayaraghavans-film-titled-ouseppinte-osyath-begins-8954188.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="toi">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Vijayaraghavan to headline 'Ouseppinte Osyath', shooting progresses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijayaraghavan-to-headline-ouseppinte-osyath-shooting-progresses/articleshow/112209514.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=20 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220212210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijayaraghavan-to-headline-ouseppinte-osyath-shooting-progresses/articleshow/112209514.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sf">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Vijayaraghavan to headline 'Ouseppinte Osyath', shoot commences |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/vijayaraghavan-to-headline-ouseppinte-osyath-shoot-commences/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=South First}}</ref>

''Ouseppinte Osaiyathu'' was released in theaters on 7 March 2025.

== Plot ==
Ousepp, a wealthy, aging patriarch and money-lender who is also quite miserly and maintains a tyrannical grip over the lives of his three adult sons Michael, George and Roy. Michael, the eldest son is a [[Tehsildar]], who is vulnerable and burdened by duty and feels stifled by his father's control. He is married to Annie and has a daughter. George, the second son is the town [[Circle Inspector|CI]], who is more pragmatic but equally troubled and financially dependent on his father. Roy, the youngest son is passionate about social causes and unemployed, often a source of annoyance for his family. Michael and George are struggling financially due to a failed construction business venture and are desperately seeking monetary help from their father, who is reluctant to part with his wealth. One night in asking money from their father at his place, George accidentally kills Roy who was escaping the place as a robber. In a moment of panic and emotional turmoil, Michael and Geroge both decide to cover up the event.

After a few days, Ousepp passes away. As Roy does not show up to the funeral and cannot be found, inquiries start. Also, Ousepp's will leaves all his wealth to Roy. In a fit of guilt, Michael shares the incident with Annie. The subsequent investigation led by a sharp cop, expose the pre-existing fissures in the family relationships: the strained bond between the two brothers, Michael's fractured marriage and the deep-seated, unspoken resentments stemming from their childhood and Ousepp's controlling, unloving parenting. In the end, Michael takes the blame of the accidental murder and provides the location of the body to the police.

==Cast==
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Ouseppu
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Michael, Ouseppu's elder son
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] George, Ouseppu's second son
* [[Hemanth Menon]] as Roy, Ouseppu's youngest son
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as Dhanya
* [[Zarin Shihab]] as Anjali
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Annie, Michael's wife
* Anjali Krishna as Treesa
* Joji Mundakayam as Paappy
* Sajadh Bright as Scariyappi
* James Eliya as Varghese
* Jordi Poonjar as Selvan
* Bitto Davis as Nair
* Appunni Sasi as Karthavu
* Ajeesh Jose as Vinayan
* Vasudevan RV as Thevally Vakkeel
* Tintu Raveendran as Sony
* Edward Anthony as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Tony Tharakan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Habeeb Khan as Fr. Charles
* Chaaru Chandana as Jennifer
* Sreerang Shine as Peter
* Tijo Thomas as Member Thomas

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] began in July 2024 near [[Elappara]].<ref name='news' /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=എൺപതുകാരനായി വിജയരാഘവൻ; 'ഔസേപ്പിൻ്റെ ഒസ്യത്ത്' ആരംഭിച്ചു |trans-title=Ouseppinte Osyath starring Vijayaraghavan starts rolling |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/ouseppinte-osyath-starring-vijayaraghavan-starts-rolling-sg1p97 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=Malayalam |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716054816/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/ouseppinte-osyath-starring-vijayaraghavan-starts-rolling-sg1p97 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title='ഔസേപ്പിൻ്റെ ഒസ്യത്ത്' ആരംഭിച്ചു |trans-title=80 year old Vijayaraghavan, Ouseppinte Osyath movie started |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vijayaraghavan-ouseppinte-osyath-movie-started-1.9691659 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=Malayalam |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710232227/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vijayaraghavan-ouseppinte-osyath-movie-started-1.9691659 |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming continued at [[Kuttikkanam]], [[Vagamon]], [[Peermade]] and [[Vyttila]] and wrapped up in October 2024.<ref name='toi' /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakesh |first=Greeshma |date=2024-08-03 |title=വിജയരാഘവൻ കേന്ദ്ര കഥാപാത്രമാകുന്ന ''ഔസേപ്പിൻ്റെ ഒസ്യത്ത്'' ചിത്രീകരണം പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു |trans-title=Vijayaraghavan movie Ouseppinte Osyath shooting progresses |url=https://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalammovies/vijayaraghavan-movie-ouseppinte-osyath-shooting-progresses-6795855 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=Malayalam |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225150419/https://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalammovies/vijayaraghavan-movie-ouseppinte-osyath-shooting-progresses-6795855 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Ouseppinte osyath: 80കാരനായി ഞെട്ടിക്കാൻ വിജയരാഘവൻ; 'ഔസേപ്പിൻ്റെ ഒസ്യത്ത്' പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു |trans-title=The shooting of Ouseppinte Osyath is in progress |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/the-shooting-of-ouseppinte-osyath-is-in-progress-204015 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=Malayalam}}</ref>
==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ouseppinte Osiyathu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Sumesh Parameswar Akshay Menon
| released = 4 March 2025
| recorded = 2024–25
| length =
| genre = [[Film Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Malayalam
| label = Maygoor Films
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology =
| misc =
}}

The film's songs were composed by Sumesh Parameswar and Akshay Menon. The background score was composed by Akshay Menon. The first single ''Veyilu Chaayum'' was released on 4 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=First single from Vijayaraghavan-starrer Ouseppinte Osiyathu is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/05/first-single-from-vijayaraghavan-starrer-ouseppinte-osiyathu-is-here |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Veyilu Chaayum
| lyrics1 = [[B. K. Harinarayanan]]
| music1 = Sumesh Parameswar
| extra1 = [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]]

| length1 = 3:39

| title2 = Kaaval Neeye
| lyrics2 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| music2 = Akshay Menon
| extra2 = Suraj Jagan
}}
==Release==
===Theatrical===
The official trailer of the film was released on 25 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Vijayaraghavan back with another stellar role; Trailer released for 'Ouseppinte Osiyathu' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vijayaraghavan-back-with-another-stellar-role-trailer-release-ouseppinte-osiyathu-1.10374264 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> The film was released in theatres on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Vijayaraghavan's 'Ouseppinte Osiyathu' to release on March 7, first-look posters unveiled |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Feb/14/vijayaraghavans-ouseppinte-osiyathu-to-release-on-march-7-first-look-posters-unveiled |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=Vijayaraghavan to impress fans again? 'Ouseppinte Osiyathu' to release in theatres on March 7 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/02/20/after-kishkindha-kaandam-vijayaraghavan-in-ouseppinte-osiyathu-release.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film's digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[ManoramaMAX]]. It began streaming from 1 May 2025 on Amazon Prime Video for rent and then starts to stream free for subscribers from 9 May 2025 on both Prime Video and ManoramaMAX.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Divya |date=2025-05-07 |title= Home»News»Ouseppinte Osiyathu OTT release date: When, where to watch Vijayaraghavan and Dileesh Pothan's latest Malayalam film soon Ouseppinte Osiyathu OTT release date: When, where to watch Vijayaraghavan and Dileesh Pothan's latest Malayalam film soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ouseppinte-osiyathu-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-vijayaraghavan-dileesh-pothan-latest-malayalam-film-soon/3af122f826865 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Ouseppinte Osiyathu'' received positive reviews from critics.

Vivek Santhosh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 and wrote "Ouseppinte Osiyathu is less about the crime at its centre and more about the weight of unspoken guilt, the power dynamics within a fractured family and the suffocating nature of long-held grievances. It may not cater to those expecting high-stakes twists and turns, but for viewers willing to immerse themselves in its emotional intensity, the film offers a rewarding experience despite the missteps in the former hour."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-03-07 |title=A poignant study of unspoken regret |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/07/a-poignant-study-of-unspoken-regret |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Gopika I. S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 and wrote "Ouseppinte Osiyathu is a powerful, thought-provoking film that could have been even more impactful with some narrative tightening."<ref>{{Cite web |last=I. S. |first=Gopika |date=2025-03-08 |title=A thought-provoking exploration of family and love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ouseppinteosiyathu/movie-review/118799111.cms |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Divya P. of ''[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]'' gave 3/5 and wrote "Dileesh Pothan and Kalabhavan Shajohn drive this film with their layered performances, resting hugely on Fazal Hassan's writing. Though the key plot point looks jarring and raises some questions, Ouseppinte Osiyathu quickly moves past it to deliver a fairly engaging film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Divya |date=2025-05-09 |title=Dileesh Pothan, Kalabhavan Shajohn drive this understated, intense film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ouseppinte-osiyathu-review-dileesh-pothan-kalabhavan-shajohn-drive-this-understated-intense-film/c6b869b3f7804 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Pricy Alexander of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' wrote "'Ouseppinte Osiyathu' balances suspense and emotion in a high-range setting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=2025-03-07 |title='Ouseppinte Osiyathu' balances suspense and emotion in a high-range setting |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/03/07/ouseppinte-osiyath-review-vijayaraghavan-dileesh-pothan-malayalam-movie.html |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32874323|Ouseppinte Osiyathu}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Nargapur

2026-03-03T01:19:08Z

QLXChristoper: Creating Basic Data W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nargapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Nargapur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Nargapur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.02223|N|78.49501|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.148
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1620
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nargapur''' ({{IAST|Nargāpur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,620, in 273 households.

== Geography ==
Nargapur is located well to the southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. The surrounding terrain is basically all level farmland. There is a prominent [[irrigation tank|tank]] just to the north of the village. The village of [[Datauli, Firozabad|Datauli]] is located about 2 km to the east of Nargapur, and the village of [[Hardaspur Nisfi]] is about 1 km to the north. Somewhat farther away are [[Allahdadpur]] to the southwest, [[Sikahra Hardaspur]] to the west, and [[Sengai, India|Sengai]] to the northwest.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Nargapur had a population of 1,620, in 273 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 55.5% male (889) and 44.5% female (721). The 0–6 age group numbered 234 (114 male and 120 female), making up 14.4% of the total population. 23 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 1.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Nargapur as having a population of 961 people (509 male and 452 female), in 162 households and 160 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Nargapur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 645 people (358 male and 287 female), in 108 households and 85 houses. The area of the village was given as 534 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Nargapur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Medinipur division

2026-03-02T21:24:36Z

QLXChristoper: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Division in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Medinipur division
| settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| image_map = Medinipur division map.svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Medinipur division in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22|25|N|87|19|E|type:adm2nd_region:IN-WB_dim:200000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Medinipur]]
| leader_title = [[List of districts of West Bengal|Districts]]
| leader_name = [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| leader_title1 = [[Divisional commissioner|DC]]
| leader_name1 = Avanindra Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]]
| leader_name2 = Anoop Jaiswal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| area_total_km2 = 30280
| population_total = 18,672,669
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://wb.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Medinipur division''' is one of the [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|5 divisions]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the westernmost division of [[West Bengal]]. Earlier it was a part of [[Burdwan division]] and was curved out from it in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal-to-be-divided-into-two-more-administrative-divisions-170890|title=Bengal to be divided into two more administrative divisions|date=23 November 2016 }}</ref> The port city of [[Haldia]] is located in this division.

==Districts==
It consists of 5 [[List of districts in India|districts]]:<ref name=blocdir>{{cite web
|url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008
|date=2008-03-19
|page=1
|accessdate=2009-02-28
|work=West Bengal
|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc
|archivedate=25 February 2009
|df=dmy
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Code
!District
!Headquarters
!Established
!Sub-Division
!Area
!Population As of 2011
![[Population Density]]
!Map
|-
|-
|ME
|[[Purba Medinipur]]
|[[Tamluk]]
|2002<ref name=MP>{{cite web
|last = Jana
|first = Naresh
|date = 31 December 2001
|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1011231/national.htm#head3
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20140314222620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1011231/national.htm#head3
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 14 March 2014
|title = Tamluk readies for giant's partition
|publisher = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]
|accessdate = 1 September 2008
}}</ref>
|align="left"|
* [[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk Sadar]]
* [[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]
* [[Egra subdivision|Egra]]
* [[Contai subdivision|Contai]]
|{{convert|4736|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|5,094,238
|{{convert|1076|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Purba Medinipur in West Bengal (India).svg|100px|center]]
|-
|ME
|[[Paschim Medinipur]]
|[[Medinipur]]
|2002<ref name=MP/>
|align="left"|
* [[Kharagpur subdivision|Kharagpur]]
* [[Medinipur Sadar subdivision|Medinipur Sadar]]
* [[Ghatal subdivision|Ghatal]]
|{{convert|6308|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|5,943,300
|{{convert|636|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal (India).svg|100px|center]]
|-
|PU
|[[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|[[Purulia]]
|1956
|align="left"|
* [[Purulia|Purulia Sadar]]
* [[Manbazar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aitcofficial.org/aitc/bengal-chief-minister-sub-division-purulia-manbazar-jhalda/ | title=We are developing Purulia as a tourism hub: Mamata Banerjee }}</ref>
* [[Raghunathpur subdivision|Raghunathpur]]
* [[Jhalda subdivision|Jhalda]]
|{{convert|6259|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|2,927,965
|{{convert|468|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Purulia in West Bengal (India).svg|100px|center]]
|-
|BN
|[[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|[[Bankura]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Bankura Sadar subdivision|Bankura Sadar]]
* [[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]]
* [[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]
|{{convert|6882|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|3,596,292
|{{convert|523|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Bankura in West Bengal (India).svg|100px|center]]
|-
|JH
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|[[Jhargram]]
|2017<ref name=CBE>{{cite web
|url = http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/brief_history.html
|title = Brief History of Cooch Behar
|publisher = Official website of Cooch Behar District
|accessdate = 10 September 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080258/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/brief_history.html
|archive-date = 24 July 2011
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
|align="left"|
* [[Jhargram subdivision|Jhargram Sadar]]
|{{convert|3,037.64|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|1,136,548
|{{convert|374|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
| [[File:Jhargram in West Bengal (India).svg|100px|center]]
|-
!Total
!5
!—
!-
|15
|{{convert|27,223|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|18,672,669
|
{{convert|686|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:India WB.svg|thumb]]
|}

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = center
|caption = Religion in Medinipur Division ([[2011 Indian Census]])
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 82.3
|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 9.1
|color2 = green
|label3 = Others
|value3 = 8.6
|color3 = yellow
}}
[[Hindus]] form the majority of the population of Medinipur division and comprises 82.3% of the population. There is a significant population of various tribes in this division such as [[Kudmi Mahato|Kudmi]], [[Santhal people|Santhal]], [[Munda people|Munda]], etc. [[Muslims]] comprises 9.1% of the population.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS Population by religious community: West Bengal]. 2011 Census of India.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Districts of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Divisions of West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

Punjab Police (Pakistan)

2026-03-02T19:36:29Z

QLXChristoper: added first details initial version!

{{Short description|Provincial Law Enforcement Agency responsible for the province of Punjab in Pakistan}}
{{distinguish|Punjab Police (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Punjab Police
| nativename = {{nobold|{{nq|پنجاب پولیس}}}}
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| abbreviation = PP
| fictional =
| patch =
| logo = Punjab Police Pakistan Logo.svg
| flag = Flag of Punjab Police.png
| flagcaption = Flag of Punjab Police
| patchcaption =
| motto = ''To Serve and Protect Our Punjab'' 
''Always Stand With People''
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formedyear = {{start date and age|1861}}
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| employees = 700,000
| volunteers =
| budget = Classified
| country = Pakistan
| countryabbr =
| national =
| federal =
| international =
| divtype = Province
| divname = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| subdivtype =
| subdivname =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea = {{convert|205344|sqkm}}
| sizepopulation = 128,000,000
| legaljuris = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| governingbody = [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]] [[Government of Pakistan]]
| constitution1 = Police Rules & Police Order 2002
| police = Yes
| local =
| military =
| provost =
| gendarmerie =
| religious =
| speciality =
| secret =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Central Police Office, [[Lahore]]
| hqlocmap =
| map = Punjab in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| multinational =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = [[Rao Abdul Kareem]]
| parentagency = [[Police Service of Pakistan]]
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| provideragency =
| uniformedas =
| stationtype =
| stations =
| airbases =
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| vehicle1type =
| vehicles1 =
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| animal1type =
| animals1 =
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activity1name =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =
| award1 =
| website = {{URL|punjabpolice.gov.pk}}
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}

The '''Punjab Police''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]]: {{nq|پنجاب پولیس}}) is a [[Law enforcement in Pakistan|law enforcement agency]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. Under the command of its Inspector General (IG), it administers all criminal cases under the Police Acts of 1861 and 2002. The force was introduced in its modern form under [[British Raj|British rule]], and a colonial influence continues. On 03 February 2026, [[Rao Abdul Kareem]] was appointed as the Inspector General of Punjab Police.

==History==
==={{anchor|Mughal Era}}Mughal Empire===
Under the [[Mughal Empire]], policing was organized on the basis of land tenure. [[Zamindar]]s were responsible for apprehending disturbers of the public peace and performing other policing duties. At the village level, these functions were performed by the village headman. In large towns, functionaries known as [[kotwal]]s combined law enforcement, municipal administration and revenue collection. Watchmen were on patrol and violent, organized crime was usually handled by the military.

==={{anchor|Sikh Empire}}Sikh Empire===
The old mohalladari[definition needed] system was reintroduced with each mahallah, or neighborhood subdivision, placed under the charge of one of its members. The office of Kotwal, or prefect of police, was conferred upon a Muslim, Imam Bakhsh.[78]

==={{anchor|British Era}}British Raj===
The modern system of policing was introduced during [[British Raj|British rule]]. The British administration relieved the zamindars of responsibility for police service, and introduced magistrates with [[daroghas]] and other subordinate officers. The Punjab Police was organized in two branches: the Military Preventive Police and the Civil Detective Police. This arrangement proved unsatisfactory, however, and the government of British India urged the government of Punjab to investigate the province's system of policing in 1860. Due to the importance of the issue, the central government appointed a commission to investigate policing in [[British India]]. The Calcutta Police Commission of 1860 recommended abolition of the police's military arm, the appointment of an Inspector General of Police in the province and the supervision of police in a district by a District Superintendent. The commission recommended that only the [[district magistrate]] should conduct law-enforcement functions. Based on the commission's recommendations, the government of India submitted a bill which was enacted as Act V of 1861; the Police Act of 1861 was adopted. The organizational structure of the act still survives.

The Punjab Police Rules of 1933 documented the police practices of the time, and introduced measures for improving administration and operational effectiveness. The rules indicate that the Punjab Police was a professional police organization by 1934, had considerable knowledge of the province's crime and criminals, and developed effective procedures and practices for dealing with various kinds of criminal activity. The force's administrative and disciplinary functions were also described. They have been the model for similar rules in other provinces of Pakistan, and are still in force.

==={{anchor|Punjab Police after Independence}}After independence===
[[File:Former logo of Punjab Police Pakistan.svg|thumb|Former coat of arms of Punjab Police Pakistan.]]
The Punjab Police played a significant role in handling the refugee crisis of 1947–48. It continued as a separate organization until 1955, when it was merged with the police of other provinces to create the West Pakistan Police. The West Pakistan Deputy Inspector General was Inayat Ali Shah. The East and West Pakistan DIGs reported to an IG who, during the 1950s, was Qurban Ali Khan. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to review and reform police organization and performance during the 1950s and 1960s. The Pakistan police's legal framework underwent a major change as a consequence of the Devolution of Power Plan, which was implemented between 2001 and 2006. The plan devolved much provincial-governmental authority and functions to the [[Districts of Pakistan|districts]], and introduced public accountability of the police.

A system of district governments was introduced with the Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001. As a part of the plan, the Police Order replaced the Police Act 1861 in 2002 and brought sweeping changes to the police. The new law introduced public accountability in the form of Public Safety Commissions at the district, provincial and national level. The Police Order 2002 also provided for an independent Police Complaints Authority, increased autonomy of the Inspector General of Police and separated investigation from other police functions.
The Punjab Police are engaged in [[counterterrorism]] operations in the province.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rantburg.com:8080/poparticle.php?ID=232982&D=2008-03-13&SO=&HC=4 |title=Article |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715153958/http://www.rantburg.com:8080/poparticle.php?ID=232982&D=2008-03-13&SO=&HC=4 |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}</ref>

== Organization ==
The Punjab Police is constituted by the Police Order 2002 and operates under the Police Rules of 1934. The Central Police Office (CPO) in Lahore which has a number of branches, including the Legal Affairs Division (Legal Branch), Finance and Welfare, Operations, Training, and Research and Development. The branches report to the Inspector General of Police through their Additional Inspectors General of Police. The Regional Police Officers report to the Inspector General of Police, and are not part of the Punjab CPO. The Inspector General of Police is the ''ex officio'' secretary of the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|government of Punjab]]. The Punjab Police is staffed by its officers and those of the Police Service of Pakistan.

