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Purushothamudu

2026-05-07T22:38:57Z

Pururava: new a details.

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Ram Bhimana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Purushothamudu
| image = Purushothamudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ram Bhimana
| screenplay =
| writer = Ram Bhimana
| producer = Dr. Ramesh Tejawat Prakash Tejawat
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Raj Tarun]]
* Hassini Sudhir
}}
| cinematography = [[P. G. Vinda]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| studio = Shree Sridevi Productions
| distributor = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/22/mythri-movie-makers-acquires-nizam-rights-for-purushothamudu|title=Mythri Movie Makers acquires Nizam rights for Purushothamudu|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=22 July 2024|website=Cinema Express|accessdate=11 August 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730143313/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/22/mythri-movie-makers-acquires-nizam-rights-for-purushothamudu|url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|07|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Purushothamudu''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Ram Bhimana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title='Director Rom Bhimana Is Like My Son': Brahmanandam At Purushothamudu's Pre-release Event |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/director-rom-bhimana-is-like-my-son-brahmanandam-at-purushothamudus-pre-release-event-8976946.html |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811174747/https://www.news18.com/movies/director-rom-bhimana-is-like-my-son-brahmanandam-at-purushothamudus-pre-release-event-8976946.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features [[Raj Tarun]] and Hassini Sudhir in lead roles. ''Purushothamudu'' was released on 26 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-20 |title=Official trailer for Raj Tarun starrer Purushothamudu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/20/official-trailer-for-raj-tarun-starrer-purushothamudu-out |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811174748/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/20/official-trailer-for-raj-tarun-starrer-purushothamudu-out |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Premise ==
A young man named Rachit Ram, completes his education from abroad and comes back to take over his father's business in Hyderabad. He learns of the peculiar condition of his grandfather and settles in a village near Rajamahendravaram.

==Cast==
{{cast list|
* [[Raj Tarun]] as Rachit Ram
* Hassini Sudhir as Ammulu
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Raghu Ram, Rachit’s uncle and Aditya’s brother
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Vasundhara, Raghu Ram’s wife and Rachit’s aunt
* Viran Muttamsetty as Abhay Ram, Raghu Ram and Vasundhara’s son
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Police officer Naidu
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Aditya Ram, Rachit's father and PR group CEO
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Rachit’s mother
* [[Brahmaji]] as Lawyer
* [[Mukesh Khanna]] as Harsha Vardhan Khanna, Food committee Chairman
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Satthi, Ammulu’s friend
* [[ Jwala koti]] as local MLA
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Rachit’s friend
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as police CI
* [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] as Vardhan
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Abhi’s aunt
* [[Ananth Babu]] as Subrahmanyam, Aditya Ram’s PA
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as PR group director
* [[Kancharapalem Raju]] as Villager
* Laxman Meesala as Villager
* Raj Tirandasu as Balaraju
* Racha Ravi as Nathi Ravi
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Purushothamudu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| producer = Gopi Sundar
}}

The film's [[soundtrack|soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] were composed by [[Gopi Sundar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-13 |title=New single 'Pacha Pachani' from Purushothamudu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/13/new-single-pacha-pachani-from-purushothamudu-out |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811174748/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/13/new-single-pacha-pachani-from-purushothamudu-out |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| title1 = Pacha Pachani
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = Purnachary
| extra1 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| title2 = Bhallantu
| length2 =
| lyrics2 = Balaji
| extra2 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| title3 = Ila Ila
| lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Ayyan Pranathi
| title4 = Hey Purushottama
| lyrics4 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra4 = [[Ranjani–Gayatri|Ranjani]], [[Ranjani–Gayatri|Gayatri]]
| title5 = Manasey Vellipothey
| lyrics5 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra5 = Gopi Sundar, [[Ramya Behara]]
| title6 = Yuddham Nadipina
| lyrics6 = Balaji
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
}}

==Release and reception==
''Purushothamudu'' was released on 26 July 2024.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 saying, "''Purushothamudu'' is a well-crafted film that, despite its conventional storyline, offers an entertaining experience, but only if you can overlook the clichéd commercial elements".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Purushothamudu Movie Review : A transformative journey amidst clichéd tropes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/purushothamudu/movie-review/112038821.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811180250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/purushothamudu/movie-review/112038821.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Times Now]]'' gave a mixed review saying, "Despite its conventional plot, ''Purushothamudu'' offers a good experience", while praising the performances of the lead cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=Purushothamudu Movie Review: An Average Family Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/purushothamudu-movie-review-an-average-family-drama-review-112042882 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811174747/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/purushothamudu-movie-review-an-average-family-drama-review-112042882 |url-status=live }}</ref> Praising the technical values and performances of Raj Tarun, Ramya Krishna, Prakash Raj, Murali Sharma, and Brahmanandam, ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "Purushothamudu is a commendable film that combines drama, comedy, and action".<ref>{{Cite web |last=hansindia |date=2024-07-26 |title='Purushothamudu' review: Entertaining and heart-warming family drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/purushothamudu-review-entertaining-and-heart-warming-family-drama-80315 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=te |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811174747/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/purushothamudu-review-entertaining-and-heart-warming-family-drama-80315 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32308382|title=Purushothamudu}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]

1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-07T10:30:07Z

Pururava: adding the stub basic info!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|1957 Indian general election in Madras}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| turnout = 46.56% ({{decrease}} 8.19%)
| previous_election = 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1952
| next_election = 1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1962
| election_date = {{Start date|1957|03|31|df=yes}}
| seats_for_election = All 205 seats in the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|Legislature of Madras State]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K Kamaraj 1976 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=02}}
| leader1 = [[K. Kamaraj]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat1 = [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| seats1 = '''151'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 24<ref>{{cite web |title=Madras Legislative Assembly, 1952-1957, A Review |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/1st_1952/Review_1-52-57.pdf |website=assembly.tn.gov.in |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department Madras-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103025116/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/1st_1952/Review_1-52-57.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2021 |date=March 1957 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| popular_vote1 = '''5,046,576'''
| percentage1 = '''45.34%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 10.46%
| image2 = CPI symbol.svg
| leader2 = [[M. Kalyanasundaram]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Tiruchirappalli – II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli – II]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India
| seats2 = 4
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 58
| popular_vote2 = 8,23,582
| percentage2 = 7.4%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 5.78%
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[K. Kamaraj]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[K. Kamaraj]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| majority_seats = 103
}}

The '''second legislative assembly election''' to the [[Madras state]] (presently [[Tamil Nadu]]) was held on 31 March 1957. This was the first election held after the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|linguistic reorganisation]] of Madras State in 1956. [[Indian National Congress]] and its leader, [[K. Kamaraj]] won the election and defeated their rival, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. In 1954, due to the resignation of [[C. Rajagopalachari]], for his controversial [[Kula Kalvi Thittam]], the leadership of Congress was contested between [[K. Kamaraj]], and [[C. Subramaniam]] (who got the support of [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]]). Eventually, [[K. Kamaraj]], won the support of the party, was elected leader and chief minister of Madras State in 1954. In a surprise move, he appointed both [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]] and [[C. Subramaniam]], to his cabinet, allowing great unity amongst the Congress that ruled the state of [[Tamil Nadu|Madras]], for the next decade. This election saw future DMK leaders [[M. Karunanidhi]] and [[K. Anbazhagan]] win their first MLA seats in the legislative assembly.<ref>[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=34 Tamil Nadu Government website]</ref>

==Delimitation and reorganisation==
On 1 October 1953, a separate [[Andhra State]] consisting of the Telugu-speaking areas of the composite Madras State was formed, and the Kannada-speaking area of [[Bellary]] District was merged with the then [[Mysore State]]. This reduced the strength of the Legislative Assembly to 231.

On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act 1956 took effect, and consequently, the constituencies in the erstwhile [[Malabar district]] were merged with the [[Kerala State]]. This further reduced the strength to 190. The Tamil-speaking area of Kerala (present-day [[Kanyakumari]] district) and [[Shenkottah]] taluk were added to Madras State.<ref name="1955ReorgStates">{{cite web | url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf | title=Reorganisation of States, 1955 | publisher=The Economic Weekly | date=15 October 1955 | access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>

According to the new Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1956, made by the Delimitation Commission of India under the provisions of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, the strength of the Madras Legislative Assembly was increased to 205.<ref name =A/> The 1957 elections were conducted for these 205 seats. In 1959, as a result of [[Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act|The Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1959]], one member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly was allotted to Madras, increasing its Legislative Assembly strength to 206.<ref name =A/>

==Two-member constituencies==
Out of the total 167 constituencies in the state, 38 were two-member constituencies, 37 of which had one reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled caste]] candidates and one for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled tribe]] candidates.<ref name=A>[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm The State Legislature - Origin and Evolution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413233934/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |date=13 April 2010 }}</ref> These constituencies were larger in size and had a greater number of voters (more than 1,00,000)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/constituent/vol4p5.pdf |title=Constituent Assembly of India Debates Vol IV, Friday 18 July 1947 |access-date=10 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703135909/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/constituent/vol4p5.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> when compared to general constituencies. Two separate lists of candidates, a general list and a reserved list, are contested in those constituencies. Each voter had to cast two votes, one for each list.

The two winners were chosen as follows:

* '''Reserved Member:''' Candidate with the most votes among the reserved (SC/ST) list candidates
* '''General Member:''' Candidate with the most votes among the rest of the candidates, excluding the Reserved Member (including both reserved and general lists).

This system led to anomalies. In some cases, like the Coimbatore-II constituency in the [[1957 Madras legislative assembly election|1957 election]], both elected members belonged to the reserved list; the candidate with the second highest number of votes in the reserved list secured more votes than the highest vote-getter in the general list. Multiple members were elected only in the 1952 and 1957 elections, as double-member representation was abolished in 1961 by the enactment of the Two-Member Constituencies Abolition Act, 1961.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Zoya| last1=Hasan | first2=Eswaran| last2=Sridharan| first3=R| last3=Sudharshan| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgt2JdUrsHUC | year= 2005| title=India's living constitution: ideas, practices, controversies| publisher= Anthem Press| isbn =978-1-84331-136-2| pages=360–63}}</ref>

==Parties and issues==
[[Indian National Congress]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Forward Bloc]], [[Praja Socialist Party]], [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]], [[Congress Reform Committee]] (Indian National Democratic Congress), and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) were the major parties contesting this election. This was the first election contested by the DMK since its formation in 1949. The decision to contest elections was taken in 1956 at the party's Trichy conference. The party fielded its candidates in 8 parliamentary and 117 assembly seats as independents since it was not an officially recognised party.<ref>{{cite book|title=The success of India's democracy|author=Kohli|first=Atul|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-521-80530-9|page=89|author-link=Atul Kohli}}</ref> The increased Tamilian character of the Congress party after the appointment of [[K. Kamaraj]], a non-Brahman, as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, robbed DMK of its main electoral plank as the sole proponent of Tamil nationalism. It increasingly changed its focus to economic issues and the slower industrialization of the South as an election issue. The DMK election manifesto had a socialist image, and the creation of [[Dravida Nadu]] became a side issue as it implicitly accepted the prevailing constitutional order.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism| author=Robert L. Hardgrave Jr. | journal=Pacific Affairs| year=1964–1965| volume=37|issue=4| pages=396–411| jstor=2755132| doi=10.2307/2755132}}</ref><ref name="Manivannan">{{Cite journal| first = R.|last=Manivannan| title =1991 Tamil Nadu Elections: Issues, Strategies and Performance| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 27| issue = 4| pages = 164–170| date = 25 January 1992| jstor =4397536}}</ref>

[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] issued a statement in support of K. Kamaraj before the commencement of the election. In October 1956, the central executive of [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] resolved to support K. Kamaraj.<ref name="Lloyd I. Rudolph">{{cite journal | title=Urban Life and Populist Radicalism: Dravidian Politics in Madras| author=Lloyd I. Rudolph| journal=The Journal of Asian Studies| date=May 1961| volume=20|issue=3| pages=283–297| jstor=2050816| doi=10.2307/2050816| s2cid=145124008}}</ref>

<blockquote>Since Mr. Kamaraj has done his best to serve the Tamilians, since he has changed Acharyar's educational system designed to perpetuate the caste system, since he has conferred many jobs and many benefits on Tamilians in the educational and other spheres and since the Brahman and DMK people are trying to oust him from power, it has become the duty of all Tamilians to support Mr. Kamaraj and his followers in the election<ref name="Lloyd I. Rudolph"/><ref>''The Hindu'' (10 October 1956)</ref></blockquote>

K. Kamaraj accepted the support of Dravidar Kazhagam and said if the Kazhagam canvassed votes for him out of their own free will, he could not possibly tell them he did not want their votes. He also made it clear that the Congress party cannot support a party that is communal in nature, and he did not in any way share E. V. Ramasamy's views.<ref name="Lloyd I. Rudolph"/><ref>''The Hindu'' (6 March 1957)</ref>

[[K. Kamaraj]]'s decision to accept support and provide candidature to some former members of [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] caused division within Congress, resulting in a new party called the Congress Reform Committee (CRC). Though the party was created in the last moment, it fielded candidates in 12 parliamentary and 55 assembly seats.<ref name="James R. Roach">{{Citation| last = James R. Roach| title = India's 1957 elections| journal = Far Eastern Survey| volume = 26| issue = 5| pages = 65–78| date = May 1957| jstor = 3024537| doi=10.2307/3024537}}</ref>

[[Forward Bloc]] Leader [[Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar]] accused the ruling Congress party of engaging in vote-buying practices by distributing money to voters and urged the electorate to reject such inducements, describing them as immoral. He pointed out that people willingly spent ₹2 to ₹5 to witness [[Jallikattu]], and argued that accepting ₹5 or ₹10 in exchange for exercising one’s franchise was wrong.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2017 |title=The six-decade-old problem of cash-for-vote|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/Dec/17/the-six-decade-old-problem-of-cash-for-vote-1729412.html |access-date=17 December 2017|work=newindianexpress|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Voting and results==
'''Source''': Election Commission of India<ref name="MadrasECI1957"/>
<section begin=Results />{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election<ref name="MadrasECI1957">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref> |sortable=yes}}
!colspan=9|[[File:India Madras Legislative Assembly 1957.svg]]
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"
! class="unsortable" |
! Political party !! Flag !! Seats Contested !! Won !! % of Seats
! Votes !! Vote % !! Change in vote %
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|INC Flag Official|35px]]
| 204 || 151 ({{decrease}}1) || 73.66 || 50,46,576 || 45.34 || {{increase}} 10.46
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|35px]]
| 58 || 4 ({{decrease}}58) || 1.95 || 8,23,582 || 7.40 || {{decrease}} 5.78
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|[[File:Flag of Praja Socialist Party.svg|35px]]
| 23 || 2 (''New'') || 0.98 || 2,93,778 || 2.64 || ''New''
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|
| 602 || 48 ({{decrease}} 14) || 23.41 || 49,67,060 || 44.62 || N/A
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 3|
! style="text-align:center;" |Total Seats !! 205 ({{decrease}}170) !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 2,39,05,575 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! colspan = 2|1,11,30,996 (46.56%)
|}<section end=Results />

DMK was not officially recognised as a party by the Election Commission of India until 1962, so it was registered as an independent party. The Congress Reform Committee was the second and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was the third party in the assembly. Congress won 45% of the vote, the CRC 8%, and the DMK 14%.<ref name="James R. Roach"/>

=== By constituency ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="background-color:#ADD8E6"|*
|Elected as Chief Minister of Madras State
|-
|style="background-color:#FFE6E6"|**
|DMK Candidates contesting as independents
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
!S.No
! Constituency
! Winner
! Party
! Runner up
! Party
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Madras district|Madras City]]'''
|---
|1
|[[Washermanpet Assembly constituency|Washermanpet]]
|[[M. Mayandi Nadar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|N. Jeevarathnam
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|2
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|[[U. Krishna Rao]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|G. Rajamannar Chettiar
|PSP
|---
|3
|[[Basin Bridge Assembly constituency|Basin Bridge]]
|T. N. Anandanayaki
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[N. V. Natarajan]]
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|4
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|1) [[Pakkiriswami Pillai]] 3) [[Satyavani Muthu]]
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND IND
|2) T. S. Govindaswamy 4) T. Rajagopal
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|---
|5
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand lights]]
|[[A. V. P. Asaithambi]]
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|K. Venkatasamy Naidu
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|6
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]
|[[Anbazhagan]]
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|Radhakrishnan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|7
|[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
|[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Appadurai
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|8
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|[[C. R. Ramaswamy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kumari S. Vijayalakshmi
|PSP
|---
|9
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|T. Nagar]]
|K. Vinayakam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|A. S. Jesupatham
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput]]'''
|---
|10
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]
|1) O. Venkatasubba Reddy 4) Ellappan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] IND
|2) O.N. Doraibabu 3) V.L. Raja
|IND IND
|---
|11
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|1) Muthuswamy Naicker 2) Appavu
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3) Ramachandran 4) Rathinam
|IND
|---
|12
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|A. S. Doraiswami Reddiar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|N. P. Loganathan
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|13
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]]
|1) V. Govindasami Naidu 2) [[T. P. Elumalai]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) T. Shanmugam 4) Changam Pillai
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND IND
|---
|14
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipundi]]
|Kamalambuiammal
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Venugopal Reddy
|IND
|---
|15
|[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|1) Eakambara Mudaly 2) [[V. S. Arunachalam]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) N. Govindasamy Naidu 4) M. Dharmalingam
|IND IND
|---
|16
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|[[M. Bhaktavatsalam]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|C. V. M. Annamalai
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|17
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|[[V. K. Ramaswamy Mudaliar]]
|IND
|K. Duraiswamy Nayagar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|18
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|[[C. N. Annadurai]]<ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4101-madras-1957/?do=download&csrfKey=602931eeaba39df88e6fdb48ddf4d311 1957 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India] '</ref>
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|P. S. Srinivasan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[North Arcot]]'''
|---
|19
|[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam]]
|[[S. C. Sadayappa Mudaliar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Thomas
|IND
|---
|20
|[[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|B. Bhakthavatsalu Naidu
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M. Subramanian Naicker
|IND
|---
|21
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|P. Ramachandran
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|V. Darmalinga Nayagar
|IND
|---
|22
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi]]
|1) M. Ramachandra Reddy 3) D. Dasarathan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|2) A. Dharma Gounder 4) S. Muthulingam
|IND IND
|---
|23
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|S. Khader Sheriff
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Lachaumanan
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|24
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|Chandrasekara Naicker
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|R. A. Subhaan
|IND
|---
|25
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]
|1) [[V. K. Kothandaraman]] 2) [[T. Manavalan]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] INC
|3) Venkatachalam 4) M. Krishnasami
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] IND
|---
|26
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|[[M. P. Sarathy]]
|IND
|Sundara Gounder
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|27
|[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]
|1) [[V. K. Krishnamurthy]] 3) [[S. R. Munusami]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] IND
|2) Sampangi Naidu 4) A. R. Rathnasamy
|IND INC
|---
|28
|[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arni]]
|P. Doraisamy Reddiar
|IND
|V. K. Kannan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|29
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|S. M. Annamalai
|IND
|T. B. Kesava Reddiar
|IND
|---
|30
|[[Thurinjapuram Assembly constituency|Thurinjapuram]]
|[[M. A. Manickavelu]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S. Murugan
|IND
|---
|31
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|1) [[P. U. Shanmugham]] 2) C. Santhanam
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND IND
|3) V. K. Annamalai Gounder 4) [[A. Arumugam]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|32
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]]
|T. Karia Goundar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|R. Venkatachala Mudaliar
|IND
|---
|33
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
|A. A. Rasheed
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M. P. Vadivelu Gounder
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|34
|[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|R. C. Samanna Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Natesa Pillai
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Salem district|Salem]]'''
|---
|35
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur]]
|1) P. M. Munusami Gounder 2) M. K. Mariappan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) T. Ponnusamy 4) C. Theerthagiri
|IND IND
|---
|36
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|S. Nagaraja Manigar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|N. Mohanram
|IND
|---
|37
|[[Uddanapalle Assembly constituency|Uddanapalli]]
|Muni Reddi
|IND
|Venkatakrishna Desai
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|38
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|K. Appavoo Pillai
|IND
|[[N. Ramachandra Reddy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|39
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|Hemalatha Devi
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|D. K. Gorunatha Chettiar
|IND
|---
|40
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|M. Kandasami Kandar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|R. S. Veerappa Chetty
|IND
|---
|41
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]]
|1) S. Andi Goundan 2) S. Lakshmana Goundar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) Raja Paul David 4) Kuppusami Goundan
|IND IND
|---
|42
|[[Salem - I Assembly constituency|Salem I]]
|[[A. Mariappan Mudaliar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|43
|[[Salem - II Assembly constituency|Salem II]]
|A. Rathnavel Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S. M. Ramiah
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|44
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandy]]
|[[M. R. Kandasamy Mudaliar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Chelliah
|IND
|---
|45
|[[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]
|[[N. S. Sundararajan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Chinnappan
|IND
|---
|46
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|[[K. S. Ardhanareeswara Gounder]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Surendiran
|PSP
|---
|47
|[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari]]
|[[K. S. Subramanya Gounder]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |R. Thandavan
|IND
|---
|48
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|1) [[T. M. Kaliannan]] 2) [[R. Kandaswami]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) Rangasamy Gounder 4) Komaran
|IND PSP
|---
|49
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]
|1) P. Kolanda Gounder 3) [[M. P. Periasami]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|2) V. Kaliappan 4) Marudaveeran
|IND IND
|---
|50
|[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Sendamangalam]]
|T. Sivagnanam Pillai
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Somasundara Gounder
|IND
|---
|51
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
|A. Raja Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|K. V. K. Ramaswamy
|IND
|---
|52
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
|1) Irusappan 2) M. P. Subramaniam
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND IND
|3) A. Sambasiva Reddiar 4) M. Arumugham
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] IND
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot]]'''
|---
|53
|[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]]
|1) Nataraja Odayar 3) [[M. Anandan]]
|IND IND
|2) Parthasarathy 4) L. Anandan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|---
|54
|[[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukoilur]]
|1) S. A. M. Annamalai Odayar 3) Kuppusami
|IND INC
|2) Lakshmi Narasamma 4) Muthusami
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] IND
|---
|55
|[[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Satyamangalam]]
|[[K. Gopal Gounder]]
|IND
|K. Aranganathan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|56
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|M. Jangal Reddiar
|IND
|V. Gopal Gounder
|IND
|---
|57
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
|1) P. Veerappa Gounder 2) [[M. Jagannathan]]
|IND IND
|3) Venugopal Gounder 4) Pichaikuppan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|---
|58
|[[Valavanur Assembly constituency|Valavanur]]
|A. Govindasami Nayagar
|IND
|K. M. Krishna Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|59
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
|Sarangapani Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Shanmuga Udayar
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|60
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet]]
|[[Kandasami Padayachi]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Manonmani Ammal
|IND
|---
|61
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|[[Seenivasa Padayachi]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Sambandan
|IND
|---
|62
|[[Nellikkuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]]
|1) Sivachidambara Ramasamy Padayachi 3) [[S. Thangavelu]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|2) Krishnamoorthy Gounder 4) Rajaangam
|IND IND
|---
|63
|[[Nallur Assembly constituency|Nallur]]
|Vedamanickam
|IND
|K. S. Venkatakrishna Reddiar
|IND
|---
|64
|[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Vridhachalam]]
|[[M. Selvaraj]]
|IND
|G. Rajavelu Padayachi
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|65
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|Samikannu Padayachi
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|R. Balagurusamy
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|66
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|1) [[G. Vagheesam Pillai]] 2) [[Swami Sahajananda (Chidambaram MLA)|Swami Sahajananda]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) Chokalingam 4) Sivasubramaniam
|IND IND
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Tanjore district|Tanjore]]'''
|---
|67
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]
|1) [[C. Muthia Pillai]] 2) [[K. B. S. Mani]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) K. Sami Durai Annangar 4) V. Velayutham
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] CPI
|---
|68
|[[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency|Mayuram]]
|1) [[G. Narayanasami Naidu]] 2) P. Jayaraj
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) M. Kathamuthu 4) A. R. Marianathan
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|69
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
|1) [[M. D. Thiagaraja Pillai]] 2) [[M. C. Muthukumaraswami]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) S. Arunachalam Pillai 4) P. Appaswamy
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] CPI
|---
|70
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|N. S. Ramalingam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[P. Jeevanandam]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|71
|[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Tiruthuraipundi]]
|1) V. Vedayyan 2) A. Vedaratnam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) C. Kandasamy 4) S. Vadivelu
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] CPI
|---
|72
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|[[T. S. Swaminatha Odayar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S. K. Sivanada Saluvar
|IND
|---
|73
|[[Aduthurai Assembly constituency|Aduthurai]]
|[[Ramamirtha Thondaiman]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Mohammed Amirdeen
|IND
|---
|74
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|T. Sambath
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Neelamegham
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|75
|[[Panjapatti Assembly constituency|Panjapatti]]
|Karunagiri Muthaiah
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|P. Poonambala Gounder
|IND
|---
|76
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvayur]]
|[[R. Swaminatha Merkondar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|D. Pakshiraja Moovarayar
|IND
|---
|77
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|[[A. Y. S. Parisutha Nadar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|R. Gopalakrishnan
|IND
|---
|78
|[[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandarvakottai]]
|Krishnasami Gopalar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Ramachandra Dorai
|IND
|-
|79
|[[Adirampattinam Assembly constituency|Adiramapattinam]]
|[[A. R. Marimuthu]]
|PSP
|N. Sunderasa Thevar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|80
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukottai]]
|R. Srinivasa Ayyar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|V. Arunachala Thevar
|bgcolor=#FFE6E6|IND
|---
|81
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]
|S. Ramasami Thevar
|IND
|Muthuvel Ambalam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]'''
|---
|82
|[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|V. Ramiah
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Muthuvairava Ambalagarar
|IND
|---
|83
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|1) [[Arunachala Thevar]] 2) Chinniah
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|Subbiah Balakrishnan
|IND
|---
|84
| [[Andanallur Assembly constituency|Andanallur]]
|Annamalai Muthuraja
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|E. P. Mathuram
|IND
|---
|85
|[[Tiruchirappalli – I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli - I]]
|E. P. Mathuram
|IND
|T. Durairaj Pillai
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|86
|[[Tiruchirappalli – II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli - II]]
|[[M. Kalyanasundaram]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Subburethinam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|87
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|K. Vasudevan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Chitrambalam
|IND
|---
|88
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|S. Lazar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Anbil P. Dharmalingam]]
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|89
|[[T. Palur Assembly constituency|T Palur]]
|Subbiah
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Ramasamy
|IND
|---
|90
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|[[K. R. Viswanathan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Jayaramulu Chettiar
|IND
|---
|91
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|Ramalinga Padayachi
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Narayanan
|IND
|---
|92
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]]
|1) Krishnasami 3) K. Periyannan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|2) Raja Chidambaram 4) Adimoolam
|IND IND
|---
|93
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|1) V. A. Muthaiya 2) T. V. Sannasi
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) M. P. Muthukaruppan 4) Durairaj
|IND IND
|---
|94
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|[[T. M. Nallaswamy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|K. S. Ramasami
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|95
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|[[S. Sadasivam]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|N. Rathinam
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|96
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|K. A. Dharmalingam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|97
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|1) Venkitachala Nattar 2) R. Subramaniam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) Haritharanathan 4) Tajudeen
|IND IND
|---
|98
|[[Manapaarai Assembly constituency|Manapparai]]
|N. P. M. Chinnaya Kavundar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|A. Rajagopal Pillai
|IND
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]'''
|---
|99
|[[Tirukostiyur Assembly constituency|Tirukoshtiyur]]
|N. V. Chockalingam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S. Shanmugam
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|100
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|[[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Ganesan Saw
|IND
|---
|101
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|D. Subramania Rajkumar
|IND
|Saminathan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|102
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|KR. RM. Kariamanickamambalam
|IND
|S. Ramakrishnathevar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|103
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai]]
|[[R. Chidambara Bharathi]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S. Alagu
|IND
|---
|104
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]]
|K. Ramachandran
|IND
|G. Govindan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|105
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|[[R. Shanmuga Rajeshwara Sethupathi]]
|IND
|G. Mangalasamy
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|106
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
|1) [[U. Muthuramalinga Thevar]] 2) [[A. Perumal]]
|IND IND
|3) Chinniah 4) A. Krishnan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|---
|107
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
|[[M. D. Ramasami]]
|IND
|A. V. Thiruppathi
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|--- bgcolor="#ADD8E6"
|108
|'''[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]'''
|'''[[K. Kamaraj]]'''
|'''INC'''
|[[Jayarama Reddiar]]
|IND
|---
|109
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|[[S. Ramasami Naidu]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|P. Muthuramanuja Thevar
|IND
|---
|110
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]
|1) [[R. Krishnasami Naidu]] 2) [[A. Chinnasami]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) [[S. Alagarsamy]] 4) Gurusami
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] IND
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]'''
|---
|111
|[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]
|[[V. Suppaya Naicker]]
|IND
|Selvaraj
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|112
|[[Kadambur Assembly constituency|Kadambur]]
|1) K. Ramasubbu 2) Sangili
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) S. Arunachala Nadar 4) V. Suppayan
|IND IND
|---
|113
|[[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Tuticorin]]
|[[Ponnusami Nadar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[M. S. Sivamani]]
|IND
|---
|114
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|[[A. P. C. Veerabahu]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Y. Perumal
|IND
|---
|115
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|[[M. S. Selvaraj]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M. R. Meganathan
|IND
|---
|116
|[[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sathankulam]]
|[[S. P. Adithanar]]
|IND
|S. Kandasamy
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|117
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|[[A. V. Thomas]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kartheesan
|IND
|---
|118
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|[[M. G. Sankar Reddiar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S. Madasamy
|IND
|---
|119
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|1) [[Rajathi Kunchithapatham]] 2) [[Somasundaram]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) Kandish 4) Ponnusami
|IND PSP
|---
|120
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
|[[Gomathisankara Deekshidar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Challapandian
|IND
|---
|121
|[[Kadayam Assembly constituency|Kadayam]]
|[[D. S. Athimoolam]]
|IND
|A. Balagan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|122
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|[[K. Sattanatha Karayalar]]
|IND
|I. A. Chidambaram Pillai
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|123
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|[[Veluchamy Thevar]]
|IND
|Nallasivan
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|124
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankoil]]
|1) P. Urkavalan 2) [[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) Adinamilagi 4) S. Uthaman
|IND PSP
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]'''
|---
|125
|[[Kanyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanyakumari]]
|[[T. S. Ramaswamy Pillai]]
|IND
|Natarajan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|126
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|[[Chidambaranatha Nadar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[C. Sankar]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|127
|[[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
|[[Lourdammal]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S. Doraiswamy
|IND
|---
|128
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|[[Thompson Dharmaraj Daniel]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S. Muthukaruppa Pillai
|IND
|---
|129
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyur]]
|[[A. Nesamony]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Uncontested
|Uncontested
|---
|130
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|[[William (Vilavancode MLA)|M. William]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Uncontested
|Uncontested
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Madurai district|Madurai]]'''
|---
|131
|[[Uthamapalayam Assembly constituency|Uthamapalayam]]
|K. Pandiaraj
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[P. T. Rajan]]
|IND
|---
|132
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
|[[A. S. Subbaraj]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M. Muthiala
|IND
|---
|133
|[[Kodaikanal Assembly constituency|Kodaikanal]]
|M. Alagirisamy
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Gurusamy
|IND
|---
|134
|[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
|1) [[N. R. Thiagarajan]] 3) [[N. M. Velappan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|2) [[S. S. Rajendran]] 4) A. Ayyanar
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND IND
|---
|135
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|[[MUTHU]]
|IND
|P. V. Raj
|[[-]]
|---
|136
|[[Tirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|A. V. P. Periavala Guruya Reddi
|IND
|[[K. Rajaram]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|137
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|[[P. K. R. Lakshmi Kanthan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[N. Sankaraiah]]
|CPM
|---
|138
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|[[V. Sankaran]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|S. Muthu
| bgcolor="#FFE6E6" |IND
|---
|139
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thirupparankundram]]
|S. Chinnakaruppa Thevar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|K. P. Janaki
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|140
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakkottai]]
|1) W. P. A. R. Chandrasekaran 2) [[A. S. Ponnammal]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) T. G. Krishnamoorthy 4) M. Vadivel
|IND IND
|---
|141
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|1) [[P. Kakkan]] 2) M. Periyakaruppan Ambalam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) K. Paramasivam Ambalan 4) P. Vadivel
|IND IND
|---
|142
|[[Vadamadurai Assembly constituency|Vadamadurai]]
|Thiruvenkatasamy Naicker
|IND
|S. Chiinasamy Naidu
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|143
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|T. S. Soundaram Ramachandran
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Madanagopal
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|144
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|M. J. Jamal Mohideen
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|A. Balasubramaniam
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|145
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Atoor]]
|M. A. B. Arumugasamy Chettiar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[V. S. S. Mani Chettiyar]]
|IND
|---
|146
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|Karuthappa Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Angamuthu Naicker
|IND
|---
|147
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
|[[P. S. K. Lakshmipathy Raju|Lakshmipathiraj]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Venkitasami Gounder
|IND
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]'''
|---
|148
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalpet]]
|S. T. Subbaya Gounder
|IND
|N. Mounaguruswamy Naidu
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|149
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|1) [[N. Mahalingam]] 2) K. Ponniah
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) P. Thangavel Gounder 4) V. K. Rangaswamy
|PSP CPI
|---
|150
| [[Kovilpalayam Assembly constituency|Kovilpalayam]]
|[[C. Subramaniam]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|C. Guruswamy Naidu
|PSP
|---
|151
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]]
|A. Sanapathi Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|P. S. Govindasamy Gounder
|IND
|---
|152
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|K. G. Palanisamy Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|P. Muthuswamy Gounder
|IND
|---
|153
|[[Chennimalai Assembly constituency|Chennimalai]]
|K. P. Nallasivam
|IND
|A. Thengappa Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|154
|[[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]
|V. S. Manickasundaram
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|K. T. Raju
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|155
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|[[N. K. Palanisami]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Manicka Mudaliar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|156
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|1) G. G. Gurumurthi 2) P. G. Manickam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] INC
|3) K. Komarasami Gounder 4) A. Subramanian
|IND IND
|---
|157
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|[[P. G. Karuthiruman]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Mariappan
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|158
|[[Nambiyur Assembly constituency|Nambiyur]]
|K. L. Ramaswami
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Uncontested
|Uncontested
|---
|159
|[[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]
|[[K. N. Palanisamy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|V. Ponnulinga Gounder
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|160
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|P. S. Chinnadurai
|PSP
|Kumarasami Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|---
|161
|[[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore - I]]
|Savitri Shanmugam
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Bupathy
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|162
|[[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore - II]]
|1) Marudachalam 2) Palaniswamy
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] INC
|3) Kuppuswamy 4) P. Veluswamy
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] PSP
|---
|163
|[[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]
|[[C. Kolandai Ammal|Kulanthai Ammal]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[K. Ramani]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|---
|164
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]]
|[[K. Marappa Gounder]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Karuppa Gounder
|IND
|---
|165
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
|D. Raghubadhi Devi
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Madhannan
|IND
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dec78c; color:white" align="center"|'''[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]'''
|---
|166
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
|[[J. Matha Gowder]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|H. B. Ari Gowder
|IND
|---
|167
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udagamandalam]]
|B. K. Linga Gowder
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|K. Bhojan
|IND
|---
|}

== Government formation and aftermath ==
Although the election results were announced in the first week of April, the swearing-in ceremony took place on April 14. The Legislative Assembly convened later, on April 29.

At Fort St. George in Madras (now Chennai), a designated chamber existed for the Governor. From there, Governor [[A. J. John]] proceeded ceremonially to the council chamber to administer the oath of office. [[K. Kamaraj]] was sworn in as Chief Minister, along with six ministers M. Bhaktavatsalam, C. Subramaniam, M. A. Manickavelu, P. Kakkan, V. Ramaiah, and Lourdhammal Simon. The ceremony concluded within 15 minutes. R. Venkataraman took office separately on a later date before the Governor at Ootacamund.

At the time, political meetings and public gatherings were commonly held along the Marina Beach in Madras, at venues known by names such as Tilakar Thidal and Seerani Arangam, though such gatherings were later discontinued. Following the 1957 elections, thanksgiving meetings were organized by both the Congress and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) at Marina Beach. The Congress meeting, held on April 8, was presided over by P. Kakkan.

Addressing the gathering, Kamaraj stated that an overwhelming victory for the Congress would be undesirable, emphasizing the need for a strong opposition in a democracy. He noted that although he had predicted around 150 seats, many had doubted it, and attributed his assessment to his understanding of the working classes. He stressed that governance should justify public trust and address common issues such as poverty and unemployment. At a meeting in Royapuram, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam elected C. N. Annadurai as Legislative Assembly leader and K. Anbazhagan as deputy leader, with M. Karunanidhi as chief whip. Annadurai urged party workers to uphold public trust and highlighted the importance of a responsible opposition in a democracy..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/amp/story/editorial-articles/special-stories/2026/Mar/17/election-1957-dmk-entered-the-tamil-nadu-legislative-assembly-for-the-first-time|title=தேர்தல் 1957: சட்டப்பேரவைக்குள் முதன்முதலாக நுழைந்த திமுக!|date=7 March 2026|work=Dinamani|access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref>

== Kamaraj's second cabinet ==
Kamaraj's council of ministers during his second tenure as chief minister (1 April 1957 – 1 March 1962)<ref name="kan1">{{cite book |author=Kandaswamy. P|title=The political Career of K. Kamaraj|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2008 |pages=62–64 |oclc=46929395 |asin=B00069WY4K |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOjT3qffnMkC}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white; width:180px"|Minister
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Portfolios
|---
|[[K. Kamaraj]]
|Chief Minister, Public, Planning and Development (including Local development Works, Women's Welfare, Community Projects and Rural Welfare), National Extension Scheme
|---
|[[M. Bhaktavatsalam]]
|Home
|---
|[[C. Subramaniam]]
|Finance
|---
|[[R. Venkataraman]]
|Industries
|---
|[[M. A. Manickavelu Naicker]]
|Revenue
|---
|[[P. Kakkan]]
| Works
|---
|[[V. Ramaiah]]
|Electricity
|---
|[[Lourdhammal Simon]]
|Local Administration
|}

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

==Footnotes and references==
{{Reflist |2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201816/http://www.eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]
* [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_02assly/index.htm 1957 Election]

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Madras]]
[[Category:1957 State Assembly elections in India|Madras]]
[[Category:1950s in Madras State]]
[[Category:March 1957 in Asia]]

Judo Rathnam

2026-05-06T16:55:43Z

Pururava: started a data

{{Short description|Indian actor and choreographer (1930–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Kalaimamani]]
| name = Judo Rathnam
| image =
| birth_name = K. K. Rathnam
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|8|8}}
| birth_place = [[Gudiyatham]], [[North Arcot|North Arcot District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Vellore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2023|01|26|1930|8|8}}
| death_place = [[Gudiyatham]], [[Vellore district]], Tamil Nadu, India
| spouse = Govindammal
| othername = Kalaichelvan, Rudhranagam
| yearsactive = 1959–2023
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|action choreographer|stunt coordinator}}
}}

'''K. K. Rathnam''' (8 August 1930 – 26 January 2023), known as '''Judo Rathnam''', was an Indian action choreographer. He made his debut as an actor in the film ''[[Thamarai Kulam]]'' in 1959, and later made his debut as a stunt master in the film ''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]'' in 1966. He made his last appearance as an actor before retirement in the film ''[[Thalainagaram]]'' in 2006. Stunt masters and actors such as [[Vikram Dharma]], [[Super Subbarayan]], [[Thalapathy Dinesh]], [[Jaguar Thangam]], [[Rocky Rajesh]], [[Rambo Rajkumar]], [[FEFSI Vijayan]], Stun Siva, [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]], Judo. K. K. Ramu, Indian Baskar, Rajasekhar, Ambur. R. S. Babu, M. Shahul Hameed, Kundrathur Babu, Azhagu & Vengal Rao have worked as fighters and assistants to him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/a-biography-of-the-fight-master-judoratnam-131674743052207.html |title=எம்ஜிஆருக்கு சண்டை சொல்லித் தர மறுத்த ஜூடோ ரத்தனம்! அறியப்படாத தகவல்கள்! |publisher=Hindustan Times Tamil |date=26 January 2023 |accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/cinematic-fighting-coach-judo-ratnam-passes-away/3227031 |title=சினிமா சண்டை பயிற்சியாளர் ஜூடோ ரத்தினம் மறைவு |publisher=Dina Malar |date=27 January 2023 |accessdate=2 March 2023}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} His son Judo. K. K. Ramu is also a stunt master, while his grandsons Judo Lenin and John Prince are stunt artists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2015/05/15/judo-k-k-rathnam/ |title=Judo. K. K. Rathnam Antru Kanda Mugam |publisher=Wordpress.com |date=15 May 2015 |accessdate=16 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141906/https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2015/05/15/judo-k-k-rathnam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2023}}

Rathnam died on 26 January 2023, at age 92.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2023 |title=Legendary stunt choreographer Judo Rathnam passes away at 92 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/26/legendary-stunt-choreographer-judo-rathnam-passes-away-at-92-39286.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126165844/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/26/legendary-stunt-choreographer-judo-rathnam-passes-away-at-92-39286.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Rathnam was born in Gudiyattam. From his early childhood, he was attracted towards bodybuilding, yoga and silambam. He won gold medal in bodybuilding and silver cup in boxing which led Rathnam to receive opportunities in films as a stuntman. Mugavai Rajamanikkam took him to Chennai and introduced him to [[Muktha Srinivasan]] who gave him an opportunity for playing a stuntman in his film ''[[Thamarai Kulam]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 November 1982 |title=என்.டி.ராமாராவ் அசந்து போனார்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-11-28/page/n53/mode/2up |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |pages=52–53 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> He was given the name Judo Rathnam by A. Kareem at Tamil Art Literature Conference.

==Filmography==
{{Colbegin}}
* 1966 ''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]''
* 1966 ''[[Iru Vallavargal]]''
* 1967 ''Madi Veettu Mappillai''
* 1967 ''[[Ethirigal Jakkirathai]]''
* 1967 ''[[Kadhalithal Podhuma]]''
* 1968 ''Thanga Valayal''
* 1968 ''[[Muthu Chippi]]''
* 1968 ''Deiveega Uravu''
* 1969 ''Thulabaram''
* 1970 ''[[Dharisanam]]''
* 1971 ''Thanga Gopuram''
* 1971 ''Signal Man Siddappa'' (Kannada)
* 1971 ''Nammaka Drohulu'' (Telugu)
* 1972 ''Bathilukku Bathil''
* 1972 ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada]]''
* 1973 ''[[Puttinillu Mettinillu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1973 ''Sahadharmini'' (Kannada)
* 1973 ''[[Bidugade]]'' (Kannada)
* 1974 ''Nomu'' (Telugu)
* 1975 ''[[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]'' (Kannada)
* 1975 ''Hotel Sorgam''
* 1975 [[Pooja (1975 film)|''Pooja'']] (Telugu)
* 1976 ''[[Jeevan Jyothi (1976 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' (Hindi)
* 1977 ''[[Gaayathri]]''
* 1977 ''Devare Dikku'' (Kannada)
* 1977 ''[[Thayigintha Devarilla]]'' (Kannada)
* 1977 ''Nallathukku Kaalamillai''
* 1978 ''Mela Thalangal''
* 1978 ''[[Maathu Tappada Maga]]'' (Kannada)
* 1979 ''Pancha Kalyani''
* 1979 ''Suddhikalasam'' (Malayalam)
* 1980 ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]''
* 1980 ''Othaiyadi Pathaiyile''
* 1981 ''[[Netrikkann]]''
* 1981 ''Nenjil Oru Mul''
* 1981 ''[[Raktham]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1981 ''[[Sivappu Malli]]''
* 1982 ''[[Pokkiri Raja (1982 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''
* 1982 ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sagalakala Vallavan]]''
* 1982 ''[[Chinnan Chirusugal]]''
* 1982 ''Theeratha Vilayattu Pillai''
* 1982 ''[[Kanne Radha]]''
* 1982 ''[[Puthukavithai]]''
* 1982 ''[[Sindoora Sandhyakku Mounam]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1982 ''[[Pakkathu Veetu Roja]]''
* 1982 ''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]''
* 1982 ''[[Theerpugal Thiruththapadalam]]''
* 1982 ''[[Anandha Ragam]]''
* 1983 ''[[Uruvangal Maralam]]''
* 1983 ''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]''
* 1983 ''Oru Kai Parppom''
* 1983 ''[[Coolie (1983 Malayalam film)|Coolie]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1983 ''[[Paayum Puli (1983 film)|Paayum Puli]]''
* 1983 ''[[Thangaikkor Geetham]]''
* 1983 ''[[Uyirullavarai Usha]]''
* 1983 ''[[Thudikkum Karangal (1983 film)|Thudikkum Karangal]]''
* 1983 ''Puthisali Paithiyangal''
* 1983 ''Naan Soottiya Malar''
* 1983 ''[[Sivappu Sooriyan]]''
* 1983 ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''
* 1983 ''Valartha Kada''
* 1983 ''[[Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey]]''
* 1983 ''[[Kairasikkaran]]''
* 1983 ''[[Soorakottai Singakutti]]''
* 1983 ''[[Adutha Varisu]]''
* 1984 ''Madurai Sooran''
* 1984 ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]''
* 1984 ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]''
* 1984 ''Sabash''
* 1984 ''Magudi''
* 1984 ''[[Insaaf Kaun Karega]]'' (Hindi)
* 1984 ''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1984 ''[[Itha Innu Muthal]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1984 ''Mainakam'' (Malayalam)
* 1984 ''[[Thiruppam]]''
* 1984 ''[[Nerupukkul Eeram]]''
* 1984 ''[[Neengal Kettavai]]''
* 1984 ''Niyayam''
* 1984 ''[[Vellai Pura Ondru]]''
* 1984 ''Neram Nalla Neram''
* 1984 ''[[Kai Kodukkum Kai]]''
* 1984 ''[[Iru Medhaigal]]''
* 1984 ''Udhandudu'' (Telugu)
* 1984 ''[[Mudivalla Arambam]]''
* 1984 ''[[Nallavanukku Nallavan]]''
* 1984 ''Rajathanthiram''
* 1984 ''[[Naanayam Illatha Naanayam]]'' as Kalan
* 1985 ''[[Padikkadavan (1985 film)|Padikkadavan]]''
* 1985 ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]''
* 1985 ''[[Avan (1985 film)|Avan]]''
* 1985 ''Veettukkari''
* 1985 ''[[Ketti Melam]]''
* 1985 ''Mappillai Singam''
* 1985 ''[[America Alludu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1985 ''Ragasiyam''
* 1985 ''[[Nermai]]''
* 1985 ''[[Paartha Gnabagam Illayo (film)|Partha Gnabagam Illayo]]''
* 1985 ''[[Yaar? (film)|Yaar?]]''
* 1985 ''[[Oru Malarin Payanam]]''
* 1985 ''[[Puthiya Sagaptham]]''
* 1985 ''[[Eetti (1985 film)|Eetti]]''
* 1985 ''[[Wafadaar]]'' (Hindi)
* 1985 ''Deivapiravi''
* 1985 ''Raja Yuvaraja''
* 1985 ''Paadum Vaam Paadi''
* 1985 ''Urimai''
* 1985 ''Vetrikkani''
* 1985 ''[[Ilamai]]''
* 1985 ''Sigappu Kili''
* 1985 ''Thalaimagan''
* 1985 ''[[Uyarndha Ullam]]''
* 1985 ''[[Mangamma Sabadham (1985 film)|Mangamma Sabadham]]''
* 1985 ''[[Nalla Thambi]]''
* 1985 ''Mookkanan Kayiru''
* 1985 ''[[Unnai Thedi Varuven]]''
* 1985 ''[[Ketti Melam]]''
* 1985 ''[[Arthamulla Aasaigal]]''
* 1985 ''[[Chinna Veedu]]''
* 1986 ''Engal Thaaikkulame Varuga''
* 1986 ''Prathidwani'' (Telugu)
* 1986 ''[[Dharma Devathai]]''
* 1986 ''[[Mr. Bharath]]''
* 1986 ''Maruthi'' (Telugu)
* 1986 [[Desoddharakudu|''Deshoddharakudu'']] (Telugu)
* 1986 ''Manchi Manasulu'' (Telugu)
* 1986 ''[[Kulirkaala Megangal]]''
* 1986 ''Kaalamellam Un Madiyil''
* 1986 ''[[Murattu Karangal]]''
* 1986 ''[[Santhi Nivasam (1986 film)|Shanthi Nivasam]]'' (Telugu)
* 1986 ''Kadaikkan Parvai''
* 1986 [[Brahmastram (1986 film)|''Brahmastram'']] (Telugu)
* 1986 ''[[Mounam Kalaikirathu]]''
* 1986 ''[[Naanum Oru Thozhilali]]''
* 1986 ''Jeevanadhi''
* 1986 ''[[Viduthalai (1986 film)|Viduthalai]]''
* 1987 ''[[Manithan (1987 film)|Manithan]]''
* 1987 ''[[Cooliekkaran]]''
* 1987 ''[[Shankar Guru (1987 film)|Shankar Guru]]''
* 1987 [[Sankar Guru (1987 film)|''Chinnari Devatha'']] (Telugu)
* 1987 ''Veera Pratap'' (Telugu)
* 1987 ''[[Anjatha Singam]]''
* 1987 ''[[Majaal]]'' (Hindi)
* 1987 ''[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]''
* 1987 ''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]''
* 1987 ''[[President Gari Abbai]]'' (Telugu)
* 1987 ''Marana Sasanam'' (Telugu)
* 1988 ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''
* 1988 ''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]''
* 1988 ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''
* 1988 ''[[Senthoora Poove]]''
* 1988 ''[[Vasanthi (1988 film)|Vasanthi]]''
* 1988 ''Chinnodu Peddodu'' (Telugu)
* 1988 ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]''
* 1988 ''[[Irandil Ondru]]''
* 1988 ''[[Manamagale Vaa]]''
* 1988 ''[[Kazhugumalai Kallan]]''
* 1989 ''[[Meenakshi Thiruvilayadal]]''
* 1989 ''[[Dravidan (1989 film)|Dravidan]]''
* 1989 ''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]''
* 1989 ''[[Sonthakkaran]]''
* 1989 ''Poola Rangadu (''Telugu'')''
* 1989 ''Dilly Babu''
* 1989 [[Baamma Maata Bangaru Baata|''Bamma Mata Bangaru Baata'']] (Telugu)
* 1989 ''Dharma Devan''
* 1989 ''[[Gair Kanooni]]'' (Hindi)
* 1989 ''[[Vaai Kozhuppu]]''
* 1989 ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]''
* 1990 ''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]''
* 1990 ''[[Amma Pillai]]''
* 1990 ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]''
* 1990 ''[[Pengal Veettin Kangal]]''
* 1990 ''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]'' (Hindi)
* 1990 ''Pudhu Varisu''
* 1990 ''[[Parampara (1990 film)|Parampara]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1990 ''Puttinti Pattu Cheera (''Telugu'')''
* 1990 ''Idem Pellam Baboi'' (Telugu)
* 1990 ''[[Engitta Mothathay]]''
* 1990 ''[[En Kadhal Kanmani]]''
* 1990 [[Guru Sishyulu (1990 film)|''Guru Sishyulu'']] (Telugu)
* 1990 ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Ragangal]]''
* 1990 ''[[Aatha Naan Pass Ayittaen]]''
* 1991 ''Nenjamundu Nermaiundu''
* 1991 ''Niyantha'' (Telugu)
* 1991 ''[[Sarpayagam]]'' (Telugu)
* 1992 ''Sakalakala Vandugal''
* 1992 ''[[Kaaval Geetham]]''
* 1992 ''[[Therku Theru Machan]]''
* 1992 ''[[Mudhal Kural]]''
* 1992 ''[[Pandiyan (film)|Pandiyan]]''
* 1994 ''Prema & Co'' (Telugu)
* 1995 ''[[Orey Rikshaw]]'' (Telugu)
* 1997 ''[[Rowdy Durbar]]'' (Telugu)
* 2014 ''[[Bonku Babu]]'' (Bengali)
* 2018 ''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor]]'' (Bengali)
{{colend}}

==Actor==
* 1959 ''[[Thamarai Kulam]]''
* 1963 ''[[Konjum Kumari]]''
* 2006 ''[[Thalainagaram]]''

==Producer==
* 1980 ''[[Othayadi Paathayilae]]''

==Awards and honours==
* 2013 [[Guinness Book of Records]] - [[Guinness World Record]] for working in more than 1200 films as a stunt coordinator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thinaboomi.com/news/2014/05/25/21395.html |title=Judo. K. K. Rathnam takes place in the Guinness Books of Records |publisher=Thina Boomi |date=1 June 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611013608/http://www.thinaboomi.com/news/2014/05/25/21395.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2016 [[Sankaradas Swamigal|Sankaradas Swamigal Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-chennai/tiruvannamalai/2016/dec/19/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1-%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-2617761.html |title=Appreciation Ceremony conducted for Judo. K. K. Rathnam who had won Sankaradas Swamigal Award |publisher=Dina Mani |date=19 December 2016 |accessdate=3 March 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203122627/https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-chennai/tiruvannamalai/2016/dec/19/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1-%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-2617761.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2019 [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Awards]] from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010319/kalaimamani-awards-after-8-years-201-artistes-get-awards.html |title=Kalaimamani awards after 8 years: 201 artistes get awards |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=1 March 2019 |accessdate=3 March 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621101433/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010319/kalaimamani-awards-after-8-years-201-artistes-get-awards.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=2530079|name=Judo. K. K. Rathnam}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathnam, Judo. K. K.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian action choreographers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]

Tirurangadi Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T17:18:33Z

Pururava: Done...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = Kerala
| name = Tirurangadi
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 43
| map_image = PSMOCollege.JPG
| map_caption = [[Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College|PSMO College Tirurangadi]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,97,080 (2021)
| mla = P. M. A. Sameer
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
}}
'''Tirurangadi State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is P. M. A. Sameer of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
[[File:Tirurangadi Niyamasabha constituency.png|thumb|Map of Tirurangadi Assembly constituency]]
Tirurangadi Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|grama panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Parappanangadi]]
|Municipality
|Tirurangadi
|-
|2
|[[Tirurangadi]]
|Municipality
|Tirurangadi
|-
|3
|[[Nannambra]]
|Grama panchayat
|Tirurangadi
|-
|4
|[[Thennala]]
|Grama panchayat
|Tirurangadi
|-
|5
|[[Edarikode]]
|Grama panchayat
|Tirurangadi
|-
|6
|[[Perumanna-Klari]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]
|}
<mapframe text="Tirurangadi Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q7135756, Q20579667, Q16134922, Q16137958, Q13113460, Q13110680"}</mapframe>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Tirurangadi Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/tirurangadi-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Tirurangadi
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Niyama Sabha
! Name
! colspan="2"|Party
! Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=9|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| K. Avukader Kutty Naha
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| rowspan="4" |K. Avukader Kutty Naha
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| C. P. Kunhalikutty Keyi
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |9th
| V. A. Beeran Sahib
| 1991 – 1995
|-
| 1995*
| [[A. K. Antony]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1995 - 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| rowspan="3" |Kutty Ahammed Kutty
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| rowspan="2" |[[K. P. A. Majeed]]
| [[Incumbent]]
|}

{{notelist}}*by-election

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election. 
===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirurangadi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate =Ajith kolady
|votes = 48482
|percentage = 27.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = P. M. A. Sameer
|votes = 111869
|percentage = 63.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Riju C. Raghav
|votes = 11497
|percentage = 6.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Moosa Jarathingal
|votes = 843
|percentage = .47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party Of India
|candidate = Hameed V
|votes = 2650
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 873
|percentage = .49
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 63387
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 176214
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirurangadi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[K. P. A. Majeed]]
|votes = 73,499
|percentage = 49.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Niyas Pulickalakath
|votes = 63,921
|percentage = 43.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Kalliyath Sathar Haji
|votes = 8,314
|percentage = 5.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 721
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Niyas
|votes = 487
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abdul Majeed Panackal
|votes = 303
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Swaraj India
|candidate = Moosa Jarathingal
|votes = 274
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandran
|votes = 132
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abdulrahim Naha
|votes = 120
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 9,578
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,47,771
|percentage = 74.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,82,849 registered voters in Tirurangadi Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tirurangadi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]|votes=63,027|percentage=46.53%|change={{decrease}}11.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=Niyas Pulikkalakath|votes=56,884|percentage=42.06%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. V. Geetha Madhavan|votes=8,046|percentage=5.95%|change={{increase}}0.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Adv. K. C. Naseer|votes=2,478|percentage=1.83%|change={{decrease}}1.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Maliyatt Abdurazak Haji|votes=1,902|percentage=1.41%|change={{decrease}}2.86}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Minu Mumthaz|votes=1,270|percentage=0.94%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=630|percentage=0.47%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Niyas Paroli|votes=541|percentage=0.40%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Haneefa|votes=294|percentage=0.22%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,043
|percentage = 4.47%
|change ={{decrease}}25.64
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,35,246|percentage=73.97%|change={{increase}}8.35}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser =
|swing ={{decrease}}11.95
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,80,715 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tirurangadi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]|votes=58,666|percentage=58.48%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=K. K. Abdu Samad|votes=28,458|percentage=28.37%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sasidharan Punnassery|votes=5,480|percentage=5.46%|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Ibrahim Thirungadi|votes=4,281|percentage=4.27%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. A. Rahim|votes=2,945|percentage=2.94%|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Abuyazar|votes=492|percentage=0.49|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 30,208
|percentage = 30.11%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,00,323|percentage=65.62%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tirurangadi]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Kerala Niyamasabha Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Turtuk

2026-05-02T04:51:31Z

Pururava: Creating...

{{short description|Village in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Turtuk
| other_name =
| official_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = River Shyok, Turtuk Village, Ladakh.JPG
| alt =
| image_caption = [[Shyok river]] at Turtuk in [[Leh district]], [[Ladakh]]
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|34.847|N|76.827|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nubra district|Nubra]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nubra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3371
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Balti language|Balti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 194401
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 913
| native_name_lang = Ladakhi
}}

'''Turtuk''' is a town, the headquarters of the eponymous [[tehsil]] and [[Community development block in India|community development block]] in the [[Nubra district]] of [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Ladakh]]. Situated on the banks of the [[Shyok River|Shyok]] River,<ref>{{citation |title=Turtuk, the village on the India-Pak border, is where the clichés stop and fantasies begin |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=8 May 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/turtuk-the-village-on-the-india-pak-border-is-where-the-cliches-stop-and-fantasies-begin/story-wDRz7SWhljG0pO6Lu6kBnM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808070801/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/turtuk-the-last-village-on-the-india-pak-border-is-where-the-clich-s-stop-and-fantasies-begin/article1-1344873.aspx |archive-date=8 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> sandwiched between the [[Karakoram|Karakorum Range]] and the [[Ladakh Range|Himalayas]],<ref name=newd1>[https://ladakh.gov.in/historic-milestone-for-ladakh-five-new-districts-notified-in-ladakh-taking-total-districts-to-seven/ Historic milestone for Ladakh: Five new districts notified in Ladakh; taking total districts to seven], 27 Apr 2026.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/leh-ladakh-food-restaurants-alchi-turtuk-nubra-valley-saboo|title = 6 fabulous food experiences to have in Ladakh|date = 16 October 2019}}</ref>{{rs?|date=February 2023}} and one of the northernmost habitation of India, close to the [[Line of Control]] between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=The village divided by border |newspaper=BBC News |date=11 November 2016 |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20161107-the-village-divided-by-a-border}}</ref> Geographically, the village is in the [[Baltistan]] region, which has been under [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|Pakistani administration]], except for five villages of the Turtuk block which are part of India. These villages form the only region in India populated by [[Balti people]].<ref>{{cite web |title=the village that lost its country |newspaper=BBC News |date=31 July 2019 |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20190730-the-village-that-lost-its-country}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How one woman's story changed the lives of Turtuk's women forever |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 November 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/how-one-womans-story-changed-the-lives-of-turtuks-women-forever/article25401481.ece}}</ref> Turtuk is known for its fruit, especially apricots.

Turtuk was administered by Pakistan and was under [[Pakistan]]i control until the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war of 1971]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/in-ladakhs-turtuk-village-life-goes-on-as-it-has-since-the-15th-century/article25202192.ece|title=In Ladakh's Turtuk village, life goes on as it has since the 15th century|first=Archita|last=Suryanarayanan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 October 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> when the [[Indian Army]] regained control again.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turtuk Diary |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/turtuk-diary/277826 |newspaper=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Planning a trip to Ladakh? You just cannot miss these experiences |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/planning-a-trip-to-ladakh-you-just-cannot-miss-these-experiences/article1-1349292.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521094136/http://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/planning-a-trip-to-ladakh-you-just-cannot-miss-these-experiences/article1-1349292.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> It is also one of the gateways to the [[Siachen Glacier]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Siachen Factor |newspaper=Outlook India |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-siachen-factor/207683}}</ref><ref>
Nitin Gokhale, [https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/the-siachen-saga/ The Siachin Saga], The Diplomat, 21 April 2014.</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Hand drawn map of Turtuk.jpg|left|thumb|Hand-drawn map of Turtuk from the Turtuk Palace.]]

===Brogpa era===

The earliest known tribe which inhabited Turtuk were a [[Dard people|Dardic tribe]], locally known as the Brogpas,<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/society/in-ladakhs-turtuk-village-life-goes-on-as-it-has-since-the-15th-century/article25202192.ece In Ladakh's Turtuk village, life goes on as it has since the 15th century], Archita Suryanarayanan, ''The Hindu'', October 13, 2018</ref> who are believed to have migrated from [[Chilas]], a place now in Pakistan. They lived in Turtuk from an unknown time till, mostly probably, the 13th century AD. At some point around the 13th century AD, two warriors named Chuli and Yangdrung, came to Turtuk. They killed the king and eventually mostly of the locals fled Turtuk along the stream and across the mountain, to the villages now called Hanu, Dah and Domkhar.<ref name=Vohra>{{citation |title=Mythic Lore and Historical Documents from Nubra Valley in Ladakh |first=Rohit |last=Vohra |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=44 |number=1/2 |year=1990 |pages=225–239 |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |jstor=23658122}}</ref>
Right now, majority of the population in Turtuk are the direct descendants of Chuli and Yangdrung.{{cn|date=December 2022}}
As time passed on, people from outside came to Turtuk in search of work, bringing in more diversity.
Turtuk is believed to have remained an independent principality till the conquest of Baltistan by the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name=Vohra />{{verify source|date=April 2021}}

The people of Turtuk were followers of the [[Bon]] religion before Islam. Bon rituals can be seen both in the tradition as well as the architecture. Islam came to Turtuk due to the famous Persian Sufi poet and preacher, [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Syed Ali Shah Hamdani]]. People in Turtuk, like in other places in Baltistan, practice the Sufi sect Sufis Noorbakshia, named after a disciple of Shah Hamdani, Syed Mohammad Noorbaksh.
But by the nineteenth century, dominant sects from outside, such as Shia, Hanafi and later Wahabi started converting the Sufi Noorbakshia of Baltistan, and the Noorbakshia of Turtuk too. More recently, the Hanafis of Turtuk have also been converted to the more extreme subsets of Sunni.
Right now, only half of the population practices Noorbakshias while the rest practice either Sunni sect or Wahhabi sect.<ref name=Vohra />{{verify source|date=April 2021}}

=== Dogra dynasty ===

Raja [[Gulab Singh]] of Jammu, a vassal of the [[Sikh Empire]], conquered the region in 1840, ending the Balti kingdom of Maqpon dynasty.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="Pladan">{{Cite journal |last=Pladan |first=Konchak |date=1 September 2013 |title=Contemporary Ladakh: Partition and Economy of a Border Village – Turtuk |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09154 |journal=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |JSTOR=resrep09154 }}</ref>

After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], the British established the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under [[Gulab Singh]]. Gulab Singh's [[Dogra dynasty]] ruled the region until 1947 under the suzerainty of [[British Raj]].

=== Indo-Pakistan conflicts ===
[[File:War Memorial in Turtuk Village, Ladakh, India.JPG|thumbnail|right|War Memorial in Turtuk]]
{{See also|Battle of Turtuk}}

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], the [[Gilgit Scouts]] based in [[Gilgit]] overthrew the Dogra administration and subsequently invaded the Baltistan region. At the end of that war, Turtuk came under the control of [[Pakistan]] along with most of Baltistan.<ref name="Wire">{{cite web |author=Aaquib Khan |title=Turtuk, a Promised Land Between Two Hostile Neighbours |newspaper=The Wire |date=15 April 2017 |url=https://thewire.in/123835/turtuk-story-of-a-promise-land/}}</ref><ref name="Scroll">{{cite web |author=Rajrishi Singhal |title=An encounter with the 'king' of Turtuk, a border village near Gilgit-Baltistan |newspaper=Scroll.in |date=10 September 2016 |url=https://scroll.in/article/815863/an-encounter-with-the-king-of-turtuk-a-border-village-near-gilgit-baltistan}}</ref>

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], this area was the site of the [[Battle of Turtuk]]. India's [[Ladakh Scouts]] and [[Nubra Guards]], under the command of [[Udai Singh (soldier)|Brigadier Udai Singh]], entered the village after Pakistani forces had retreated a day earlier.<ref name="Rediff-4">{{cite news|date=22 December 2011|title=Rinchen's second victory of the day|newspaper=Rediff News|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-hero-of-nubra/20111222.htm#4}}</ref> Udai Singh and his second-in-command Major [[Chewang Rinchen]] were both honoured with a [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for their gallantry and a street is named after Major Rinchen in [[Leh]].<ref>Claude Arpi, [http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-hero-of-nubra/20111222.htm Have you heard about this Indian Hero?], Rediff News, 22 December 2011.</ref>

=== Since 1971 ===
In 1999, the two countries once again had a major conflict around this area during the [[Kargil War]]. There are memorials built in memory of soldiers on Main Road going towards the zero point of the India–Pakistan Line of Control.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

The local people are unsure of their loyalties because they have lived under both Pakistani and Indian control, and some of them served in the Pakistan Army before India's take-over. Many of them also have relatives living across the Line of Control. During the [[Kargil War|Kargil infiltration]] by Pakistan, some of the local people were suspected to have assisted the infiltrators.<ref>Senge H. Sering,
[http://www.idsa.in/strategiccomments/ReclaimingNubraLocalsShunningPakistaniInfluences_SHSering_170809 "Reclaiming Nubra" – Locals Shunning Pakistani Influences], Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, Delhi, 17 August 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath S. |date=2021-10-02 |title=A people who became Indian overnight |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-people-who-became-indian-overnight/article36783230.ece}}</ref>

====2010 floods====
{{Main article|2010 Ladakh floods}}

In August 2010, the village of Turtuk was impacted by floods which occurred throughout the entire region of [[Ladakh]].
{{clear left}}

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|34.90|76.68}} 
| float = right
| zoom = 9
| width = 320
| height = 380
| caption = {{center|Turtuk and vicinity}}
| nolabels = 1
| map-data = Q1921210 

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|34.754164|76.617772}}
| mark1 = Mountain pass 12x12 nw.svg
| mark-size1 = 10
| label1 = Chorbat La
| label-size1 = 12
| label-color1 = hard red
| label-pos1 = top | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = 0
| mark-title1 = Chorbat La
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = Point on the Line of Control

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|34.973164|76.540938}}
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size2 = 7
| label2 = Hassanabad
| label-size2 = 12
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| label-pos2 = top |label-offset-x2 = 0 |label-offset-y2 = 0
| mark-title2 = Hassanabad Chorbat
| mark-image2 =
| mark-description2 = Baltistan

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|34.931|76.616}}
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| mark-image3 =
| mark-description3 = Principal village of Chorbat

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|35.1083|76.4708}}
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| mark-size4 = 7
| label4 = Dawou
| label-size4 = 12
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| mark-title4 = Dawou
| mark-image4 =
| mark-description4 = Western end of Chorbat

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|34.847|N|76.827|E}}
| mark5 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size5 = 8
| label5 = Turtuk
| label-size5 = 12
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| mark-title5 = Turtuk
| mark-image5 =
| mark-description5 = Nubra, Ladakh

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|34.824|76.935}}
| mark6 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size6 = 7
| label6 = Chalunka
| label-size6 = 12
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| label-pos6 = bottom |label-offset-x6 = 0 |label-offset-y6 = 0
| mark-title6 = Chalunka
| mark-image6 =
| mark-description6 = Eastern end of Chorbat, 1949 ceasefire line

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|34.830651|77.001264}}
| mark7 = Red pog.svg
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| mark-title7 = Khor
| mark-image7 =
| mark-description7 =

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|35|10|N|76|20|E}}
| mark8 = Black pog.svg
| mark-size8 = 8
| label8 = Khaplu
| label-size8 = 12
| label-color8 = grey
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| mark-title8 = Khaplu
| mark-image8 =
| mark-description8 = District headquarters

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|34.65629|76.33991}}
| mark9 = Black pog.svg
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| label9 = Batalik
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| mark-title9 = Batalik
| mark-image9=
| mark-description9=


| mark-coord10 = {{coord|34.9284|76.7201}}
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| mark-title10 = Shyok River
| mark-image10=
| mark-description10=

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|34.6961|76.6446}} 
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| mark-coord12 = {{coord|34.8857|76.5629}}
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| mark-title12 = Chorbat Longpa
| mark-image12=
| mark-description12= Tributary of the Shyok river
}}

Turtuk lies in the region of [[Baltistan]], a region almost completely controlled by Pakistan. Turtuk is one of five Balti-populated villages under Indian control, the other four being [[Bogdang]], [[Takshi|Tyakshi]], [[Chalunka|Chalunkha]] and [[Thang, Ladakh|Dhothang]].<ref name=Wire/> It is the largest of the villages and has a claim to being the historical capital of the southern [[Chorbat Valley|Chorbat]] section of the [[Shyok River|Shyok Valley]]. While Bogdang had been part of Indian-administered Ladakh since 1948, the other four villages were captured by Indian Army during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 war]].

== Demographics ==
[[File:Children in Turtuk.jpg|thumb|Children in Turtuk pose for a picture.]]

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Turtuk has 384 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 82.53%.<ref name="census_2011"/> The residents of Turtuk and its adjoining villages speak the [[Balti language]] along with [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] and [[Urdu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Turtuk: 44 years of 'unwanted' domicile |newspaper=Rising Kashmiri |date=20 February 2016 |url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/turtuk-44-years-of-unwanted-domicile/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221064218/http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/turtuk-44-years-of-unwanted-domicile/ |archive-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 3371 || 2429 || 942
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 343 || 154 || 189
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1766 || 839 || 927
|-
| Literates || 2499 || 2115 || 384
|-
| Workers (all) || 2274 || 1953 || 321
|-
| Main workers (total) || 2047 || 1840 || 207
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 371 || 200 || 171
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 1673 || 1638 || 35
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 227 || 113 || 114
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 50 || 7 || 43
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 3 || 3 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 174 || 103 || 71
|-
| Non-workers || 1097 || 476 || 621
|}

== Tourism ==
[[File:View of Shyok Valley from Turtuk Village, Ladakh.JPG|thumb|right|View of the Shyok Valley.]]

Turtuk was opened to tourists in 2010.<ref name=Scroll/> The village offers views of the Shyok Valley.

There are a few [[gompa]]s located on the plateau above the Shyok River and there is an old royal house to see in the village. Turtuk is one of the few places in India where one can witness Balti culture, and one can find a few homestays and guest houses in the village. It is the last major village where tourist activity is allowed before the [[Line of Control]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtuk – a Detailed Travel Guide to Offbeat Place in Ladakh |url=https://thebossmonk.com/travel/turtuk-a-detailed-travel-guide-to-offbeat-place-in-ladakh/ |website=TheBossMonk |date=2021-03-29}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Chewang Rinchen]], the youngest ever recipient of the Maha Vir Chakra
* [[List of districts of Ladakh]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |authorlink=Ahmad Hasan Dani |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan |edition=2nd |url=http://pahar.in/pahar/1991-history-of-northern-areas-of-pakistan-by-dani-s-pdf/ |via=pahar.in |year=1991 |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research |ref={{sfnref|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|1991}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nubra tehsil]]

Kosi-Seemanchal

2026-05-02T04:05:43Z

Pururava: started a details

{{Short description|Region of Bihar, India}}
{{use indian english|date=July 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{more citations|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kosi-Seemanchal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = '''Subregion'''
| image =
| caption =
| flag_alt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| seat_type = Largest city
| seat = [[Purnea]] and [[Katihar]]
| parts_type = Divisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Kosi division|Kosi]] and [[Purnia division|Purnia]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] (including [[Thēthi]] and [[Angika]]), [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|31|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|231|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|131A|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|131|country=IND}}
| blank_name_sec2 = Major Railway Lines
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Barauni-Katihar section|Barauni-Katihar, Saharsa and Purnia sections]] [[Barauni-Guwahati line]]
| website =
}}

'''Kosi-Seemanchal''' is in the Northeastern part of [[Bihar]]. It is a subregion within the larger cultural region of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=2022-03-01 |title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut |url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545 |journal=Kanpur Philosophers |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref>.It consists of [[Kosi division|Kosi]] and [[Purnia division]]s.{{cn|date=March 2025}} It has seven districts — [[Araria district|Araria]], [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]], [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]], [[Supaul district|Supaul]], [[Purnea district|Purnea]], [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] and [[Katihar district|Katihar]]. [[Supaul district|Supaul]], [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]] and [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]] in [[Kosi region|Kosi Region]] and [[Purnia district|Purnia]], [[Katihar district|Katihar]], [[Araria district|Araria]] and [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] in seemanchal region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/seemanchal-highly-polarised-rjd-upbeat-bjp-worried-683125.html|title=Seemanchal highly polarised; RJD upbeat, BJP worried|date=23 April 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Cities in Kosi–Seemanchal subregion with population over 1 lakh (Census 2011)
! Rank !! City/Town !! District !! Population (2011) !! Remarks
|-
| 1 || [[Purnia]] (UA) || Purnia || 312,669 || Urban Agglomeration
|-
| 2 || [[Katihar]] (UA) || Katihar || 240,838 || Urban Agglomeration
|-
| 3 || [[Saharsa]] || Saharsa || 156,540 || Municipality
|-
| 4 || [[Kishanganj]] || Kishanganj || 105,782 || Nagar Parishad
|}

==Name==

The name of the Kosi division comes from the [[Kosi River]] which flows through the region. On the other hand, Seemanchal (border area) is a colloquial alternate term for Purnia division owing to its close proximity with the [[Bangladesh–India border]], although the state of [[Bihar]] itself does not share any international borders with [[Bangladesh]]. The term gained popularity after the veteran [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] leader [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]] first proposed the creation of a separate Seemanchal state in 1992, during a period when he was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing Purnia on a [[Janata Dal]] ticket. The proposal included the districts of Kishanganj, Purnia, Araria, Katihar, and sometimes [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]], and [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]. The demand was based on Seemanchal’s distinct demography (high Muslim population) and overall socioeconomic backwardness of the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-12-14 |title=Now, fresh calls for Seemanchal state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/now-fresh-calls-for-seemanchal-state/articleshow/5334371.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kosi-Seemanchal}}
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]

Parking (2023 film)

2026-05-02T03:59:09Z

Pururava:

{{Short description|Film by Ramkumar Balakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Parking (2023 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ramkumar Balakrishnan
| writer = Ramkumar Balakrishnan
| producer = Sudhan Sundaram [[K. S. Sinish]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Harish Kalyan]]
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
*[[Indhuja Ravichandran|Indhuja]]
}}
| cinematography = Jiju Sunny
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| studio = Passion Studios Soldiers Factory
| released = {{Film date|2023|12|01|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parking |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzAyMTEyMDIzMDAxNTU= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502035540/https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzAyMTEyMDIzMDAxNTU= |archive-date=2 May 2026 |access-date=2 May 2026 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Parking''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[black comedy]] and [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by Ramkumar Balakrishnan in his directorial debut. Produced by Passion Studios and Soldiers Factory, the film stars [[Harish Kalyan]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]] and [[Indhuja Ravichandran|Indhuja]], with [[Rama (actress)|Rama Rajendra]], Prathana Nathan, [[Ilavarasu]] and Vetrivel Raja in supporting roles. In the film, a young couple relocate to a new house but face escalating tensions with a neighbour over a parking space.

''Parking'' was theatrically released on 1 December 2023 and received positive reviews from critics. It won three [[National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|Best Tamil Feature Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]] (Bhaskar) and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Tamil Screenplay]] (Ramkumar).

== Plot ==
Eshwar, a 28-year old [[Information technology in India|IT]] professional, and his pregnant wife, Aathika, rent the top floor of a two-storey house. S. Ilamparuthi, the Executive Officer of [[Kundrathur]] [[Nagar panchayat|Town Panchayat]], lives in the ground floor with his wife, Selvi, and daughter, Aparna. Ilamparuthi is an old-fashioned man in contrast to Eshwar. Despite these differences, the two families initially get along well until Eshwar buys a new car for his wife to travel in comfortably. Ilamparuthi, who has lived in the house for the last ten years and has kept the entire parking space to himself since he and the previous first floor tenants never owned a car, is not comfortable with Eshwar's car parked in the parking space. After a couple of incidents, both begin to fight for rights over the parking space. Ilamparuthi sells his motorbike and buys a car just to ensure that Eshwar does not park his car in the parking space.

A cat-and-mouse game begins between Eshwar and Ilamparuthi over the parking space, which culminates with Ilamparuthi breaking Eshwar's car window when the latter manages to park his car ahead of him. They quarrel in full public view, which escalates when Ilamaparuthi insults Eshwar's mother, causing Eshwar to slap him. Seeking revenge for the slap, Ilamparuthi and his brother-in-law force Aparna to file a false case of harassment against Eshwar. Eshwar is arrested, but Aparna, feeling guilty for what she did, withdraws the complaint and Eshwar is released. Eshwar, in retribution, then frames Ilamparuthi for accepting a bribe of {{INRConvert|30000|year=2023}}, leading to his suspension. Despite Aathika pleading with Eshwar, and also at the same time Selvi and Aparna begging Ilamparuthi, not to escalate their quarrel, the duo refuse to budge. Ilamparuthi goes to the extent of loosening Eshwar's front tyre, which leads to a near-fatal accident when Eshwar is taking Aathika to hospital for her regular checkup.

Having deduced that Ilamparuthi is responsible, Eshwar wrecks his car in revenge. Fed up with Ilamparuthi's behaviour towards Eshwar, Selvi and Aparna leave him. Eshwar, on Aathika's insistence, decides to move out. He manages to find another home and then meets with Ilamparuthi to inform him of the same and make peace with him condescendingly. But instead, Ilamparuthi knocks him out in rage. At this juncture, he finds that Aathika has gone into [[childbirth|labour]] but seemingly does nothing. When Ilamparuthi returns, Eshwar regains consciousness and brutally attacks and knocks him out, refusing to listen when Ilamparuthi tries to inform him about his wife's condition.

Eeshwar starts heating Ilamparuthi's mobile phone in a microwave oven and orchestrating a gas leak with the intention of killing him, but when he eventually learns that Ilamparuthi had helped Aathika by driving her to the hospital, where she gave birth, he realises his mistake and switches off the main power supply for the house, averting a major disaster. At the hospital, Eshwar and Ilamparuthi apologise to each other for what had happened, and both feel they could have adjusted and handled the parking issue in a matured manner.

Some time later, both families have vacated the house. A broker allows a couple to rent either floor, with one condition being that they must not own a car, to which they agree.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Harish Kalyan]] as Eshwar
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as S. Ilamparuthi
*[[Indhuja Ravichandran|Indhuja]] as Aathika
*[[Rama (actress)|Rama Rajendra]] as Selvi
*Prathana Nathan as Aparna
*[[Ilavarasu]] as the house owner
*Vetrivel Raja as the house broker
*Vijay Sathya as the police inspector
*Kannayiram as Ganesan
}}

== Production ==
''Parking'', the directorial debut of Ramkumar Balakrishnan, was announced to the media in June 2023. By that time it was close to [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2023 |title=Harish Kalyan, Indhuja pair up for a thriller on parking issue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-indhuja-pair-up-for-a-thriller-on-parking-issue/articleshow/101209190.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222163534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-indhuja-pair-up-for-a-thriller-on-parking-issue/articleshow/101209190.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2023 |title=Harish Kalyan's next is a thriller drama titled 'Parking' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/harish-kalyans-next-is-a-thriller-drama-titled-parking/article67000709.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222163534/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/harish-kalyans-next-is-a-thriller-drama-titled-parking/article67000709.ece |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Ramkumar said the film was inspired by his and his friends experiences with parking trouble. [[M. S. Bhaskar]] was cast after the director was impressed with his performance in ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017). To finalise the house that features in the film, the makers saw around 150 to 180 houses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=6 January 2024 |title=We Looked At More Than 150 Houses To Find The House In Parking: Director Ramkumar |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/we-looked-at-more-than-150-houses-to-find-the-house-in-parking-director-ramkumar-harish-kalyan-ms-bhaskar-disney-hotstar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107011851/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/we-looked-at-more-than-150-houses-to-find-the-house-in-parking-director-ramkumar-harish-kalyan-ms-bhaskar-disney-hotstar |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Filming was completed in 35 working days; the film was primarily shot in [[Virugambakkam]] and [[Valasaravakkam]], neighborhoods in [[Chennai]], while a few scenes were shot at [[East Coast Road]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஏக்நாத்ராஜ் |first=செ |date=19 November 2023 |title='பார்க்கிங் பிரச்சினை சாதாரணமானதல்ல!' – ஹரிஷ் கல்யாண் பேட்டி |trans-title='Parking problems are not trivial!' – Harish Kalyan interview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1155687-harish-kalyan-interview-about-parking.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228051307/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1155687-harish-kalyan-interview-about-parking.html |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The lead actors [[Harish Kalyan]] and [[Indhuja Ravichandran|Indhuja]] promoted the film by appearing as guests during the [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 7|seventh season]] of [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|''Bigg Boss'']] in late November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2023 |title=Harish Kalyan and Indhuja Ravichandran enter Bigg Boss Tamil 7 house, promote Parking |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/harish-kalyan-and-indhuja-ravichandran-enter-bigg-boss-tamil-7-house-promote-parking/770faf2f76753 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108083523/https://www.ottplay.com/news/harish-kalyan-and-indhuja-ravichandran-enter-bigg-boss-tamil-7-house-promote-parking/770faf2f76753 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Parking
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:10
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Sam C. S.]]
| prev_title = [[Phoenix (2023 film)|Phoenix]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Siren (2024 film)|Siren]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|TZGs796Elks|Parking – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music for the film was composed by [[Sam C. S.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2023 |title=Parking |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parking/6WjurzHXgiQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125070948/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parking/6WjurzHXgiQ_ |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZGs796Elks |title=Parking – Jukebox {{!}} Harish Kalyan {{!}} Indhuja Ravichandran {{!}} Sam C.S {{!}} Ramkumar Balakrishnan |date=1 December 2023 |last=Think Music India |author-link=Think Music |language=en |access-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125070948/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZGs796Elks |archive-date=25 January 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Chella Kalliye
| lyrics1 = [[Sam C. S.]]
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title2 = Neero
| lyrics2 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra2 = Abhijith Rao
| title3 = Yevan Nallavan
| lyrics3 = Sam C. S.
| extra3 = Sam C. S.
| title4 = Parking Theme
| lyrics4 = {{mdash}}
| extra4 = {{mdash}}
| length1 = 3:28
| length2 = 2:40
| length3 = 2:22
| note4 = Instrumental
| length4 = 1:40
| total_length = 10:10
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Parking'' was theatrically released on 1 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2023 |title='Parking' to 'Annapoorani': Tamil movies that are releasing on December 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parking-to-annapoorani-tamil-movies-that-are-releasing-on-december-1/photostory/105563748.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201064139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parking-to-annapoorani-tamil-movies-that-are-releasing-on-december-1/photostory/105563748.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[JioHotstar]] from 30 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manu |first=Hridyambika A |date=30 December 2023 |title=Parking out on OTT – Where to watch Harish Kalyan and MS Bhaskar's thriller drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/parking-out-on-ott-where-to-watch-harish-kalyan-and-ms-bhaskars-thriller-drama/38574e0f55465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725000224/https://www.ottplay.com/news/parking-out-on-ott-where-to-watch-harish-kalyan-and-ms-bhaskars-thriller-drama/38574e0f55465 |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Parking'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2023 |title=Parking on OTT — When will Harish Kalyan-MS Bhaskar's drama arrive on streaming? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/parking-on-ott-when-will-harish-kalyan-ms-bhaskars-drama-arrive-on-streaming/348500a2f4762 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304045936/https://www.ottplay.com/news/parking-on-ott-when-will-harish-kalyan-ms-bhaskars-drama-arrive-on-streaming/348500a2f4762 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Even though ''Parking'' is in the space of a domestic drama, Ramkumar Balakrishnan narrates it in the tone of a thriller, ratcheting up the thrills, with help from Philomin Raj's sharp editing and Sam CS's suspenseful background score".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=1 December 2023 |title=Parking Movie Review: Harish Kalyan and MS Bhaskar excel in a tensely staged drama on an everyday issue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/parking/movie-review/105662716.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231084420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/parking/movie-review/105662716.cms |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=29 December 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In a positive review, Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "Harish Kalyan's ''Parking'' might get predictable after a while, but the exceptional lead cast and an intriguing plot make it a winner."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=30 November 2023 |title='Parking' movie review: A fantastic MS Bhaskar shoulders a simple, efficient drama on ego clash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/parking-movie-review-a-fantastic-ms-bhaskar-shoulders-a-simple-efficient-drama-on-ego-clash/article67590058.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130150743/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/parking-movie-review-a-fantastic-ms-bhaskar-shoulders-a-simple-efficient-drama-on-ego-clash/article67590058.ece |archive-date=30 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "''Parking'' is all about two exceptional performances from legendary MS Bhaskar and Harish Kalyan. Beyond them, the film hardly moves forward".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=29 November 2023 |title=Parking Review: Harish Kalyan, MS Bhaskar are egoistic men in this engaging film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/parking-review-harish-kalyan-ms-bhaskar-are-egoistic-men-in-this-engaging-film-2469023-2023-11-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130124541/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/parking-review-harish-kalyan-ms-bhaskar-are-egoistic-men-in-this-engaging-film-2469023-2023-11-29 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "The filmmaker does run out of the same steam that once kept this chaotic car ride going, towards the last act. But despite its lack of know-how, ''Parking'' is still a trip worth your time for all the raw discomfort it makes you feel".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=1 December 2023 |title=Parking Review: A Dark, Fascinating Trip To The Centre of the Human Ego |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/parking-review-a-dark-fascinating-trip-to-the-centre-of-the-human-ego-parking-tamil-movie-harish-kalyan-indhuja-ms-bhaskar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103075143/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/parking-review-a-dark-fascinating-trip-to-the-centre-of-the-human-ego-parking-tamil-movie-harish-kalyan-indhuja-ms-bhaskar |archive-date=3 January 2026 |access-date=29 December 2025 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
According to a report by ''[[News18]]'', ''Parking'' was made on a budget of {{INRConvert|6|c|year=2023}} and grossed {{INRConvert|17|c|year=2023}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Missed Parking In Theatres? Catch This Harish Kalyan Dark Comedy On OTT |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/missed-parking-in-theatres-catch-this-harish-kalyan-dark-comedy-on-ott-9051118.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914180332/https://www.news18.com/movies/missed-parking-in-theatres-catch-this-harish-kalyan-dark-comedy-on-ott-9051118.html |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Raisa Nasreen of ''[[Times Now]]'' noted that the film struggled at the Chennai box office due to the effects of [[Cyclone Michaung]] in early December.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2024 |title=Parking OTT Release: When And Where You Can Watch MS Bhaskar, Harish Kalyan's Hit Film |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/parking-ott-release-when-and-where-you-can-watch-ms-bhaskar-harish-kalyans-hit-film-article-106435818 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101061006/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/parking-ott-release-when-and-where-you-can-watch-ms-bhaskar-harish-kalyans-hit-film-article-106435818 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite this, the director and producer of ''Parking'' donated {{INRConvert|2|l|year=2023}} for relief efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=6 December 2023 |title=Parking director and producer donate to Chief Minister Relief Fund for Chennai floods |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Dec/06/parking-director-and-producer-donate-to-chief-minister-relief-fund-for-chennai-floods-50170.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144427/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Dec/06/parking-director-and-producer-donate-to-chief-minister-relief-fund-for-chennai-floods-50170.html |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[71st National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|Best Tamil Feature Film]]
| ''Parking''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802022526/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |archive-date=2 August 2025 |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Tamil Screenplay]]
|Ramkumar Balakrishnan
|}

== Potential remakes ==
In May 2024, it was reported that ''Parking'' was planned to be remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]] and a non-Indian language.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2024 |title=Harish Kalyan's 'Parking' to be remade in 5 languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-parking-to-be-remade-in-5-languages/articleshow/110292487.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523123322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-parking-to-be-remade-in-5-languages/articleshow/110292487.cms |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2020s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s pregnancy films]]
[[Category:2023 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about automobiles]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about feuds]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]

Unitarian Union of North East India

2026-04-27T04:31:38Z

Pururava: Creating...

{{Infobox organization
| name = Unitarian Union of North East India
| formation = {{start year and age|1887}}
| former_name = Khasi Hills Unitarian Union
| founder = Hajjom Kissor Singh
| location = India
| region_served = [[Khasi Hills]], [[Meghalaya]]
| affiliations = [[Unitarianism]]
}}
The '''Unitarian Union of North East India (UUNEI)''', formerly the Khasi Hills Unitarian Union, is a [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] church based in the [[Khasi Hills]] in [[Meghalaya]], India. It was founded by Hajjom Kissor Singh in 1887.

== Recognition ==
Unitarian Day, held annually on 18 September in honor of the church's founding, has been a state holiday in Meghalaya since 1908.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-19 |title=Prayer sessions mark 137th Unitarian Day in Meghalaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/137th-unitarian-day-celebrated-in-meghalaya-with-special-prayer-sessions/articleshow/113471806.cms |access-date=2024-12-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spiritual transcendence marks 137 yrs of Unitarianism in state |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2024/09/19/spiritual-transcendence-marks-137-yrs-of-unitarianism-in-state/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=[[The Shillong Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Notifications |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/notifications/content/47350 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Meghalaya Government Portal}}</ref>

== Size ==
The UUNEI is the third or fourth largest Unitarian community in the world (estimates of member numbers differ), behind the [[United States]] and [[Romania]]. A 2011 estimate put the UUNEI at 45 congregations and 10,000 members, while a 2021 estimate put the number of churches in the KUU at more than 35.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Morales |first=Peter |date=2011-03-02 |title=Unitarians in the Khasi Hills {{!}} International Unitarian Universalism |url=https://www.uua.org/global/blog/unitarians-in-khasi-hills |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=[[Unitarian Universalist Association]] |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Khasi Hills Unitarian community was founded by Hajjom Kissor Singh (June 15, 1865 - November 13, 1923) in 1887. Kissor Singh had been raised in a family which practiced traditional Khasi religion, but after he and his brother were sent to a missionary school, he converted to the [[Presbyterian Church of Wales|Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church]] at age 15.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lavan |first=Spencer |date=2003-11-02 |title=Singh, Hajom Kissor |url=https://www.uudb.org/singh-hajom-kissor/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rex |first=John |date=March 2001 |title=Khasi Unitarians of India |url=http://uucuv.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Khasi_Unitarians_of_India_by_John_Rex.pdf |website= |publisher=Quest |via=Unitarian Universalist Congregation of the Upper Valley}}</ref> He became dissatisfied with the doctrine he was taught, and became determined to leave them to find "the true religion of Jesus, the love of God".<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2012-09-18 |title=Unitarianism in Khasi-Jaintia Hills: A unique movement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/unitarianism-in-khasi-jaintia-hills-a-unique-movement/articleshow/16454581.cms |access-date=2024-09-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-09-30 |title=The Founding of Khasi Hills Unitarians in India |url=https://www.first-unitarian-pgh.org/khasi-hills-4/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=First Unitarian Church of Pittsburgh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Much of Kissor Singh's early independent religious study was influenced by correspondence with Unitarian minister Charles Dall, who was working as a missionary in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1887, Kissor Singh decided to found a new religious movement under the name ''Ka Niam Unitarian'' (the Unitarian religion) with the assistance of American Unitarians, defining it as "duty to God, to fellow humans and to oneself". He led the movement's first service at his home in [[Jowai]], attended by two men and one woman, on September 18, 1887.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> By 1889, the group had grown enough to build their own church building in [[Nongtalang]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |date=1910 |title=National Alliance of Unitarian and Other Liberal Christian Women |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Unitarian_Word_and_Work/TUUUAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=khasi+unitarian&pg=RA16-PA15&printsec=frontcover |journal=Unitarian Word and Work |publisher=[[American Unitarian Association]] |pages=15-16}}</ref>

The American Unitarians also sent Kissor Singh money to print 500 copies of a [[Khasi language]] hymnbook in 1892.<ref name=":0" /> Kissor Singh translated many of the hymns himself. By 1899, the church had 214 members.<ref name=":3" />

By the 1910s, charity initiatives were organized by Khasi Unitarian women, such as one initiative where women put aside a handful of rice from each meal to give to community members in need.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wendte |first=Charles W. |date=1911-04-20 |title=Unitarian Missionary Duty Abroad |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/English_Mechanic_and_Mirror_of_Science_a/B-AfAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=khasi+unitarian&pg=PA443&printsec=frontcover |journal=The Christian Register |pages=443}}</ref> In 1923, a Unitarian church was established in [[Nongthymmai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-07-01 |title=Centenary celebration of Unitarian Church Nongthymmai held |url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/centenary-celebration-of-unitarian-church-nongthymmai-held/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Meghalaya Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref>

By 2011, the UUNEI's mother church in Jowai had 1,000 congregants.<ref name=":4" /> In 2012, in honor of the church's 125th anniversary, they organized a 4K run to raise awareness of environmental issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-05 |title=Hundreds Participate in Race for Environmental Awareness in Khasi Hills {{!}} International Unitarian Universalism |url=https://www.uua.org/global/blog/hundreds-participate-in-race-environmental-awareness-in-khasi-hills |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=[[Unitarian Universalist Association]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Education ===
The Jowai group opened a free co-ed school in August 1893, headed by a female teacher. Initially serving twenty students, after two years the school had 60 students taught by four teachers.<ref name=":3" /> By the 1910s, the church was also leading various night and day schools and music classes.<ref name=":5" />

An official education committee of UUNEI was founded later. In 1982, the committee established 10 schools, expanding to more than 15 schools by 1992. The committee currently oversees two higher secondary schools, five secondary schools, ten upper primary schools, and 33 lower primary schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UUNEI Education History |url=https://uuneieducation.org/?page_id=14 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=UUNEI Education Committee |language=en-US}}</ref> The schools are located in [[East Khasi Hills district]], [[West Jaintia Hills district]], and [[Ri-Bhoi district]] in Meghalaya, and [[Karbi Anglong district]] in [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UUNEI Schools 2020 |url=https://uuneieducation.org/?page_id=46 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=UUNEI Education Committee |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Theology ==
The Khasi Unitarian statement of faith, published in 1888, reads: "We believe (1) in the unity of God; (2) in the Fatherhood and Motherhood of God; (3) in the Brotherhood of Man; (4) in Love, Union, Worship, and Faith; and (5) in Immortality".<ref name=":0" /> Additional [[catechism]] is drawn from The Book of Brief Questions About Unitarianism, which was co-written by Kissor Singh and Robin Roy. The book is split into six chapters: chapters one and two deal with "the subject of God," chapters three, four, and five address duties to God, other people, and the self, while the final chapter addresses sin, "defined as not doing one's duty, or going against the commands of God".<ref name=":1" />

Khasi Unitarianism merges elements of traditional Khasi religious teachings and practices with Christian practices (Sunday services, ministerial hierarchy, and church buildings, among others) brought to the region by missionaries.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1887 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1887]]
[[Category:Christianity in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Unitarianism|India]]

Chakradhari Sharan Singh

2026-04-24T20:01:01Z

Pururava: creating first bio initial version!

{{Short description|Chief Justice of Orissa High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chakradhari Sharan Singh
| office = 34th [[Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start = 7 February 2024
| term_end = 19 January 2025
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| appointer1 =
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| term_start2 = 5 April 2012
| term_end2 = 6 February 2024 {{small|Acting CJ: 6 February 2023 – 28 March 2023}}
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator2 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|1|20|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| predecessor = [[Subhasis Talapatra]]
| successor = [[Harish Tandon]] [[Arindam Sinha]] (acting)
}}

'''Chakradhari Sharan Singh''' (born 20 January 1963) is an Indian former judge, who served as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]] and as [[Acting (law)|acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyay |first=Sparsh |date=4 February 2023 |title=President Appoints Justice Chakradhari Sharan Singh As Acting Chief Justice Of Patna High Court |work=Live Law |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/president-appoints-justice-chakradhari-sharan-singh-as-acting-chief-justice-of-patna-high-court-220750 |access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The High Court of Judicature at Patna |url=https://patnahighcourt.gov.in/judge/MzI=-3Ra--am1--YY0Z044= |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=patnahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-04 |title=Chakradhari Sharan Singh is new chief justice of Patna High Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/chakradhari-sharan-singh-is-new-chief-justice-of-patna-high-court-101675530153100.html |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=कुमार |first=शशांक |date=2023-02-05 |title=पटना हाईकोर्ट के 2 जस्टिस बने सुप्रीम कोर्ट में जज, चक्रधारी शरण सिंह बने एक्टिंग चीफ न्यायाधीश |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/patna-high-court-justice-sanjay-karol-and-ahsanuddin-amanullah-of-patna-high-court-were-made-judges-in-supreme-court-of-india-chakradhari-sharan-singh-became-acting-cj-ann-2326261 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Orders of appointment of Shri Justice Chakradhari Sharan Singh, Senior-most Judge, Patna High Court as an Acting Chief Justice of that High Court (04.02.2023) {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India |url=https://doj.gov.in/document/orders-of-appointment-of-shri-justice-chakradhari-sharan-singh-senior-most-judge-patna-high-court-as-an-acting-chief-justice-of-that-high-court-04-02-2023/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=न्यायमूर्ति चक्रधारी शरण सिंह बने पटना HC के कार्यवाहक जज, संजय करोल की ली जगह |url=https://bihar.punjabkesari.in/bihar/news/justice-chakradhari-sharan-singh-appointed-acting-judge-of-patna-hc-1765348 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

==Career==
He obtained his LL.B. Degree from Campus Law Centre, [[University of Delhi]]. He was enrolled as an [[Advocate]] on 30 October 1990. He was appointed as Additional Standing Counsel, Central Government in 1998 and continued as such up to 2001. He practiced in service, constitutional and criminal matters and dealt with cases under Labour Laws and Customs. He was appointed as panel counsel by [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] for conducting cases on behalf of Accountant General Office in [[Patna High Court]]. On 18 September 2010, he was designated as [[Senior Advocate]]. He was appointed as Additional Advocate General, [[Government of Bihar]] in the year 2010. He was elevated as an Additional [[Judge]] of [[Patna High Court]] on 5 April 2012. He was appointed as a permanent judge of the [[Patna High Court]] on 2 March 2016. He served as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]] from 6 February 2023 till 28 March 2023. He was patron-in-chief of Bihar State Legal Services Authority from 6 February 2023 to 28 March 2023. He held the position of patron-in-chief of Bihar Judicial Academy and Bihar State Legal Services Authority from 6 February 2023 to 28 March 2023. He then served as Executive Chairman, Bihar State Legal Services Authority from 29 March 2023 to 6 February 2024.

He was appointed as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]] on 7 February 2024. He then served as the patron-in-chief of the Odisha Judicial Academy and the Odisha State Legal Services Authority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=न्यायमूर्ति चक्रधारी शरण सिंह बने Patna High Court के कार्यवाहक मुख्य न्यायाधीश, संजय करोल की ली जगह |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/justice-chakradhari-sharan-singh-appointed-as-the-acting-chief-justice-of-patna-high-court/articleshow/97609631.cms |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-02-04 |title=Justice Chakradhari Sharan Singh becomes Acting CJ of Patna HC |url=https://theprint.in/india/justice-chakradhari-sharan-singh-becomes-acting-cj-of-patna-hc/1354572/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

He retired on 19 January 2025.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chakradhari Sharan}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Institute of Public Health Bengaluru

2026-04-19T12:03:36Z

Pururava: started a entry

{{Short description|Indian academic research institution}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Institute of Public Health, Bengaluru
| formation = 30 August 2005
| logo = IPH logo 20-Years-of-Excellence-1920-x-900-px.webp
| image = 
| caption = Logo of IPH Bengaluru bearing the 20 years commemoration
| abbreviation = IPH Bengaluru or IPH Bangalore
| type = Non-profit academic institution
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| website = {{URL|https://iphindia.org}}
| location = 3009, II-A Main, 17th Cross, KR Road, Siddanna Layout, Banashankari Stage II, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560070
| region_served = India
}}
The '''Institute of Public Health, Bengaluru''' ('''IPH Bengaluru''') is a non-profit academic research institution based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It focuses on strengthening health systems through research, education, and policy engagement, aiming to create an equitable, integrated, decentralized, and participatory health system within a just and empowered society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mission and Vision |url=https://iphindia.org/about-us/our-mission-and-vision/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Institute of Public Health Bengaluru |language=en-US}}</ref> They are recognised as a scientific research organisation by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|department of science and technology]] of the Indian government. Their areas of work and action include [[commercial determinants of health]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Alliance - Advancing Discovery & Innovation to Improve Health |url=https://www.indiaalliance.org/fellow/upendra-bhojani |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.indiaalliance.org}}</ref> tribal health,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-07-17 |title=Tribal healthcare project to be rolled out in more dists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/tribal-healthcare-project-to-be-rolled-out-in-more-dists/articleshow/101810204.cms |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=S |first1=Prashanth N. |last2=Kochupurackal |first2=Sabu K. U. |last3=Juneja |first3=Anika |last4=Seshadri |first4=Tanya |last5=Mahadeva |first5=C. |last6=Venkategowda |first6=Muthaiah |last7=Gowda |first7=C. Made |last8=George |first8=Mathew Sunil |last9=Kane |first9=Sumit |last10=Michielsen |first10=Joris |last11=Belle |first11=Sara Van |date=2025-03-13 |title=Reimagining Innovation in Health Equity: Making a Case for a Community-embedded Participatory Learning Site for Adivasi Health Research |url=https://journals.ub.umu.se/index.php/jcsh/article/view/1102 |journal=Journal of Community Systems for Health |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.36368/jcsh.v2i1.1102 |issn=3035-692X|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> health policy and systems research.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=John |first1=Shilpa |last2=Ramani |first2=Sudha |last3=Abbas |first3=Syed Mohd |last4=Kane |first4=Sumit |last5=Lall |first5=Dorothy |last6=Srinivas |first6=Prashanth N. |last7=Nambiar |first7=Devaki |last8=Marchal |first8=Bruno |last9=Van Belle |first9=Sara |last10=Sadanandan |first10=Rajeev |last11=Devadasan |first11=Narayanan |date=2024-09-19 |title=Building Health Policy and Systems Research (HPSR) capacity in India: Reflections from the India HPSR fellowship program (2020-2023) |journal=Health Research Policy and Systems |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=129 |doi=10.1186/s12961-024-01218-3 |doi-access=free |issn=1478-4505 |pmc=11411990 |pmid=39300506}}</ref><ref name="iimb.ac.in">{{Cite web |title=A flagship national conference on health policy and systems research to be hosted at IIM Bangalore {{!}} IIM Bangalore |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/cpp-at-iimb-hsr2024 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.iimb.ac.in}}</ref>

== History ==
IPH Bengaluru was founded by Narayanan Devadasan and colleagues on 30 August 2005 and registered as a [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|non-profit society]]. As the founder-Director, Devadasan was instrumental in steering the IPH Bengaluru through its formative years. Since 2018, IPH Bengaluru has institutionalised a rotating system of leadership with four-year tenure for the Directors.<ref name="Paying it forward">{{Cite web |title=Paying it forward |url=https://www.itg.be/en/health-stories/articles/paying-it-forward |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408081138/https://www.itg.be/en/health-stories/articles/paying-it-forward |archive-date=2025-04-08 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.itg.be |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Research and action ==
IPH Bengaluru conducts research to strengthen the Indian health system by generating evidence on effective interventions. Its research areas include [[Chronic condition|chronic health conditions]] and public policies, health services, [[health equity]], and [[Health economics|health financing]] with a focus on [[primary health care]] and [[Universal health care|universal health coverage]]. The institute uses various [[health policy and systems research]]<ref name=":2" /> such as [[Health in All Policies|health in all policies]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhojani |first1=Upendra |last2=Soors |first2=Werner |date=2015 |title=Tobacco control in India: A case for the Health-in-All Policy approach |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=86–89 |issn=0970-258X |pmid=26612153}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mondal |first1=Shinjini |last2=Bhojani |first2=Upendra |last3=Lobbo |first3=Samntha |last4=Law |first4=Susan |last5=Maioni |first5=Antonia |last6=Van Belle |first6=Sara |date=January 2022 |title=Using social network analysis to understand multisectoral governance in district-level tobacco control programme implementation in India |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=e006471 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006471 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=8739058 |pmid=34992075}}</ref> [[participatory action research]],<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Alliance - Advancing Discovery & Innovation to Improve Health |url=https://www.indiaalliance.org/news/early-career-fellows-partii |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.indiaalliance.org}}</ref> and [[Theory-driven evaluation|theory-driven inquiries]] and [[Realist Evaluation|realist evaluation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prashanth |first1=N S |last2=Marchal |first2=Bruno |last3=Hoeree |first3=Tom |last4=Devadasan |first4=Narayanan |last5=Macq |first5=Jean |last6=Kegels |first6=Guy |last7=Criel |first7=Bart |date=2012 |title=How does capacity building of health managers work? A realist evaluation study protocol |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |article-number=e000882 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000882 |doi-access=free|issn=2044-6055 |pmc=3330260 |pmid=22466036}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prashanth |first1=N. S. |last2=Marchal |first2=Bruno |last3=Kegels |first3=Guy |last4=Criel |first4=Bart |date=2014-07-25 |title=Evaluation of Capacity-Building Program of District Health Managers in India: A Contextualized Theoretical Framework |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=2 |page=89 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2014.00089 |doi-access=free |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=4110717 |pmid=25121081}}</ref>

=== Tobacco control ===
The Institute has been active in conducting research on implementation of [[tobacco control]] laws and studying tobacco industry interference in [[Karnataka]] and other states, using judicial action<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Institute of Public Health v. The State Government of Karnataka,… |url=https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/litigation/decisions/the-institute-of-public-health-v-the-state-government-of-karnataka-et-al-2 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Tobacco Control Laws |language=en}}</ref> as needed to achieve this.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 cases of tobacco sale near schools, colleges recorded last year in Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/100-cases-of-tobacco-sale-near-schools-colleges-recorded-last-year-in-bengaluru-3016430 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevent tobacco lobby interference |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/prevent-tobacco-lobby-interference-872603.html |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Their research has examined the tobacco industry's potential tax avoidance and tactics in avoiding compliance with laws requiring pictorial warnings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAT in South Asia: No 'Better Tomorrow' |url=https://exposetobacco.org/news/corporate-social-responsibility-tax-interference/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=STOP |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Tribal health initiatives ===

In June 2022, a community-based research centre on tribal health was launched in Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, with support from the DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-06-08 |title=Research initiative on tribal health launched in Chamarajanagar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/research-initiative-on-tribal-health-launched-in-chamarajanagar/article65507477.ece |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Department of Biotechnology (@DBTIndia) |url=https://dbtindia.gov.in/dbt-press/decade-discovery-india-alliance-celebrates-10-years-enabling-biomedical-research-india |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=dbtindia.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> building on an earlier initiative to use participatory action research to work with the Adivasi communities in the district.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seshadri |first1=Tanya |last2=Madegowda |first2=C |last3=Babu |first3=Giridhara R |last4=Nuggehalli Srinivas |first4=Prashanth |date=2019 |title=Implementation Research With the Soliga Indigenous Community in Southern India for Local Action on Improving Maternal Health Services |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3483650 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3483650 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srinivas |first1=Prashanth Nuggehalli |last2=Seshadri |first2=Tanya |last3=Velho |first3=Nandini |last4=Babu |first4=Giridhara R. |last5=Madegowda |first5=C. |last6=Channa Basappa |first6=Yogish |last7=Narasimhamurthi |first7=Nityasri Sankha |last8=Majigi |first8=Sumanth Mallikarjuna |last9=Madhusudan |first9=Mysore Doreswamy |last10=Marchal |first10=Bruno |date=2019 |title=Towards Health Equity and Transformative Action on tribal health (THETA) study to describe, explain and act on tribal health inequities in India: A health systems research study protocol |journal=Wellcome Open Research |volume=4 |page=202 |doi=10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15549.1 |doi-access=free |issn=2398-502X |pmc=7076281 |pmid=32211518}}</ref> The initiative, known as the Center for Training, Research and Innovation on Tribal Health is a collaboration between IPH Bengaluru with J S S Medical College ([[Mysore]]), and the Indian Institute of Public Health, Bengaluru/[[Public Health Foundation of India]]. It aims to address health disparities among [[Adivasi]] communities, focusing on genetic diseases, hemoglobinopathies,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-18 |title=Sickle Cell Disease: 192 cases, more than 2,000 individuals with traits identified in Karnataka in the last one year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/sickle-cell-disease-192-cases-more-than-2000-individuals-with-traits-identified-in-karnataka-in-the-last-one-year/article68303983.ece |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and barriers to accessing healthcare. Local implementation is carried out with the participation of the Jilla Budakattu Girijana Abhivruddhi Sangha, a collective representing the Solega Adivasi community.<ref name=":1" /> To bridge cultural and systemic barriers,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The healthcare scare: Adivasis in Karnataka fear public hospitals |url=https://idronline.org/ground-up-stories/the-healthcare-scare-adivasis-in-karnataka-fear-public-hospitals/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=India Development Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title='Will Come if it is in Our Podu' |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/will-come-if-it-our-podu |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=The India Forum |language=en}}</ref> IPH Bengaluru has supported the development of the Tribal Health Navigator program in [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]. This initiative recruits and trains individuals from Adivasi communities who have a background in nursing or community health to assist tribal patients in navigating government hospitals. These health navigators help improve communication, trust, and treatment adherence. The Karnataka Health and Family Welfare Department has announced plans to expand this initiative to other districts.<ref name=":0" /> IPH Bengaluru has also contributed to developing the Realist Implementation Action Lab (RIAL) model, which supports embedded and participatory research with Adivasi communities in BR Hills and Chamarajanagar.<ref name=":1" /> This approach is grounded in [[Realist Evaluation|realist methodology]], focusing on how context influences the success or failure of health system interventions. It brings together government, civil society, and tribal governance institutions in sustained co-learning processes.<ref name=":1" />

== Policy engagement ==
IPH Bengaluru engages in policy and system-level changes by collaborating with stakeholders at various levels. The institute co-organizes a national conference series on bringing evidence into public health policy. The fourth edition of the Evidence into Public Health Policy (EPHP) conference in September 2024, held at the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]], focused on health governance, policy, and institutional frameworks for just and sustainable health systems and brought together over 200 participants, including researchers, policymakers, and practitioners.<ref name="iimb.ac.in"/>

== Collaborations and partnerships ==
IPH Bengaluru collaborates with various organizations for research and policy initiatives including the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equitable, Quality Universal health coverage Implementation research Project for optimizing comprehensive primary health care through Health and Wellness Centres (EQUIP-HWCs) in Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka |url=https://iphindia.org/health-services/equitable-quality-universal-health-coverage-implementation-research-project-for-optimizing-comprehensive-primary-health-care-through-health-and-wellness-centres-equip-hwcs-in-chamarajanagar-distric/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Institute of Public Health Bengaluru |language=en-US}}</ref> various state governments, the WHO [[Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research]], [[Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp]]<ref name="Paying it forward" />, [[Public Health Foundation of India]] and [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]<ref>{{cite web |title=A national level conference on health policy and systems research to be hosted at IIM Bangalore {{!}} IBG News |url=https://ibgnews.com/2024/09/04/a-national-level-conference-on-health-policy-and-systems-research-to-be-hosted-at-iim-bangalore/ |website=ibgnews.com |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>. The institute has received support from various philanthropic and CSR organisations which have recognized the efforts in bringing academic rigor to health interventions and striving for policy-level changes through a rights-based approach to health.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Public Health |url=https://rohininilekaniphilanthropies.org/grantees/institute-of-public-health/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2022, researchers from the Institute were recognised by [[Deccan Herald]] as part of their annual ''Changemakers'' initiative, for their contributions to supporting COVID-19 response in Chamarajanagar district, especially among Adivasi populations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=Tanya Seshadri and Prashanth N S |url=https://22in22.deccanherald.com/tanya-seshadri-and-prashanth-n-s |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=DH Changemakers |language=en}}</ref> They were also awarded the [[Triloki Nath Khoshoo]] Memorial Award by [[Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment]] for contributions to the COVID-19 response in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TN Khoshoo Memorial Award for Tanya Seshadri, NS Prashanth |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=896157 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Public Health Foundation of India]]
* National Centre for Disease Control (India)
* [[National Tuberculosis Institute]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://iphindia.org Official website of the Institute of Public Health, Bengaluru]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Public health organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Medical and health foundations]]

Pakke-Kessang Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:51Z

Pururava: new new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pakke-Kasang
| map_image = Pakke-Kessang Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Pakke-Kessang district|Pakke-Kessang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 12
| mla = [[Biyuram Wahge]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 9,297
}}
'''Pakke-Kessang''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. [[Pakke-Kessang]] is part of [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[https://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/pakke-kessang.html Elections in]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.arunachalassembly.gov.in/ Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | [[Dera Natung]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Techi Hemu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Atum Welly || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Kameng Dolo]]
|-
| [[2017 elections in India#Arunachal Pradesh|2017 By-election]] <ref name="BJP wrests both seats from Congress in Arunachal bypoll">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Dec/24/bjp-wrests-both-seats-from-congress-in-arunachal-bypoll-1735946.html|title=BJP wrests both seats from Congress in Arunachal bypoll|last1=|first1=|date=24 December 2017|accessdate=18 May 2025|publisher=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>|| rowspan="3" | [[Biyuram Wahge]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pakke-Kessang">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pakke-Kessang|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0212.htm|accessdate=19 May 2025|work=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=2 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519154502/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0212.htm|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pakke - Kessang (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news|title=Pakke - Kessang (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/pakke-kessang|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=2 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519154401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/pakke-kessang|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pakke-Kessang<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Biyuram Wahge]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,933 |percentage=47.48% |change={{decrease}}18.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Techi Hemu]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,120 |percentage=37.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dongli Gollo |party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |votes=997 |percentage=12.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gollo Yapung Tana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=166 |percentage=2.00% |change={{decrease}}31.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=68 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=813 |percentage=9.81% |change= {{decrease}}22.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,284 |percentage=89.10% |change= {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,297 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}18.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pakke-Kessang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Biyuram Wahge]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,506 |percentage=65.49% |change={{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atum Welly |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,284 |percentage=33.20% |change={{decrease}}13.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=90 |percentage=1.31% |change={{increase}}0.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,222 |percentage=32.30% |change= {{increase}}25.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,880 |percentage=86.69% |change= {{decrease}}3.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,936 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 elections in India#Arunachal Pradesh|2017 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Pakke-Kessang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Biyuram Wahge]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,603 |percentage=53.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kameng Dolo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,124 |percentage=46.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=54 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=479 |percentage=7.12% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,727 |percentage=90.81% |change= {{increase}}90.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,468 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pakke-Kessang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Kameng Dolo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,936 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,936 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pakke-Kessang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Atum Welly |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,885 |percentage=50.59% |change={{increase}}9.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Techi Hemu]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,818 |percentage=49.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=67 |percentage=1.17% |change= {{decrease}}16.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,703 |percentage=88.75% |change= {{increase}}11.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,426 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pakke-Kessang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Techi Hemu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,898 |percentage=58.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Niani Natung]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,044|percentage=41.36%|change={{decrease}}12.21}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=854 |percentage=17.28% |change= {{increase}}10.13 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=4,942|percentage=75.83%|change={{increase}}7.63}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,360 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pakke-Kessang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dera Natung]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,421 |percentage=53.57% |change={{decrease}}2.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Techi Hemu]] |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,098 |percentage=46.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=323 |percentage=7.15% |change= {{decrease}}15.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,519 |percentage=72.00% |change= {{decrease}}12.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,449 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pakke-Kessang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dera Natung]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,838 |percentage=56.34% |change={{increase}}8.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Techi Hemu]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,715 |percentage=34.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aka Tok |party=Janata Dal |votes=484 |percentage=9.61% |change={{decrease}}25.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,123 |percentage=22.30% |change= {{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,037 |percentage=84.10% |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,124 |ref = |change= {{increase}}37.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pakke-Kessang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dera Natung]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,680 |percentage=47.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Natung Tacheng |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,240 |percentage=35.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lagu Tayem |party=Independent politician |votes=605 |percentage=17.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=440 |percentage=12.48% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,525 |percentage=80.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,462 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pakke-Kessang district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.16|93.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:East Kameng district]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Madhusudan Vairale

2026-04-18T13:54:58Z

Pururava: Starting a entry

{{short description|Indian politician (1928–1988)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madhusudan Vairale
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|11|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Akola]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1988|04|16|1928|11|11|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]], [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start = (1980–1984), (1984
| term_end = 1989)
| predecessor = [[Vasant Sathe]]
| successor = [[Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar]]
| office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = (1967
| term_end1 = 1972)
| predecessor1 = Shriram Mankar
| successor1 = Govindrao Sarnaik
| constituency1 = [[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Vijaya Vairale
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2944.htm
}}

'''Madhusudan Atmaram Vairale''' (11 November 1928 – 16 April 1988) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Sabha1987">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0VPAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=16 December 2020|year=1987|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|page=297}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1986">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkxPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA297|accessdate=16 December 2020|year=1986|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|pages=297–}}</ref><ref name="Reed1971">{{cite book|author=Sir Stanley Reed|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgQfAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=16 December 2020|year=1971|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=824}}</ref><ref name="The Illustrated Weekly of India 1967 p. ">{{cite book | title=The Illustrated Weekly of India | publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press | issue=v. 88 | year=1967 | issn=0019-2430 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGc6AQAAIAAJ | access-date=9 Mar 2023 | page=5}}</ref>

Vairale died on 16 April 1988, at the age of 59.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Members |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqW2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Madhusudan+Vairale%22+obituary |access-date=6 April 2023 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |date=1989}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2944.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhusudan, Vairale}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Yoksam Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T01:00:58Z

Pururava: Creating

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yoksam
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 8,035
| mla = Kalawati Subba
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Yoksam Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] ||rowspan=3|[[Sanchaman Limboo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Ashok Kumar Subba || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Kalawati Subba || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Yoksam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalawati Subba |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,947 |percentage=60.90% |change={{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Bir Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,427 |percentage=37.45% |change={{increase}}18.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akar Dhoj Limbu |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=107 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,520 |percentage=23.45% |change= {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,481 |percentage=80.66% |change= {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,035 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Yoksam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalawati Subba |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,240 |percentage=52.80% |change={{increase}}34.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangalbir Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,749 |percentage=28.50% |change={{increase}}25.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanchaman Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,136 |percentage=18.51% |change={{decrease}}19.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,491 |percentage=24.30% |change= {{increase}}21.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,136 |percentage=81.81% |change= {{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,668 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Yoksam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=2,231 |percentage=40.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanchaman Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,086 |percentage=38.07% |change={{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalawati Subba |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,018 |percentage=18.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharna Singh Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=145 |percentage=2.65% |change={{decrease}}53.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=145 |percentage=2.65% |change= {{decrease}}20.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,480 |percentage=82.89% |change= {{increase}}15.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,868 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}15.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Yoksam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanchaman Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,609 |percentage=56.13% |change={{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,540 |percentage=33.13% |change={{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Perthiraj Subba |party=Denzong Peoples Chogpi |votes=124 |percentage=2.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Prasad Subba |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=56 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,069 |percentage=23.00% |change= {{decrease}}8.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,648 |percentage=60.11% |change= {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,202 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Yoksam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanchaman Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,535 |percentage=49.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shrijetha Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=546 |percentage=17.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Subba |party=Janata Party |votes=426 |percentage=13.70% |change={{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Paljor Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=9.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Til Bahadur Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=4.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pirthi Ram Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=4.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Limboo |party=Independent politician |votes=18 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=989 |percentage=31.81% |change= {{increase}}23.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,109 |percentage=59.62% |change= {{decrease}}5.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,347 |ref = |change= {{increase}}42.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{increase}}17.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Yoksam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanchaman Limboo |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=754 |percentage=31.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=556 |percentage=23.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Kumar Gurung |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=468 |percentage=19.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Bahadur Limboo |party=Janata Party |votes=311 |percentage=13.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chewang Dorjee Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=6.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Limboo |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=143 |percentage=6.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=198 |percentage=8.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,385 |percentage=68.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,743 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.37|88.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

Y. R. Swamy

2026-04-14T10:08:13Z

Pururava:

{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language film director and screenwriter (1927-2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Y. R. Swamy
| image = Y.R.SwamyImg.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1927}}
| birth_place = [[Chitradurga]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|10|21|1927|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[India]]
| other_names = Y. R. Swami
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| known_for =
}}

'''Y. R. Swamy''' ({{circa|1927}} – 21 October 2002) was an Indian [[film director]] and [[screenwriter]] who worked primarily [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. He directed over 35 films in his career, 18 of which came in films that stars [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in the lead role. He also holds the record for directing Dr. Rajkumar for the highest no. of times — eighteen.

Swamy's first film as a director came in the 1953 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]], ''Pratigna''. Since then, he directed films in the [[Kannada language]] and mostly in the mythological genre and with a social connect. His popular films include ''[[Bhakta Kanakadasa]]'' (1960), ''Katari Veera'' (1966), ''[[Paropakari]]'' (1970), ''[[Sipayi Ramu]]'' (1972) and ''[[Bhale Huchcha]]'' (1972). Recognizing his contribution to Kannada cinema, he was awarded the 1990–91 [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Y.R.SWAMY DEAD |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/stock_shots/flashback_swamy_yr.html |website=Chitraloka |access-date=14 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030416173509/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/stock_shots/flashback_swamy_yr.html |archive-date=16 April 2003 |date=21 October 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Swamy's role as [[Prahlada]], a mythological Indian boy-saint, marked his entry into films in the early 1950s. Around the time, he worked as an assistant to his adoptive father and filmmaker [[H. M. Reddy]], who directed films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language]]s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} Swamy's directorial debut came in the 1953 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''Pratigna'', a film that Reddy produced, starring [[Kanta Rao]] (debut as a hero) and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] with [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] debuting as a villain.<ref>{{cite news |title= Pratigna (1953) |url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/pratigna-1953/article5128628.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 14 September 2013 |access-date= 25 November 2014}}</ref> Following this, he directed [[Vaddante Dabbu]] starring [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[Peketi Sivaram]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] and [[Sowcar Janaki]] and other films before entering Kannada cinema as an independent director with the 1956 film ''Renuka Devi''. His next directorial was the 1960 film ''[[Bhakta Kanakadasa]]'' that had [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] playing the lead role of [[Kanakadasa]], a 16th-century Kannada poet. The film was a massive success during its time and is seen as a landmark film in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title= Watching the legendary actor on screen |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/377566/watching-legendary-actor-screen.html |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 31 December 2013 |access-date= 25 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Language is a bridge, not a wall |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/325984/archives.php |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 15 April 2013 |access-date= 25 November 2014}}</ref>

Alongside directing, Swamy also wrote the screenplay to films such as ''Swarna Gowri'' (1962), ''Katari Veera'' (1966) and ''Bhale Raja'' (1969), also producing the latter. He would go on to direct other films such as ''[[Sipayi Ramu]]'' (1972), ''[[Bhale Huchcha]]'' (1972), ''Mooruvare Vajragalu'' (1973), ''Devara Kannu'' (1975), ''[[Pavana Ganga]]'' (1977) and ''[[Apoorva Sangama]]'' (1984). The 1991 film ''Bangaradantha Maga'' marked his last as director.