=== Units ===
*Anti-Riot Force (ARF)
*[[Punjab Safe Cities Authority]] (PSCA)
*[[Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)|Counter Terrorism Department]] (CTD)
*Organized Crime Unit (CIA)
*Special Protection Unit (SPU)
*[[Elite Police|Punjab Elite Force]]
*Punjab Boundary Force
*Punjab River Police
*Punjab Traffic Police
*[[Punjab Highway Patrol]]
*[[Dolphin Force]]
*[[Punjab Constabulary]]
*[[Crime Control Department]]

=== Main formations ===
*Central Police Office,Anarkali Lahore,Punjab
*Police Regions
Bahawalpur Region
-DPO Bahawalpur
-DPO Bahawalnagar
-DPO Rahim Yar Khan
D.G. Khan Region
-DPO Dera Ghazi Khan
-DPO Muzaffargarh
-DPO Rajanpur
-DPO Layyah
Faisalabad Region
-CPO Faisalabad
-DPO Jhang
-DPO Tob Tek Singh
-DPO Chiniot
Gujranwala Region
-CPO Gujranwala
-DPO Sialkot
-DPO Narowal
Gujrat Region
-DPO Gujrat
-DPO Mandi Bahauddin
-DPO Hafizabad
Multan Region
-CPO Multan
-DPO Vehari
-DPO Khanewal
-DPO Lodhran
Rawalpindi Region
-CPO Rawalpindi
-DPO Attock
-DPO Chakwal
-DPO Jhelum
Sahiwal Region
-DPO Sahiwal
-DPO Pakpattan
-DPO Okara
Sargodha Region
-DPO Sargodha
-DPO Khushab
-DPO Mianwali
-DPO Bhakkar
Sheikhupura Region
-DPO Sheikhupura
-DPO Nankana Sahib
-DPO Kasur
*Investigation Branch
*[[Special Branch (Pakistan)|Special Branch]]
*Telecommunication Branch
*Operations Branch

=== Equipment ===
* [[Beretta 92|Beretta 92FS]]
* [[Glock|Glock pistols]]
* [[Heckler & Koch MP5]] - Pakistani MP5 (P2 & P3) and POF-5 variants (manufactured by license by [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories|Pakistan Ordnance Factories Limited]])
* [[Type 56 assault rifle]] - Primary firearm
* [[Heckler & Koch G3]] - Pakistani G3 (P3 & P4) variants (manufactured under license by Pakistan Ordnance Factories)
* [[Rheinmetall MG 3]] - Mounted on vehicles (manufactured under license by Pakistan Ordnance Factories)
* [[Shotgun]]s
* [[Riot gun]]s

=== Vehicles ===
*[[Mohafiz (vehicle)|Mohafiz]] (internal security vehicle)
*[[Toyota Hilux]] (single-cab and double-cabin)
*[[Toyota Corolla]]
*[[Suzuki Cultus]]
*[[Suzuki Mehran]]
*[[Nissan Patrol]]
*[[Suzuki Every]]
*[[Honda City]]
*[[Foton Tunland]]
*[[Suzuki Swift]]
*[[Toyota Land Cruiser]]
*[[Toyota Land Cruiser#J70 (1984–present)|Toyota Land Cruiser (70 Series)]]
*[[Toyota Fortuner]]
*[[Toyota Prius]]
Officers are allotted cars by rank. Bulletproof vehicles are provided to officers at sensitive posts.

=={{anchor|Designations|Posts}}Ranks and Insignia==
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank group
! colspan="3" |General/flag officers
! colspan="3" |Senior officers
! colspan="3" |Junior officers
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Flag of Punjab Police.png|frameless|59x59px]]Punjab Police
|[[File:IG of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Inspector General of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:Additional IG of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Additional Inspector General of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:DIG of Punjab Police.png|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Deputy Inspector General of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:SSP of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Senior Superintendent of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:SP(2) of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Superintendent of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:SP(1) of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Superintendent of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:DSP of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Deputy Superintendent of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:ASP(2) of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Assistant Superintendent of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:ASP(1) of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Assistant Superintendent of Punjab Police]]
|-
|[[Inspector General of Police]]
(IGP)
|[[Additional Inspector General of Police]]
(Addl-IG)
|[[Deputy Inspector General of Police]]
(DIG)
|[[Senior superintendent of police|Additional Deputy Inspector General of Police / Senior Superintendent of Police]]
(ADIG/SSP)
|[[Superintendent of Police]] in Selection Grade
(SP - SG)
|[[Superintendent of Police]]
(SP)
|[[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]]
(DSP)
|[[Assistant superintendent|Assistant Superintendent of Police]] (Probationary Rank: 3 years of service)
|[[Assistant Superintendent of Police#India|Assistant Superintendent of Police]] (Probationary Rank: 1 year of service)
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank group
! colspan="3" |Junior commissioned officers
! colspan="2" |Non commissioned officer
!Enlisted
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Flag of Punjab Police.png|frameless|59x59px]]Punjab Police
|[[File:INPS of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Inspector of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:SI of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Sub Inspector of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:ASI of Punjab Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|135x135px|Insignia Of Assistant Sub Inspector of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:Havildar of Islamabad Police.png|alt=|center|frameless|59x59px|Insignia Of Head Constable of Punjab Police]]
|[[File:Naik of Islamabad Police.png|center|frameless|59x59px|Insignia Of Naik of Punjab Police]]
|
{| class="wikitable"
|'''No insignia'''
|-
|}
|-
|[[Inspector]]انسپکٹر
|[[Sub-inspector|Sub Inspector]]سب انسپکٹر
|[[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant Sub Inspector]]اسسٹنٹ سب انسپکٹر
|[[Head constable|Head Constable]]
ہیڈ کانسٹیبل
|[[Naik (military rank)|Police Naik]]
پولیس نائک
|[[Constable]]
سپاہی
|}

=={{anchor|Crime and controversies}}Controversies==
{{see also|List of cases of law enforcement brutality in Pakistan}}
The [[Anti-Corruption Establishment Punjab]] called Punjab Police the most corrupt public department in the province in a 2010 report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/23924/punjab-police-most-corrupt-public-department-in-the-province/|title='Punjab Police most corrupt public dept in the province' - The Express Tribune|date=26 June 2010}}</ref> Members of the force have been involved in a number of criminal activities. In November 2017, a man was killed in a setup in Faisalabad. Initially identified as a robber, he was an unarmed civilian who had had an affair with a relative of the [[Gujranwala District]] [[deputy superintendent of police]] and left the country. During a visit to Pakistan, plainclothes police officer shot and killed him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.pk/story/989869/|title=فیصل آباد مقابلہ؛ مقتول کو ڈی ایس پی کی بھتیجی سے شادی کی سزا ملی، ورثا - ایکسپریس اردو|date=8 November 2017}}</ref>
Sexual assault, harassment, and mistreatment of women have also occurred. [[Express News (TV channel)|Express News]] reported on 20 November 2017 that two Punjab Police officers tore a woman's clothes, made a video, tried to blackmail her and shared the video on social media. Both officers were fired, but it is unknown if they faced criminal charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.pk/story/1002784/|title=لاہور میں پولیس اہلکاروں کا خاتون پر تشدد، وڈیو بھی بنائی - ایکسپریس اردو|date=20 November 2017}}</ref> Faisalabad police gang-raped the wife of a fellow police officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.pk/story/1001111/|title=فیصل آباد کے تھانے میں اہلکاروں کی پولیس افسر کی بیوی سے مبینہ زیادتی - ایکسپریس اردو|date=18 November 2017}}</ref>

In November 2017, a video on social media depicted Punjab Police officers torturing an elderly couple; the entire police station was suspended.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2017/11/punjab-police-barbarity-elderly-couple/|title=Punjab police barbarity with elderly couple - Samaa TV|website=www.samaa.tv}}</ref> A seven-year-old child was arrested for kidnapping by Punjab Police in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arynews.tv/en/punjab-police-book-7-year-old-child-in-kidnapping-case/|title=Punjab police book 7-year-old child in kidnapping case|date=24 March 2015}}</ref> A 12-year-old was arrested by Punjab Police in [[Bahawalpur District]] after they failed to arrest his father, a farmer named in an [[First information report|FIR]] for disputing the price of sugar cane at a sugar mill. The boy brought his schoolbooks to jail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Crime/430016|title=بہاولپور: باپ کی عدم گرفتاری پر 12 سالہ بچہ تھانے میں بند}}</ref>

{{anchor|Uniform change and controversy}}
In 2017, the Punjab Police changed its standard uniform constituting black shirts and [[khaki]] pants to Olive Green. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/136594-We-consulted-a-school-of-fashion-design-Asst-IG-Logistics-on-new-uniforms|title=Punjab police consulted fashion school for new uniforms|website=www.geo.tv |date=3 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/136513-Punjab-police-dons-new-uniform-in-Lahore|title=Punjab police dons new uniform in Lahore|website=www.geo.tv |date=3 April 2017 }}</ref> The change had a mixed reaction; the government said that it had consulted professional designers, but the new uniform has been criticized as dull and less attractive. Media reports have circulated that the Punjab Police will revive their previous uniform again.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/12-Dec-2018/punjab-police-to-get-old-uniform-back-next-year | title=Punjab Police to get old uniform back next year | date=12 December 2018 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Leadership
!#
!Name
!From
!To
|-
|1
|Khan Qurban Ali Khan
|August 1947
|August 1952
|-
|2
|Mian Anwar Ali
|August 1952
|October 1952
|-
|3
|Khan Qurban Ali Khan
|October 1952
|February 1953
|-
|4
|Mian Anwar Ali
|February 1953
|June 1953
|-
|5
|S. N. Alam
|June 1953
|May 1955
|-
|6
|Mian Anwar Ali
|May 1955
|May 1956
|-
|7
|A. B. Awan
|May 1956
|May 1958
|-
|8
|Muhammad Sharif Khan
|May 1958
|August 1962
|-
|9
|S. N. Alam
|August 1962
|July 1963
|-
|10
|S. D. Qureshi
|July 1963
|July 1968
|-
|11
|Mian Bashir Ahmad
|July 1968
|April 1970
|-
|12
|Muhammad Anwar Afridi
|April 1970
|October 1972
|-
|13
|Sahibzada Raoof Ali
|October 1972
|August 1974
|-
|14
|Rao Abdur Rasheed
|August 1974
|April 1976
|-
|15
|Atta Hussain
|April 1976
|March 1977
|-
|16
|Fazal-e-Haq
|March 1977
|July 1977
|-
|17
|M. A. R. Arif
|July 1977
|September 1977
|-
|18
|Khawaja Masrur Hussain
|September 1977
|February 1978
|-
|19
|Habib Ur Rehman Khan
|February 1978
|July 1979
|-
|20
|Muhammad Azam Qazi
|July 1979
|November 1980
|-
|21
|Obaid-Ur-Rehman Khan
|November 1980
|June 1981
|-
|22
|Laeeq Ahmad Khan
|June 1981
|September 1985
|-
|23
|Hafiz S. D. Jamy
|September 1985
|18 August 1987
|-
|24
|Nisar Ahmad Cheema
|18 August 1987
|6 March 1989
|-
|25
|Manzoor Ahmad
|8 March 1989
|20 June 1991
|-
|26
|Sardar Muhammad Chaudhry
|21 June 1991
|30 May 1993
|-
|27
|G. Asghar Malik
|1 June 1993
|21 July 1993
|-
|28
|Muhammad Abbas Khan
|26 July 1993
|8 August 1996
|-
|29
|Zulfiqar Ali Qureshi
|8 August 1996
|26 November 1996
|-
|30
|Muhammad Amin
|27 November 1996
|17 March 1997
|-
|31
|Jehan Zaib Burki
|18 March 1997
|26 October 1999
|-
|32
|Muhammad Rafique Haider
|26 October 1999
|12 June 2000
|-
|33
|Malik Asif Hayat
|12 June 2000
|11 December 2002
|-
|34
|Syed Masud Shah
|12 December 2002
|31 March 2004
|-
|35
|Saadat Ullah Khan
|1 April 2004
|9 June 2005
|-
|36
|Zia-ul-Hassan Khan
|10 June 2005
|29 December 2006
|-
|37
|Ahmad Nasim
|29 December 2006
|27 February 2008
|-
|38
|Azhar Hassan Nadeem
|29 February 2008
|16 April 2008
|-
|39
|Shaukat Javed
|17 April 2008
|25 February 2009
|-
|40
|Kh. Khalid Farooq
|25 February 2009
|1 April 2009
|-
|41
|Shaukat Javed
|1 April 2009
|22 April 2009
|-
|42
|Tariq Saleem
|27 April 2009
|31 December 2010
|-
|43
|Javed Iqbal
|7 January 2011
|17 February 2012
|-
|44
|Haji Mohammad Habib ur Rehman
|17 February 2012
|1 January 2013
|-
|45
|[[Aftab Sultan]]
|1 April 2013
|25 May 2013
|-
|46
|Khan Baig
|25 May 2013
|15 June 2014
|-
|47
|Mushtaq Ahmad Sukhera
|17 June 2014
|10 April 2017
|-
|48
|Muhammad Usman
|10 April 2017
|25 July 2017
|-
|49
|Arif Nawaz Khan
|25 July 2017
|13 June 2018
|-
|50
|Kaleem Imam
|13 June 2018
|11 September 2018
|-
|51
|Muhammad Tahir
|11 September 2018
|15 October 2018
|-
|52
|[[Amjad Javed Saleemi]]
|15 October 2018
|17 April 2019
|-
|53
|Arif Nawaz Khan
|17 April 2019
|28 November 2019
|-
|54
|Shoaib Dastgir
|28 November 2019
|9 September 2020
|-
|55
|Inam Ghani
|9 September 2020
|8 September 2021
|-
|56
|[[Rao Sardar Ali Khan]]
|8 September 2021
|23 July 2022
|-
|57
|Faisal Shahkar
|23 July 2022
|21 December 2022
|-
|58
|[[Aamir Zulfiqar Khan]]
|22 December 2022
|23 January 2023
|-
|59
|Dr [[Usman Anwar]]
|23 January 2023
|2 February 2026
|-
|60
| [[Rao Abdul Kareem]]
| 3 February 2026
| Present
|}

==See also==
* [[Punjab Police College Sihala]]
* [[Crime Control Department]]
* [[Law enforcement in Pakistan]]
* [[Dolphin Force]]
* [[Punjab Highway Patrol]]
* [[Punjab Prisons (Pakistan)]]
* [[Balochistan Police]]
* [[Azad Kashmir Police]]
* [[Gilgit-Baltistan Police]]
* [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police]]
* [[Sindh Police]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|1=http://www.punjabpolice.gov.pk}}
* [https://pakistanforces.pk/punjab-police-pakistan/ Punjab Police]
{{Law enforcement in Pakistan}}

[[Category:Punjab Police (Pakistan)| ]]
[[Category:Law enforcement agencies of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]

Raavi Kondala Rao

2026-02-26T13:27:18Z

QLXChristoper:

{{Short description|Indian actor, writer, and journalist (1932–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raavi Kondala Rao
| image = Raavi KondalaRao.jpg
| caption = Film and theatre artist
| native_name = రావి కొండలరావు
| other_names = Sukumar (pen-name)
| birth_name = Raavi Kondala Rao
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|2|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| occupation = Actor, playwright, screenwriter, editor, journalist
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|7|28|1932|2|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| awards = Inturi Memorial Award 
[[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]] 
[[Nandi Award for Best Book on Telugu Cinema]]
| title = Kalaprapoorna
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Radha Kumari]]|1960|2012|end=d}}<ref name="ref2">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Veteran-actress-Radha-Kumari-passes-away/articleshow/12191434.cms|title=Veteran actress Radha Kumari passes away|work=The Times of India |date=9 March 2012 |access-date=2015-02-05|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
| children = Raavi Venkata Sasikumar
| years_active =
| organization =
| notable_works = ''Nagavalli Nunchi Manjeera Varaku''
}}

'''Raavi Kondala Rao''' (11 February 1932 – 28 July 2020) was an Indian actor, [[screenwriter]], [[playwright]], and journalist who worked in [[Telugu cinema]] and [[Telugu theatre]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=Actor, writer Raavi Kondala Rao passes away at 88 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/jul/29/actor-writer-raavi-kondala-rao-passes-away-at-88-2176214.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2020-07-28 |title=Veteran actor Raavi Kondala Rao no more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/veteran-actor-raavi-kondala-rao-no-more/article32213817.ece |access-date=2022-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He acted in over 400 films.<ref name="teluguobit">{{cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=Veteran actor Raavi Kondala Rao passes away |url=https://www.telugucinema.com/news/veteran-actor-raavi-kondala-rao-passes-away |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> He won [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]] for ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pusthakam]]'' (1991) and won [[Nandi Award for Best Book on Telugu Cinema]] for ''Black and White''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

He made his film debut with ''[[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]]'' in 1958 as an actor. ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1965 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]'' (1964) won him recognition as an actor.<ref name=":0" /> He is known for his collaborations with [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]-[[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Ramana]].<ref name="teluguobit" /><ref name=":0" /> He worked as a writer for notable films like ''[[Brundavanam (1992 film)|Brundavanam]]'' (1992), ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994), ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]'' (1996).<ref name=":1" />

Besides films, he worked as an editor, writer and columnist for English and Telugu newspapers and magazines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=Veteran Actor-Director Raavi Kondala Rao Dies At 88 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/veteran-actor-director-raavi-kondala-rao-dies-at-88-2270370 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He worked as the associate editor for the then popular film magazine ''Vijaya Chitra'' from 1966 to 1990. Later, he joined Chandamama Vijaya [[Production company|production house]] as a writer and executive producer.<ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Raavi Kondala Rao was born on 11 February 1932 in [[Srikakulam]] of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Veteran Telugu Actor, Writer Raavi Kondala Rao No More |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/tollywood-veteran-actor-writer-raavi-kondala-rao-88-dies-cardiac-arrest-122012 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=en}}</ref> His father was a postmaster. His education had been done in [[Srikakulam]]. He participated in [[Satyagraha]] in 1948 in [[Rajahmundry]] against the ban on [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] and Hindu Mahasammelan and was put in jail for three months. In his free time in [[Rajahmundry Central Prison|Rajahmundry Jail]], he read many books on literature. He wrote stories under the [[pen name]] of 'Mana Oohalu'. A few stories had been published in ''[[Chandamama]]''.

== Career ==
Raavi Kondala Rao used to write articles for ''Mahodaya'' weekly newspaper. He worked as sub editor for ''Aanandavani'' weekly magazine.<ref name=":2" /> He was a writer of 'Paata Bangaram' in ''Sitara'' magazine, owned by the [[Eenadu]] group. He used to write cinema articles for ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'', ''Vijaya Chitra''.

[[Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao]] was his inspiration for writing. Later, he was encouraged by [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]], [[Gutha Ramineedu]] to act in films. He also worked as an assistant director for [[B. N. Reddy]], [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]], [[D. V. Narasa Raju]]. He was the assistant director for ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'' (1963), directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao. He also worked as an assistant director for ''[[Pooja Phalam]]'' (1964), directed by [[B. N. Reddy]].<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Veteran actress [[Radha Kumari]] was his wife.<ref name="ref6">{{cite web |title=Radha Kumari Passed away! |url=http://www.chitramala.in/news/radha-kumari-passed-away-128472.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205172429/http://www.chitramala.in/news/radha-kumari-passed-away-128472.html |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=2015-02-05 |publisher=Chitramala |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="teluguobit" /> She was his co-star in nearly 100 films.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> His brother R. Kameswara rao was a leading [[Voice acting|dubbing artist]].

Raavi Kondala Rao died of heart attack at a private hospital in Hyderabad, aged 88, on 28 July 2020.<ref name=":1" /> He is survived by his son, R. V. Sasikumar.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

==Partial filmography==
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Kutumba Gowravam]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]]'' (1958)
*''[[Anna Thammudu (1958 film)|Anna Thammudu]]'' (1958)
*''[[Aada Pettanam]]'' (1958)
*''[[Bhagya Devatha]]'' (1959)
*''[[Dagudu Moothalu]]'' (1964) as Doctor
*''[[Preminchi Choodu (1965 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]'' (1965)
*''[[Thene Manasulu (1965 film)|Thene Manasulu]]'' (1965)
*''[[Veerabhimanyu]]'' (1965)
*''[[Nirdoshi (1967 film)|Nirdoshi]]'' (1967)
*''[[Aggimeedha Guggilam]]'' (1968) as 'Prajapramukhulu' Punyakoti
*''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968)
*''[[Bangaru Sankellu]]'' (1968)
*''[[Vintha Kapuram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vintha Kapuram Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/vintha-kapuram-1968#overview}}</ref> (1968) as Rayakota Raghavaiah
*''[[Ardha Ratri]]'' (1969)
*''[[Bhale Rangadu]]'' (1969)
*''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]'' (1969)
*''[[Muhurtha Balam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhurtha Balam Cast and Crew |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/muhurtha-balam}}</ref> (1969) as Veerabhadraiah
*''[[Sipayi Chinnayya]]'' (1969)
*''[[Varakatnam]]'' (1969)
*''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]'' (1970)
*''[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]'' (1970)
*''[[Atthalu Kodallu]] (1971)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athalu Kodallu (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OGN |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1971) as Madhava Rao
*''[[Adrusta Jathakudu]]'' (1971)
*''[[Amaayakuraalu]]'' (1971)
*''[[Dasara Bullodu]]'' (1971)
*''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]'' (1971)
*''[[Kalam Marindi]]'' (1972) as guest appearance
*''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1972 film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]'' (1972)
*''[[Neeti-Nijayiti]]'' (1972)
*''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (1973)
*''[[Ammayi Pelli]]'' (1974)
*''[[Annadammula Anubandham]]'' (1975)
*''[[Moguda Pellama]]'' (1975)
*''[[Zamindarugari Ammayi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zamindaru gari Ammayi (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RGS/info |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1975) as Lakshmikantha Rao
*''[[Dongalaku Donga]]'' (1977) as Hanumantha Rao
*''Idekkadi Nyayam'' (1977)
*''[[Savasagallu]]'' (1977)
*''[[Dongala Veta]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dongala Veta (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SYO |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1978) as Major Bandaramaiah
*''[[Mugguru Muggure]]'' (1978) as Head Museum Guard
*''[[Dongalaku Saval]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dongalaku Saval (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TSZ/info |access-date=2023-05-10|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1979) as Retd. Major Pratapa Rao
*''[[Erra Gulabeelu]]'' (1979)
*''[[Rangoon Rowdy]]'' (1979)
*''[[Ramayanamlo Pidakala Veta]]'' (1980)
*''Sirimalle Navvindi'' (1980)
*''[[Prema Simhasanam]]'' (1981) as Kesava Varma son of Raja Kalyana Varma
*''[[Manishiko Charitra]]'' (1982)
*''[[Chattaniki Veyi Kallu|Chattaniki Veyyi Kallu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chattaniki Veyi Kallu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/chattaniki-veyi-kallu/cast/2030372570/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> (1983) as 'Heccharika' paper editor
*''[[Ikanaina Marandi]]'' (1983)
*''Nijam Chepite Nerama'' (1983)
*''[[Anubandham (1984 film)|Anubandham]]'' (1984)
*''[[Mangammagari Manavudu]]'' (1984)
* ''Dandayatra'' (1984)
*''[[Nayakulaku Saval]]'' (1984) as Chintapandu Sivaramaiah
*''[[Pralaya Simham]]'' (1984) as Inspector Narasimham
*''[[Rama Rao Gopal Rao]]'' (1984) as College Principal Krishnamachari
*''[[Raraju (1984 film)|Raraju]]'' (1984)
*''Aadapille Nayam'' (1985)
*''[[Bullet (1985 film)|Bullet]]'' (1985)
*''[[Kotha Pelli Koothuru]]'' (1985)
*''[[Chantabbai]]'' (1986)
*''[[Dharmapeetam Daddarillindi]]''(1986)
* ''Challani Ramayya Chakkani Seethamma'' (1986)
*''[[Ide Naa Samadhanam]]'' (1986) as Royyala Rosaiah
*''[[Padaharella Ammayi]]'' (1986)
*''[[Kaboye Alludu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Maavoori Magaadu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Bharya Bhartalu (1988)|Bharya Bhartalu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Chilipi Dampatulu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Donga Kollu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Pelli Chesi Choodu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Ramudu Bheemudu (1988 film)|Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Ugranethrudu]]'' (1988) as Lawyer Tirupathi Rao
*''[[Chalaki Mogudu Chadastapu Pellam]]'' (1989)
*''[[Chettu Kinda Pleader]]'' (1989)
*''[[Paila Pachessu]]'' (1989)
*''[[Dagudumuthala Dampathyam]]'' (1990)
*''[[Prema Khaidi]]'' (1990)
*''[[Edurinti Mogudu Pakkinti Pellam]]'' (1991)
*''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' (1991)
*''[[Brundavanam]]'' (1992)
*''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]'' (1992)
*''[[Joker Mama Super Alludu]]'' (1992) as Shankaram master
*''[[Parvathalu Panakalu]]'' (1992)
*''[[Repati Koduku]]'' (1992)
*''[[Srimaan Brahmachari]]'' (1992)
*''[[Madam (1994 film)|Madam]]'' (1994)
*''[[Shri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]'' (1996)
*''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]] (1998)''
*''[[Rajahamsa]]'' (1998)
*''[[Radha Gopalam]]'' (2005)
*''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]'' (2007)
*''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' (2008)
*''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'' (2009)
*''[[Varudu]]'' (2010)
*''[[365 Days (2015 film)|365 Days]]'' (2015)
{{colend}}