==Filmography==
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Pratigne]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Vanjam]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Vaddante Dabbu]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Panam Paduthum Paadu]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Renuka Mahatme]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Bhakta Kanakadasa]]'' (1960)
* {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Swarna Gowri]]}} (1962)
* {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Jenu Goodu]]}} (1963)
* {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Muriyada Mane]]}} (1964)
* ''[[Vathsalya]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Katari Veera]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Sathi Sukanya]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Muddu Meena]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Mamathe]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Atthegondu Kala Sosegondu Kala]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Bhale Raja]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Bhale Jodi (1970 film)|Bhale Jodi]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Devara Makkalu]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Paropakari]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Sipayi Ramu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Bhale Huchcha]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Nanda Gokula]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Bidugade]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Swayamvara (film)|Swyamvara]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Mooruvare Vajragalu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Maga Mommaga]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Mane Belaku]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Devara Kannu]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Aparadhi (1976 film)|Aparadhi]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Pavana Ganga]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Thayigintha Devarilla]]'' (1977)
* ''Kudure Mukha'' (1978)
* ''[[Muyyige Muyyi]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Pakka Kalla]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Atthege Thakka Sose]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Savathiya Neralu]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Jari Bidda Jana]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Apoorva Sangama]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Bangaradantha Maga]]'' (1991)
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1032977}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swamy Y. R.}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

Nandikotkur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:30:57Z

Pururava: Starting entry - done

{{short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nandikotkur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (136-Nandikotkur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Nandikotkur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 136
| mla = [[Githa Jayasurya]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 197,451
}}
'''Nandikotkur''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31, TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Githa Jayasurya]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Telugu Desam Party. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 197,451 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Nandikotkur
|-
| [[Pagidyala]]
|-
| J. Bungalow
|-
| Kothapalle
|-
| Pamulapadu
|-
| Midthur
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Chandra Pulla Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[N. K. Lingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Earasu Ayyapa Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Pulyala Venkatakrishna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[C. R. Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Maddru Subba Reddy]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Byreddy Sesha Sayana Reddy]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Ippala Thimmareddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Byreddy Sesha Sayana Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Byreddy Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Labbi Venkata Swamy]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Isaiah. Yakkaladevi]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Thoguru Arthur]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Githa Jayasurya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandikotkur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Pulla Reddy|C. Pulla Reddy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=25,266 |percentage=54.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subba Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,341 |percentage=28.56% |change=28.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkata Rama Reddi |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=5,215 |percentage=11.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swami Narayananda Saraswathi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,880 |percentage=4.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkata Krishnayya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,013 |percentage=2.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,925 |percentage=25.53% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,715 |percentage=65.81% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,983 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandikotkur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
|votes = 69,209
|percentage = 53.87
|change = +11.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Byreddy Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|votes = 55,721
|percentage = 43.37
|change = -12.86
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,488
|percentage = 10.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 128,479
|percentage = 74.65
|change = +5.65
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandikotkur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Labbi Venkata Swamy]]
|votes = 63,442
|percentage = 44.91
|change = -8.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Chimme Bitchanna]]
|votes = 57,669
|percentage = 40.82
|change = -2.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Madarapu Renukamma]]
|votes = 11,968
|percentage = 8.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,773
|percentage = 4.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 141,276
|percentage = 76.88
|change = +2.23
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandikotkur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Isaiah. Yakkaladevi
|votes = 87,496
|percentage = 54.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Labbi Venkata Swamy]]
|votes = 65,682
|percentage = 41.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,814
|percentage = 13.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 160,024
|percentage = 78.62
|change = +1.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandikotkur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Thoguru Arthur]]
|votes = 102,565
|percentage = 59.45%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bandi Jayaraju]]|votes=61,955|percentage=35.91%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=40,610|percentage=23.54%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=172,529|percentage=87.37%|change=+8.75}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam
Party
Loser. = Janasena party
Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandikotkur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Githa Jayasurya]]
|votes = 92,004
|percentage = 49.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Dr. Dara Sudheer|votes=82,212|percentage=44.00|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Arthur Thoguru|votes=7,949|percentage=4.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,274|percentage=0.68|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,792|percentage=5.24|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,86,853|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Nandyal district}}
{{coord|15.85|78.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandyal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Muzammil Ibrahim

2026-04-10T13:22:42Z

Pururava: Starting new info - done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muzammil Ibrahim
| image = Actor Muzammil Ibrahim.jpg
| caption = Ibrahim in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|08|25}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 2003–present
}}
'''Muzammil Ibrahim''' is an Indian actor and model who works in [[Hindi films]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-06 |title=Who is Muzammil Ibrahim? Meet the actor who dated Deepika Padukone, co-starred with Rakhi Sawant and Pooja Bhatt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/who-is-muzammil-ibrahim-meet-the-actor-who-dated-deepika-padukone-co-starred-with-rakhi-sawant-and-pooja-bhatt/articleshow/121662697.cms |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Who is Muzammil Ibrahim? Meet model-turned-actor who made controversial statements on dating Deepika Padukone and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/who-is-muzammil-ibrahim-meet-model-turned-actor-who-made-controversial-statements-on-dating-deepika-padukone-and-more-1390764 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Muzammil Ibrahim was born on 25 August 1986 in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]], India.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=30 July 2005 |title=Brothers in arms |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/brothers-in-arms/cid/1539785 |accessdate=21 April 2025 |website=[[Telegraph India]] |publisher=}}</ref> His father was an army contractor and he got his early education in English in [[Lal Chowk]]'s [[Tyndale Biscoe School]], a missionary school.<ref name=":2" /> In 2003, his family moved to [[Mumbai]], following the [[Kashmir insurgency]].<ref name=":2" />

In 1994, while Ibrahim was eight years old, he had received the [[Jeevan Raksha Padak]] for saving his schoolmate from drowning.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |author=Shams Irfan |date=17 May 2010 |title=Acclaimed act |url=https://kashmirlife.net/acclaimed-act-475/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209194718/https://kashmirlife.net/acclaimed-act-475/ |archive-date=9 December 2025 |accessdate= |publisher=Kashmir Life}}</ref> Similarly, in 2008 he received the [[Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards|Godfrey Philips Bravery Award]] for saving a British woman from drowning in the [[Arabian Sea]] in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Mukherjee, Shreya |date=1 February 2021 |title=Muzamil Ibrahim: I feel everybody is getting intolerant about everything these days |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/muzamil-ibrahim-i-feel-everybody-is-getting-intolerant-about-everything-these-days-101612189108789.html |accessdate=21 April 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Model ===
In 2003, Ibrahim won the [[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest]] whilst pursuing [[mechanical engineering]] from the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":2" /> He received several major Indian modeling awards, including Best Male Model from ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]]'' for three consecutive years (2004–2006). He also won ''Zoom’''s Most Glamorous Male Model award in 2005 and the Apex Award for Most Stylish Male Model the same year.<ref name=":3" /> He has featured in various music videos, most notably "Pardesiya" alongside [[Rakhi Sawant]] and "[[Kabhi Aisa Lagta Hai]]" by [[Lucky Ali]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Actor ===
Ibrahim has stated that he has been interested in acting since childhood, his early exposure to acting having come through his mother’s uncle, a regional playwright and poet in Kashmir, who involved him in theatrical productions from a young age. He recalls performing for up to ten hours a day, moving from one school to another during his childhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=Muzamil Ibrahim says ‘Special Ops’ has been a turning point for him |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/muzamil-ibrahim-says-special-ops-turning-point-1503030998.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209195131/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/muzamil-ibrahim-says-special-ops-turning-point-1503030998.html |archive-date=9 December 2025 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

In 2007, Ibrahim made his acting debut as the lead in ''[[Dhokha]]'', an action thriller film directed by [[Pooja Bhatt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pooja-muzamil-face-off-on-dhokha-sets/story-eWp8j9BGWs7N82nTVMp6GM.html |title=Pooja, Muzamil face-off on Dhokha sets |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 August 2007 |accessdate=21 April 2025 |author=Subhash K Jha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muzammil Ibrahim: "Pooja Bhatt Was Extremely Abusive, Working With Her Pushed Me Into Depression" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/muzammil-ibrahim-pooja-bhatt-was-extremely-abusive-working-with-her-pushed-me-into-depression-8623824 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> Khalid Mohamed of the [[Hindustan Times|''Hindustan Times'']] called him "promising... [with] strong screen presence".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-pooja-bhatt-s-dhokha/story-c5rGeO6Cm2gi5PBx99xOMN.html | title=Review: Pooja Bhatt's Dhokha | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=6 September 2007 | accessdate=21 April 2025 | author=Mohamed, Khalid }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2007
|''[[Dhokha]]''
|ACP Zaid Ahmed Khan
|
|-
|2009
|[[Horn 'Ok' Pleassss|''Horn 'Ok' Pleassss'']]
|Ajay
|
|-
|2012
|[[Will You Marry Me? (film)|''Will You Marry Me?'']]
|Nikhil Ahuja
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Will You Marry Me? - Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/will-you-marry-me/movie-review/12096558.cms |accessdate=21 April 2025 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2020-present
|[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|''Special Ops'']]
|Avinash
|Television series
|-
|2026
|''Love & War''
|TBA
|Filming
|}

== Music videos ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
! colspan="3" |Title
!Album
!Artist
!{{Refh|multi=yes}}
|-
|2004
| colspan="3" |"Kabhi Aisa Lagta Hai"
|"[[Kabhi Aisa Lagta Hai]]"
|[[Lucky Ali]]
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecP56OZ-ggU]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB name|id=2757656}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibrahim, Muzammil}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Kashmiri male actors]]
[[Category:Kashmiri male models]]

K. Bhavaneeswari

2026-04-05T14:24:59Z

Pururava: started a pg

{{Short description|Indian police officer from Tamilnadu}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2024}}
{{POV|date=May 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{infobox person|image=|known_for=2002 Batch
[[Director General of Police]] of '''Tamil Nadu Police''' in India
}}

'''K Bhavaneeswari IPS''', known as K Bhavaneeswari IPS,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Police Electronic Service Register - Designed, Developed and Hosted by NIC-Chennai |url=https://www.esr.tn.gov.in/currentpostings.php |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=www.esr.tn.gov.in}}</ref> is the former [[Director General of Police]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Currently Transferred as IGP- West Zone, Coimbatore. Ms K Bhavaneeswari IPS (Tamil Nadu 2002) presently IGP/ Joint Director, Vigilance & Anti-Corruption, Chennai, has been transferred and posted as IGP, West Zone, Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhavaneeswari takes charge as new IG - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/bhavaneeswari-takes-charge-as-new-ig/articleshow/102557171.cms |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The Times of India|date=9 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=27 IPS Officers Transferred in Tamil Nadu |url=https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2023/08/27-ips-officers-transferred-in-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-12-31 |title=மாநில எல்லையில் மாவோயிஸ்ட்டுகள் ஊடுருவலா? ஐஜி பவானீஸ்வரி முக்கிய தகவல்.. |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/state/erode/ig-k-bhavaneeswari-ips-said-that-the-movement-of-maoists-is-being-closely-monitoring-in-tn/tamil-nadu20231231100854395395266 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ta}}</ref>

==Achievements==
Bhavanee's contributions to law enforcement were recognized with numerous awards, including the President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service. the Indian Police Medal for Distinguished Service.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title=ADGP Amalraj, IG Bhavaneeswari awarded President's Medal, 19 officers chosen for Police Medal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/adgp-amalraj-ig-bhavaneeswari-get-get-presidents-medal-19-officers-chosen-for-police-medal/article67193960.ece |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-08-15 |title=19 cops to get President's medal on Independence Day |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Aug/15/19-cops-to-get-presidents-medal-on-independence-day-2605424.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Twenty-one police officers hailing from Tamil Nadu have been chosen to receive medals bestowed by the Centre in celebration of Independence Day. As per an announcement from the Director-General of Police's office, these officers have been honored with the prestigious President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service. Among them is K. Bhavaneeswari, Inspector-General of Police for the West Zone in Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-29 |title=13 IPS officers reshuffled in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/13-ips-officers-reshuffled-in-chennai/articleshow/51185263.cms |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Amidst the ongoing battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, the Tamil Nadu government has taken a decisive step by appointing a special nodal officer to oversee coronavirus-related issues. K. Bhavanesswari, an IPS officer, has been entrusted with the crucial responsibility of coordinating efforts to combat the spread of the virus and mitigate its impact on the state's populace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-01 |title=TN govt appoints special nodal officer for corona issues! - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/corona-control-special-nodal-officer-tn-govt-appoint-telugu-news-259369 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> As the designated officer for COVID-19 issues, K. Bhavanesswari will play a pivotal role in orchestrating the state's response to the pandemic. Her duties include coordinating with various government departments, healthcare institutions, and other stakeholders to ensure a cohesive and effective approach towards controlling the spread of the virus. She will also oversee the implementation of preventive measures, vaccination drives, and strategies for managing healthcare infrastructure amid the surge in cases.

==Career highlights==

Bhavaneeswari's notable assignments include:

* Superintendent of Police, Kanyakumari District: In this role, she was responsible for maintaining law and order, crime prevention, and overseeing police operations in the district.

* Deputy Commissioner of Kilpauk Range: She managed police operations and administration in the Kilpauk range, focusing on public safety and crime control.

* Joint Commissioner of Traffic, Chennai: As the Joint Commissioner, she implemented and monitored traffic management strategies to improve road safety and reduce traffic congestion in Chennai.

* Deputy Inspector General of Police, Trichy Range: In this capacity, she oversaw police activities in the Trichy range, ensuring effective law enforcement and community policing.

* Inspector General of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Wing: Following her promotion to IG, Bhavaneeswari was posted in the Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Wing,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=DTNEXT |date=2022-07-07 |title=New police officer to head spl investigation cell in DVAC |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/07/07/new-police-officer-to-head-spl-investigation-cell-in-dvac |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> where she led efforts to combat corruption and promote transparency in public services.

* Inspector General of Police: Currently, she is working as the Inspector General of Police (IGP) for the West Zone in Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-08 |title=K. Bhavaneeswari assumes office as West Zone IG |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/k-bhavaneeswari-assumes-office-as-west-zone-ig/article67172969.ece |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-06 |title=Man arrested for murdering neighbour woman near Coimbatore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/man-arrested-for-murdering-neighbour-woman-near-coimbatore/article68147048.ece |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:IPS., Bhavaneeswari K}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian women police officers]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

List of governors of Tamil Nadu

2026-03-25T19:36:13Z

Pururava:

{{Short description|''De jure'' head of the state of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox official post
|post = [[Governor (India)|Governor]]
|body = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|native_name = {{lang|ta-Latn|Tamiḻnāṭu Āḷunar}}
|insignia = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|70px|frameless|upright=0.6|class=skin-invert]]
|insigniacaption = [[State Emblem of India|Emblem of India]]
|image = Rajendra Arlekar, Governor of Kerala.jpg
|incumbent = [[Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar]] '''(Additional Charge)'''
|incumbentsince = 12 March 2026
|style = [[His Excellency]]
|status = [[Head of state]]
|reports_to = [[President of India]]
|residence = {{unbulleted list|[[Lok Bhavan, Chennai]]|[[Lok Bhavan, Ooty|Lok Bhavan, Udhagamandalam]]}}
|appointer = [[President of India]]
|formation = {{start date and age|df=y|1948|09|07}}
|first = {{bulleted list|[[Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji]] {{small|(as Governor of Madras State)}}|[[Ujjal Singh]] {{small|(as Governor of Tamil Nadu)}}}}
|website = {{URL|https://tnrajbhavan.gov.in/|tnlokbhavan.gov.in}}
}}
The '''governor of Tamil Nadu''' is the constitutional head and the representative of the [[president of India]]. In the [[States of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], the [[Governor (India)|governor]] holds an important position in ensuring that the administration functions according to the [[constitution of India]]. They are appointed by the president and serve as the nominal executive authority of the state. The governor’s official residences are the [[Lok Bhavan]], located in [[Lok Bhavan, Chennai|Chennai]] and [[Lok Bhavan, Ooty|Udhagamandalam]]. The governor performs various duties, such as giving assent to bills passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]], appointing the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]], and overseeing the constitutional functioning of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]]. Although the real executive power lies with the [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]] headed by the chief minister, the governor plays a vital role in maintaining the constitutional framework and stability of the state administration.<ref>[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. p. 237, 241–44. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Tamil Nadu as well.</ref>

The [[List of current Indian governors|current incumbent]] is [[Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar]], who has been serving as an additional charge since 12 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kerala-governor-rajendra-vishwanath-arlekar-assumes-additional-charge-as-tamil-nadu-governor/article70734203.ece|title=Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar assumes additional charge as Tamil Nadu Governor|date=12 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

==Qualifications==
[[s:Constitution of India/Part VI#Article 157 .7BQualifications for appointment as Governor.7D|Article 157]] and [[s:Constitution of India/Part VI#Article 158 .7BConditions of Governor's office.7D|Article 158]] of the [[Constitution of India]] specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. They are as follows:

A governor:
*must be at least 35 years of age.
*should not be a member of either the [[Parliament of India|houses of the parliament]] or the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|house of the state legislature]].
*should not hold any office of profit.
Traditionally, governors are not appointed to lead the states where they reside, although this is not stipulated in the constitution.

==Powers and functions==
{{See also|Governors of India#Powers and functions|l1=Powers and functions of the Governor}}
The governor has:
*'''Executive powers''' related to administration, appointments and removals
*'''Legislative powers''' related to lawmaking and the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] and
*'''Discretionary powers''' are to be carried out according to the discretion of the Governor.

In his ex-officio capacity, the governor of Tamil Nadu is chancellor of the universities of Tamil Nadu as per the Acts of the Universities.

==Oath==
“I, _________________ ''(Name of the appointee)'', do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will faithfully execute the office of Governor (or discharge the functions of the Governor) of Tamil Nadu and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Tamil Nadu.”

==List==
;Key
*{{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{legend|wheat|Acting / Additional Charge|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Transferred
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Governors of Madras Presidency
|-
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name
{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Home state
!colspan=3|Term of office
!rowspan=2|Appointed by
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Lieutenant-general a E Nye, Cb, Mc Art.IWMARTLD3205.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Archibald Nye]]''' (1895–1967)
|[[Dublin]]
|15 August 1947
|6 September 1948
|1 year, 22 days
|[[Lord Mountbatten]]
|-
!2
|
|'''[[Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji]]''' (1912–1965)
|[[Gujarat]]
|7 September 1948
|25 January 1950
|1 year, 140 days
|[[C. Rajagopalachari]]
|}

;Development after independence
'''Madras State''' was a state in the [[Indian Republic]], which was in existence during the mid-20th century as a successor to the [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]] of [[British India]]. The state came into existence on 26 January 1950 when the [[Constitution of India]] was adopted and included the present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] and parts of neighbouring states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Keralam]].

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Governors of Madras State
|-
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name
{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Home state
!colspan=3|Term of office
!rowspan=2|Appointed by
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
!1
|
|'''[[Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji]]''' (1912–1965)
|[[Gujarat]]
|26 January 1950
|11 March 1952
|2 years, 45 days
|rowspan=5|[[Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
!2
|[[File:Sri Prakasa Portrait.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Sri Prakasa]]''' (1890–1971)
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|12 March 1952
|9 December 1956
|4 years, 272 days
|-
!3
|
|'''[[A. J. John]]''' (1893–1957)
|[[Keralam]]
|10 December 1956
|30 September 1957{{ref label|†|†|†}}
|294 days
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|[[File:P. V. Rajamannar.jpg|100px]]
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[P. V. Rajamannar]]''' (1901–1979) (Acting)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|style="background:wheat;"|1 October 1957
|style="background:wheat;"|24 January 1958
|style="background:wheat;"|115 days
|-
!4
|[[File:Bishnuram Medhi.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Bishnu Ram Medhi]]''' (1888–1981)
|[[Assam]]
|24 January 1958
|3 May 1964
|6 years, 100 days
|-
!5
|[[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar]]''' (1919–1974)
|[[Karnataka]]
|4 May 1964
|23 November 1964
|203 days
|rowspan=7|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|[[File:P. Chandra Reddy.jpg|100px]]
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[P. Chandra Reddy]]''' (1904–1976) (Acting)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|style="background:wheat;"|24 November 1964
|style="background:wheat;"|7 February 1965
|style="background:wheat;"|75 days
|-
!(5)
|[[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar]]''' (1919–1974)
|[[Karnataka]]
|8 February 1965{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|14 August 1965
|187 days
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|[[File:P. Chandra Reddy.jpg|100px]]
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[P. Chandra Reddy]]''' (1904–1976) (Acting)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|style="background:wheat;"|13 August 1965{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|style="background:wheat;"|19 September 1965
|style="background:wheat;"|37 days
|-
!(5)
|[[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar]]''' (1919–1974)
|[[Karnataka]]
|20 September 1965{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|3 January 1966
|105 days
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|[[File:P. Chandra Reddy.jpg|100px]]
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[P. Chandra Reddy]]''' (1904–1976) (Acting)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|style="background:wheat;"|4 January 1966{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|style="background:wheat;"|27 June 1966
|style="background:wheat;"|174 days
|-
!rowspan=2|6
|rowspan=2|[[File:Sardar Ujjal Singh portrait.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[Ujjal Singh]]''' (1895–1983)
|rowspan=2|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|style="background:wheat;"|28 June 1966
|style="background:wheat;"|16 June 1967
|rowspan=2|2 years, 199 days
|-
|17 June 1967
|13 January 1969
|[[Zakir Husain]]
|}

;Change in nomenclature
On 18 July 1967, the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] unanimously adopted a resolution recommending that the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] take the necessary steps to secure an amendment to the [[Constitution of India]] aimed at changing the name of Madras State to [[Tamil Nadu]]. Consequently, the Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968 (Central Act 53 of 1968), was enacted by the [[Parliament of India]] and came into effect on 14 January 1969.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Governors of Tamil Nadu
|-
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name
{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Home state
!colspan=3|Term of office
!rowspan=2|Appointed by
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Sardar Ujjal Singh portrait.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Ujjal Singh]]''' (1895–1983)
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|14 January 1969
|26 May 1971
|2 years, 132 days
|[[Zakir Husain]]
|-
!2
|[[File:Kodardas Kalidas Shah portrait.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Kodardas Kalidas Shah]]''' (1908–1986)
|[[Gujarat]]
|27 May 1971
|15 June 1976
|5 years, 19 days
|[[Varahagiri Venkata Giri]]
|-
!3
|[[File:Mohan Lal Sukhadia 1988 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]]''' (1916–1982)
|[[Rajasthan]]
|16 June 1976
|8 April 1977
|296 days
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|
|style="background:wheat;"|'''P. Govindan Nair''' (Unknown) (Acting)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Keralam]]
|style="background:wheat;"|9 April 1977
|style="background:wheat;"|26 April 1977
|style="background:wheat;"|17 days
|rowspan=2|[[B. D. Jatti]]
|-
!4
|
|'''[[Prabhudas Patwari|Prabhudas B. Patwari]]''' (1909–1985)
|[[Gujarat]]
|27 April 1977
|26 October 1980
|3 years, 182 days
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[M. M. Ismail]]''' (1921–2005) (Acting)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|style="background:wheat;"|26 October 1980
|style="background:wheat;"|3 November 1980
|style="background:wheat;"|8 days
|rowspan=2|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
!5
|
|'''[[Sadiq Ali]]''' (1910–2001)
|[[Rajasthan]]
|4 November 1980
|2 September 1982
|1 year, 302 days
|-
!6
|
|'''[[Sundar Lal Khurana|S. L. Khurana]]''' (1918–2007)
|[[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|3 September 1982
|16 February 1988
|5 years, 166 days
|[[Giani Zail Singh]]
|-
!7
|[[File:P. C. Alexander (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[P. C. Alexander]]''' (1921–2011)
|[[Keralam]]
|17 February 1988
|23 May 1990
|2 years, 95 days
|rowspan=3|[[R. Venkataraman]]
|-
!8
|[[File:Surjit Singh Barnala, 2008.png|100px]]
|'''[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]''' (1925–2017)
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|24 May 1990
|14 February 1991{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|266 days
|-
!9
|[[File:Bhishma Narain Singh (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]''' (1933–2018)
|[[Jharkhand]]
|14 February 1991
|30 May 1993{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|2 years, 105 days
|-
!10
|[[File:DrMChannaReddy (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[M. Chenna Reddy]]''' (1919–1996)
|[[Telangana]]
|31 May 1993
|2 December 1996{{ref label|†|†|†}}
|3 years, 185 days
|rowspan=3|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|[[File:Krishan Kant, 10th Vice President of India.jpg|100px]]
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[Krishan Kant]]''' (1927–2002) [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] (Additional Charge)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|style="background:wheat;"|2 December 1996
|style="background:wheat;"|25 January 1997
|style="background:wheat;"|54 days
|-
!11
|[[File:Justice Fathima Beevi.JPG|100px]]
|'''[[M. Fathima Beevi]]''' (1927–2023)
|[[Keralam]]
|25 January 1997
|25 February 2001
|4 years, 31 days
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|[[File:The Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Dr. C. Rangarajan addressing a press conference on ‘Economic Review 2012-13’, in New Delhi on April 23, 2013 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[C. Rangarajan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1932) [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] (Additional Charge)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|style="background:wheat;"|26 February 2001
|style="background:wheat;"|15 March 2001
|style="background:wheat;"|17 days
|rowspan=4|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
!(11)
|[[File:Justice Fathima Beevi.JPG|100px]]
|'''[[M. Fathima Beevi]]''' (1927–2023)
|[[Keralam]]
|16 March 2001
|2 July 2001
|108 days
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|[[File:The Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Dr. C. Rangarajan addressing a press conference on ‘Economic Review 2012-13’, in New Delhi on April 23, 2013 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[C. Rangarajan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1932) [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] (Additional Charge)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|style="background:wheat;"|3 July 2001
|style="background:wheat;"|17 January 2002
|style="background:wheat;"|198 days
|-
!12
|[[File:P. S. Ramamohan Rao.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1934)
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|18 January 2002
|2 November 2004
|2 years, 289 days
|-
!(8)
|[[File:Surjit Singh Barnala, 2008.png|100px]]
|'''[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]''' (1925–2017)
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|3 November 2004
|30 August 2011
|6 years, 300 days
|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
!13
|[[File:K Rosaiah.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[K. Rosaiah]]''' (1933–2021)
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|31 August 2011
|2 September 2016
|5 years, 2 days
|[[Pratibha Devisingh Patil]]
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|[[File:C. Vidyasagar Rao.JPG|159x159px]]
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1941) [[Governor of Maharashtra]] (Additional Charge)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Telangana]]
|style="background:wheat;"|2 September 2016
|style="background:wheat;"|5 October 2017
|style="background:wheat;"|1 year, 33 days
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
!14
|[[File:Banwarilal Purohit.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Banwarilal Purohit]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1940)
|[[Rajasthan]]
|6 October 2017
|17 September 2021{{note label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Punjab, India|Governor of Punjab]]}}
|3 years, 346 days
|rowspan=2|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
!15
|[[File:R. N. Ravi (cropped×2).jpg|137x137px]]
|'''[[R. N. Ravi]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1952)
|[[Bihar]]
|18 September 2021
|11 March 2026{{note label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of West Bengal]]}}
|4 years, 174 days
|-
!style="background:wheat;"|–
|style="background:wheat;"|[[File:Rajendra Arlekar, Governor of Kerala.jpg|100px]]
|style="background:wheat;"|'''[[Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954) [[Governor of Kerala]] (Additional Charge)
|style="background:wheat;"|[[Goa]]
|style="background:wheat;"|12 March 2026
|style="background:wheat;"|''Incumbent''
|style="background:wheat;"|{{age in years and days|2026|03|12}}
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==See also==
*[[History of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Lok Bhavan, Chennai]]
*[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[List of current Indian governors]]
*[[Lok Bhavan, Ooty|Lok Bhavan, Udhagamandalam]]
*[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://tnrajbhavan.gov.in/ Official website of the Governor of Tamil Nadu]

{{Governors of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Current Indian governors}}

[[Category:Governors of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lists of governors of Indian states]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politics-related lists]]

Manji (Sikhism)

2026-03-24T21:12:10Z

Pururava: Starting new page

{{short description|Sikh religious administrative unit}}
{{About|a clergy system in Sikhism||Manji (disambiguation)}}
[[File:22 Missionaries established by Guru Amardas.jpg|thumb|Brass plaque at Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib Goindwal depicting scene of Guru Ramdas being enthroned to Guruship in the presence of regional Manji heads]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
A '''Manji''' (Punjabi: ਮੰਜੀ ਪ੍ਰਥਾ {{Small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}) was a [[Sikhism|Sikh]] religious administrative unit, similar to a parish or diocese, for the propagation of Sikhism.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/manji Manji: SIKH RELIGIOUS ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> It was part of the Sikh missionary administrative organization founded by [[Guru Amar Das]], the third [[Sikh Guru|Guru]] of [[Sikhism]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harjinder |date=12 September 2022 |title=From Pothi to Guru Granth Sahib: The Perfect-Genius of Guru Arjan Sahib |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/from-pothi-to-guru-granth-sahib |website=Sikh Research Institute |quote=''Manji'' is a raised bed or cot where the sovereign sits. Manji in the Sikh system of Raj already existed as the Sikh administrative unit. Guru Amardas Sahib started Manjis to parallel the Mughal empire.}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''Manji'' or ''Manja'' literally means a [[Charpai|cot]] (taken as the ''seat of authority'' in this context).<ref name=dhillon207>{{cite book|author=DS Dhillon|title=Sikhism Origin and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA208|year=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|pages=207–208}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== History ==

=== Origin ===
Guru Nanak would arrange early Sikh followers into various ''sangat'' (congregations) or parishes and instructed them to erect a ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamsal]]'' dedicated to spreading their Guru's message and teachings in their local area.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |last=Dhillon |first=Balwant Singh |date=November 1997 |title=Dharamsala: An Early Sikh Religious Centre |url=https://sikhinstitute.org/gurd_legi/ch_4.htm |website=Institute of Sikh Studies |access-date=2023-06-21 |archive-date=2023-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621165835/https://sikhinstitute.org/gurd_legi/ch_4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Sangatia ====
Sangatia (also spelt as ''Sangtias'') were head leaders from the local Sikh congregation (''sangat'') who arose as local leaders based upon personal piety and merit.<ref name=":04" /> Anyone could arise to become a Sangatia as there was no established priestly or clergy-class in Sikhism, as long as they were well-learnt and dedicated enough to the religion.<ref name=":04" /> Most ''dharamsals'' ceased being headed by a Sangatia after the introduction of the Manji and later Masand systems.<ref name=":04" /> However, some remained under the leadership of a Sangatia due to the respect some earned.<ref name=":04" />

=== Establishment ===
[[File:Wall plaque giving names of 22 Missionaries established by Guru Amardas.jpg|thumb|Gurmukhi wall plaque installed at Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib in Goindwal which lists the names of the 22 Manji administrators and preachers initially appointed by Guru Amar Das]]
Guru Amar Das divided the Sikh congregation areas into twenty-two Manji zones.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |quote=Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. ... Proclaiming a parallel notion of sovereignty Guru Amar Das organized the Panth into 22 administrative units (manjis), reflecting the number of provinces into which the Mughal empire was divided.}}</ref> He appointed a local preacher to be in-charge of each of the Manjis, known as a ''Manjidar''.<ref name=":04" /> For this purpose, a large group of 146 followers were trained for the propagation of Sikhism. 94 of them were men whilst 52 were women.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chawla |first1=A.S. |title=Management Perspectives of Sikh Religion |last2=Singh |first2=Dharminder |last3=Kaur |first3=Jasleen |chapter=7.2 - Established the Sikh Administration System |quote=Guru Amar Das established the Manji System to propagate Sikhism in a logical and planned way. He divided Sikh congregation areas into 22 Manjis and a local preacher was made in-charge of each Manji. He trained the group of 146 followers, out of which 52 were women, to attend to the spiritual needs of the people. He also appointed preachers called Masands, who went across the country to spread the gospel of Sikhism.}}</ref><ref name="cole20">{{cite book |author1=William Owen Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22 |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |author2=Piara Singh Sambhi |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 |pages=20–21}}</ref><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book |author1=Louis E. Fenech |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |author2=W. H. McLeod |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=29–30}}</ref> It had been conceptually similar in its aims to the [[diocese]] system in Christianity, and had been similarly important in Sikh missionary activity.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alon Goshen-Gottstein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzbJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |title=The Future of Religious Leadership: World Religions in Conversation |publisher=Lexington |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4985-4025-4 |page=109}}</ref><ref name="dhillon207" /> It existed as a parallel system to the existing [[Mughal Empire]] and was modelled after the Mughal Empire's provincial zones, known as ''[[Subah|Subahs]]'' (of which there were also 22).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Along with the Manjis, sub-centres known as ''Piris'' were established of which there were 52 in total.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=273 |quote=After attaining the Guru's mantle, he [Guru Amar Das] visited various places to propagate the message of the faith. He reorganised the Sikh faith and established 22 centres, each called a 'manji', and 52 sub-centres, each called a 'peehri' for this purpose.}}</ref>

== Purpose and role ==
The Manji system was established to give Sikhs a sense of their own sovereignty.<ref name=":0" /> This is reflected by the fact that the number of zones established perfectly mimics the Mughal administrative system's zones, with both having twenty-two primary divisions.<ref name=":0" /> The Manjis facilitated the spread of Sikhism to more faraway regions away from the already-established epicentres.<ref name=":0" />

=== Manjidars ===
Manjidars were appointed leaders under the purview of the Guru and were responsible for a specified Manji diocese or parish.<ref name=":04" /> They were responsible for looking over the ''dharamsals'' and congregations of their assigned parish.<ref name=":04" /> The main ''dharamsals'' located at localities founded by a Sikh Guru or connected to their life were managed directly by a [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]] whilst the centres in more minor, obscure, or distant localities and areas were headed by an appointed Manjidar.<ref name=":04" /> Positions of local Manjidars was not dynastic nor inheritable and it was not a professional duty as they still had to live the life of a householder.<ref name=":04" /> They were not allowed to claim divine status for themselves.<ref name=":04" />

Manjidars should not be confused with the later [[Masand|Masands]].<ref name=":04" />

== List of manjidars ==
{{Expand section|Add more manjidars|date=August 2024}}

* Gangu Das, assigned by Guru Amar Das to preach in the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik Hills]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=24 July 2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810863446 |pages=69}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Masand]]
* [[Piri System|Piri system]], a sub-system of the Sikh missionary system for women specifically

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Sikh politics]]
[[Category:Sikh communities]]

{{Sikhism-stub}}

Kishore Kumar Junior

2026-03-24T19:06:23Z

Pururava: cleanup section as per guidelines

{{Short description|2018 Indian Bengali film by Kaushik Ganguly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kishore Kumar Junior
| caption =
| native_name =
| image = Kishore Kumar Junior (2018) film poster.jpeg
| alt = Man with curly hair, sunglasses, and a moustache, singing
| director = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| producer = Rupa Dutta
| screenplay = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| story = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Aparajita Auddy]] [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]]
| music = [[Indradip Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| studio = Camellia Production Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]] Dream Merchant
| released = {{Film date|2018|10|12|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 1.80 cr
| gross = 6.52 cr
}}

'''''Kishore Kumar Junior''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[musical drama film]] directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]], starring [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], and [[Aparajita Auddy]] in lead roles.<ref name="What’s next for Prosenjit Chatterjee after ‘Kishore Kumar Junior’?">{{cite news |title=What's next for Prosenjit Chatterjee after 'Kishore Kumar Junior'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/whats-next-for-prosenjit-chatterjee-after-kishore-kumar-junior/articleshow/66051518.cms | date=3 October 2018 | accessdate=28 March 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Kishore Kumar Junior is a tribute to India’s copy singers: Prosenjit">{{cite news |title=Kishore Kumar Junior is a tribute to India's copy singers: Prosenjit |date=4 October 2018|first=Shamayita|last=Chakraborty|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kishore-kumar-junior-is-a-tribute-to-indias-copy-singers-prosenjit/articleshow/66066451.cms |accessdate=28 March 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Kishore Kumar Junior would have made national news if it were not a regional film: Prosenjit">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Kishore Kumar Junior would have made national news if it were not a regional film: Prosenjit |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/oct/7/15976/kishore-kumar-junior-would-have-made-national-news-if-it-were-not-a-regional-film-prosenjit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012060941/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/oct/7/15976/kishore-kumar-junior-would-have-made-national-news-if-it-were-not-a-regional-film-prosenjit |url-status=live |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018 |work=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==Plot==
This film is about a singer who sings only those songs sung by the legendary Indian singer [[Kishore Kumar]]. The title, Kishore Kumar Junior (KKJ), was bestowed by the famous singer himself. KKJ lives in Kolkata with his wife and son, and his band musicians are like his second family. KKJ, his wife, and band are invited to perform in a Government initiative, for some border villages in the state of Rajasthan. However, upon reaching Rajasthan, they are abducted by a group of Pakistanis, whose intentions are not clear. It is now up to KKJ to save his wife and band members.

==Cast==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Rajat Ghosh aka Kishore Kumar Junior
* [[Aparajita Auddy]] as Rita Ghosh (Wife of KKJ)
* [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]] as Rishi (Son of KKJ)
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Firoz, a terrorist operating the cross border terrorism in Rajasthan
* Masood Akhtar as Taufiq, Firoz's henchman
* Lama Halder as Khokon
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]] as Himself in a special appearance
* [[Mir Afsar Ali]] as Himself in a special appearance
* [[Kumar Sanu]] as Himself in a special appearance
* Rajat Ganguly as Suranjan Moitra, Central Minister

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]], [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Anand Bakshi]], [[Mukul Dutt]], [[Gulzar]], [[A. Irshad]], [[Kaushik Chakraborty]]
| all_music = [[Indraadip Das Gupta]]
| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =
| title1 = Ki Ashay Bandhi khelaghar
| music1 = [[Shyamal Mitra]], Recreated By: [[Indraadip Das Gupta]]
| lyrics1 = [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]]
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length1 = 4:46
| title2 = Zindagi Ek Safar
| music2 = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]], Recreated By: Indraadip Das Gupta
| lyrics2 = [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
| extra2 = Kumar Sanu
| length2 = 3:32
| title3 = Ek Din Pakhi Ure Jabe
| music3 = [[R.D. Burman]], Recreated By: Indraadip Dasgupta
| lyrics3 = [[Mukul Dutt]]
| extra3 = Kumar Sanu
| length3 = 3:40
| title4 = Woh Shaam Kuch Ajeeb
| music4 = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]], Recreated By: Indraadip Dasgupta
| lyrics4 = [[Gulzar]]
| extra4 = Kumar Sanu
| length4 = 5:08
| title5 = Amar Swapna Tumi Ogo
| music5 = Shyamal Mitra, Recreated By: Indraadip Dasgupta
| lyrics5 = [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]]
| extra5 = Kumar Sanu
| length5 = 2:23
| title6 = Shing Nei Tobu
| music6 = Hemanta Mukherjee, Recreated By: Indraadip Dasgupta
| lyrics6 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra6 = Kumar Sanu
| length6 = 3:31
| title7 = Sedino Akashe Chilo Kato Tara II
| music7 = [[Kishore Kumar]], Recreated By: Indraadip Dasgupta
| lyrics7 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra7 = [[Babul Supriyo]]
| length7 = 3:35
| title8 = Sedino Akashe Chilo Kato Tara
| music8 = [[Kishore Kumar]], Recreated By: Indraadip Dasgupta
| lyrics8 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra8 = Koushik Chakraborty
| length8 = 3:11
| title9 = Kuch Toh Log Kahenge
| music9 = [[R.D.Burman]], Recreated By: Indraadip Dasgupta
| lyrics9 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| extra9 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length9 = 4:34
| title10 = Chala Jata Hoon
| music10 = [[R.D. Burman]], Recreated By: Indraadip Dasgupta
| lyrics10 = Majrooh Sultanpuri
| extra10 = [[Babul Supriyo]]
| length10 = 4:08
| title11 = Akash Keno Daake
| title12 = Panthi Hoon Main
| title14 = Cholo Ure Jai
| title13 = Yeh Kya Hua
| title15 = Medley
| extra11 = Kumar Sanu
| extra15 = Kumar Sanu, Rimita Mukherjee
| extra14 = Prithibi (Band)
| extra13 = Kumar Sanu
| extra12 = Kumar Sanu
| length12 = 3:41
| length15 = 9:19
| length14 = 6:12
| length13 = 3:27
| length11 = 3:11
| lyrics11 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| lyrics15 =
| lyrics13 = Anand Bakshi
| lyrics14 = Kaushik Chakraborty
| lyrics12 = A. Irshad
| music14 = Kaushik Chakraborty
| music15 =
| music11 = R. D. Burman, Recreated by: Indraadip Dasgupta
| music12 = Kishore Kumar, Recreated by: Indraadip Dasgupta
| music13 = R. D. Burman, Recreated by: Indraadip Dasgupta
}}

== Release ==
The film released in India on 12 October 2018, just before [[Durga Puja]].<ref name="Two of my wishes got fulfilled working in Kishore Kumar Junior: Rwitobrata Mukherjee">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Two of my wishes got fulfilled working in Kishore Kumar Junior: Rwitobrata Mukherjee |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/oct/4/16063/two-of-my-wishes-got-fulfilled-working-in-kishore-kumar-junior-rwitobrata-mukherjee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018203120/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/oct/4/16063/two-of-my-wishes-got-fulfilled-working-in-kishore-kumar-junior-rwitobrata-mukherjee |url-status=live |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018 |work=Cinestaan}}</ref> Most of the songs in the movie are performed by [[Kumar Sanu]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8459412}}

{{Kaushik Ganguly|}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kaushik Ganguly]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Jukebox musical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Indradeep Dasgupta]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kishore Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hemant Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyamal Mitra]]
[[Category:Kishore Kumar]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]
[[Category:Camellia Productions films]]

C. T. E. Rhenius

2026-03-24T04:59:20Z

Pururava:

{{Essay-like|date=October 2021}}
{{short description|German-born missionary (1790–1838)}}

'''Charles Theophilus Ewald Rhenius''' (5 November 1790 – 5 June 1838) was a German-born missionary of the [[Church Mission Society]] (CMS). He was the first CMS missionary to arrive at India. For his missionary work in the [[Tirunelveli]] district he came to be known as the "Apostle of Tirunelveli".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csitirunelveli.org/pastorate/t_v/tirunelvely_jn.htm |title=Tirunelveli Junction Pastorate |access-date=2010-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105173829/http://www.csitirunelveli.org/pastorate/t_v/tirunelvely_jn.htm |archive-date=2009-01-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csitirunelveli.org/history/history_missionaries.htm |title=Missionaries at Tirunelveli Diocese |access-date=2010-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105222451/http://www.csitirunelveli.org/history/history_missionaries.htm |archive-date=2009-01-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was involved in the attempt to revise the [[Johann Phillip Fabricius|Fabricius]] version of the Tamil Bible and also published a Tamil grammar book. Rhenius split from the Anglican Church in 1830 and started his own congregation. Rhenius' work was recognized in 1980 by the Reverend Daniel Abraham, the then [[Church of South India]] (CSI) bishop of [[Tirunelveli]] diocese. Rhenius's work was given official recognition by the [[Anglican Communion]] during the Tirunelveli diocese bicentenary celebration in 1980, in which, all the bishops, including Anglican bishop [[Stephen Neill]] and all the presbyters took an oath in front of the tomb of Rev Rhenius to follow the path of the resting soul, regard to evangelism.
[[File:palayamkottai.jpg|thumb|[[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Palayamkottai]], Tirunelveli - Built by Rev. C.T.E. Rhenius]]

==Early life==
Charles Rhenius was the second son of Otto Gottlieb Nikolaus Rhenius, an officer in the [[Prussian army]]. When Charles was six years old, his father died. Charles left school when he was fourteen and went to work in his uncle’s office. After he had worked for three years another uncle called him to come and live with him. This uncle was a rich landowner. There were many missionary magazines in his uncle’s house. As he read these, Charles felt God was calling him to go overseas as a missionary. Though his uncle was unhappy about his decision, he accepted it. But his aunt tried to get him to change his mind. Charles had to struggle in prayer to overcome the temptation. As his uncle had no children, he planned to leave all his property to Charles.<ref name="Walpole">Beth Walpole, Venture of Faith - A brief historical background of the Church of South India, (1993), 165 pages, Published by Church of South India at Christian Literature Society Press, Madras - 600 007.</ref>{{rp|64}} Rhenius went to [[Berlin]] to study [[theology]] at the first German missionary college of [[:de:Johannes Jaenicke|Johannes Jaenicke]]. When he left home he did not dare to tell his family of his final plans. When his suspicious mother Catharina Dorothea Schiemann, implored him not to go overseas, Rhenius replied "Dear mother, what am I to do if the Lord should so order it?. After a year at the seminary Charles Rhenius was ordained as a [[Lutheran]] [[presbyter]].

== With the Church Mission Society ==
In the early 19th century, the [[Church Mission Society]] was looking for missionaries for Dr John’s Schools of the Danish Mission at [[Tharangambadi]] in India. Among those who came forward, Rhenius and Schnarre were selected and given orientation on mission skills for 18 months in England. In 1813, the British parliament passed a new Act.<ref name="Walpole"/>{{rp|65}} This Act allowed missionaries freedom to enter India.<ref>Jeyakumar, Dalit Consciousness and Christian Conversion, p. 91</ref><ref>Robert Eric Fryhenberg, Winter 1993, "Contribution of Hinduism at the Nexus of History", Journal of Indian History, Vol. XXIII, No.:3</ref> Both could get a berth on a ship only in February 1814. At the last minute his family tried to stop Rhenius going to India. His brother appealed to him by writing that their mother was weeping for him. CMS arranged a farewell meeting for him that was attended by more than 2,000 people.

Rhenius's journey to India was eventful: he experienced a fire aboard the ship and it was almost wrecked near [[Maldives]]. They reached safely [[Madras]], only to learn that Dr John, under whose aegis they had planned to work as missionaries, was dead. Rhenius and Schnarre managed to stay for two weeks with the chaplain of the [[British East India Company]] in Madras. Then they went to Tharangambadi to learn the [[Tamil language]].

==Missionary work in Madras==
After five months of language training, Rhenius was asked to come back to Madras, as CMS had decided to engage him in their own mission called Mission in Madras, instead of helping the [[Danish Mission]] at Tharangambadi. The [[Madras]] Governor gave permission to work in the Black Town of Madras. They rented a house belonging to a Hindu. This facilitated to study the Hindu scriptures and he visited the [[Kanchipuram]] temple as well. Through his studies, Rhenius came to believe that Hindus had once believed in one supreme god and the current polytheism was a later development. He fashioned his proselytizing method according to the belief - by appealing Hindus to go back to monotheism and the worship of [[Jesus Christ]]. He started a school in the Black Town, Madras. When the Hindus in Kanchipuram invited him to start a school, he agreed. After starting several schools in Madras, he extended his missionary work to Palmaner and [[Vandavasi]], where he was exposed to the religious doctrines of [[Jainism]]. During his travel he recorded in his diary that the caste Hindus did not allow him to enter their house and on one occasion he had to spend the night in a cow shed.

In 1815, the [[Bible Society]] in Calcutta decided to revise the [[Johann Phillip Fabricius]] version of the Tamil Bible. Rhenius was asked to help with the revision. Assisted by a [[Munshi]] he set to work on the revision. On his travels Rhenius had talked with many Hindus. He found that very often they could not understand the Bible translation of Fabricius. Further a conversation with a Brahmin showed what great care was needed in translating the idiomatic expressions. They were discussing Matthew 3:7, "you snakes..". The Brahmin had taken the words literally - he thought the people had really turned into snakes.<ref name="Walpole"/>{{rp|69}} This made Rhenius realize that a revision of the Bible was not sufficient - a new translation was necessary. He began a new translation of the New Testament. When he showed his translation to his Hindu friends, they had said that they could understand his translation. He wrote down some principles of translation. Thous his ideas on translation were not accepted in his time, they are similar to the current ones followed by the Bible Society. On 5 November 1817, a group of Protestants, Roman Catholics and Hindus met in Madras and formed the Tamil Bible Association. Rhenius also wrote a work of Tamil grammar titled "A Grammar of the Tamil Language: With Appendix", which was published by the American Mission Press at Madras in 1859.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107174637/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/07/28/stories/2008072850490500.htm An American press The Hindu 28 July 2008]</ref>

==Family==
On 7 March 1816, Rhenius married 15 year old, Anna Wilhelmina Van Someren, at [[Fort St. George]], Madras. The daughter of merchant, T.C. Van Someren Vryenes, and his wife Susanna Emilia. Charles and Anna had fourteen children together, including his eldest son, the Rev. Joshua Rhenius (1818 - 1878), who compiled a memoir of his father, published in 1841. Anna outlived her husband by 36 years, dying in [[Bangalore]] in 1874. <ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/en/tree/person/details/9KLP-WHB FamilySearch record - Anna Wilhelmina Van Someren Rhenius] retrieved 10 Jan 2026.</ref>

==Missionary work in Tirunelveli==
In 1816, the historian, the Reverend James Hough, was the chaplain to the English garrison in the Palayamkottai fort and cantonment. He was interested in village ministry and wrote to the CMS asking for a missionary. By this time, the differences of opinion between Rhenius and the Madras Committee of the CMS had grown greatly. Rhenius was at the point of resigning and going home. However, the CMS did not want to lose a skilled missionary and suggested that he could go to [[Palayamkottai]] to assist Hough. Rhenius arrived in Tirunelveli on 7 July 1820.<ref>[https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/r-s/rhenius-carl-theophilus-ewald-1790-1838/ Boston University website, ''Rhenius, Carl Theophilus Ewald (1790-1838) Linguist and missionary among the Tamil population of South India'']</ref> The first CMS congregation in Palayamkottai (present day [[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Palayamkottai]]) came into existence on 10 March 1822 and adjutant (current venue of [[Cathedral Higher Secondary School, Palayamkottai]]) to the CMS Church, Murugankuruchi, Rhenius started the [[Palamcottah Preparandi Institution]]. In 1824, he purchased valuable property to the north of the High Road in Palayamkottai (current venue of the [[Bishop Sergeant Training School, Palayamkottai]]) from his Hindu friend and philanthropist, [[Vengu Mudaliar]], for a confessional price of just Rs. 750.00 and shifted the Preparandi School to the newly acquired campus. Operating from Palayamkottai, Rhenius covered a number of villages all over the [[Tirunelveli]] district, which include the current [[Thoothukudi]] district and part of [[Ramnathapuram]] district and planted small congregations. [[Solaikudiyiruppu]] is one of the oasis villages in the sandy dunes of [[Kudiramozhi Theri]]. When Rhenius visited Solaikudiyiruppu, the ''Mukandar'' of Solaikudiyiruppu Village was [[Vedha Muthu (a.k.a. Velu Muthu) Mukandar|Velu Muthu Nadar]]. Rhenius shared the gospel to Velu Muthu who was baptisied as "Vedha Muthu". Vedha Muthu,accepted Jesus Christ as Saviour and he was the first Protestant Christian in the [[Megnanapuram]] Circle.

===Villages of refuge===
During the 18th century, Christian missionaries had witnessed persecution of converts coinciding with the [[Polygar Wars]], by clubmen from the state of [[Ramanathapuram]].<ref>Robert Eric Frykenberg, ''Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present'', 2008, 596 pages, Oxford University Press, USA (October 15, 2008), {{ISBN|0-19-826377-5}} & {{ISBN|978-0-19-826377-7}} p. 210</ref> To protect the new converts, Sundaranandam David,<ref>Norman Etherington, Missions and Empire, (October 20, 2005), 352 pages, Oxford University Press, USA; {{ISBN|0-19-925347-1}} & {{ISBN|978-0-19-925347-0}} p. 113</ref> a disciple of Rev. C. F. Schwartz, established a Christian satellite village - called [[Mudalur]], meaning First Village - near [[Sathankulam]], which served as a refuge for local Christians. Following the Mudalur pattern, Rhenius started several Christian satellite villages, including Neduvilai (later known as [[Megnanapuram]]) (1825), Idayankulam (1827), Asirvathapuram (1828), Nallur (1832) and Surandai (1833). In 1827, Rhenius created a settlement for the Christians of Puliakurichi in a village he purchased with money donated by a Prussian nobleman, [[Count Dohna of Scholodin]], and named it after him as [[Dohnavur]]. The village later became the place where [[Amy Carmichael]] founded the [[Dohnavur Fellowship]] to protect women rescued from prostitution.

==Split from the CMS==
In 1832, Rev. Rhenius wrote to the Madras Corresponding Committee of the CMS that an urgent need for more trained and ordained catechists, pastors, and teachers had prompted him to provide special training for some of the most promising young men, seven of whom he had ordained. Until now, precedents going back to Thanjavur and Tranquebar had been followed, whereby the local missionary enjoyed considerable autonomy in such matters. But the CMS Committee was now of the opinion that, although many Indians might have previously received ‘Lutheran orders’, the time for a change had arrived. [[Daniel Wilson (bishop)|Daniel Wilson]], the new [[Anglican Diocese of Calcutta|Bishop of Calcutta]], indicated that loyalty to the Church of England required that workers under the CMS should henceforth be ordained, if at all, only according to the Church of England rites and not according to those of the Lutherans. Rhenius and his colleague, Bernard Schmidt, replied that their newly trained workers, as catechists, pastors, and teachers, had conscientious objections to following this new instruction.

At about the same time, Rhenius wrote to the new Bishop of Calcutta welcoming him to India and extending to him an invitation to visit Palaiyamkottai as soon as possible. His reports, having dwelt at length on mass conversions then taking place, stressed the need for pastors to watch over new Christians and the recent ordination of seven promising young men. The reply he received, indirectly, declared that his actions were invalid and reprimanded him for violating the [[apostolic succession]]. Having waited in vain for the Archdeacon to publish his long dormant review, Rev. Rhenius published the review himself.

No mention was made of a second pamphlet that Rhenius had published at the very same time, entitled ''Union of Christians, an Address to all Christians, especially to all Ministers of the Gospel''. He had attempted to bring about harmony among missionaries of different backgrounds. Instead publication of the first pamphlet provoked a drastic response. The conflict between the Anglican Diocese of Calcutta and Rhenius reached a low point after six catechists of Rhenius' choice refused to be ordained at Madras by the Anglican Bishop [[John Matthias Turner]] of Calcutta. A letter of dismissal was delivered to Rhenius by two CMS officers, informing him that his connection with the CMS was at an end and that, since the ‘territory’ in which he had been working belonged to the CMS, he should forthwith depart from Tirunelveli. He handed over all his belongings to [[Rev. John Tucker]]; along with his German colleagues he left for [[Thoothukudi]], hired a boat and sailed to Madras. From there Rhenius traveled to [[Arcot]], where he planned to start his own mission.

About the circumstances of his original appointment, Rhenius wrote at length:

<blockquote>When my fellow-labourer [Schnarre] and I were sent out to India, now twentyone years ago, no question was ever put to us on the subject of conformity to the Church of England nor have I received a single application from the Society to conform. I never concealed my sentiments and mode of proceeding I never promised to submit to the English bishops, not even to observe the Church of England forms. No such promise was even asked of me. The Committee of the Society, at that early period, did not even expect that German clergymen should conform to the Church of England.</blockquote>

Several catechists from Tirunelveli appealed to him to return, and Rhenius decided to do so. There, in reduced circumstances, both in Suveshipuram (‘Town of Salvation’) where a house was established in his honour, and in Tirunelveli itself where houses were made available to him, he tried to carry on his work. Money for his support came from all over India and from Europe. In Palayamkottai, the supporters of Rev. Rhenius stopped going to the CMS Church and started a prayer hall (The Present Chinna Koil - "St. John Church" ) for their worship at Aadaikalapuram. Similar splits happened in all the places, where Rhenius had planted churches, including [[Solaikudiyiruppu]]. Efforts to reconcile Rhenius and the CMS failed.<ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/chatterton1924/13.html A History of the Church of England in India : Since the Early Days of the East India Company]</ref>

== Publications ==
Rhenius wrote several books and translations<ref>[https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Rhenius%2C%20C%2E%20T%2E%20E%2E%20%28Charles%20Theophilus%20Ewald%29%2C%201790-1838 University of Pennsylvania website, ''Online Books by C. T. E. Rhenius'']</ref> including;
*An Essay on the Principles of Translating the Holy Scriptures (1820) <ref>[https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2898944.Charles_Theophilus_Ewald_Rhenius GoodReads website, ''Charles Theophilus Ewald Rhenius'']</ref>
*A Grammar of the Tamil Language (1846)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HHpJAAAAYAAJ Google Books website, ''A Grammar of the Tamil Language'' (online copy)]</ref>
*Summary of a Body of Divinity: In the Tamil Language

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Tomb of Rev C T E Rhenius who Evangelised to Velu Mukandar.JPG|thumb|Tomb of Rev. C T E Rhenius at Adaikalapuram, Tirunelveli]]
Rhenius' health began to fail under the tension and strain caused by the division in the churches. He wanted every one to have a copy of the Bible in the language they could understand. On 5 June 1838, he signed notes to be sent to people in Palayamkottai. In these notes, he asked for subscriptions to the [[Madras Auxiliary of the Bible Society]].<ref name="Walpole"/>{{rp|73}} On the same evening at 7:30 pm Rhenius died. He was 48 years old at the time of his death. He was buried at Adaikalapuram, Palayamkottai. Rhenius's missionary work was recognized by the Tirunelveli Diocese of the Church of South India (CSI) during the diocese's bicentenary Celebrations in 1978. Rhenius tomb is currently being maintained by the Diocese. During his 15 years in Tirunelveli, Rhenius had set up as many as 371 congregations. His contemporary, the Jewish missionary Dr Wolf, who stayed with Rhenius for a week during September 1833 regarded him as the greatest missionary who had appeared since St. Paul.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[:pt:Phineas Rice Hunt|Phines Rice Hunt]] - Rhenius' editor in India.
* ''Christian History & Biography'', Issue 87, Summer 2005, Vol. XXIV, 321, How indigenous Christian movements radically transformed entire communities. By ''Robert Eric Frykenberg''
* ''A history of Christianity in India, 1707-1858'', by ''Bishop Stephen Neill'', Edition: illustrated Published by Cambridge University Press, 2002, {{ISBN|0-521-89332-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-89332-9}}, 600 pages
* 'Paul Appasamy, The Centenary History of the C.M.S. in Tinnevelly (Palamcottah: Palamcottah Press, 1923), p58-p62

==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=5MYnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA357 Journal of Reverend C.T.E Rhenius, Published by the Church Mission Society]
* [https://archive.org/details/grammaroftamilla00rhen Rhenius's Grammar Book - A Grammar of the Tamil Language: With Appendix]
*[http://wikimapia.org/#lat=8.7246362&lon=77.7318066&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2&show=/13059357/Tomb-of-Rev-C-T-E-Rhenius&search=Tomb%20of%20Rev.%20C%20T%20E%20Rhenius Tomb of Rev C T E Rhenius].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724160030/http://www.hterbeek.nl/gen/terbeek/4474.htm Family Tree of Rev.Rhenius - Kindly use Translation from Dutch to English]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhenius, C. T. E.}}
[[Category:Lutheran missionaries in India]]
[[Category:19th-century German Lutheran clergy]]
[[Category:German Lutheran missionaries]]
[[Category:1838 deaths]]
[[Category:1790 births]]
[[Category:Linguists of Tamil]]
[[Category:German expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Anglican missionaries in India]]
[[Category:German Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:German missionary linguists]]

Maratha Light Infantry

2026-03-24T03:53:23Z

Pururava: brief correct article after review and updated info

{{Short description|Infantry regiment of Indian army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Maratha Light Infantry
| image = Maratha Light Infantry.svg
| caption = Regimental Insignia of the Maratha Light Infantry
| dates = 1768–present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
| type = Light Infantry
| role = [[Light Infantry]]
| garrison = [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]]
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre
| motto = ''Duty, Honour, Courage''
| colours = ''Bola Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Ki Jai (Hail Victory To [[Maharaja|Great King]] Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]] Maharaj)'', or ''Hara Hara Mahadev! (Hail Victory to the great God Shiva!)'', or ''Jay Bhavani Jay Shivaji (Hail Victory to Goddess Bhavani and Hail Victory to [[Maharaja|Great King]] [[Shivaji]])''
| colors_label = War Cry
| identification_symbol =
| march = ''Sinhgad''
| decorations = 4 [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakras]] 3 [[Victoria Cross]]es 29 [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] 5 [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s 15 [[Kirti Chakra]]s 1 ACCL II 38 [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] 49 [[Vir Chakra]]s 63 [[Shaurya Chakra]]s 4 ACCL III 6 [[Yudh Seva Medal]] 470 [[Sena Medal]]s 1 [[Shaurya Chakra]] & Bar 29 [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] 1 [[Padma Bhushan]] 1 [[Arjuna award]] and 8 Unit Citations.
| battle_honours = Naushera, Jhangar, Burki, Hussainiwala, Jamalpur, Burj, Suadih<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=4A5i0n/lnoudTQKxTYgDBg==&ParentID=QRS7gkyJRuS99oJ/172LUA==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ== |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army}}</ref>
| Anniversaries = 4 February (Regimental Day)
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[Lt Gen]] Hitesh Bhalla {{small|[[AVSM]], [[Shaurya Chakra|SC**]], [[Sena Medal|SM]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/IaSouthern/status/1658784858980892673?lang=en |title=Maj Gen Hitesh Bhalla, SC**, SM,VSM, ADGMO, IHQ, #NewDelhi has taken over as 14th Colonel of the Regiment of Maratha Light Infantry & will be assuming Colonelcy of Regiment from 01 June. |date=17 May 2023 |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2024}}
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label = Colonel of the regiment
| notable_commanders = General [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]]
}}

The '''Maratha Light Infantry''' is a [[light infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]]. It traces its lineage to the [[Bombay Sepoys]], raised in 1768, making it the most senior light infantry regiment in the Indian Army.

== Recruitment ==
The class composition of the regiment was and is primarily formed by [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] recruits from the former [[Maratha Empire]]. The men were mostly drawn from all over the state of [[Maharashtra]], with some percentage from [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking areas of [[Karnataka]] including [[Coorg]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1P2C_1.aspx?MnId=I1VJZ6VRWPzBi6/whXzbbw==&ParentID=+/H11cmV3nr3o8q5eIr85A== |title=Official Website of Indian Army |access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> As of 2000, the recruitment pattern is as follows–
* Marathas – 86%
* [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysurians]] – 4.16%
* Muslims of [[South India]] – 4.16%
* All classes from [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], without any fixed percentage – 5.55%.

Tradesmen (clerk, sweeper, barber etc.) are recruited from all Indian classes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/466105/1/10492.pdf |title=UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:187 |date=24 February 2000 |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Pre-independence ===
[[File:Mahratta infantry lovett.png|right|thumb|375x375px|From left to right: Subedar, [[103rd Mahratta Light Infantry]]; Sepoy, [[110th Mahratta Light Infantry]]; Sepoy, [[116th Mahrattas]]; Sepoy, [[114th Mahrattas]], ''by AC Lovett (1862–1919)'']]
The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] was a potent force in India from the 17th to 19th centuries. Their military qualities were brilliantly optimised in their historical campaigns against the [[Mughals|Mughal Empire]] under the leadership of the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji]] and succeeding Maratha rulers. Maratha armies, comprising both infantry and light cavalry, and the [[Maratha Navy]] had dominated the military scene in India for three centuries. The 1st battalion of the regiment, known as ''Jangi Paltan'' ("the fighting unit"), was raised in August 1768 as the [[2nd Battalion, Bombay Sepoys]], to protect the [[British East India Company]]'s possessions on the islands of [[Bombay]].

The second battalion known as ''[[Kali Panchwin]]'' followed the next year as the [[3rd Battalion Bombay Sepoys|3rd Battalion, Bombay Sepoys]]. These two battalions were at the forefront of virtually every major engagement fought on the west coast from [[Surat]] to [[Kannur|Cannanore]] during the last quarter of the 18th century. Prominent amongst these were the historic battles of [[Battle of Seedaseer|Seedaseer]] and [[Battle of Seringapatam|Seringapatam]], where in the words of [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]] their ''conduct and success were seldom equalled and never surpassed''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Brief History of the Mahratta Light Infantry |last=Barr |first=James S. |publisher=G. Claridge and Co., Ltd |year=1945 |location=Bombay |pages=52}}</ref>

The turn of the 19th century was witness to the expansion of the regimental group with the raising of the 3rd battalion as the 2nd battalion, 5th ([[Travancore]]) Regiment of the [[Bombay Native Infantry]] in 1797. The Maratha Light Infantry Regimental Centre was raised in March 1800 as the 2nd battalion, 7th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry; the 4th battalion in April 1800 as the 2nd battalion, 8th Regiment Bombay Infantry and the 5th battalion from the [[Fencibles#Bombay Fencibles|Bombay Fencibles]] as the 1st battalion, 9th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in December 1800.

In the second half of the 19th century, the battalions fought in various campaigns from the Middle East to China. In recognition of the gallant conduct of its detachments at the [[siege of Kahun]] and the defence of Dadar, in [[Baluch people|Baluch]] territory during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1841, the ''Kali Panchwin'' was created Light Infantry. Later, this honour was also bestowed on the 3rd and 10th Regiments of the Bombay Infantry (present 1st battalion, Maratha Light Infantry and 2nd battalion, [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] respectively) for their gallantry in [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Sir Robert Napier]]'s [[1868 Expedition to Abyssinia|Abyssinian Campaign]] of 1867–1868. The regiment assumed the title [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] 1922.

Three Maratha battalions distinguished themselves during the [[First World War]] (1914–1918) in the long drawn-out [[Mesopotamia campaign]]. The [[117th Mahrattas]] (present 5th battalion, Maratha Light Infantry) was made into a Royal battalion for its conspicuously distinctive service during its campaign in [[Mesopotamia]], particularly in the events leading to enemy capitulation after the bitter 146-day siege at [[Kut-el-Amara]]. The battalion was mostly composed of Marathas from the [[Khandesh]] region and [[Nashik district]]. For some unclear reasons even after winning, the regiment did not return to India. The [[114th Mahrattas]] (present Regimental Centre) was awarded 28 gallantry awards for their performance in the [[battle of Sharquat]], the highest earned by any unit in a single action. The other Maratha battalions, namely the [[105th Mahratta Light Infantry]], [[110th Mahratta Light Infantry]] and [[116th Mahrattas]] also acquitted themselves in Palestine and Mesopotamia. The 105th lost its commanding officer in action (Lieutenant-Colonel Ernest Richard Inglis Chitty at the battle of Jebel Hamrin, 1917).

The Second World War saw the Marathas at the forefront in almost every theatre of operations from the jungles of Southeast Asia to the deserts of [[North Africa]], and the mountains and rivers of Italy. The war also saw the expansion of the regiment when thirteen new war service battalions were raised. Most of these were later demobilised after the war, whilst two were converted into artillery regiments.{{cn|date=November 2025}} During the war Naik [[Yeshwant Ghadge]] and Sepoy [[Namdeo Jadhav]] were decorated with the [[Victoria Cross]] in the Italian campaign, while 130 other decorations were awarded to the regiment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kay |first=Robin |year=1967 |title=Italy Volume II: From Cassino to Trieste |publisher=War History Branch, Department Of Internal Affairs, Wellington, New Zealand |location=New Zealand}}</ref>
The following battalions saw action during the war<ref name="SaluteWW" /> –
* East Africa – 2/5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 3/5th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Italy – 1/5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 3/5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 5/5th Mahratta Light Infantry,
* Iraq and Persia – 1/5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 5/5th Mahratta Light Infantry
* North Africa – 1/5th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Burma – 4/5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 6/5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 17/5th Mahratta Light Infantry,
* Java – 4/5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 6/5th Mahratta Light Infantry,

=== Post-independence ===
[[Partition of India|Indian independence]] saw the regiment reverted to the original five battalions, with the 3rd Maratha Light Infantry converting to the airborne role and becoming the 2nd battalion, Parachute Regiment in April 1952. With the integration of the erstwhile princely states, the 19th, 20th, 22nd battalions were amalgamated, from the state forces of [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Baroda]], and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], with the regiment. The expansion of the Indian Army to meet the omnipresent threat to its borders has seen the regiment grow to its present strength of 18 regular battalions and two [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] battalions whilst the period also saw the conversion of the 21st battalion into the 21st battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) and the 115 Infantry Battalion (TA) being transferred to the [[Mahar Regiment]].