=== Other roles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Writer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Daiva Balam]]'' || {{no}} || Assistant director
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Pooja Phalam]]'' || {{no}} || Assistant director
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' || {{partial|Story}} ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' || {{partial|Story}} ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ghatothkach]]'' || {{partial|Dialogues}} || Telugu version
|}

=== Television ===
*''[[Radha Madhu]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0464870|name=Raavi Kondala Rao}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUEUlClasH4 TV Interview]
* [https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-03-21/Kondala-Raos-autobiography-released/138939] Naagavali Nunchi Manjeera Varaku
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDpmJmgcRJ8 Ravi Kondala Rao interview]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Raavi Kondala}}
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Indian writers' organisations]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Mamdapur Conservation Reserve

2026-02-23T05:00:54Z

QLXChristoper: Creating Basic Stub First Draft

{{Short description|Conservation reserve in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Mamdapur Conservation Reserve
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = II
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Maharashtra
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| location = [[Nashik District]], Maharashtra, India
| nearest_city = [[Malegaon]] and [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20|10|32.6|N|74|43|07.3|E|display=inline, title}}
| area_km2 = 54.46
| established = July 2014
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Maharashtra State Forest Department
| url =
}}
The '''Mamdapur Conservation Reserve''' is located in [[Nashik District]], near Manikpunj Town of Maharashtra state. The sanctuary is spread over an area of 54.46 square kilometres.<ref name="Loksatta">{{cite news |last1=Mule |first1=Dr Surekha M |title=Van paryatan-Mamdapur |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokbhramanti-news/mamdapur-conservation-plan-developed-for-blackbucks-1482960/ |access-date=9 June 2021 |publisher=The Express Group |date=31 May 2017}}</ref> This reserve is famous for sighting scrub land birds and mammals.

==Location==
The sanctuary is located 35 km east of [[Manmad]] town. The nearest rail head is Nandgaon. Regular buses are available from Nandgaon Bus Stand. The forest area is open for visitors from sunrise to sunset. The place can be visited all the year around.The conservation reserve is spread over forest area of villages Rajapur, Somthanjosh, Mamdapur, Kharvandi and Devdari in Yeola taluka of Nashik Disrtrict.<ref name="TOI" />

==Biodiversity==
The reserve is famous for [[black buck]] antelopes. The population of black buck is around 3000 to 4000 <ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sumita |title=Forest department to revise Mamdapur conservation plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/forest-department-to-revise-mamdapur-conservation-plan/articleshow/46659800.cms |access-date=9 June 2021 |publisher=Times group |date=23 March 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]

Kallu Yadav (Kalua)

2026-02-19T09:19:07Z

QLXChristoper: starting stub

{{Short description|Dacoit leader}}
'''Kallu Yadav''' (d. 2006), also known as Kalua, was a [[dacoit]] leader from [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], India, popularly known as the "King of Katri",<ref>{{Cite web |title=कटरी किंग के गुर्गो से थर्राता था इलाका |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/badaun-9829756.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> who was accused of killing more than 20 policemen, for which the [[Uttar Pradesh government]] offered a reward of Rs 1 [[lakh]] on him. Kalua was killed in an encounter by the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] on 15 January 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-01-17 |title=Dreaded dacoit Kalua shot dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dreaded-dacoit-kalua-shot-dead/story-ZsfVnurotVxdBdyzEczklO.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Kallu Yadav, a resident of Purnangla village of Paraur police station of [[Shahjahanpur]] district, was a terror in [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Etah]], [[Badaun]], [[Kannauj]] and [[Farukhabad]] districts, although the bandit leader Kallu was not a born or habitual criminal.{{clarify|date=February 2026}} Shyam Singh's{{who|date=February 2026}} brother beat up Kallu badly after a dispute over possession of land in the village, after which Kallu became a dacoit. Kalua killed his enemy{{who|date=February 2026}} on the day of [[Holi]] in 1997 and threw the dead body on the banks of the river [[Ganges]]. Although Kalua has been encountered{{clarify|date=February 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bareilly News: डकैत कल्लू के आतंक के 17 साल बाद फिर लहूलुहान हुई कटरी, अब भूमाफिया हुए हावी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/after-end-of-dacoit-kallu-terror-end-ramganga-katri-again-bled-in-bareilly-2023-01-15 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> by the Uttar Pradesh Police, still there is occasional extortion in the name of his gang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जानिए पुलिस के लिए क्यों सिर दर्द बनी कलुआ डकैत की घोड़ी, अब एसपी और एएसपी कर रहे जांच |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-up-police-kalua-dacoits-mare-headache-of-bareilly-police-now-sp-and-asp-will-investigate-22324085.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}

2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election

2026-02-18T03:43:01Z

QLXChristoper: added first details more to come

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = No
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2009
| next_election = 2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2014
| election_date = 10 March, 18 March and 12 June 2012
| seats_for_election = Vacant 25 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jagan_Mohan_Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]]
| leader_since1 = 2011
| party1 = YSR Congress Party
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''{{efn|Incumbent member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency]].}}
| seats_before1 = 0
| seats1 = 16
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 16
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kiran_Kumar_Reddy.JPG|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| leader_since2 = 2010
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''{{efn|Incumbent member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Pileru Assembly constituency]].}}
| seats_before2 = 20{{efn|Including two seats form the [[Praja Rajyam Party]], which merged into the Indian National Congress in 2011.}}
| seats2 = 2
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 18
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K. Chandrasekhar Rao as Union Minister.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| leader_since4 = 2001
| party4 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| alliance4 =
| leaders_seat4 = ''Did not contest''{{efn|Incumbent member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].}}
| seats_before4 = 0
| seats4 = 5
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 5
| popular_vote4 =
| percentage4 =
| swing4 =

 |image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=N. Chandrababu Naidu (cropped)1.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader5 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| leader_since5 = 1995
| party5 = Telugu Desam Party
| leaders_seat5 = ''Did not contest''{{efn|Incumbent member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kuppam Assembly constituency]].}}
| seats_before5 = 4
| seats5 = 0
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 4
| popular_vote5 =
| percentage5 =
| swing5 =


| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| before_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] after election
| after_election = [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| popular_vote8 =
}}

The '''2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election''' was held from March to June 2012 in three phases to fill vacancies to the 25 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], following the death, resignation and disqualification of the incumbent members.

==Background==
Following the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] but died shortly thereafter in a [[2009 Andhra Pradesh helicopter crash|helicopter crash]]. His death, along with the intensifying [[Telangana movement]], contributed to a period of political instability in the state. His son, [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] later fell out with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and formed the [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP). Many MLAs in the Andhra region left the INC to join YSRCP, while in the Telangana region, several MLAs joined the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] in demand for a separate state. These mass defections led to disqualifications, leaving assembly seats vacant and necessitating by-elections, which were held on 10 March 2012 for 1 seat, on 18 March 2012 for 6 seats and on 12 June 2012 for 18 seats.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|author=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jagans-YSR-Congress-wins-Nellore-Lok-Sabha-14-assembly-seats/articleshow/14147764.cms |title=Jagan's YSR Congress wins Nellore Lok Sabha, 14 assembly seats |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref>

==Campaign==
The enforcement authorities seized approximately Rs. 32 crores in cash and gold valued around Rs. 9 crore, taking the total to Rs. 41 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2012-06-06 |title=It is raining cash in Andhra Pradesh bypolls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/it-is-raining-cash-in-andhra-pradesh-bypolls-104709-2012-06-05 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Nearly 1.74 lakh litres of liquor were confiscated during the campaign period. The reported total exceeded the amount seized during the 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Record 32 crore in cash seized ahead of Andhra Pradesh elections |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/record-32-crore-in-cash-seized-ahead-of-andhra-pradesh-elections-487024 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250505155240/https://www.ndtv.com/south/record-32-crore-in-cash-seized-ahead-of-andhra-pradesh-elections-487024 |archive-date=2025-05-05 |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-06-02 |title=Rs 11 lakh cash seized ahead of bypolls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/May/08/rs-11-lakh-cash-seized-ahead-of-bypolls-365863.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 May 2012, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) arrested Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy in connection with alleged disproportionate assets and corruption charges.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy arrested by CBI after three days of questioning in assets case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagan-mohan-reddy-arrested-by-cbi-after-three-days-of-questioning-in-assets-case-485148 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221013013452/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagan-mohan-reddy-arrested-by-cbi-after-three-days-of-questioning-in-assets-case-485148 |archive-date=2022-10-13 |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> The CBI alleged that Jagan had received investments from various companies in return for granting undue favours during the tenure of his father, Y. S. Rajashekhara Reddy as Chief Minister of the state from 2004 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy cannot 'masquerade' as victim, claims CBI in court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagan-mohan-reddy-cannot-masquerade-as-victim-claims-cbi-in-court-485208 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190920052320/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagan-mohan-reddy-cannot-masquerade-as-victim-claims-cbi-in-court-485208 |archive-date=2019-09-20 |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=CBI says Jagan, YSR co-conspirators |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/Apr/01/cbi-says-jagan-ysr-co-conspirators-354316.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-27 |title=CBI arrests Jaganmohan Reddy in disproportionate assets case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cbi-arrests-jaganmohan-reddy-in-disproportionate-assets-case/articleshow/13570778.cms |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Following his arrest, Jagan was remanded to judicial custody and lodged in [[Chanchalguda Central Jail]], Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-28 |title=Arrested Indian MP Jagan Mohan Reddy remanded |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18231815 |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> His bail petitions were rejected multiple times.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-28 |title=Assets case: Jagan’s bail plea rejected |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Assets-case-Jagan%E2%80%99s-bail-plea-rejected/article15618097.ece |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2012-11-29 |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy's bail plea rejected |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jagan-mohan-reddys-bail-plea-rejected-in-disproportionate-assets-case-122779-2012-11-28 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

With Jagan in judicial custody, the party's campaign was led by his mother [[Y. S. Vijayamma]] and his sister [[Y. S. Sharmila]]. Sharmila addressed multiple public meetings across constituencies, appealing to voters on grounds of perceived injustice and continuity of her father's welfare activities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-11 |title=Stage set for crucial A.P. by-elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/stage-set-for-crucial-ap-byelections/article3512467.ece |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Public sentiment during the by-election varied regionally, with voters in the Telangana region focused on the demand for a separate state, while in the Andhra region, the arrest of Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy was an electoral factor.

==Results==
The result for the first and second phase of the by-election was declared on 21 March 2012. For the first time, [[3G]] technology was used to upload polling and counting data to the internet more quickly, with the counting process recorded using the web cameras.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/By-election-results-today/articleshow/12348469.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101154637/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-21/hyderabad/31219461_1_allowance-aquaculture-conversion |url-status=live |archive-date=1 January 2014 |title=By-election results today |date=21 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> The TRS won 4 seats, while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the YSRCP and an independent candidate won one seat each.

The third phase result was declared on 15 June 2012, the YSRCP emerged as the largest winner, winning 15 of the 18 contested seats. The INC won 2 seats, increasing its majority to 154 seats in the 294 member [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. The TRS won one seat and the [[Telugu Desam Party]] drew blank. Notably, all the incumbent members who had resigned and re-contested were re-elected in both phases.

Following the declaration of the results, [[Y. S. Sharmila]] stated that her brother Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, who was then in judicial custody in connection with corruption charges, should become the Chief Minister in 2014. Chief Minister [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]] subsequently held meetings with party leaders and legislators to review the results.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Election results: Jagan sweeps polls; will be Chief Minister in 2014, predicts sister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/election-results-jagan-sweeps-polls-will-be-chief-minister-in-2014-predicts-sister-488308 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250501083848/https://www.ndtv.com/south/election-results-jagan-sweeps-polls-will-be-chief-minister-in-2014-predicts-sister-488308 |archive-date=2025-05-01 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Results by constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
!rowspan=2 |7
|rowspan=2 |[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
|[[Jogu Ramanna]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|59,452
|49.34
|C. Ram Chandra Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|28,056
|23.28
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}};Color:white;"|31,396
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 18 March 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Jogu Ramanna from Telugu Desam Party as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!rowspan=2 |16
|rowspan=2 |[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
|[[Gampa Govardhan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|75,699
|55.23
|Adla Raja Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|31,234
|22.79
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}};Color:white;"|44,465
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 18 March 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Gampa Govardhan from Telugu Desam Party as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=6 |[[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]]
!rowspan=2 |74
|rowspan=2 |[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|Yennam Srinivas Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,385
|31.51
|Ibrahim Syed
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|37,506
|30.01
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};Color:white;"|1,879
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 18 March 2012 following the death of the incumbent member N. Rajeshwar Reddy, who was an Independent on 30 October 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-10-31 |title=Mahabubnagar MLA dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/mahabubnagar-mla-dead/article2584804.ece |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2 |81
|rowspan=2 |[[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Nagam Janardhan Reddy]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|71,001
|50.55
|Kuchakulla Damoder Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|43,676
|31.09
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|27,325
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 18 March 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Nagam Janardhan Reddy from Telugu Desam Party as MLA.
|-
!rowspan=2 |85
|rowspan=2 |[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|58,107
|38.47
|Mamillapally Vishnuvardhan Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|43,083
|28.53
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}};Color:white;"|15,024
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 18 March 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Jupally Krishna Rao from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
!rowspan=2 |99
|rowspan=2 |[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur Station]] (SC)
|[[T. Rajaiah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|81,279
|47.84
|[[Kadiyam Srihari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|48,641
|28.63
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}};Color:white;"|32,638
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 18 March 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member T. Rajaiah from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Nellore district|Nellore]]
!rowspan=2 |235
|rowspan=2 |[[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
|[[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|73,876
|42.00
|[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|50,382
|28.64
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|23,494
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 18 March 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy from Telugu Desam Party as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
!rowspan=2 |104
|rowspan=2 |[[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
|M. Bikshpathi
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|51,936
|33.05
|[[Konda Surekha]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|50,374
|32.05
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}};Color:white;"|1,562
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Konda Surekha from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
!rowspan=2 |127
|rowspan=2 |[[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
|[[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|54,454
|38.96
|Dharmana Rama Das
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|47,412
|33.73
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|7,312
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Dharmana Krishna Das from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
!rowspan=2 |152
|rowspan=2 |[[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]] (SC)
|[[Golla Babu Rao]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|71,963
|41.88
|Changala Venkata Rao
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|57,601
|33.53
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|14,362
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Golla Babu Rao from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
!rowspan=2 |161
|rowspan=2 |[[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
|[[Thota Trimurthulu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|77,292
|49.93
|[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|65,373
|42.23
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};Color:white;"|11,919
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=4 |[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
!rowspan=2 |177
|rowspan=2 |[[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]]
|[[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|58,368
|46.96
|[[Mudunuri Prasada Raju]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|53,896
|43.36
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};Color:white;"|4,472
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Mudunuri Prasada Raju from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
!rowspan=2 |186
|rowspan=2 |[[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]] (ST)
|[[Tellam Balaraju]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|80,790
|53.87
|B. S. Rao
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,023
|30.02
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|35,767
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Tellam Balaraju from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=4 |[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
!rowspan=2 |212
|rowspan=2 |[[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (Guntur)]] (SC)
|[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|87,742
|48.84
|Kandukuri Veeraiah
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|70,961
|39.50
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|16,781
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Mekathoti Sucharitha from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
!rowspan=2 |220
|rowspan=2 |[[Macherla Assembly constituency|Macherla]]
|[[Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|79,751
|46.67
|Chirumamilla Madhu Babu
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|64,272
|37.61
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|15,479
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
!rowspan=2 |227
|rowspan=2 |[[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]
|[[Balineni Srinivasa Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|77,222
|48.80
|[[Damacharla Janardhana Rao]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|49,819
|31.48
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|27,403
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Balineni Srinivasa Reddy from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Nellore district|Nellore]]
!rowspan=2 |242
|rowspan=2 |[[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
|[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|75,103
|46.82
|Bollineni Venkata Ramarao
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,505
|27.74
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|30,598
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
!rowspan=2 |244
|rowspan=2 |[[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampet]]
|[[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|76,951
|52.49
|[[Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|38,732
|26.42
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|38,219
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Akepati Amarnath Reddy from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=4 |[[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
!rowspan=2 |246
|rowspan=2 |[[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]] (SC)
|[[Koramutla Sreenivasulu]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|66,456
|53.80
|E. Kanuparthi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|34,465
|27.90
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|31,991
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Koramutla Sreenivasulu from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
!rowspan=2 |247
|rowspan=2 |[[Rayachoty Assembly constituency|Rayachoty]]
|[[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|90,978
|57.15
|Sugavasi Subramanyam
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|34,087
|21.41
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|56,891
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Gadikota Srikanth Reddy from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=4 |[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
!rowspan=2 |253
|rowspan=2 |[[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
|[[Bhuma Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|88,697
|52.68
|[[G. Prathap Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|51,902
|30.83
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|36,795
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Bhuma Shobha Nagi Reddy from Praja Rajyam Party, upon merger with the Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
!rowspan=2 |263
|rowspan=2 |[[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]]
|[[K. Chennakesava Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|64,155
|42.07
|B. V. Mohan Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,052
|28.89
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|20,103
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member K. Chennakesava Reddy from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=4 |[[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
!rowspan=2 |267
|rowspan=2 |[[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadurg]]
|[[Kapu Ramachandra Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|79,171
|46.34
|D. R. Gunapati
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,695
|27.33
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|32,476
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Kapu Ramachandra Reddy from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
!rowspan=2 |272
|rowspan=2 |[[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban]]
|Bodimalla Gurunatha Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|65,719
|52.90
|M. Sreenivasulu
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,980
|32.98
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|24,739
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member Bodimalla Gurunatha Reddy from Indian National Congress as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
!rowspan=2 |286
|rowspan=2 |[[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]]
|[[Bhumana Karunakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|59,195
|43.29
|M. Venkararamana
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|41,220
|30.14
|style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}};Color:white;"|17,975
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 12 June 2012 following the resignation of the incumbent member [[Chiranjeevi|Konidela Chiranjeevi]] from Praja Rajyam Party, upon merger with the Indian National Congress as MLA.
|}

==Analysis==
''[[The Hindu]]'' read this as possibly predictive of the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]]. It also said that while the YSRCP was the favourite, there was a keen eye on who would finish second between the INC and the TDP.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article3531152.ece |title=By-election results today |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617035618/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article3531152.ece |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' headlined the result as the "fledgling YSR Congress party...has swept the by-elections in Andhra Pradesh, denting the last bastion of Congress in south." It also pointed out that the loss of Tirupati was significant as it was the home district of the INC Chief Minister N. Kiran Kumar Reddy and had previously been won by Chiranjeevi before his resignation to seek a ''Rajya Sabha'' seat.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|author=Mohammed Siddique |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-ap-by-polls-jagan-heads-towards-possible-win/20120615.htm |title=Jagan DECIMATES Congress, TDP in Andhra by-polls |work=Rediff.com |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> The ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]'' referred to the YSRCP's successful result as "riding on the sympathy wave in the wake of its leader Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy's arrest",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-15/news/32254724_1_assembly-seats-ysr-congress-party-mekapati-rajamohan-reddy |title=YSR Congress bags 8 assembly seats, leading in 7 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=15 June 2012}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' had a similar assessment.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ashok Das |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/YSR-Cong-headed-for-clean-sweep-in-Andhra-by-polls/Article1-872626.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618033055/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/YSR-Cong-headed-for-clean-sweep-in-Andhra-by-polls/Article1-872626.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2012 |title=AP: Cong on back foot as Jagan sweeps byelections |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}
[[Category:2012 elections in India]]
[[Category:By-elections in India]]
[[Category:Elections in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2010s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:March 2012 in India]]
[[Category:June 2012 in India]]

Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls' Public School

2026-02-15T16:09:27Z

QLXChristoper:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Short description|Girls-only school private boarding school in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox school
|name = Maharani Gayatri Devi Public School
|image = Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls High School Jaipur.jpg
|caption = The school building, {{Circa|1946|lk=on}}
|motto = Our utmost for the highest
|address = Sawai Ram Singh Road near Ajmeri Gate
|city = [[Jaipur]], 302001
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
|country = [[India]]
|established = 12 August 1943
|affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and Cambridge IGCSE
|website = {{URL|http://www.mgdschooljaipur.com/}}
}}

'''Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls' School''' or '''MGD''' is located in [[Jaipur]], [[India]] and was established by and named after Rajmata [[Gayatri Devi]] of Jaipur. It was the first all-girls school to be established in the state of [[Rajasthan]].