Since independence, battalions of the Maratha Light Infantry have taken part in every Indian armed conflict — the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], the [[Annexation of Junagadh]], the [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|Annexation of Hyderabad]], the [[Annexation of Goa]], the [[Sino-Indian War]], the Indo-Pakistani wars of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], against the Chinese on the [[Sikkim]] watershed in 1956, [[Operation Pawan]], the ongoing operations on the [[Siachen Glacier]] and in numerous counter insurgency operations.<ref name="Salute65">{{cite web |url=https://salute.co.in/marathas-in-the-1965-indo-pak-war/ |title=Marathas In The 1965 Indo Pak War |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Salute71">{{cite web |url=https://salute.co.in/marathas-in-the-1971-indo-pak-war/ |title=Marathas in the 1971 Indo-Pak War |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

== Units ==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2023}}
The Maratha Light Infantry consists of the following battalions -<ref name="Salute" />
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 170px;" | Battalion
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Raising Date
! scope="col" style="width: 700px;" | Remarks
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | References
|-
| 1st Battalion
| 1768
| Nicknamed the ''Jangi Paltan'' (the fighting unit). Raised as 2nd Battalion, Bombay Sepoys in 1768. Re-designated 1st Battalion, 2nd Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1796, 3rd Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1824, 3rd Regiment of Bombay (Light) Infantry – 1871, 3rd Bombay Light Infantry in 1901, [[103rd Mahratta Light Infantry]] in 1903 and 1st Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry in 1922. Present designation in 1945. Battle honours – ''Mysore, Seedaseer, Seringapatam, Beni Boo Ali, Punjab, Mooltan, Goojerat, Abyssinia'' (pre-independence), ''Jamalpur'' (1971 war).
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/1-maratha-light-infantry-celebrates-250-years-glory-31060 |title=1 Maratha Light Infantry celebrates 250 years of glory |date=31 January 2019 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/valorous-jangi-paltan-earning-pride-and-praise-for-250-years/articleshow/67731698.cms |title=Valorous Jangi Paltan earning pride and praise for 250 years |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 January 2019 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/103rdmahratta.htm |title=103rd Maharatta Light Infantry |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry Regiment|2nd Battalion]]
| 1768
| Nicknamed the ''Kali Panchwin'' and the ''Ashok Chakra Paltan''. Raised as 3rd Battalion, Bombay Sepoys in 1768. Re-designated 1st Battalion, 3rd Bombay Native Infantry in 1796, 5th Bombay Native Infantry in 1824, 5th Bombay Native (Light) Infantry in 1841, 5th Bombay (Light) Infantry in 1885, 5th Bombay Light Infantry in 1901, [[105th Mahratta Light Infantry]] in 1903 and 2nd Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry in 1922. Battle honours – ''Mysore, Seedaser, Seringapatnam, Beni-Boo-Ali, Siege of Kahun, China, Afghanistan, Burma, Mesopotamia, Kut El Amara, Baghdad, Palestine, Nablus, Sharon, Abyssinia, Keren, North Africa, Siege of Tobruk, Gubi'' (pre-independence) and ''[[Hussainiwala]]'' (1965 war).
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/famous-indian-regiment-kali-panchwin-maratha-light-infantry-1768-1923 |title=A Famous Indian Regiment The Kali Panchwin Maratha Light Infantry (1768–1923) |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 4th Battalion
| 1800
| Raised as the 2nd Battalion, 7th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. Re-designated 16th Bombay Native Infantry in 1824, 16th Bombay Infantry in 1885, [[116th Mahrattas]] in 1903. Battle honours – ''Afghanistan 1879–80, British East Africa 1901, N.W. Frontier, India 1914–15 '17, Mesopotamia 1914–18, Tengnoupal, Shangshak.''
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianphilatelics.com/stamps/commemorative-stamps/2000-2001/item/12801-bicentenary-of-4th-maratha-light-infantry-click-for-stamp-information.html |title=Bicentenary of 4th Maratha Light Infantry |date=6 March 2001 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 5th Battalion
| 1800
| Raised as Bombay Fencible Regiment in 1800. Re-designated 1st Battalion, 9th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1803, 17th Bombay Native Infantry in 1824, 17th Bombay Infantry in 1885, [[117th Mahrattas]] in 1903 and 5th Royal Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry in 1922. Was designated ''Royal'' in recognition of its exemplary service in Mesopotamia in World War I, a rare honour for a single battalion. Battle honours – ''Shaiba'' (pre-independence), Battle Honour ''Suadih'' and Theatre Honour ''East Pakistan'' during 1971 war.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/117thmahratta.htm |title=117th Mahrattas |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051205/jal.htm#1 |title=Governor releases book on Maratha battalion |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 6th Battalion
| 1962
| Raised at [[Mardan]] in 1940 by Lieutenant Colonel E Ross Magnetty, earned the battle honour ''Tengnoupal''. Disbanded in 1947. Re-raised in 1962 by Lieutenant Colonel VK Menon at Belgaum.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://samsshopping.com/product/6th-battalion-the-maratha-light-infantry/ |title=6th Battalion The Maratha Light Infantry Army Postal Service APO Cover |date=1 February 2011 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 7th Battalion
| 1963
| Re-raised under Lieutenant Colonel ML Dixit at Belgaum.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://samsshopping.com/product/7th-battalion-the-maratha-light-infantry/ |title=7th Battalion The Maratha Light Infantry Army Postal Service APO Cover |date=1 January 2013 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 8th Battalion
| 1963
| Raised 1941 by Lieutenant Colonel LMC Bellamy in Belgaum. Converted to 4th Mahratta Anti-Tank Regiment in 1942. Re-raised in Belgaum in 1963.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://gunsinstamps.blogspot.com/2014/10/silver-jubilee-of-8th-battalion-of.html |title=Silver Jubilee of 8th Battalion of The Maratha Light Infantry |date=1 October 1988 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 9th Battalion
| 1964
| Nicknamed the ''Ashok Chakra Paltan'' after the award to Colonel [[Vasanth Venugopal]].
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2007/dec/17yrvenu1.htm |title=A Few Good Men |date=17 December 2007 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 11th Battalion
|
| Nicknamed ''Aakramak Akraa''
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/mli-men-get-a-heros-welcome/articleshow/275060.cms |title=MLI men get a hero's welcome |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 November 2003 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 12th Battalion
| 1982
|
|
|-
| [[14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry|14th Battalion]]
| 1971
| Initially raised as the 14th/5th Mahratta Light Infantry on 1 February 1941, at Ambala by Lieutenant Colonel E.S. Storey-Cooper, disbanded in 1945 following the end of the Second World War. Re-raised in 1971 at Belgaum by Lieutenant Colonel RK Dutt.
| <ref name="Salute71" />
|-
| 15th Battalion
| 1966
| Raised by Lieutenant Colonel GS Dubhashi at [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina]]. Won the battle honour ''Burj'' and the theatre honour ''Punjab'' during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]]. Called the ''Mahavir Chakra and Ashok Chakra Paltan'' following the awards to Sepoy Pandurang Salunkhe and Lieutenant Navdeep Singh.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://samsshopping.com/product/15th-battalion-the-maratha-light-infantry-burj/ |title=15th Battalion The Maratha Light Infantry (BURJ) Army Postal Service APO Cover |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 16th Battalion
| 1966
| Nicknamed ''Ashok Chakra Paltan'' after Colonel NJ Nair, who was posthumously awarded the Ashok Chakra in 1994
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1088 |title=COL NEELAKANTAN JAYACHANDRAN NAIR, KC |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 17th Battalion
| 1962
| Raised by Lieutenant Colonel AO Kersey in 1941 at Belgaum. Battle honour ''Ru-Wya'' during the Burma campaign. Disbanded after World War II. Re-raised by Lieutenant Colonel E D'Souza in 1962 at Belgaum.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://samsshopping.com/product/17th-battalion-the-maratha-light-infantry/ |title=17th Battalion The Maratha Light Infantry |date=15 November 1987 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 18th Battalion
| 1976
| Raised by Lieutenant Colonel Mohammad Ahmed Zaki
|
|-
| 19th Battalion
| 1949
| From [[Kolhapur State]] Forces. Raised as Kolhapur Fusiliers in 1845, redesignated as Kolhapur Infantry in 1846, renamed as Rajaram Rifles in 1941. After the merger of Kolhapur state with Union of India, became 19th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry (Kolhapur).
| <ref name="Princely">{{cite web |url=https://salute.co.in/princely-states-and-the-regiment/ |title=Princely States And The Regiment |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 22nd Battalion
| 1853
| Nicknamed the Hyderabadis, raised by Raja Rameshwar Rao of [[Wanaparthy Samsthanam]], later became 4th Regiment of Hyderabad City troops and subsequently named Raja Paltan. Merged under 2nd Hyderabad State Infantry in 1948, joined the Maratha Light Infantry Regiment as 22 Maratha Light Infantry in 1953.
| <ref name="Princely" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-battalion-raising-day-held/articleshow/269414.cms |title=Hyderabad Battalion raising day held |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 November 2003 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/the-gallant-hyderabadi-paltan/ |title=The Gallant Hyderabadi Paltan |date=5 November 2020 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 23rd Battalion
|
| Nicknamed ''Teevra Teivees''
|
|-
| 24th Battalion
|
|
|
|-
| 25th Battalion
|
|
|
|-
| 26th Battalion
| 1988
| Raised in 1942 by Lieutenant Colonel HS Pearson at Belgaum. Demobilised in 1946 after the war. Re-raised in 1988 by Lieutenant Colonel AB Sayyad.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://samsshopping.com/product/26th-battalion-the-maratha-light-infantry/ |title=26th Battalion The Maratha Light Infantry Army Postal Service APO Cover |date=1 August 2013 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D0FFD0"
| ''' [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army Battalions]]'''
|
|
|
|- style="background:#D0FFD0"
| 101 Infantry Battalion (TA)
| 1918
| Raised at [[Karwar]] as 2/103 Maharatta Light Infantry. Has undergone several transformations before being finally re-raised and re-designated as 101 Infantry Battalion (TA) Maratha Light Infantry in 1949 by Lieutenant Colonel B Dubal. Located at [[Pune]].
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/cover-story/muted-celebrations-for-pune-terriers-on-raising-day/cid5256101.htm |title=Muted celebrations for Pune Terriers on Raising Day |date=24 August 2009 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D0FFD0"
| 109 Infantry Battalion (TA)
|
| Located at [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|
|- style="background:#FFD0D0"
| '''Former units'''
|
|
|
|- style="background:#FFD0D0"
| 2nd Battalion, [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] (Special Forces)
| 1797
| Raised as 2nd Battalion, 5th (Travancore) Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. Re-designated 10th Bombay Native Infantry in 1818, 10th Bombay Native (Light) Infantry in 1871, 10th Regiment of Bombay (Light) Infantry in 1885, 10th Bombay Light Infantry in 1901, [[110th Mahratta Light Infantry]] in 1903, 3/5th Mahratta Light Infantry in 1922 and finally 3rd Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://philacy.com/product/stamps/24-2-2023-225-glorious-years-2nd-battalion-the-parachute-regiment-special-forces-indian-stamp |title=24-2-2023: 225 Glorious Years 2nd Battalion the Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FFD0D0"
| 10th Battalion, [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
| 1949
| Formerly 20th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry. Raised from 1st and 2nd Battalion of Baroda State Infantry. Absorbed into Indian Army and 20th and 21st Battalion of Maratha Light Infantry; later they were amalgamated to form 20th Battalion. It was re-designated 10th Battalion (Baroda). Battle honour ''Bejai''.
| <ref name="Princely" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://historyofvadodara.in/baroda-state-army/ |title=Baroda State Army |date=8 August 2017 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FFD0D0"
| 21st Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
| 1985
| Raised as 21st Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry. Converted to Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) in 1996. Nicknamed ''Waghnakhs''.

| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/19997/21-Para-(SF)-Celebrates-Silver-Jubilee-Of-Its-Conversion-- |title=21 Para (SF) Celebrates Silver Jubilee Of Its Conversion |date=11 February 2021 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
|- style="background:#bbd4f0"
| '''Rashtriya Rifles'''
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://salute.co.in/maratha-units-in-rashtriya-rifles/ |title=Rashtriya Rifles (RR) the Maratha Units |first=Anil |last=Bhat |date=29 October 2015 |work=Salute Magazine |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|- style="background:#bbd4f0"
| 17 Rashtriya Rifles
| 1994
| Raised by Colonel RS Nagal, operational in Banihal sector
|
|- style="background:#bbd4f0"
| 27 Rashtriya Rifles
| 1994
| Raised by Colonel B Ahobkirk at Belgaum, serving in areas south of the Pir Panjal Range
|
|- style="background:#bbd4f0"
| 41 Rashtriya Rifles
|
| Raised by Colonel SV Chaudhari at Belgaum, deployed in North Kashmir
|
|- style="background:#bbd4f0"
| 56 Rashtriya Rifles
| 2000
| Raised by Colonel PK Singh at Belgaum, stationed in North Kashmir
|
|}

== Affiliated units ==
The following units are affiliated to the regiment<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/maratha-light-infantry-to-celebrate-250-yrs.html |title=Maratha light Infantry to celebrate 250 yrs |date=5 February 2018 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> –
* [[Parachute Regiment (India)|2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)]]
* [[Parachute Regiment (India)|21st Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)]]
* [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|10th Battalion, Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
* [[34 Field Regiment (India)|34 Field Regiment]], [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
* [[36 Medium Regiment (India)|36 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled)]], [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
* [[INS Mumbai]], Indian Navy
* [[No. 20 Squadron IAF|No. 20 Squadron, Indian Air Force]]
* Indian Coast Guard Air Station, Daman and Diu

== Regimental Centre ==
The regimental centre has been in [[Belgaum]], Karnataka, since 1922, which was part of the [[Bombay Presidency]] at that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n40BAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+maratha+light+infantry%22+Belgaum+1922+centre |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Belagavi |year=1965 |access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> The centre's history comes from the conversion of the [[114th Mahrattas]] to the 10th (Training) Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. This unit itself traces its origins to 1800 when it was raised as the 2nd Battalion, 7th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.<ref name="Salute">{{cite web |url=https://salute.co.in/the-maratha-light-infantry-valour-and-tradition/ |title=The Maratha Light Infantry: Valour And Tradition |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

== Battle slogan ==
The [[battle cry]] of Maratha Light Infantry is बोला श्री छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज की जय (''"Bola Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Ki Jai (Say Victory to King Chhatrapati Shivaji)"'').<ref name="BusinessStandard">{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maratha-light-infantry-250-year-old-regiment-that-draws-inspiration-from-shivaji-february-4-is-the-regimental-day-of-maratha-light-infantry-118020300582_1.html |title=Maratha Light Infantry: 250-year-old regiment that draws inspiration from Shivaji |date=3 February 2018 |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> It replaced the battle cry – ''Har Har Mahadev (Victory To Lord Shiva)'' during the Second World War.<ref name="SaluteWW">{{cite web |url=https://salute.co.in/marathas-in-world-war-2-1939-46/ |title=Marathas in World War 2 – 1939–1946 |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>
[[File:The Maratha Light Infantry Regiment marching contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 60th Republic Day Parade-2009, in New Delhi on January 26, 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Maratha Light Infantry Regiment marching contingent, Republic Day parade, 2009]]

== Marching style ==
The soldiers of Maratha Light Infantry have a quick march speed of 140 steps in a minute, while a standard pace for a quick march is 120 beats per minute with a 30-inch step.<ref name="BusinessStandard" /> The regiment has won the best marching contingent twice at the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]].<ref name="Salute" /> On the occasion of the 221st [[Storming of the Bastille|Bastille]] day celebrations, a unit from the Maratha Light Infantry led the parade on the Parisian boulevard of Champs-Élysées on 14 July 2009, when the then Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] was the guest of honour of the ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |title=L'Inde a défilé sur les Champs-Elysées |language=fr |work=[[Le Parisien]] |date=14 July 2009 |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/l-inde-a-defile-sur-les-champs-elysees-14-07-2009-579912.php |access-date=16 July 2009}}</ref>
[[File:14MARATHAJawan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Jawan of 14 Maratha Light Infantry]]
[[File:Maratha Light Infantry Indian Army.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Banner of the 5th battalion, Maratha Light Infantry]]

== Regimental insignia ==
The regimental insignia consists of a [[bugle]] and cords with a pair of crossed swords and a shield, mounted by the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]. The bugle represents the light infantry mode of combat by skirmishers, controlled by orders issued on the bugles.<ref name="MLI">{{cite web |url=https://deepak1997belwal.medium.com/maratha-light-infantry-5569859eda71 |title=Maratha Light Infantry |date=28 June 2020 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

== Uniform ==
The uniform consists of a green beret (common to all infantry units in India), which has the regimental crest and a red and green [[hackle]]. The two-coloured hackle has a history. During 1788, the Bombay Army was reorganised into the 1st and 2nd Brigades. Red plumes adorned the headgear of the 2nd Battalion of the 1st Brigade. The Marathas and the 1st Battalion of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry fought alongside each other in the Mesopotamia war as part of the same brigade. The British Army Light Infantry regiments wore green hackles during this time. As a symbol of this association, the green portion was added to the red, thus forming the present red and green hackle. The working dress does not have the hackle.
The Regiment initially had a unique lanyard around the neck with ends in both front pockets. This was changed to the standard lanyard in 2002. This green lanyard is worn on the left shoulder. The exception is the 5th Battalion of the regiment, which wears a blue lanyard on the right shoulder, as an honour for the title "Royal", for its outstanding operations in Mesopotamia in World War I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://salute.co.in/marathas-in-world-war-1-1914-18/ |title=Marathas in World War 1 – 1914–18 |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
The rank epaulettes consist of the words MARATHI LI in capitals. In ceremonial dress, the regimental crest is present in addition to the regimental title.<ref name="Salute" />

== Regimental colours ==
Till the First World War, each unit had its own colours. In 1922, with the creation of the Maratha Group, the Red, Black, and Grey colours of the 114 Marathas (which became the Maratha Light Infantry Regimental Centre) were adopted as the regimental colours.<ref name="MLI" />

== Battle honours ==
The regiment has 56 battle honours to its credit, 14 predating the World War I and spanning wars in Afghanistan, China, Burma and British East Africa.<ref name="BusinessStandard" /> The list of battle honours is evidence to the long history and valour of the regiment. Some of these honours have been [[Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army|declared repugnant]] after the independence of the country.

'''Pre-independence'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Mysore]]
* [[Battle of Seedaseer|Seedaseer]]
* [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Seringapatam]]
* [[Bani Bu Ali expedition|Beni Boo Alli]]
* [[Siege of Kahun|Kahun]]
* [[Siege of Multan (1848–1849)|Mooltan]]
* [[Battle of Gujrat|Goojerat]]
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|Punjaub]]
* [[Central Indian campaign of 1858|Central India]]
* [[Taiping Rebellion|China 1860–62]]
* [[British expedition to Abyssinia|Abyssinia]]
* [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1879–80]]
* [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|Burma 1885–87]]
* [[Somaliland campaign|British East Africa 1901]]
* [[Battle of Basra (1914)|Basra]]
* [[Battle of Shaiba|Shaiba]]
* [[Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)|Ctesiphon]]
* [[Battle of Es Sinn|Kut al Amara 1915]]
* [[Military history of the North-West Frontier#1914–1918 (First World War)|N.W. Frontier, India 1914–15 '17]]
* [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|Baghdad]]
* [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]]
* [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Sharon]]
* [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Nablus]]
* [[Sinai and Palestine campaign|Palestine 1918]]
* [[Battle of Sharqat|Sharqat]]
* [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia 1914–18]]
* [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persia]]
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1919]]
* [[Siege of Tobruk]]
* [[Bernhardt Line|Sangro]]
* [[Burma campaign (1944–1945)|Tengnoupal]]
* [[Battle of Shangshak|Shangshak]]
* [[Gothic Line]]
* [[Burma campaign (1944–1945)|Ru-Wya]]
* [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Senio]]
{{div col end}}
'''Post-independence'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Naushera (1948)
* Jhangar (1948)
* Burki (1965)
* Hussainiwala (1965)
* Jamalpur (1971)
* Burj (1971)
* Suadih (1971)
{{div col end}}

== Gallantry awards ==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2023}}

=== Pre-independence ===
{{big|'''1914–1921'''}}<ref name="Honours">{{cite book |last=India |first=Adjutant General of |title=List of Honours Awarded to the Indian Army August 1914 to August 1921 |date=1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210111 |publisher=Committee Indian War Memorial Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/12867/page/1630 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:12867, Page:1630 |date=2 November 1915 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13742/page/1526 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13742, Page:1526 |date=13 September 1921 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13450/page/1780 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13450, Page:1780 |date=28 May 1919 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13313/page/3005 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13313, Page:3005 |date=30 August 1918 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29945/supplement/1616 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:29945, Page:1616 |date=13 February 1917 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13288/page/2437 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13288, Page:2437 |date=15 July 1918 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29550/supplement/4006 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:29550, Page:4006 |date=14 April 1916 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13573/page/643 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Supplement:13573, Page:643 |date=10 March 1920 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13563/page/441 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13563, Page:441 |date=17 February 1920 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13502/page/3104 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13502, Page:3104 |date=19 September 1919 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13003/page/1937 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13003, Page:1937 |date=24 October 1916 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32751/page/6901 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:32751, Page:6901 |date=29 September 1922 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29876/supplement/12554 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:29876, Page:12554 |date=22 December 1916 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/12929/page/745 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:12929, Page:745 |date=18 April 1916 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13415/page/1107 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13415, Page:1107 |date=12 March 1919 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>
;[[Victoria Cross]]
* Naik [[Yeshwant Ghadge]]
* Sepoy [[Namdeo Jadav]]
;[[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]]
* Lieutenant Colonel Walter Henry Brown
;[[Order of St Michael and St George|Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]]
* Colonel George Stanley Frazer
;[[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
* Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Holroyd Bridges, 116th Mahrattas
* Major Edward George Hall, 117th Mahrattas
;[[Order of the British Empire|Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]
* Lieutenant Colonel Charles Edmund Hunter Wintle, 114th Mahrattas
* Major Wilkinson Dent, 103rd Mahratta Light Infantry
;[[Distinguished Service Order]]
* Lieutenant Colonel Charles Edmund Hunter Wintle, 114th Mahrattas
* Captain Arthur Irons Sargon, 114th Mahrattas
* Major [[Roger Wilson (Indian Army officer)|Roger Cochrane Wilson]], 114th Mahrattas
* Major James Ainsworth Yates, 103rd Mahratta Light Infantry
* Captain Wilkinson Dent, 103rd Mahratta Light Infantry
* Captain Hubert Winthrop Young, 116th Mahrattas
* Second Lieutenant Cyril Vincent Heron-Jones, 110th Mahratta Light Infantry
;[[Military Cross]]
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* Captain William Burgess Benton. 105th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Captain Kenneth Edward Cooper, 110th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Captain Charles Aubrey Pogson, 117th Mahrattas
* Captain Arthur Wilfred White, 117th Mahrattas
* Captain Douglas Kerr Joseph Chisholm, 114th, attd. 116th Mahrattas
* Second Lieutenant Cyril Vincent Heron-Jones, 110th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Jemadar Dattairao Khanvilkar, 110th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Subedar Dhanjirao Khanvilkar, 114th Mahrattas
* Jemadar Keshao Talekar, 114th Mahrattas
* Subedar Sakhram Powar, 114th Mahrattas
* Jemadar Sitaram Sellar, 117th Mahrattas
{{div col end}}
;[[Order of British India]]
* Subedar Illiasdar Khan, Subedar Eshwant Rao Bhosle, Subedar Shaikh Abdul Kader, 103rd Mahratta Light Infantry
* Subedar Major Shaikh Yasin, 110th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Subedar Major Mahadeorao Khanvilkar, Subedar Shaikh Ahmed, Subedar Vishnu Narvekar, 114th Mahrattas
* Subedar Sakharam Rao Jagtap, Subedar Major Balwant Rao Sawant, Subedar Vittal Chande, 117th Mahrattas
;[[Indian Order of Merit]]
* Subedar Chimaji Garud, Naik Dyanu Bhosle, Private Gopal Rao Mahamunka, 105th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Lance Naik Haider Beg, Lance Naik Bhan Savant, Lance Naik Sakaram More, Sepoy Hari Sawant, Sepoy Laxuman Joth, Subedar Ramchandra Hase, 110th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Subadar-Major Mahodeorao Khanvilkar, Subedar Ramchandar Bhosle, Company Havildar Major Manbarao Bhosle, Havildar Raghonath More, Havildar Shaijira Sinde, Naik Rahm Khan, 114th Mahrattas
* Private Raja Ram Barge, Private Dianu Shinde, Subedar Murari Sinde, Subedar Vishram Rao Chowan, 116th Mahrattas
* Havildar Jairam Dalvi, Havildar Vithu Kadam, Subedar-Major Balwant Rao Sawant, Subedar Mahadeorao Nalaode, Jemadar Yenkatrao Kadam, 117th Mahrattas
;[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]]
* World War I – 19 medals (103rd Mahratta Light Infantry), 8 medals (105th Mahratta Light Infantry), 9 medals (110th Mahratta Light Infantry), 15 medals (114th Mahrattas), 7 medals (116th Mahrattas), 18 (117th Mahrattas)
;[[Indian Meritorious Service Medal (for Indian Army)|Indian Meritorious Service Medal]]
* World War I – 12 medals (103rd Mahratta Light Infantry), 46 medals (105th Mahratta Light Infantry), 9 medals (110th Mahratta Light Infantry), 5 medals (114th Mahrattas), 4 medals (116th Mahrattas), 7 (117th Mahrattas)
;[[Croix De Guerre]] (French)
* Subedar and Honorary Lieutenant Bapurao Gaekwad, Subedar-Major Hyasdar Khan, 103rd Mahratta Light Infantry
* Subedar-Major Balwant Rao Sawant, Subedar-Major Mahadeorao Malande, 117th Mahrattas
;[[Croix de guerre (Belgium)]]
* Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Holroyd Bridges
;[[Médaille militaire]] (French)
* Havildar Abajirao Kadam, 117th Mahrattas
;Bronze medal for military valour (Italian)
* Sepoy Shaikh Adam, 114th Mahrattas
;[[Order of Karađorđe's Star|Order of Karageorge, 4th Class (with Swords)]]
* Major Percy Macclesfield Heath
* Captain Edward George Hall
;[[Order of the Crown of Romania|Officer of the Order of the Crown of Romania]]
* Captain Richard Outram Chamier, 110th Mahratta Light Infantry
;Order of El Nahda, 3rd Class ([[Kingdom of Hejaz]])
* Captain Hubert Winthrop Young, 116th Mahrattas

{{big|'''1922–1938'''}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33828/page/3347 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:33828, Page:3347 |date=24 May 1932 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32940/page/4300 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:32940, Page:4300 |date=30 May 1924 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13734/page/1370 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13734, Page:1370 |date=16 August 1921 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32725/page/4915 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:32725, Page:4915 |date=30 June 1922 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32001/supplement/8052 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:32001, Page:8052 |date=30 July 1920 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/14928/page/14 |title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:14928, Page:14 |date=6 January 1933 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32811/page/2505 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:32811, Page:2505 |date=3 April 1923 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34465/page/7996 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:34465, Page:7996 |date=21 December 1937 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>
;[[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]]
* Colonel (temporary Colonel Commandant) Harry Ross, 1/103rd Mahratta Light Infantry & Commander, Rangoon Brigade Area, Southern Command, India.
;[[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
* Lieutenant-Colonel Harry Ross, 1/103rd Mahratta Light Infantry
;[[Order of the British Empire|Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]
* Captain Douglas Stuart, 1/5th Mahratta Light Infantry
;[[Order of the British Empire|Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]
* Captain Herbert Hanna, 1/5th Mahratta Light Infantry
;[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]
* Captain Frank Howard Cotterill, 1/5th Mahratta Light Infantry
* Jemadar Raghunathrao Kadam, 110th Mahratta Light Infantry
;Distinguished Service Order
* Lieutenant-Colonel Harry Ross, 1/103rd Mahratta Light Infantry
* Lieutenant-Colonel Geoffrey Noel Ford, 2nd battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry
;Military Cross
* Lieutenant Edward Samuel Storey-Cooper, 114th Mahrattas
* Lieutenant Thomas Robson Waller, 2nd battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry

;[[Albert Medal for Lifesaving|Albert Medal]]
* Captain George Hubert Bland, 105th Mahratta Light Infantry

{{big|'''1939–1947'''}}<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=The Tiger Kills |date=1944 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.527937 |pages=327–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=The Tiger Strikes |date=1942 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523873 |page=157}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36796/supplement/5257 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36796, Page:5257 |date=14 November 1944 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37151/supplement/3384 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37151, Page:3384 |date=26 June 1945 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37091/supplement/2650 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37091, Page:2650 |date=22 May 1945 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36796/supplement/5259 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36796, Page:5259 |date=14 November 1944 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36477/supplement/1817 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36477, Page:1817 |date=18 April 1944 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36972/supplement/1302 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36972, Page:1302 |date=6 March 1945 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37996/supplement/2923 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37996, Page:2923 |date=24 June 1947 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37027/supplement/1946 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37027, Page:1946 |date=10 April 1945 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37521/supplement/1670 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37521, Page:1670 |date=2 April 1946 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36828/supplement/5614 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36828, Page:5614 |date=5 December 1944 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37386/supplement/6076 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37386, Page:6076 |date=11 December 1945 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36627/supplement/3503 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36627, Page:3503 |date=27 July 1944 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37996/supplement/2921 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37996, Page:2921 |date=24 June 1947 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36796/supplement/5260 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36796, Page:5260 |date=14 November 1944 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36679/supplement/4053 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36679, Page:4053 |date=29 August 1944 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37039/supplement/2075 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37039, Page:2075 |date=17 April 1945 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36972/supplement/1299 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36972, Page:1299 |date=6 March 1945 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36679/supplement/4052 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36679, Page:4052 |date=29 August 1944 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36928/supplement/801 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36928, Page:801 |date=6 February 1945 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36828/supplement/5611 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36828, Page:5611 |date=5 December 1944 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38799/supplement/39 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:38799, Page:39 |date=30 December 1949 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37101/supplement/2743 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37101, Page:2743 |date=29 May 1945 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38161/supplement/12 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:38161, Page:12 |date=30 December 1947 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35697/page/3949 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:35697, Page:3949 |date=8 September 1942 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37138/supplement/3236 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37138, Page:3236 |date=19 June 1945 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37598/supplement/2769 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37598, Page:2769 |date=4 June 1946 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37386/supplement/6067 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37386, Page:6067 |date=11 December 1945 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36928/supplement/800 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36928, Page:800 |date=6 February 1945 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37433/supplement/498 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37433, Page:498 |date=15 January 1946 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37072/supplement/2454 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37072, Page:2454 |date=8 May 1945 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37235/supplement/4267 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37235, Page:4267 |date=21 August 1945 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37262/supplement/4557 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37262, Page:4557 |date=11 September 1945 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36994/supplement/1547 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36994, Page:1547 |date=20 March 1945 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37027/supplement/1944 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37027, Page:1944 |date=10 April 1945 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37536/supplement/1950 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37536, Page:1950 |date=16 April 1946 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35396/page/7336 |title=The London Gazette, Supplement:35396, Page:7336 |date=26 December 1941 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>
;Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
* Brigadier DW Reid
* Brigadier (temporary) John Arthur Mellsop
* Brigadier (temporary) Ian Connail Anthos Lauder
;Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
* Colonel TH Boss
* Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur John Millard Wilton
* Lieutenant-Colonel (temp) Stephen Craine Goulden Bach
;Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
* Major (temp.) Alfred Godfrey Hicks
* Captain (temp.) Dudley Owen Scolfield
* Captain (temp.) Ronald Ivor Webb
;Distinguished Service Order
* Lieutenant Colonel DW Reid
* Lieutenant Colonel MP Lancaster
* Lieutenant-Colonel (temp.) Ian Connaill Athos Lauder
* Major AE Cocksedge
* Major (temporary) Paul Garbutt Unfreville Hardy
* Captain William Miller Mackay
;Military Cross
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* Major (temp) Nalinkumar Dhirrajlal Nanavati
* Major (temp) Richard Radcliffe
* Major (temp.) Paul Henderson Chase
* Major (temp.) Noel James Millington Pettengell
* Captain (temp. Major) Raymond Denis Teall
* Captain (temp. Major) James Robert Charles Lawrence
* Captain (temp. Major) Niall Vincent Holland
* Captain (temp. Major) William Miller Mackay
* Captain PMW Doyle
* Captain John Alan d'lssa-Boomgardt
* Captain AJ Oldham
* Captain Harold Stanley Richmond
* Lieutenant Padamsing Thapa
* Lieutenant Ashley Fletcher Story Wilson
* Lieutenant John Harford Powell
* Subedar Nanasahib Surve
* Subedar Shrirang Lawand
* Subedar Ganpatrao Patil
* Subedar Khandu Dalvi
* Subedar Ramchander Shinde
* Subedar Shripat Vishwasrao
* Subedar Mohammad Umar
* Subedar Dhakojirao Shinde
* Jemadar Laxuman Desai
* Jemadar Baburao Khanvilkar
* Jemadar Jairam Mahadik
* Jemadar Eknath Kaple
* Jemadar Sitaram Maske
* Jemadar Tukaram Parab
{{div col end}}
;Indian Order of Merit
* Subedar Major Raojirao Shinde, Subedar Vishwamber Ghadge, Jemadar Sakaram Shinde, Havildar Maruti Chawan, Havildar Pandurang Kadam, Havildar Venkat Chawan, Naik Vishnu Mane, Naik Rajaram Sawant, Naik Dyanu Chawan, Sepoy Pandurang Powar, Babu Gaikwad, Lance-Naik Shivram Shinde, Sepoy Pandurang Tawde, Havildar Jaising Sawant, Naik Vithoba Jadhao, Jemadar Videy Prakash Misra, Sepoy Babaji Desai, Jemadar Sakharan Shinde
; Indian Distinguished Service Medal
* Subedar Pandurang Chauhan, Naik Bala Kharade, Naik Sibaram Mhaske, Naik Baba Sahib Ingle, Sepoy Babu Desai, Sepoy Laku Jadhao, Havildar Bapu Jadhao, Havildar Baji Nalaode, Havildar Narayan Shirole, Havildar Narayan Naikwade, Havildar Ganpat Chawan, Havildar Yeshwant Jadhao, Havildar Maruti More, Naik Narayan Surwase, Lance-Naik Sidu Jadhao, Lance-Naik Maruti Shinde, Lance-Naik Dawlat Powar, Lance-Naik Vishnu Kohate, Sepoy Balu Powar, Sepoy Haibati Sawant, Sepoy Maruti Falke, Havildar Raj Aram Ghag, Lance-Havildar Ganesh Naik, Naik Balu Nikam, Lance-Naik Krishna Jagtap, Lance-Naik Newarti Nimbalkar, Company Havildar-Major Ganpat Bhosle, Naik Wastjdeo Sawant, Havildar Ganpat Kale, Lance-Naik Narayan Shinde, Sepoy Haibat Jadhao, Lance-Havildar Tukaram Jadhaol, Naik Krishna Shellar, Havildar Shankar Fartare, Havildar Daji Jadbao, Naik Laxuman Shinde
;[[Military Medal]]
* Havildar Laxuman Sattam, Lance-Havildar Yeshwant Mane, Naik Ganpat Bhise, Naik Raghunath Salunke, Naik Yesu Jadhao, Lance-Havildar Dyanu Bhosle, Naik Ramchandra Ghadge, Lance-Naik Sitaram Jadhao, Naik Krishna Yururker, Lance-Naik Eshwara Kadam, Lance-Naik Krishna Mohite, Sepoy Jagu Autade, Sepoy Jaisingh More, Sepoy Kashiram Chawan, Sepoy Vishru Bhosle, Havildar Parshram Powar, Naik Jairam More, Naik Nathu Dhanaode, Naik Tukaram Chawan, Lance-Naik Keshao Surve, Sepoy Ramu Powar, Company Havildar-Major Baba Nikam, Naik Hari Kadam, Lance-Naik Krishna Sawant, Naik Parsuram Kadam, Naik Radhu Waman, Lance-Naik Chimaji More, Lance-Naik Govind Chawan, Lance-Naik Soma Mahajik, Sepoy Tukaram Nalawde, Naik Govind Dalvi, Naik Narayan Parab, Lance-Naik Dhanaji Khanvilikar, Sepoy Babu More, Sepoy Ramchandra Jadhao, Sepoy Shankar Sagwekar, Naik Dyanu Nale, Naik Tukaram Shedge, Sepoy Shripat Chaugule, Lance-Naik Pandurang Jadhao, Sepoy Nana More, Sepoy Shankar Borde, Sepoy Tatya Bhosle, Sepoy Genu Mate, Havildar Ganpatrao Tawde

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Naik Yeshwant Ghadge VC (1921-1944), 3-5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 1944.jpg|{{small|Naik [[Yeshwant Ghadge]] was awarded a [[Victoria Cross]] posthumously for heroic actions in Upper [[Tiber Valley]], [[Italy]], on 10 July 1944}}
File:133308Bladin1947.jpg|{{small|Sepoy [[Namdeo Jadav]] was awarded a [[Victoria Cross]] for heroic actions at [[Senio River]], Italy, on 9 April 1945}}
File:Subadar Ganpat Patil receiving the Military Cross from General Sir Claude Auchinleck, 1944 (c).jpg|{{small|Subadar Ganpat Patil receives the [[Military Cross]] from General [[Sir Claude Auchinleck]], 1944}}
File:Naik Narayan Sinde, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry, receiving the Indian Distinguished Service Medal from General Sir Claude Auchinleck, 1945.jpg|{{small|Naik Narayan Sinde receives the [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]] from General Sir Claude Auchinleck, 1945}}
</gallery>

=== Post-independence ===
;[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]]
* Captain [[Eric James Tucker]] – 2nd Battalion
* Colonel [[Neelakantan Jayachandran Nair]] – 16th Battalion
* Colonel [[Vasanth Venugopal]] – 9th Battalion
* Lieutenant [[Navdeep Singh (Ashok Chakra)|Navdeep Singh]] – 15th Battalion
;[[Maha Vir Chakra]]
* Lieutenant Colonel Harbans Singh Virk – 3rd (Para) Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1128 |title=Lieutenant Colonel Harbans Singh Virk |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* Major Annavi Krishnaswamy Ramaswamy – 3rd (Para) Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1197 |title=Major Annavi Krishnaswamy Ramaswamy |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* Major Satyapal Chopra – 3rd (Para) Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1168 |title=Major Satyapal Chopra |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* Sepoy Pandurang Salunkhe – 15th Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1339 |title=Sepoy Pandurang Salunkhe |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
;[[Kirti Chakra]]
* Major Neelakantan Jayachandran Nair– 16th Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3215 |title=Major Neelakantan Jayachandran Nair |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* Major Amit Oscar Fernandes – 7th Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3570 |title=Major Amit Oscar Fernandes |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* Captain Abhinav Handa – 9th Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3510 |title=Captain Abhinav Handa |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* Second Lieutenant Rishi Ashok Malhotra – 8th Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3307 |title=Second Lieutenant Rishi Ashok Malhotra |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* Company Havildar Major Jagtap Shivaji Balu – 6th Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3308 |title=Company Havildar Major Jagtap Shivaji Balu |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* Havildar Rale Santosh Tanaji – 56 Rashtriya Rifles<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3568 |title=Havildar Rale Santosh Tanaji |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* Lance Naik Pandit Mane – 2nd Battalion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2732 |title=Lance Naik Pandit Mane |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>

== Notable officers ==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2023}}
;Chief of Army Staff
* General [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]] {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC}} – 21st Chief of Army Staff
;Vice Chief of Army Staff
* Lieutenant General Vijay Oberoi {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM}} – Vice Chief of the Army Staff, former founder President of the War Wounded Foundation.
;Army Commanders
* Lieutenant General [[T. B. Henderson Brooks|T B Henderson Brooks]] {{small|PVSM}} – General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command
* Lieutenant General [[Kuldip Singh Brar]] {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VrC}} – GOC of 9th Infantry Division led Operation Bluestar. He retired as the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command.
* Lieutenant General Krishnamurthy Nagaraj {{small|PVSM, UYSM, ADC}} – General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, South-Western Command and Army Training Command
* Lieutenant General Hari Prasad {{small|PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM}} – General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command
* Lieutenant General HRS Kalkat {{small|PVSM, AVSM, ADC}} – General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command
;Others
* Lieutenant General [[Mohammad Ahmed Zaki|MA Zaki]] {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VrC}} – Commanded 15 Corps, was Director General Infantry and later acted as the advisor to the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.
* [[D. B. Shekatkar|Lieutenant General DB Shekhatkar]] {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM}} – General Officer Commanding [[IV Corps (India)|4 Corps]], Additional Director General of Military operations and Director General of Perspective (Strategic) planning. Was chairman of the committee to recommend measures to enhance combat capability and rebalance defence expenditure of the armed forces.
* [[Satish Nambiar|Lieutenant General Satish Nambiar]] {{small|VrC}} – Director General of Military Operations and first Force Commander and Head of Mission of [[UNPROFOR]], Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Training and Coordination)
* Lieutenant General Narendra Singh {{small|PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM}} – Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Planning and Systems)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/deputy-chief-of-army-lt-gen-narendra-singh-in-belgaum/articleshow/34248238.cms |title=Deputy Chief of Army Lt Gen Narendra Singh in Belgaum |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 April 2014 |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>
* Lieutenant General DS Thakur – Director General Military Intelligence and Deputy Chief of the Army Staff.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-d-s-thakur-being-elevated-as-army-s-new-deputy-chief-112120400541_1.html |title=Lt Gen D S Thakur being elevated as Army's new Deputy Chief |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[Harinder Singh (general)|Lieutenant General Harinder Singh]] {{small|PVSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM}} – GOC 14 Corps and Commandant of Indian Military Academy.
* Lieutenant General Ashok Ambre {{small|PVSM, AVSM**, SM}} – Quarter Master General
* Lieutenant General Satish Satpute {{small|PVSM, AVSM}} – General Officer Commanding [[XXI Corps (India)|21 Corps]]
* Lieutenant General PR Gangadharan {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM**}} – General Officer Commanding [[XII Corps (India)|12 Corps]] and Military Secretary<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=21047 |title=Lieutenant General PR Ganagadharan to take over as new Military Secretary |date=29 September 2006 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>
* Lieutenant General Dushyant Singh {{small|PVSM, AVSM}} – General Officer Commanding [[XI Corps (India)|11 Corps]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2017 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/vajra-corps-goc/491716.html |title=Vajra Corps GOC |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172402/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/vajra-corps-goc/491716.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Lieutenant General J S Dhillon – General Officer Commanding [[XV Corps (India)|15 Corps]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/words-of-wisdom-put-in-your-best-enjoy-what-you-do-results-will-follow-says-war-veteran/story-XPgi6Ag1U2nREvDurp1uVM.html |title=Words of wisdom: Put in your best, enjoy what you do, results will follow, says war veteran |date=5 May 2019 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* Lieutenant General Parminder Jit Singh Pannu {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM}} – General Officer Commanding [[XIV Corps (India)|14 Corps]], Director General Infantry, Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Operations).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/lt-gen-pjs-pannu-to-take-over-as-dy-chief-of-integrated-defence-staff-operations-on-june-120190526195827/ |title=Lt Gen PJS Pannu to take over as Dy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Operations) on June 1 |date=26 May 2019 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* Lieutenant General Asit Mistry {{small|PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM}} – Commandant of National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rru.ac.in/profile-lt-general-asit-mistry/ |title=Lt General Asit Mistry, PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (Retd) |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* Lieutenant General TPS Brar {{small|YSM}} – General Officer Commanding [[XVI Corps (India)|16 Corps]]
* Lieutenant General Gopal Krishan Duggal {{small|PVSM, VrC}} – General Officer Commanding [[X Corps (India)|10 Corps]]
* Major General DS Brar {{small|OBE}} – Colonel Commandant of the Regiment
* Major General Eustace D'Souza {{small|PVSM}} – Colonel Commandant of the Regiment
* Major General H W Kulkarni – Colonel Commandant of the Regiment
* Major General Bachitar Singh {{small|PVSM}} – Colonel Commandant of the Regiment
* [[Saurabh Singh Shekhawat|Brigadier Saurabh Singh Shekhawat]] {{small|KC, SC, SM, VSM}} – avid mountaineer and one of the most decorated officers of the Indian Army.<ref name="Salute65" />
* Captain [[C. P. Krishnan Nair]] – founder of [[The Leela Group]].
* Major [[Nana Patekar]] – Actor, who was part of [[Indian Territorial Army]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/did-you-know-former-general-vk-singh-acted-in-this-bollywood-film/articleshow/68524736.cms |title=Did you know former General VK Singh acted in this Bollywood film? |newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/some-of-the-interesting-facts-about-nana-patekar/photostory/64962233.cms?picid=64962266 |title=Mr Patekar an army man |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

== Sporting achievements ==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2023}}
* Major Shantaram Jadhav, Subedar Shankar Laxman and Naik Vishwas Patil were part of the Indian hockey squad to the [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome Olympics in]].<ref name="Salute" />
* Colonel HS Chauhan is a veteran in the field of mountaineering, was awarded the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]], went on to become Principal of [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]] and became President of the [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]].<ref name="Salute" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hmidarjeeling.com/principals-of-hmi/ |title=Principals of HMI |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>
* The following have represented the country/services team in wrestling – Naib Subedar Shivaji Kekan, Naib Subedar Ashok Shirke, Naib Subedar Maruti Ghadi, Subedar Major Vasant Solankar, Subedar Major/Hony. Captain Shivaji Chingle, Subedar Major/Hony Capt Raghunath Pawar, Lance Naik Dudhappa Asudekar, Naik Yellappa Pote, Naib Subedar Ashok Shirke, Havildar Krishna Patil, Sepoy Prashant Jamnik.
* Havildar Keshav More was the National Boxing Champion between 1962 and 1963.
* Shooting – Subedar Shivaji Lavate, Havildar Begaram, Havildar BR Patil, Havildar Sanjay More.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roa-mlirc.com/index1.html |title=Sportmen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030803205011/http://www.roa-mlirc.com/index1.html |access-date=29 July 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2003}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:117th Mahrattas at a fort, 1909.jpg|{{small|[[117th Mahrattas]] at a fort in the [[North-West Frontier Province|North West Frontier]], India, 1909}}
File:Dekhani Mahrattas and Konkani Mahrattas.jpg|{{small|Dekhani and Konkani Mahrattas, [[World War I]]}}
File:Indian Army volunteers, 1943 (c).jpg|{{small|Recruits line up to enlist with the [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]], 1943}}
File:A sepoy of the 5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 1943 (c).jpg|{{small|A soldier of the [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]], 1943}}
File:Mahratta sniper in Italy 1943.jpg|{{small|[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry|Mahratta]] sniper on south bank of [[Trigno]], 1943}}
File:1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg|{{small|[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry|1/5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] train in [[Florence]], 1944}}
File:Indian troops advance across the Aquino aerodrome 1944.jpg|{{small|[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry|1/5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] advance across [[Aquino, Italy|Aquino]] aerodrome, 1944}}
File:Brits-Indiërs van het 6th Battalion the Mahratta Light Infantry, Bestanddeelnr 100A-1-1.jpg|{{small|6th Battalion Mahratta Light Infantry in [[Jakarta]], 1946}}
File:14MARATHANCC.png|{{small|14th Battalion Maratha Light Infantry conduct range training for [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] cadets of [[Gwalior Division]]}}
{{as written|File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160746 - 4th Maratha Light Infantary - Bicentenary.jpeg}}|{{small|2001 postal stamp to commemorate the bicentenary of the 4th Maratha Light Infantry}}
File:Indra 2017 closing ceremony 1.jpg|[[Indian Army]] soldiers of the Maratha Light Infantry during closing ceremony of Indra 2017 military exercise.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101204810/http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/inf/1922-05.htm#assns 5th Mahratta Light Infantry | Regiments.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030803071118/http://www.roa-mlirc.com/ Maratha Light Infantry Regiment | Regimental Officers Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071029004334/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/BANDSTAND/iafband.html Deshon Ka Sartaj, Bharat] by the Maratha Light Infantry Band
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=F7T9TVqBwPo Redetzky March I Maratha Light Infantry I Indian Army I The Peninsula Studios]

{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Shivaji]]
[[Category:Units of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

Carry on Jatta 3

2026-03-19T17:15:16Z

Pururava:

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Smeep Kang}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Carry On Jatta 3
| image = Carry on Jatta 3 film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Smeep Kang]]
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' [[Naresh Kathooria]]
| screenplay = Vaibhav Suman Shreya Srivastava
| story = Vaibhav Suman Shreya Srivastava
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gippy Grewal]]
* Ravneet Kaur Grewal
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Gippy Grewal]]
*[[Binnu Dhillon]]
*[[Sonam Bajwa]]
*[[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
*[[Kavita Kaushik]]
*[[Jaswinder Bhalla]]
*[[Karamjit Anmol]]
*[[Nasir Chinyoti]]}}
| cinematography = Maneesh Bhatt
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Ravi Dehru
* Rohit Dhiman
}}
| music = [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| studio = Humble Motion Pictures
| distributor = Omjee Star Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|6|29}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = {{estimation}}{{INR|15 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Carry on Jatta 3 Box Office Collection Day 9: बजट से दोगुनी कमाई कर हिट साबित हो रही पंजाबी फिल्म कैरी ऑन जट्टा 3, जानें आंकड़ा|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/carry-on-jatta-3-box-office-collection-day-9-gippy-grewal-sonam-bajwa-film-proving-hit-by-earning-twice-the-budget-know-worldwide-collection-4188440|website=NDTV|access-date=2023-09-14}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|100 crore}}<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Carry On Jatta 3''''', also known by the initialism '''''COJ3''''', is a 2023 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Smeep Kang and produced by Humble Motion Pictures. A sequel to both ''[[Carry on Jatta]]'' (2012) and [[Carry on Jatta 2|''Carry On Jatta 2'']] (2018), it stars [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Binnu Dhillon]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]] in the lead roles with [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Kavita Kaushik]], [[Nasir Chinyoti]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[B.N. Sharma]] and [[Karamjit Anmol]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-18 |title=Carry on Jatta 3: Binnu Dhillon shares sneak peek from film's set [Watch Video] |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/carry-on-jatta-3-binnu-dhillon-shares-sneak-peek-from-films-set-watch-video |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madaan |first=Shivam |date=2022-09-06 |title=Gippy Grewal, Binnu Dhillon, and Jaswinder Bhalla's Cult Follow-Up Film, Carry On Jatta 3: Production, Begins |url=https://www.hindustanmetro.com/gippy-grewal-binnu-dhillon-and-jaswinder-bhallas-cult-follow-up-film-carry-on-jatta-3-production-begins/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website= HindustanMetro|language=en-US}}</ref>

''Carry on Jatta 3'' was released on 29 June 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=Carry On Jatta 3 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/carry-on-jatta-3/movieshow/72255595.cms |access-date=2023-01-24}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Gippy Grewal]] as Jass
* [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Goldy
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Meet
* [[Kavita Kaushik]] as Daljeet
* [[Jaswinder Bhalla]] as Advocate Dhillon
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] as Honey
* [[Karamjit Anmol]]
* [[Nasir Chinyoti]]
* [[B.N. Sharma]]
* [[Naresh Kathooria]]
* [[Rupinder Rupi]]
* [[Ammy Virk]] Special Appearance

== Production ==
The film is [[Gippy Grewal]]'s home production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gippy Grewal's 'Carry On Jatta 3' to go on floors in October, release date announced |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/gippy-grewals-carry-on-jatta-3-to-go-on-floors-in-october-release-date-announced20220401104957/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] was begun in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-09 |title=Gippy Grewal, Sonam Bajwa, and Binnu Dhillon’s ‘Carry On Jatta 3’ goes on the floor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/gippy-grewal-sonam-bajwa-and-binnu-dhillons-carry-on-jatta-3-goes-on-the-floor/articleshow/94091318.cms |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=Gippy Grewal unveils Carry on Jatta 3 official teaser, brings unstoppable laughs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/gippy-grewal-unveils-carry-on-jatta-3-official-teaser-brings-unstoppable-laughs-101681372158059.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The shoot [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-16 |title=It’s a wrap for Gippy Grewal and Binnu Dhillon’s ‘Carry On Jatta 3’ |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-gippy-grewal-and-binnu-dhillons-carry-on-jatta-3/articleshow/97025441.cms |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Carry on Jatta 3'' was theatrically released on 29 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=Carry On Jatta 3 trailer: Gippy Grewal transfers familiar plot to London for the third installment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/carry-on-jatta-3-trailer-gippy-grewal-transfers-familiar-plot-to-london-watch-8637490/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was the largest release for Punjabi film release with over 560 screens in India and 500 locations in 30 countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-07-21 |title=Gippy Grewal & Sonam Bajwa-starrer 'Carry on Jatta 3' becomes first Punjabi movie to enter Rs 100 cr club |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/gippy-grewal-sonam-bajwa-starrer-carry-on-jatta-3-becomes-first-punjabi-movie-to-enter-rs-100-cr-club/articleshow/102014504.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film was digitally released on [[Chaupal (OTT)|Chaupal]] on 7 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title='Carry On Jatta 3' to release on OTT on September 7 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/carry-on-jatta-3-to-release-on-ott-on-september-7/articleshow/102724267.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A Hindi dubbed version was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 15 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/disney-hotstar-announces-release-carry-jatta-3-hindi-march-15-2024/|title=Disney+ Hotstar announces the release of Carry on Jatta 3 in Hindi on March 15, 2024 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=1 March 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Jaspreet Nijher of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "A wildly comic film, it makes those over two hours in cinemas worth your penny."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Carry On Jatta 3 Movie Review : Carry On Jatta 3 is a mad chase that wins laughter |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/carry-on-jatta-3/movie-review/101365326.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sukhpreet Kahlon of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also gave same rating and wrote, "''Carry On Jatta 3'' is sure to repeat the success of its earlier films. Despite its flaws, audiences will be flocking to the cinema halls to make the most of the early release on the Eid weekend."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Carry on Jatta 3 movie review: Gippy Grewal, Sonam Bajwa deliver laugh-a-minute family entertainer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/carry-on-jatta-3-movie-review-gippy-grewal-sonam-bajwa-family-entertainer-8692299/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704181028/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/carry-on-jatta-3-movie-review-gippy-grewal-sonam-bajwa-family-entertainer-8692299/ |archive-date=2023-07-04 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film collected ₹32.80 crore in first week. In second week it collected over ₹45 crore in India.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} The film is grossed over {{Indian Rupee|100 crore}} worldwide becoming [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi-language films|second highest grossing Punjabi film worldwide]].

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| width =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =

| title1 = Carry On Jatta Title Track
| lyrics1 = Romaana
| music1 = [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| extra1 = [[Gippy Grewal]], Simar Kaur
| length1 = 2:13
| title2 = Farishtey
| lyrics2 = Jaani
| music2 = Jaani
| extra2 = [[B Praak]]
| length2 = 3:13
| title3 = Jatti
| lyrics3 = Jaani
| music3 = Jaani
| extra3 = [[Ammy Virk]], Gippy Grewal
| length3 = 2:32
| title4 = Lehanga
| lyrics4 = Jaani
| music4 = Jaani
| extra4 = Gippy Grewal
| length4 = 2:12
| title5 = Bura Haal
| lyrics5 = Sagar
| music5 = Jaani
| extra5 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| length5 = 4:00
| total_length =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11720440}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|carry_on_jatta_3}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Indian films]]

Usha Sundaram

2026-03-15T06:31:53Z

Pururava: Entry...

{{Short description|Indian pilot (1924–2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Usha Sundaram
| image = Usha Sundaram.jpeg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Sundaram (center) with [[Maharajah of Mysore]]'s [[Douglas DC-3|Dakota DC-3]] VT-AXX (1949)
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age at death|86|2010|04|06}}
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2010|04|06|86|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], India
| occupation = {{cslist|Pilot|animal welfare activist}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[V. Sundaram]]|1941|1997|end=d.}}
| children = 3
}}
'''Usha Sundaram''' ({{Birth based on age at death|86|2010|04|06}}{{spnd}}6 April 2010) was an Indian pilot and animal rights activist. She was the first female pilot of post-independence India.

==Early life==
Sundaram was born Usha Krishnamurthi/Krishnamoorthy in {{Birth based on age at death|86|2010|04|06}}{{Efn|Sundaram's date of birth is not known. Estimated year of birth is computed based on her age, 86, at death in 2010. According to her son Chinny Krishna, her exact date of birth is 20th July 1924}} to Kamakshi and T. S. Krishnamurthi. She married her husband, [[V. Sundaram]], a commercial pilot and an aviation instructor at the [[Madras Flying Club]], in July 1941. The couple moved to [[Bangalore]] in southern India in 1946 and lived in a small bungalow on the city's [[St. Mark's Road, Bangalore|St. Mark's Road]], before returning to [[Madras]] (present day [[Chennai]]) in the late 1950s.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> The couple had three children{{Spnd}}two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

==Flying career==
Sundaram started her flying career after she and her husband's move to [[Bangalore]], when her husband became Director of Civil Aviation in the [[Government of Mysore]] under [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]. He was later the principal of the Government Flight Training School, in [[Jakkur]], which Wadiyar had founded in 1948. Sundaram was the school's first graduate in 1949.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Blue Cross of India cofounder Usha Sundaram, 86 – ANIMAL PEOPLE NEWS |url=https://newspaper.animalpeopleforum.org/2010/04/01/blue-cross-of-india-cofounder-usha-sundaram-86/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=newspaper.animalpeopleforum.org}}</ref> She was independent India's first woman pilot.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sundaram |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUN0AAAACAAJ |title=An Airman's Saga |date=1998 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |isbn=978-81-7276-102-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vijayan |first=Kalyani |date=10 February 2002 |title=Aerowoman |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/82/03/0254.pdf |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=82 |number=3 |pages=254-255 }}</ref>

Sundaram started as a co-pilot to her husband, flying many leaders of the newly-independent India including [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], and [[Rajendra Prasad]]. When her husband took up administrative duties with the then [[Tata Airlines]], Sundaram continued as Nehru's pilot.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the planes she flew included the civilian twin-engine [[Douglas DC-3|DC-3 Dakota]].<ref name=":1" /> Some of her notable flights included rescue missions from the then newly-formed [[Pakistan]] during the [[partition riots]] of 1947, which she flew with her husband.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2020 |title=A pioneering woman pilot from Bengaluru who flew rescue missions during partition |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/a-pioneering-woman-pilot-from-bengaluru-who-flew-rescue-missions-during-partition/articleshow/78347060.cms |access-date=10 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sethu |first=Divya |date=9 March 2022 |title=Independent India's First Woman Pilot Rescued Indians During Partition |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/278382/usha-sundaram-first-woman-pilot-of-independent-india-women-aviation-history/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> She also flew the then home minister of India Vallabhbhai Patel on the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]'s Dakota aircraft, when Patel was traveling on his missions toward [[Political integration of India|reunification of the princely states with India]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book review: V. Sundaram's 'An Airman's Saga' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19980629-book-review-v-sundaram-an-airman-saga-825206-1998-06-28 |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Along with her husband, she set a speed record for piloting a [[piston-engine]] aircraft between England and India in 27 hours. The couple had been recruited by the [[Madras State|Government of Madras]] to fly a newly purchased [[De Havilland Dove]] from England to India. In 1951, the couple went by ship to England and returned flying the piston-engined plane in a journey lasting 27 hours with stops in [[Paris]], [[Baghdad]], [[Karachi]], and [[Bombay]], before reaching Madras. This record still stands, as of 2020.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2018 |title=Flying high |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/events/flying-high/article23729818.ece |access-date=10 June 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2013 |last=Ayyappan |first=V |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=When Good Old Madras Took Wing |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=3&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=21-08-2009&pubname=Times%20of%20India%20-%20Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar00300&publabel=TOI |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614041323/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=3&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=21-08-2009&pubname=Times%20of%20India%20-%20Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar00300&publabel=TOI |archive-date=14 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The couple continued to fly recreationally until 1996.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life ==
Sundaram co-founded the [[Blue Cross of India]], a [[Chennai]]-based animal welfare organization, in 1959. The foundation started at the couple's house and was later incorporated in 1964.<ref name=":1" /> Sundaram died on 6 April 2010, in Chennai. She was aged 86.<ref name=":1"/> Her husband had predeceased her in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Abhijit Sen |date=20 March 2022 |title=Usha Sundaram flew rescue missions during partition and piloted VIPs later |url=https://www.siasat.com/usha-sundaram-flew-rescue-missions-during-partition-and-piloted-vips-later-2293649/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundaram, Usha}}
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian aviators]]
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:Indian women aviators]]

Ministry of Textiles

2026-03-12T03:49:56Z

Pururava: cleanup

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{About|the ministry of India|the Bangladesh ministry|Ministry of Textiles and Jute|the Pakistan ministry|Ministry of Commerce and Textile Industry}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Textiles
| type = Ministry
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Udyog Bhawan, [[New Delhi]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|10000|c}} (2026–27 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf|title=Budget data|date=2019|website=www.indiabudget.gov.in|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304170727/http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Giriraj Singh]]
| minister1_pfo = Cabinet Minister
| minister2_name = [[Pabitra Margherita]]
| minister2_pfo = Minister of State
| website = {{URL|https://www.texmin.gov.in/}}
| logo = Ministry of Textiles India.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_caption = Ministry of Textiles
| formed =
| employees =
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| native_name =
| agency type =
}}
The '''Ministry of Textiles''' is an Indian government national agency responsible for the formulation of policy, planning, development, export promotion and regulation of the [[textile industry in India]]. This includes all natural, artificial, and cellulosic fibers that go into the making of textiles, clothing and Handicrafts.