==History==
The school was founded on 12 August 1943. In the summer of 1940, the Maharaja of Jaipur Sawai Man Singh Bahadur brought home Princess Gayatri Devi, of Cooch Behar, as his bride. She was the daughter of the Maharaja and Maharani Indira Deviji, of [[Cooch Behar]]. Her concern for the education of the local court women led her and Bahadur to found the school. Bahadur ordered the Prime Minister Sir [[Mirza Ismail]], and the Education and Finance Minister, Rao Bahadur Amarnath Atal, to allot land and plan the school. It started with 24 girls and [[Lilian G. Lutter]] as Principal<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mgdschooljaipur.com/History.aspx |title=History of MGD Girls School Jaipur |access-date=12 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101229/http://www.mgdschooljaipur.com/History.aspx |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on the lines of the British public school pattern.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mgdgirlsguild.org/am.php#history |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802161725/http://www.mgdgirlsguild.org/am.php#history |archive-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

MGD was the first girls' public school to be accepted as a member of the Public School Council of India' Conference (IPSC). In 1950, MGD became a center for the Cambridge Examination for Jaipur. In 1962 the school shifted to the Indian School Certificate Board.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mgdgirlsguild.org/am.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802161725/http://www.mgdgirlsguild.org/am.php |archive-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The school follows the Central Board for Secondary Education [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] curriculum. The founder principal of the school was Ms. L.G. Lutter. The principal of the school is Mrs. Archana S. Mankotia. The school celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2003 with a ceremony for the founder Rajmata Gayatri Devi of Jaipur.,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031118211003/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/10/20/stories/2002102000230800.htm Royal vignettes: Jaipur: In touch with reality] [[The Hindu]], 20 October 2002</ref> [[Shiv Kumari of Kotah]] is vice president of the school.

==School campus==
The school is situated on the Sawai Man Singh Road, in the heart of the city and sprawls over {{convert|26|acre|m2}}. Today it has over 3000 students from all parts of India of which 400 are resident on campus, studying from Classes I to XII.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mgdschooljaipur.com/AboutProfile.aspx |title=Profile MGD Girls School Jaipur |access-date=12 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803034551/http://www.mgdschooljaipur.com/AboutProfile.aspx |archive-date=3 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The campus consists of buildings, gardens, lawns, sports fields, tennis courts, a stadium cum auditorium and a swimming pool. There are six boarding houses, each for age groups - Lillian Hurst, Ashiyana, Deepshikha, Maharani Indira Devi Bhawan, Rani Vidya Devi Bhawan, and the teacher's residence - Nivedita House.

==Boarding and hostel life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2019|small=yes}}
The students are divided in six hostels according to the house they are in.
*Standard 1 to 5 are housed in Lilian Hurst named after the founder principal, Ms. LG Lutter.
*Standard 6 and 7 are in Deepshikha hostel.
*Madame Curie house girls are in Ashiana hostel.
*Florence Nightingale house girls in Vidya Devi Bhawan hostel ground floor.
*Helen Keller house girls in Vidya Devi Bhawan hostel first floor.
*Sarojini Naidu house girls in Maharani Indira Devi Bhawan hostel.
*Separate building will be provided for residential teachers in Nivedita.

==Houses==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2019|small=yes}}
The students are divided into four houses named after notable women achievers:
[[Madame Curie]]: red,
[[Helen Keller]]: blue,
[[Florence Nightingale]]: green,
[[Sarojini Naidu]]: orange.

Inter-house competitions range from cultural, art and craft activities to music and dance as well as debates and quizzes. In sport, the students participate in inter-house and inter-school sports competitions and represent the city and state at national and international levels.

==Sports and extra-curricular activities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2019|small=yes}}
MGDians participate in inter-house sports championships such as athletics, basketball, volleyball, swimming, running, badminton, tennis, Hockey competition etc. The girls engage in 13 sports. A sports day with a marching parade and school band is organised annually. MGD hosts the annual IPSC Sports Meet and other inter-school sports competitions.

==Notable alumnae==
{{Refimprove section|date=June 2019}}
*[[Pamella Bordes]] – photographer and former Miss India<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890415-pamella-bordes-sexual-escapades-with-high-and-mighty-rock-british-establishment-815974-1989-04-15 | title =Pamella Bordes' sexual escapades with high and mighty rock British establishment | last =Salil Tripathi, Philippe Flandrin, Madhu Jain, Dipankar De Sarkar, Dilip Bobb, David Devadas, and Amrit Karkaria | date =15 April 1989 | publisher =India Today | access-date =2020-01-21 | quote =While the mother was consolidating her own career, Pamella was packed off to boarding schools - Lawrence School at Sanawar and, from 1974 to 1979, the exclusive Maharani Gayatri Devi School in Jaipur. | archive-date =10 June 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190610144631/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890415-pamella-bordes-sexual-escapades-with-high-and-mighty-rock-british-establishment-815974-1989-04-15 | url-status =live }}</ref>
*[[Sandhya Mridul]] – actress
*[[Sminu Jindal]] - entrepreneur<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ravi|first=S.|date=2017-03-08|title=Raising the bar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/raising-the-bar/article17426691.ece|access-date=2021-01-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121061129/https://www.thehindu.com/society/raising-the-bar/article17426691.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa)]] – former member of Lok Sabha<ref>{{cite web | url =http://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3900 | title =Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa) | date =2018 | website =myneta | publisher =Association for Democratic Reforms | access-date =2010-01-21 | archive-date =26 September 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200926020535/http://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3900 | url-status =live }}</ref>
*[[Meira Kumar]] – [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] and presidential candidate for the Union of India from Indian National Congress, 2017<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/presidential-election-2017-live-meira-kumar-to-file-nomination-will-address-media-at-12-30-pm-3749535.html | title=Presidential Election 2017 : Meira Kumar stresses on Opposition unity, press freedom | date=28 June 2017 | publisher=Firstpost | accessdate=8 October 2018 | archive-date=9 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092743/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/presidential-election-2017-live-meira-kumar-to-file-nomination-will-address-media-at-12-30-pm-3749535.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

*[[Apurvi Chandela]] – international shooter
*[[Diya Kumari]] – Member of erstwhile royal family of Jaipur and [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

{{Member Schools of Round Square}}
[[Category:Private schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Jaipur]]

Jennifer Mayani

2026-02-15T13:29:26Z

QLXChristoper: minor edit

{{Short description|Chilean actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jennifer Mayani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 29 August 1979
| birth_place = [[Punta Arenas]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jennifer Mayani: una magallánica que triunfa en Bollywood |url=http://www.elmagallanews.cl/noticia/sociedad/jennifer-mayani-una-magallanica-que-triunfa-en-bollywood |date=21 July 2011 |website=elmagallanews.cl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110161853/http://www.elmagallanews.cl/noticia/sociedad/jennifer-mayani-una-magallanica-que-triunfa-en-bollywood |archive-date=10 January 2017 }}</ref> Chile
| occupation = Actress, [[Model (person)|model]]<ref name=BBC/>
| known for =
| yearsactive = 2005–2010
}}

'''Jennifer Mayani''' is a Chilean model<ref name=BBC>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/05/good_boy_bad_boy_preview.shtml BBC - Shropshire - Bollywood - Good Boy Bad Boy]</ref> and actress who works primarily in [[Bollywood film|Bollywood]] movies. She made her career in 2005 with the Hindi film ''[[Dus]]''.<ref name=toi1>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/So-far-so-good-Jennifer/articleshow/3173000.cms So far so good: Jennifer - The Times of India]</ref> She is of [[Sindhis in India|Indian Sindhi]] origin.<ref>[http://mumbaiboss.com/2010/04/23/behind-the-scenes-apartment/ Behind the Scenes: 'Apartment']</ref>

== Filmography ==
*2005 ''[[Dus]]''<ref name=toi1/>
*2007 ''[[Good Boy, Bad Boy]]'' as Jenny<ref name=BBC/>
*2007 ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' as Supermarket Girl
*2007 ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''<ref name=toi1/>
*2007 ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron (2007 film)|Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron]]''
*2008 ''[[Bhram]]'' as Model 3
*2009 ''[[Victory (2009 film)|Victory]]''<ref name=toi1/>
*2010 ''[[Apartment (film)|Apartment]]'' as Item Girl
*2010 ''[[Golmaal 3]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayani, Jennifer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Chilean film actresses]]
[[Category:Chilean female models]]
[[Category:Models from Punta Arenas]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Chilean expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Chilean people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Chilean people of Sindhi descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Chilean actresses]]

Shiju Kataria

2026-02-11T07:23:28Z

QLXChristoper: put up info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiju Kataria
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 27 May
| birth_place = [[Fazilka]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress, Producer
| spouse = Jay Patel (m.2018-present)
| mother = Kavita Kataria
| father = Naresh Kataria
| years_active = 2002-present
| URL = {{URL|http://shijukataria.weebly.com}}
}}

'''Shiju Kataria''' (born 27 May) is an Indian television actress and producer known for portraying Smriti in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Behenein]]''. As of August 2021, she is portraying Sejal Anjaaria in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Balika Vadhu (season 2)|Balika Vadhu 2]]''.

==Early life and career==

Shiju Kataria was born on 27 May to Naresh Kataria and Kavita Kataria in [[Fazilka]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. She completed her schooling from Army Public School, [[Fazilka]]. She shifted to [[Chandigarh]] for higher studies. Shiju graduated from [[Punjab University (Chandigarh)]]. In 2002, she shifted to [[Mumbai]] to pursue her career in acting. She is best known for her role in [[StarPlus]]' serial [[Behenein]]. Her hard-work was recognized by Gulzar Sahib who chose her as a lead in two movies. She played lead role in the movie Teen Behne. She also starred in the movie Das Tola.

Shiju has starred in almost 70 serials. From 2014 to 2017, she appeared in Behenein on star plus, [[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)]], [[Santoshi Maa (TV series)]], [[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]], [[Savdhaan India]], Mohi- Ek Khwab Ke Khilne Ki Kahani, Angrezi mein kehte hain (ndtv imagine), crime patrol, cid, savdhaan india, kashmkash zindgi ki etc.

==Television==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Show
! Role
|-
|2003
|''Talaq Kyun''
|
|-
|2004
|''Nirmala''
|Krishna
|-
|2004
|''Shakti''
|
|-
|2004
|''Godaan''
|Rupa
|-
|2006 - 2018
|''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|
|-
|2006 - 2008
|''[[Kashmakash Zindagi Ki]]''
|Purva
|-
|2008 - 2009
|''Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain''
|Chaya Arora
|-
|2010 - 2011
|''[[Behenein]]''
|Smriti / Aastha
|-
|2012 - 2018
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|
|-
|2014 - 2017
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Shivani
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
|
|-
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|
|-
|2015 - 2017
|''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''
| Laxmi Mata
|-
|2021
|''[[Balika Vadhu (season 2)|Balika Vadhu 2]]''
|Sejal Anjaaria
|-
|}

==Films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Character
|-
|2010
|''Das Tola''
|Ajoy Verma
|Anju
|-
|2018
|''Ani Maane''
|Jay Gb Patel
|Ani Maane
|-
|2020
|''It's My Life''
|Anees Bazmee
|Chutki (Nana Patekar's Younger Daughter)
|-
|}

==References==

# [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bigg-Boss-winner-Ashutosh-Kaushik-and-Shiju-Kataria-to-feature-in-an-episode-of-Savdhaan-India-Mumbai-Fights-Back-series-anchored-by-Atul-Kulkarni-/articleshow/22252910.cms Bigg-Boss winner Ashutosh-Kaushik and Shiju-Kataria to feature in an episode of Savdhaan India Mumbai Fights]
#
# [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vineet-Raina-and-Shiju-Kataria-in-Fear-Files/articleshow/18989545.cms Vineet Raina and Shiju-Kataria in Fear Files]
#
# [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shiju-Kataria-bags-Savdhaan-India-and-Crime-Patrol/articleshow/21913143.cms Shiju Kataria bags Savdhaan India and Crime Patrol]
#
# [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/070617/tv-actress-shiju-kataria-becomes-a-film-producer-with-annie-maane.html Tv actress shiju kataria becomes a film producer with annie maane]
#
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20170730145223/http://www.in.com/shiju-kataria/profile-1947493.html Shiju Kataria profile]
#
# [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shiju-Kataria-bags-Savdhaan-India-and-Crime-Patrol/articleshow/21913143.cms Triple bonanza for Shiju Kataria]
#
# [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4119168/?ref_=nmbio_bio_nm Shiju Kataria IMDB Profile]
#
# [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shiju-Kataria-bags-Savdhaan-India-and-Crime-Patrol/articleshow/21913143.cms Triple bonanza for Shiju Kataria]
#
# [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kundan-Shah-back-with-Teen-Behenein/articleshow/10451171.cms Kundan Shah back with Teen Behenein]
#https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-sejal-aka-shiju-kataria-has-quit-colors-balika-vadhu-2-reason-inside-211124
#

==External links==
* {{Facebook |shijukatariaofficialpage}}
* {{IMDb name|4119168}}
*https://www.instagram.com/shijukataria/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kataria, Shiju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

House of Abhinandan Lodha

2026-02-07T01:06:35Z

QLXChristoper: starting post

{{short description|Indian real estate company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The House of Abhinandan Lodha (HoABL)
| logo = House of Abhinandan Lodha.svg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Land development
| foundation = 2020
| founder = Abhinandan Lodha
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = Abhinandan Lodha (Chairman)
| revenue =
| num_employees =
| parent = Abhinandan Ventures
| website =
}}

The '''House of Abhinandan Lodha''' (HoABL) is an Indian real estate company headquartered in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]].<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Anubhav |date=4 August 2024 |title=House of Abhinandan Lodha to invest nearly ₹1,800 crore in residential business expansion, says Chairman |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/house-of-abhinandan-lodha-to-invest-nearly-rs-1-800-crore-in-residential-business-expansion-says-chairman-11722762771214.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Mint}}</ref> Founded in 2020 by Abhinandan Lodha, the company develops residential plotted land projects. As of 2024, it reported operations across 16 locations in India, including [[Goa]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Punjab]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":022" />

== History ==
HoABL was founded in 2020 by Abhinandan Lodha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Riya |title=House of Abinandan Lodha looks to transform land buying, woo young India |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/brandsutra/house-of-abinandan-lodha-looks-to-transform-land-buying-woo-young-india |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Babar |first1=Kailash |last2=Somvanshi |first2=Kiran Kabtta |date=2015-07-20 |title=Mangal Prabhat Lodha's elder son to helm realty business in succession plan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mangal-prabhat-lodhas-elder-son-to-helm-realty-business-in-succession-plan/articleshow/48137763.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bundhun |first=Rebecca |date=2015-04-16 |title=Branded Homes Make Waves Among the Elite in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/greathomesanddestinations/branded-homes-make-waves-among-the-elite-in-india.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It initially focused on land developments in the [[Konkan]] region of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-12 |title=The high rise of Lodha |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/ideas/the-high-rise-of-abhisheck-lodha/100713 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-29 |title=Lodha Group buys MacDonald House for Rs. 3,120 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/lodha-group-buys-macdonald-house-for-rs-3120-crore/article5405495.ece |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BS-IMGC India conclave: Redefining role of financiers in housing ecosystem |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/bs-imgc-india-conclave-redefining-role-of-financiers-in-housing-ecosystem-124020701734_1.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Business-standard}}</ref> Between 2022 and 2023, the firm expanded its land holdings into [[Goa]] and [[North India]], acquiring 51 acres in [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2023 |title=House of Abhinandan Lodha invests ₹300 crore for a 25-acre land parcel in Ayodhya ahead of Ram Mandir inauguration |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/real-estate/house-of-abhinandan-lodha-invests-rs-300-crore-for-a-25-acre-land-parcel-in-ayodhya-ahead-of-ram-mandir-inauguration-101702444375860.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khatri |first=Bhumika |date=2020-03-12 |title=Lodha Ventures Backs Real Estate Startup MultiLiving |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/lodha-ventures-backs-rental-marketplace-multiliving-with-6-mn-funding/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> In January 2023, the company announced a capital expenditure plan of ₹11,000 crore to be deployed over a four-year period.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Babar |first=Kailash |date=2023-01-18 |title=Abhinandan Lodha Group to invest over Rs 11,000 crore to acquire, develop land parcels |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/abhinandan-lodha-group-to-invest-over-rs-11000-crore-to-acquire-develop-land-parcels/articleshow/97066177.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Realty firm House of Abhinandan Lodha plans ₹3,000 cr investment in UP |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/realty-firm-house-of-abhinandan-lodha-plans-rs-3-000-cr-investment-in-up-11674061331116.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Mint}}</ref>

By late 2024, the firm reported additional investments totaling ₹3,000 crore for land acquisitions in [[Amritsar]], [[Khopoli]] near Mumbai, [[Nagpur]], [[Shimla]], [[Varanasi]], and [[Vrindavan]],<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |last=Ramnani |first=Vandana |date=29 July 2024 |title=After Ayodhya, The House of Abhinandan Lodha plans to launch projects in Shimla, Amritsar and Vrindavan this year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/after-ayodhya-the-house-of-abhinandan-lodha-plans-to-launch-projects-in-shimla-amritsar-and-vrindavan-this-year-101722242418142.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In November 2024, HoABL acquired the [[American Center]] property at [[Marine Lines]], [[Mumbai]], for ₹56 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Babar |first=Kailash |date=2024-11-30 |title=House of Abhinandan Lodha buys American Center in South Mumbai's Marine Lines |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/house-of-abhinandan-lodha-buys-american-center-in-south-mumbais-marine-lines/articleshow/115818282.cms |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Operations and business model ==
The company develops and manages land projects in [[Maharashtra]] ([[Alibag|Alibaug]], [[Anjarle]], [[Dapoli]], [[Khopoli]], [[Nagpur]], and [[Neral, India|Neral]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[Ayodhya]] and [[Vrindavan]]), [[Goa]], [[Punjab]] ([[Amritsar]]), and [[Himachal Pradesh]] ([[Shimla]]).<ref name=":123">{{Cite web |last=Ramnani |first=Vandana |date=29 July 2024 |title=After Ayodhya, The House of Abhinandan Lodha plans to launch projects in Shimla, Amritsar and Vrindavan this year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/after-ayodhya-the-house-of-abhinandan-lodha-plans-to-launch-projects-in-shimla-amritsar-and-vrindavan-this-year-101722242418142.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> According to company reports, HoABL has a portfolio of over 1,000 acres of plotted developments, with 13 million square feet of land sold and an additional 34 million square feet in the development pipeline. The firm's business model utilizes a digital-only model, where all transactions are conducted through virtual platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=2025-05-13 |title=Abhinandan Lodha's firm rebrands to 'Abhinandan Ventures' after legal truce with brother Abhishek Lodha |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/abhinandan-lodhas-firm-rebrands-to-abhinandan-ventures-after-legal-truce-with-brother-abhishek-lodha/123089 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-29 |title=After Ayodhya, The House of Abhinandan Lodha plans to launch projects in Shimla, Amritsar and Vrindavan this year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/after-ayodhya-the-house-of-abhinandan-lodha-plans-to-launch-projects-in-shimla-amritsar-and-vrindavan-this-year-101722242418142.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410224709/https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/after-ayodhya-the-house-of-abhinandan-lodha-plans-to-launch-projects-in-shimla-amritsar-and-vrindavan-this-year-101722242418142.html |archive-date=2025-04-10 |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2024, property acquisitions in HoABL projects were made by [[Amitabh Bachchan]] at The Sarayu in [[Ayodhya]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=Bachchans ink 2nd land deal in Ayodhya, likely to build memorial for Harivansh Rai Bachchan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bachchans-ink-2nd-land-deal-in-ayodhya-likely-to-build-memorial-for-harivansh-rai-bachchan/articleshow/118850727.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>'' and [[Kriti Sanon]] at Sol de Alibaug.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Amitabh Bachchan, Kriti Sanon now buys a 2,000 sq ft property in Alibaug |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/after-amitabh-bachchan-kriti-sanon-now-buys-a-2-000-sq-ft-property-in-alibaug-101720699397498.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In 2025, the company entered the vertical housing segment through its Growth Housing initiative, beginning with a residential project in [[Naigaon]], [[Mumbai]], in partnership with Mittal Builders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Babar |first=Kailash |date=2025-07-10 |title=Mittal Builders, HoABL ink JV for 11-acre township in MMR, to invest Rs 2,000 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/mittal-builders-hoabl-ink-jv-for-11-acre-township-in-mmr-to-invest-rs-2000-cr/articleshow/122367638.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Partnership ==
In June 2023, HoABL partnered with [[IndiGo|Indigo Hospitality]] for a restaurant project in Alibaug.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The House of Abhinandan Lodha brings Indigo Hospitality to Alibaug |url=https://bwhotelier.com/article/the-house-of-abhinandan-lodha-brings-indigo-hospitality-to-alibaug--482528 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=BW Hotelier |language=en}}</ref> Later that year, it formed a joint venture with [[HDFC Bank|HDFC Capital Advisors]], investing ₹1,500 crore in plotted and low-rise developments across India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Babar |first=Kailash |date=2023-08-23 |title=HDFC Capital, Abhinandan Lodha Group ink JV to invest Rs 1,500 crore in low-rise projects |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/hdfc-capital-abhinandan-lodha-group-ink-jv-to-invest-rs-1500-crore-in-low-rise-projects/articleshow/102962745.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Additionally, it partnered with The [[The Leela|Leela Palaces Hotels & Resorts]] to develop a hotel in Ayodhya in their The Sarayu project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Leela Palaces Joins Hands With Abhinandan Lodha Group For Ayodhya's First Luxury Joint Venture - Details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/real-estate/leela-palaces-joins-hands-with-abhinandan-lodha-group-for-ayodhyas-first-luxury-joint-venture-details-article-106642138 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> In March 2025, HoABL launched the ''Land for Her'' campaign on [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=On Women's Day, The House of Abhinandan Lodha inspires women to invest in land |url=https://mediabrief.com/the-house-of-abhinandan-lodha-inspires-women-to-invest-in-land/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In August 2025, the company was recognized by [[Guinness World Records]] for the largest floral mosaic logo (100 square metres) in [[Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=Abhinandan Lodha-led HoABL sets Guinness World Record in Vrindavan with world's largest floral logo |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/abhinandan-lodha-led-hoabl-sets-guinness-world-record-in-vrindavan-with-worlds-largest-floral-logo/125596 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=HoABL sets Guinness World Record for largest floral mosaic logo in Vrindavan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/hoabl-sets-guinness-world-record-for-largest-floral-mosaic-logo-in-vrindavan-101754673955288.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://hoabl.com/}}