== Main functions of the ministry ==
*Textile Policy & Coordination
*Man-made Fibre/ Filament Yarn Industry
*Cotton Textile Industry
*Jute Industry
*Silk and Silk Textile Industry
*Wool & Woollen Industry
*Decentralised Powerloom Sector
*Export Promotion
*Planning & Economic Analysis

== Organizations ==

=== Attached offices ===
* Office of the Development Commissioner for Hand-looms
**Weavers Service Centre, New Delhi
* [[Development Commissioner (Handicrafts)|Office of the Development Commissioner for Handicrafts]]

=== Subordinate offices ===
* Office of the Textile Commissioner
* Office of the Jute Commissioner

=== Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs)===
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Sector Undertakings|publisher=Ministry of Textiles|url=http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_08.htm|access-date=2013-09-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045128/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_08.htm|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>
*Basic Tasar Silkworm Seed Organisation (BTSSO), Bilaspur
*Birds Jute and Exports Limited
*Central Cottage Industries Corporation of India Limited
*Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre (CSGRC), Hosur
*Cotton Corporation of India Limited (CCI)
*Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation Limited
*Jute Corporation of India Limited (JCI)
*National Handloom Development Corporation Limited (NHDC)
*National Textile Corporation Limited (NTC)
*Silk Mark Organisation of India, Bangalore

=== Statutory bodies===
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=STATUTORY BODIES|publisher=Ministry of Textiles|url=http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_06.htm|access-date=2013-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045131/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_06.htm|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*National Jute Board
*Jute Manufacturers Development Council
*[[Central Silk Board]]
*Textile Committee
* Commissioner of Payments
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT)
* NIFT Foundation for Design Innovation, a Section 8 Company under the Companies Act, 2013 set up by [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]

=== Advisory bodies ===
* Development Council for Textile Industry
* Co-ordination Council for Textile Research Associations
* Co-ordination Committee of Textiles Export Promotion Council
* Carpet Export Promotion Council
* Apparel Export Promotion Council
* Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council
* Synthetic and Rayon Textiles Export Promotion Council (SRTEPC)
* Wool and Woollens Export Promotion Council (WWEPC)

=== Autonomous bodies ===
*[[Central Wool Development Board]], [[Jodhpur]]
*[[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT)
*[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management]], [[Coimbatore]]
*[[Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology]] (IIHT)
*[[Handloom Export Promotion Council]]
*National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum-Crafts Museum
*[[Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute]] (CMER and TI), Lahdoigarh

== Schemes and Programmes ==
*Bhartiya Vastra evam Shilpa Kosh
*Handloom Development Schemes, Development Commissioner for Handlooms
*IndiaHandmade
*Indian Handicrafts Portal
*Jute Mark India Scheme
*National Technical Textile Mission
*Production Linked Incentive
*Scheme for Capacity Building In Textile Sector (Samarth)
*Sericulture Information Linkages and Knowledge System (SILKS)
*Technotex 2023

==Cabinet ministers==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Chandra-Shekhar-Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandrashekhar Singh]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 30 March 1985
| 25 September 1985
| {{ayd|1985|3|30|1985|9|25}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3" style="width:7em"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Khurshed Alam Khan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Khurshed Alam Khan]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 15 November 1985
| 22 October 1986
| {{ayd|1985|11|15|1986|10|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Barmer]]}} (Minister of State, I/C until 15 Feb 1988)
| 22 October 1986
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|1986|10|22|1989|12|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Sharadyadavjdu.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sharad Yadav]]''' {{small|(1947{{ndash}}2023) MP for [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Badaun]]}}
| 6 December 1989
| 10 November 1990
| {{ayd|1989|12|6|1990|11|10}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for the year 2014 to Shri Hukmdev Narayan Yadav, at a function, at Parliament House, in New Delhi (cropped).JPG|70px]]
| '''[[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1939) MP for [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]}}
| 21 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|6|21}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ashok Gehlot 2012.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ashok Gehlot]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 21 June 1991
| 18 January 1993
| {{ayd|1991|6|21|1993|1|18}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gaddam_Venkatswamy.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gaddam Venkatswamy]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2014) MP for [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]]}} (Minister of State, I/C until 10 Feb 1995)
| 18 January 1993
| 15 September 1995
| {{ayd|1993|1|18|1995|9|15}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:KamalNath.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kamal Nath]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 15 September 1995
| 20 February 1996
| {{ayd|1995|9|15|1996|2|20}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gaddam_Venkatswamy.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gaddam Venkatswamy]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2014) MP for [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]]}}
| 20 February 1996
| 16 May 1996
| {{ayd|1996|2|20|1996|5|16}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]''' {{small|(born 1933) ''Unelected''}} (Prime Minister)
| 1 June 1996
| 29 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Jalappa.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[R. L. Jalappa]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikballapur]]}} (Minister of State, I/C until 6 Jul 1996)
| 29 June 1996
| 21 April 1997
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1996|6|29|1998|1|20}}
|-
| 21 April 1997
| 20 January 1998
| rowspan="2"| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[I. K. Gujral]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
| [[File:Bolla Bulli Ramaiah.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]''' {{small|(1926{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 20 January 1998
| 19 March 1998
| {{ayd|1998|1|20|1998|3|19}}
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Kashiram_Rana.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Kashiram Rana]]''' {{small|(1938{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}}
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1998|3|19|2003|5|24}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| 13 October 1999
| 24 May 2003
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Syed Shahnawaz Hussain (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]''' {{small|(born 1968) MP for [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]}}
| 24 May 2003
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|2003|5|24|2004|5|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shankersinh Vaghela profile (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shankersinh Vaghela]]''' {{small|(born 1940) MP for [[Kapadvanj Lok Sabha constituency|Kapadvanj]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[File:Dayanidhi Maran.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Dayanidhi Maran]]''' {{small|(born 1966) MP for [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 12 July 2011
| {{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|7|12}}
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Anand_Sharma_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anand Sharma]]''' {{small|(born 1953) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
| 12 July 2011
| 17 June 2013
| {{ayd|2011|7|12|2013|6|17}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kavuru Sambasiva Rao distributed improved tool kits of art metalware, woodware to handicrafts artisanscraft persons, at a function, in New Delhi. The Secretary, Ministry of Textile, Smt. Zohra Chatterji is also seen (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]''' {{small|(1943{{ndash}}2026) MP for [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]}}
| 17 June 2013
| 3 April 2014
| {{ayd|2013|6|17|2014|4|3}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Anand_Sharma_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anand Sharma]]''' {{small|(born 1953) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
| 3 April 2014
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|2014|4|3|2014|5|26}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 27 May 2014
| 5 July 2016
| {{ayd|2014|5|26|2016|7|5}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Smt. Smriti Irani in April 2023.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Smriti Irani]]''' {{small|(born 1976) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Gujarat]], until 2019 MP for [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]], from 2019}}
| 5 July 2016
| 30 May 2019
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2016|7|5|2021|7|7}}
|-
| 31 May 2019
| 7 July 2021
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Piyush Goyal crop.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Piyush Goyal]]''' {{small|(born 1964) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|2021|7|7|2024|6|9}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Giriraj Singh addressing a press conference on the achievements of the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, during the last four years, in New Delhi (cropped).JPG|70px]]
| '''[[Giriraj Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2024|6|10}}
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of state==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Rafique Alam.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rafique Alam]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2011) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}
| 25 June 1988
| 4 July 1989
| {{ayd|1988|6|25|1989|7|4}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2" style="width:7em"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Saroj Khaparde Rajya Sabha portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Saroj Khaparde]]''' {{small|Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}
| 4 July 1989
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|1989|7|4|1989|12|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|
| '''[[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]''' {{small|(born 1944) MP for [[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 30 September 2000
| {{ayd|1999|10|13|2000|9|30}}
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Danajaya kumar001.png|70px]]
| '''[[V. Dhananjay Kumar]]''' {{small|(1951{{ndash}}2019) MP for [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]}}
| 30 September 2000
| 1 July 2002
| {{ayd|2000|9|30|2002|7|1}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]]''' {{small|(born 1963) MP for [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]}}
| 1 July 2002
| 8 September 2003
| {{ayd|2002|7|1|2003|9|8}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|
| '''[[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]''' {{small|(born 1944) MP for [[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]}}
| 8 September 2003
| 30 December 2003
| {{ayd|2003|9|8|2003|12|30}}
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:E. V. K. S. Elangovan at Marriage Function 12.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Gobichettipalayam Lok Sabha constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]}}
| 29 January 2006
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2006|1|29|2009|5|22}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Panabaka Lakshmi taking office in 2012 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]''' {{small|(born 1958) MP for [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 31 October 2012
| {{ayd|2009|5|28|2012|10|31}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| 5 March 2013
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|5 Mar 2013|26 May 2014}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Minister of State for Textiles, Shri Ajay Tamta addressing at the inauguration of the 60th India International Garment Fair, in New Delhi on January 17, 2018.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajay Tamta]]''' {{small|(born 1972) MP for [[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]]}}
| 5 July 2016
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2016|7|5|2019|5|30}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Darshana Jardosh with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Darshana Jardosh]]''' {{small|(born 1961) MP for [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|2021|7|7|2024|06|09}}
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Pabitra Margherita in 2024 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pabitra Margherita]]''' {{small|(born 1974) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Assam]]}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

== National Handlooms & Handicrafts Museum ==
{{main|National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi}}
[[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://texmin.nic.in/tex_10.htm|title=National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum|access-date=12 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619065723/http://texmin.nic.in/tex_10.htm|archive-date=19 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> was set up at [[Pragati Maidan]], [[New Delhi]] under the administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Handlooms & Handicrafts Museum (NHHM)|publisher=Ministry of Textiles|url=http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_10.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916123954/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_10.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2013|access-date=2013-09-16}}</ref> The Museum is a structured village complex consisting of 15 structures representing village dwellings, courtyards and shrines from different states spread over an area of 5 hectares. The museum collection contains about 20,000 most rare and distinctive pieces reflecting the continuing tradition of Indian craftsmen.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in Ministry of Textiles – Official website]

{{Union ministries of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Textiles| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|T]]
[[Category:Textile industry in India]]

Ek Main Aur Ek Tu (1986 film)

2026-03-11T08:07:37Z

Pururava: fix formatting additionally and improved wording

{{short description|1986 Bollywood film directed by Ravi Tandon}}
{{For|2012 film|Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Main Aur Ek Tu
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Ravi Tandon]]
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Tanuja]] Raj Tandon Rubina Khan
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1986}}
| runtime = 138 Minute
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Ek Main Aur Ek Tu''''' is a 1986 [[Hindi-language|Bollywood]] film directed by [[Ravi Tandon]]. It stars [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Tanuja]] with Raj Tandon and Rubina Khan in lead roles.<ref name="Reference">{{cite web|title=Ek Main Aur Ek Tu (1986) at Cinestan|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ek-main-aur-ek-tu-6085|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124134644/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ek-main-aur-ek-tu-6085|url-status=live|archive-date=24 January 2021|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Shashi Kapoor]]
*[[Tanuja]]
*Raj Tandon
*Rubina Khan
*[[Shreeram Lagoo]]
*[[Ranjeet]]

==Soundtrack==
All songs were composed by [[R. D. Burman]].
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Daddy, O Bolo Sunny, Daddy, O Bolo Sunny"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
|-
| "O Haseena Haseena"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Jhar Jhar Behta Hai"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Main Deewana, Na Jana Kab Kaise Mere Dil Mein Tu"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Main Logon Se Bol Doongi, Bandh Kagaz Ko Khol Doongi"
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Aziz
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0343625}}

[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Tandon]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai

2026-03-09T18:09:39Z

Pururava:

{{for|the 1969 Hindi film starring Shammi Kapoor, Babita, Mehmood and Pran with the same name|Tumse Achha Kaun Hai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai
| image = Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai.jpg
| caption =
| director = Deepak Anand
| producer = [[Ganesh Jain]] Ratan Jain
| writer = Sujit Sen Lalit Mahajan
| starring = Nakul Kapoor [[Aarti Chabria]] [[Kim Sharma]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Nadeem-Shravan]] '''Score:''' [[Surinder Sodhi]]
| cinematography = [[Nirmal Jani]]
| editing = Deepak Anand
| studio = [[Ganesh Jain|Venus Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2002|04|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = ₹16 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=1255|title=Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Tum Se Acha Kaun Hai''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[musical film|musical]] [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film directed by Deepak Anand. The film stars debutant Nakul Kapoor, [[Kim Sharma]], and [[Aarti Chabria]].

==Plot==
Working as a guide and bus driver in Jaisalmer, Arjun (Nakul Kapoor) had always dreamt of being a famous singer. When he meets beautiful tourist Naina Dixit ([[Aarti Chabria]]), he impresses her with his singing. She encourages him to come to [[Bombay]] to try his luck there and leaves her address with him. Shortly thereafter, Arjun bids farewell to his brother, his sister-in-law (Navni Parihar), and his nephew and goes to Bombay. Upon arrival, he meets Naina's friend, Monto ([[Raghuvir Yadav]]), who takes him to several places to try his luck. No one bothers to listen to him, let alone hear him sing.

He lives with Naina, her sisters, Anu and Tuktuk, and their college professor mom ([[Rati Agnihotri]]), who empathize with him. Then Naina hits upon an idea to have an open song-and-dance show in a public park. The show goes well, and a wealthy young woman, Bobby ([[Kim Sharma]]), notices Arjun and invites him to sing for a firm run by her dad's partner, Sunil Mahadevan. When Sunil refuses to get involved, Bobby talks to her dad Gujral ([[Dalip Tahil]]) and opens her own recording company with his help, featuring Arjun as the main artist. Bobby and Gujral are very supportive of Arjun.

Arjun becomes famous overnight but has not forgotten Naina and her family. This does not augur well with Bobby, who is very possessive and wants Arjun all to herself. She makes up her mind that she will never permit anyone to come close to Arjun—she has a gun and knows how to use it. But soon she realizes that she can't get him as he belongs to Naina and loves her only. Unable to cope with the pressure of losing her love, Bobby tries to commit [[suicide]] by throwing herself from the hill with her car. After some time, Arjun is shown receiving the award for best singer and thanking Bobby. Then it is shown that Bobby, now in a mentally and physically disabled condition, is watching Arjun live, seeing him thank her.

==Cast==
* Nakul Kapoor as Arjun Singh
* [[Aarti Chabria]] as Naina Dixit
* [[Kim Sharma]] as Bobby Gujral
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Gujral
* [[Raghubir Yadav|Raghuvir Yadav]] as Manto
* [[Navni Parihar]] as Arjun's sister-in-law
* [[Viju Khote]] as Inspector Vijay Chander
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Professor Dixit
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Ali
* [[Adi Irani]] as Amar Deep
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] as Sunil Mahadevan
* [[Neha Pendse]] as Anu Dixit
* Girja Shankar as Arjun's brother
* [[Neeraj Vora]] as A. R. Siddqui

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Nadeem-Shravan]] with lyrics written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai"
| Tauseef Akhtar
|-
| "Dil Gaya Mera Dil Gaya"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| "Ye Un Dino Ki Baat Hai"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], Sarika Kapoor
|-
| "Aankh Hai Bhari Bhari" (Female)
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Aap Jaisa"
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
| "Door Wadiyon Se"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| "Jo Jaam Se Peeta Hoon"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], Tauseef Akhtar
|-
| "Aankh Hai Bhari Bhari" (Male)
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|}

== Reception ==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, writing "On the whole, Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai is not one that would set the box-office ablaze, yet it's better than most mundane, run-of-the-mill types released of late. Has the potential to pick up with word of mouth publicity. The strategy of releasing the film in limited, small and select theatres should also help to an extent".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 April 2002 |title=Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tum-se-achcha-kaun-hai-2/critic-review/tum-se-achcha-kaun-hai-2-movie-review/ |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0318956|title=Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai}}

[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Surinder Sodhi]]

Kandhan Karunai

2026-03-04T05:11:15Z

Pururava: cleaned up page for consistency

{{Distinguish|Kannan Karunai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kandhan Karunai
| image = Kandhan Karunai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| screenplay = A. P. Nagarajan
| based_on = {{based on|''Kanthapuranam''|[[Kachiyapper]]}}
| starring = [[Kandhan Karunai#Cast|See ''cast'']]
| producer = A. L. Srinivasan
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prasad]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]] [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]] '''(1 song)'''
| studio = A. L. S. Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1967|1|14}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kandhan Karunai''''' ({{translation|By the mercy of Kandhan}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], written and directed by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. It features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[K. B. Sundarambal]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] and [[Sivakumar]]. This was the debut film for [[Sridevi]], who had starred as Lord Murugan at the age of 3.

== Plot ==
The film revolves around [[Murugan]], his birth, marriage, and acceptance of the post of head of the army of heaven. In [[Hinduism]], there are six abodes of Lord Muruga, known as the "[[Six Abodes of Murugan|Arupadaiveedu]]". The story behind each of the abodes is portrayed chronologically in the film. It starts with [[Swamimalai]], where Lord Muruga teaches the meaning of the word 'OM' to his father, Shiva. He goes to [[Palani]] Hills after a fight over a sacred fruit, that is his second abode. Then he wins over the demon king Surapadman in [[Thiruchendur]] and that is his third abode. The King of Heaven, [[Indra]] offers his daughter's hand in appreciation of Lord Muruga's victory, and he marries her in [[Thirupparamkunram]], his fourth abode. He later marries Valli in his fifth abode of [[Thiruthani]], and after a short dispute between both his wives, they amicably settle in [[Pazhamudircholai]], his sixth abode. All the events are summarized by [[Nakkeerar]], a great Tamil poet portrayed by [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] at the end of the film.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Sivakumar]] as [[Murugan]], Shiva and Parvati's son, Ganesha's brother, Valli and Deivanai's husband
** [[Master Sridhar]] as Adolescent Murugan
** [[Sridevi]] as Child Murugan
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Veerabaahu]], Murugan's army commander
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as [[Shiva]], Parvati's husband, Ganesha and Murugan's father
* [[K. B. Sundarambal]] as [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]]
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as [[Parvati]], Shiva's wife, Ganesha and Murugan's mother
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as [[Valli]], Murugan's second wife.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=27 September 2014 |title=Jayalalithaa, the golden girl of Tamil cinema |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jayalalithaa-the-golden-girl-of-tamil-cinema/story-4btYTbOsQmYwzjJMYRyQ9K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727154255/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jayalalithaa-the-golden-girl-of-tamil-cinema/story-4btYTbOsQmYwzjJMYRyQ9K.html |archive-date=27 July 2017 |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as [[Deivanai]], Murugan's first wife.
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as [[Śūrapadmā|Soorapadman]], the demon king, Banukopan's father
* [[K. Balaji]] as Banugopan, Soorapadman's son
* [[E. R. Sahadevan]] as Simhamukha, a demon, Soorapadman's brother
* [[Nagesh]] as Nageswaran
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Jayanta, Indra's son who was kidnapped by Soorapadman
* [[S. V. Ramadas]] as Soorapadman's assistant
* [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] as [[Nakkeerar]] (cameo)
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as [[Shachi]], Indra's wife, Jayanta's mother
* [[G. Sakunthala]] as Ajamukhi
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Valli's friend
* [[Ambika Sukumaran|Ambika]] as Paduma Komalai
* [[Manimala (actress)|Manimala]] as Banugopan's wife
* [[B. V. Radha]] as Ajamukhi's assistant
}}

== Production ==
[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] was supposed to play Lord Murugan in the film, but he was replaced by Sivakumar. Vijayakumar instead appeared as one of the lords who was in the jail.<ref>{{Cite web |title="கந்தன் கருணை" படத்தில் முருகனாக நடிப்பது யார்? சிவகுமாருடன் விஜயகுமார் போட்டி |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/05/24224431/actor-vijayakumar-and-sivakuma.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061523/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/05/24224431/actor-vijayakumar-and-sivakuma.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 October 2015 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏ.எல்.எஸ். தயாரித்த கந்தன் கருணை: முருகன் வேடத்தில் சிவகுமார் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2015/01/04224628/cine-history-sivakumar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106104856/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2015/01/04224628/cine-history-sivakumar.html |archive-date=6 January 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Kannadasan]] recommended Sridevi for her role. This was the debut film for actress [[Sridevi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2021 |title='You're the best baby in the world.' On Sridevi's 3rd death anniversary, daughter Janhvi Kapoor mourns actress and shares handwritten note |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/youre-the-best-baby-in-the-world-on-sridevis-3rd-death-anniversary-daughter-janhvi-kapoor-mourns-actress-and-shares-handwritten-note/articleshow/81191784.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917091116/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/youre-the-best-baby-in-the-world-on-sridevis-3rd-death-anniversary-daughter-janhvi-kapoor-mourns-actress-and-shares-handwritten-note/articleshow/81191784.cms |archive-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], for which he received the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kandan Karunai (1967) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001243 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816040750/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001243 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=2014-06-18 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref name="National Awards Winners 1967: Complete list of winners of National Awards 1967">{{Cite news |title=National Awards 1967 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1967/108 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324034914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1967/108 |archive-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> The song "Thiruparankundrathil Nee" was composed by [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='திருப்பரங்குன்றத்தில் நீ சிரித்தால்...' இசைத்தட்டுக்காக குன்னக்குடி இசை அமைத்த பாடல் 'கந்தன் கருணை'யில் இடம் பெற்றது |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/07/08183430/thiruparankumrathil-nee-sirith.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105029/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/07/08183430/thiruparankumrathil-nee-sirith.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=V. |date=12 September 2008 |title=His music touched the masses |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-music-touched-the-masses/article1435645.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150315062909/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-music-touched-the-masses/article1435645.ece |archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> The song "Arupadai Veedu" is a [[ragamalika]]; it starts off with [[Kambhoji|Kambodhi]] followed by [[Hindolam]], [[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]], [[Kanada (family of ragas)|Kaanada]], [[Hamsanandi|Hamsanandhi]], [[Nattakurinji|Natakurinji]] and [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]]. "Solla Solla inikkudhadaa" song is set to [[List of Janya ragas|Kundhalavarali]] raaga."Thiruparankundrathil Nee" song set in [[Suddha Dhanyasi]] ragam and "Arumugamana Porul" song set in [[Mohanam]] ragam."Vellimalai Mannava" song set in [[Charukesi]] ragam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2012 |title=Devotional Kambhoji |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/devotional-kambhoji/article3787091.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709061158/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/devotional-kambhoji/article3787091.ece |archive-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwF9fhXhMiU |title=Kandhan Karunai {{!}} Tamil Movie Songs {{!}} Audio Jukebox {{!}} கந்தன் கருணை பாடல்கள் |date=2017-01-10 |last=Saregama Tamil |author-link=Saregama |access-date=2017-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709061238/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwF9fhXhMiU |archive-date=9 July 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aarumugamana Porul" || [[Renuka]], [[S. Janaki]]. [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || [[Kannadasan]] || 03:24
|-
| "Aarumuga Saravana" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sankaradas Swamigal]] || 00:54
|-
| "Arupadai Veedu Konda" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]|| rowspan="2" | Kannadasan || 06:41
|-
| "Ariyathu Ketkum" || [[K. B. Sundarambal]] || 06:06
|-
| "Konjum Kili" || S. V. Ponnusamy || Sankaradas Swamigal || 01:11
|-
| "Kurinjiyile Poo Malarnthu" || P. Susheela || rowspan="7" | Kannadasan || 03:44
|-
| "Manam Padaithen" || P. Susheela || 04:01
|-
| "Murugane Senthil" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan || 00.58
|-
| "Munthum Thamizh" || [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[A. P. Komala]] || 01:51
|-
| "Muruga Muruga Muruga" || K. B. Sundarambal || 01:43
|-
| "Solla Solla" (Film Version) || P. Susheela || 02:22
|-
| "Solla Solla" (Full Version) || P. Susheela || 03:21
|-
| "Thirupparang Kundrathil" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi, P. Susheela || Poovai Senguttavan || 03:23
|-
| "Vallimalai Pothigaimalai" || P. Susheela || Kannadasan ||
|-
| "Vellimalai Mannava" || [[S. Varalakshmi]] || Kannadasan || 01:54
|-
| "Vetrivel Veeravel" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || Kannadasan || 02:41
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Nagarajan for taking an old story and reinventing it.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 February 1967 |title=கந்தன் கருணை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/feb/05-02-1967/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725053007/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/feb/05-02-1967/p17.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0192198}}

{{A. P. Nagarajan}}
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Janapada

2026-03-04T05:01:37Z

Pururava:

{{Short description|Major realms of Vedic India, c. 1100–600 BCE}}
{{For|the film|Janapada (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The '''Janapadas''' ({{lit|Foothold of the people}}) ({{IPA|sa|janapada|pron}}) (c. 1100–600 BCE) were the [[realms]], [[Gaṇasaṅgha|aristocratic republics]] (Gaṇasaṅgha) and [[monarchy|kingdoms]] (sāmarājya) of the [[Vedic period]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The Vedic period reaches from the late [[Bronze Age India|Bronze Age]] into the [[Iron Age India|Iron Age]]: from about 1500 BCE to the 6th century BCE. With the rise of sixteen ''[[Mahajanapadas]]'' ("great janapadas"), most of the states were [[Annexation|annexed]] by more powerful neighbours, although some remained independent.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=18}}

[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|Late Vedic era map showing the boundaries of [[Āryāvarta]] with Janapadas in northern India. Beginning of Iron Age kingdoms in India— [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]], [[Panchala]], [[Kosala]], [[Videha]].]]
[[File:EpicIndia.jpg|thumb|Locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or [[Bharata Khanda]].]]Janapadas were the kingdoms and republics of Vedic India from the late Bronze Age to the Iron Age (c. 1200 BCE to 6th century BCE). Emerging from settled agricultural communities, they were originally named after the dominant "Jana" (people/tribe). With the spread of iron tools, these smaller kingdoms grew in size and power, eventually evolving into the larger Mahajanapadas.

== Etymology ==
The [[Sanskrit]] term ''janapada'' is a [[tatpurusha]] compound term, composed of two words: ''jana'' and ''padna''. ''Jana'' means "person" or "people" (cf. [[Latin]] [[cognate]] ''genus'', [[English language|English]] cognate ''kin''). The word ''pada'' means "foot" (cf. Latin cognate ''pedis'');<ref name="lanman1912">{{Citation |title=A Sanskrit reader: with vocabulary and notes|author=Charles Rockwell Lanman |year=1912 |publisher=[[Ginn & Co.]] |location=[[Boston]] |url=https://archive.org/stream/sanskritreaderwi00lanmiala#page/158/mode/1up |quote="''... jána, m. creature; man; person; in plural, and collectively in singular, folks; a people or race or tribe ... cf. γένος, Lat. genus, Eng. kin, 'race' ...''"|author-link=Charles Rockwell Lanman }}</ref><ref name="potter1974">{{Citation |title=Pedigree: the origins of words from nature |author=Stephen Potter, Laurens Christopher Sargent |year=1974 |publisher=Taplinger |isbn=9780800862480 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SNDAAAAIAAJ |quote=''... *gen-, found in Skt. jana, 'a man', and Gk. genos and L. genus, 'a race' ...''}}</ref> from its earliest attestation, the word has had a double meaning of "realm, territory" and "subject population" (cf. Hittite ''pedan'', "place"). Linguist George Dunkel compares the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''andrapodon'' "slave", to [[PIE]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|*pédom}} "fetters" (i.e. "what is attached to the feet"). Sanskrit ''padám'', usually taken to mean "footprint, trail", diverges in accent from the PIE reconstruction.
For the sense of "population of the land", ''padasya janas'', the inverted ''padajana'' would be expected. A primary meaning of "place of the people", ''janasya padam'', would not explain why the compound is of [[masculine]] gender. An original [[dvandva]] "land and people" is conceivable, but a dual inflection would be expected.<ref name="Dunkel2002">{{Cite book |first=George|last=Dunkel|chapter=Vedic janapada and Ionic andrapodon; with notes on Vedic drupadam and IE pedom "place" and "fetter"|title=Indo-European Perspectives (ed. M. R. V. Southern)|series=[[Journal of Indo-European Studies]]|number=43|date=2002|type=Monograph}}</ref>

== History and evolution ==
[[File:ചിതിയുടെയും-ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെയും മാതൃക.jpg|thumb|right|Modern replica of utensils and [[Vedic fire altar|falcon shaped altar]] used for [[Agnicayana]], an elaborate [[srauta]] ritual originating from the [[Kuru kingdom]],{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} around 1000 BCE.]]
Literary evidence suggests that the janapadas flourished between 1100 BCE and 500 BCE. The earliest mention of the term "janapada" occurs in the [[Aitareya Brahmana|Aitareya]] (8.14.4) and [[Shatapatha Brahmana|Shatapatha]] (13.4.2.17) [[Brahmana]] texts.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=15}}

In the [[Vedas|Vedic]] [[samhita]]s, the term ''[[jana (Vedic period)|jana]]'' denotes a tribe, whose members believed in a shared ancestry.{{sfn|Misra|1973|pp=7-11}} The janas were headed by a king (''[[raja]]''). The council (s''amiti)'' was a common assembly of the jana members, and had the power to elect or dethrone the king. The [[Sabhā|s''abha'']] was a smaller assembly of wise elders, who advised the king.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=12}}

The janas were originally semi-nomadic [[pastoralism|pastoral]] communities, but gradually came to be associated with specific territories as they became less mobile. Various ''kula''s (clans) developed within the jana, each with its own chief. Gradually, the necessities of defence and warfare prompted the janas to form military groupings, headed by ''janapadin''s ([[Kshatriya]] warriors). This model ultimately evolved into the establishment of political units known as the ''janapadas''.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=13}}

While some of the janas evolved into their own janapadas, others appear to have mixed together to form a common Janapada. According to the political scientist Sudama Misra, the name of the [[Panchala]] janapada suggests that it was a fusion of five (''pancha'') janas.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=14}} Some janas (such as Aja and Mutiba), mentioned in the earliest texts do not find a mention in the later texts. Misra theorizes that these smaller janas were conquered by and assimilated into the larger janas.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=14}}

Janapadas were gradually dissolved around 500 BCE. Their disestablishment can be attributed to the rise of imperial powers (such as [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]) in Northern India, as well as foreign invasions (such as those by the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] and the [[Macedonian Empire|Greeks]]) in the north-western [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Misra|1973|pp=15-16}}

== Nature ==
The Janapada were highest political unit in Northern India during this period; these polities were usually monarchical (though some followed a form of republicanism) and succession was hereditary. The head of a kingdom was a king (''[[raja]]''). A chief priest (''[[purohita]]'') and a commander of the army (''[[senani]]'') who would assist the king. There were also two other political bodies: the (''samiti''), thought to be a council of elders and the ''[[sabhā]]'', a general assembly of the entire people.<ref name="Bhandarkar1994">{{cite book|author=D. R. Bhandarkar|title=Lectures on the Ancient History of India from 650 - 325 B. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWXONsTkrykC&pg=PA174|year=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0124-6|pages=174–}}</ref>

===The boundaries of the kingdoms===
Often rivers formed the boundaries of two neighboring kingdoms, as was the case between the northern and southern [[Panchala]] and between the western ([[Pandava]]'s kingdom) and eastern ([[Kaurava]]'s kingdom) [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]. Sometimes, large forests, which were larger than the kingdoms themselves, formed their boundaries as was the case of [[Naimisha Forest]], the Naimisha Aranyam between Panchala and [[Kosala kingdom|Kosala]] kingdoms. Mountain ranges like [[Himalaya]], [[Vindhya Range|Vindhyachal]] and [[Sahyadri]] also formed their boundaries.

===The cities and villages===
[[File:Ahichchhatra_Fort_Temple_Bareilly.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Multi-coloured political map|Ahichchhatra (or Ahi-Kshetra) was the ancient capital of Northern [[Panchala]]. The remains of this city has been discovered in [[Bareilly]].]]
Some kingdoms possessed a main city that served as its capital. For example, the capital of Pandava's kingdom was [[Indraprastha]] and the Kaurava's kingdom was [[Hastinapura]]. [[Ahichatra]] was the capital of Northern Panchala whereas [[Kampilya]] was the capital of Southern Panchala. [[Kosala]] had its capital at [[Ayodhya]]. Apart from the main city or capital, where the palace of the ruling king was situated, there were small towns and villages spread throughout the kingdom, from which tax was collected by officers appointed by the king. What the king offered in return was protection from attack by other kings and bandit tribes, as well as from invading foreign nomadic tribes. The king also enforced law and order in his kingdom by punishing the guilty.<ref name="Patil1946">{{cite book|author=Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|title=Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&pg=PA175|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2085-2|pages=175–}}</ref><ref name="Miśra1973">{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref>

== Administration ==
[[File:Coin of the Kuru Kingdom.jpg|thumb|A Kuru coin, earliest example of [[coinage of India|coinage in India]].<ref name="Goyala1994">{{cite book|author=Śrīrāma Goyala|title=The Coinage of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5caAAAAYAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan}}</ref>]]
The Janapadas had [[Kshatriya]] rulers.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=17}} Based on literary references, historians have theorized that the Janapadas were administered by the following assemblies in addition to the king:

; Sabha (Council)
: An assembly more akin to a council of qualified members or elders (mostly men) who advised the king and performed judicial functions. In the ''ganas'' or republican Janapadas called [[Gaṇasaṅgha]] with no kings, the council of elders also handled administration.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=18}}

; Paura Sabha (Executive Council)
: The Paura Sabha was the assembly of the capital city (''pura''), and handled municipal administration.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=19}}

; Samiti (General Assembly)
: A samiti generally consisted of all adults of the republic or the city-state. A samiti was congregated when a matter of importance had to be communicated to the entire city-state. A samiti was also held at the time of festivals to plan, raise revenue and conduct the celebrations.

; Janapada
: The Janapada assembly represented the rest of the Janapada, possibly the villages, which were administered by a ''gramini'',{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=19}} or ''grāmaṇī''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=gr%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87%C4%AB | title=Sanskrit Dictionary }}</ref>

Some historians have also theorized that there was a common assembly called the "Paura-Janapada", but others such as [[Ram Sharan Sharma]] disagree with this theory. The existence of Paura and Janapada itself is a controversial matter.<ref name="RSSharma_1991">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_E3K8fQoDgC&pg=PA242 |title=Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India |author=Ram Sharan Sharma |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1991 |page=242 |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |isbn=9788120808270 }}</ref>

Indian nationalist historians such as [[K. P. Jayaswal]] have argued that the existence of such assemblies is evidence of prevalence of democracy in ancient India.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lp8jAQAAIAAJ |title=Interpretations of Ancient Indian Polity: A Historiographical Study |author=Dinesh Kumar Ojha |publisher=Manish Prakashan |year=2006 |page=160 |isbn=9788190246965 }}</ref> V. B. Misra notes that the contemporary society was divided into the four [[varna (Hinduism)|varnas]] (besides the [[avarna]] or outcastes), and the Kshatriya ruling class had all the political rights.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=20}} Not all the citizens in a janapada had political rights.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=18}} Based on ''Gautama's Dharmasutra'', Jayaswal theorized that the low-caste [[shudra]]s could be members of the Paura assembly.<ref name="RSSharma_1991"/> According to [[A. S. Altekar]], this theory is based on a misunderstanding of the text: the term "Paura" in the relevant portion of the ''Dharmasutra'' refers to a resident of the city, not a member of the city assembly.<ref name="ASA_1949">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb3Z2UovOjkC&pg=PA151 |title=State and Government in Ancient India |author=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1949 |pages=151–153 |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |isbn=9788120810099 }}</ref> Jayaswal also argued that the members of the supposed Paura-Janapada assembly acted as counselors to the king, and made other important decisions such as imposing taxes in times of emergency. Once again, Altekar argued that these conclusions are based on misinterpretations of the literary evidence. For example, Jayaswal has wrongly translated the word "amantra" in a ''[[Ramayana]]'' verse as "to offer advice"; it actually means "to bid farewell" in proper context.<ref name="ASA_1949"/>

==Interactions between kingdoms==
{{Infobox
| title = Janapada weaponry
| image =
{{image array|perrow=2|width=180|height=180
| image1 = MET 2001 433 53 O.jpeg|caption1=Ancient Indian Antennae sword; Metalwork, 1800–1500 BCE <ref>{{cite news |author=Rohan Dua |title=India's largest known burial site is 3,800 yrs old, confirms carbon dating |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-largest-known-burial-site-is-3800-yrs-old-confirms-carbon-dating/articleshow/74254040.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| image2 = Ax Blade (Celt).jpg|caption2=Ancient Indian Ax Blade, 1800–1500 BCE<ref>{{cite news |author=Rohan Dua |title=India's largest known burial site is 3,800 yrs old, confirms carbon dating |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-largest-known-burial-site-is-3800-yrs-old-confirms-carbon-dating/articleshow/74254040.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
}}
There was no border security for a kingdom and border disputes were very rare. One king might conduct a military campaign (often designated as ''[[Digvijaya (conquest)|Digvijaya]]'' meaning ''conquest of the four directions'') and defeat another king in a battle, lasting for a day.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Geographical knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iw5NAAAAIAAJ|year=1971}}</ref> The defeated king would acknowledge the supremacy of the victorious king. The defeated king might sometimes be asked to give a tribute to the victorious king. Such tribute would be collected only once, not on a periodic basis. The defeated king, in most cases, would be free to rule his own kingdom, without maintaining any contact with the victorious king. There was no annexation of one kingdom by another. Often a military general (''[[senapati]]'') conducted these campaigns on behalf of his king. A military campaign and tribute collection was often associated with a great sacrifice (like [[Rajasuya]] or [[Ashvamedha]]) conducted in the kingdom of the campaigning king. The defeated king also was invited to attend these sacrifice ceremonies, as a friend and ally.{{sfn|Knipe|2015|p=234-5}}

===New kingdoms===
New kingdoms were formed when a major clan produced more than one king in a generation. The [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] clan of Kings was very successful in governing throughout North India with their numerous kingdoms, which were formed after each successive generation. Similarly, the [[Yadava]] clan of kings formed numerous kingdoms in Central India.<ref name="Chatterji1980">{{cite book|author=Asim Kumar Chatterji|title=Political History of Pre-Buddhist India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECAdAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Indian Publicity Society}}</ref>

===Cultural differences ===
[[File:King Yudhisthira Performs the Rajasuya Sacrifice.png|thumb|250px|Vedic King performs the [[Rajasuya]] Sacrifice.]]
Parts of western India were dominated by tribes who had a slightly different culture, considered non-Vedic by the mainstream [[Vedic culture]] prevailing in the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] and Panchala kingdoms. Similarly, there were some tribes in the eastern regions of India considered to be in this category.<ref>{{cite web|author=Millard Fuller |url=http://www.angika.com |title=(अंगिका) Language : The Voice of Anga Desh |publisher=Angika}}</ref> Tribes with non-Vedic culture — especially those of barbaric nature — were collectively termed as ''[[Mleccha]]''. Very little was mentioned in the ancient [[Ancient India|Indian]] literature about the kingdoms to the North, beyond the [[Himalayas]]. [[Ancient China|China]] was mentioned as a kingdom known as ''[[China in the Mahābhārata|Cina]]'', often grouped with ''Mleccha'' kingdoms.

== List of Janapadas ==
=== Vedic literature ===
The [[Vedas]] mention five sub-divisions of ancient India:{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=24}}

* ''Udichya'' (Northern region)
* ''Prachya'' (Eastern region)
* ''[[Dakshinapatha|Dakshina]]'' (Southern region)
* ''Pratichya'' (Western region)
* ''[[Madhyadesha|Madhya-desha]]'' (Central region)

The Vedic literature mentions the following ''jana''s or ''janapada''s:{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=304-305}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Jana or Janapada !! [[IAST]] name !! Region !! Mentioned in [[Rigveda]] !! Mentioned in [[Atharvaveda]]
|-
| Aja || Aja || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Alina people|Alina]] || Alina || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Ambashtha]] || Ambaśṭha || Central || ||
|-
| [[Andhra in Indian epic literature|Andhra]] || Āndhra || Southern || ✓||
|-
| [[Anga]] || Aṅga || Eastern || || ✓
|-
| Anu || Anu || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Bahlikas|Balhika]] || Balhika || Northern || || ✓
|-
| Bhalana || Bhalana || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| Bharadvaja || Bharadvāja || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Bhāratas|Bharata]] || Bharata || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| Bheda || Bheda || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| Bodha || Bodha || Central || ||
|-
| [[Cedī (tribe)|Chedi]]|| Cedi || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Druhyus|Druhyu]] || Druhyu || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhara]]|| Gandhāra || Western || ✓ || ✓
|-
| [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] || Kamboja || Northern || ||
|-
| Keshin || Keśin || Central || ||
|-
| [[Kikata kingdom|Kikata]] || Kīkaṭa || Eastern || ✓ || ✓
|-
| [[Kirata]] || Kirāta || Eastern || ||
|-
| [[Kosala]] || Kosala || Eastern || ||
|-
| Krivi || Krivi || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Kunti kingdom|Kunti]] || Kunti || Central || ||
|-
|[[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]|| Kalinga || Eastern || ✓ || ✓
|-
| [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] || Kuru || Central || ✓ || ✓
|-
| [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] || Magadha || Eastern || || ✓
|-
| Mahavrisha || Mahāvṛṣa || Northern || || ✓
|-
| [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]] || Matsya || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| Mujavana || Mūjavana || Northern || ✓ || ✓
|-
| Mutiba || Mūtiba || Southern || ✓||
|-
| [[Nishada]] || Niṣāda || Central || ||
|-
| [[Pakthas|Paktha]] || Paktha || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Panchala]] || Pāñcala || Central || ||
|-
| Parshu || Parśu || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Parvata kingdom|Paravata]] || Pārāvata || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| Prithu || Pṛthu || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Pulinda]] || Pulinda || Southern || ✓||
|-
| [[Pundra kingdom|Pundra]] || Puṇḍra || Eastern || ✓||
|-
| [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] || Pūru || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| Rushama || Ruśama || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Salva (India)|Salva]] || Śālva || Central || ||
|-
| Satvanta || Satvanta || Southern || ||
|-
| Shabara || Śabara || Southern || ✓||
|-
| Shigru || Śigru || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Sivi kingdom|Shiva]] || Śiva || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| Shvikna || Śvikna || Central || ||
|-
| Srinjaya || Sṛñjaya || Central || ✓ || ✓
|-
| [[Tritsu]] || Tṛtsu || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Turvashas|Turvasha]] || Turvaśa || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| Ushinara || Uśīnara || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| Uttara Kuru || Uttara Kuru || Northern || ||
|-
| Uttara Madra || Uttara Madra || Northern || ||
|-
| Vaikarna || Vaikarṇa || Northern || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]] || Vaṅga || Eastern || ||
|-
| [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kashi]]|| Kāśi || Eastern || ||
|-
| Varashikha || Varaśikha || Central || ✓ ||
|-
| Vasha || Vaśa || Central || ||
|-
| [[Vidarbha kingdom|Vidarbha]] || Vidarbha || Southern || || ✓
|-
| [[Videha]] || Videha || Eastern || ||
|-
| Vishanin || Viśaṇin || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| Vrichivanta || Vṛcivanta || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Yadu]] || Yadu || Western || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Yaksha kingdom|Yakshu]] || Yakṣu || Central || ✓ ||
|}

{{see also|List of Rigvedic tribes}}

=== Puranic literature ===
The [[Puranas]] mention seven sub-divisions of ancient India:{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=45}}

* ''Udichya'' (Northern region)
* ''Prachya'' (Eastern region)
* ''[[Dakshinapatha]]'' (Southern region)
* ''[[Aparanta]]'' (Western region)
* ''Madhya-desha'' (Central region)
* ''Parvata-shrayin'' ([[Himalayas|Himalayan region]])
* ''Vindhya-prashtha'' ([[Vindhyas|Vindhyan region]])

According to research by political scientist Sudama Misra, the Puranic texts mention the following ''janapada''s:{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=306-321}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" | Janapada
! rowspan="2" | Region
! colspan="5" | Mentioned in the Puranas?
! rowspan="2" | Alternative names and locations
|-
! ''[[Matsya Purana|Matsya]]'' (Chapter 114)
! ''[[Vayu Purana|Vayu]]'' (Chapter 45)
! ''[[Markandeya Purana|Markandeya]]'' (Chapter 57)
! ''[[Vamana Purana|Vamana]]'' (Chapter 13)
! ''[[Brahmanda Purana|Brahmanda]]'' (Chapter 16)
|-
| [[Abhira tribe|Ābhīra]] (northern) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Abhira tribe|Ābhīra]] (southern) || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Abhīṣaha (Abhishaha) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Apanga (''Vayu''), Aupadha (''Markandeya''), Alasa (''Vamana'')
|-
| Āhuka || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kuhaka (''Markandeya''), Kuhuka (''Vamana'')
|-
| Alimadra || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Anibhadra (''Markandeya''), Alibhadra (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Anarta|Ānarta]] || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Āvantya ''Markandeya'', ''Vamana''
|-
| Andhaka || Central || ✓ || || || || ||
|-
| [[Andhra in Indian epic literature|Āndhra]] || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Andha (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Andhravāka || Eastern || || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Andhāraka (''Markandeya'')
|-
| [[Anga|Aṅga]] || Eastern || ✓ || || || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Eastern in ''Vamana''
|-
| Aṅgāramāriṣa (Angara-Marisha) || Southern || || || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Āntaranarmada || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Uttaranarmada (''Markandeya''), Sunarmada (''Vamana'')
|-
| Antargiri || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Anūpa || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Arūpa (''Matsya''), Annaja (''Vayu'')
|-
| Aparīta || Northern|| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Purandhra (''Matsya''), Aparānta (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Arthapa || Central || || ✓ || ✓ || || || Atharva (''Markandeya'')
|-
| [[Ashmaka|Aśmaka]] (Ashmaka) || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Aśvakūṭa || Central || || || ✓ || || ||
|-
| Āṭavi || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Āraṇya (''Markandeya''), Āṭavya (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Ātreya || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Atri (''Matsya'', ''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Auṇḍra || Vindhyan || ✓ || || || || ||
|-
| [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Vindhyan in ''Matsya''
|-
| Bahirgiri || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Bahlikas|Vāhlīka]] || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Bahula || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Pahlava (''Vayu''), Bahudha (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Barbaras|Barbara]] || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Northern in ''Vamana''
|-
| Bhadra || Eastern and Central || || || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Bhadrakāra || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Bharadvāja || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Bhārgava || Eastern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Bharukachchha|Bharukaccha]] || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Bhanukaccha (''Vayu''), Bhīrukahcha (''Markandeya''), Dārukachchha (''Vamana''), Sahakaccha (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Bhokardan|Bhogavardhana]] || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Bhoja || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Gopta (''Vamana'')
|-
| Bhūṣika (Bhushika) || Northern || || || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Bodha || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || Bāhya (''Matsya'')
|-
| Brahmottara || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Suhmottara (''Matsya''), Samantara (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Carmakhaṇḍika (Charmakhandika) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Attakhaṇḍika (''Matsya''), Sakheṭaka (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Cheras|Kerala]] || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kevala (''Markandeya'')
|-
| [[Chinas|Cīna]] (China) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Pīna (''Vayu''), Veṇa (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Early Cholas|Cola]] (Chola) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Caulya (''Vayu''), Cauḍa (''Vamana''); Southern and Eastern in ''Brahmanda''
|-
| Cūlika (Chulika) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Cūḍika (''Vamana''), Vindhyacūlika (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Danda kingdom|Daṇḍaka]] || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Daradas|Darada]] || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Darva || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Himalayan and Northern in ''Vayu'' and ''Markandeya''
|-
| Daśeraka (Dasheraka) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Karseruka (''Vayu''), Kuśeruka (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Daśamālika (Dashamalika) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Daśanāmaka (''Matsya''), Daśamānika (''Vayu''), Daṅśana (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Dasharna|Daśarṇa]] (Dasharna) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Druhyus|Druhyu]] || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || Hrada (''Vayu''), Bhadra (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Durga || Western || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Durgala (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Ganaka || Northern || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhāra]] || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Godha || Central || || || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Golāṅgūla || Southern || || || ✓ || || ||
|-
| Gonarda || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Govinda (''Vayu''), Gomanta (''Markandeya''), Mananda (''Vamana'')
|-
| Haṃsamārga || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Sarvaga (Himalayan) in ''Matsya''; Haṃsamārga (Northern and Himalayan) in ''Vayu'' and ''Markandeya''; Karnamārga (Northern) and Haṃsamārga (Himalayan) in ''Vamana''; Haṃsamārga (Himalayan) Haṃsabhaṅga (Northern) in ''Brahmanda''
|-
| [[Hara Huna kingdom|Hara-Hunaka]] || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Pūrṇa (''Vayu''), Ūrṇa (''Markandeya''), Cūrṇa (''Vamana''), Hūṇa (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Hāramuṣika (Haramushika) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Hāramūrtika (''Matsya''), Hārapūrika (''Vayu''), Sāmuṣaka (''Vamana'')
|-
| Huhuka || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Samudgaka (''Matsya''), Sahūdaka (''Vayu''), Sakṛtraka (''Markandeya''), Śahuhūka (''Vamana''), Sahuhūka (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Ijika || Northern || || || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Īṣīka (Ishika) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Vaisakya (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Jaguda || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || || Jāṇgala (''Matsya''), Juhuḍa (''Vayu''), Jāguḍa (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Jāṇgala || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Jñeyamarthaka || Eastern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Jñeyamallaka (''Markandeya''), Aṅgiyamarṣaka (''Vamana''), Gopapārthiva (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Kachchh]]ika || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Kāchchhīka (''Matsya''), Kacchīya (''Vayu''), Kāśmīra (''Markandeya''), Kacchipa (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Kālatoyaka || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (central) || Central || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Arkalinga (''Markandeya'')
|-
| [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (southern) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Kalitaka || Western || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kālītaka (''Vayu''), Anīkaṭa (''Markandeya''), Tālīkaṭa (''Vamana''), Kuntala (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Kalivana || Western || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kolavana (''Vayu''), Kālivala (''Markandeya''), Vāridhana (''Vamana''), Kalivana (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Kambojas|Kāmboja]] || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Kantakara || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Kanṭakāra (''Matsya''), Raddhakaṭaka (''Vayu''), Bahubhadra (''Markandeya''), Kādhara (''Vamana'')
|-
| Kāraskara || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Paraṣkara (''Vayu''), Kaṭhākṣara (''Markandeya''), Karandhara (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Karusha kingdom|Kārūṣa]] (Karusha) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Southern and Vindhyan (''Matsya'')
|-
| [[Kasmira kingdom|Kāśmīra]] (Kashmira) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ ||
|-
| Kauśika || Central || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| [[Kekaya|Kekeya]] || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kaikeyya (''Matsya''), Kaikeya (''Markandeya''), Kaikeya (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Khasas|Khasa]] || Himalayan || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Khaśa (''Vamana''), Śaka (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Kirata|Kirāta]] || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kirāta (''Matsya'', Central and Himalayan)
|-
| Kisaṇṇa || Central || || ✓ || || || ||
|-
| [[Kishkindha|Kiṣkindhaka]] (Kishkindhaka) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kikarava (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Konkana kingdom|Koṅkaṇa]] || Southern || || || || || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Kosala|Kośala]] (Central) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Dakshina Kosala|Kośala]] (Vindhyan) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Kukkuṭa || Northern || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| Kulūta || Northern || || || || ✓ || ✓ || Ulūta (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Kulya || Southern and Central || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Only Central in ''Markandeya''; only Southern in ''Vamana'' and ''Brahmanda''
|-
| Kumara || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kupatha (''Matsya''), Kumana (''Vayu''), Kusuma (''Markandeya''), Kumārāda (''Vamana''), Kṣapaṇa (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Kuninda kingdom|Kuninda]] || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Pulinda (''Matsya''), Kaliṅga (''Markandeya''), Kalinda (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]] || Southern and Central || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kuntala ( (''Matsya'', only Central), Kuṇḍala (''Vamana'')
|-
| Kupatha || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kṣupaṇa (''Vayu''), Kurava (''Markandeya'')
|-
| [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Kaurava (''Vamana'')
|-
| Kuśalya (Kushalya) || Central || || || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Kuśūdra (Kushudra) || Central || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| Kuthaprāvaraṇa || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kuśaprāvaraṇa (''Vayu''), Kuntaprāvaraṇa (''Markandeya''), Apaprāvaraṇa (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Lalhitta || Northern || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| Lampāka || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Lamaka (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Madra]]ka || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Bhadraka (''Vayu'' and ''Vamana''), Maṇḍala (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Madguraka || Eastern || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Mudgara (''Markandeya''), Mudagaraka (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Mādreya || Central || || || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Magadha || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Eastern in ''Vayu'' and ''Brahmanda''
|-
| Maharāṣṭra (Maharashtra) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Navarāṣṭra (''Matsya'')
|-
| Māheya || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Māhiṣika (Mahishika) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Māhiṣaka (''Vayu'' and ''Markandeya'')
|-
| Mālada || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Mālava (''Matsya''), Manada (''Markandeya''), Mansāda (''Vamana'')
|-
| Malaka || Central || || || ✓ || || ||
|-
| Malavartika || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Mallavarṇaka (''Matsya''), Mālavartin (''Vayu''), Mānavartika (''Markandeya''), Baladantika (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Malavas|Mālava]] || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Ekalavya (''Vamana''), Malada (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Malla (tribe)|Malla]] || Eastern ||✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Śālva (''Matsya''), Māla (''Vayu''), Māia (''Vamana'')
|-
| Maṇḍala || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Mālava (''Vayu''), Mālava (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Māṇḍavya || Northern || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| Māṣa (Masha) || Vindhyan || ✓ || || || || ||
|-
| Mātaṅga || Eastern || ✓ || || || || ||
|-
| [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]]|| Central || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Yatstha (''Vamana'')
|-
| Maulika || Southern || ||✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Maunika (''Vayu'')
|-
| Mekala || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Rokala (''Vayu''), Kevala (''Markandeya'')
|-
| [[Mount Abu|Arbuda]] || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Mūka || Central || ✓ || || || || ||
|-
| [[Mushika kingdom|Mūṣika]] (Mushika) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Sūtika (''Matsya''), Mūṣikāda (''Vamana''), Mūṣika (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Nairṇika || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Naiṣika (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Nalakālika || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Vanadāraka (''Markandeya''), Nalakāraka (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Nasikya kingdom|Nāsikya]] || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Vāsikya (''Matsya''), Nāsikānta (''Vamana''), Nāsika (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Nirāhāra || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Nigarhara (''Vayu''), Nihāra (''Markandeya'')
|-
| [[Nishada|Naiṣadha]] (Naishadha) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Niṣāda (''Vayu'')
|-
| [[Pahlavas|Pahlava]] || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Pallava (all except ''Vayu'')
|-
| Pāṇavīya || Northern || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| [[Panchala|Pāñcala]] (Panchala) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Pandya|Pāṇḍya]] (Pandya) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Puṇḍra (''Markandeya''), Puṇḍra (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Parada kingdom|Pārada]] || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Parita (''Vayu''), Pāravata (''Vamana'')
|-
| Paṭaccara (Patachchara) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || Śatapatheśvara (''Vayu'')
|-
| Paurika || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Paunika (''Vayu''), Paurika (''Markandeya''), Paurika (''Vamana''), Paurika (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Pluṣṭa (Plushta) || Himalayan || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| [[Kamarupa|Pragjyotisha]]|| Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Prasthala]]|| Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Puṣkala (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Pravaṅga || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Plavaṅga (''Matsya'' and ''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Prāvijaya || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Prāviṣeya (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Priyalaukika || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Harṣavardhana (''Markandeya''), Aṅgalaukika (''Vamana''), Aṅgalaukika (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Puleya || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kulīya (''Matsya''), Pulinda (''Markandeya''), Pulīya (''Vamana''), Pauleya (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Pulinda]] || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Pundra kingdom|Puṇḍra]] || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Muṇḍa (''Vayu''), Madra (''Markandeya''), Pṛsadhra (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Rakshasa kingdom|Rākṣasa]] (Rakshasa) || Southern || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| Rāmaṭha || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Māṭhara (''Markandeya''), Māṭharodha (''Vamana'')
|-
| Rūpasa || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Kūpasa (''Vayu''), Rūpapa (''Markandeya''), Rūpaka (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Sainika || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Pidika (''Vayu''), Śūlika (''Markandeya''), Jhillika (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Salva (India)|Salva]] (Shalva) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Saraja || Vindhyan || || || ✓ || || ||
|-
| [[Saraswata kingdom|Sārasvata]] || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Sārika || Southern || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| [[Saurashtra (region)|Surāṣṭra]] (Surashtra) || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Saurāṣṭra (''Matsya'')
|-
| Sauśalya (Saushalya) || Central || || || || || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Sindhu-Sauvīra|Sauvīra]]|| Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Setuka || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Śailūṣa (''Markandeya''), Jānuka (''Vamana'')
|-
| Śabara (Shabara) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Bara (''Vayu''), Śarava (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Shakas|Śaka]] (Shaka) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Central in ''Vamana''
|-
|[[Suhma kingdom|Suhma]]
|Eastern
|✓
|✓
|✓
|✓
|✓
|
|-
| Śaśikhādrika (Shashikhadraka) || Himalayan || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| Śatadruja (Shatadruja) || Northern || || || ✓ || ✓ || || Śatadrava (''Vamana'')
|-
| Ṣaṭpura || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Padgama (''Matsya''), Ṣaṭsura (''Vayu''), Paṭava (''Markandeya''), Bahela (''Vamana'')
|-
| Śulakara (Shulakara) || Northern || || || ✓ || || ||
|-
| [[Shurparaka|Śūrpāraka]] || Western || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Sūrpāraka (''Vayu''), Sūryāraka (''Markandeya''), Sūryāraka (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Sindhu kingdom|Sindhu]] || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Sirāla || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Surāla (''Vayu''), Sumīna (''Markandeya''), Sinīla (''Vamana''), Kirāta (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Sudra kingdom|Śudra]] (Shudra) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Suhya (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Sujaraka || Eastern || || ✓ || || || ||
|-
| Supārśva (Suparshva) || Northern || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| [[Surasena|Śūrasena]] (Shurasena) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ ||
|-
| Taittrika || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Taittirika (''Matsya''), Turasita (''Vayu''), Kurumini (''Markandeya''), Tubhamina (''Vamana''), Karīti (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Talagana || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Talagāna (''Matsya''), Stanapa (''Vayu''), Tāvakarāma (''Vamana''), Tālaśāla (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Tāmasa || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Chamara (''Matsya''), Tomara (''Vamana''), Tāmara (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Tāmas || Western || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| [[Tamralipta|Tāmralipataka]] || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Taṅgaṇa || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Apatha (''Matsya''), Gurguṇa (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Taṅgaṇa || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tuṅgana (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Tāpasa || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Svāpada (''Markandeya''), Tāpaka (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Tilaṇga || Central || || ✓ || || || ||
|-
| Tomara || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tāmasa (''Markandeya'' and ''Vamana'')
|-
| Tośala (Toshala) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Traipura || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigarta]] || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| Tumbara || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tumbura (''Vayu''), Tumbula (''Markandeya''), ''Barbara'' (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Tumura || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tumbura (''Markandeya''), Turaga (''Vamana''), Tuhuṇḍa (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Tuṇḍikera || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Śauṇḍikera (''Matsya''), Tuṣṭikāra (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Tūrṇapāda || Northern || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| [[Tushara kingdom|Tuṣāra]] (Tushara) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tukhāra (''Markandeya'')
|-
| Udbhida || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Ulida (''Vamana''), Kulinda (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Urṇa || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Huṇa (''Vayu'')
|-
| [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]] || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Eastern and Central in ''Brahmanda''
|-
| Uttamārṇa || Vindhyan || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Uttama (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Vāhyatodara || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Girigahvara (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Vanavāsika || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Vājivasika (''Matsya''), Banavāsika (''Vayu''), Namavāsika (''Markandeya''), Mahāśaka (''Vamana'')
|-
| [[Vanga kingdom|Vaṅga]] || Eastern || ✓ || || || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Eastern in ''Vamana''
|-
| Vāṅgeya || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Mārgavageya (''Matsya''), Rāṅgeya (''Markandeya''), Vojñeya (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kāśī]] (Kashi) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ ||
|-
| Vāṭadhāna || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Vatsa]] || Central || || ✓ || || || ||
|-
| Vātsīya || Western || || || || ✓ || ||
|-
| [[Vidarbha kingdom|Vaidarbha]] || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Videha]] || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||
|-
| [[Vidisha|Vaidiśa]] (Vaidisha) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Vaidika (''Vayu''), Kholliśa (''Vamana'')
|-
| Vindhyamūlika || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Vindhyapuṣika (''Matsya''), Vindhyaśaileya (''Markandeya''), Vindhyamaulīya (''Brahmanda'')
|-
| Vītihotra || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Vīrahotra (''Markandeya''), Vītahotra (''Vamana'')
|-
| Vṛka || Central || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ||
|-
| Yamaka || Eastern || ✓ || || || || ||
|-
| [[Yavana kingdom|Yavana]] || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Gavala (''Markandeya'')
|}

=== Sanskrit epics ===
The ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'' of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions around 230 janapadas, while the ''[[Ramayana]]'' mentions only a few of these. Unlike the Puranas, the ''Mahabharata'' does not specify any geographical divisions of ancient India, but does support the classification of certain janapadas as southern or northern.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=99}}

{{see also|Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata}}

=== Buddhist canon ===
The Buddhist canonical texts - ''[[Anguttara Nikaya]]'', ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'', ''[[Cullaniddesa|Chulla-Niddesa]]'', although with some differences between them, primarily refer to the following 16 [[mahajanapada]]s ("great janapadas"):{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=2}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
# [[Anga]]
# [[Assaka]]
# [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]]
# [[Cedī (tribe)|Chetiya]]
# [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhara]]
# [[Kambojas|Kamboja]]
# [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kasi]]
# [[Kosala]]
# [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]
# [[Matsya (tribe)|Machchha]]
# [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
# [[Malla (tribe)|Malla]]
# [[Panchala]]
# [[Surasena]]
# [[Vajjika League|Vajji]] (Bajji or Vṛji)
# [[Vatsa|Vamsha]] (Vatsa)
}}

=== Jain text ===
The Jain text ''[[Vyākhyāprajñapti]]'' or ''[[Bhagavati Sutra]]'' also mentions 16 important janapadas, but many names differ from the ones mentioned in the Buddhist texts.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=2}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
# Accha
# [[Anga]]
# Avaha
# [[Vajjika League|Bajji]] (Vajji or Vrijji)
# Banga ([[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]])
# [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kasi]] (Kashi)
# Kochcha
# [[Kosala]]
# [[Lata (region)|Ladha]] (Lata)
# [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
# Malavaka
# Malaya
# [[Malla (tribe)|Moli]] (Malla)
# [[Padha]]
# Sambhuttara
# [[Vatsa|Vaccha]] ([[Vatsa]])
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Rigvedic tribes]]
*[[Bharata Khanda]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[Mahajanapadas]]
*[[Middle kingdoms of India]]
*[[Monarchy in ancient India]]
*[[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
*[[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |first=David M. |last=Knipe |author-link=David M. Knipe |title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RxcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199397709 }}
* {{cite book |first=Sudama |last=Misra |url=http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/131690 |title=Janapada state in ancient India |publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana |location=Vārāṇasī |year=1973 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817151315/http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/131690 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=EJVS |volume=1 |issue=4 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007}}

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian geography| ]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 13th century BC]]
[[Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:6th-century BC disestablishments in India]]

Char Adhyay

2026-03-03T23:28:53Z

Pururava: updated page

{{distinguish|text=Char Adhyay, 1934 novel by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Char Adhyay
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Kumar Shahani]]
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC) [[Doordarshan]]
| writer = Kumar Shahani Udayan Vajpeyi (dialogue)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''Char Adhyay'' (1934)|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]}}
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =[[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| editing = Sujata Narula
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1997}}
| runtime = 110 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =

}}'''''Char Adhyay''''' (English: Four Chapters) 1997 Indian Hindi language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Kumar Shahani]]. It is based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s last novel by the same name, written in 1934.<ref name="Tagore2011">{{cite book|author=Rabindranath Tagore|title=The Essential Tagore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ih-TOTwfogC&pg=PT692|year=2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05790-6|page=656}}</ref>

The film is set in the late [[Bengali Renaissance]] of the 1930s and 1940s, and a group of young intellectuals and revolutionaries involved with the [[Indian independence movement]]. It deals with the impact of political issues on personal lives and questions blind nationalism and blind adherence to a leader and delves into the ugly face of idealism.<ref name="Tagore2011"/><ref name=apt>{{cite web | title = Kumar Shahani | publisher = The 5th Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art | url = http://www.qagoma.qld.gov.au/asiapacifictriennial5/cinema/filmmakers/kumar_shahani | accessdate = 2014-05-03 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140510084006/http://www.qagoma.qld.gov.au/asiapacifictriennial5/cinema/filmmakers/kumar_shahani | archivedate = 10 May 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=today>{{cite web| title = Char Adhyay: Tagore novel adaptation is set to create ripples |publisher=India Today
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970714-char-adhyay-tagore-novel-adaptation-is-set-to-create-ripples-830343-1997-07-13
|author= Madhu Jain|date=14 July 1997| access-date = 2014-05-04}}</ref>

Most of the cast included non-actors, Nandini Ghosal was an Odissi dancer a disciple of Guru [[Kelucharan Mahapatra]], Kaushik Gopal was a psychoanalyst, while Sumanto Chattopadhyay worked in advertising and acted in theatre.<ref name=today/>

==Cast==
* Sumanto Chattopadhyay as Atindra
* [[Nandini Ghosal]] as Ela
* Kaushik Gopal as Indranath
* [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
* Shruti Yusufi
* [[Rajat Kapoor]]
* Ramchandra Parihar

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1934208}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengal]]
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham

2026-03-03T20:23:05Z

Pururava: refined content also and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham
| image = Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| story = Modukuri Johnson
| producer = M. Jagannatha Rao
| director = [[D. Yoganand]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = R. Sampath
| editing = B. Gopala Rao
| studio = S.V.S. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1973|1|12}}
| runtime = 172 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham''''' ({{translation|The World is a Slave to Money}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by M. Jagannatha Rao under the S.V.S. Films banner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/1400/dabbuki-lokam-dasoham-cast.html |title=Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham (Banner) |work=Chitr.com}}</ref> and directed by [[D. Yoganand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/dabbuku-lokam-dasoham-1973-telugu-movie |title=Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham (Direction) |work=Filmiclub}}</ref> It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/en/movie/review/Dabbuku-Lokam-Dasoham/i0qnmolalj |title=Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham (Cast & Crew) |work=Tollywood Times}}</ref> and music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bharat-movies.com/telugu/info/dabbuku-lokam-dasoham.htm |title=Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham (Review) |work=Bharat Movies |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130752/http://bharat-movies.com/telugu/info/dabbuku-lokam-dasoham.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Dharma Rao is a tyrant. Ramu is a well-informed youth who toils to enhance a more significant life and establishes a union. Plus, he impedes the enormities of Dharma Rao, his place where animosity arises. Meanwhile, Aruna, the niece of Dharma Rao, backs accomplishing her education and endears Ramu, adoring his ideologies—however, Dharma Rao ruses to knit her with his debauch sibling Satyam to usurp the wealth. Ramu competes in the elections as backed by the village, but in vain since Dharma Rao prevails with his financial strength. He forges Ramu as an impostor for furtively espousing a girl named Lakshmi, but Aruna trusts him. Following, the blackguards slay her and incriminate Ramu. Further, Satyam molests his sister Tulasi, and she kills herself. In prison, Ramu befriends Lottery Babu & Race Raju. Once, Lottery segregates four tickets to his mates, and Ramu triumphs. Afterward, Race Raju & Lottery started a business on Ramu's behalf, which summits. Years roll by, and Ramu acquits when Race Raju & Lottery entrust the wealth to Ramu, which he refuses. Anyhow, Ramu enrages & avenges society by being aware of worse being harmed and aims to teach a lesson. So, he lands at the village as a straw man and moves knaves at his fingertips when Aruna hostilities him. Parallelly, Ramu provides an excellent deal for the town by creating a rift between the lowlifes and ceasing them by divulging their evils. At last, Ramu proclaims, ''A human should control the money, but not be a puppet in its hand,'' when Aruna actualizes his virtue. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Ramu & Aruna.

==Cast==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Ramu
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Aruna
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as President Dharma Rao
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Brahmananda Swamy
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Satyam
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Chalamaiah
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Lottery Babu
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Durgaiah
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Ekambaram
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Kodandam
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Chittithalli
*Leela Rani as Lakshmi
*Vijaya Bhanu
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Tulasi
*[[Nirmalamma]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1973
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 33:16
| label =
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = [[Badi Panthulu]]
| prev_year = 1972
| next_title = [[Desoddharakulu]]
| next_year = 1973
}}

Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Ek Do Teen"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|4:26
|-
|2
|"Gaali Okkanisommu Kaadu"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]], Ramadevi
|4:11
|-
|3
|"Nuvvu Nenu"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:14
|-
|4
|"Thaaguthaa Neeyavva"
|Kosaraju
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|4:14
|-
|5
|"Chusthunava O Deva"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala
|3:32
|-
|6
|"Chepalani Vunadi"
|Kosaraju
|[[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|Pithapuram]], [[L.R.Eswari]]
|3:56
|-
|7
|"Nuvvu Nenu"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala
|3:28
|-
|8
|"Dabbuku Lokam Daasoham"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Madhavapeddi Satyam, Pithapuram, Mohan Raju, P. Benerjee
|5:15
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{D. Yoganand}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Yoganand]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:1973 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 drama films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]

Hyderabad Love Story

2026-03-03T17:45:33Z

Pururava: typo fix

{{short description|2018 film}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hyderabad Love Story
| image = Hyderabad Love Story.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Raj Satya
| producer = S. N. Reddy
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rahul Ravindran]]
*[[Reshmi Menon]]
*[[Jiya Shankar]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| cinematography = B. V. Amarnadh Reddy
| editing = M. R. Varma
| studio = SNR Films India Pvt LTD
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|2|23}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Hyderabad Love Story''''' is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Raj Satya and starring [[Rahul Ravindran]], [[Reshmi Menon]] and [[Jiya Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Trailer-Hyderabad-Love-Story/articleshow/45889021.cms|title=Trailer: Hyderabad Love Story|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was ready for release in 2015, but only released in 2018.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150624/entertainment-bollywood/article/my-focus-telugu-rahul-ravindran|title=My focus is on Telugu: Rahul Ravindran|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=25 June 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story begins in Hyderabad where Karthik a rich guy who works in [[Larsen & Toubro Limited|L&T]] company where Bhagyalakshmi a naive middle class girl works under him as an employee. Having a painful past Karthik is reserved towards girls which eventually attracts Bhagyalakshmi and starts have feelings towards him. Eventually Karthik also starts showing interest on her. But suddenly Karthik's ex Vaishnavi comes into picture warns Bhagyalakshmi that Karthik is a gay and shows a proof he was taking care a guy who is in the hospital.