[[Category:Real estate companies of India]]
[[Category:Real estate companies based in Mumbai]]

Yashwant Sagar

2026-02-06T13:19:23Z

QLXChristoper: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Yashwant Sagar
| native_name =
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| image =
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| location = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| group =
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| type =
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| rivers = [[Gambhir river, Madhya Pradesh|Gambhir river]]
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| date-built = {{Start date|1939}}
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| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Yashwant Sagar
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Yashwant Sagar

| website =
| reference =
| embedded = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Yashwant Sagar
| designation1_date = 7 January 2022
| designation1_number = 2495<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Yashwant Sagar|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2495|access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Yashwant Sagar''' is a [[dam reservoir]] on [[Gambhir river, Madhya Pradesh|Gambhir river]], located around 26 kilometers west of [[Indore]] near [[Hatod]] village on Indore-Depalpur road in [[Indore district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It supplies water to [[Indore]]. It is spread over around 2,650 hectares.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE8AAAAIAAJ&dq=yashwant+sagar+surface+area&pg=PA228|title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Hoshangabad|first=Madhya Pradesh|last=(India)|date=9 April 2018|publisher=Government Central Press|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Yashvant_Sagar(Corporation)_Dam_D02953|title=Yashvant Sagar(Corporation) Dam D02953 -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|language=en}}</ref> It was built in 1939.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.industryabout.com/country-territories-3/870-india/hydro-energy/23198-yashwant-sagar-dam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409233737/https://www.industryabout.com/country-territories-3/870-india/hydro-energy/23198-yashwant-sagar-dam|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 April 2018|title=Yashwant Sagar Dam|website=www.industryabout.com}}</ref><ref name="ramsar">{{cite web |title=Yashwant Sagar |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2495 |access-date=12 July 2025 |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref>

It is one of the strongholds of the vulnerable [[Sarus crane]] in central India. It is also one of the 19 [[Important Bird Area]]s of Madhya Pradesh. Also it is one of the two IBAs in Indore region as well as one of the most important birding sites in Malwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://birdsofindore.wordpress.com/birding-spots-of-indore/|title=Birding Spots of Indore|date=20 February 2013|website=wordpress.com}}</ref> The reservoir has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2022.<ref name="RSIS"/>

==See also==
*[[Sirpur Lake]]
*[[Important Bird Area]]
*[[Sarus Crane]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Indore district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1939]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts

2026-01-26T23:19:48Z

QLXChristoper: Created Some Place Nd Citations - done

{{Short description|Erosion in India}}
{{Notability|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts''' focusses on [[River bank failure|river bank erosion]] along the main channel of the [[Ganges]] in [[Malda district|Malda]] and [[Murshidabad district|Mushidabad]] districts of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Overview==
The [[Ganges]] is a long river carrying a huge discharge of 70,000 m3/s. However, the river bank erosion problems are restricted to a few places. Floods and erosion pose a serious problem in the lower Ganges region, particularly in West Bengal. The Ganges enters West Bengal after wandering around the [[Rajmahal hills]] in [[Jharkhand]]. After flowing through Malda district, it enters Murshidabad district, where it splits into two river channels – the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] flows south through West Bengal and the [[Padma River|Padma]] flows east into [[Bangladesh]]. River bank erosion is a common problem in river channels in the deltaic tracts and is widespread throughout the course of the Ganges in West Bengal. Official reports show that on an average 8  km2 of land is engulfed annually by the river in West Bengal.<ref name="erosion3">{{cite journal| url = http://lrlr.landscapeonline.de/Articles/lrlr-2014-3/articlese6.html | title = River Bank Erosion Induced Human Displacement and Its Consequences - Impact of Ganges River Bank Erosion | author = Tuhin K. Das, Sushil K. Haldar, Ivy Das Gupta and Sayanti Sen | journal= Living Reviews in Landscape Research | access-date = 5 September 2017}}</ref>

The Ganges forms one of the major river systems in India. From the [[Gangotri Glacier]], it traverses a distance of 2,525 km to the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The river carries millions of tonnes of sediment load and deposits it in the plains. The sediment deposition creates many severe problems like the decrease of river depth.<ref name="erosion4">{{cite journal | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230660758 | title = River bank erosion hazard study of river Ganga, upstream of Farakka barrage using remote sensing and GIS| year = 2012| access-date = 5 September 2017 |doi=10.1007/s11069-011-9944-z| last1 = Thakur| first1 = Praveen K.| last2 = Laha| first2 = Chalantika| last3 = Aggarwal| first3 = S. P.| journal = Natural Hazards| volume = 61| issue = 3| pages = 967–987| bibcode = 2012NatHa..61..967T| s2cid = 129706805}}</ref>

The Ganges is a [[meandering river]] and [[Farakka Barrage]] has disrupted the dynamic equilibrium of the river and hindered the natural oscillation of the river within its meandering belt, which is about 10 km wide in Malda and Murshidabad districts.<ref name="erosion5">{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13-14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The river has a general tendency to shift towards the left bank upstream of the [[Farakka Barrage]] and towards the right bank downstream of it.<ref name="erosion3"/> River bank failure is because of certain factors like soil stratification of the river bank, presence of hard rocky area (Rajmahal), high load of sediment, difficulty of dredging and construction of Farakka Barrage as an obstruction to the natural river flow.<ref name="erosion4"/> The rivers in Murshidabad district have been continuously changing their meandering-geometry actively since second half of the twentieth century but the dimension of river bank erosion has been increased after construction of Farakka Barrage.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} More than 200 km2 of fertile land was completely wiped out till 2004 in Malda district. As of 2004, the Ganges had eroded 356 km2 of fertile land and displaced around 80,000 people in the period 1988 – 1994, in Murshidabad district.<ref name="erosion3"/>

==Malda district==
In the early decades of the twentieth century, the Ganges flowed in a south-easterly course between Rajmahal and Farakka, but later in the century it formed a large meander to accommodate the additional water because of the barrage construction. Furthermore, nearly 64 crore (640 million) tonnes of silt is accumulated annually on the river bed. All these lead to massive erosion of the left bank.<ref name="erosion5"/>

During the period 1969-1999, 4.5 lakh people were affected by left bank erosion of the Ganges in Malda district, upstream of the Farakka Barrage. 22 mouzas in [[Manickchak]], [[Kaliachak I (community development block)|Kaliachak I]] and [[Kaliachak II (community development block)|Kaliachak II]] CD Blocks have gone into the river. Other affected areas are in [[Kaliachak III (community development block)|Kaliachak III]], [[Ratua I (community development block)|Ratua I]] and [[Ratua II (community development block)|Ratua II]] CD Blocks. The worst-hit areas lie in the left bank of the river stretch between [[Bhutni, Malda|Bhutnidiara]] and [[Panchanandapur|Panchanandapore]] in the Kaliachak II block. Even in the 1960s, Panchanandapur was a flourishing river-port and trading centre. It had the block headquarters, high school, sugar mill and a regular weekly market where traders used to come by large boats from [[Rajmahal]], [[Sahebganj]], [[Dhuliyan]] and other towns. After being hit by river bank erosion much of what was there at Panchanandapur has shifted to Chethrumahajantola. The [[Ganga Bhangan Pratirodh Action Nagarik Committee|Ganga Bhangan Pratirodh Action Nagarik Committee’s]] survey revealed a loss of 750 km2 area in Kaliachak and Manikchak. 60 primary schools, 14 high schools, coveted mango orchards have gone leaving 40,000 affected families.<ref name="erosion5"/>

During the period 1990-2001 Hiranandapur, [[Manikchak, Malda|Manikchak]], Gopalpur of [[Manikchak]] CD Block and Kakribondha Jhaubona of [[Kaliachak II (community development block)|Kaliachak II]] CD Block were badly affected by river bank erosion. In 2004-05 large scale erosion took place in Kakribondha Jhaubona and Panchanandapur-I [[gram panchayat]]s of Kaliachak II CD Block and Dakshin Chandipur, Manikchak, and Dharampur gram panchayets of Manikchak CD Block. Kakribondha Jhaubona, a gram panchayat, was totally lost by river bank erosion. The affected persons and their administrative responsibilities were merged with [[Bangitola]] gram panchayet administration.<ref name="erosion4"/>

River bank failures occur in two phases. Pre-flood bank failure occurs because of the high pressure of increasing water on the bank walls. During floods the area is submerged and water seeps into the weak soil. After the floods, the banks collapse in chunks. Every monsoon a large number people are affected by river bank erosion. They become landless and lose their livelihood. It creates neo-refugees with many social problems. Sometimes, poverty leads to increase in crime.<ref name="erosion4"/> The consequences of floods are of the short range as economic recovery is possible, but effects of the slow and steady disaster of river bank erosion are of permanent nature, where the entire socio-economic structure is damaged and the affected population has to move and settle somewhere else. People seriously affected by river bank erosion in Malda have migrated in search of work to as far as Gujarat and Maharashtra. At [[Byculla]], Mumbai, there is a whole colony of erosion affected people of Malda, where they are often branded as Bangladeshi infiltrators, as they have lost not only their belongings but also their documents in the erosion. Such is the tragedy of these neo-refugees in their own country.<ref name="erosion5"/>

In the remote past, the Ganges used to flow past [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], 40 km downstream from Rajmahal. Over a long period, the river shifted westward and now it tends to come to its earlier position. Therefore, the whole belt up to Gauda is risk zone for river bank erosion.<ref name="erosion4"/>

A group of experts has suggested the pressure on the left bank be reduced by diverting flow from the eroding channel.<ref name="erosion4"/> Alternatively, it is possible that in one devastating flood the Ganges will merge with Kalindri in the eastern side and the combined flow will merge with [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]] at Nimasarai Ghat of Malda and afterwards the collective flow will merge with Ganges/ Padma in Godagari Ghat of Bangladesh. The Ganges has numerous abandoned channels in the area.<ref name="erosion5"/>

==Murshidabad district==
As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the Ganges alone in Murshidabad district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Types and Sources of Flood in Murshidabad, West Bengal |url=http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf |access-date=2022-03-02 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The main channel of the Ganges has a bankline of 94 km along its right bank from downstream of Farakka Barrage to Jalangi. Severe erosion occurs all along this bank. From a little above [[Nimtita]], about 20 km downstream from Farakka, the Ganges flows along the international boundary with Bangladesh in the left bank. The following blocks have to face the brunt of erosion year after year: [[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]], [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]], [[Suti I]], [[Suti II]], [[Raghunathganj II]], [[Lalgola (community development block)|Lalgola]], [[Bhagawangola I]], [[Bhagawangola II]], [[Raninagar I]], [[Raninagar II]] and [[Jalangi (community development block)|Jalangi]].<ref name="erosion5"/>

According to government reports between 1931 and 1977, 26769 hectares of lands have been eroded and many villages have been fully submerged. Thousands of people have lost their dwellings. Between 1988 and 1994, 206.60 square km. land was eroded displacing 14,236 families.<ref name=":0" />

During 1952-53 the old [[Dhuliyan]] town was completely washed away by the river. Dhuliyan and its adjoining areas were greatly affected in mid 1970s when about 50,000 people became homeless. The encroaching river wiped out 50 mouzas and engulfed about 10,000 hectares of fertile land.<ref name="erosion5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=River bank erosion and environmental neo-refugees: A case study of Murshidabad district in West Bengal, India {{!}} International Journal of Current Research |url=https://www.journalcra.com/article/river-bank-erosion-and-environmental-neo-refugees-case-study-murshidabad-district-west |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.journalcra.com}}</ref> In August 2020, this region again faced erosion which washed away dwelling places, temples, schools, litchi and mango orchards and agricultural lands along the right bank nearly after 50 years. It affected namely Dhanghora, [[Dhusaripara]] and Natun Shibpur villages of [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] block.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=[Photos] Erosion along Ganga's riverbanks in West Bengal finds new victims |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/11/photos-erosion-along-gangas-riverbanks-in-west-bengal-finds-new-victims/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshmi temple falls into the Ganga in Murshidabad's Samserganj |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lakshmi-temple-falls-into-the-ganga-in-murshidabads-samserganj/cid/1845374 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> In September-October 2022, Pratapganj and Maheshtola areas of Samserganj were the new victim of river bank erosion. Five houses, one temple and several bighas of land were washed away by the eroding river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganga destroys five homes at Pratapganj village in Murshidabad |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/ganga-destroys-at-least-five-homes-at-pratapganj-village-in-murshidabad/cid/1885049 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

According to the Report on Impact of the Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric: "People in Murshidabad had been experiencing erosion for the last two centuries but the ravages caused by the mighty Padma at Akheriganj in 1989 and 1990 surpassed all previous records. Akheriganj disappeared from the map destroying 2,766 houses, leaving 23,394 persons homeless many of whom migrated to the newly emerged Nirmal char along the opposite bank…. This area has lost its school, college, places of worship, panchayat office to the raging Padma…. Original Akheriganj of nearly 20,000 inhabitants has gone into the river around 1994."<ref name="erosion5"/>

"[[Jalangi (community development block)|Jalangi]] situated 50 km east of Baharampur district headquarter has suffered tremendously in 1994-95. At Jalangi Bazaar severe erosion started in September 1995 engulfing nearly 400 metre width of land within a week and then high built up homestead land thereby destroying Jalangi High School, Gram Panchayat Office, Thana and innumerable buildings rendering nearly 12000 people homeless."<ref name="erosion5"/>

"As per official estimate, till 1992-94 more than 10,000 hectares of chars (flood plain sediment island) have developed in main places, which have become inaccessible from the Indian side but can be reached easily from Bangladesh. The erosion wiped away boundary posts at many places creating border dispute. In Parliament when this issue was raised the House was assured that the boundary was fixed on the map even though the river has shifted".<ref name="erosion5"/>

"One typical example is that of Nirmal char built by eroding Akheriganj. Here a population of 20,000 lives in an area of 50 sq.km. From here [[Rajshahi]] city of Bangladesh can be reached within 45 minutes on road whereas to come to the mainland of India one has to cross the mighty Padma which will take more than three hours. Moreover, the basic infrastructure provided here is too poor and the people’s plight is further heightened by negligence of the mainland administration. Since there is no primary health centre, people go to Rajshahi for treatment. The concept of international border is very much flexible here due to basic problems of living. Instances of fighting for harvesting with Bangladeshi cultivators have been reported again and again apart from the usual problem of allotting created land to the rightful owners. Once again, the question of Bangladeshi infiltrators, the recent fiasco over ISI agents have increased in this district due to these char areas."<ref name="erosion5"/>

"Downstream of Jangipur Barrage the river Ganga/Padma is swinging away close to river Bhagirathi at Fazilpur leaving only 1.34 km. in width. In 1996, this distance was 2.86 km. If Ganga/Padma actually merges with Bhagirathi due to the natural tendency, it will lead to flood and catastrophe in the entire Bhagirathi basin. Bhagirathi water remains at a higher elevation than the river Ganga/Padma during lean season and if they merge the water of the feeder canal will flow through Padma to Bangladesh defeating the very purpose of the Farakka Project."<ref name="erosion5"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

[[Category:Erosion]]
[[Category:Ganges]]
[[Category:Malda district]]
[[Category:Murshidabad district]]

Tanda thermal power plant

2026-01-04T18:36:15Z

QLXChristoper: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[NTPC Limited#Tanda thermal power plant]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to anchor}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ambedkar Nagar district]]

Khangar (community)

2026-01-04T00:29:12Z

QLXChristoper: enhance layout for consistency and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Indian Rajput community}}
{{for|the volcano in Russia|Khangar}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{disputed|date=October 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{noinline|date=October 2023}}
}}

The '''Khangar''' community are an Indian community. They are referred to by many other names, such as Khangaar, Khungar, Khengar, Khagar, Khangdhar and Rao Khangad.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's communities (People of India: National Series) |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |authorlink=Kumar Suresh Singh |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780195633542 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ&pg=1684 |pages=1684–1686}}</ref>

==Classification==
The Khangar caste is included in the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] category in [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheduled Castes in Rajasthan |url=https://sje.rajasthan.gov.in/Default.aspx?PageID=65 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=sje.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> and the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] category in [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=95 फीसदी खंगार समाज के लोग गरीबी रेखा से नीचे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/banda/95-percent-of-the-people-of-khangar-society-are-below-poverty-line-banda-news-knp648012655 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|journal=Research Journal of Arts, Management & Social Sciences |issn=0975-4083 |volume=VIII |issue=1 |date=March 2013 |title=Popular Legends of Bundelkhand |first=Hareshwar |last=Roy |url=https://www.englitmail.com/2020/05/popular-legends-of-bundelkhand.html |pages=242–247}}

[[Category:Denotified tribes of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]

Sai Paranjpye

2025-12-31T07:44:38Z

QLXChristoper: put up new entry

{{Short description|Indian film director (born 1938)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sai Paranjpye
| image = Sai Paranjpye in 2011.jpg
| caption = Paranjpye in 2011
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1938|03|19}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive =
| occupation = director, screenwriter
| mother = [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]]
| relatives = [[R. P. Paranjpye]] (grandfather)
| spouse = {{marriage|Arun Joglekar||reason=divorced}}
| children = 2
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2006)
}}
'''Sai Paranjpye''' (born 19 March 1938) is an Indian film director and screenwriter. She is the director of the award-winning movies ''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]'', ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'', ''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chasme Buddoor]]'' and ''[[Disha (film)|Disha]]''. She has written and directed many Marathi plays such as ''Jaswandi'', ''Sakkhe Shejari'', and ''Albel''.

She has won four [[National Film Awards]] and two [[Filmfare awards]]. The [[Government of India]] awarded Paranjpye the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2006 in recognition of her artistic talents.<ref name=Padma>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php Padma Bhushan Awardees] Ms. Sai Paranjpye, Arts, Maharashtra, 2006.</ref>

==Early years==
Sai Paranjpye was born on 19 March 1938 in Lucknow to [[Russian people|Russian]] Youra Sleptzoff and [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]].<ref name=ASHA>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asha-foundation.org/women/women/sai_paranjpe.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217041336/http://www.asha-foundation.org/women/women/sai_paranjpe.php|url-status=dead|title=Sai Paranjpye at ASHA|archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> Sleptzoff was a Russian watercolor artist and a son of a Russian general. Shakuntala was an actor in Marathi and Hindi films in the 1930s and 1940s, including [[V. Shantaram]]'s Hindi social classic, ''[[Duniya Na Mane]]'' (1937). Later she became a writer and a social worker, was nominated to [[Rajya Sabha]], Upper House of [[Indian Parliament]] and was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2006.<ref>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Davis/Names/Paranjpye_Shakuntala.html Shakuntala Profile] History, names Paranjpye.</ref>

Sai's parents divorced shortly after her birth. Her mother raised Sai in the household of her own father, Sir [[R. P. Paranjpye]], who was a renowned mathematician and educationist and who served from 1944 to 1947 as India's [[High Commissioner]] in [[Australia]]. Sai thus grew up and received education in many cities in India, including [[Pune]], and for a few years in [[Canberra]], Australia.<ref>[http://www.booksandcollectibles.com.au/book.php3?book_id=219880988& Three Years In Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012029/http://www.booksandcollectibles.com.au/book.php3?book_id=219880988& |date=9 February 2012 }} Item: 13460, booksandcollectibles.</ref><ref name="IndianExpress-Das-Writer-2019">{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Arti|date=2019-03-23|title=I am a first-class writer and a second-class director: Sai Paranjpye|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-am-a-first-class-writer-and-a-second-class-director-sai-paranjpye/article26606850.ece|access-date=2021-03-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As a child, she used to walk up to the home of her uncle Achyut Ranade, a noted filmmaker of the '40s and '50s, on Fergusson Hill in Pune, who would tell stories as if he were narrating a screenplay.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080802155958/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/07/14/stories/2008071450150100.htm Cinema with sense], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 14 July 2008.</ref> Sai took to writing early in her life: Her first book of fairy tales – ''Mulānchā Mewā'' (in Marathi), was published when she was eight.<ref name=Pune/><ref>{{cite book |title=The cinemas of India|last=Thoraval |first=Yves|year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=0-333-93410-5|pages=203–204 }}</ref><ref name=indo>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=131515 Miss Chamko goes Chaka Chak]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''[[Indian Express]]'', 30 May 2005.</ref>

Paranjpye graduated from the [[National School of Drama]] (NSD), [[New Delhi]] in 1963.<ref>[http://www.nsd.gov.in/Annual_Report_2005-06.pdf NSD Alumni] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718213711/http://www.nsd.gov.in/Annual_Report_2005-06.pdf |date=18 July 2011 }} [[National School of Drama]] (NSD) Annual Report 2005-2006.</ref>

==Career==
Paranjpye started her career in [[All India Radio]] ([[All India Radio|AIR]]) in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] as an announcer and soon got involved with AIR's Children's Program.

Over the years, Paranjpye has written and directed plays in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], and [[English language|English]] for adults and children. She has written and directed six feature films, two children's films, and five documentaries. She has written many books for children, and six of them have won national or state level awards.

Paranjpye worked for many years as a director or a producer with [[Doordarshan]] Television in [[Delhi]]. Her first made-for-TV movie – ''The Little Tea Shop'' (1972), won the Asian Broadcasting Union Award at [[Teheran]],<ref name=WB>[http://info.worldbank.org/etools/library/latestversion.asp?241504 Sai Paranjpye, Indian Filmmaker]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} library, [[World Bank]].</ref> [[Iran]]. Later that year, she was selected to produce the inaugural program of [[Bombay]] (Mumbai) [[Doordarshan]].

In the 1970s, Paranjpye twice served as the Chairperson of [[Children's Film Society of India]] (CFSI), which is a government of India organization with the objective of promoting and ensuring value-based entertainment for children.<ref name=CMS>[http://www.cmsvatavaran.org/vatavaran2003/the_festival/nr/7.htm Director’s Profile] cmsvatavaran.</ref> She made four children's films for CFSI, including the award-winning ''Jādoo Kā Shankh'' (1974) and ''Sikandar'' (1976).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110519215153/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/266545/Sai-Paranjpye/biography Biography] movies [[New York Times]].</ref>

Paranjpye's first feature film ''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]'' (The Touch), was released in 1980. It won five film awards, including the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]. ''Sparsh'' was followed by the comedies ''Chashme Buddoor'' (1981) and ''Kathā'' (1982). ''Kathā'' was a musical satire based on the folk tale of the [[The Tortoise and the Hare|hare and the tortoise]].<ref name=WF>[http://www.1worldfilms.com/India/kathathetale.htm Katha Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220203912/http://1worldfilms.com/India/kathathetale.htm |date=20 February 2023 }} World Festival of Foreign Films.</ref>
She next made the TV serials ''Ados Pados'' (1984) and ''Chhote Bade'' (1985). Paranjpye worked as director, writer and narrator for the Marathi drama ''Maza khel mandu de''. It was played on 27 September 1986 at Gadkari Rangayatan, Thane.<ref>{{cite book |last=Paranjpye |first=Sai |title=Maza Khel mandu de}}</ref>

Paranjpye's subsequent movies include ''Angoothā Chhāp'' (1988) about the National Literacy Mission; ''[[Disha]]'' (1990) about the plight of immigrant workers; ''[[Papeeha]]'' (Forest Love Bird) (1993); [[Saaz (film)|Saaz]] (1997) (possibly inspired by the lives of Indian playback singing sisters, [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]]);<ref>[http://im.rediff.com/entertai/may/15saaz.htm Sai Paranjpye's latest film, Saaz] [[Rediff.com]], 14 May 1997.</ref> and ''Chakā Chak'' (2005), which was aimed at creating public awareness about environmental issues.<ref name=Pune>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=132817 NIGHT OUT with Sai Paranjpye] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321024445/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=132817 |date=21 March 2006 }} [[Indian Express]], Pune Newsline, Tuesday, 7 June 2005.</ref>

She also made the serials ''Hum Panchi Ek Chawl Ke'', ''Partyana'' and ''Behnaa''. [[Sridhar Rangayan]] assisted her in the film ''Papeeha'' and in the serials ''Hum Panchi Ek Chawl Ke'' and ''Partyana''.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Paranjpye has also written and staged plays like ''Maza Khel Mandu De'', ''Jaswandi'' and ''Sakhe Shejari''.<ref name="Scroll-Ramnath-Grin-2020" />

Paranjpye directed several documentary movies, including ''Helping Hand'' (London), ''Talking Books'', ''Capt. Laxmi'', ''Warna Orchestra'', and ''[[Pankaj Mullick]]''. Her 1993 documentary ''Choodiyan'', on the anti-liquor agitation in a small Maharashtra village for the Films Division, received the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues]].<ref name=WB/>

In 2001, Paranjpye made the movie for children, ''Bhago Bhoot''. At the first Indian International Women's Film Festival, held in [[Goa]] in 2005, a review of her movies was held, and it featured her best movies.<ref>[http://lists.whatwg.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2005-December/036992.html New Feature Film "Xapai" to be directed by Sai Paranjpye] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012201843/http://lists.whatwg.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2005-December/036992.html |date=12 October 2017 }} Goanet, 18 December 2005.</ref> She headed the jury in the feature film category of the 55th [[National Film Awards]] for 2007.<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/news/269524_National-awards--free-from-lobbying---Paranjpye National awards "free from lobbying": Paranjpye] [[Press Trust of India]], 2009.</ref>

In July 2009, Paranjpye's documentary film ''[[Suee]]'' was released, emerging from the South Asia Region Development Marketplace (SAR DM), an initiative spearheaded by the [[World Bank]].<ref name=WB/> ''Suee'' explores a number of areas in the lives of [[injecting drug users]] including treatment, care, peer and community support, rehabilitation and the workplace, and was produced in partnership with the [[Mumbai]]-based [[NGO]] Sankalp Rehabilitation Trust. The 29 minute film was aired on Doordarshan on [[World AIDS Day]], 1 December 2009.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130416011204/http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2009/20090810_ICAAP_WB_IDU_film_GVA.asp Injecting drug users take central role in anti-stigma film] Accessed 22 January 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.3dsyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNMUM139008 |title=NCB drive against drug abuse gets rolling – DNA – English News & Features – Mumbai |publisher=3dsyndication.com |date=2009-06-29 |access-date=2011-10-16 |archive-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004102149/http://www.3dsyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNMUM139008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016, she released her autobiography, ''Saya: Majha Kalapravas'', written in Marathi. It was a bestseller that had reached its fifth edition in 2020. She then released ''A Patchwork Quilt – A Collage of My Creative Life'', the English version of her autobiography, in 2020, with some chapters rewritten.<ref name="Scroll-Ramnath-Grin-2020">{{Cite web|date=28 November 2020|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=Sai Paranjpye interview: 'I guess I was born with a grin'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/979306/sai-paranjpye-interview-i-guess-i-was-born-with-a-grin|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sai was married to theater artist Arun Joglekar; they had a son, Gautam, and a daughter, Winnie. Sai and Arun separated after two years.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15374687.cms Sai speak!] ''The Times of India'', 8 July 2002.</ref> They remained friends until Arun's death in 1992. After their separation, Arun acted in Sai's ''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]'' (1980) and ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'' (1983).<ref>{{IMDb name|id=0423659|name=Arun Joglekar}}</ref> Their son, [[Gautam Joglekar]] is a director of Marathi films (Pak Pak Pakaak, Jai Jai Maharashtra Maaza) and a professional cameraman, and their daughter Winnie Paranjpe Joglekar is an educationist and homemaker. Winnie acted in many of Sai's movies, dramas and TV serials in the 1980s.<ref>{{IMDb name|id=2243051|name=Vinni Paranjpye Joglekar}}</ref> Winnie and her husband, Abhay, now deceased, have two children; Abeer and Anshunee. Gautam starred as the male lead in [[Nana Patekar]]'s directorial venture ''[[Prahaar: The Final Attack|Prahaar]]'' with [[Madhuri Dixit]] playing the female lead.

==Accolades==
; Civilian Award
* '''[[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)|2006]]''' – [[Padma Bhushan]] – India's third highest civilian honour from the [[Government of India]]

;Film Awards
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Film
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
!rowspan="2"|[[27th National Film Awards|1980]]
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1979|title=National Film Awards (1979)|website=gomolo.com|access-date=8 March 2014|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145408/http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1979|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|{{won}}
|-
![[30th National Film Awards|1983]]
|''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]''
|{{won}}
|-
![[40th National Film Awards|1992]]
|''Choodiyan''
|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|Best Film on Social Issues]]
|{{won}}
|-
![[29th Filmfare Awards|1982]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427044500/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33839242 "Best Dialogue Writer (Technical Awards)"] lists winners of this award from 1958 through 1999, [[Indiatimes]]</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|[[32nd Filmfare Awards|1985]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|{{won}}
|-
![[37th Filmfare Awards|1992]]
|''[[Disha (film)|Disha]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|{{nom}}
|}

;Other Awards
* 2017: Maharashtra Foundation Literature and Social Work Award
* 2019: Fergusson Gaurav Puraskar: Outstanding Alumnus Award from her [[Alma Mater]], [[Fergusson College]]
* 2025: Padmapani Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padmpani Lifetime Achievement Award 2025-26 – AIFF |url=https://aifilmfest.in/padmpani-lifetime-achievement-award-2025-26/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403074956/https://aifilmfest.in/padmpani-lifetime-achievement-award-2025-26/ |archive-date=3 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2025 |title=Sai Paranjpye to be honoured with Padmapani Lifetime Achievement Award at Ajanta-Ellora Film Festival |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/veteran-director-writer-sai-paranjpye-will-receive-the-padmapani-lifetime-achievement-award-at-the-ajanta-ellora-international-film-festival-aiff-2025/cid/2074666 |access-date= |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Nana Phadnavis'', India Book House Education Trust; Echo ed edition, 1971.
* ''Rigmarole And Other Plays'', Penguin Books India (Puffin). 2008. {{ISBN|0-14-333066-7}}.

==Filmography==
*''[[Jadu Ka Shankh]]'' (1974)
*''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]'' (1980)
*''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chasme Buddoor]]'' (1981)
*''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'' (1983)
*''Ados Pados'' (TV 1984)
*''Chote Bade'' (TV 1985)
*''Angootha Chhaap'' (1988)
*''[[Disha (film)|Disha]]'' (1990)
*''[[Papeeha]]'' 1993)
*''Chooriyan'' (1993)
*''[[Saaz (film)|Saaz]]'' (1997)
*''Bhago Bhoot'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cm2kfOSp1m4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Cm2kfOSp1m4| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Bhago Bhoot Full Movie|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Suee]]'' (2009)

==Further reading==
* ''Profiles in Creativity''; Upadhyay, Madhusoodhan Narasimhacharya, Namaste Exports Ltd., 1991 Part II, 53. {{ISBN|81-900349-0-1}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/(docid)/F484E797FE00421A652570DD003A33D6?OpenDocument&StartKey=Profiles&count=50 |title=Profiles in creativity |access-date=2011-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814032233/http://cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/%28docid%29/F484E797FE00421A652570DD003A33D6?OpenDocument&StartKey=Profiles&count=50 |archive-date=14 August 2011 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDirector}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDialogue}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranjpye, Sai}}
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women television directors]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Indian people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Women documentary filmmakers]]

2014 elections in India

2025-12-30T22:46:26Z

QLXChristoper: further added section per standard format additionally and updated info after review

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2013 elections in India
| previous_year = 2013
| election_date = 2014
| next_election = 2015 elections in India
| next_year = 2015
}}
{{Politics of India}}

The elections in India in 2014 include the [[2014 Indian general election|Indian general election of 2014]] and eight [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assembly elections]]. The tenure of the state legislative assemblies of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]], [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]], [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] and [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]] are due to expire during the year.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/terms_of_houses.aspx|title= Terms of Houses, Election Commission of India|access-date= 2014-03-05}}</ref>

==General election==
{{main|2014 Indian general election}}
The voting for the [[General elections in India|general elections]] started from 7 April 2014, and the results were announced on 16 May 2014. According to the [[Election Commission of India]], the electoral strength in 2014 was 81.45 [[crore]]s, the largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of Registered Voters in India reaches 814.5 Mn in 2014 |url= http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/number-of-registered-voters-in-india-reaches-814-5-mn-in-2014/ |work=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |access-date= 2014-03-05}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date*
!Election
!colspan="2"|Government before
!Prime Minister before election
!colspan="2"|Government after
!Elected Prime Minister
|-
|7 April 2014 – 12 May 2014
|[[2014 Indian general election|Lok Sabha]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Progressive Alliance}}
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|}
== Parliamentary By-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="3"|13 September 2014
|[[Vadodara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vadodara]]
| [[Narendra Modi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Ranjanben Dhananjay Bhatt|Ranjanben Bhatt]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]]
| [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
!3
|[[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]]
|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|[[Tej Pratap Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!4
|rowspan="2"|15 October 2014
|[[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]]
|[[Gopinath Munde]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Pritam Munde]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!5
|[[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
|[[Hemendra Chandra Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[Pratyusha Rajeshwari Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date(s)
!State
!colspan="2"|Government before
!Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
!Elected Chief Minister
!Maps
|-
|19 April 2014
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nabam Tuki]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nabam Tuki]]
|[[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]]
|-
|10 April – 17 April 2014
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[File:IN-OD.svg|50px]]
|-
|12 April 2014
|[[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|[[File:IN-SK.svg|50px]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |30 April-7 May 2014
| rowspan="2" |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| rowspan="2" | [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-AP.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Telangana]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|''Part of United Andhra Pradesh'']]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|[[File:IN-TG.svg|50px]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |15 October 2014
| rowspan="2" |[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-MH.svg|50px]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
|[[File:IN-HR.svg|50px]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |20 November – 20 December 2014
| rowspan="2" |[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Omar Abdullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-JK (1954-2019).svg|50px]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|Jharkhand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Hemant Soren]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghubar Das]]
| rowspan="2"|[[File:IN-JH.svg|50px]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|}

== Assembly By-elections ==

===[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|13 September 2014
|[[Nandigama (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Nandigama]]
|[[Thangirala Prabhakara Rao]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[Tangirala Sowmya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
!2
|8 November 2014
|[[Allagadda (Assembly constituency)|Allagadda]]
|[[Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[Akhila Priya Reddy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|}

===[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|15 October 2014
|[[Kanubari Assembly constituency|Kanubari]]
|[[Newlai Tingkhatra]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Gabriel Denwang Wangsu]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

===[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="3"|13 September 2014
|[[Silchar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silchar]]
|[[Sushmita Dev]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Dilip Kumar Paul]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Lakhipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lakhipur]]
|[[Dinesh Prasad Goala]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Rajdeep Goala]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!3
|[[Jamunamukh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamunamukh]]
|[[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[All India United Democratic Front]]
|[[Abdur Rahim Ajmal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[All India United Democratic Front]]
|}

===[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="10"|21 August 2014
|[[Bhagalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
|[[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="6"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Ajeet Sharma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[Jale (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jale]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Mishra]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Rishi Mishra]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
!3
|[[Mohiuddinnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mohiuddinnagar]]
|[[Rana Gangeshwar Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Ajay Kumar Bulganin]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|rowspan="2"|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
!4
|[[Chapra, Saran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra]]
|[[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Randhir Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|-
!5
|[[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]]
|[[Nityanand Roy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Awadhesh Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="4"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!6
|[[Narkatiaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narkatiaganj]]
|[[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Rashmi Verma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
!7
|[[Mohania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mohania]]
|[[Chhedi Paswan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[Niranjan Ram]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
!8
|[[Banka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banka]]
|[[Javed Iqbal Ansari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|rowspan="3"|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|[[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
!9
|[[Parbatta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parbatta]]
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
!10
|[[Rajnagar, Madhubani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajnagar]]
|[[Ram Lakhan Ram Raman]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rama Watar Paswan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|}

===[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|13 September 2014
|[[Antagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Antagarh]]
|[[Vikram Usendi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Bhoj Raj Nag]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="9" |13 September 2014
| [[Deesa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deesa]]
| [[Liladhar Vaghela]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="10" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Govabhai Hamirabhai Rabari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
| [[Khambhaliya]]
| [[Poonamben Maadam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Ahir Meraman Markhi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!3
| [[Mangrol, Junagadh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangrol (Junagadh)]]
| [[Rajesh Chudasama]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Vaja Babubhai Kalabhai]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!4
|[[Maninagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maninagar]]
| [[Narendra Modi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Sureshbhai Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!5
| [[Tankara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tankara]]
| [[Mohanbhai Kundariya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bavanjibhai Hansrajbhai Metaliya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
!6
|[[Talaja (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Talaja]]
| [[Bharti Shiyal|Bharatiben Shyal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Gohil Shivabhai Jerambhai]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
!7
| [[Anand (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anand]]
| [[Dilip Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Rohit Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
!8
| [[Matar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Matar]]
| [[Devusinh Chauhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Kesarisinh Solanki]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
!9
| [[Limkheda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Limkheda]]
| [[Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor|Jaswantsinh Bhabhor]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bhuriya Vichhiyabhai Jokhnabhai]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
!10
| 15 October 2014
| [[Rajkot West]]
| [[Vajubhai Vala]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Vijay Rupani]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|

|}

===[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]===
{{trim|{{#section-h:Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Assembly By-election 2014}}}}

===[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="3"| 21 August 2014
|[[Chikkodi-Sadalga (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi-Sadalga]]
|[[Prakash Babanna Hukkeri]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Ganesh Prakash Hukkeri]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[Bellary Rural Assembly constituency|Bellary Rural]]
|[[B. Sriramulu]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Green}}" |
| [[Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress]]
|[[NY Gopalkrishna]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
!3
|[[Shikaripura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shikaripura]]
|[[B. S. Yeddyurappa]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Karnataka Janata Paksha}}" |
|[[Karnataka Janata Paksha]]
|[[B. Y. Raghavendra]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

|}

===[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 24 April 2014
| [[Vidisha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Kalyan Singh Thakur]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|rowspan="3"| 21 August 2014
|[[Bahoriband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahoriband]]
|[[Prabhat Pandey]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| Saurabh Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!3
|[[Agar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agar]]
|[[Manohar Untwal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Gopal Parmar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!4
|[[Vijayraghavgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vijayraghavgarh]]
|[[Sanjay Pathak]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Sanjay Pathak]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

===[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|17 October 2014
|[[Hiyanglam]]
|[[Maibam Kunjo]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Elangbam Dwijamani]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|}

===[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|15 October 2014
|[[Northern Angami-II (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Northern Angami-II]]
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|[[Dr. Neiphrezo Keditsu]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|[[Naga People's Front]]

|}

===[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="2"|21 August 2014
|[[Patiala Urban (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patiala Urban]]
| [[Amarinder Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Preneet Kaur]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
| [[Talwandi Sabo Assembly Constituency|Talwandi Sabo]]
| Jeetmohinder Singh Sidhu
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| Jeetmohinder Singh Sidhu
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]

|}

=== [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="4"|13 September 2014
| [[Nasirabad Assembly constituency|Nasirabad]]
| [[Sanwar Lal Jat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="4"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Ramnaryan
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
| [[Surajgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Surajgarh]]
| [[Santosh Ahlawat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Sharwan Kumar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!3
| [[Weir Assembly constituency|Weir]]
| [[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bhajan Lal Jatav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!4
| [[Kota South Assembly constituency|Kota South]]
| [[Om Birla]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| Sandeep Sharma
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

|}

=== [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|13 September 2014
|[[Rangang-Yangang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangang-Yangang]]
| [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|
| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| [[Rup Narayan Chamling]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]

|}

=== [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|13 September 2014
| [[Manu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manu]]
| [[Jitendra Choudhury]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Prabhat Chowdhury]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="11"|13 September 2014
|[[Saharanpur Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Saharanpur Nagar]]
|[[Raghav Lakhanpal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="10"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Rajiv Gumber]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
| [[Noida (Assembly constituency)|Noida]]
| [[Mahesh Sharma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Vimla Batham]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
!3
| [[Lucknow East (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow East]]
| [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Ashutosh Tandon]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
!4
| [[Bijnor (Assembly constituency)|Bijnor]]
| [[Kunwar Bhartendra Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Ruchi Veera]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="9"| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!5
| [[Thakurdwara (Assembly constituency)|Thakurdwara]]
| [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Nawab Jan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
!6
| [[Nighasan (Assembly constituency)|Nighasan]]
| [[Ajay Kumar Mishra]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Krishna Gopal Patel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
!7
| [[Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Hamirpur]]
| [[Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Shiv Charan Prajapati]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
!8
| [[Charkhari (Assembly constituency)|Charkhari]]
| [[Uma Bharti]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Kaptan Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
!9
| [[Sirathu (Assembly constituency)|Sirathu]]
| [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Wachaspati]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
!10
| [[Balha (Assembly constituency)|Balha]]
| [[Savitri Bai Phule]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Banshidhar Baudh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
!11
| [[Rohaniya (Assembly constituency)|Rohaniya]]
| [[Anupriya Singh Patel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Apna Dal}}" |
| [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
| [[Mahendra Singh Patel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
!12
| 15 October 2014
| [[Kairana (Assembly constituency)|Kairana]]
| [[Hukum Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Nahid Hasan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |

|}

=== [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="3"| 21 July 2014
| [[Doiwala (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Doiwala]]
| [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Hira Singh Bisht]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
| [[Someshwar Assembly Constituency, Uttarakhand|Someshwar]]
| [[Ajay Tamta]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Rekha Arya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
!3
| [[Dharchula (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharchula]]
| [[Harish Singh Dhami]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Harish Rawat]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |

|}

===[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="1"| 17 April 2014
| [[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Maynaguri]]
| [[Ananta Deb Adhikari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]]
| [[Ananta Deb Adhikari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!2
| rowspan="2"| 13 September 2014
| [[Basirhat Dakshin]]
| [[Narayan Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Samik Bhattacharya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
| [[Chowrangee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowrangee]]
| [[Sikha Mitra]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| [[Nayna Bandopadhyay]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|}

==See also==
*[[V. S. Sampath]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2014 elections in India]]
[[Category:2014 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2014 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 1

2025-12-25T06:45:25Z

QLXChristoper:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = Bigg Boss Telugu Season 1 Logo.png
| image_alt =
| bgcolor = #800000
| caption = Season 1 Logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr. NTR]]
| num_days = 70
| num_housemates = 16
| winner = [[Siva Balaji]]
| runner_up = [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]
}}
| num_episodes = 71
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|07|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|09|24|df=y}}
| episode_list =
}}
'''''Bigg Boss 1''''' is the first season of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language version of the Indian reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss]].'' was premiered on 16 July 2017 on [[Star Maa]]. [[Jr NTR]] hosted the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/junior-ntrs-bigg-boss-is-the-most-expensive-telugu-show-details-here-1720627 |title=Junior NTR's Bigg Boss Is The 'Most Expensive' Telugu Show. Details Here |publisher=Ndtv.com |accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bigg-boss-telugu-marking-the-tv-debut-of-junior-ntr-as-host-to-go-on-air-from-july-15/articleshow/59438397.cms |title='Bigg Boss Telugu' marks TV debut of Junior NTR as host, show goes on air from July 15 |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |accessdate=2017-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730215710/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bigg-boss-telugu-marking-the-tv-debut-of-junior-ntr-as-host-to-go-on-air-from-july-15/articleshow/59438397.cms|archive-date=2017-07-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> For this season of ''Bigg Boss'', a lavish house set was constructed in [[Lonavala]]. [[Siva Balaji]]<ref>{{cite web |title=బిగ్‌ బాస్‌ తెలుగు సీజన్స్ లో టైటిల్ గెలుచుకున్న విన్నర్స్, రన్నర్స్‌ లిస్ట్ |url=https://www.teluguglobal.com/photo-story/bigg-boss-telugu-winners-and-runners-of-all-seasons-list-584 |website=Telugu Global}}</ref> was the winner. The prize money for the winner was Rs. 50 lakhs (5,000,000 or 50,00,000).