Then Bhagyalakshmi became upset of these events tries to avoid Karthik all the time, then finally he confronts her then she expresses her doubts to him after understanding the facts Karthik became angry starts avoiding her. One day Bhagyalakshmi's father who had admitted in the same hospital where Karthik's friend taking care off. There she accidentally meets Dr.Gopal Rao who is Karthik's family friend shares her doubts with him. Then Gopal Rao reveals the actual facts.

The guy who is taken care by Karthik is Hyder Ali, who has a condition called [[sleep apnea]]. He was adopted by Karthik's father at his childhood on the insistence of Karthik. Later Ali and Karthik shares a close bond as brothers, later they shifts to Pune there Karthik starts dating with Vaishnavi who is very possessive towards him. Later, at one rainy night, he found his father died in his sleep at the same time Ali lived his breath in the sleep then the desperate Karthik starts doing [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation| CPR]] meanwhile Vaishnavi gives a sudden visit and misunderstoods him as a Gay and feels betrayed breaks up with him on the spot despite not listening Karthik's word anymore meanwhile with efforts of Karthik, Ali became conscious and listened their conversation pleads Vaishnavi to convince her but she went off with her car. Unknowing of the situation Ali chases her in the rain and meets with an accident and went into coma. Emotionally shaken from that day onwards Karthik became a reserved person.

After knowing the facts Bhagyalakshmi feels guilty for her foolish actions towards Karthik decides to propose him. Meanwhile Vaishnavi comes to Karthik and proposes him again to reconcile their relationship when he is about to say no to her. Bhagyalakshmi observes them misunderstands him again leaves abruptly. Later Karthik properly rejects Vaishnavi's proposal and decides to migrate [[Germany]] forever, and Ali's treatment was setup in [[Singapore]] he was ready to go for the treatment. After recovering from coma Ali meets Bhagyalakshmi and encourages her to propose Karthik or else it may leave forever. Bhagyalakshmi gives a failed attempt to reach out Karthik in the airport but however Karthik turns up to her in a road. Finally the film ends with Bhagyalakshmi proposes Karthik and they stay together.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rahul Ravindran]] as Karthik
*[[Reshmi Menon]] as Bhagyalakshmi
*[[Jiya Shankar]] as Vaishnavi
*Kautilya as Hyder Ali
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as Dr. Gopal Rao
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Karthik's mother
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Karthik's father
*Ambati
*[[Rama Prabha]]
*[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]]
*[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
*[[Shankar Melkote]]
*[[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]
*Rachcha Ravi
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in late 2014, but got delayed in production.<ref name="auto" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Sunil Kashyap]].<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rahul-ravindrans-hyderabad-love-story-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/62885925.cms|title=Rahul Ravindran's 'Hyderabad Love Story' gets a release date|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The audio was released in January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/hyderabad-love-storys-audio-launched-202968|title=ఫీల్‌గుడ్ లవ్‌స్టోరీ|date=11 January 2015|website=Sakshi}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 23 February 2018.<ref name="A" /> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Raj Satya’s Hyderabad Love Story was just like a mess created by a teen".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/feb/23/hyderabad-love-story-review-brainless-wonder-on-70mm-1778011.html|title=Hyderabad Love Story review: Brainless wonder on 70mm|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]'' praised the story and performance of the lead cast while criticising the comedy sequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/hyderabad-love-story-movie-review|title="హైదరాబాద్ లవ్ స్టోరీ" మూవీ రివ్యూ|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8108210}}

[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]

Manoranjan Shill Gopal

2026-02-26T06:51:07Z

Pururava:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manoranjan Shill Gopal
| native_name = মনোরঞ্জন শীল গোপাল
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dinajpur, [[East Pakistan]]
| constituency_MP = [[Dinajpur-1]]
| education = B.A<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Constituency 06 Dinajpur-1 |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/contact/contact-an-mp-email-mobile/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/3591-constituency-06-11th-en |access-date=2021-05-29 |website=Bangladesh Parliament}}</ref>
| profession = Business & Agriculture<ref name="bio"/>
| nationality = [[Bangladeshi]]
| termstart = 2005
| termend = 2024
| predecessor = Abdullah Al Kafi
}}

'''Manoranjan Shill Gopal''' ({{langx|bn|মনোরঞ্জন শীল গোপাল}}; born 1 January 1964), also known as Gopal, is a Bangladeshi politician who was a member of parliament for [[Dinajpur-1]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.observerbd.com/2016/01/27/133122.php |title=Manoranjan Shill Gopal, MP, as chief guest, distributing |work=The Daily Observer |date=27 January 2016 |access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gopal unsuccessfully contested [[Jatiyo Sangshad]] (National Parliament) constituency [[Dinajpur-1]] in [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]] under the National Democratic Party banner, in [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|June 1996]] as the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] candidate, and in [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001]] as the [[Islami Oikya Jote]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=6 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |date= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |accessdate=12 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222053949/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=6 |archivedate=22 December 2008}}</ref>

He ran as an independent in the December 2005 by-election for Dinajpur-1, and was elected member of parliament with a majority of 62,401 votes.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2005 |title=Manoranjan Shil Gopal (Ind) unofficially elected in Dinajpur-1 by poll |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/manoranjan-shil-gopal-ind-unofficially-elected-in-dinajpur-1-by-poll |newspaper=bdnews24 |access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref> Representing the [[Bangladesh Awami League]], he was re-elected to the seat in the [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008]] and [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]] general elections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-9th-parliament-members-bangla |title=List of 9th Parliament Members |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-10th-parliament-members-english |title=List of 10th Parliament Members |website=Bangladesh Parliament}}</ref>

In September 2017, Gopal was sued by an Awami League activists for renaming Sheikh Mujibur Rahman College to MS Gopal Model College.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-09-28 |title=Dinajpur MP sued for renaming Sheikh Mujibur Rahman College to his own |language=en-US |work=Dhaka Tribune |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2017/09/28/dinajpur-mp-sued-renaming-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-college |access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref>

In September 2018, Awami League activists declared Gopal unwanted in Dinajpur District in a rally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-06 |title=Dinajpur AL MP Gopal declared unwelcome in his locality |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2018/09/06/dinajpur-al-mp-gopal-declared-unwelcome-in-his-locality |access-date=2021-07-09 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> He was re-elected from Dinajpur-1 as an Awami League candidate in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of 11th Parliament Members Bangla |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-bangla |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=Bangladesh Parliament}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopal, Manoranjan Shill}}
[[Category:Kodaikanal International School alumni]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Dinajpur District, Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Hindus]]

{{Rangpur-AL-politician-stub}}

Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T06:24:52Z

Pururava: new a post.

{{Short description|Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Pong Dam Wild Life Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = File:Bar-headed Goose and Ruddy Shelduck (49642817993).jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Birds near Pong Dam
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Pong Dam Lake Wild Life Sanctuary
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Talwara]]
| coordinates = {{coord|32|01|N|76|05|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = <ref name="Ramsar1" />
| area = {{convert|245|km2|acre|abbr=on}}
| established = {{Start date|1975}}
| governing_body = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| url =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_date = 19 August 2002<ref name="Ramsar1" />
}}
}}
'''Pong Dam Wild Life Sanctuary''' is a [[sanctuary]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It covers 673 square kilometers. It was established in November 2002, under the ''[[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]]''. The sanctuary protects [[Maharana Pratap Sagar]] lake & wetland, which gained [[Ramsar Convention]] for International importance in 2002.<ref name="Ramsar1">{{cite web|title=Pong Dam|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1211|website=Ramsar Wetlands|publisher=Ramsar|access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{further|Maharana Pratap Sagar}}220 bird species with 54 species of waterfowl and 27 fish species have been identified at Pong Dam Wild Life Sanctuary, located in the [[Kangra district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in the 45 km long and 2 km wide stretch of the [[ Beas River]] lake.
==Fauna==
The main bird species reported are the [[barheaded geese|bar-headed goose (''Anser indicus'')]], [[northern lapwing]], [[ruddy shelduck]], [[northern pintail]], [[common teal]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], [[Eurasian coot]], [[red-necked grebe]], [[black-headed gull]]s, [[plovers]], [[black stork]], [[terns]], [[waterfowl]], and [[egrets]]. The main animals spotted in area around lake are
[[barking deer]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[Wild boar|wild boars]], [[leopards]], and [[oriental small-clawed otter]]s.
The main fish species are [[mahseer]], [[catla]], [[mirror carp]], [[singhara]].<ref name = fish>{{Cite web|url=http://123himachal.com/pondam/birds.htm|title = Pongdam Lake Migratory Birds Boating Wetland Ranser}}</ref>

== Flora ==
The main flora of the sanctuary: The tree species of the forest area are [[acacia]], [[jamun]], [[shisham]], [[mango]], [[mulberry]], [[ficus]], kachanar, [[Indian gooseberry|amla]], and [[prunus]]. A variety of [[Shrub|shrubs]], [[Grass|grasses]], and climbers have also been reported.<ref>[http://123himachal.com/pondam/birds.htm Pongdam Lake], 123himachal.com.</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Bird sanctuaries of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Lakes of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Lakes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kangra district]]
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh]]

Politician

2026-02-19T13:55:35Z

Pururava:

{{Short description|Person active in politics}}
{{other uses|The Politician (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox occupation
| name = Politician
| image = President Richard Nixon seated at his Oval Office desk during a meeting with Henry Kissinger, Alexander Haig, and Gerald Ford.jpg
| caption = American politicians ([[Henry Kissinger|Kissinger]], [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Alexander Haig|Haig]]) in the White House's [[Oval Office]] discussing Representative Ford's nomination to the vice presidency
| official_names=
* [[President (government title)|President]]
* [[Vice president|Vice President]]
* [[Member of congress|Member of Congress]]/Congressman/Representative
* [[Senator]]
* [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]]
* [[Deputy prime minister|Deputy Prime Minister]]
* [[Premier]]
* Deputy Premier
* [[Chief Minister]]
* [[Governor-General]]
* [[Minister (government)|Minister]]
* [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]
* [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]]
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Governor]]
* [[Lieutenant governor|Lieutenant Governor]]/Vice Governor
* [[Chairperson]]
* [[Chancellor]]
* [[Mayor]]
* [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]]/Vice Mayor
* [[Senior advisor|Senior Advisor]]/[[Advisor]]
* [[First lady|First Lady]]/[[Second lady|Second Lady]]
* [[Secretary of state|Secretary of State]]
* [[Councillor]]
| type = Politician
| activity_sector = [[Government]]
| competencies=
* [[Leadership]]
* [[Critical thinking]]
* [[Public speaking]]
* [[Legislation|Law making]]
* [[Decision making]]
* [[Agent of influence|Public influence]]
* [[Budgeting]]
* [[Public relations]]
* Statesmanship
| formation= Qualification is based on the constitution
| employment_field= [[Government]]
| related_occupation= [[Monarch]]
| average_salary=
}}

A '''politician''' is a person who participates in [[Public policy|policy-making processes]], usually holding a position in a political party or an elective position in government. Politicians make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles or duties that politicians perform vary depending on the level of government, whether local, state, or national. The ideological orientation that politicians adopt often stems from their previous experience, education, beliefs, the [[political parties]] they belong to. They try to shape [[public opinion]] accordingly.

Politicians sometimes face many challenges and mistakes that may affect their [[credibility]] and ability to persuade. These mistakes include [[political corruption]] resulting from their use and exploitation of power to achieve self interest. Ideally they prioritize the [[public interest]] over their own profit. Challenges include how to keep up with the development of social media and confronting opposition media, in addition to discrimination for or against them on the basis of gender or race.

==Definitions==
Standard dictionary definitions include a range of political activists under the definition of "politician." ''Merriam Webster Dictionary'' (2025) states:<blockquote> Politician: 1: a person experienced in the art or science of government especially: one actively engaged in conducting the business of a government. 2a : a person engaged in party politics as a profession.<ref> From [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politician online]</ref> </blockquote>
''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1989 edition) states:<blockquote> Politician 2b: One keenly interested in politics; one who engages in party politics, or in political strife, or who makes politics his profession or business; also (esp. in U.S.), in a sinister sense, one who lives by politics as a trade.<ref> From [https://www.oed.com/oedv2/00182878 online]</ref> </blockquote>

== Identity ==
[[File:Discurso funebre pericles.PNG|thumb|252x252px|Nineteenth-century painting by [[Philipp Foltz]] depicting the Athenian politician [[Pericles]] delivering his famous [[Pericles' funeral oration|funeral oration]] in front of the [[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|Assembly]].]]
'''Politicians''' are people who participate in policy-making, in a multifaceted variety of positions of responsibility both domestically and internationally.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_370-2 |chapter=Politicians |title=Encyclopedia of Law and Economics |date=2021 |last1=Geys |first1=Benny |last2=Mause |first2=Karsten |pages=1–5 |isbn=978-1-4614-7883-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wordfind.com/word/politician/ |title=politician – Princeton Wordnet dictionary |publisher=wordfind.com }}</ref>

In ancient Greece, [[Pericles]] of Athens played an important role in politics, both in public discussions and in decision-making as depicted in Philip Foltz's 19th-century painting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua |date=March 28, 2018 |title=Pericles |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Pericles/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=World History Encyclopedia.}}</ref>

Over time the figure of the politician has evolved to include many forms and functions. In the United States, [[George Washington]] played a pivotal role as a politician because he served as the first [[President of the United States]], shaping the official role and setting many precedents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=George Washington: The First President |url =https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-washington/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=The White House | quote = 'As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent,' he wrote James Madison, 'it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles.'}}</ref> Today, political offices take many forms, held by people called (for example) premiers, ministers, mayors, governors, senators, or presidents, each with its own duties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=State & Local Government |url= https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/state-local-government/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=The White House}}</ref>{{qn|date=August 2025}}

Though popular discourse may equate politicians with "leaders", politicians may primarily conduct themselves in the political process without engaging in leading {{--}} the class of politicians may include: [[Delegate model of representation |representative delegates]],<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Reeve
|first1 = Andrew
|editor-last1 = McLean
|editor-first1 = Iain
|editor-last2 = McMillan
|editor-first2 = Alistair
|date = 26 February 2009
|orig-date = 1996
|chapter = delegate
|title = The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8JkyAwAAQBAJ
|series = Oxford Quick Reference
|edition = 3
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|page = https://books.google.com/books?id=8JkyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT188
|isbn = 978-0-19-101827-5
|access-date = 9 August 2025
|quote = delegate[:] A person on whom an individual or group confers the capacity to act on his or their behalf. [...] The relationship between the principal (who delegates) and the agent may be variously understood.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Scott
|first1 = Adrian F.
|date = 20 October 2024
|chapter = Delegate
|title = Dictionary of Political $#@!: Science History Theory
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-SgrEQAAQBAJ
|publisher = Ascottcorp
|isbn = 979-8-9918385-0-4
|access-date = 9 August 2025
|quote = Delegate [...]: A person chosen or elected to represent others, especially in a political assembly or convention. [...] The theory behind delegations focuses on representation, exploring how delegates are supposed to act on behalf of their constituents.
}}
</ref>
[[Executive (government) | executive functionaries]] or [[Public administration|administrators]],<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Sager
|first1 = Fritz
|last2 = Rosser
|first2 = Christian
|editor-last1 = Ladner
|editor-first1 = Andreas
|editor-last2 = Sager
|editor-first2 = Fritz
|date = 13 October 2022
|chapter = The politics of the politics-administration dichotomy
|title = Handbook on the Politics of Public Administration
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wW-VEAAAQBAJ
|series = Elgar Handbooks in Public Administration and Management
|publication-place = Cheltenham
|publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing
|page = 34
|isbn = 978-1-83910-944-7
|access-date = 9 August 2025
|quote = [...] the public administration is a political actor and part of politics. This conclusion requires acknowledging the administration's role as a political actor [...].
}}
</ref>{{efn |Some politicians - whether elected or appointed - have successful careers in administering government ministries or departments - without necessarily acting as political leaders.
}}
diligent bureaucratic [[Cadre (politics) | cadre]]s,<ref>
{{cite book
|editor-last1 = Gray
|editor-first1 = Richard T.
|editor-last2 = Wilke
|editor-first2 = Sabine
|translator-last1 = Gray
|translator-first1 = Richard T.
|translator-last2 = Wilke
|translator-first2 = Sabine
|year = 1996
|title = German Unification and Its Discontents: Documents from the Peaceful Revolution
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4YIh-_UjxUQC
|series = Manuscripts of the Younger Romantics
|publication-place = Seattle
|publisher = University of Washington Press
|page = 309
|isbn = 978-0-295-97491-0
|access-date = 9 August 2025
|quote = In the GDR cadre politicians and the SED constituted the sole political power in the state and opposition was not permitted.
}}</ref> and party hacks<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
|last1 = Belloc
|first1 = Hilaire
|author-link1 = Hilaire Belloc
|last2 = Chesterton
|first2 = Cecil
|author-link2 = Cecil Chesterton
|year = 1911
|chapter = The Real Support
|title = The Party System
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-QRMAAAAMAAJ
|publication-place = London
|publisher = Stephen Swift
|pages = 165–166
|access-date = 9 August 2025
|quote = [...] the average man [...] will certainly support by his vote and influence any chance party hack against a representative of his own class [...].
}}
</ref>
submissively propping up a voting majority.<ref>{{cite book
|last1 = Carson
|first1 = Lyn
|last2 = Martin
|first2 = Brian
|date = 30 December 1999
|title = Random Selection in Politics
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tHrDEAAAQBAJ
|publication-place = Westport, Connecticut
|publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing USA
|page = 6
|isbn = 978-0-313-02869-4
|access-date = 9 August 2025
|quote = Politicians are divided into two camps: in a parliament there are backbenchers and the executive, with the latter making all the significant decisions; in a congress the same separation exists between those who chair or are members of powerful committees and those who are not. The lowly representative is reduced to voting fodder in parliament or congress.
}}
</ref>
While government leaders are generally considered politicians,<ref>
Compare:
{{cite book
|last1 = Byrne
|first1 = Dorothy
|author-link1 = Dorothy Byrne
|date = 14 November 2019
|title = Trust Me, I'm Not A Politician: A simple guide to saving democracy
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1QDuDwAAQBAJ
|publisher = Hachette UK
|isbn = 978-1-78072-430-0
|access-date = 23 August 2025
}}
</ref>
not all politicians are subject to voters: autocratic and dictatorial regimes remain extant.<ref>{{Cite web |last1 =Angiolillo |first1 =F. |last2 =Wiebrecht |first2 =F. |last3 =Lindberg |first3 =S. I. |date =2023 |title ="Democratic-autocratic party systems: A new index" |url =https://www.v-dem.net/media/publications/wp_143.pdf |website=V-Dem Institute}}</ref>{{qn|date=August 2025}}

The identity of politicians is influenced by their social and work environments, by their ideology, and by any parties with which they may associate; furthermore, the development of means of communication and [[social media]] have increased [[Public participation (decision making)|public participation]] in policy-making, leading to a reformation of politicians' identities and increasing the complexity of political work.<ref>{{cite book |doi =10.1007/978-3-030-36525-7_5 |chapter =Social Media Effects: Hijacking Democracy and Civility in Civic Engagement |title =Platforms, Protests, and the Challenge of Networked Democracy |series =Rhetoric, Politics and Society |date =2020 |last1 =Olaniran |first1 =Bolane |last2 =Williams |first2 =Indi |pages =77–94 |pmc =7343248 |isbn =978-3-030-36524-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last =Michalski |first =P. |date =2023 |title ="When politics affects the self: High political influence perception predicts civic and political participation." |url =https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/8379/8379.html |journal =Journal of Social and Political Psychology |volume =11 |issue =2 |pages =516–533 |doi =10.5964/jspp.8379 }}
</ref>

==Media and rhetoric==
[[File:U.S. President Obama Speaks at Intel's Fab 42.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama, Public Speech, Technology and Innovation, Manufacturing, Intel Fab 42. Political leaders use public events to frame issues and influence public opinion by crafting appropriate rhetoric.]]
Politicians are influential people who use [[rhetoric]] to impact people as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They are especially known for using common themes, and media platforms that allow them to develop their political positions, developing [[communication]] between them and the people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Archer |first1=Alfred |last2=Cawston |first2=Amanda |title=Celebrity Politics and Democratic Elitism |journal=Topoi |date=February 2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1007/s11245-021-09763-0 |pmid=34658468 |pmc=8503715 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1057/9780230319899 |title=Politicians and Rhetoric |date=2011 |last1=Charteris-Black |first1=Jonathan |isbn=978-0-230-25165-6 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knupffer |first=N |date=2012 |title=President Barack Obama delivering a speech at Intel's Fab 42 in Chandler, Arizona on January 25, 2012, as part of his public address on the future of advanced manufacturing in the U.S. |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/intelphotos/6763271149/ |publisher=Flickr}}</ref>
[[File:Kennedy Nixon Debate (1960).jpg|thumb|Photo of the second of the four presidential debates held during the 1960 presidential election. This debate took place in [[Washington, D.C.]] at NBC's [[WRC-TV]] studios on October 7, 1960.]]
Politicians of necessity become expert users of the [[Media (communication)|media]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Landtsheer |first1=Christ'l De |last2=Feldman |first2=Ofer |title=Beyond Public Speech and Symbols: Explorations in the Rhetoric of Politicians and the Media |date=2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-275-96732-1 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> Politicians in the 19th century made heavy use of [[newspaper]]s, magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters to disseminate their messages to appeal to voters' emotions and beliefs in their campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. National Archives |date=2022 |title=American elections and campaigns – 1800 to 1865: Politics in the antebellum press |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/education-blog/american-elections-and-campaigns-1800-1865-politics-antebellum-press |website=The Reagan Library Education Blog |publisher=U.S. National Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dinkin |first1=Robert J. |title=Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices |date=1989 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-26167-1 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> In the 20th century, the scope of media expanded out into radio and television, and a major change occurred as speech was now presented visually as well as verbally as evidenced by the [[1960 United States presidential debates|Kennedy-Nixon debates]], marking a new era where visual media became crucial to campaigns.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silvestri |first1=Vito N. |title=Television's Interface With Kennedy, Nixon, and Trump: Two Politicians and One TV Celebrity |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |date=June 2019 |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=971–1001 |doi=10.1177/0002764218784992 }}</ref> The twenty-first century has provided wide and diverse media platforms represented by Facebook, and Twitter, which has now become X, Instagram, YouTube, and others. This development has made their rhetorical messages faster, shorter more efficient, and characterized by the speed of spread and interaction.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pearlman |first1=Nathaniel G. |title=Margin of Victory: How Technologists Help Politicians Win Elections |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-0258-4 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Jue Jun |last2=Firdaus |first2=Amira |last3=Aksar |first3=Iffat Ali |title=Social Media for Political Information: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication |date=31 March 2024 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=77–98 |doi=10.17576/JKMJC-2024-4001-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fatema |first1=S. |last2=Yanbin |first2=L |last3=Fugui |first3=D |date=2022 |title="Social media influence on politicians' and citizens' relationship through the moderating effect of political slogans." |journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=7 |article-number=955493 |doi=10.3389/fcomm.2022.955493 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Politicians, who rarely meet voters in person, seek to use the media as a means of communicating with people, winning votes, and obtaining political roles. Some research confirms that the media increases the popularity of a politician, and indicates that negative news has a stronger effect on popularity than positive news.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van Remoortere |first1=A. |last2=Vliegenthart |first2=R. |date=2024 |title="The influence of mass media on the popularity of politicians" |journal=Party Politics|volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=781–794 |doi=10.1177/13540688231187964 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some research has suggested that politicians tend to use social media more than [[traditional media]] because their perception of the traditional media's influence as a public informant greatly affects their satisfaction with democratic processes. So they prefer to use social media and communicate directly with people in order to have greater control over their message and easier communication.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc=10409637 |date=2023 |last1=Maurer |first1=P. |title=Perceptions of media influence and performance among politicians in European democracies |journal=International Communication Gazette |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=347–364 |doi=10.1177/17480485221146088 |pmid=37564296 }}</ref>

This continuous evolution in media has made politicians adapt their discourse to these platforms for greater communication and effectiveness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munardin Hadma |first1=Ahmad |last2=Dwi Anggoro |first2=Juliardi |title=Political communication in the age of social media |journal=Commicast |date=23 November 2021 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.12928/commicast.v3i1.5114 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Salary==
Higher salaries of politicians can improve [[governance]]<ref name="d898">{{cite report | last1=Ferraz | first1=Claudio | last2=Finan | first2=Frederico | title=Motivating Politicians: The Impacts of Monetary Incentives on Quality and Performance | publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research | publication-place=Cambridge, MA | year=2009 | doi=10.3386/w14906 | doi-access=free | page=}}</ref> and decrease [[political corruption]].<ref name="e189">{{cite journal | last1=Van Rijckeghem | first1=Caroline | last2=Weder | first2=Beatrice | title=Bureaucratic corruption and the rate of temptation: do wages in the civil service affect corruption, and by how much? | journal=Journal of Development Economics | volume=65 | issue=2 | date=2001 | doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00139-0 | pages=307–331}}</ref> The [[list of heads of state and government salaries]] shows large differences in the salaries of politicians.

==Careers and biographies==
Mattozzi and Merlo argue that politicians typically follow two main career paths in modern democracies. The first is career politicians who remain in government until retirement. The second is political careerists, who have gained a reputation for their experience at various levels of government such as international, federal, state, and local governments, they often leave politics and start a new business venture using their political connections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mattozzi |first1=Andrea |last2=Merlo |first2=Antonio |title=Political careers or career politicians? |journal=Journal of Public Economics |date=April 2008 |volume=92 |issue=3–4 |pages=597–608 |doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.10.006 |url=http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12921.pdf }}</ref>

The personal histories of politicians have been frequently studied, as it is presumed that their experiences and characteristics shape their beliefs and behaviors. There are four pathways by which a politician's [[biography]] could influence their [[leadership]] style and abilities. First, a politician's biography may shape their core beliefs, which are essential to shaping their worldview.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weinschenk |first1=Aaron C. |last2=Dawes |first2=Christopher T. |last3=Oskarsson |first3=Sven |last4=Klemmensen |first4=Robert |last5=Nørgaard |first5=Asbjørn Sonne |title=The relationship between political attitudes and political participation: Evidence from monozygotic twins in the United States, Sweden, Germany, and Denmark |journal=Electoral Studies |date=February 2021 |volume=69 |article-number=102269 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102269 }}</ref> The second pathway is those personal experiences that influence a politician's skills and competence, and which determine where politicians focus their resources and attention as leaders.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cramer |first1=Katherine J. |last2=Toff |first2=Benjamin |title=The Fact of Experience: Rethinking Political Knowledge and Civic Competence |journal=Perspectives on Politics |date=September 2017 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=754–770 |id={{ProQuest|1929729634}} |doi=10.1017/S1537592717000949 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c67a69f7-ccb6-4e00-8338-74d7b91caa51 }}</ref> The third pathway refers to biographical characteristics that influence a politician's resource allocation and responses based on characteristics such as race or gender. The fourth pathway is how a politician's biography affects his public perception, which affects politicians' leadership style and their strategy for gaining people's respect.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032801|doi-access=free|title=Studying Leaders and Elites: The Personal Biography Approach|year=2020|last1=Krcmaric|first1=Daniel|last2=Nelson|first2=Stephen C.|last3=Roberts|first3=Andrew|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=23|pages=133–151}}</ref>

==Characteristics==

Numerous scholars have studied the characteristics of politicians and in economic class to explain characteristics impact on politicians' effectiveness and electoral success, comparing politicians involves different dimensions such as level of government (the local and national levels), political ideology (liberal or the more conservative), [[Social class|economic class]], and comparing the more successful and less successful in terms of elections.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prinz |first1=Timothy S |chapter=The career paths of elected politicians: a review and prospectus |pages=11–63 |editor1-last=Williams |editor1-first=Shirley |editor2-last=Lascher |editor2-first=Edward L. |title=Ambition and Beyond: Career Paths of American Politicians |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of California, Berkeley |isbn=978-0-87772-338-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carnes |first1=Nicholas |last2=Lupu |first2=Noam |title=The Economic Backgrounds of Politicians |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |date=15 June 2023 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-051921-102946 |ssrn=4480849 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Demographic factors such as age, gender, education, income, and race/ethnicity, play a role in shaping shape voter behavior and political preferences<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kulachai |first1=W. |last2=Lerdtomornsakul |first2=U. |last3=Homyamyen |first3=P. |date=2023 |title="Factors influencing voting decision: A comprehensive literature review" |journal=Social Sciences |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=469 |publisher=MDPI|doi=10.3390/socsci12090469 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Also, educational background in politics also plays an important role in shaping the political awareness of politicians and plays a major role in increasing people's confidence in them.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hooghe |first1=Marc |last2=Dassonneville |first2=Ruth |last3=Marien |first3=Sofie |date=2015 |title=The impact of education on the development of political trust: Results from a five year panel study among late adolescents and young adults in Belgium |url=https://chairedemocratie.openum.ca/files/sites/98/2016/10/Hooghe-et-al_PS_Postprint.pdf |publisher=Political Studies.}}</ref>

Politicians were found to have on average a [[political bias]] compared to [[Median voter theorem|median voters]] in many countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Günther |first=Laurenz |date=2022 |title=Political Representation Gaps in Europe: Causes and Consequences |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4230288 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4230288 |ssrn=4230288 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref>

In some countries politicians are banned from having [[multiple citizenship|multiple citizenships]] to avoid [[dual loyalty]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134012572 |title=Securitizations of Citizenship |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-01257-2 |editor-last=Nyers |editor-first=Peter |edition=0 |language=en |chapter=Security, flexible sovereignty, and the perils of multiple citizenship |doi=10.4324/9780203878903}}</ref>

== Challenges ==
In this century of advanced communications, politicians face challenges and difficulties while communicating with people through various social media platforms. The implicit importance of social media for politics stems from the virtual space these platforms have created for expressing ideas and spreading mutual messages without restrictions.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wike |first1=R. |last2=others |date=2022 |title=Social media seen as mostly good for democracy across many nations, but U.S. is a major outlier |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/12/06/social-media-seen-as-mostly-good-for-democracy-across-many-nations-but-u-s-is-a-major-outlier/ |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Misinformation, rumors, and discrimination complicate their [[Theories of political behavior|political behavior]] and communication with people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lasser |first1=Jana |last2=Aroyehun |first2=Segun Taofeek |last3=Simchon |first3=Almog |last4=Carrella |first4=Fabio |last5=Garcia |first5=David |last6=Lewandowsky |first6=Stephan |title=Social media sharing of low-quality news sources by political elites |journal=PNAS Nexus |date=September 2022 |volume=1 |issue=4 |article-number=pgac186 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac186 |doi-access=free|pmid=36380855 |pmc=7613815 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oskooii |first=K |date=2018 |title="Perceived Discrimination and Political Behavior" |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/perceived-discrimination-and-political-behavior/51F4045DB0690260ECA2A8F6DC6B51D7 |journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=867–892 |doi=10.1017/S0007123418000133 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Face-to-face contact with constituents is important to elected politicians. Face-to-face meetings force politicians to be directly address the issues that matter most to their constituents. They pay attention to tone of voice, looking for unspoken priorities, hopes and anxieties. Politicians with good memories will often ask whether a given problem is resolved satisfactorily, or about a person's family.<ref>Michael Lupfer and David Price, " On the merits of face-to-face campaigning" ''Social Science Quarterly'' 53#3 1972, pp. 534–43. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/42860231 online]</ref><ref>David Niven, "The mobilization solution? Face-to-face contact and voter turnout in a municipal election." ''Journal of Politics'' 66.3 (2004): 868-884. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00280.x </ref> Some politicians can remember thousands of names and faces. Presidents [[George W. Bush]] and [[Bill Clinton]] were known for their memories.<ref>{{cite book|author=Iwan W. Morgan|title=Assessing George W. Bush's Legacy: The Right Man?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WfFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|year=2010|page=45|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11433-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James E. Mueller|title=Tag Teaming the Press: How Bill and Hillary Clinton Work Together to Handle the Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw8SBZ6KRqYC&pg=PA32|year=2008|page=32|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-0-7425-6392-6}}</ref>

[[Political polarization in the United States|Political polarization]] created by the media plays a role in influencing politicians' behavior and communications, which reinforces negative campaigns. They also play a role in legislative gridlock and negatively impact public perception, which negatively impacts politicians' interests.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kubin |first1=E. |last2=von Sikorski |first2=C. |date=2021 |title="The role of (social) media in political polarization: a systematic review" |journal=Annals of the International Communication Association |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=188–206 |doi=10.1080/23808985.2021.1976070 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Additionally, research highlighted that politicians, especially populist politicians, may create a challenge for themselves by increasingly accusing the media of spreading misinformation or "fake news." Such accusations can undermine the credibility of media platforms, even though trust in the accused politicians remains largely unaffected. They will therefore have a negative impact on the credibility of media platforms, and this distrust may extend to the media institutions as a whole that politicians use to communicate with people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Egelhofer |first1=J |last2=Boyer |first2=M |last3=Lecheler |first3=S |last4=Aaldering |first4=L |date=2022 |title="Populist attitudes and politicians' disinformation accusations: Effects on perceptions of media and politicians" |journal=Journal of Communication|volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=619–632 |doi=10.1093/joc/jqac031 |doi-access=free |hdl=1871.1/1ff57767-c97b-4804-82cb-01a46002a465 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Women in Media and Politics 6030967.jpg|thumb|Presenters at Women in Media and Politics]]
Regarding the challenges of gender dynamics, particularly the role of [[Women in government|women in politics]], some recent research focuses on the life path of women in the political field and the challenges surrounding them. For example, there are studies on the "supermader" model in politics in Latin America, which illustrate the difficulties women face and how to balance their home and work and the distinction between women and men that negatively affects their acceptance in political work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaney |first1=Elsa M. |title=Supermadre: Women in Politics in Latin America |date=2014 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-77265-6}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwindt-Bayer |first1=Leslie A. |date=July 2006 |title=Still Supermadres? Gender and the Policy Priorities of Latin American Legislators |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=570–585 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00202.x}}</ref>

==Political corruption==
Historically, in patronage-based systems, especially in the 19th century, winning politicians replaced civil servants and government employees who were not protected by the rules of government service with their supporters, a so-called "[[spoils system]]." In response to the corruption this system fostered, government job reforms were introduced. These reforms required elected politicians to work with existing civil servants and officials to pursue long-term public interest goals, rather than simply rewarding their supporters. This shift aimed to reduce corruption and prioritize the integrity of [[government]] positions.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.4159/9780674020047 |title=Bureaucrats and Politicians in Western Democracies |date=1981 |last1=Aberbach |first1=Joel D. |last2=Putnam |first2=Robert D. |last3=Rockman |first3=Bert A. |isbn=978-0-674-02004-7 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bersch |first1=Katherine |last2=Lotta |first2=Gabriela |title=Political Control and Bureaucratic Resistance: The Case of Environmental Agencies in Brazil |journal=Latin American Politics and Society |date=February 2024 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=27–50 |doi=10.1017/lap.2023.22 |doi-access=free }}</ref>[[File:Pendleton Act (1883)1of 2.jpg|thumb|An Act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States, January 16, 1883; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789–1996; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.]]
[[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act|The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883]] passed by the U.S. Congress to combat corruption, favoritism in hiring, and the spoils system. It advocated hiring based on merit and protected civil servants from political influence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Archives |date=n.d. |title=Pendleton Act (1883) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/pendleton-act |website=Milestone Documents}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Aneja |first1=A. |last2=Xu |first2=G |date=2022 |title="Strengthening State Capacity: Postal Reform and Innovation During the Gilded Age" |series=Working Paper Series |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w29852 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |doi=10.3386/w29852 }}</ref>

In the modern century, many laws have been put in place to protect employees and reduce [[political corruption]] and favoritism in employment, for example, the Mexican government introduced the Federal Law on Administrative Responsibilities of Public Officials (2002) which establishes professional and accountable standards for officials against corruption and the spoils system.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288489.003.0009 |chapter=Administrative Law |title=Mexican Law |date=2005 |last1=Zamora |first1=Stephen |last2=Cossío |first2=José Ramlón |last3=Pereznieto |first3=Lenone |last4=Roldá n-Xopa |first4=José |last5=Lopez |first5=David |pages=287–320 |isbn=978-0-19-928848-9 }}</ref>

Also, the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 in the USA has established corruption to protect federal employees who report corruption, fraud, or other illegal activities within the government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Congress.gov |date=2012 |title=Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012: 112th Congress (2011-2012) |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/senate-bill/743 |website=Congress.gov}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Some critics often accuse politicians of not communicating with the public. They accuse politicians' speeches of being sometimes overly formal, filled with many euphemisms and metaphors, and generally seen as an attempt to "obscure, mislead, and confuse".<ref>Vincent E. Barry (2007): ''Invitation to Critical Thinking'' p. 319 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Alexander C. |last2=Turpin |first2=Martin Harry |last3=Meyers |first3=Ethan A. |last4=Stolz |first4=Jennifer A. |last5=Fugelsang |first5=Jonathan A. |last6=Koehler |first6=Derek J. |title=Controlling the narrative: Euphemistic language affects judgments of actions while avoiding perceptions of dishonesty |journal=Cognition |date=June 2021 |volume=211 |article-number=104633 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104633 |pmid=33639377 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Lack of awareness, selfishness, [[Manipulation (psychology)|manipulation]], [[political corruption]] and dishonesty are perceptions that people often accuse politicians of, and many see them as prioritizing personal interests over the public interests.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9781315126647 |title=Political Corruption |date=2017 |last1=Heidenheimer |first1=Arnold I. |last2=Lohnston |first2=Michael |isbn=978-1-315-12664-7 |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Johnston }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> Politicians in many countries are seen as the "most hated professionals," and the least trustworthy, leading to public skepticism and constant criticism.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

In addition, some politicians tend to be negative, this strategy, although it does not enhance their chances of being re-elected or gaining public support, politicians see this negativity as consistent with negative media bias, which increases their chances of securing media access and public attention.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poljak |first=Z |date=2024 |title="Give the Media What They Need: Negativity as a Media Access Tool for Politicians" |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19401612241234861 |journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics|volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=727–751 |doi=10.1177/19401612241234861 |hdl=10067/2034760151162165141 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:The Immunity Bath (J.J. Hanberg leaving the Grand Jury Room, surrounded by stamped vouchers),... (NBY 5387).jpg|thumb|The Immunity Bath (J.J. Hanberg leaving the Grand Jury Room, surrounded by stamped vouchers), March 5, 1910]]
Also, lack of [[accountability]] and the [[Legal immunity|immunity]] from prosecution they receive as politicians results in further corruption and evasion from legal punishment,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jensenius |first1=F. R. |last2=Wood |first2=A. K. |date=2016 |title=Caught in the act but not punished: On elite rule of law and deterrence |url=https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/jlia/vol4/iss2/13 |journal=Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=686 }}</ref> as represented by the immunity bath depiction by J.J. Hanberg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanberg |first=J.J. |date=March 5, 1910 |title="The Immunity Bath" (leaving the Grand Jury Room, surrounded by stamped vouchers) |url=https://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/nby_chicago/id/5387 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Great man theory]]
* [[Independent politician]]
* [[Legislator]]
* [[Nomination rules]]
* [[Parliamentary immunity]]
* [[Political campaign]]
* [[Political party]]
* [[Political prisoner]]
* [[Term limit]]
** [[List of political term limits]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |doi=10.4159/9780674020047 |title=Bureaucrats and Politicians in Western Democracies |date=1981 |last1=Aberbach |first1=Joel D. |last2=Putnam |first2=Robert D. |last3=Rockman |first3=Bert A. |isbn=978-0-674-02004-7 }}

* Gould, Louis L. ''The Republicans: A History of the Grand Old Party'' (Oxford University Press, 2014).
* {{cite book |doi=10.4324/9781315739175 |title=Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-315-73917-5 |editor-last1=Heywood |editor-first1=Paul }}

* Kazin, Michael. ''What it Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party'' (2022).
* Safire, William. ''Safire's Political Dictionary'' (Oxford University Press, 2008).

* {{cite book |doi=10.1108/9781787147577 |title=From Humility to Hubris among Scholars and Politicians |date=2017 |last1=Stebbins |first1=Robert A. |isbn=978-1-78714-758-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Stebbins |first1=Robert A. |title=Democracy's Politicians: an Occupation Like No Other |journal=Society |date=October 2019 |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=461–462 |doi=10.1007/s12115-019-00399-w }}
* {{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Susan |last2=Gruhl |first2=John |last3=Comer |first3=John |last4=Rigdon |first4=Susan M. |last5=Ambrosius |first5=Margery M. |title=Understanding American Government |date=2003 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-534-59644-6 }}
* Wilentz, Sean. ''Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln'' (W.W. Norton, 2006)

{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Politicians}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|politician}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* Herre, Bastian. 2021. ''[https://www.ippapublicpolicy.org/file/paper/60c247759f1df.pdf Identifying Ideologues: A Global Dataset on Political Leaders, 1945–2019]'' (PDF).
* [https://complegdatabase.com/ Comparative Legislators Database]. A dataset on over 1,000,000 legislators from 16 countries.
* [https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/U1ZNVT The Global Legislators Database (GLD)]. A dataset on characteristics of 19,704 national parliamentarians in 97 countries.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Political occupations|Politician|Political]]
[[Category:Legal professions]]
[[Category:Positions of authority]]
[[Category:Public speaking]]

Tropics

2026-02-14T16:07:33Z

Pururava: formatting fix

{{Short description|Region of Earth surrounding the Equator}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Tropic|Tropical}}
{{For|the 1953 film|Tropic Zone (film)}}
[[File: World map indicating tropics and subtropics.png|thumb|upright=1.5|World map with the intertropical zone highlighted in [[crimson]]]]
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 A 1991–2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Areas of the world with [[tropical climate]]s. {{legend|#0000FE|[[tropical rainforest climate|Af]]}}
{{legend|#0077FF|[[tropical monsoon climate|Am]]}}
{{legend|#46A9FA|[[tropical savanna climate|Aw/As]]}}
]]

The '''tropics''' are the region of [[Earth]] surrounding the [[equator]], where the Sun may shine [[Effect of Sun angle on climate|directly overhead]]. This contrasts with the [[temperate]] or [[Polar regions of Earth|polar]] regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. Because of [[Axial tilt#Earth|Earth's axial tilt]], the width of the tropics (in latitude) is twice the tilt. The tropics are also referred to as the '''tropical zone''' and the [[torrid zone]] (see [[geographical zone]]).

Due to the sun's high angle throughout the year, the tropics [[insolation|receive]] the most [[solar energy]] over the course of the year, and consequently have the highest temperatures on the planet. Even when not directly overhead, the sun is still close to overhead throughout the year, therefore the tropics also have the lowest [[seasonal variation]] on the planet; "winter" and "summer" lose their temperature contrast. Instead, [[seasons]] are more commonly divided [[Season#Tropical|by precipitation variations]] than by temperature variations or daylight hours.

The tropics maintain wide diversity of local climates, such as [[rain forests]], [[monsoons]], [[savannahs]], [[deserts]], and [[Alpine climate|high altitude snow-capped mountains]]. The word "[[wiktionary:tropical|tropical]]" can specifically refer to [[Tropical climate|certain kinds of weather]], rather than to the geographic region; these usages ought not be confused.

The Earth's axial tilt is [[Ecliptic#Obliquity of the ecliptic|currently around 23.4°]], and therefore so are the latitudes of the [[tropical circle]]s, marking the boundary of the tropics: specifically, ±{{Circle of latitude|Tropical|Convert}}. The northern one is called the [[Tropic of Cancer]], and the southern is the [[Tropic of Capricorn]]. As the Earth's axial tilt changes,{{Efn|text=Currently −0.013° per hundred years.}} so too do the tropical and [[polar circle]]s.

The tropics constitute 39.8% of Earth's surface area<ref>{{cite web|url=http://godplaysdice.blogspot.co.uk/2007/12/how-much-land-is-in-tropics.html|date=2007-12-04|access-date=2017-06-26|website=God Plays Dice|title=How much land is in the tropics?}}</ref> and contain 36% of Earth's [[landmass]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=tropics |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/resource/tropics/ |access-date=2017-06-26 |website=National Geographic Encyclopedia |publisher=National Geographic Society}}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, the region was home also to 40% of the world's [[world population|population]], and this figure was then projected to reach 50% by 2050. Because of [[global warming]], the weather conditions of the tropics are expanding with areas in the [[subtropics]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Hu |last2=Lohmann |first2=Gerrit |last3=Lu |first3=Jian |last4=Gowan |first4=Evan J. |last5=Shi |first5=Xiaoxu |last6=Liu |first6=Jiping |last7=Wang |first7=Qiang |date=2020-08-27 |title=Tropical Expansion Driven by Poleward Advancing Midlatitude Meridional Temperature Gradients |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=125 |issue=16 |article-number=e2020JD033158 |doi=10.1029/2020JD033158 |bibcode=2020JGRD..12533158Y |s2cid=225274572 |issn=2169-897X|doi-access=free }}</ref> having more extreme weather events such as heatwaves and more intense storms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Xubin |last2=Reeves Eyre |first2=J. E. Jack |last3=Dixon |first3=Ross D. |last4=Arevalo |first4=Jorge |date=2021-05-28 |title=Quantifying the Occurrence of Record Hot Years Through Normalized Warming Trends |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GL091626 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=48 |issue=10 |article-number=e2020GL091626 |doi=10.1029/2020GL091626 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4891626Z |osti=1798413 |s2cid=236399809 |issn=0094-8276}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> These changes in weather conditions may make certain parts of the tropics uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=We Have a Chance to Keep the Tropics Habitable |url=https://gizmodo.com/we-have-a-chance-to-keep-the-tropics-habitable-1846430164 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Gizmodo |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word "tropic" comes via [[Latin]] from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|[[wikt:τροπή|τροπή]]}} ({{Transliteration|grc|tropē}}), meaning "to turn" or "change direction".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/tropic|title=tropic|website=Oxford learner's dictionaries}}</ref> This lent to the marginal [[parallel (geography)|parallels]] where the Sun would be highest overhead as the Earth [[axial tilt|tilts]] while still facing the Sun the most, at certain times of the year: the [[Tropic of Cancer]] was the parallel where the Sun's position was at [[summer solstice|its highest during summer]] in the Northern Hemisphere against where constellation [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]] formerly had been measured as far back in [[Mesopotamia]] {{circa}} 2500 BC, and the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] is the [[Winter solstice|inverse during winter there]] while highest in the Southern Hemisphere measured as where [[Capricornus|Capricorn]] formerly would have been; this is no longer the case due to the [[precession of the equinoxes]] where overhead positions now lay against the backdrop of [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] and [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]] respectively.<ref>{{cite book |pages=96-7|edition=5th|title=Stars and Planets Guide |first1=Ian |last1=Ridpath |first2=Wil |last2=Tirion |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-69-117788-5 }}</ref><ref name=Rogers1998>{{cite journal |first=John H. |last=Rogers |title=Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions |journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association |volume=108 |year=1998 |pages=27-8 |bibcode=1998JBAA..108....9R}}</ref>

== Astronomical definition ==
[[File:axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg|thumb|350px|Relationship of Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles: the Tropic of Cancer is a subsolar point only at the [[June solstice]], and the Tropic of Capricorn is only at the [[December solstice]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physics/160-our-solar-system/the-earth/seasons/15-what-is-the-significance-of-the-tropic-of-cancer-tropic-of-capricorn-arctic-circle-and-antarctic-circle-beginner|title=What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle?|website=Ask an Astronomer|access-date=19 November 2022}}</ref>]]

The tropics are defined as the region between the [[Tropic of Cancer]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] at {{Circle of latitude|Tropical|Convert}} N and the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] at {{Circle of latitude|Tropical|Convert}} S;<ref name="meteo">{{cite web|url=https://content.meteoblue.com/en/research-education/educational-resources/meteoscool/general-climate-zones/tropical-zone|title=Tropical zone|website=meteoblue|access-date=19 November 2022}}</ref> these latitudes correspond to the [[axial tilt#Earth|axial tilt of the Earth]].

The Tropic of Cancer is the Northernmost latitude from which the [[Sun]] can ever be seen [[zenith|directly overhead]], and the Tropic of Capricorn is the Southernmost.<ref name="meteo" /> This means that the tropical zone includes everywhere on Earth which is a [[subsolar point]] at least once during the [[solar year]]. Thus the maximum latitudes of the tropics have equal distances from the equator on either side. Likewise, they approximate the angle of the Earth's axial tilt. This angle is not perfectly fixed, mainly due to the influence of the moon, but the limits of the tropics are a geographic convention, and their variance from the true latitudes is very small.

== Seasons and climate ==
[[File:Bora Bora.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Bora Bora]] in [[French Polynesia]]]]
[[File:Kota Kinabalu by Dale Preston.jpg|thumb|Tropical sunset over the sea in [[Kota Kinabalu]] in [[Malaysia]]]]

Many tropical areas have both a dry and a wet season. The [[wet season]], rainy season or green season is the time of year, ranging from one or more months when most of the average annual [[rainfall]] in a region falls.<ref>Glossary of Meteorology (2009). [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rainy-season1 Rainy season.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215203023/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rainy-season1 |date=2009-02-15 }} American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.</ref> Areas with wet seasons are disseminated across portions of the tropics and [[subtropics]], some even in [[Temperate climate|temperate]] regions.<ref>Michael Pidwirny (2008). [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9k.html CHAPTER 9: Introduction to the Biosphere.] PhysicalGeography.net. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.</ref> Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], for [[tropical climate]]s, a wet-season month is defined as one or more months where average precipitation is {{convert|60|mm|sp=us|abbr=on}} or more.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | title=Updated world Koppen-Geiger climate classification map | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024063821/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | archive-date=2007-10-24 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons see a break in rainfall during mid-season when the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] or [[monsoon trough]] moves poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season;<ref name="JS">J . S. 0guntoyinbo and F. 0. Akintola (1983). [http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0063.pdf Rainstorm characteristics affecting water availability for agriculture.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205200119/http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0063.pdf |date=2009-02-05 }} IAHS Publication Number 140. Retrieved on 2008-12-27</ref> Typical vegetation in these areas ranges from moist [[seasonal tropical forest]]s to [[savanna]]hs.[[File:Monthly zonal mean precipitation.png|thumb|Graph showing the zonally averaged monthly precipitation. The tropics receive more precipitation than higher latitudes. The precipitation maximum, which follows the solar equator through the year, is under the rising branch of the Hadley circulation. The sub-tropical minima are under the descending branch and cause the formation of desert areas.]]When the wet season occurs during the warm season, or [[summer]], [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours. The wet season is a time when [[air quality]] improves, freshwater quality improves and vegetation grows significantly due to the wet season supplementing flora, leading to crop yields late in the season. Floods and rains cause rivers to overflow their banks, and some animals to retreat to higher ground. [[Soil]] nutrients are washed away and erosion increases. The incidence of [[malaria]] increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime. The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature.

However, regions within the tropics may well not have a tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, much of the area within the geographical tropics is classed not as "tropical" but as "dry" ([[desert climate|arid]] or [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]), including the [[Sahara|Sahara Desert]], the [[Atacama Desert]] and [[Australian Outback]]. Also, there are [[alpine tundra]] and snow-capped peaks, including [[Mauna Kea]], [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], [[Puncak Jaya]] and the [[Andes]] as far south as the northernmost parts of [[Chile]] and [[Peru]].

=== Climate change ===
{{See also|Climate change effects on tropical regions}}

The climate is changing in the tropics, as it is in the rest of the world.<ref>{{Cite book |date=2014-03-24 |editor-last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |title=Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781107415324|isbn=978-1-107-05799-9 }}</ref> The effects of steadily rising concentrations of [[greenhouse gas]]es on the climate may be less obvious to tropical residents, however, because they are overlain by considerable natural variability. Much of this variability is driven by the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation|El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)]]. The Tropics has warmed by 0.7–0.8 °C over the last century—only slightly less than the global average—but a strong [[El Niño]] made 1998 the warmest year in most areas, with no significant warming since. Climate models predict a further 1–2 °C warming by 2050 and 1–4 °C by 2100.

== Ecosystems ==
[[File:Tropical wet forests.svg|thumb|Distribution of [[tropical wet forest]]s]]

[[Tropical plants]] and animals are those species native to the tropics. Tropical ecosystems may consist of [[tropical rainforest]]s, [[seasonal tropical forests]], [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|dry (often deciduous) forests]], spiny forests, [[desert]]s, savannahs, [[grassland]]s and other habitat types. There are often wide areas of [[biodiversity]], and species [[endemism]] present, particularly in rainforests and seasonal forests. Some examples of important biodiversity and high-endemism ecosystems are [[El Yunque National Forest]] in [[Puerto Rico]], [[Costa Rica]]n and [[Nicaragua]]n rainforests, [[Amazon rainforest]] territories of several [[South America]]n countries, [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests]], the [[Waterberg Biosphere]] of [[South Africa]], and eastern [[Madagascar]] rainforests. Often the soils of tropical forests are low in [[nutrient]] content, making them quite vulnerable to [[slash-and-burn]] [[deforestation]] techniques, which are sometimes an element of [[shifting cultivation]] agricultural systems.

In [[biogeography]], the tropics are divided into [[Paleotropical Kingdom|Paleotropics]] (Africa, Asia and Australia) and [[Neotropical realm|Neotropics]] (Caribbean, Central America, and South America). Together, they are sometimes referred to as the [[Pantropical|Pantropic]]. The system of [[biogeographic realm]]s differs somewhat; the Neotropical realm includes both the Neotropics and temperate South America, and the Paleotropics correspond to the [[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]], [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]], [[Oceanian realm|Oceanian]], and tropical [[Australasian realm]]s.

== Flora ==
{{See also|Tropical garden}}

[[Flora]] are plants found in a specific region at a specific time. Some well-known plants that are exclusively found in, originate from, or are often associated with the tropics include:

* [[Bamboo]]
* [[Banana|Banana trees]]
* [[Citrus|Citrus fruits]] such as [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[lemon]]s, [[Mandarin orange|mandarins]], etc.
* [[Coconut|Coconut trees]]
* [[Coffee plant|Coffee]]
* [[Dragon fruit]]
* [[Fern]]s
* [[Jackfruit]]
* [[Orchidaceae|Orchids]]
* [[Arecaceae|Palm trees]]
* [[Papaya|Papaya trees]]
* [[Rubber tree]]
* [[Stone fruits]] such as [[mango]]s, [[avocado]], [[sapote]] etc.
* [[Strelitzia|Bird of paradise flower]]
* [[Theobroma cacao|Cacao]]
* [[Victoria (plant)|Giant water lily]]

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Pajuçara.jpg|[[Coconut]] palms in the warm, tropical climate of [[Pajuçara]] in northern [[Brazil]]
File:Pitaya cross section ed2.jpg|[[Dragon fruit]], a tropical fruit from several different cacti originally from the [[Americas]]
File:Kew Gardens giant water lily.JPG|A [[Victoria (plant)|Giant Water Lily]], one of which can support up to 32 kilograms of weight
</gallery>

==Tropicality==
[[File:Juruá River in Brazil.jpg|thumb|[[Juruá River]] surrounded by the dense [[Amazon rainforest]], which is home to [[uncontacted tribes]] to this day]]

'''''Tropicality''''' refers to the image of the tropics that people from outside the tropics have of the region, ranging from critical to verging on fetishism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TROPICALITY {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/tropicality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325115446/https://www.lexico.com/definition/tropicality |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Lexico.com |language=en}}</ref> Tropicality gained renewed interest in geographical discourse when French geographer [[Pierre Gourou]] published ''Les pays tropicaux'' (''The Tropical World'' in English), in the late 1940s.<ref>Arnold, David. "Illusory Riches: Representations of the Tropical World, 1840-1950", p. 6. Journal of Tropical Geography</ref>

Tropicality encompassed two major images. One, is that the tropics represent a '[[Garden of Eden]]', a heaven on Earth, a land of rich biodiversity or a tropical paradise.<ref name="Arnold, David p. 7">Arnold, David. "Illusory Riches: Representations of the Tropical World, 1840-1950", p. 7. Journal of Tropical Geography</ref> The alternative is that the tropics consist of wild, unconquerable nature. The latter view was often discussed in old Western literature more so than the first.<ref name="Arnold, David p. 7"/> Evidence suggests over time that the view of the tropics as such in popular literature has been supplanted by more well-rounded and sophisticated interpretations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Menadue|first=Christopher B.|date=2017-05-30|title=Trysts Tropiques: The Torrid Jungles of Science Fiction|journal=ETropic: Electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.25120/etropic.16.1.2017.3570|issn=1448-2940|url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/49178/1/Trysts_Tropiques.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Western scholars tried to theorise why tropical areas were relatively more inhospitable to human civilisations than colder regions of the Northern Hemisphere. A popular explanation focused on the differences in climate. Tropical jungles and rainforests have much more humid and hotter weather than colder and drier temperaments of the Northern Hemisphere, giving to a more diverse biosphere. This theme led some scholars to suggest that humid hot climates correlate to human populations lacking control over nature e.g. 'the wild Amazonian rainforests'.<ref>Arnold, David. "Illusory Riches: Representations of the Tropical World, 1840-1950", p. 13. ''Journal of Tropical Geography''</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography}}
* [[Hardiness zone]]
* [[Lahaina Noon]]
* [[Tropical ecology]]
* [[Tropical marine climate]]
* [[Tropical year]]
* [[Tropical medicine]]
* [[Polar circle]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tropics| ]]
[[Category:Seasons]]

Golok Rajbanshi

2026-02-11T02:44:31Z

Pururava: put up

{{Short description|10th Deputy Speaker of Assam Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Leader of the Opposition]] [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| successor7 = [[Bhimananda Tanti]]
| 1namedata = [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
| 1blankname6 = Speaker
| 1namedata6 = [[Ramesh Chandra Barooah]]
| predecessor6 = R.N. Sen
| successor6 = [[Sheikh Chand Mohammad]]
| constituency7 = [[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]]
| predecessor7 = ''constituency established''
| constituency8 = Balipara
| 1namedata5 = [[Anwara Taimur]]
| predecessor8 = Biswadeb Sarma
| successor8 = ''constituency abolished''
| spouse = Smti Lily Rajbanshi
| birth_date = 25 January 1925
| children = 3
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]]
| occupation = *[[Politician]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| office2 = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Assam]]
| term4 = 13 January 1982 – 19 March 1982
| office3 = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Assam]]
| office4 = Minister for Electricity, Mines, Parliamentary Affairs and Animal Husbandry
| office5 = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Assam]]
| office6 = Deputy Speaker of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| office7 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term2 = 30 June 1991 – 21 April 1996
| term3 = 27 February 1983 – 23 December 1985
| term5 = 6 December 1980 – 30 June 1981
| 1namedata4 = [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
| term6 = 6 April 1972 – 3 March 1978
| term7 = 3 March 1978 – 12 June 1996
| term8 = 15 March 1972 – 3 March 1978
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = Hiteswar Saikia
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| otherparty = [[Congress Socialist Party]] (until 1956)
| father = Siddhiram Rajbanshi
| death_date = Unknown
}}

'''Golok Chandra Rajbanshi''' (25 January 1925 – ?)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Assam (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psNQAQAAMAAJ |title=Assam Legislative Assembly Who's who |date=1978 |publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly. |language=en}}</ref> was an [[Indian politician]] from the state of [[Assam]] who served as [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=KERALA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/Assam.htm |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref> He also served as [[deputy speaker]] of the assembly from 1972 to 1978<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-28 |title=List of Deputy Speakers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/dyspeaker-list.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828212623/http://assamassembly.gov.in/dyspeaker-list.html |archive-date=28 August 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and was a member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] once for Balipara<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Golok Rajbanshi winner in Balipara, Assam Assembly Elections 1972: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/1972/balipara/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Golok Rajbanshi, Balipara Assembly Elections 1972 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/1972/balipara/golok-rajbanshi/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> and four times for [[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]] constituencies. He was also a cabinet minister four times throughout his political career.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Gogoi ministry |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rajbanshi was born on 25 January 1925 in [[Jamugurihat|Jamuguri]] to the late Siddhiram Rajbanshi.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLEZAAAAYAAJ |title=India Who's who |date=2000 |publisher=INFA Publications |language=en}}</ref> He had a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]] and [[LLB]] from [[Gauhati University]]. He joined Tezpur Bar in 1956. He was a member of the Congress Socialist Party until 1956 when he resigned. He was associated with Students Congress Young Socialist League, Civil Liberties Association, Bharat Sevak Samaj, Cooperative Union I.N.T.U.C and many other organisations. He married Lily Rajbanshi and they had 2 sons and 1 daughter.<ref name=":0" /> He enjoyed fishing and tiger catching by net and drama and social work.<ref name=":0" /> He visited [[London]] in [[England]], West [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[France]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref name=":0" />

== Political career (1972–1996) ==

=== Early political career ===
Rajbanshi was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for Balipara in the [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]. He received 18538 votes, and became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency.<ref name=":1" /> He was made deputy speaker and served until 1978.