== Housemates status ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Sr
! scope="col" |Housemate
! scope="col" |Day entered
! scope="col" |Day exited
! scope="col" |Status
|-
|1
|Siva Balaji
|Day 1
|Day 70
|{{won|Winner}}
|-
|2
|Aadarsh
|Day 1
|Day 70
|{{runner up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
|3
|Hariteja
|Day 1
|Day 70
| style="background:#7FFFD4;"|{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
|4
|Navdeep
|Day 28
|Day 70
| style="background:#DDA0DD;"|3rd Runner-up
|-
|5
|Archana
|Day 1
|Day 70
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |4th Runner-up
|-
|6
|Diksha
|Day 15
|Day 63
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|7
|Prince
|Day 1
|Day 56
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |Mumaith
|Day 1
|Day 10
|{{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
|Day 37
|Day 49
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|9
|Dhanraj
|Day 1
|Day 42
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|10
|Karthika
|Day 1
|Day 41
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|11
|Kalpana
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|12
|Mahesh
|Day 1
|Day 27
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|13
|Sameer
|Day 1
|Day 21
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|14
|Madhupriya
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|15
|Sampoornesh
|Day 1
|Day 9
|{{Quit|Walked}}
|-
|16
|Jyothi
|Day 1
|Day 7
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemates==
The participants in the order they entered the house are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-the-complete-list-of-contestants/articleshow/59847968.cms|title=Bigg Boss Telugu Contestants Names, The Complete list|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
! Entered

===Original Entrants===
# [[Archana Shastry]] — Film actress
#
# [[Sameer Hasan]] — Film actor
# [[Mumaith Khan]] — Film actress
# [[Prince Cecil]] — Film actor
# [[Madhu Priya]] — Singer
# [[Jyothi Lakshmi]] — Film actress
# [[Siva Balaji]] — Film actor
# [[Kalpana Raghavendar]] — Singer
# [[Mahesh Kathi]] — Movie critic
# Kathi Karthika — Politician
# [[Sampoornesh Babu]]— Film actor
# [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]] — Film actor
# [[Hari Teja]] — Film actress
# [[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]] — Comedian

===Wild Card entries===

# [[Diksha Panth]] — Film actress
# [[Navdeep]] — Film actor

==Reception==
The Bigg Boss Telugu program is regarded as one of the most expensive Telugu television shows.<ref>{{cite web|title=Junior NTR's Bigg Boss Is The 'Most Expensive' Telugu Show|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/junior-ntrs-bigg-boss-is-the-most-expensive-telugu-show-details-here-1720627|access-date=2017-07-07|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The launch of season 1 opened with 16.18 TVR and became the most watched Telugu television show.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2017-07-27|title=Jr NTR's Bigg Boss Telugu tops TRP charts making Star Maa No. 1 Telugu TV channel|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jr-ntrs-bigg-boss-telugu-tops-trp-charts-making-star-maa-no-1-telugu-tv-channel-736197|access-date=2020-12-13|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/14714 Official website] at [[Hotstar]]

{{Bigg Boss Telugu}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) seasons|01]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Alapini veena and ekatantri veena

2025-12-08T13:10:30Z

QLXChristoper: new basic article needs work

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right
|header = ''Ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' and ''eka-tantrī vīṇā''

| image2 =Alapini vina @ Art Institute of Chicago - detail of black schist of God Vishnu with His Consorts Lakshmi and Sarasvati - Bangladesh or Eastern India, Pala period, 10th-12th century.jpg
| width2 = 140
| alt2 = Saraswati with an ālāpiṇī vīṇā
| caption2 = Bangladesh, [[Pala Empire|Pala period]] 10th–12th century C.E. [[Saraswati]] with a [[tube zither]], an ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' or ''eka-tantrī vīṇā''.<ref name=Vivi/>

| image1 =Ellora, cave 21, Shiva with vina.jpg
| width1 = 120
| alt1 = India, [[Ellora Caves]], cave 21, 7th-8th century C.E. Shiva with an ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā''.
| caption1 =India, [[Ellora Caves]], cave 21, 7th-8th century C.E. Shiva with an ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā''.

| image3 =Decorations of the Mukteshvara Temple of Bhubaneswar 02.jpg
| width3 = 140
| alt3 = Eka-tantri vina
| caption3 =''Eka-tantrī vīṇā'' at [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple of Bhubaneswar]], ca. 10th century C.E.

|image4 = Indian - Sarasvati - Walters 2550.jpg
|width4=156
|alt4 = Sarasvati with eka-tantri vina
|caption4 = India, 10th century C.E. Image of Saraswati holding an ''eka-tantri vina'', a type of tube zither.

|footer = The alapini vina is represented in sculpture with two thickness of tube or stick. Earliest images show a much thinner stick. By the 10th—12th century C.E., the larger tube zither form was common as well. The far-right image shows many details missing from depictions of the ''eka-tantri vina'': the longer length of the instrument, thick tube, the large gourd at the top, the playing style over the shoulder, the stylized mouth at the bottom of the instrument, a bridge on the rectangle just above the mouth.
}}

The '''''[[Alapini Vina|ālāpiṇī vīṇā]]''''' and the '''''[[Eka-tantri Vina|eka-tantrī vīṇā]]''''' were medieval [[stick zither|stick-zither]] and [[tube zither|tube-zither]] [[veena]]s in India, with single strings and gourd resonators. The instruments became prominent in Indian music after 500 C.E. as instruments of court music. They replaced the [[Ancient veena|harp-style veenas]] and lute-style veenas. The instruments were used in Southeast Asia, both mainland and island nations, and were recorded in sculpture and relief sculpture.

Although the tube zithers and stick zithers are very similar, it is possible that they have different origins. Early paintings of stick zithers in India date back at least to the 5th century C.E. The earliest currently known stick zither is in the Caves of Ajanta at the end of the 5th century.<ref>{{cite web |website= rudravina.com |title= The History |url= http://www.rudravina.com/html_gb/hist_01.html |access-date= 2021-05-01 |archive-date= 2021-05-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501225154/http://www.rudravina.com/html_gb/hist_01.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> After a period of assuming that tube zithers spread from India to Southeast Asia, modern scholars have been trying to decide if the tube zithers might have originated in Southeast Asia and spread to India. Whatever the origins, Indian influence on musical culture in Southeast Asia is recorded in the archaeological remains of past civilizations.<ref name=grove>{{cite encyclopedia |author = Alastair Dick |author2= Gordon Geekie |author3= Richard Widdess |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Vina, section 4 Medieval stick zithers|encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |pages=729–730 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=Vivi>{{cite journal |journal= National Security |volume= 4 |issue= 1 |date=January–March 2021 |author1= Piyal Bhattacharya |author2= Shreetama Chowdhury |title= How the Ancient Indian Vīṇā Travelled to Other Asian Countries: A Reconstruction through Scriptures, Sculptures, Paintings and Living Traditions |publisher= Vivekananda International Foundation |pages= 50–53 |url= https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/national-security-vol-4-issue-1-article-pbhattachary&schowdhury.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Wrazen>{{cite journal |author= Louise Wrazen |title= The Early History of the Vīṇā and Bīn in South and Southeast Asia |journal= Asian Music |date= Autumn–Winter 1986 |volume= 18 |issue= 1 |pages=37–42 |publisher= University of Texas Press |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/834157 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book|title= History of Indian Music |author= [[Pichu Sambamoorthi]] |date= 1960 |publisher= The Indian Musical Publishing House |place= Madras |pages=202-217 |url= https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfIndianMusicBySambamoorthy/page/n243/mode/2up}}

==External links==
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/muthusamy/10454153264 Photo showing a stick zither version with double gourd resonators at Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India Alcove 47]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-80leWPO3G4 Video, about the tuila.]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0-6Qa8aIhQ Video, tuila being played.]
*[https://artsearch.nga.gov.au/detail.cfm?IRN=102840 Pala dynasty (8th-early 12th centuries) Vishnu with attendants early 12th century, National Galleries of Australia. ''Eka-tantri'' style tube zither. Musician using stick for slide.]
*[https://www.vmfa.museum/piction/6027262-49184574/ Vishnu and Attendants, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. ''Alapini vina'' style stick zither with gourd resonator being played held to the musician's chest, like alapini vina.]
*[https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/28869 Stele of Vishnu and attendants, 10th-11th century, Pala dynasty, 10th–12th century, Indian, Black schist. Princeton University Art Museum. Musician playing ''eka-tantri'' style tube zither.]
{{Indian musical instruments}}

[[Category:Stick zithers]]
[[Category:Tube zithers]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Chordophones]]
[[Category:Musical instruments of Assam]]
[[Category:Laotian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Vietnamese musical instruments]]
[[Category:Indonesian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Malaysian musical instruments]]

Emblem of Meghalaya

2025-12-05T09:59:55Z

QLXChristoper: started some pg first draft...

{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of Meghalaya
| image = Emblem of Meghalaya.svg
| image_width = 200
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = The [[Government of Meghalaya]]
| year_adopted = 2022
| crest =
| torse =
| shield = Three hills, clouds, three monoliths, wangala drum
| supporters = Rikgitok and Paila beads
| compartment =
| motto = Government of Meghalaya
| orders =
| other_elements =
| use =
| earlier_versions = [[File:Seal of Meghalaya.svg|100px]]
}}
{{Short description|Meghalaya state seal}}
The '''Emblem of Meghalaya''' is the symbol used to represent the government of the [[States of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]], [[India]].

==History==
The current emblem was adopted on 19 January 2022 as part of the state's golden jubilee celebrations. The design by P. Mario K. Pathaw was chosen following a state-wide competition that attracted 198 entries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/01/22/dy-cm-unveils-state-emblem/ | title=Dy CM unveils State Emblem | date=22 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Meghalaya |url=https://megartsculture.gov.in/tenders/advert-StateEmblem-tagline.pdf |access-date=16 Nov 2025 |website=megartsculture.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Meghalaya |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/sites/default/files/announcement/Advt_DAC_14.pdf |access-date=16 Nov 2025 |website=megartsculture.gov.in}}</ref> Previously the state used a seal based on the [[emblem of India]] for official purposes.

==Design==
The emblem is a circular seal depicting the following features:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwktU5xGTQo | title=Meghalaya State Emblem | Meghalaya at 50 | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
*Three mountain peaks forming the shape of the letter M which represents the [[Khasi hills|Khasi]], [[Jaintia Hills district|Jaintia]] and [[Garo hills|Garo]] hills that make up the state
*Clouds which allude to the name of the state which means "abode of clouds"
*Three monoliths to represent the three main tribes in the state, the [[Khasi people]], [[Jaintia people]] and the [[Garo people]]
*A traditional [[wangala]] festival drum
*Traditional Rikgitok and Paila beaded necklaces
*The words “Government of Meghalaya” in the [[English language]]

== Emblems of Autonomous District Councils in Meghalaya ==
There are three [[autonomous district council]]s in Meghalaya which have each adopted distinct emblems to represent themselves.
<gallery>
File:Garo hills.png|[[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]]
File:Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council emblem.jpg|[[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council]]
File:Emblem of Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council.png|[[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council]]
</gallery>

==Government banner==
The government of Meghalaya can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.alamy.com/meghalaya-state-of-india-flag-waving-on-the-top-sunrise-mist-fog-image394430980.html | title=Meghalaya state of India flag waving on the top sunrise mist fog Stock Photo - Alamy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/india_governments.html | title=Vexilla Mundi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mo1rcX9yu3Q | title=Flag of Emblem of Meghalaya #india | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
<gallery>
Old Flag of Meghalaya.svg|Banner of [[Meghalaya]] (Before 2022)
Banner of Meghalaya.png|Banner of [[Meghalaya]] (2022-Present)
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[State Emblem of India|National Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Indian state seals|Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Indian coats of arms|Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Government of Meghalaya]]

Vivek Ram Chaudhari

2025-11-09T21:16:05Z

QLXChristoper: minor changes

{{Short description|27th Chief of the Air Staff (India) (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| name = Vivek Ram Chaudhari
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}}
| image = Chief of the air staff ACM Vivek Ram Chaudhari PVSM AVSM VM ADC.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait
| office = 27th [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2021|09|30|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{Start date|2024|09|30|df=yes}}
| president = {{ubl|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]|[[Droupadi Murmu]]}}
| predecessor = [[R. K. S. Bhadauria]]
| successor = [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| office1 = 45th [[Vice Chief of Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2021|07|01|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2021|09|30|df=yes}}
| predecessor1 = [[Harjit Singh Arora]]
| successor1 = [[Sandeep Singh (air marshal)|Sandeep Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|09|04|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/#section-114-24|title=CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF|publisher=Indian Air Force|date=2021-09-30}}</ref>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nickname =
| birth_place =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| serviceyears = 29 December 1982 - 30 September 2024
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-9.svg|25px]] [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = 16978<ref name="avsm"/>
| unit = [[No. 28 Squadron IAF|No. 28 Squadron]]
| commands = [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]] [[Lohegaon Air Force Station]] 8 Forward Base Support Unit [[No. 28 Squadron IAF|No. 28 Squadron]]
| battles = [[Operation Meghdoot]] [[Kargil war]]
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| laterwork =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| module =
| country = India
| parents = Rambhau Ganapat Chaudhari (Father)
| children = 2
}}

[[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] '''Vivek Ram Chaudhari''', {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}} is a retired four-star [[air officer]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] who served as the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]].<ref name="IndiaToday" /> He took over as the 27th [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]] succeeding [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]] on 30 September 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Air Marshal V R Chaudhari appointed next Chief of Air Staff |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1756814 |website=PIB}}</ref> He previously served as the 45th [[Vice Chief of Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=AIR MARSHAL VIVEK RAM CHAUDHARI PVSM AVSM VM ASSUMES CHARGE AS VICE CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1731870 |publisher=PIB}}</ref> He earlier served as the [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Operational Command|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Western Air Command]]<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1642858|title= Air Marshal VR Chaudhari AVSM VM Assumes Command of Western Air Command|date=2020-08-01}}</ref> and as the [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of Air Staff]].<ref name="dcas-pib" />

== Early life and education ==
He was born to Rambhau Ganapat Chaudhari, his mother was a school headmistress. His grandfather was a teacher at the Zila Parishad school at Koli, a village in Hadgaon taluka.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Online|first=Lokmat|date=22 September 2021|title=नांदेडचे सुपुत्र एअर मार्शल व्ही. आर. चाैधरी हाेणार नवे वायुसेना प्रमुख|trans-title=Air Marshal V.R. Chaudhari, sonnof Nanded going to become new Air chief.|work=[[Lokmat]]|url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/nandeds-son-v-r-chaidhary-will-be-new-air-chief-marshal-a653/|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/videos/national/bhumiputra-nanded-be-air-chief-air-marshal-vivek-ram-chaudhari-be-next-iaf-chief-a678/|title=नांदेडचे भूमिपुत्र होणार हवाईदल प्रमुख! Air Marshal Vivek Ram Chaudhari to be next IAF Chief|date=24 September 2021}}</ref> He studied in primary school at [[Nanded]]. He subsequently moved to [[Pune]] and enrolled in a military school. He is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy]] (61st Course), the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]] and the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] (DSSC).<ref name=":3">https://indianairforce.nic.in/chief-of-the-air-staff/</ref>

==Career==

Air Chief Marshal Chaudhari was commissioned in the [[Indian Air Force]] as a fighter pilot on 29 December 1982 from the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]], Dundigal. During his illustrious career spanning over four decades, he has held various staff and instructional appointments and served in a wide spectrum of terrain. He is a Category 'A' [[qualified flying instructor]], and Instrument Rating Instructor and examiner. He has a flying experience of over 3800 hours on various fighter aircraft including [[MiG-21]], [[MiG-23|MiG-23MF]], [[MiG-29]] and [[Su-30MKI]]. He was also a pioneer member of the [[Surya Kiran]] Aerobatic Display Team.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/air-marshal-v-r-chaudhari-to-take-over-as-chief-of-iafs-western-air-command/articleshow/77157744.cms|title=Air Marshal V R Chaudhari to take over as chief of IAF's Western Air Command|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2020-07-25}}</ref> As a fighter pilot, he flew operational missions during [[Operation Meghdoot]] and [[Operation Safed Sagar]].<ref name = IndiaToday>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vivek-ram-chaudhari-indian-air-force-iaf-chief-1859095-2021-09-30|title = Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari takes over as Indian Air Force chief}}</ref> He has commanded the MiG-29 squadron, [[No. 28 Squadron IAF]] at [[Jamnagar]] and the forward base in [[Awantipora]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He also served as the chief operations officer of the [[Srinagar Air Force Station]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Chief Marshal Vivek Ram Chaudhari 16978 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/16978 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

===Flag officer===
As an [[air commodore (India)|Air commodore]], he served as the Air assistant to the then [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]], [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]]. He subsequently commanded the [[Lohegaon Air Force Station|Lohegaon Air base]] in [[Pune]]. He has also served as an instructor at DSSC Wellington as well as Defence Services Command and Staff College at [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]].<ref name=":3" />

After promotion to [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]], he served as the Assistant Chief of Air Staff Operations (Air Defence) at Air headquarters and as the Deputy Commandant at the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]], Dundigal.<ref name="dcas-pib">{{cite web|date=2018-10-02|title=Air Marshal VR Chaudhari AVSM VM takes over as the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183889}}</ref> He subsequently was appointed the Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Personnel Officers). On 2 October 2018 he took over as the Deputy Chief of Air Staff at Air Headquarters, New Delhi.<ref name="dcas-pib" /> A year later, on 1 October 2019 he was appointed as Senior Air Staff Officer of the [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] in [[Shillong]].<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1179967636622307328 |user=proshillong |title=Air Mshl VR Chaudhari AVSM VM took over as Senior Air Staff Officer at EAC, #Shillong on 03 Oct 19. He is a Cat-A QFI, with over 3800 hrs of flying exp on various fighter aircraft. Prior to this assignment, he was the DCAS at Air HQ. |date=2019-10-03}}</ref>

On 1 August 2020, he took over as the [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Air Command]] succeeding [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Balakrishnan Suresh]].<ref name=":2" /> A year later, on 1 July 2021 he took over as the 45th [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] succeeding [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Harjit Singh Arora]] who superannuated from service on 30 June 2021.<ref name=":1" />

===Chief of Air Staff===
On 21 September 2021, the [[Government of India]] appointed [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Vivek Ram Chaudhari as the next [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]].<ref name=":0" /> On 30 September 2021, he took over as the 27th Chief of the Air Staff succeeding Air Chief Marshal [[R. K. S. Bhadauria|Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Chief Marshal Vivek Ram Chaudhari Takes Charge As New Air Force Chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-chief-marshal-vivek-ram-chaudhari-takes-charge-as-new-air-force-chief-2559272 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He retired on 30 September 2024 after four decades of service and was succeeded by Air Marshal [[Amar Preet Singh]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Amar Preet Singh |date=2024-10-10 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.m.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Amar_Preet_Singh#cite_note-:2-2 |access-date=2024-10-10 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:CAS VR Chaudhari.jpg|thumb|CAS VR Chaudhari at 91st Air Force Day Parade]]

== Honours and decorations ==
During his career, he has been awarded the [[Vayu Sena Medal]] in 2004, the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2015 <ref name="avsm">{{cite web |date=2015-04-26 |title=President Confers Gallantry and Distinguished Service Awards |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=118733 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> and the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2021<ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=President Shri Ram Nath Kovind approves 455 Gallantry & other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692363 |publisher=PIB}}</ref> for his service.

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|width=106|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|type=award-star}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|width=106|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Siachen Glacier Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|-
| colspan="1" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
| colspan="1" |[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
| colspan="1" |[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|-
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Personal life ==
He is married to Neeta Chaudhari. They have two sons.<ref name="dcas-pib" /> His son Mihir Chaudhary is also an officer in Indian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF chief Vivek Ram Chaudhari: Ready for any eventuality, focus on being atmanirbhar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/iaf-chief-vivek-ram-chaudhari-china-border-fighter-aircraft-atmanirbhar-1859449-2021-10-01}}</ref>

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1a.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Pilot Officer]]
|Indian Air Force
|29 December 1982
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Indian IAF OF-1b.svg|64x64px]]|| [[Flying officer|Flying Officer]] || Indian Air Force || 29 December 1983<ref name=dateofrank>{{cite web |title=Service Record of Air Chief Marshal Vivek Ram Chaudhari |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/16978 |access-date=11 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-2.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Flight Lieutenant]]
|Indian Air Force
|21 December 1987<ref name="dateofrank" />
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Indian IAF OF-3.svg|64x64px]]|| [[Squadron Leader]] || Indian Air Force || 29 December 1993<ref name=dateofrank/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Indian IAF OF-4.svg|64x64px]]|| [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] || Indian Air Force || 17 May 1999<ref name=dateofrank/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Indian IAF OF-5.svg|64x64px]]|| [[Group Captain]] || Indian Air Force || 1 March 2006<ref name=dateofrank/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Indian IAF OF-6.svg|65x65px]]|| [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] || Indian Air Force || 1 September 2009<ref name=dateofrank/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Indian IAF OF-7.svg|65x65px]]|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] || Indian Air Force || 1 April 2013<ref name=dateofrank/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|65x65px]]|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] || Indian Air Force || 1 October 2018 (AOC-in-C from 1 August 2020)<ref name=dateofrank/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Indian IAF OF-9.svg|65x65px]]|| [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] (CAS) || Indian Air Force || 30 September 2021<ref>{{cite web |location=[[New Delhi]] |date=30 September 2021 |title=Air Chief Marshal Chaudhari Takes Over as the Chief of the Air Staff |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/air-chief-marshal-vr-chaudhari-takes-over-as-the-chief-of-the-air-staff/ |website=Indian Air Force |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}{{Succession box
| title = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| years = 30 September 2021 - 30 September 2024
| before = [[R. K. S. Bhadauria]]
| after = [[Amar Preet Singh]]
}}{{Succession box
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Air Staff]]
| years = 1 July 2021 – 30 September 2021
| before = [[Harjit Singh Arora]]
| after = [[Sandeep Singh (air marshal)|Sandeep Singh]]
}}{{Succession box
| title = Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
| years = 1 August 2020 – 30 June 2021
| before = [[Balakrishnan Suresh]]
| after = [[Balabhadra Radha Krishna]]
}}{{Succession box
| title = Senior Air Staff Officer [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
| years = 1 October 2019 – 31 July 2020
| before = [[Sandeep Singh (IAF)|Sandeep Singh]]
| after = [[Gurcharan Singh Bedi]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]]
| years = 1 October 2018 – 30 September 2019
| before = [[Raghunath Nambiar]]
| after = [[Sandeep Singh (IAF)|Sandeep Singh]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhari, Vivek Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:People from Nanded district]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Air Force Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]

Hamida Salim

2025-10-16T17:19:58Z

QLXChristoper: improve section per standard format as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian author, economist, and educator (1922–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
'''Hamida Salim''' (1922–August 16, 2015) was an Indian author, economist, and educator, writing primarily in the [[Urdu]] language. She was the first woman to graduate from [[Aligarh Muslim University]].

== Personal life ==
Salim was born in 1922 in [[Rudauli]], in Uttar Pradesh. Her family were [[zamindar]]s. Her brother, Asrar-ul-Haq "[[Majaz]]" was also a notable Urdu poet, and another brother, [[Ansar Harvani]], was a member of the Indian independence movement and an elected Member of Parliament. Her sister, Safia Akhtar was also a writer and critic, and her nephew is lyricist and poet [[Javed Akhtar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2015-08-17|title=Urdu author Hamida Salim passes Shah Alam Siddiqui Chandoura Rudauli away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/urdu-author-hamida-salim-passes-away/article7548543.ece|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=17 Aug 2015|title=Noted Urdu author Hamida Salim passes away|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/Noted-Urdu-author-Hamida-Salim-passes-away/articleshow/48505728.cms|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Pune Mirror|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Youthful freedom fighter who later served many terms as MP|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/Family-Kids/13618-youthful-freedom-fighter-who-later-served-many-terms-as-mp/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source|language=en}}</ref>

== Writing and career ==
She earned her B.A. in economics in Lucknow. She went on to earn an M.A. in economics from Aligarh Muslim University, becoming their first woman graduate, in 1947. She later earned a second master's from the [[University of London]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=TwoCircles.net|date=2015-08-22|title=Hamida Aapa ki yaaden|url=http://twocircles.net/2015aug22/1440255606.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=TwoCircles.net|language=en-US}}</ref> Salim taught economics at several public universities in India, including her alma mater, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in Uttar Pradesh, and [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], in Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

She was a well-known author, publishing several notable novels, a memoir, and volumes of poetry in Urdu. Her memoir of her time in Aligarh, as a student, titled, ''Shorish-e-Dauran'' was published in 1995. She wrote a second memoir about her siblings, titled ''Ham Saath The'' (We Were Together), which is considered a significant contribution to women's writing in Urdu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noor|first=Farha|date=2020-11-26|title='Negotiating nostalgia: progressive women's memoirs in Urdu'|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2020.1848144|journal=South Asian History and Culture|volume=12|issue=4|pages=371–384|doi=10.1080/19472498.2020.1848144|s2cid=229393501|issn=1947-2498|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In addition, Salim wrote two popular novels, ''Parchhaiyon Ke Ujale'' (Lights of Shadows) and ''Hardam Rawan Hai Zindagi (Life is Always on the Move).''<ref name=":0" /> Both novels were set in her hometown of Rudali in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rahman|first=Mohammad Raisur|url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/44075/rahmanm57851.pdf|title=Islam, Modernity, and Educated Muslims: A History of Qasbahs in Colonial India|publisher=University of Texas, Austin|date=August 2008|pages=151}}</ref> A critical essay about her brother's [[Majaz|Majaz's]] work and life, titled 'Majaz, My Brother' is also considered a significant contribution to Urdu literary criticism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salim|first1=Hamida|last2=Rafiq|first2=Sami|date=2012|title=Majaz, My Brother|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23348960|journal=Indian Literature|volume=56|issue=5 (271)|pages=60–75|jstor=23348960|issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salim, Hamida}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ayodhya]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]

List of forts in Mumbai

2025-10-09T18:23:26Z

QLXChristoper: refined references per standard format

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{GeoGroup}}
The following is a '''list of [[fort]]s in [[Mumbai]]'''.

==List==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="vertical-align:top"
! width="200" | Name (other names)
! class="unsortable" | Image
! Built in
! Built by
! Locality
! District
! Type
! class="unsortable" | Purpose
! Razed (by)
! Current status
! Current owner
! class="unsortable" | Coordinates
! class="unsortable" | Ref
|- style="vertical-align:top" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Bombay Castle]] {{smalldiv|
* Casa da Orta
* Manor House
* Governor House
* INS ''Angre''
}}
| Unavailable
| 1554
| [[Portugal|Portuguese]]
| [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort area]]
| [[Mumbai City]]
| [[Land battery]]
| Administration
| –
| Preserved
| [[Indian Navy]]
| {{coord|18.93111|72.83750|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
| <ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47249 ]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Castella de Aguada]]
*Bandra Fort
| [[File:Castella de Aguada 7.jpg|100px]]
| 1640
| [[Portugal|Portuguese]]
| [[Bandra]]
| [[Mumbai Suburban]]
| [[Land battery]]
| Watchtower, freshwater source
| –
| Under renovation
| [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]
| {{coord|19.04177|72.81858|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#fcc;" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Dongri Fort]]
*Dungarey Fort
| Unavailable
| 1596
| [[Portugal|Portuguese]]
| [[Dongri]]
| [[Mumbai City]]
| [[Hill fort]]
| Defensive
| 1769 ([[British East India Company|British]])
| Demolished
| N/A
| {{coord|18.94090|72.83759|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
| <ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1a-Apmn-K-gC&q=%22dongri+fort%22&pg=PA33 |title = Bombay in the Days of Queen Anne - Being an Account of the Settlement Also|isbn = 9781406755473|last1 = Burnell|first1 = John|date = March 2007| publisher=Read Books }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#fcc;" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Fort George, Bombay|Fort George]]
| [[File:Mumbai fort remains 6.jpg|100px|upright]]
| 1770
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| [[Dongri]]
| [[Mumbai City]]
| Defensive
| Defensive
| 1862 ([[British East India Company|British]])
| Remnants
| [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| {{coord|18.94090|72.83759|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
|
|- style="vertical-align:top" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Riwa Fort]] {{smalldiv|
* Kala Killa
* Dharavi Fort
}}
|
| 1737
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| [[Dharavi]]
| [[Mumbai City]]
| [[Land battery]]
| Watchtower
| –
| Dilapidated
| [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]
| {{coord|19.0509|72.86006|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
|
|- style="vertical-align:top" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Madh Fort]]
*Versorva Fort 
| [[File:Madh-fort3.jpg|100px]]
| 17th century
| [[Portugal|Portuguese]]
| [[Madh Island]]
| [[Mumbai Suburban]]
| [[Land battery]]
| Watchtower, prison
| –
| Stable
| [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]
| {{coord|19.132283|72.794785|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=GAZETTEERS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY - THANA | url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/places_Versova.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212195353/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/places_Versova.html | access-date=2025-09-15 | archive-date=2012-02-12}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Mahim Fort]]
| [[File:Mahim Fort 3.jpg|100px]]
| 13th century
| [[Bhima of Mahikavati|Bhimdev]]
| [[Mahim]]
| [[Mumbai City]]
| [[Land battery]]
| Watchtower, defensive
| –
| Dilapidated
| [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| {{coord|19.039848|72.837768|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.karmayog.org/knowmumbai/knowmumbai_10861.htm |title=TOI : New hope for Mahim fort : Oct 26, 2007 | Know Mumbai|People and Places of Special Interest | www.karmayog.org |access-date=28 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030909/http://www.karmayog.org/knowmumbai/knowmumbai_10861.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#fcc;" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Mazagon Fort]]
| Unavailable
| 1680
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| [[Mazagon]]
| [[Mumbai City]]
| [[Land battery]]
| Watchtower
| 1690 ([[Yakut Khan]])
| Demolished
| [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]]
| {{coord|18.965633|72.842703|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
|
|- style="vertical-align:top" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Sion Fort]]
*Sion Hillock Fort
| [[File:External Wall of Sion Fort.jpg|100px]]
| 1669
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]]
| [[Mumbai City]]
| [[Hill fort]]
| Watchtower
| –
| Dilapidated
| [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]
| {{coord|19.046583|72.867483|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
|
|- style="vertical-align:top" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Sewri Fort]]
* Sewree Fort
| [[File:Sewri fort courtyard.jpg|100px]]
| 1680
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| [[Sewri]]
| [[Mumbai City]]
| [[Hill fort]] (also [[Land battery]])
| Watchtower
| –
| Under renovation
| [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]
| {{coord|19.000635|72.860363|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
|
|- style="vertical-align:top" class="vcard"
| class="fn org" | [[Worli Fort]]
* Worlee Fort
| [[File:Worli fort, 2013-10-06 15-43.jpg|100px]]
| 1675
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| [[Worli]]
| [[Mumbai City]]
| [[Land battery]]
| Watchtower
| –
| Dilapidated
| [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]
| {{coord|19.023732|72.816621|region:IN-MH_type:landmark}}
|
|}

==Timeline==
<onlyinclude><timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12
PlotArea = top:50 bottom:30 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = early

DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:1200 till:2050
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:1200

Colors =
id:EX value:blue legend:Extant
id:DE value:red legend:Razed
Legend = columns:2 left:150 top:50 columnwidth:100

BarData =
barset:Forts

PlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:M shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
barset:Forts

from: 1250 till:2009 color:EX text:[[Mahim Fort]]
from: 1554 till:2009 color:EX text:[[Bombay Castle]]
from: 1596 till:1769 color:DE text:[[Dongri Fort]]
from: 1640 till:2009 color:EX text:[[Castella da Aguada]]
from: 1669 till:2009 color:EX text:[[Sion Fort]]
from: 1675 till:2009 color:EX text:[[Worli Fort]]
from: 1680 till:1690 color:DE text:[[Mazagaon Fort]]
from: 1680 till:2009 color:EX text:[[Sewri Fort]]
from: 1695 till:2009 color:EX text:[[Madh Fort]]
from: 1737 till:2009 color:EX text:[[Riwa Fort]]
from: 1770 till:1862 color:DE text:[[Fort George]]
barset:skip
</timeline></onlyinclude>

==See also==
*[[Bassein Fort]]
*[[Belapur Fort]]
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Forts around Mumbai|*]]
[[Category:Lists of forts in India|Mumbai]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Maharashtra|Forts]]
[[Category:Mumbai-related lists|Forts]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Maharashtra|Forts in Mumbai]]

Karm Chawla

2025-10-05T12:31:31Z

QLXChristoper: starting a stub!

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer and filmmaker}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2024}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karm Chawla
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name = Karm Chawla
| birth_date = {{birth date and age

|1985|10|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = 
| nationality =
| alma mater = {{flatlist|
* [[Hansraj College]]
* [[St. George's College, Mussoorie]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Cinematographer
* Director
}}
| years_active = 2014–present
}}

'''Karm Chawla''' is an Indian cinematographer and director who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema]]. His notable work in the cult-classics ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]'' (2014), ''[[Kirik Party]]'' (2016), and ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'' (2019) have been highly acclaimed.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Karm Chawla |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/kannada/cinematographer/karm-chawla |website=nettv4u |publisher=Net TV 4 U |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with the Kannada sports drama ''[[10 (2022 film)|10]]'', starring [[Vinay Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Karm Chawla's directorial '10' finally inches towards its release after a long struggle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karm-chawlas-directorial-10-finally-inches-towards-its-release-after-a-long-struggle/articleshow/96218779.cms |access-date=6 March 2024 |agency=Times of India |publisher=ETimes |date=14 Dec 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Karm received his early education at [[St. George's College, Mussoorie]]. At [[Hansraj College]], Delhi University, he pursued B.A. English Honours. He is also an alumnus of the esteemed L.V. Prasad Film & Television Academy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karm Chawla |url=https://www.lifepage.in/page/karmchawla |website=Life Page |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Producer
! Cinematographer
! Writer
! Language
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" |2014
|''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|rowspan="7" |Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2015
|''[[Vascodigama]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Run Anthony]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Kirik Party]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2018
|''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Yaana (film)|Yaana]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2021
|''[[Chaavu Kaburu Challaga]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Sakutumba Sametha]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Pakka Commercial]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[10 (2022 film)|10]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|Kannada
|Debut film as Director
|-
| rowspan="1" |2024
|''[[Eagle (2024 film)|Eagle]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2025
|{{pending film|Richard Antony: Lord of the Sea}}
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]

South Park Street Cemetery

2025-08-23T15:35:28Z

QLXChristoper: put up a pg!

{{Short description|Cemetery of Kolkata}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox cemetery
| name = South Park Street Cemetery
| image = Front view of the South Park Street Cemetery in Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = South Park Street Cemetery main entrance
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| established = {{start date and age|1767}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Park Street, Kolkata]]
| coordinates ={{coord|22|32|47|N|88|21|37|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type =Historic
| style =
| owner = Christian Burial Board, Kolkata
| size =
| graves =
| interments =
| cremations =
| leases =
| website = }}
'''South Park Street Cemetery''', formerly known as the 'Great Christian Burial Ground', was one of the earliest non-church cemeteries in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Chadha |first=Ashish |date=2006-11-01 |title=Ambivalent Heritage: Between Affect and Ideology in a Colonial Cemetery |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183506068809 |journal=Journal of Material Culture |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=339–363 |doi=10.1177/1359183506068809 |s2cid=145361099 |issn=1359-1835|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Hosking |first=Sue |title=The Great Burial Ground at Chowringhee: Reflections on the South Park Street Cemetary [sic] in Kolkota |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/81291550}}</ref> The cemetery houses numerous graves and monuments belonging to British soldiers, administrators, and their families. It is also the final resting place of several prominent personalities, including [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]] and Sir [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]]. It is located on [[Mother Teresa Sarani]] (also known as Park Street), Central [[Kolkata]], India.

==History==
[[File:South-Park-Street-Cemetery-1.jpg|thumb|Graves and memorials at the South Park Street Cemetery]]
The burial ground, along with a new road leading to it, known as the Burial Ground Road, was built in 1767. The cemetery and the road were later renamed Park Street after a private deer park established by Sir [[Elijah Impey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of the Dead: South Park Street Cemetery |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/city-of-the-dead-south-park-street-cemetery |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> By the year 1785, the cemetery had been extended on the northern side of Park Street. Even though a marble plaque at the cemetery gate reads “South Park Street, Opened:1767, Closed:1790”, the burials continued in the 1830s,<ref name=":2" /> until a vast new [[Lower circular road cemetery|cemetery]] was opened to the east of the Lower Circular Road.

After the independence of India, the Park Street cemeteries were decided to be leveled off, as funding for the colonial civil cemeteries were withdrawn. This decision met with resistance from Anglo-Indian citizens of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1953, the North Park Street Cemetery was decided to be demolished, and the income obtained by leasing the land was used to upkeep the South Park Street Cemetery.<ref name=":0" /> In the late 1970s, the cemetery came under the purview of the Association for the Preservation of Historical Cemeteries in India (APHCI) and the Christian Burial Board.

In 1984, [[Apeejay Surrendra Group|Apeejay Trust]] attempted to demolish the cemetery in order to build an arts center, which was later stopped by an intervention from the [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History at stake as buyers bid for South Park Street burial ground in Calcutta |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840331-history-at-stake-as-buyers-bid-for-south-park-street-burial-ground-in-calcutta-802901-1984-03-30 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=India Today |date=31 March 1984 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-01-28 |title=Here lies Hindoo Stuart: Inside the 250-year-old Park Street cemetery |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/here-lies-hindoo-stuart-inside-the-250-year-old-park-street-cemetery-5041613/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509145349/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/here-lies-hindoo-stuart-inside-the-250-year-old-park-street-cemetery-5041613/ |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, substantial damage had already been done by then, and many graves were lost. The grave of [[Charles Stuart (East India Company officer)|Charles Stuart]] was destroyed (and was later restored) and the demolition of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio|Derozio]]'s grave had been initiated. In the early 2000s, a restoration project was launched to conserve the cemetery's heritage and prevent its further deterioration.

==Notable tombs==
[[File:W.jones.jpg|thumb|The tomb of Sir [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]]]]
[[File:Vivian derozio grave.jpg|thumb|The Grave of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]]]]
*[[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]] (1809–1831), teacher and poet, pioneer of the [[Young Bengal]] movement
*Sir [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] (1746–1794), philologist and scholar, founder of the [[Asiatic Society]]
*Lieutenant-General Sir [[John Clavering (British Army officer)|John Clavering]] (c.1722–1777), army officer and diplomat
*[[Augustus Cleveland]] (1754-1784), colonial administrator
*Captain [[Edward Cooke (Royal Navy officer)|Edward Cooke]] (1772–1799), Royal Navy officer
*[[George Bogle (diplomat)|George Bogle]] (1746–1781), diplomat
*Colonel [[Robert Kyd]] (1746–1793), founder of the [[Indian Botanic Garden]]
* Lieutenant-Colonel [[Colin Mackenzie]] (1754–1821), Surveyor General of India
* Lieutenant-Colonel [[Valentine Blacker]] (1778-1826), Surveyor General of India
*[[Sir John D'Oyly, 6th Baronet|Sir John Hadley D'Oyly, 6th Baronet]] (1754–1818), politician
*Major-General [[Charles Stuart (East India Company officer)|Charles Stuart]] (1758–1828), army officer and Indophile, popularly known as “Hindoo Stuart”
*[[Walter Landor Dickens]], son of English novelist [[Charles Dickens]]. He was buried initially in Bhowanipore war cemetery, and the tombstone was later moved here in 1987.
*Grave no. 363 of an unknown woman (d. 1825) whose epitaph reads “A virtuous mother”.

==Architecture==
The cemetery is considered to be an important example of colonial-era architecture, with its [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-style tombs and monuments, mixed with the rich flavor of the Greek, Egyptian, and Indo-Saracenic styles. In certain instances, elements from Hindu architecture and Islamic tombs have also been adopted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Park Street Cemetery, Kolkata, India (1767-1790) – An Encyclopedia of Architecture and Colonialism |url=https://blogs.ubc.ca/buildingempire/2021/04/26/south-park-street-cemetery-kolkata-india-1767-1790/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Many of the monuments in the cemetery are adorned with intricate carvings, sculptures, and epitaphs. The structures are primarily constructed of sandstone, marble, and bricks, and feature a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from simple headstones to grand mausoleums.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" caption="South Park Street Cemetery" widths="125px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File: South Park Street Cemetery.jpg|Main gate
File:South-Park-Street-Cemetery-Gate.jpg|The marble plaque which reads: "South Park Street Cemetery, opened 1767, closed 1790"
File:South-Park-Street-Cemetery-5.jpg|The pavilions inside the cemetery
File:South-Park-Street-Cemetery-4.jpg|A tomb inside the cemetery
File:South-Park-Street-Cemetery-3.jpg|The tomb of [[Charles Stuart (East India Company officer)|Charles Stuart]], known as "Hindoo Stuart"
File:South-Park-Street-Cemetery-2.jpg|The tombs inside the cemetery
File:Tomb of Sir Henry Vivian Derozio.jpg|Tomb of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio|Sir Henry Vivian Derozio]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''The South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta'', published by the Association for the Preservation of Historical Cemeteries in India, 5th ed. (2009)
*BACSA. ''South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta: Register of graves and standing tombs from 1767.'' London: British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia, 1992.
* Drost, Alexander, ''Tod und Erinnerung in der kolonialen Gesellschaft. Koloniale Sepulkralkultur in Bengalen (17.-19. Jahrhundert)'', Jena: Leander Wissenschaft, 2011. https://www.academia.edu/5444685

==External links==
{{Commons category|South Park Street Cemetery}}
*[http://www.christianburialboardkolkata.com/archaeology.html The Great Cemetery of Asia]

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Cemeteries in India}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Anglican cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1767 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1767 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Cemeteries established in the 1760s]]

Cowasjee Dinshaw Adenwalla

2025-04-20T21:05:13Z

QLXChristoper: started some article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian trader}}
{{One source|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Zanzibar 2012 06 04 4541 (7592188284).jpg|thumb|300px|The name of the company as it appears today at the entrance of a hotel in Zanzibar]]

'''Cowasjee Shavaksha Dinshaw Adenwalla''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (1827–1900) was a trader who emigrated from [[Surat]]/[[Mumbai|Bombay]]. The family name ''Adenwalla'' ("from Aden") was a later addition, and is the name by which he is today remembered.<ref>[https://www.adenhistory.com/cowasjee-dinshaw Biography], adenhistory.com. Accessed 11 April 2024.</ref>

Cowasjee travelled extensively and set up trading posts in other [[British possessions]]/[[British protectorate|protectorates]], most notably on the east-African coast in [[Zanzibar]] and [[Mombasa]]. He was however best known for his business acumen, and the foresight that Aden would become an important port within the framework of the (modern-day) [[Suez Canal]]. He had an entire floating dock shipped from Britain in 1895 and was known locally as "Dinshaw Pontoon".

Although of the [[Zoroastrian]] faith (and founder of the [[Fire temple|Fire Temple]] in Aden), he financed the construction of a [[mosque]] for the local Muslim population, which is known as Cowasji Masjid after him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/aden33.html |title=Flames of Faith - The TRUE Story of the Aden Holy Fire: by Pervez Daruwala |publisher=Tenets.zoroastrianism.com |accessdate=2010-09-01 |archive-date=22 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122152613/http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/aden33.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adenwalla, Cowasjee Dinshaw}}
[[Category:1827 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in shipping]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Aden]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
{{India-business-bio-stub}}

State Highway 20 (Rajasthan)

2025-04-19T21:17:28Z

QLXChristoper: added initial entry & citations!

{{Short description|Road in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=SH
|route= 20
|state=Rajasthan
|length_km= 172.1
|direction_a=
|direction_b=
|terminus_a= [[Sikar]], [[Rajasthan]]
|destinations= Nechwa, Ganeri, [[Jaswantgarh]], [[Sujangarh]], Tal Chhapar, [[Bidasar, Churu|Bidasar]], [[Jasrasar]], [[Mukam, Rajasthan|Mukam]]
|terminus_b= [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha]], [[Rajasthan]]
|districts= [[Sikar district|Sikar]], [[Churu district|Churu]], [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]]
| next_type = SH
| next_route = 20A
}}

'''State Highway 20''' ('''RJ SH 20''') is a State Highway in [[Rajasthan]] state of [[India]] that connects [[Sikar district]] of Rajasthan with [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha]] in [[Bikaner district]] of Rajasthan. The total length of RJ SH 20 is 172.1 km.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Transport department |first=Rajasthan |date=16 November 2024 |title=State Highways in the State |url=https://transport.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/transport/transport-dept/pdf/statistical2016-17/2.3.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjYj8K-j-GJAxVKzTgGHdYiAVwQFnoECDMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3XLdyO4ou-YBUxdOhZd5Nb |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=Rajasthan Transport Department}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101215135734/http://pwd.rajasthan.gov.in/uploads/files/0405200962915PMlist%20of%20SH.pdf State Highway]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rj Sh 20}}

[[Category:Sikar district]]
[[Category:Transport in Bikaner district]]
[[Category:Churu district]]
[[Category:Bikaner district]]
[[Category:State highways in Rajasthan]]

{{India-road-stub}}