=== Rangpara MLA and ministership ===
Rajbanshi was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the newly established constituency of [[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]] in the [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]. He received 16100 votes, 42.88% of the total vote and became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency. He defeated his nearest opponent by 5798 votes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Rangapara Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rangapara-assam-assembly-constituency#1978 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He was made cabinet minister under [[Anwara Taimur]]. He was later inducted into the [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi Ministry|Kesab Chandra Gogoi cabinet]] as minister for electricity, mines, parliamentary affairs and animal husbandry.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Seema Guha |date=October 22, 2013 |title=Assam Cong(I) factional tussle resolved with appointment of Keshab Chandra Gogoi as CM |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820215-assam-congressi-factional-tussle-resolved-with-appointment-of-keshab-chandra-gogoi-as-cm-771423-2013-10-22 |access-date=2022-04-22 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], he received 10920 votes, 53.89% of the total vote. He was reelected, defeating his nearest opponent by 6367 votes. Following the formation of the first [[Hiteswar Saikia]] ministry, he was inducted into the cabinet.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Rangapara Election Results 2016, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up and Current MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/rangapara.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

In the [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Rajbanshi sought reelection as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for [[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]]. He received 17084 votes, 34.36% of the total vote, defeating his nearest opponent by 7407 votes.<ref name=":3" /> He was made [[Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Motion of no-confidence against the Mahanta ministry ===
In early 1990, Rajbanshi moved a [[Motion of no confidence|motion of no-confidence]] against the [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] ministry for its alleged inaction against the [[United Liberation Front of Asom|United Liberation Front of Assam]] activists and failures on other fronts. The motion was discussed on 2 and 3 April 1990. Moving the debate Rajbanshi stated that Assamese youths were joining the [[United Liberation Front of Asom|ULFA]] because [[Asom Gana Parishad]] (AGP) had failed to fulfil the aspirations of the people. Rajbanshi said that AGP’s wrong policies had darkened the future of the Assamese people. Rajbanshi alleged that an AGP MLA had demanded the Chief Minister’s resignation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Chief Minister [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] said that Congress had no right to criticise his government as they too had committed many misdeeds while in power. He refuted allegations that the AGP government had neglected Scheduled castes and tribes and said that his government had spent crores each year for the development of these communities and was filling up the vacancies in jobs reserved for them which the previous government had never attempted. Referring to the allegations of financial mismanagement, Mahanta said it was easy to level such charges but it was not possible to do away with rules which were in operation since independence and which were the main reasons for the financial crisis in the state. He said that the AGP government had provided jobs to 20000 youths despite recommendations from the ninth financial commission against it. In response to the corruption allegations, Mahanta said his government had never hidden facts from the public and whenever there had been allegations even against ministers they were enquired into. Mahanta stated that despite charges in the press, none of his ministers were involved in the [[United Liberation Front of Asom|ULFA]]. He said that his government held all-party meetings to combat extremism in Assam and sought the views of all political parties in this regard.<ref name=":6" />

The motion was defeated by [[Voice vote|voice-vote]].<ref name=":6" />

=== Later years as MLA ===
In the [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], he received 30516 votes, 50.14% of the total vote. He defeated his nearest opponent by 17613 votes and was reelected.<ref name=":3" /> He was inducted into the [[Hiteswar Saikia]] cabinet.<ref name=":2" /> He did not seek reelection in [[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]] after serving as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for 18 years, and he was succeeded by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate [[Bhimananda Tanti]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

== Positions held ==
{{Div col|content=* 1972: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 1972: Deputy Speaker, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 1978: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 1980: Cabinet Minister, Government of Assam
* 1982: Cabinet Minister, Government of Assam
* 1983: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 1983: Cabinet Minister, Government of Assam
* 1985: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* Leader of the Opposition, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 1991: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 1991: Cabinet Minister, Government of Assam}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajbanshi, Golok}}
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:1925 births]]

Kritavarma

2026-02-05T02:38:49Z

Pururava: revise

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Kritavarma
| image =
| caption = Kritavarma is slain by Satyaki.
| texts = [[Mahabharata]], [[Puranas]]
| dynasty = [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]]
| siblings = Devavāha, Gadādhanvan, and Śūra
| father = Hridika
}}{{short description|Mahabharata character}}
'''Kritavarma''' ({{langx|sa|कृतवर्मा}}, {{IAST3|Kṛtavarmā}}) is a warrior from the [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]] in [[Hindu mythology]]. He appears as a minor character in the [[Mahabharata]], fighting in the [[Kurukshetra War|Kurukshetra war]] for the [[Kauravas]].<ref name="Agarwal2019">{{cite book|author=Himanshu Agarwal|title=Mahabharata Retold Part-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzCqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49|date=20 August 2019|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64587-785-1|pages=49–}}</ref> He was the son of Hṛidika, born in the [[Yadava#The Andhakas|Andhaka]] clan of the [[Yadu dynasty]].<ref name="p1">Pargiter, F.E. (1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.105.</ref>

==Legend==

=== Syamantaka theft ===
{{Main articles|Syamantaka}}
Kritavarma was the commander of the Narayani sena or Gopa sena.<ref>{{cite book| last= Shankar| first = Uday| title = Untold Tales from the Mahabharata: The Epic Beyond the Obvious| url =https://www.google.com/books/edition/Untold_Tales_from_the_Mahabharata/fsMpEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kritavarma+narayani&pg=PT73&printsec=frontcover| page =all| year= 1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Kumar| first = Nava| title = The Mahabharata A Spiritual Interpretation| url =https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Mahabharata/XHUpAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=mahabharat%20narayani%20sena| page =152| year= 1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Kotru| first = Umesh, Ashutosh| title = Karna The Unsung Hero of the Mahabharata| url =https://www.google.com/books/edition/Karna_The_Unsung_Hero_of_the_Mahabharata/tBMfCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kritavarma+narayani&pg=PT133&printsec=frontcover| page =all| year= 2015}}</ref> Kritavarma is said to have encouraged, or in some accounts, participated in the theft of the legendary Syamantaka jewel from King [[Satrajit]]. Along with his friend [[Akrura]], he is said to have caused Shatadhanva to murder Satrajit, and steal the jewel for himself. Shatadhanva was subsequently slain by Krishna, though he no longer had the jewel, having given it to Akrura and Kritavarma for safekeeping. When a famine broke out in [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]], or in other accounts, due to the discovery of Akrura's possession of the Syamantaka, both Kritavarma and he were summoned to the city to hand over the jewel. In the end, Krishna decided that Akrura should keep the jewel with him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Kṛtavarmā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241711.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Kurukshetra war ===
{{Main articles|Kurukshetra War}}
Kritavarma chose the [[Kaurava]] side in the [[Kurukshetra War]] when his assistance was sought by [[Duryodhana]], promising to lend him one [[akshauhini]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uberoi |first=Meera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Cn_zJhh-rIC&dq=narayanas+kritavarma&pg=PA252 |title=The Mahabharata |date=2005 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-303358-5 |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref>

On the first day of the war, he fought a duel with [[Satyaki]]. As a [[Maharathi (warrior)|maharathi]], was placed at the head of the flying-heron formation that had been set up by [[Bhishma]]. He engaged in a number of conflicts throughout the war. He was defeated by [[Bhima]] in single combat, and wounded in another bout against Satyaki. He fought a duel against [[Dhrishtadyumna|Dhristadyumna]], and one against [[Arjuna]], Bhima, and Satyaki. He attacked [[Abhimanyu]], killing his horse. After fainting in a bout against Arjuna, he met [[Uttamaujas and Yudhamanyu|Yudhumanyu and Uttamaujas]] in combat. He defeated [[Shikhandi]], Bhima, and [[Yudhishthira]] on various occasions. He fled the battlefield after the death of [[Drona]]. He participated in [[Ashwatthama|Ashwatthama's]] vendetta against the Pandavas by setting fire to their camp while their warriors slept.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAASBQAAQBAJ&dq=kritavarma+kaurava&pg=PT25 |title=Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History |date=2000-10-14 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-318-9 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> After the war, he informed [[Dhritarashtra]] regarding the death of his son, Duryodhana, and returned home. He appeared at Yudhishthira's [[ashvamedha]] sacrifice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=krtavarma+kaurava&pg=PA431 |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |pages=431 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Yadu massacre ===
{{Main articles|Mausala Parva}}
The conflict between Kritavarma and Satyaki in the [[Mausala Parva]] is the inciting event for the Yadu massacre, that results in the destruction of the majority of the Yadu race at Prabhasa. Inebriated due to the consumption of wine, Satyaki is stated to have mocked the Kshatriya birth of Kritavarma for the immoral murder of the warriors of the Pandava camp while they slept, believing that he would never be forgiven for this act. In retort, Kritavarma accused Satyaki of unheroic conduct when the latter attacked [[Bhurishravas|Bhurisharavas]] when he had laid down his arms. Satyaki countered by reminding him of his unrighteous role in taking the Syamantaka jewel from [[Satrajit]]. Observing [[Satyabhama|Satyabhama's]] grief, Satyaki promised her vengeance, and immediately beheaded Kritavarma. The clans of the Bhojas and the Andhakas started to fight each other, beginning the Yadu massacre.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9bDwAAQBAJ&dq=satyaki+kritavarma&pg=PT8826 |title=Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated) |last2=Vyasa |date=2018-05-19 |publisher=Delphi Classics |isbn=978-1-78656-128-2 |pages=8826 |language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Ashwatthama]]
*[[Satyaki]]
*[[Shikhandi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://mahabharata-resources.org/yadu_dynasty_opt_1.pdf Yadu genealogy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509053954/http://www.gita-society.com/section3/mahabharata.pdf Mahabharata translated by C Rajagopalachari]

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category: Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Surasa

2026-02-04T16:33:16Z

Pururava:

{{short description|Hindu goddess, described as the mother of snakes}}
{{Infobox deity
|type = Hindu
|deity_of = Mother of Snakes
|spouse =[[Kashyapa]]
|parents = [[Daksha]]
|texts = [[Ramayana]]
|image = File:Wat Phra Kaeo mural 2008-09-06 (001).jpg
|caption = Hanuman flies into the mouth of Surasa. From the mural of the [[Temple of the Emerald Buddha]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].}}
'''Surasa''' also '''Siras''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess, who is described as the mother of the '''''Uragas''''' (primordial reptilians).<ref name="mani">{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2|authorlink =Vettam Mani|page=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/767 767]}}"</ref> Her most popular tale appears in the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'', where she is tasked to test the god [[Hanuman]] on his way to [[Lanka]].

==Birth and children==
[[File:Hanuman_encounters_with_surasa_and_simhika,_hanuman_being_accousted_by_lank9ini.png|thumb|337x337px|Hanuman encounters Surasa, depicted in top register. Simhika and Lankini in mid and lower registers.]]
In the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'', Surasa is one of the 12 daughters of [[Daksha]], who are married to the sage [[Kashyapa]]. She became the mother of the [[uragas]] (a class of serpents), while her co-wife and sister [[Kadru]] gave birth to [[nāga|naga]]s, another class of snakes.<ref name="mani"/> [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]], [[Takshaka]], Airavata and other sons of Surasa are described to live in [[Bhogavati]].<ref name="epic">{{cite book|last=Hopkins |first=Edward Washburn|authorlink=Edward Washburn Hopkins|title=Epic mythology|url=https://archive.org/stream/epicmythology00hopkuoft#page/n147/mode/2up/search/Kubera|year=1915|publisher=Strassburg K.J. Trübner|isbn=0-8426-0560-6|pages=20, 28, 200}}</ref>

The epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' describes her being born from the wrath of [[Krodhavasha]], another wife of Kashyapa. Surasa has three daughters: Anala, Ruha and Virudha. The serpents descend from the daughters of Surasa. She is thus called the mother of uragas and also cranes; another snake race ''Pannagas'' descends from Kadru.<ref name="mani"/><ref name="epic"/>

The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' and the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' describes Surasa as one of 13 wives of Kashyapa and daughters of Daksha. The ''Vishnu Purana'' says that she gave birth to a thousand multi-hooded serpentine and non-serpentine reptilian entities, who could both crawl on the ground and fly in the skies; while Kadru also gives birth to a thousand multihooded serpentine entities, they were mostly incapable of flight and were instead tethered to the ground. As the ''Matsya Purana'', she is the mother of all quadrupeds, except cows (who are descended from a divine form of Mother Earth herself); the serpents are described as Kadru's children. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' portrays her the mother of [[rakshasa]]s (cannibals, demons). The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' and ''[[Padma Purana]]'' lists do not mention her as a wife of Kashyapa; and Anayush or Danayush take her position as mother of snakes.<ref name="Basu"/><ref name="vishnu">
* {{cite book | url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp050.htm#fn_296 | title=The Vishnu Purana |chapter = CHAP. XV| author=Horace Hayman Wilson | authorlink=Horace Hayman Wilson | year=1840 | pages=110}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp056.htm CHAP. XXI p. 147]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto6/chapter6.html|title=Bhagavata Purana: Canto 6: Chapter 6: The Progeny of the Daughters of Daksha|last=Aadhar|first=Anand}}</ref>

The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' mentions that [[Rohini Devi|Rohini]] as Surasa's incarnation; his son [[Balarama]] was incarnation of the naga [[Shesha]], Surasa's son.<ref name="mani"/>

As per the ''Matsya Purana'', when the god [[Shiva]] as [[Tripurantaka]] sets off to the three demon cities, various deities aid him. Surasa and other goddesses become his arrows and spears. When drops of the demon [[Andhaka]] blood multiplying into many demons, Surasa and other mother goddesses called [[matrika]]s aid Shiva to slay the demon, by drinking the blood.<ref name="Basu">{{cite book|author=Baman Das Basu|title=The Sacred books of the Hindus|publisher=Published by Cosmo Publications for Genesis Pub.|isbn=978-81-307-0533-0|pages=9, 52, 137, 155}}</ref>

==Encounter with Hanuman==
[[File:Hanuman and Surasa.jpg|thumb|Surasa (right) encounters Hanuman, who is depicted thrice – in a large form (left), entering her mouth and exiting from her ear.|250px]]
Surasa's encounter with [[Hanuman]] in the ''Sundara Kanda'' Book of the ''Ramayana'' and its retellings, is the most popular tale related to Surasa. Hanuman, flies over the ocean to [[Lanka]] (identified with present-day [[Sri Lanka]]) in search of his master [[Rama]]'s kidnapped wife [[Sita]]. When Hanuman leaves from land (identified with India), a mountain Mainaka appears in Hanuman's path, for him to rest but Hanuman considering it as an obstacle flies ahead. The gods, [[gandharva]]s and sages call Surasa, the mother of the nagas, and request her to assume a terrible [[rakshasi]] (demoness) form to test Hanuman. The reasons for her being called to test Hanuman as well as the abilities to be tested, differ in various ''Ramayana'' tellings. The ''[[Ramacharitamanas]]'' suggests that the test was meant to prove his greatness and establish that he is ideally suited for the task assigned to him. Conversely, the ''[[Adhyatma Ramayana]]'' says that the gods do not trust Hanuman's strengths; however both agree that the gods want to test Hanuman's strength (''bala'') and thinking power (''[[buddhi]]''). The original ''Ramayana'' states that his strength and valour are to be tested and does not state the reasons. Other texts find a middle path where though the gods are confident of Hanuman's abilities, they wish to "sharpen" them or warn him of impending dangers.<ref name="Ludvik1994"/>

Surasa consents and obstructs Hanuman's path in the sea. She has solar imagery, with “yellow eyes and a pair of jaws fanged and gaping” and the size of a mountain.<ref>Goldman p. 42,</ref> She declares that Hanuman is the food provided to her by the gods and tries to eat him. Hanuman explains his mission to track Sita and requests her to let him go, and promises to return to enter her mouth, in accordance to Sama (gentle persuasion) and Dana (earnestly asking) part of the [[Sāma, Dāna, Bheda, Danda]] philosophy. She tells him that he can pass only through her mouth, as per a boon given to her. Hanuman counters her by challenging to open her mouth wide enough to eat him (Bheda – threat). He starts expanding his form and becoming larger; Surasa also expands her jaws so she can devour Hanuman; the contest is interpreted as danda (punishment). Finally when Surasa's mouth expands to a 100 ''[[yojana]]''s, Hanuman suddenly assumes a tiny form (size of a thumb) and enters her mouth and leaves it, before she can close it. In a variant, Hanuman enters Surasa's mouth and leaves through her ear.<ref name="mani" /><ref name="Ludvik1994"/> Thus, Hanuman respects Surasa's vow as well as saves his life. He salutes her and addresses her as Dakshayani (daughter of Daksha). Impressed by Hanuman's "ingenuity and courage", Surasa assumes her true form and blesses Hanuman. In a version, she reveals the purpose of her mission, being the orders of the gods and declares that the success of her mission, revealing Hanuman's intellect and strength.<ref name="mani" /><ref name="Ludvik1994"/><ref name="Lochtefeld2002">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/671 671]}}</ref><ref>Goldman pp. 111–2</ref> Hanuman recalls his adventures, including the Surasa encounter, to Rama after he returns from Lanka.<ref>Goldman pp. 267</ref>

Surasa is one of the three women who encounter Hanuman on his journey to Lanka; the other two are the rakshasi [[Simhika]] and [[Lankini]], the guardian goddess of Lanka. The heavenly Surasa represents the [[mahabhuta|element]] [[akasha]] (sky), while Simhika and Lankini represents water and earth respectively. As per another interpretation, the trio represents the [[maya (illusion)|maya]] (illusion) related to the three [[Guṇa|guna]]s (qualities). Surasa allegorically stands for [[sattvika]] maya, the purest form of illusion that needs to be tamed but still respected.<ref name="Iowa2006">{{cite book|author=Philip Lutgendorf Professor of Hindi and Modern Indian Studies University of Iowa|title=Hanuman's Tale : The Messages of a Divine Monkey: The Messages of a Divine Monkey|date=13 December 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-804220-4|pages=195–6}}</ref> The three women also denote a challenge to Hanuman's celibacy. "Eroticism and Hanuman's dispassionate visual consumption of women as sexual objects" is a recurring theme in the epic.<ref>Goldman p. 52</ref>

According to J. C. Jhala, the Surasa encounter is a later interpolation to the ''Ramayana'' as it resembles the Simhika episode to a great extent. It is missing from early adaptations of Rama's story in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Agni Purana]]''.<ref name="Ludvik1994">{{cite book|author=Catherine Ludvik|title=Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1122-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hanumaninrama00ludv/page/72 72–75]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/hanumaninrama00ludv/page/72}}</ref> However Goldmans suggest that the theory is flawed and highly questionable and retain it in their critical edition of the ''Ramayana''.<ref>Goldman p. 88-9</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|author=Robert P. Goldman, Sally J. Sutherland Goldman|title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Sundarakāṇḍa|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3166-7}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Nāgas]]
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Daughters of Daksha]]

Malas (ayurveda)

2026-01-30T23:04:34Z

Pururava: Starting new details

{{Alternative medicine sidebar}}
'''Malas''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|s}} {{respell|mə|LAHS|'}}) in [[Ayurveda]] are the waste products of the body. The ''trimala'' (three malas) include [[urine]], [[Human feces|stool]], and [[sweat]]. In Ayurveda, the excreta of the eyes, ears, nose, tears, nails, and hair are also categorised as mala. The effective elimination of malas is said to be important for maintaining good health. It is one of the pillars that contribute to the basic structure and functioning of the body.<ref>Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (c) 2005, Elsevier.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ayurveda.iloveindia.com/ayurveda-fundamentals/significance-of-mala.html Significance of Mala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107000857/http://ayurveda.iloveindia.com/ayurveda-fundamentals/significance-of-mala.html |date=2010-01-07 }}
* [https://veda-pulse.fi/ayurveda-ama/ Ayurveda Ruokavalio]
* [https://veda-pulse.fi/language/en/e-ayurveda-and-jyotish/ Ayurveda Ama]

{{Ayurveda}}

[[Category:Ayurveda]]

{{alt-med-stub}}

Pt. Sambhunath University

2026-01-24T14:16:22Z

Pururava: new new post.

{{Short description|State university in Shahdol, India}}
{{morefootnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Pandit S. N. Shukla University
| image = ptsnsusdllogo.png
| motto = vidyayā amṛtam aśnute
| mottoeng = "the Knowledge enjoys Immortality"
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| established = 2016
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Ram Shankar
| faculty = >100
| students = 5000
| city = [[Shahdol]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| coor = {{coord|23.2976790|N|81.3510179|E|type:edu|display=it}}
| country = India
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| website = [https://ptsnsuniversity.ac.in/]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
}}

'''Pandit S. N. Shukla University''' is an institution of higher education located in Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh, [[India]]. It is a [[State university]] founded in 2016 by [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=RUSA, GoMP|first=Pt. SN Shukla University|date=2016|title=Shahdol University act|url=http://rusa.mp.gov.in/content.aspx?page=shahdol-university-act-2016&number=335}}</ref> It is affiliated under [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>{{Cite web|last=UGC|first=State University List|date=2016|title=UGC staye University list|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=20&Unitype=2}}</ref>

== History ==
Established in 1956, Govt. Pandit Shambhunath Shukla College, [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]] was affiliated To Awadesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa till 2016. After that it has been made a university. It is named after [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian independence activist]] and former chief minister of [[Vindhya Pradesh]] Shri [[S.N.Shukla|S.N. Shukla]].

== Campus ==
Currently, the campus is located in the city spread across 26 acres with a sports facility, boy's hostel, well-equipped laboratories, libraries and a complete WIFI coverage. The new 50 acres university campus building has been inaugurated by the [[List of governors of Madhya Pradesh|Governor of Madhya Pradesh]] at Village Nawalpur in [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]] district<ref>{{Cite news|last=Inauguration|first=Shahdol University|date=2019|title=Shahdol University inauguration|work=Patrika Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.patrika.com/rewa-news/apsu-rewa-sambhunath-university-shahdol-mp-higher-education-5415885/}}</ref>

===Location===
The current campus of 26 acres is situated nearby Kotwali Thana, Shahdol and it is about 2.7 km and 2.5 km from New Bus Stand, Shahdol and Railway Station, Shahdol respectively.

The New 50 acres University Campus Building is situated nearby Nawalpur Village about 11 km and 12 km from New Bus Stand, Shahdol and Railway Station, Shahdol respectively.

== Academic ==

The university is structured into the following academic divisions:<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=College Duniya |title=About college|url=https://collegedunia.com/university/60435-pandit-s-n-shukla-university-shahdol-ptsns-shahdol/admission}}</ref>

# Physics
# Mathematics
# Bio-Technology
# Computer Science
# Botany
# Chemistry
# Bio-Chemistry
# Biology
# Geology
# English
# Hindi
# Zoology

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State universities in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:Shahdol]]

2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships

2026-01-20T21:07:01Z

Pururava: general add layout for clarity and fixed typos

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox XC Championships
|Name = 2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
|Logo = Whmc logo 2004.png
|Size = 257px
|Caption =
|Organisers = [[IAAF]]
|Edition = 13th
|Date = 3 October
|Host city = [[New Delhi]], [[National_Capital_Territory#India|National Capital Territory]], [[India]] {{flagicon|India}}
|Location =
|Nations participating = 55
|Athletes participating = 152
|Races = 2
|Website =
|Previous = [[2003 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|2003 Vilamoura]]
|Next = [[2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|2005 Edmonton]]
}}
The '''13th [[IAAF World Half Marathon Championships]]''' was held on 3 October 2004 in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. A total of 152 athletes, 91 men and 61 women, from 55 countries took part.

Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given both
for the men's race<ref name=iaaf_02>{{Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Kirui takes gold as Kenya wins back World Half Marathon Team Title in New Delhi
| url = http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/news/newsid=27603.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130909214428/http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/news/newsid=27603.html
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 9 September 2013
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}</ref><ref name=iaaf_03>
{{ Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Kirui takes gold as Kenya wins back World Half Marathon Team Title in New Delhi
| url = http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships/news/kirui-takes-gold-as-kenya-wins-back-world-hal
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}
</ref> and for the women's race.<ref name=iaaf_04>{{Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Sun Yingjie sets National Record to take World Title on Asian soil
| url = http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/news/newsid=27604.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130909214508/http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/news/newsid=27604.html
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 9 September 2013
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}</ref><ref name=iaaf_05>
{{ Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Sun Yingjie sets National Record to take World Title on Asian soil
| url = http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships/news/sun-yingjie-sets-national-record-to-take-worl
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}
</ref>

Complete results were published<ref name=iaaf_01>
{{ Citation
| title = IAAF WORLD HALF MARATHON CHAMPIONSHIPS - KAVARNA 2012 - FACTS & FIGURES - Incorporating the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships (1992-2005/2008-2010) & the IAAF World Road Running Championships 2006/2007
| url = http://dt9guucc6nuua.cloudfront.net/competitioninfo/4338c03a-914e-4df3-ac47-68e78067142c.pdf
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 1 September 2013
}}
</ref> for the men's race,<ref name=iaaf_06>{{Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Half Marathon - M - Results
| url = http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/results/sex=M/discCode=HMAR/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130909214424/http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/results/sex=M/discCode=HMAR/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 9 September 2013
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}</ref><ref name=iaaf_07>
{{ Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Results - 13th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships - New Delhi, INDIA 03 OCT 2004 - Half Marathon - men
| url = http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships/13th-iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships-3228/results/men/half-marathon/final/result
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}
</ref> for the women's race,<ref name=iaaf_08>{{Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Half Marathon - W - Results
| url = http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/results/sex=W/discCode=HMAR/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130909214448/http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/results/sex=W/discCode=HMAR/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 9 September 2013
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}</ref><ref name=iaaf_09>
{{ Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Results - 13th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships - New Delhi, INDIA 03 OCT 2004 - Half Marathon - women
| url = http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships/13th-iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships-3228/results/women/half-marathon/final/result
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}
</ref> for men's team,<ref name=iaaf_10>{{Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Official Team Results Half Marathon - M
| url = http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/results/sex=M/discCode=HMAR/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/team.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130909214430/http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/results/sex=M/discCode=HMAR/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/team.html
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 9 September 2013
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}</ref><ref name=iaaf_11>
{{ Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Results - 13th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships - New Delhi, INDIA 03 OCT 2004 - Half Marathon - men - team
| url = http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships/13th-iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships-3228/results/men/half-marathon/final/team
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}
</ref> and for women's team.<ref name=iaaf_12>{{Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Official Team Results Half Marathon - W
| url = http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/results/sex=W/discCode=HMAR/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/team.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130909214448/http://www.iaaf.net/history/WHM/season=2004/eventCode=3228/results/sex=W/discCode=HMAR/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/team.html
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 9 September 2013
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}</ref><ref name=iaaf_13>
{{ Citation
| date = 3 October 2004
| title = Results - 13th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships - New Delhi, INDIA 03 OCT 2004 - Half Marathon - women - team
| url = http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships/13th-iaaf-world-half-marathon-championships-3228/results/women/half-marathon/final/team
| publisher = [[IAAF]]
| access-date = 9 September 2013
}}
</ref>

The competition also incorporated the '''1st Asian Half Marathon Championships'''. [[Abdullah Ahmed Hassan]] of Qatar and [[Sun Yingjie]] of China were the inaugural winners. The tournament has not been held since, however.<ref>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/road.htm Asian Half Marathon Championships]. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2014-11-26.</ref>

==Medallists==
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2}}
|-
|colspan=7 bgcolor=#eeeeee style=text-align:center;| '''Individual'''
|-
|Men
|{{flagathlete|[[Paul Kirui]]|KEN}} || 1:02:15
|{{flagathlete|[[Fabiano Joseph]]|TAN}} || 1:02:31
|{{flagathlete|[[Ahmed Hassan Abdullah]]|QAT}} || 1:02:36
|-
|Women
|{{flagathlete|[[Sun Yingjie]]|CHN}} || 1:08:40
|{{flagathlete|[[Lydia Cheromei]]|KEN}} || 1:09:00
|{{flagathlete|[[Constantina Diţă-Tomescu]]|ROU}} || 1:09:07
|-
|colspan=7 bgcolor=#eeeeee style=text-align:center;| '''Team'''
|-
|Team Men
|{{KEN}} || 3:07:55
|{{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 3:08:37
|{{UGA}} || 3:13:48
|-
|Team Women
|{{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 3:36:00
|{{ROU}} || 3:36:08
|{{RUS}} || 3:38:21
|}

==Race results==
===Men's===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%;" width="50%"
! Rank || Athlete || Nationality || Time || Notes
|- bgcolor="#F7F6A8"
|align=center| {{gold1}} || [[Paul Kirui]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}} || 1:02:15 ||
|- bgcolor="#DCE5E5"
|align=center| {{silver2}} || [[Fabiano Joseph]] || {{flagcountry|TAN}} || 1:02:31 ||
|- bgcolor="#FFDAB9"
|align=center| {{bronze3}} || [[Ahmed Hassan Abdullah]] || {{flagcountry|QAT}} || 1:02:36 || '''NR'''
|-
|align=center| 4 || [[John Cheruiyot Korir]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}} || 1:02:38 ||
|-
|align=center| 5 || [[Solomon Tsige]] || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 1:02:42 ||
|-
|align=center| 6 || [[Alene Emere]] || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 1:02:52 ||
|-
|align=center| 7 || [[Wilson Busienei]] || {{flagcountry|UGA}} || 1:02:55 || '''PB'''
|-
|align=center| 8 || [[Wilson Kiprotich Kebenei]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}} || 1:03:02 ||
|-
|align=center| 9 || [[Berhanu Addane]] || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 1:03:03 ||
|-
|align=center| 10 || [[Abebe Dinkessa]] || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 1:04:06 ||
|-
|align=center| 11 || [[Yonas Kifle]] || {{flagcountry|ERI}} || 1:04:19 ||
|-
|align=center| 12 || [[Ayele Setegne]] || {{flagcountry|ISR}} || 1:04:41 ||
|-
|align=center| 13 || [[Martin Toroitich]] || {{flagcountry|UGA}} || 1:04:48 || '''SB'''
|-
|align=center| 14 || [[Yukinobu Nakazaki]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1:04:48 ||
|-
|align=center| 15 || [[Samson Kiflemariam]] || {{flagcountry|ERI}} || 1:05:00 || '''PB'''
|-
|align=center| 16 || [[Yoshinori Oda]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1:05:03 ||
|-
|align=center| 17 || [[Terumasa Okamura]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1:05:19 ||
|-
|align=center| 18 || [[Justin Young (athlete)|Justin Young]] || {{flagcountry|USA}} || 1:05:33 ||
|-
|align=center| 19 || [[Aziz Driouche]] || {{flagcountry|MAR}} || 1:05:41 ||
|-
|align=center| 20 || [[Lewis Masunda]] || {{flagcountry|ZIM}} || 1:05:42 ||
|-
|align=center| 21 || [[Tesfayohannes Mesfen]] || {{flagcountry|ERI}} || 1:05:45 ||
|-
|align=center| 22 || [[Fernando Rey (athlete)|Fernando Rey]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1:05:51 ||
|-
|align=center| 23 || [[Moulay Ali Ouadih]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1:05:59 ||
|-
|align=center| 24 || [[Larbi Zéroual]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1:06:01 ||
|-
|align=center| 25 || [[Yevgeniy Rybakov]] || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || 1:06:02 ||
|-
|align=center| 26 || [[Gabalebe Moloko]] || {{flagcountry|BOT}} || 1:06:04 ||
|-
|align=center| 27 || [[Joseph Nsubuga]] || {{flagcountry|UGA}} || 1:06:05 || '''SB'''
|-
|align=center| 28 || [[Stephen Rogart]] || {{flagcountry|TAN}} || 1:06:11 ||
|-
|align=center| 29 || [[Masatoshi Ibata]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1:06:25 ||
|-
|align=center| 30 || [[Jumah Al-Noor]] || {{flagcountry|QAT}} || 1:06:42 ||
|-
|align=center| 31 || [[Jeroen van Damme]] || {{flagcountry|NED}} || 1:06:52 ||
|-
|align=center| 32 || [[Víctor Morente]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1:06:56 ||
|-
|align=center| 33 || [[Leonid Shvetsov]] || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || 1:06:58 ||
|-
|align=center| 34 || [[Rachid El-Ghanmouni]] || {{flagcountry|MAR}} || 1:07:01 ||
|-
|align=center| 35 || [[Aleksandr Vasilyev (runner)|Aleksandr Vasilyev]] || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || 1:07:05 ||
|-
|align=center| 36 || [[Eliphas Maiyo]] || {{flagcountry|UGA}} || 1:07:12 ||
|-
|align=center| 37 || [[Mohamed Serbouti]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1:07:24 ||
|-
|align=center| 38 || [[Magnus Michelsson]] || {{flagcountry|AUS}} || 1:07:41 ||
|-
|align=center| 39 || [[Yared Asmeron]] || {{flagcountry|ERI}} || 1:07:48 ||
|-
|align=center| 40 || [[Hakim Bagy]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1:07:49 ||
|-
|align=center| 41 || [[Carlos Jaramillo (athlete)|Carlos Jaramillo]] || {{flagcountry|CHI}} || 1:07:51 ||
|-
|align=center| 42 || [[Nandana Ratnayake]] || {{flagcountry|SRI}} || 1:08:00 ||
|-
|align=center| 43 || [[Foaad Abubaker]] || {{flagcountry|QAT}} || 1:08:13 ||
|-
|align=center| 44 || [[Ajith Bandara (athlete)|Ajith Bandara]] || {{flagcountry|SRI}} || 1:08:25 ||
|-
|align=center| 45 || [[Oliver Dietz]] || {{flagcountry|GER}} || 1:08:29 ||
|-
|align=center| 46 || [[James Kibet]] || {{flagcountry|UGA}} || 1:08:36 ||
|-
|align=center| 47 || [[Josh Cox]] || {{flagcountry|USA}} || 1:08:38 ||
|-
|align=center| 48 || [[Teddy Mitchell]] || {{flagcountry|USA}} || 1:08:39 || '''PB'''
|-
|align=center| 49 || [[Nick Cordes]] || {{flagcountry|USA}} || 1:08:43 ||
|-
|align=center| 50 || [[Kabo Gabaseme]] || {{flagcountry|BOT}} || 1:09:00 ||
|-
|align=center| 51 || [[Menon Ramsamy]] || {{flagcountry|MRI}} || 1:09:05 ||
|-
|align=center| 52 || [[Dhako Naftali]] || {{flagcountry|TAN}} || 1:09:11 ||
|-
|align=center| 53 || [[Mikhail Khobotov]] || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || 1:09:23 ||
|-
|align=center| 54 || [[Grigoriy Andreyev]] || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || 1:09:37 ||
|-
|align=center| 55 || [[Kaelo Mosalagae]] || {{flagcountry|BOT}} || 1:10:10 || '''PB'''
|-
|align=center| 56 || [[Sin Jung-Hoon]] || {{flagcountry|KOR}} || 1:10:12 ||
|-
|align=center| 57 || [[Stephen Drew (athlete)|Stephen Drew]] || {{flagcountry|CAN}} || 1:10:13 ||
|-
|align=center| 58 || [[Kevin Collins (athlete)|Kevin Collins]] || {{flagcountry|USA}} || 1:10:32 ||
|-
|align=center| 59 || [[Ram Bahadur Subha]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:10:33 ||
|-
|align=center| 60 || [[Slavko Petrović (athlete)|Slavko Petrović]] || {{flagcountry|CRO}} || 1:10:47 ||
|-
|align=center| 61 || [[Simon Labiche]] || {{flagcountry|SEY}} || 1:10:52 ||
|-
|align=center| 62 || [[Tsotang Maine]] || {{flagcountry|LES}} || 1:11:08 ||
|-
|align=center| 63 || [[Sipho Dlamini]] || {{flagcountry|Swaziland}} || 1:11:31 ||
|-
|align=center| 64 || [[Suliman Al-Ghodran]] || {{flagcountry|JOR}} || 1:11:41 ||
|-
|align=center| 65 || [[Muresh Kumar Yadav]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:11:53 ||
|-
|align=center| 66 || [[Ajith Singh]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:12:05 ||
|-
|align=center| 67 || [[Andrey Chigidinov]] || {{flagcountry|KAZ}} || 1:12:07 ||
|-
|align=center| 68 || [[José Alejandro Semprún]] || {{flagcountry|VEN}} || 1:12:12 ||
|-
|align=center| 69 || [[Raj Kumar (athlete)|Raj Kumar]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:12:12 ||
|-
|align=center| 70 || [[Yousef Al-Hadhrami]] || {{flagcountry|OMN}} || 1:12:24 ||
|-
|align=center| 71 || [[Uttam Khatri]] || {{flagcountry|NEP}} || 1:12:29 ||
|-
|align=center| 72 || [[Mohan Chandr Kapri]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:12:49 ||
|-
|align=center| 73 || [[Rene Herrera]] || {{flagcountry|PHI}} || 1:15:06 ||
|-
|align=center| 74 || [[Arjun Prasad Dhakal]] || {{flagcountry|NEP}} || 1:16:16 ||
|-
|align=center| 75 || [[Marcel Tschopp]] || {{flagcountry|LIE}} || 1:16:45 ||
|-
|align=center| 76 || [[Amnuay Tongmit]] || {{flagcountry|THA}} || 1:17:29 ||
|-
|align=center| 77 || [[Mihail Faiskanov]] || {{flagcountry|KGZ}} || 1:18:37 ||
|-
|align=center| 78 || [[Pema Tshewang (athlete)|Pema Tshewang]] || {{flagcountry|BHU}} || 1:18:45 || '''PB'''
|-
|align=center| 79 || [[Hem Bunting]] || {{flagcountry|CAM}} || 1:19:40 || '''NR'''
|-
|align=center| 80 || [[Wong Wang Keung]] || {{flagcountry|HKG}} || 1:19:42 ||
|-
|align=center| 81 || [[Steve Osadiuk]] || {{flagcountry|CAN}} || 1:21:26 ||
|-
|align=center| 82 || [[Nara Bahadur Khatri]] || {{flagcountry|NEP}} || 1:22:32 ||
|-
|align=center| 83 || [[Yac Aboub Abu Turkey]] || {{flagcountry|PLE}} || 1:22:59 ||
|-
|align=center| 84 || [[Hussein Riyaz]] || {{flagcountry|MDV}} || 1:25:19 ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Franck de Almeida]] || {{flagcountry|BRA}} || DNF ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Ieong Chio Wa]] || {{flagcountry|MAC}} || DNF ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Abdelhadi Habassa]] || {{flagcountry|MAR}} || DNF ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Ridouane Harroufi]] || {{flagcountry|MAR}} || DNF ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Javier Cortés (athlete)|Javier Cortés]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || DNF ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Mohamed Msenduki Ikoki]] || {{flagcountry|TAN}} || DNF ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Kemal Tuvakuliyev]] || {{flagcountry|TKM}} || DNF ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Wai Kin Lok]] || {{flagcountry|MAC}} || DNS ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Nurridin Irmatov]] || {{flagcountry|TJK}} || DNS ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Abdul Aziz Ali Ahmed]] || {{flagcountry|YEM}} || DNS ||
|}

===Women's===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%;" width="50%"
! Rank || Athlete || Nationality || Time || Notes
|- bgcolor="#F7F6A8"
|align=center| {{gold1}} || [[Sun Yingjie]] || {{flagcountry|CHN}} || 1:08:40 || '''NR'''
|- bgcolor="#DCE5E5"
|align=center| {{silver2}} || [[Lydia Cheromei]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}} || 1:09:00 || '''PB'''
|- bgcolor="#FFDAB9"
|align=center| {{bronze3}} || [[Constantina Diţă-Tomescu]] || {{flagcountry|ROU}} || 1:09:07 ||
|-
|align=center| 4 || [[Sonia O'Sullivan]] || {{flagcountry|IRL}} || 1:10:33 ||
|-
|align=center| 5 || [[Yuki Saito (athlete)|Yuki Saito]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1:11:05 ||
|-
|align=center| 6 || [[Eyerusalem Kuma]] || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 1:11:07 ||
|-
|align=center| 7 || [[Irina Timofeyeva]] || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || 1:11:17 ||
|-
|align=center| 8 || [[Bezunesh Bekele]] || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 1:11:23 ||
|-
|align=center| 9 || [[Alina Ivanova]] || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || 1:12:17 ||
|-
|align=center| 10 || [[Mihaela Botezan]] || {{flagcountry|ROU}} || 1:12:36 ||
|-
|align=center| 11 || [[Gloria Marconi]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1:12:42 ||
|-
|align=center| 12 || [[Zhou Chunxiu]] || {{flagcountry|CHN}} || 1:12:52 ||
|-
|align=center| 13 || [[Kei Terada]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1:13:07 ||
|-
|align=center| 14 || [[Rita Sitienei Jeptoo]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}} || 1:13:08 ||
|-
|align=center| 15 || [[Teyba Erkesso]] || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 1:13:30 ||
|-
|align=center| 16 || [[Adanech Zekiros]] || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || 1:13:50 || '''PB'''
|-
|align=center| 17 || [[Živilė Balčiūnaitė]] || {{flagcountry|LTU}} || 1:13:53 ||
|-
|align=center| 18 || [[Luminița Talpoș]] || {{flagcountry|ROU}} || 1:14:25 ||
|-
|align=center| 19 || [[Isabel Eizmendi]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1:14:37 ||
|-
|align=center| 20 || [[Keiko Isogai]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1:14:39 ||
|-
|align=center| 21 || [[Yelena Burykina]] || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || 1:14:47 ||
|-
|align=center| 22 || [[Irina Safarova]] || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || 1:14:52 ||
|-
|align=center| 23 || [[Patrizia Tisi]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1:14:58 ||
|-
|align=center| 24 || [[Fatiha Klilech-Fauvel]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1:15:05 ||
|-
|align=center| 25 || [[Aurica Buia]] || {{flagcountry|ROU}} || 1:15:10 ||
|-
|align=center| 26 || [[Christelle Daunay]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1:15:28 ||
|-
|align=center| 27 || [[María Luisa Lárraga]] || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1:15:41 ||
|-
|align=center| 28 || [[Petra Kamínková/Drajzajtlová]] || {{flagcountry|CZE}} || 1:15:46 ||
|-
|align=center| 29 || [[Yamna Oubouhou]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1:15:53 ||
|-
|align=center| 30 || [[Ivana Iozzia]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1:15:59 ||
|-
|align=center| 31 || [[Fumi Murata]] || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1:16:32 ||
|-
|align=center| 32 || [[Kenza Wahbi]] || {{flagcountry|MAR}} || 1:16:41 ||
|-
|align=center| 33 || [[Emily Nay]] || {{flagcountry|USA}} || 1:17:09 ||
|-
|align=center| 34 || [[Vincenza Sicari]] || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1:17:30 ||
|-
|align=center| 35 || [[Kimberly Fitchen-Young]] || {{flagcountry|USA}} || 1:17:40 ||
|-
|align=center| 36 || [[Melissa White]] || {{flagcountry|USA}} || 1:18:42 ||
|-
|align=center| 37 || [[Elena Fetizon]] || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || 1:19:13 ||
|-
|align=center| 38 || [[Heather Tanner (athlete)|Heather Tanner]] || {{flagcountry|USA}} || 1:19:48 ||
|-
|align=center| 39 || [[Adriana da Silva]] || {{flagcountry|BRA}} || 1:19:49 ||
|-
|align=center| 40 || [[Maria Zambrano (athlete)|Maria Zambrano]] || {{flagcountry|CAN}} || 1:21:41 ||
|-
|align=center| 41 || [[Irmalyn Falcón]] || {{flagcountry|PUR}} || 1:21:58 ||
|-
|align=center| 42 || [[Sujeewa Jayasena]] || {{flagcountry|SRI}} || 1:22:07 ||
|-
|align=center| 43 || [[Anastasiya Padalinskaya]] || {{flagcountry|BLR}} || 1:22:44 ||
|-
|align=center| 44 || [[Marina Gurbina]] || {{flagcountry|KAZ}} || 1:22:52 ||
|-
|align=center| 45 || [[Geeta Rani (athlete)|Geeta Rani]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:22:59 || '''PB'''
|-
|align=center| 46 || [[Sarita Marbade]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:23:23 || '''PB'''
|-
|align=center| 47 || [[Purshot Laima Devi]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:24:38 ||
|-
|align=center| 48 || [[Pushpa Devi (runner)|Pushpa Devi]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:24:44 ||
|-
|align=center| 49 || [[Saiphon Piawong]] || {{flagcountry|THA}} || 1:25:20 || '''NR'''
|-
|align=center| 50 || [[Ida Kiyindou]] || {{flagcountry|CGO}} || 1:25:42 ||
|-
|align=center| 51 || [[Matirinta Mota]] || {{flagcountry|LES}} || 1:28:44 ||
|-
|align=center| 52 || [[Sarbjett Kaur]] || {{flagcountry|IND}} || 1:28:48 ||
|-
|align=center| 53 || [[Vivian Tang]] || {{flagcountry|SIN}} || 1:29:22 ||
|-
|align=center| 54 || [[Rashida Sarbasova]] || {{flagcountry|KAZ}} || 1:30:20 ||
|-
|align=center| 55 || [[Olesia Orlova]] || {{flagcountry|KGZ}} || 1:36:56 ||
|-
|align=center| 56 || [[Nirmala Bharati]] || {{flagcountry|NEP}} || 1:44:30 ||
|-
|align=center| 57 || [[Zulaikha Ali]] || {{flagcountry|MDV}} || 1:44:39 ||
|-
|align=center| 58 || [[Marina Tutynina]] || {{flagcountry|TKM}} || 1:44:52 ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Tenzin Yangdon]] || {{flagcountry|BHU}} || DNF ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Emily Kimuria]] || {{flagcountry|KEN}} || DNF ||
|-
|align=center| — || [[Hafida Izem]] || {{flagcountry|MAR}} || DNF ||
|}

==Team results==
===Men's===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%;" width="50%"
! Rank || Country || Team || Time
|- bgcolor="#F7F6A8"
|align=center| {{gold1}} || {{flagcountry|KEN}} || [[Paul Kirui]] [[John Cheruiyot Korir]] [[Wilson Kiprotich Kebenei]] || 3:07:55
|- bgcolor="#DCE5E5"
|align=center| {{silver2}} || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || [[Solomon Tsige]] [[Alene Emere]] [[Berhanu Addane]] || 3:08:37
|- bgcolor="#FFDAB9"
|align=center| {{bronze3}} || {{flagcountry|UGA}} || [[Wilson Busienei]] [[Martin Toroitich]] [[Joseph Nsubuga]] || 3:13:48
|-
|align=center| 4 || {{flagcountry|ERI}} || [[Yonas Kifle]] [[Samson Kiflemariam]] [[Tesfayohannes Mesfen]] || 3:15:04
|-
|align=center| 5 || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || [[Yukinobu Nakazaki]] [[Yoshinori Oda]] [[Terumasa Okamura]] || 3:15:10
|-
|align=center| 6 || {{flagcountry|QAT}} || [[Ahmed Hassan Abdullah]] [[Jumah Al-Noor]] [[Foaad Abubaker]] || 3:17:31
|-
|align=center| 7 || {{flagcountry|TAN}} || [[Fabiano Joseph]] [[Stephen Rogart]] [[Dhako Naftali]] || 3:17:53
|-
|align=center| 8 || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || [[Moulay Ali Ouadih]] [[Larbi Zéroual]] [[Mohamed Serbouti]] || 3:19:24
|-
|align=center| 9 || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || [[Yevgeniy Rybakov]] [[Leonid Shvetsov]] [[Aleksandr Vasilyev (runner)|Aleksandr Vasilyev]] || 3:20:05
|-
|align=center| 10 || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[Justin Young (athlete)|Justin Young]] [[Josh Cox]] [[Teddy Mitchell]] || 3:22:50
|-
|align=center| 11 || {{flagcountry|BOT}} || [[Gabalebe Moloko]] [[Kabo Gabaseme]] [[Kaelo Mosalagae]] || 3:25:14
|-
|align=center| 12 || {{flagcountry|IND}} || [[Ram Bahadur Subha]] [[Muresh Kumar Yadav]] [[Ajith Singh]] || 3:34:31
|-
|align=center| 13 || {{flagcountry|NEP}} || [[Uttam Khatri]] [[Arjun Prasad Dhakal]] [[Nara Bahadur Khatri]] || 3:51:17
|-
|align=center| — || {{flagcountry|MAR}} || [[Aziz Driouche]] [[Rachid El-Ghanmouni]] [[Abdelhadi Habassa]] || DNF
|-
|align=center| — || {{flagcountry|ESP}} || [[Fernando Rey (athlete)|Fernando Rey]] [[Víctor Morente]] [[Javier Cortés (athlete)|Javier Cortés]] || DNF
|}

===Women's===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%;" width="50%"
! Rank || Country || Team || Time
|- bgcolor="#F7F6A8"
|align=center| {{gold1}} || {{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} || [[Eyerusalem Kuma]] [[Bezunesh Bekele]] [[Teyba Erkesso]] || 3:36:00
|- bgcolor="#DCE5E5"
|align=center| {{silver2}} || {{flagcountry|ROU}} || [[Constantina Diţă-Tomescu]] [[Mihaela Botezan]] [[Luminița Talpoș]] || 3:36:08
|- bgcolor="#FFDAB9"
|align=center| {{bronze3}} || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || [[Irina Timofeyeva]] [[Alina Ivanova]] [[Yelena Burykina]] || 3:38:21
|-
|align=center| 4 || {{flagcountry|JPN}} || [[Yuki Saito (athlete)|Yuki Saito]] [[Kei Terada]] [[Keiko Isogai]] || 3:38:51
|-
|align=center| 5 || {{flagcountry|ITA}} || [[Gloria Marconi]] [[Patrizia Tisi]] [[Ivana Iozzia]] || 3:43:39
|-
|align=center| 6 || {{flagcountry|FRA}} || [[Fatiha Klilech-Fauvel]] [[Christelle Daunay]] [[Yamna Oubouhou]] || 3:46:26
|-
|align=center| 7 || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[Emily Nay]] [[Kimberly Fitchen-Young]] [[Melissa White]] || 3:53:31
|-
|align=center| 8 || {{flagcountry|IND}} || [[Geeta Rani (athlete)|Geeta Rani]] [[Sarita Marbade]] [[Purshot Laima Devi]] || 4:11:00
|-
|align=center| — || {{flagcountry|KEN}} || [[Lydia Cheromei]] [[Rita Sitienei Jeptoo]] [[Emily Kimuria]] || DNF
|}

==Participation==
The participation of 152 athletes (91 men/61 women) from 55 countries is reported.<ref name=iaaf_01/> Although announced, athletes from {{TJK}} and {{YEM}} did not show.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{AUS}} (1)
*{{BLR}} (1)
*{{BHU}} (2)
*{{BOT}} (3)
*{{BRA}} (2)
*{{CAM}} (1)
*{{CAN}} (3)
*{{CHI}} (1)
*{{CHN}} (2)
*{{CGO}} (1)
*{{CRO}} (1)
*{{CZE}} (1)
*{{ERI}} (4)
*{{flagcountry|ETH|1996}} (8)
*{{FRA}} (8)
*{{GER}} (1)
*{{HKG}} (1)
*{{IND}} (10)
*{{IRL}} (1)
*{{ISR}} (1)
*{{ITA}} (4)
*{{JPN}} (8)
*{{JOR}} (1)
*{{KAZ}} (3)
*{{KEN}} (6)
*{{KGZ}} (2)
*{{LES}} (2)
*{{LIE}} (1)
*{{LTU}} (1)
*{{MAC}} (1)
*{{MDV}} (2)
*{{MRI}} (1)
*{{MAR}} (6)
*{{NED}} (1)
*{{NEP}} (4)
*{{OMN}} (1)
*{{PLE}} (1)
*{{PHI}} (1)
*{{PUR}} (1)
*{{QAT}} (3)
*{{ROU}} (4)
*{{RUS}} (9)
*{{SEY}} (1)
*{{SIN}} (1)
*{{KOR}} (1)
*{{ESP}} (5)
*{{SRI}} (3)
*{{flag|Swaziland}} (1)
*{{TAN}} (4)
*{{THA}} (2)
*{{TKM}} (2)
*{{UGA}} (5)
*{{USA}} (9)
*{{VEN}} (1)
*{{ZIM}} (1)
{{div col end}}

==Asian Championships==
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2}}
|-
|Men's individual
|{{flagathlete|[[Abdullah Ahmed Hassan]]|QAT}} || 1:02:36
|{{flagathlete|[[Yukinobu Nakazaki]]|JPN}} || 1:04:48
|{{flagathlete|[[Yoshinori Oda]]|JPN}} || 1:05:03
|-
|Women's individual
|{{flagathlete|[[Sun Yingjie]]|CHN}} || 1:08:40
|{{flagathlete|[[Yuki Saito (athlete)|Yuki Saito]]|JPN}} || 1:11:05
|{{flagathlete|[[Zhou Chunxiu]]|CHN}} || 1:12:52
|-
|Men's team
|{{flagteam|JPN}} || 3:15:10
|{{flagteam|QAT}} || 3:17:31
|{{flagteam|IND}} || 3:34:31
|-
|Women's team
|{{flagteam|JPN}} || 3:38:51
|{{flagteam|IND}} || 4:11:00
!colspan=2|Only two teams competed
|}

==See also==
*[[2004 in athletics (track and field)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090426022155/http://www.iaaf.org/history/WHM/season%3D2004/eventcode%3D3228/news/index.html Official website]

{{2004 in athletics}}
{{IAAF Championships}}

[[Category:2004 in the sport of athletics|Half Marathon Championships]]
[[Category:2004 in international sports|Half Marathon Championships]]
[[Category:World Athletics Half Marathon Championships]]
[[Category:International athletics competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:October 2004 sports events in India]]
[[Category:21st century in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Athletics in New Delhi]]

Kanika Kapoor

2026-01-08T00:43:32Z

Pururava: General improvements to article content

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{distinguish|Kanikka Kapur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanika Kapoor
| image = Kanika Kapoor 2024.jpg
| caption = Kapoor in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|08|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Bhatkhande Music Institute]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|composer}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| awards = [[#Awards|Full list]]
| family =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Western music (North America)|Western]]
* [[Pop music|pop]]
* [[filmi]]
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Zee Music Company]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
| website =
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Meet Bros]]
}}
}}
| signature =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Raj Chandok|1999|2012|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Gautam Hathiramani|2022}}
}}
}}
'''Kanika Kapoor''' (born 21 August 1978) is an Indian singer. She was born and raised in [[Lucknow]]. In 2012, she relocated to [[Mumbai]] to become a singer. Kapoor's first song "[[Alif Allah (Jugni)|Jugni Ji]]" (2012) was for a music video{{ndash}}which became a commercial success. In 2014, she began her Bollywood playback singing career with the song "[[Baby Doll (Kanika Kapoor song)|Baby Doll]]" for the film ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]''. Upon its release, the song topped the music charts and Kapoor received wide critical acclaim and several accolades for her singing style, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]].

Kapoor subsequently earned widespread recognition and success for singing one of the Hindi cinema's top charted songs, including "Lovely" and "Kamlee" for the film ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014), "[[Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan]]" for the film ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' (2015), "Desi Look" for the film ''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]'' (2015), "[[Nachan Farrate]]" for the film ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]'' (2015), "Jugni Peeke Tight Hai" for the film ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]'' (2015), "Jab Chaye Tera Jadoo" for the film ''[[Main Aur Charles]]'' (2015), "Neendein Khul Jaati Hain" for the film ''[[Hate Story 3]]'' (2015), "Premika" for the film ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015), the later of these rank among the [[List of Bollywood highest-grossing films in overseas markets|highest-grossing Bollywood film]]. The song "Da Da Dasse" from the film ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' (2016), earned her several Best Playback Singer awards and nominations{{mdash}}following which she sang the songs, "Hug Me" from ''[[Beiimaan Love]]'' (2016), "Luv Letter" from the film ''[[The Legend of Michael Mishra]]'' (2016), "Beat Pe Booty" from the film ''[[A Flying Jatt]]'' (2016) and "Shake Karaan" from the film ''[[Munna Michael]]'' (2017), all of which earned her further success.

In March 2020 after returning from London, she attended a number of parties with Indian politicians and VIPs at ''Hotel Taj'', ''[[Lucknow]]'', despite India's Ministry of Health's home quarantine advisory against Coronavirus at the time. Subsequently, she tested positive for COVID-19. A complaint was lodged against her for her negligence.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kanika-kapoor-tests-positive-3rd-time-friend-is-negative/articleshow/74804161.cms |title=Kanika Kapoor tests positive 3rd time, friend is negative | India News |website=The Times of India|date=25 March 2020 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Kanika Kapoor was born on 21 August 1978<ref>{{cite news |title=महज आठ साल की उम्र में संगीत का स्वाद चखने लगी थीं कनिका, फिर ऐसे बनीं बॉलीवुड की 'बेबी डॉल' |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/kanika-kapoor-birthday-special-bollywood-singer-struggle-career-songs-films-lifestyle-unknown-facts-2477794 |work=ABP News |language=hi |date=21 August 2023 |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> in [[Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]] into a [[Khatri]] family, to parents: Rajeev Kapoor, a businessman, and Poonam Kapoor, a boutique owner.<ref name="TOISmallTownGirl">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Kanika-Kapoor-I-am-just-a-simple-small-town-girl-who-has-been-through-a-lot/articleshow/46502819.cms |title=Kanika Kapoor: I am just a simple small town girl who has been through a lot |work=The Times of India |date=10 April 2015 |quote="I am a Khatri, who was born and brought up in Lucknow ... I got married to Raj and moved to London when I was only 17 ... we separated about five years ago and finally divorced three years back ... This was January 2012 ... By July, Raj and I had separated and in October, I won the best British Asian award." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118115911/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Kanika-Kapoor-I-am-just-a-simple-small-town-girl-who-has-been-through-a-lot/articleshow/46502819.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I'm not Punjabi, I don't know Punjabi: Kanika Kapoor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/im-not-punjabi-i-dont-know-punjabi-kanika-kapoor-2866104/ |work=The Indian Express |agency=IANS |date=21 June 2016 |access-date=16 April 2024 |quote=“I don’t know Punjabi. I’m a UP Khatri. I recently sang a Bengali song — an interesting song which will be out in two weeks. I’ve also sung a Kannada song,” the singer said.... Her surname Kapoor, generally associated with Punjabis, might be another reason why people might think Kanika is a Punjabi. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621152458/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/im-not-punjabi-i-dont-know-punjabi-kanika-kapoor-2866104/ |archive-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> where she also studied music.<ref name="Baby Doll">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/I-had-no-idea-who-Sunny-Leone-was-Baby-Doll-singer/articleshow/32791663.cms?intenttarget=no |title=I had no idea who Sunny Leone was: Baby Doll singer |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Sunayana Suresh |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013074928/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-had-no-idea-who-Sunny-Leone-was-Baby-Doll-singer/articleshow/32791663.cms |archive-date=13 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/star-track/-i-love-chandigarh-sarson-ka-saag--/254019.html |title=I love Chandigarh, sarson ka saag ... |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=20 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |archive-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622185808/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/star-track/-i-love-chandigarh-sarson-ka-saag--/254019.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the age of 12, Kapoor started to study classical music under musician Pandit Ganesh Prasad Mishra from [[Varanasi]] and was accompanied by him to classical concerts around India. Kapoor participated in many music competitions at school in her childhood. At the age of 15, she did a stint with [[All India Radio (band)|All India Radio]] and also accompanied [[bhajan]] singer [[Anup Jalota]] in his shows. She did her B.A. and then Masters in music from [[Bhatkhande Music Institute]] in Lucknow. She then moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue her music career.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/I-Am-Living-My-Ambitions-and-Dreams-Says-Kanika-Kapoor/2015/05/12/article2810357.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311200459/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/I-Am-Living-My-Ambitions-and-Dreams-Says-Kanika-Kapoor/2015/05/12/article2810357.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2016 |title=I Am Living My Ambitions and Dreams, Says Kanika Kapoor |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |author=R.M. Vijayakar |date=12 May 2015 |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kanika Kapoor married Raj Chandok, an [[Non-resident Indian|NRI]] [[general practitioner]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ms Kanika Kapoor (Chandok) v Mr Raj Preet Singh Chandok |url=https://vlex.co.uk/vid/ms-kanika-kapoor-chandok-794071893 |website=vLex |access-date=10 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> in 1999 and moved to London with her husband, with whom she has three children, two daughters Aayana & Samara and a son Yuvraaj. She separated from her husband in 2012 and moved back to her parents home in Lucknow.<ref name="toi45177954">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Im-not-here-jut-to-sing-for-Bollywood-Kanika-Kapoor/articleshow/45177954.cms |title=Im not here jut to sing for Bollywood: Kanika Kapoor |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Elina Priyadarshini Padhiary |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PHOTOS: 18 की उम्र में हुई थी सिंगर कनिका कपूर की शादी, 3 बच्चों की हैं मां |url=https://ndtv.in/filmy/photos-singer-kanika-kapoor-was-married-when-she-was-18-1420557 |work=NDTV |language=hi |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="toi35150257">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-had-to-deal-with-a-lot-of-vicious-rumours-Kanika-Kapoor/articleshow/35150257.cms |title=I had to deal with a lot of vicious rumours: Kanika Kapoor |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Devanshi Seth |date=15 May 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> The couple divorced in 2012.<ref name="TOISmallTownGirl" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Small-talk-The-sirens-call/articleshow/50790072.cms |title=Smaal talk: The siren's call |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=30 January 2016 |author=Roy, Saumya |access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>

On 20 May 2022, she married NRI businessman Gautam Hathiramani after dating him for a few years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/bride-kanika-kapoor-is-resplendent-in-pink-manish-malhotra-lehenga-for-wedding-with-gautam-1952419-2022-05-21 |title=Bride Kanika Kapoor is resplendent in pink Manish Malhotra lehenga for wedding with Gautam|date=21 May 2022|work=India Today|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

==Controversy during COVID Pandemic==
Kapoor was tested positive for [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] on 20 March 2020. She returned to India from London on 9 March, whereupon she later threw a party for her family and friends in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Baby Doll singer Kanika Kapoor tests coronavirus positive. She hid travel history, threw party at 5-star |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/baby-doll-singer-kanika-kapoor-tests-coronavirus-positive-she-hid-travel-history-threw-party-at-5-star-1657811-2020-03-20 |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kanika-kapoor-who-tested-positive-for-coronavirus-was-advised-home-quarantine-says-fir-she-contradic-2198282 |title=Complaint Against Covid-19 Positive Singer Kanika Kapoor Raises Questions |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Her father, Rajiv Kapoor, stated she attended three parties, which Kanika Kapoor denied. Upon Kapoor testing positive for COVID-19, and updating about it on Twitter; former chief minister of Rajasthan [[Vasundhara Raje]] stated in a tweet that herself, and her son had met Kapoor at a party, and later went in a self imposed quarantine till their reports came back as negative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-india-vasundhara-raje-son-dushyant-singh-who-met-kanika-kapoor-at-party-test-negative-1658202-2020-03-21 |title=Coronavirus in India: Vasundhara Raje, son Dushyant Singh, who met Kanika Kapoor at party, test negative |first1=Dev Ankur |last1=Wadhawan |date=21 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/coronavirus-positive-kanika-kapoor-s-father-says-she-attended-3-parties-singer-denies-1657854-2020-03-20 |title=Coronavirus-positive Kanika Kapoor's father says she attended 3 parties, singer denies |date=20 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref>

The party in question was attended by several prominent personalities, and bureaucrats<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/viral-pics-kanika-kapoor-vasundhara-raje-dushyant-at-lucknow-party-1657880-2020-03-20 |title=Viral pics: Kanika Kapoor, Vasundhara Raje, Dushyant at Lucknow party |date=20 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref> including former chief minister of Rajasthan [[Vasundhara Raje]], her son – incumbent MP [[Dushyant Singh]], and Uttar Pradesh's state minister of medical, and health [[Jai Pratap Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-covid-19-jai-pratap-singh-kanika-kapoor-1658168-2020-03-21 |title=Covid-19: UP Health Minister Jai Pratap Singh tests negative after attending party with Kanika Kapoor |date=21 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref>

[[Dushyant Singh]] later attended [[Parliament of India]]. As the party was attended by a few politicians, a domino effect lead to the quarantine of six members of parliament, the health minister of Uttar Pradesh Jai Pratap Singh, former chief minister of Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje, two top bureaucrats in the central government, three members of the legislative assembly of UP, and other bureaucratic elites went into self-quarantine on the same day when Kapoor made her test result public.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coronavirus-covid-chaos-from-lucknow-to-lutyens/story-EzgmjcfP8VPIUe0zbpbdrN.html |title=Covid chaos, from Lucknow to Lutyens: Tracing Kanika Kapoor's actions |date=21 March 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Dushyant Singh later also met the [[President of India]], as a result, [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] cancelled all plans, and engagements of President of India indefinitely.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

Chief medical officer lodged complaint against Kapoor. The [[First Information Report|FIR]] says:<ref name="auto1"/> {{blockquote|[...]when the singer was screened at the Lucknow airport on March 14, "high viral load was detected". She was advised home quarantine, but the advice was disregarded.}} The complaint was filed under Sections 188, 269, and 270 of the Indian Penal Code.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/singer-kanika-kapoor-who-tested-postive-for-coronavirus-booked-for-negligence/articleshow/74741688.cms |title=Singer Kanika Kapoor, who tested {{sic|pos|tive |nolink=y}} for coronavirus, booked for negligence |date=21 March 2020 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> The CMO later admitted to lapses in his report which was used to file the case against the singer. He clarified that the singer was not screened at Amausi airport, Lucknow, and was actually advised to undertake a 14-day self-isolation as per government guidelines when she landed at Mumbai airport from the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/lucknow-cmo-admits-lapses-in-kanika-case/1776753 |title=Lucknow CMO admits ''lapses'' in Kanika case}}</ref>

While Kapoor was denying attending any social gathering, except one small family gathering, video of her playing [[holi]] with many people, and photos from the party including political elites went viral.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kanika-kapoor-says-she-was-at-1-family-dinner-not-3-parties-viral-video-from-lucknow-holi-bash-proves-otherwise-1657925-2020-03-20 |title=Kanika Kapoor says she was at 1 family dinner, not 3 parties. Viral video from Lucknow Holi bash proves otherwise |date=20 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/kanika-kapoor-s-lucknow-party-pics-go-viral-after-coronavirus-diagnosis-internet-calls-her-irresponsible/story-unyHzsAcMJbxu5YPHB66HJ.html |title=Kanika Kapoor's Lucknow party pics go viral after coronavirus diagnosis, internet calls her irresponsible |date=20 March 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> After returning from the UK, Kapoor has attended three parties in Lucknow, one in Kanpur and has been part of at least two other public gatherings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/sona-mohapatra-attacks-kanika-kapoor-for-hiding-travel-history/articleshow/74740463.cms |title=COVID-19: Sona Mohapatra attacks Kanika Kapoor for hiding travel history |website=The Times of India|date=23 March 2020 }}</ref> Kapoor has been facing severe criticism on Twitter and other internet platforms for her negligence, and contradictory statements.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kanikakacoronacrime-trends-as-netizens-bash-singer-create-memes |title=#KanikaKaCoronaCrime trends as netizens bash singer, create memes |website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonam-kapoor-defends-kanika-kapoor-she-came-back-on-9th-india-wasn-t-self-isolating-but-playing-holi/story-MEPW9ce5SdlE0B5VoIG41J.html |title=Sonam Kapoor defends Kanika Kapoor: 'She came back on 9th. India wasn't self isolating but playing Holi' |date=21 March 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The test reports of 64 people out of around 300 that she interacted with, came out to be negative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/kanika-kapoor-tests-positive-again-in-second-test-for-covid-19-lucknow-police-still-tracking-singers-missing-friend/videoshow/74786308.cms |title=Kanika Kapoor tests positive again in second test for COVID-19, Lucknow police still tracking singer's missing friend | Hindi Movie News – Bollywood |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/25/kanika-kapoor-tests-coronavirus-positive-for-third-time.html |title=Kanika Kapoor tests coronavirus positive for third time |website=The Week}}</ref> On 24 March 2020, the second COVID-2019 test which was conducted due to the doubt created in the mind of her family members, came out to be positive.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kanika-kapoor-tests-coronavirus-positive-second-time-1658999-2020-03-24 |title=Kanika Kapoor tests coronavirus-positive second time |date=24 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kanika-kapoor-s-family-raises-questions-about-report-which-declared-her-covid-19-positive-1658430-2020-03-22 |title=Kanika Kapoor's family raises questions about report which declared her Covid-19 positive |date=22 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref> She tested positive for third time on 27 March. She was previously tested on 20, and 23 March.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kanika-kapoor-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-for-third-time/articleshow/74860841.cms |title=Kanika Kapoor tests positive for coronavirus for third time |date=28 March 2020 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/singer-kanika-kapoor-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-for-third-time/articleshow/74851384.cms |title=Singer Kanika Kapoor tests positive for coronavirus for third time |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She was tested positive for the fifth consecutive time on 31 March.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/kanika-kapoor-tests-covid-19-positive-for-5th-time-doctors-say-shes-stable-509695.html |title=Kanika Kapoor Tests COVID-19 Positive For 5th Time |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> On 4 April, her sixth test came negative for coronavirus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/04/singer-kanika-kapoor-tests-negative-for-coronavirus-in-sixth-report-2125843.html |title=Singer Kanika Kapoor tests negative for coronavirus in sixth report|date=4 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/kanika-kapoor-tests-negative-for-coronavirus-but-shell-have-to-clear-it-one-more-time-just-to-be-sure/articleshow/74984626.cms |title=Kanika Kapoor tests negative for Coronavirus — but she'll have to clear it one more time just to be sure | Business Insider India |publisher=Businessinsider.in |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406202409/https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/kanika-kapoor-tests-negative-for-coronavirus-but-shell-have-to-clear-it-one-more-time-just-to-be-sure/articleshow/74984626.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 5 April, there have not been positive cases of the disease reported from the people who were in contact with Kapoor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/singer-kanika-kapoor-is-finally-corona-negative-2564851.html |title=Singer Kanika Kapoor is Finally Corona Negative |publisher=News18 |date=5 April 2020}}</ref> Following the second negative report for COVID-19 she was discharged from the hospital on 6 April 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/singer-kanika-kapoor-discharged-from-hospital-after-testing-negative-for-coronavirus-in-sixth-attemp-2206748%3famp=1&akamai-rum=off |title=Singer Kanika Kapoor Discharged From Hospital After Testing Negative For Coronavirus In Sixth Attempt |publisher=NDTV |date=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kanika-kapoor-discahrged-from-hospital-after-testing-negative-for-covid-19-for-2nd-time-2565977.html |title=Kanika Kapoor Discharged from Hospital After Testing Negative for COVID-19 for 2nd Time |date=6 April 2020}}</ref> While being in the quarantine, she released a statement, stating that she was screened at Mumbai airport and didn't show any symptoms. Upon her arrival in Lucknow, there was no screening setup and was not screened. Upon showing symptoms, she had herself tested and announced it after her reports came out positive.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kanika-kapoor-breaks-her-silence-on-covid-19-diagnosis-and-treatment-issues-statement-2593387.html |title=Kanika Kapoor Breaks Her Silence on COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment, Issues Statement |publisher=News18 |date=26 April 2020 |author=Qazi Faraz Ahmad}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Kanika Kapoor at HT Most Stylish Awards 2016.jpg|left|thumb|165px|Kapoor at the [[Hindustan Times|HT]] Most Stylish Awards 2016]]
In 2013, Kapoor released the music video "[[Alif Allah (Jugni)#Adaption and International Success|Jugni Ji]]", featuring [[Dr. Zeus]]. The track was the remix version of the Pakistani Sufi song "[[Alif Allah (Jugni)|Alif Allah]]", originally sung by [[Arif Lohar]] and [[Meesha Shafi]] at the [[Coke Studio Pakistan (season 3)|third season]] of the musical series ''[[Coke Studio Pakistan]]'' in 2010. Upon the release, "Jugni Ji" went on to become one of the biggest singles of 2012 and Kapoor earned the [[Classic Brit Awards|Brit Asia TV Music Award for Best Single]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140913/entertainment-bollywood/article/meet-multi-talented-kanika-kapoor |title=Meet the multi-talented, Kanika Kapoor |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |author=Sneha K. Sukumar |date=13 September 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> By the success of "Jugni Ji", [[Meet Bros Anjjan]] asked Kapoor to sing the song "[[Baby Doll (Kanika Kapoor song)|Baby Doll]]" for the film ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]'' (2014), which marked her [[Bollywood]] singing debut. The song created hype over its release and topped the charts with winning [[Mirchi Music Awards]] for the "Number One Song of the Year" award.<ref name="toi45522476">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Bollywood-music-report-Jan-Dec-2014/articleshow/45522476.cms |title=Bollywood music report Jan–Dec 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Priya Gupta |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Kapoor was critically praised for her singing style and went on to win several awards, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]. The same year she collaborated again with Dr. Zeus along with [[Vishal–Shekhar]] for the song "Lovely" in ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' which was picturised on [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2478601/Kanika-Kapoor-to-sing-in-Happy-New-Year |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424061356/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2478601/Kanika-Kapoor-to-sing-in-Happy-New-Year |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2014 |title=Kanika Kapoor to sing in Happy New Year |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> The soundtrack of the album also includes a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] remix of the song titled "Kamlee". Both the songs "Lovely" and "Kamlee" received generally positive reviews and were proved to be a major success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/506826 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104165925/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/506826 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2014 |title=Happy New Year (2014) – Music Review |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=Rajiv Vijayakar |date=9 October 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Kanika Kapoor at SLAM The Tour.jpg|right|thumb|Kapoor performing at "SLAM! The Tour"]]
That same year, she participated in a concert tour across North America, entitled "SLAM! The Tour", in which she performed alongside [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} Apart from concerts and tours, she has also been signed by an NGO for children, as their brand ambassador, where she promoted the cause of children's education.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Kanika-Kapoor-I-did-not-spend-a-single-penny-in-the-making-of-Baby-Doll/articleshow/38848249.cms |title=Kanika Kapoor: I did not spend a single penny in the making of Baby Doll |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> She also relaunched her own fashion brand "Kanika Kapoor: House of [[Chikan (embroidery)|Chikankari]]" to help the female artisans in Lucknow and develop this art of embroidery and textile decoration.

In the year 2015, she collaborated again with Meet Bros Anjjan for the song "[[Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan]]" in ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'', which became a huge critical and commercial success and was the playback singer for [[Sunny Leone]] in the song "Desi Look" in the movie ''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/roy-chittiyan-kalaiyaan-jacqueline-fernandez-meet-brothers-ranbir-kapoor-arjun-rampal-234691-2015-01-08 |title=Roy: Watch Jacqueline Fernandez and Meet Brothers in Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan |work=India Today |date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ek-paheli-leela-watch-sunny-leone-hot-seductive-moves-in-desi-look-241189-2015-02-20 |title=Ek Paheli Leela: Watch Sunny Leone's seductive moves in Desi Look |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 February 2015}}</ref> The song was her last collaboration with Zeus and parted ways with him due to his false claim of being the producer and composer of the song "Baby Doll".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Dr-Zeus-accuses-Baby-Doll-composers-Meet-Brothers-of-plagiarism/articleshow/45667378.cms |title=Dr Zeus accuses 'Baby Doll' composers Meet Brothers of plagiarism |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> She collaborated third time with [[Meet Bros Anjjan]] for the song "Nachan Farrate" for the movie ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]''. She sang "Neendein Khul Jaati Hain" for the film ''[[Hate Story 3]]'', collaborating fourth time with [[Meet Bros]].<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuR-Rjx_3qs |title=Neendein Khul Jaati Hain FULL AUDIO Song – Meet Bros ft. Mika Singh – Kanika – Hate Story 3 |date=4 November 2015 |via=YouTube}}</ref> She also sang a welcome song titled "Hello Namstey" for [[India]]'s Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] when he attended a gathering at [[Wembley Stadium]], London on 13 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/modi-in-uk-baby-doll-singer-kanika-kapoor-to-sing-at-wembley-event/ |title=Modi in UK: 'Baby Doll' singer Kanika Kapoor to sing at Wembley event |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

She regularly arranges and takes part in live shows and concerts. In 2016, she paired up with various composers including [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Raghav Sachar]]. In an interview, she said that she will now concentrate more on [[Sufi music|Sufi]] and classical tracks. She will also release her songs as [[Single (music)|singles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/interviews/kanika-kapoor-i-am-living-my-ambitions-and-dreams/article_1a70da08-e93b-11e4-aa9c-7f2a83cd8674.html |title=Kanika Kapoor: 'I Am Living My Ambitions and Dreams' |work=India-West |access-date=22 April 2015 |author=R.M. Vijayakar |archive-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109175244/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/interviews/kanika-kapoor-i-am-living-my-ambitions-and-dreams/article_1a70da08-e93b-11e4-aa9c-7f2a83cd8674.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016, she was made brand ambassador of Swiss Watch manufacturer [[88 Rue du Rhone]], an independent brand by Raymond Weil. In 2019, Kapoor was one of the judges of singing reality show ''[[The Voice (Indian season 3)|The Voice]]'' (season 3).<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanika Kapoor to be coach on 'The Voice' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kanika-kapoor-to-be-coach-on-the-voice/articleshow/67529909.cms |access-date=11 February 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 January 2019}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film/Album !! Song(s) !! Composer(s)
!Note(s)!! Ref(s)
|-
| 2012
! ''[[Alif Allah (Jugni)|Alif Allah]]''
| "[[Alif Allah (Jugni)#Adaption and International Success|Jugni Ji]]"
| [[Dr. Zeus]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhhilK7JUwU |title=Jugni ji by kanika kapoor |date=30 May 2014 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
! rowspan="2"|''[[Ragini MMS 2]]''
| "[[Baby Doll (Kanika Kapoor song)|Baby Doll]]"
| rowspan="2" |[[Meet Bros Anjjan]]
|
| <ref name="toi45522476"/>
|-
| "Baby Doll (Remix Version)
|
| <ref name="toi45522476"/>
|-
! rowspan="2"|''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| "Lovely"
| rowspan="2" | Dr. Zeus, [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|
| <ref name="Rohit Vats">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/music-review-happy-new-year-s-music-is-trendy-and-young-at-heart/article1-1264622.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205100730/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/music-review-happy-new-year-s-music-is-trendy-and-young-at-heart/article1-1264622.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2015 |title=Music review: Happy New Year's music is trendy and young at heart |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=Rohit Vats |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Kamlee"
|
| <ref name="Rohit Vats"/>
|-
| rowspan="16" |2015
! rowspan="3"|''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''
| "[[Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan]]"
| Meet Bros Anjjan
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Listen to 'Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan' song from Jacqueline, Ranbir's 'Roy' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/listen-to-chittiyaan-kalaiyaan-song-from-jacqueline-ranbirs-roy/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Sunitra Pacheco |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan (MBA Swag)
| Meet Bros Anjjan (Remix by: MBA feat. DJ Shilpi)
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-BRfc9EDMI |title='Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan MBA Swag AUDIO Song – Roy |work=—via Official [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]] YouTube Channel |access-date=1 February 2016 |date=27 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| "Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan (Remix)"
| Meet Bros Anjjan (Remix by: Kuwar Virk)
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L27ExXSeoDU |title=Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan VIDEO Song (Remix) – T-Series |work=-via YouTube |date=7 April 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]''
| "Chhil Gaye Naina"
| [[Sanjeev–Darshan]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Anushka Sharma Pours Her Heart Out in 'Chhil Gaye Naina' from 'NH10' |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-pours-her-heart-out-in-chhil-gaye-naina/article_7bf73b74-b7b2-11e4-8a70-43a60ba3bb23.html |work=India West |date=18 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612201005/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-pours-her-heart-out-in-chhil-gaye-naina/article_7bf73b74-b7b2-11e4-8a70-43a60ba3bb23.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"|''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]''
| "Desi Look"
| Dr. Zeus
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunny Leone shows off her 'Desi Look' in latest track from 'Ek Paheli Leela' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150220/entertainment-bollywood/article/watch-sunny-leone-shows-her-desi-look-latest-track-ek-paheli |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=20 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| "Desi Look (Remix)"
| Dr. Zeus (Remix by: DJ Chetas)
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UmEadKER0g |title='Desi Look' Remix Full AUDIO Song – Ek Paheli Leela |work=—via official T-Series YouTube channel |date=26 March 2015 |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''Ten Cricket Project''
| "We Could Be Heroes" ''(Recreated Song)''
| [[Alesso]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-baby-doll-singer-kanika-kapoor-records-new-song-celebrating-cricket-2065534 |title=Kanika kapoor sang a song for ten sports |newspaper=[[DNA India]] |access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"|''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]''
| "[[Nachan Farrate]]"
| rowspan="2" | Meet Bros
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/watch-sonakshi-sinhas-dhamakedaar-song-nachan-farrate-in-all-is-well-abhishek-bachchan-rishi-kapoor-asin-supriya-pathak-283025-2015-07-17 |title=Nachan Farrate: Watch Sonakshi Sinha's dhamakedaar All Is Well song |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=31 January 2016 |date=17 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| "Nachan Farrate (MB Swag)
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungama.com/#/music/album-all-is-well-remix-songs/15915677 |title=All Is Well Remix Songs at Hungama.com |work=[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama.com]] |access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]''
| "Jugni Peeke Tight Hai (Version 1)"
| Amjad Nadeem
|
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcBq_tdTuA |title=Jugni Peeke Tight Hai – Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon – Kanika Kapoor, Divya Kumar & Sukriti Kakkar |date=16 September 2015 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Harish Salve|The Big Indian Wedding]]''
| "Teddy Bear"
| Kanika Kapoor
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Garima |date=27 September 2018 |title='Cheater Mohan is dedicated to UP folks' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/cheater-mohan-is-dedicated-to-up-folks/story-voqHYVNknALNOyIZXmiQoO.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Main Aur Charles]]''
| "Jab Chaye Tera Jadoo"
| Sanjeev-Darshan
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Jab-Chhaye-Mera-Jadoo-recreated-for-Main-Aur-Charles/articleshow/49336975.cms |title='Jab Chhaye Mera Jadoo' recreated for 'Main Aur Charles' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 October 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Hate Story 3]]''
| "Neendein Khul Jaati Hain"
| Meet Bros
|
|<ref name="youtube.com"/>
|-
! ''Super Girl From China''
| "Super Girl From China"
| Kanika Kapoor
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/super-girl-from-china-feat./id1064405451?ign-mpt=uo%3D8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212064552/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/super-girl-from-china-feat./id1064405451?ign-mpt=uo%3D8 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2015 |title=Super Girl From China (feat. Kanika Kapoor) – Single by Mika Singh on iTunes |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |date=3 December 2015 |access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"|''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]''
| "Premika"
| rowspan="2" |[[Pritam]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/dilwale-original-motion-picture/1057567669 |title=Dilwale (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Pritam on iTunes |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| "Tukur Tukur"
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-new-song-tukur-tukur-from-dilwale-will-make-you-groove-on-the-dance-floor-2155485 |title=Watch: New song 'Tukur Tukur' from 'Dilwale' will make you groove on the dance floor! |work=[[DNA India]] |date=14 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11"|2016
! ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]''
| "Jawaani Le Doobi"
| [[Sajid–Wajid]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/jawaani-le-doobi-from-kyaa/id1069286831 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132950/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/jawaani-le-doobi-from-kyaa/id1069286831 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2015 |title=Jawaani Le Doobi (From "Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3") – Single by Sajid – Wajid, Ankit Singh Patyal & Upinder Verma on iTunes |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Teraa Surroor]]''
| [[Kaante#Track listing|Ishq Samundar]] (Reloaded)
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]] ({{small|Originally composed by [[Anand Raj Anand]]}})
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzDd5Yqm4gU |title=Ishq Samundar (Reloaded) Full Song (Audio) – Teraa Surroor |work=—via T-Series YouTube Channel |date=15 February 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Udta Punjab]]''
| "Da Da Dasse"
| [[Amit Trivedi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanika Kapoor renders peppy track 'Da Da Dasse' in 'Udta Punjab' |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kanika-kapoor-renders-peppy-track-da-da-dasse-in-udta-punjab/17277197 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=27 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (film)|Do Lafzon Ki Kahani]]''
| "Ankhiyaan"
| [[Arjuna Harjai]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/180516/watch-the-new-song-ankhiyaan-featuring-randeep-and-kajal-will-make-you-cry.html |title=Watch: Randeep and Kajal's new song Ankhiyaan will leave you teary eyed |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Beiimaan Love]]''
| "Hug Me"
| [[Raghav Sachar]]
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=WATCH: Sunny Leone says Hug Me in new song |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-leone-says-hug-me-in-new-song/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Great Grand Masti]]''
| "Teri Kamar Ko"
| [[Sanjeev–Darshan]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-the-title-track-of-great-grand-masti-is-out-2227111 |title=Watch: 'Teri Kamar Ko', the title track of Great Grand Masti, is out! |work=DNA India |date=23 June 2016 |access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[The Legend of Michael Mishra]]''
| "Luv Letter"
|Meet Bros
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Watch-Aditi-Rao-Hydaris-peppy-Love-letter/articleshow/53264961.cms |title=Watch: Aditi Rao Hydari's peppy 'Love letter' |work=The Times of India |author=Kaushal, Ruchi |access-date=18 July 2016 |date=18 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[A Flying Jatt]]''
| "Beat Pe Booty
| [[Sachin–Jigar]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/A-Flying-Jatt-2016/slORX8XBpsA_ |title=A Flying Jatt Album at Saavn |work=[[Saavn]] |date=21 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]''
| "Selfie"
| [[S. S. Thaman]]
|Kannada song
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jaguar-original-motion-picture/id1150410756 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924180337/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jaguar-original-motion-picture/id1150410756 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2016 |title=Jaguar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Thaman S. on iTunes |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |date=2 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Rokto]]''
| "Dana Kata Pori"
|[[Akassh]]
|Bengali song
|
|-
! ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]''
| "Tutak Tutak Tutiya" (Title Song)
| Raaj Ashoo
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=youZxz4p8nQ |title=Tutak Tutak Tuitya Audio Jukebox – T-Series |work=—via T-Series YouTube Channel |date=19 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6"|2017
! ''[[Munna Michael]]''
| "Shake Karaan"
|Meet Bros
|
|
|-
!''Resham Da Rumaal''
| "Resham Da Rumaal"
| Band of Brothers
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ym3lZtbwbEw |title=Resham Da Rumaal Video Song: T-Series |work=—via YouTube |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!''T-Series Mixtape''
|"Ambarsariya/Suit Suit"
|Abhijit Vaghani"
|
|
|-
!''Pieces Of Me''
|"Kurti Mal Mal Di"
|Tigerstyle
|
|
|-
! ''[[Tera Intezaar]]''
| ''Abhagi Piya Ki''
| Raaj Aashoo
|
|
|-
!''T-Series Mixtape Punjabi''
|"Marjaani/Lovely"
|Abhijit Vaghani
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018
!''[[Ba Baa Black Sheep]]''
|"Galla Goriyaa/Aaja Soniye"
|Gourov-Roshin, Shaan
|
|
|-
!''Nachdi Firangi''
|"Nachdi Firangi"
|Meet Bros
|
|
|-
!''Pretty Girl''
|"Pretty Girl"
| rowspan="2" |Kanika Kapoor
|
|
|-
!''Cheater Mohan''
|"Cheater Mohan"
|
|
|-
!''Thade Rahiyo''
|"Thade Rahiyo"
|Meet Bros
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Baazaar]]''
|"Chodd Diya"
| rowspan="2" |Kanika Kapoor
|
|
|-
|"Chodd Doya (unplugged)"
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2019
!''T-Series Electro Folk''
|"Genda Phool"
|Aditya Dev
|
|
|-
!''[[Hume Tumse Pyaar Kitna]]''
|"Manmohini"
|Raaj Aashoo & DJ Emenes (MIB), Vicky & Hardik
|
|
|-
!''T-Series Mixtape Punjabi 2''
|"Roi Na/Maahi Ve"
|Abhijit Vaghani
|
|
|-
|2019
!''[[Ragini MMS: Returns|Ragini MMS: Returns 2]]''
|"Hello Ji"
|[[Meet Bros]]
|
|
|-
|Rowspan="2"| 2021
!''[[Hello Charlie]]''
|"Soneya Ve"
|Kanika Kapoor
|
|
|-
!''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (D)
|"[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|
|-
|2023
!''[[Bholaa]]''
|"Pan Dukaniya"
|[[Ravi Basrur]]
|
|
|-
|2025
! ''[[Mere Husband Ki Biwi]]''
|"Gori Hai Kalaiyan"
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Akshay & IP
|
|
|}

==Awards==
* [[Brit Asia TV Music Awards]]
** 2012 Best Single for "[[Alif Allah (Jugni)#Adaption and International Success|Jugni Ji]]", with [[Dr Zeus]]<ref name=BAMA2012>{{cite news |last1=Baddhan |first1=Raj |title=Brit Asia TV Music Awards 2012: The Winners |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/brit-asia-tv-music-awards-2012-the-winners/ |access-date=19 August 2020 |work=BizAsia |date=7 October 2012}}</ref>
** 2012 Best Female Act<ref name=BAMA2012/>
** 2014 Best Female Act<ref name=BAMA2014>{{cite news |last1=Baddhan |first1=Raj |title=Brit Asia Awards 2014: Winners list |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/brit-asia-awards-2014-winners-list/ |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=BizAsia |date=7 October 2014}}</ref>
** 2015 Bollywood Record of the Year for "Lovely" with Dr Zeus<ref name=BAMA2015>{{cite news |last1=Bhogal |first1=Harvey |title=Brit Asia Music Awards 2015 Winners |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/brit-asia-music-awards-2015-winners |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=desiblitz.com}}</ref>
** 2015 Best Bollywood Act<ref name=BAMA2015/>
** 2015 Best Female Act<ref name=BAMA2015/>
* [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
** 2014 [[BIG Star Most Entertaining Singer (Female)|Most Entertaining Female Singer]] for "Lovely" from ''Happy New Year''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |title=BIG STAR Entertainment Awards 2014 Nominations |work=[[BIG FM 92.7]] |date=10 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316160729/http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |archive-date=16 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Awards]]
** 2015 [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for "[[Baby Doll (Kanika Kapoor song)|Baby Doll]]" from ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete list of winners |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 February 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>
* [[IIFA Awards]]
** 2015 [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Baby Doll" from ''Ragini MMS 2''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/iifa-2015-the-complete-list-of-winners-1003234.html |title=IIFA 2015: The complete list of winners |work=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611000313/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/iifa-2015-the-complete-list-of-winners-1003234.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** 2016 Best Female Playback Singer for "[[Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan]]" from ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''
* [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
** [[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2014]] Nominated: [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]] for "Baby Doll" from ''Ragini MMS 2''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/ |title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>
** 2014 Nominated: [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]] for "Baby Doll" from ''Ragini MMS 2''
* [[Screen Awards]]
** 2015 Nominated: [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Baby Doll" from ''Ragini MMS 2''<ref>{{cite news |title=21st Annual Life OK Screen Awards nominations |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/#sthash.A2UIgQ8o.dpuf |access-date=7 January 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 January 2015}}</ref>
* [[Stardust Awards]]
** 2014 Best Playback Singer – Female for "Baby Doll" from ''Ragini MMS 2''<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy New Year Sweeps Stardust Awards, Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone Win Top Honours |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/happy-new-year-sweeps-stardust-awards-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-win-top-honours-713039 |access-date=15 December 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=15 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Star Guild Awards]]
** 2015 [[Star Guild Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Baby Doll" from ''Ragini MMS 2''<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 10th Renault Star Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7757 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113031302/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7757 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2015 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 January 2015 |access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref>
* [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
** 2016 [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan" from ''Roy''<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of 11th Renault Sony Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9455|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223143419/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9455|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
* [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
** 2016 [[GiMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan" from ''Roy''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-sonakshi-vidya-nargis-at-gima-awards/20121003.htm |title=PIX: SRK, Saif, Parineeti at GIMA Awards |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian playback singers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2717868|Kanika Kapoor}}
* {{Facebook|TheKanikaKapoor|Kanika Kapoor}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}}
{{IIFAAwardBestFemalePlaybackSinger}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Kanika}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Ishwardatt Medharthi

2026-01-06T05:41:02Z

Pururava:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ishwardatt Medharthi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| other_names = Ishvaradatt Medharthi
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1900}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur Cantonment]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1971|1900}}
| death_place =
| occupation = [[List of Indian independence activists|Freedom Fighter]], Religious leader, anti-caste activist, writer
| known_for = Pali teacher of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| notable_works = ''Varna Vyavastha ka Bhandaphor: Varn Vyavastha Vidhvans'' (1933), ''Bharat ke Adivasi-Purvanjan aur Sant Dharm'' (1939)
}}
'''Ishwardatt Medharthi''' (1900 {{endash}} 1971) was an Indian religious leader, anti-[[Indian caste system|caste]] social reformer, and [[Indian independence movement|independence]] activist. Born in a [[Gadaria people|Gadariya caste]] [[Arya Samaj]]i family, he attended the [[Gurukul Kangri]] school for 14 years. He served time in prison for participating in the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]] (1929) and the [[Salt March]] (1930). After being released from prison, he ran a school in [[Kanpur]] and wrote books criticizing the caste-based discrimination. He turned to [[Buddhism]] in the 1930s, and taught [[Pali language]] to the [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] in the 1940s. Later, he came under the influence of the [[Baháʼí Faith]], and returned to the Arya Samaj during his last years.

== Early life ==

Ishwardatt was born in 1900 in [[Kanpur Cantonment]]. His family belonged to the [[Gadaria]] caste,{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=222}} which was later classified among the [[Other Backward Classes]].{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=190}} After his birth, his father Fakireram joined the British Indian army to receive education as a medical doctor, seeing it as an alternative to expensive medical colleges, which the lower caste people could not generally afford.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|pp=222-223}} In exchange, Fakireram had to spend 10 years in [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], away from his family. During this time, Ishwardatt was brought up as a single child - "spoiled and pampered" - according to his biographer and disciple Bhoj Dev Mudit. His younger brothers and sisters were born after his father's return from Burma, and being considerably older than them, Ishwardatt held a very prominent position in the family.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=223}}

Fakireram was a follower of Hindu reform movement [[Arya Samaj]], which preached against caste-based discrimination.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=206}} After his return from Burma, Fakireram set up a clinic in Kanpur, and was easily accepted into the Kanpur Medical Association, which was dominated by Arya Samaj members.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=223}} In 1908, Fakireram admitted his son Ishwardatt to the Arya Samaj-run residential school [[Gurukul Kangri]], and Ishwardatt stayed there for 14 years.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=224}} The school combined education in [[natural science]]s and languages with physical training, house-keeping, and social work.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=206}} He was an excellent student (always coming first in his class according to Mudit), and received the name Medharthi (Sanskrit for "one who is capable of using his mental powers"). At the school, he learned English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Pali languages. He took great pride in being able to recite Sanskrit flawlessly, knowing that certain Hindu texts prohibited the study of Sanskrit for [[Shudra]]s like him.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=224}}

In 1922, Medharthi graduated from Gurukul Kangri, receiving the degree of ''Vidyalankar'', which was not recognized by the colonial British government. Anticipating this situation, his father had bought land on the outskirts of Kanpur in 1915, and had set up a school, intending to appoint Medharthi as its principal. However, when Medharthi returned to Kanpur, he refused to get involved with the school, and instead worked for [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]]'s newspaper ''Pratap'' in Kanpur. Two months later, he left Kanpur to attend a three-year course in [[Ayurveda]] at [[Calcutta]]. After completing his studies at Calcutta, Medharthi served as the private teacher of the sons of the ruler of [[Mewar State|Mewar]] for a year.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=225}}

At the [[convocation]] meeting of Gurukul Kangri in 1922, the school's founder-principal [[Swami Shraddhanand]] had stressed on the importance of inter-caste marriage to destroy the caste-based discrimination. As a result, Medharthi had vowed to marry outside his caste: he kept this vow in 1928, by marrying the principal of a girls school in Indore. The marriage offended his father, ultimately leading to a court case between the father and the son.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|pp=225-226}} Medharthi and his wife had two children.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=206}}

== Activist and teaching career ==

In 1929, Medharthi joined the [[Indian independence movement]], participating in the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]], for which the colonial government imprisoned him for 6 months. Immediately after his release, he joined [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[civil disobedience]] campaign, and lived at Gandhi's [[Sabarmati Ashram]] for some time. In 1930, he participated in the [[Salt March]] at [[Dandi, Navsari|Dandi]], for which the government imprisoned him for three years.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=226}}

After his release in 1933, Medharthi returned to Kanpur, and reconciled with his father.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=226}} That year, he wrote a [[Hindi]]-language book ''Varna Vyavastha ka Bhandaphor: Varn Vyavastha Vidhvans'' ("The Caste System Exposed: Demolition of the Caste System"), edited by his father.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=226}} The book called for abolition of the [[varna in Hinduism|varna]] system; abolition of caste-specific surnames by the upper-caste [[Brahmins]]; and promotion of inter-caste marriages. He stressed that Hindus could unite and India could become a powerful nation only by abolishing social stratification.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=227}} In accordance with the Arya Samaj views, Medharthi argued that the [[Vedas]] did not promote caste-based discrimination. He portrayed the original varna system as a merit-based division of labour, and attributed its discriminatory rigidities to [[Manusmriti|Manu]].{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=206}} Bodhanand Mahasthivir, who wrote a dedication, described the book as a must-read for Shudras and [[Dalits|untouchables]].{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=227}}

=== School ===

In 1933, Medharthi took up the charge of the school established by his father.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=226}} The school was named Sri Dayanand Bharatiya Vidyalaya after [[Dayananda Saraswati]] (the founder of the Arya Samaj), and named its locality Munshipuram after [[Swami Shraddhanand]] alias Munshiram (the founder of Gurukul Kangri).{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=210}} Ishwardatt modeled the school after Gurukul Kangri, teaching physical education, handicraft, science, and languages to students from lower castes. It was the only school in Kanpur where lower caste students could learn Sanskrit. The school emphasized social equality, mandating students from all castes to participate in various activities. The students were addressed by their first names, and were not allowed to disclose surnames indicative of their castes.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=233}}

Medharthi promoted [[religious universalism]], believing that all religions preach non-violence, equality, and compassion. He conducted the school's' morning and evening prayers in the Arya Samaj tradition, but took prayers from Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, and Islam, besides Arya Samaj. He called representatives of different faiths for the morning prayer service. He became attracted to the teachings of the 15th-century weaver-saint [[Kabir]], and wrote a booklet praising Kabir's anti-Brahmin views. He invited a Muslim weaver to teach spinning to his students, thus discarding the anti-Muslim stance of the Arya Samaj. He also came under the influence of [[Buddhism]], and named his five favorite students after the first five disciples of the [[Gautama Buddha]].{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=233}}

=== Association with Buddhism ===

Swami Shraddhanand, the founder of Gurukul Kangri, did not hold Buddhism in high regard, considering its focus on non-violence as inappropriate for dealing with Muslim and colonial invaders. Nevertheless, the school had Buddhist teachers, including a Ceylonese Buddhist monk who taught Pali to Medharthi, and the Buddhist leader [[Anagarika Dharmapala]] visited the school in 1914. Such Buddhist teachers appear to have introduced Buddhism to Medharthi during his student life.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=224}}

Initially, Medharthi criticized the caste system without criticizing Hinduism, and considered the Vedas to be "the mother of all religions".{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=207}} In 1935, he conducted the marriage of the Dalit [[Chamar]] leader Jagjivan Ram and Indrani according to the Vedic rituals.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=211}} However, in the 1930s, as a result of his veneration for Kabir, he stopped revering the Vedas.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2004|p=233}} Gradually, he was attracted to Buddhism, seeing it as a universal and non-discriminatory religion,{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=197}} although it is not clear when exactly he became a Buddhist.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=211}} After turning to Buddhism, he changed the name of his school to Bharatiya Ved Vidyalaya and the name of its locality to Buddhpuri (or Buddha-puri).{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=210}}

In his 1939 booklet ''Bharat ke Adivasi-Purvanjan aur Sant Dharm'' ("The Primitives and Ancestors of India and the Sant Religion"), Medharthi wrote that the members of the low castes were the original inhabitants of India, and the [[Aryan Invasion Theory|Aryan invaders]] had enslaved them. According to him, these original inhabitants followed "Sant Dharm" ("the religion of saints"), the actual ''[[sanatana dharma]]'' ("eternal religion"), which was orally transmitted and preached equality, morality, and compassion. He portrayed the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] ("brahmani religion") as the oppressive religion of who had enslaved the original inhabitants of ancient India. He came up with creative etymologies to explain the Sanskrit terms such as [[asura]]s and [[rakshasa]]s, used by the ancient Aryans to describe demons, claiming that these terms referred to the original inhabitants of India. For example, he claimed that "asura" referred to those who did not drink wine (''sura'') as opposed to the Aryans who ate meat and drank wine; and "rakshasa" referred to those who saved (''raksha'') others as opposed to the violent Aryans. Medharthi tried to reconcile Buddhism with the "Sant Dharm", stating that [[Gautama Buddha]] was actually a follower of the "Sant Dharm". The booklet became very popular among the Dalits of Kanpur.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|pp=212-213}}

=== Association with Ambedkar ===

Medharthi became acquainted with the anti-caste activist and Dalit politician [[B. R. Ambedkar]], probably through mail correspondence,{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=210}} and developed a close relationship with him.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=123}} He had dedicated his 1933 book to Ambedkar, describing him as a "fearless leader of the youth". He was aware of Ambedkar's burning of the ''[[Manusmriti]]'' at the [[Mahad Satyagraha]] in 1927, and like Ambedkar, blamed Manu for promoting caste-based discrimination. In the book, Medharthi noted that Ambedkar intended to convert from Hinduism to another religion,{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=206}} although Ambedkar publicly announced his intention to convert to another religion only two years later, in 1935, at the Yeola Conference.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=207}}

He was known as an ''Acharya'' ("teacher"),{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=190}} and taught Ambedkar [[Pali language|Pali]], a language of several Buddhist texts. He became Ambedkar's Pali teacher when Ambedkar held the Labour portfolio in the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] (1942–1946), and regularly visited Delhi on the weekends to teach Ambedkar.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=197}}

On 5 September 1945, Ambedkar wrote a letter to the Governor of the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], asking him to appoint Medharthi as a representative of the Backward and Scheduled Castes on a 11-member committee formed to reorganize Sanskrit studies in the state.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=211}}

Two European Buddhist monks - Lokanatha and Gyan Keto (alias Peter Schoenfeldt) - visited Medharthi's school, likely in 1937.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=209}} Lokanatha gifted the school a brass Buddha statue, and Gyan Keto gifted it a marble one.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=210}} In 1943, Ambedkar visited Medharthi's school, and donated a cement Buddha statue for its entrance.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|pp=198, 210}}

Medharthi, along with his disciple Bhoj Dev Mudit, attended Ambedkar's conversion to Buddhism in Nagpur, on 14 October 1956.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|pp=123,211}}

== Later life ==

Despite being closely associated with the Dalit leader Ambedkar, Medharthi did not join the Dalit political organizations, such as Ambedkar's [[Scheduled Castes Federation]] or its successor, the [[Republican Party of India]]. He was a member of the [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=198}}

Later, he turned to the [[Baháʼí Faith]] in his search for a universal religion.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=198}} Towards the end of life, he returned to the Arya Samaj, posed as a [[Brahmin]], and conducted [[yajna]]s (ritual sacrifices) in [[Sanskrit]] language.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|pp=198, 211}}

He died in 1971: by this time, he had been largely forgotten in the Dalit circles.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=198}} His Buddhpuri school had fallen into oblivion,{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=198}} and its Buddhist beginnings had been forgotten.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=190}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp |editor=Peter Schalf |title=Neuer Buddhismus als gesellschaftlicher Entwurf |year=2011 |publisher=Uppsala University |isbn=978-91-554-8076-9 |doi=10.1515/olzg-2015-0120 |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:472905/FULLTEXT01.pdf }}
* {{cite book |author=Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp |chapter=Roots of Ambedkar Buddhism in Kanpur |editor1=Surendra Jondhale |editor2=Johannes Beltz |title=Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780195665291 |pages=221–244 |url=http://www.maren-bellwinkel.de/artikel/ambedkarbuddhism.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801180947/http://www.maren-bellwinkel.de/artikel/ambedkarbuddhism.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2012 }}
{{ref end}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |author=Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp |title=Ishvardatt Medharthi: Life and Message |year=2010 |publisher=Critical Quest |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788189524524 }}

[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Gurukul Kangri University alumni]]

List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes

2026-01-02T13:24:58Z

Pururava: cleanup layout to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|None}}

{{Indo-European topics|283}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

From the second or first millennium BCE, Indo-Aryan Vedic tribes turned into most of the population in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] – [[Indus Valley]] (roughly today's [[Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Sindh]]), [[Western India]], [[Northern India]], [[Central India]], [[Eastern India]] and also in areas of the southern part like [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]] through and after a complex process of migration, assimilation of other peoples and language shift.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997}}<ref>Parpola, Asko (2015), ''The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization'', Oxford University Press</ref>

== Ancestors ==
[[File:Indo-European Migrations. Source David Anthony (2007), The Horse, The Wheel and Language.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Map 1: [[Indo-European migrations]] as described in ''[[The Horse, the Wheel, and Language]]'' by [[David W. Anthony]]{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=}}]]
[[File:Andronovo culture.png|thumb|300px|Map 2: '''[[Sintashta-Petrovka]] culture''' ([[red]]), its expansion into the [[Andronovo culture]] ([[Orange (color)|orange]]) during the [[2nd millennium BC]], showing the overlap with the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]] ([[Chartreuse (color)|chartreuse green]]) in the south and also with the [[Afanasievo culture]] in the east. The location of the earliest [[chariot]]s is shown in [[magenta]]. Several scholars associate '''[[Proto-Indo-Iranians]]''' with '''[[Sintashta-Petrovka culture]]'''.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997}} These scholars also may associate some mentions in the [[Avesta]] (sacred scriptures of [[Zoroastrianism]]), like the '''[[Airyanem Vaejah|Airyanəm Vaēǰō]]''' – "[[Aryans]]' Expanse", as distant memories that were retained by [[oral tradition]] of this old land of origin.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=}} There are also mentions of '''[[Āryāvarta]]''' – "[[Aryans]] Abode" (in sacred [[Hindu Religion|Hindu]] scriptures such as [[Dharmashastras]] and [[Sutras]]), the [[Hindu mythology|Hindu]] counterpart of '''[[Airyanem Vaejah|Airyanəm Vaēǰō]]''', although it refers to '''Northern India''' and they are later.]]
[[File:BMAC.png|thumb|200px|Map 3: The extent of the '''[[Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]]''' (BMAC), according to the ''[[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]]''. The '''[[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|BMAC]]''' culture and peoples influenced migrating '''[[Indo-Iranian people|Indo-Iranians]]''' that came from the north.]]
[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|400px|[[Vedic period|Vedic]] India.]]
[[File:EpicIndia.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Map 5: This detailed map shows the locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or [[Bharata Khanda]].]]
*[[Proto-Indo-Iranians]] (common ancestors of the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], [[Nuristani people|Nuristani]] and [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] peoples) ([[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] speakers)
**[[Proto-Indo-Aryans]] ([[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]] speakers)

== Vedic tribes ==
* Alina people (RV 7.18.7)
* Anu (RV 1.108.8, RV 8.10.5)
* Āyu
* Bhageratha
* Bhalanas
* [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharatas]]- The Bharatas are a major Aryan clan, especially in Mandala 3 attributed to the Bharata sage [[Vishvamitra]]. The entire Bharata clan is described as crossing over, with their chariots and wagons, at the confluence of the Vipash ([[Beas River]]) and Shutudri ([[Satlej]]). The Bharatas are mentioned as the protagonists in the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]] in Mandala 7 (7.18 etc.), where they are on the winning side. They appear to have been successful in the early power-struggles between the various Aryan and non-Aryan clans so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts, and later in the (Epic) tradition. "Bhārata" today is the official name of the [[Republic of India]] (see also [[Etymology of India]]).
* [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]]
* [[Dasa]]
* Dasyu
* Dṛbhīka
* Druhyus (Rigveda, RV 1.108.8, RV 8.10.5)
* [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhara]]
* Guṅgu
* [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]
* Krivi
* Kīkaṭa
* [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]
* Mahīna
* Malankhara
* Maujavant
* [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]]
* Nahuṣa
* [[Pakhtas|Pakhta]]
* Panis
* Pārāvata
* Parsu (Parśu)
* [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] (Pūru)
* Ruśama (RV Mandala 8)
* [[Saraswata kingdom|Sārasvata]]
* Srñjaya
* Tritsu (RV 7.18, 7.33, 7.83)
* [[Yaduvanshi dynasty|Yadu]]: Of Indo-Aryan origin,'''Yadu''' is one of the five early [[List of Rigvedic tribes|Rigvedic tribes]] (''[[Pancha-janah|panchajana]]'', ''panchakrishtya'' or ''panchamanusha'') mentioned in the [[Rig Veda|Rigveda]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA187|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2008|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|location=Delhi|page=187|author-link=Upinder Singh}}</ref>{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=54}}{{sfn|Witzel|1999}} The Yadus had a tribal union with the [[Turvashas|Turvasha]] tribe, and were frequently described together.{{sfn|Witzel|2001}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995a|p=}}{{pn|date=August 2024|reason=Page orig given in ref is not in relevant page range for chapter cited}} The Yadus were a Aryan tribe.{{sfn|Witzel|1999}} By the time of the arrival of the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] and [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharata]] tribes, the Yadu-Turvashas were settled in [[Punjab]], with the Yadus possibly residing along the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=262}}{{pb}}In Mandalas 4 and 5 of the Rigveda, the god [[Indra]] is stated to have saved the Yadu-Turvashas from drowning when they crossed rivers.{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=235}}{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=605, 695}} In Mandala 6, the Yadu-Turvashas are stated to have been "brought from far away" by [[Indra]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995|pp=222, 262}}{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=829}} The Yadu-Turvashas are treated relatively positively in Mandalas 5, 6, and 8,{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|p=237}} and are stated to be the occasional allies and enemies of the Puru-Bharatas.{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|p=235}} In the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]], the Yadus were defeated by Bharata chieftain [[Sudas]].{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|p=239}}

== Pancha Jana (Five tribes) ==
(पञ्च जना – ''[[Pancha-janah|Páñca Jánāḥ]]'' / ''[[Pancha-janah]]'') The pancha Jana are five tribes inexplicitly listed together during the ([[Āryāvarta]] of this time, c. 1700–1500 BCE, roughly corresponds with the [[Punjab]] and closer regions) (see the map of Early [[Vedic Period]])
* '''[[Turvasu Druhyu and Anu Dynasties|Anu]]''' (in the southwest part of early [[Āryāvarta]])
* '''[[Turvasu Druhyu and Anu Dynasties|Druhyu]]''' (in the north part of early [[Āryāvarta]])
* '''[[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]]''' (ancestors of the '''[[Paurava]]''') (in the centre and east parts of early [[Āryāvarta]], including [[Sarasvati]] river region)
* '''[[Turvasu Druhyu and Anu Dynasties|Turvaśa]]''' (Turvasha) (in the centre and south parts of early [[Āryāvarta]]): The '''Turvashas''' ({{langx|sa|तुर्वश}}, {{IAST|Turvaśa}}) were one of the five major peoples{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=54}} (''panchajana'', ''panchakrishtya'' or ''panchamanusha'') mentioned in the [[Rig Veda|Rigveda]].<ref name="singh">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&dq=Panchajana+Rigveda&pg=PA187|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2008|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|location=Delhi|page=187}}</ref> The Turvashas had a tribal union with the [[Yadu]] tribe, and were frequently described together.{{sfn|Witzel|2001}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=204}} The Turvashas were a partly Indo-Aryan-acculturated Indus tribe.{{sfn|Witzel|1999}} By the time of the arrival of the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] and [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharata]] tribes, the Yadu-Turvashas were settled in [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=236}} By the time of the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (7th-6th centuries BCE),{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=136}}<ref name="Bremmer2007">{{cite book|first=Jan N.|last=Bremmer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tPjVJF8roYC&pg=PA158|title=The Strange World of Human Sacrifice|publisher=Peeters Publishers|date=2007|isbn=978-90-429-1843-6|page=158|access-date=15 December 2012}}</ref> the Turvashas are linked to the [[Panchala]]s.{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=236}}{{Pb}} Alfred Ludvig first conjectured that Turvīti and Vayya could have been connected with the Turvasha tribe, a notion that is still considered only speculation according to [[Michael Witzel|Witzel]].{{sfn|Macdonell|Keith|1995|p=317}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=234}} In Mandalas 4 and 5 of the Rigveda, the god [[Indra]] is stated to have saved the Yadu-Turvashas from drowning when they crossed rivers.{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|p=235}}{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=605, 695}} In Mandala 6, the Yadu-Turvashas are stated to have been "brought from far away" by [[Indra]].{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|pp=222, 262}}{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=829}} The Yadu-Turvashas are treated relatively positively in Mandalas 5, 6, and 8,{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|p=237}} and are stated to be the occasional allies and enemies of the Puru-Bharatas.{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|p=235}}
* '''[[Yaduvanshi dynasty|Yadu]]''' (in the southeast and south parts of early [[Āryāvarta]])

== Early Janapadas (c. 1700–1100 BCE) ==
[[File:Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png|450px|thumb|right|Map 6: Early Vedic Culture (1700–1100 BCE) and location of early [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] and tribes]]
After roughly 1700 BCE [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] and tribes were swiftly expanding through ancient northern [[Ancient india|India]], therefore the number of peoples, tribes and clans was increasing (as well as the number of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language speakers) and [[Āryāvarta]] was becoming a very large area (see the map on the right side).
*'''Aja''' – (Madhya-desha [[Āryāvarta]] – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Ambaśṭha''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Aṅga''' – Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern Āryāvarta (Madhya-desha and Prachya Āryāvarta – Central and Eastern [[Āryāvarta]] in Vamana).
*'''Anu''' – is a [[Vedic Sanskrit]] term for one of the 5 major tribes in the [[Rigveda]], [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].108.8, [[Mandala 8|RV 8]].10.5 (both times listed together with the [[Druhyu]]) and, much later also in the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Talageri 2005">{{cite book |last1=Talageri |first1=Shrikant G. |editor1=Edwin F. Bryant |editor2=Laurie L. Patton |title=The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=978-0-700-71463-6 |pages=332–340 |chapter=The textual evidence: The Rigveda as a source of Indo-European history |url=https://ia802909.us.archive.org/6/items/EdwinBryantLauriePattonIndoAryanControversyEvidenceAndInferenceInIndianHistoryRoutledge2005/Edwin%20Bryant%2C%20Laurie%20Patton-Indo-Aryan%20Controversy_%20Evidence%20and%20Inference%20in%20Indian%20History-Routledge%20%282005%29.pdf }}</ref> In the late Vedic period, one of the Anu kings, King Anga, is mentioned as a "[[chakravartin]]" ([[Aitareya Brahmana|AB]] 8.22). ''Ānava'', the [[vrddhi]] derivation of ''Anu'', is the name of a ruler in the Rigvedic account of the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]] (7.18.13) and at 8.4.1 with the Turvaśa (tribe). The meaning ánu "living, human" (Naighantu) cannot be substantiated for the Rigveda<ref>{{cite dictionary |last1=Mayrhofer |first1=Manfred |title=Anu |date=1992 |publisher=Winter Verlag |location=Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-8253-3826-8 |page=74 |volume=1 (Band 1) |language=de |dictionary=Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen}}</ref> and may have been derived from the tribal name. (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Āyu'''<ref>Bloomfield, M. (1899). "The Myth of Purūravas, Urvaçī, and Âyu". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 20, 180–183.</ref>
*'''Bhajeratha'''<ref>Zimmer, S. (1986). "On a special meaning of jána- in the Rgveda". ''Indo-Iranian Journal'', 29 (2), 109–115.</ref>
*'''Bhalana''' – The Bhalanas were one of the tribes that fought against [[Sudas]] in the [[Dasarajna]] battle. Some scholars have argued that the Bhalanas lived in South Central and Western [[Pakistan]], and that the [[Bolan Pass]], around which live the [[Brahui_people|Brahui]] people, are the [[Meluhha|Bhalana]] people and abode.<ref name="Talageri 2005"/>{{sfn|Macdonell|Keith|1995}} (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Bharadvāja''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Bhrigus]]'''<ref>Weller, H. (1937). "Who Were the Bhriguids?". ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute''. 18 (3), 296–302.</ref>
*'''Bheda''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Bodha''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Druhyu''' – The Druhyu were a people of Vedic India. They are mentioned in the Rigveda,{{efn|For example: RV 1.108.8; 7.18; 8.10.5; 6.46.8}} usually together with the Anu tribe.<ref>Hopkins, E. W. (1893). "Problematic passages in the Rig-Veda". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 15, 252–283.</ref> Some early scholars have placed them in the northwestern region.{{sfn|Macdonell|Keith|1995|loc=I 395}} The later texts, the Epic and the Puranas, locate them in the "north", that is, in Gandhara, Aratta and Setu. (Vishnu Purana IV.17) The Druhyus were driven out of the land of the seven rivers, and their next king, Gandhara, settled in a north-western region which became known as [[Gandhāra]]. The sons of the later Druhyu king Pracetas too settle in the "northern" (udīcya) region (Bhagavata 9.23.15–16; Visnu 4.17.5; Vayu 99.11–12; Brahmanda 3.74.11–12 and Matsya 48.9.). The word Druid (Gallic Celtic druides), is partially derived from Proto-Indo-European ''vid'' "to see, to know'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Le Roux |first1=Françoise |last2=Guyonvarc'h |first2=Christian-J |title=Les Druides |page=37 |date=1982 |publisher=Ouest-France |location=Paris |language=fr |url= https://archive.org/details/LesDruidesGuyonvarchLerrouxCs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=druid {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/druid |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Etymonline |language=en}}</ref> It has also been alleged that the Rg Veda and the Puranas describe this tribe as migrating North.<ref name="Sudhakar Raje - India Divine">{{cite web |last1=Raje |first1=Sudhakar |title=Sanskrit in English |url=https://www.indiadivine.org/content/topic/1111841-sanskrit-in-english/ |website=IndiaDivine.org |date=15 February 2006}}</ref> However, there is nothing of this in the Rigveda and the Puranas merely mention that the Druhyu are "adjacent (āśrita) to the North". (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Gandharis'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warraich |first1= M. Tauqeer Ahmad |title=Gandhara: An appraisal of its meanings and history |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |date=January–June 2011 |volume=48 |issue=1 |url=https://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/14/V_48_No1_2011.html}} [https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/Touqir.pdf PDF link]{{snd}}via University of the Punjab.</ref> (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
#'''{{IAST|Guṅgu}}'''<ref>Grassmann, H. (Ed.). (1876). Rig-veda (Vol. 1). FA Brockhaus.</ref>
#'''{{IAST|[[Ikshvaku|Iksvaku]]}}'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pincott |first1=Frederic |title=The First Maṇḍala of the Ṛig-Veda |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=October 1887 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=598–624 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00019717|id=Art. XIX}}</ref> (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kārūṣa (Karusha)''' – later Cedi (Chedi) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Keśin''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kīkaṭa'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=H. H. (Horace Hayman) |title=Rig-veda Sanhitá: A collection of ancient Hindu hymns |date=1857 |publisher=Trübner; W.H. Allen & Co. |location=London |volume=3: Constituting the Third and Fourth Ashtakas of the Rig-Veda |url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedasanhitc03wils}}</ref> (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kosala''' (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Krivi'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pike |first1=Albert |title=Indo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig Veda |date=1930 |publisher=Council of Freemasonry, Southern Jurisdiction of the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/Indo-aryanDeitiesAndWorship-AsContainedInTheRigVeda |language=en}} [Kessinger Publishing (reprint) 1992.]</ref> (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kunti''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Madra]]''' (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
**'''Uttara Madra''' (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Magadha''' (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Mahāvṛṣa (Mahavrisha)''' (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Mahīna'''<ref>Perry, E. D. (1885). "Indra in the Rig-Veda". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 11, 117–208.</ref>
*'''Malankhara'''<ref name="The Rig-Veda">{{cite book|translator=Ralph T. H. Griffith |date=1896 |author-link=Ralph T. H. Griffith |title= The Rig-Veda|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/index.htm}}</ref>
*'''[[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]]'''<ref>Muller, F. M. (1869). Rig-veda-sanhita (Vol. 1).</ref> (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Mūjavana / Maujavant'''<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=Aryan and non-Aryan names in Vedic India: Data for the linguistic situation, c. 1900–500 B.C. |date=1999b |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000112 |conference=Proceedings of the International Seminar on Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, University of Michigan – 25–27 October 1996|book-title=Aryan and non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, interpretation and ideology|editor1=Johannes Bronkhorst |editor2=Madhav Desphande |publisher= Harvard University; South Asia Books |location=Cambridge, Mass. (US) |series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]]: Opera Minora III |isbn= 9781888789041 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6a59d8f188ef52d4d9f150360777c6dc220e4374}}</ref> (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Nahuṣa'''<ref name="The Rig-Veda" />
*'''Pāñcala''' '''([[Panchala]])''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Pārāvata''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Pṛthu ([[Prithu]])''' (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Pūru]]''' (Puru) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
**'''[[Bhāratas|Bharatas]]''' – The Bharatas are an [[Arya]]n tribe mentioned in the [[Rigveda]], especially in [[Mandala 3]] attributed to the Bharata sage [[Vishvamitra]] and in and [[Mandala 7]].{{sfn|Frawley|2001}} ''Bharatá'' is also used as a name of [[Agni]] (literally, "to be maintained", viz. the fire having to be kept alive by the care of men), and as a name of [[Rudra]] in [[Mandala 2|RV 2]].36.8. In one of the "[[Rigvedic rivers|river hymn]]s" [[Mandala 3|RV 3]].33, the entire Bharata tribe is described as crossing over, with their chariots and wagons, at the confluence of the Vipash (Beas) and Shutudri (Satlej). Hymns by Vasistha in [[Mandala 7]] (7.18 etc.) mention the Bharatas as the protagonists in the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]], where they are on the winning side. They appear to have been successful in the early power-struggles between the various [[Arya]]n and [[Dasyu|non-Aryan]] tribes so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts, and later in the ([[Sanskrit epics|Epic]]) tradition, the [[Mahābhārata]], the eponymous ancestor becomes [[Emperor Bharata]], conqueror of 'all of India', and his tribe and kingdom is called Bhārata. "Bhārata" today is the official name of the [[Republic of India]] (see also [[Etymology of India]]). (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
***'''[[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]]'''{{sfn|Frawley|2001}} – Ancestors of the '''[[Kaurava]]''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
****'''[[Uttarakuru|Uttara Kuru]]''' (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
***'''[[Pandu]]''' – Ancestors of the '''[[Pandava]]''' (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
**'''Tṛtsu (Tritsu)''' The Tritsus are a sub-group of the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] who are distinct from the [[Bharata (tribe)|Bharatas]] mentioned in [[Mandala 7]] of the [[Rigveda]] (in hymns 18, 33 and 83). Under king [[Sudas]] they defeated the confederation of ten kings led by the Bharatas at the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]]. (Madhya-desha [[Āryāvarta]] – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Ruśama''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śālva''' '''(Shalva)''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Sarasvata|Sārasvata]]''' – people that dwelt the banks of the [[Sarasvati]] river (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Satvanta''' (Dakshina Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śigru''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śiva''' (Shiva, not to be confused with the God [[Śiva]] or [[Shiva]]) (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Srñjaya''' '''(Srinjaya)''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śvikna''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Turvaśa''' '''(Turvasa)'''
*'''Uśīnara''' '''(Ushinara)''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vaikarṇa''' '''(Vaikarna)''' (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vaṅga''' '''(Vanga)''' (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Varaśikha''' '''(Varashikha)''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vaśa''' '''(Vasha)''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vidarbha''' ([[Vidarbha]], Dakshina Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Videha]]''' ([[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Viśaṇin''' '''(Vishanin)''' (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vṛcivanta''' '''(Vrichivanta)''' (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Yadu''' (Dakshina Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Yakṣu''' '''(Yakshu)''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])

== Late Janapadas (c. 1100–500 BCE) ==
[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|450px|thumb|right|Map 7: Late Vedic era map showing the boundaries of [[Āryāvarta]] with Janapadas in northern India. Beginning of Iron Age kingdoms in India— [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]], [[Panchala]], [[Kosala]], [[Videha]].]]
From roughly 1100 to 500 BCE [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] and tribes expanded even further throughout ancient northern [[Ancient india|India]] (see the map 6).
*'''Abhīṣaha''' '''(Abhishaha)''' / Apanga (''[[Vayu]]'') / Aupadha (''[[Markandeya]]'') / Alasa (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Āhuka''' / Kuhaka (''[[Markandeya]]'') / Kuhuka (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Alimadra''' / Anibhadra (''[[Markandeya]]'') / Alibhadra (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Anga|Aṅga]]''' – (Madhya-desha and Prachya Āryāvarta – Central and Eastern [[Āryāvarta]] in ''[[Vamana]]'')
*'''Āntaranarmada''' / Uttaranarmada (''[[Markandeya]]''), Sunarmada (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Antargiri''' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Anūpa''' / Arūpa (''[[Matsya Purana|Matsya]]''), Annaja (''[[Vayu]]'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Aparānta''' / Purandhra (''[[Matsya Purana|Matsya]]''), Aparīta (''[[Vayu]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Arthapa''' / Atharva (''[[Markandeya]]'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Aśvakūṭa''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Ātreya''' / Atri (''[[Matsya Purana|Matsya]]'', ''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Audumbaras|Audumbara]]''' / [[Audumbaras|Audambara]] / [[Audumbaras|Audumvara]] – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Auṇḍra''' – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Bahirgiri''' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Bhadra''' – (Prachya and Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Eastern and Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Bhadrakāra''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Bharadvāja''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Bhārgava''' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Bharukaccha]]''' / Bhanukaccha (''[[Vayu]]''), Bhīrukahcha (''[[Markandeya]]''), Dārukachchha (''[[Vamana]]''), Sahakaccha (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Bhokardan|Bhogavardhana]]''' / '''[[Bhokardan]]''' (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Bhūṣika''' '''(Bhushika)''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Bodha''' / Bāhya (''[[Matsya]]'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Brahmottara''' / Suhmottara (''[[Matsya]]''), Samantara (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Carmakhaṇḍika''' '''(Charmakhandika)''' / Attakhaṇḍika (''[[Matsya]]''), Sakheṭaka (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Darada]]''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern ''[[Āryāvarta]]'')
*'''Darva''' – (Himalayan and Northern in ''[[Vayu]]'' and ''[[Markandeya]]'', Parvata-shrayin and Udichya Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Daśeraka''' '''(Dasheraka)''' / Karseruka (''[[Vayu]]''), Kuśeruka (''[[Markandeya]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Daśamālika''' '''(Dashamalika)''' / Daśanāmaka (''[[Matsya]]''), Daśamānika (''[[Vayu]]''), Daṅśana (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Dasharna|Daśarṇa]]''' '''([[Dasharna]])''' (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Druhyu]]''' / Hrada (''[[Vayu]]''), Bhadra (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Durga''' / Durgala (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Ganaka''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Gandhari people|Gāndhāra]]''' / '''[[Gandhari people|Gandharians]]''' (''[[Gandhara|Vaēkərəta]]'' in [[Avestan]]) – the people who lived in [[Gāndhāra]] and spoke [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]] (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Gonarda''' / Govinda (''[[Vayu]]''), Gomanta (''[[Markandeya]]''), Mananda (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Haṃsamārga''' / Sarvaga (Himalayan) in ''[[Matsya]]''; Haṃsamārga (Northern and Himalayan) in ''[[Vayu]]'' and ''[[Markandeya]]''; Karnamārga (Northern) and Haṃsamārga (Himalayan) in ''[[Vamana]]''; Haṃsamārga (Himalayan) Haṃsabhaṅga (Northern) in ''[[Brahmanda]]'' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]]; Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Hāramuṣika''' '''(Haramushika)''' / Hāramūrtika (''[[Matsya]]''), Hārapūrika (''[[Vayu]]''), Sāmuṣaka (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Huhuka''' / Samudgaka (''[[Matsya]]''), Sahūdaka (''[[Vayu]]''), Sakṛtraka (''[[Markandeya]]''), Śahuhūka (''[[Vamana]]''), Sahuhūka (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Ijika''' (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Jaguda''' / Jāṇgala (''[[Matsya]]''), Juhuḍa (''[[Vayu]]''), Jāguḍa (''[[Markandeya]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Jāṇgala''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Jñeyamarthaka''' / Jñeyamallaka (''[[Markandeya]]''), Aṅgiyamarṣaka (''[[Vamana]]''), Gopapārthiva (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Kutch district|Kachchhika]]''' / Kāchchhīka (''[[Matsya]]''), Kacchīya (''[[Vayu]]''), Kāśmīra (''[[Markandeya]]''), Kacchipa (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kālatoyaka''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kaliṅga]] (central)''' / Arkalinga (''[[Markandeya]]'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kaliṅga]] (southern)''' – (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]])

According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts.<ref>Misra, Sudama (1973). ''Janapada state in ancient India''. Vārāṇasī: Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana. p. 78</ref>

*'''Kalitaka''' / Kālītaka (''[[Vayu]]''), Anīkaṭa (''[[Markandeya]]''), Tālīkaṭa (''[[Vamana]]''), Kuntala (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kalivana''' / Kolavana (''[[Vayu]]''), Kālivala (''[[Markandeya]]''), Vāridhana (''[[Vamana]]''), Kalivana (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kantakara''' / Kanṭakāra (''[[Matsya]]''), Raddhakaṭaka (''[[Vayu]]''), Bahubhadra (''[[Markandeya]]''), Kādhara (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kāraskara''' / Paraṣkara (''[[Vayu]]''), Kaṭhākṣara (''[[Markandeya]]''), Karandhara (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Karusha kingdom|Kārūṣa]]''' ([[Karusha kingdom|Karusha]]), later '''[[Chedi kingdom|Cedi]] ([[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]])''' – Southern and Vindhyan Āryāvarta (''[[Matsya]]'') (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern ''[[Āryāvarta]]''; Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kāśi (Kashi)''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Kasmira kingdom|Kasmira]] ([[Kasmira kingdom|Kashmira]] / Kāmīra)''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kathas''' – in the [[River Chenab]] Valley (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kauśika''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Kekaya|Kekeya]]''' / Kaikeyya (''[[Matsya]]''), Kaikeya (''[[Markandeya]]''), Kaikeya (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Khasas|Khaśa]] / Khasha''' – Khaśa (''[[Vamana]]''), Śaka (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kisaṇṇa''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Konkana kingdom|Koṅkaṇa]]''' – (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Kosala|Kośala]] (Central)''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Kosala|Kośala]] (Vindhyan)''' – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kukkuṭa''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kulūta''' / Ulūta (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kulya''' – only Central in ''[[Markandeya]]''; only Southern in ''[[Vamana]]'' and ''[[Brahmanda]]'' – (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]]; Madhya-desha – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Kuninda kingdom|Kuninda]]''' / Pulinda (''[[Matsya]]''), Kaliṅga (''[[Markandeya]]''), Kalinda (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kuśalya''' '''(Kushalya)''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kuśūdra''' '''(Kushudra)''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Kuthaprāvaraṇa / Kuśaprāvaraṇa''' (''[[Vayu]]''), Kuntaprāvaraṇa (''[[Markandeya]]''), Apaprāvaraṇa (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Lalhitta''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Lampāka''' / Lamaka (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Madguraka''' / Mudgara (''[[Markandeya]]''), Mudagaraka (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Madras''' – in the [[River Chenab]] Valley (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Mādreya''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Magadha''' / Central and Eastern in ''[[Vayu]]'' and ''[[Brahmanda]]'' – [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Maharāṣṭra''' '''(Maharashtra)''' / Navarāṣṭra (''[[Matsya]]'') – [[Maharashtra (India)|Maharashtra]] (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Māheya''' – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Mālada''' / Mālava ([[Matsya]]), Manada (''[[Markandeya]]''), Mansāda (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Malaka''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Malavartika''' – Mallavarṇaka (''[[Matsya]]''), Mālavartin (''[[Vayu]]''), Mānavartika (''[[Markandeya]]''), Baladantika (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Malavas|Mālava]]''' / '''[[Malavas|Western Malla]]''' (known as '''[[Malavas|Malloí]]''' by the [[ancient Greeks]] and '''[[Malavas|Malli]]''' by [[ancient Romans]]) – they were a people from southern [[Punjab]], including today's [[Multan]] city (''[[Multan|Mallorum Metropolis]]'') and region, south of the confluence of the [[Jhelum]], [[Hydaspes]] for the Greeks, and [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Hydraotes]] for the Greeks, rivers (see map 8), they are mentioned by ancient Greek historians<ref name="Ian Worthington 2014, p. 219">Ian Worthington 2014, p. 219.{{Full short|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Peter Green 2013, p. 418"/>{{Full short|date=August 2024}} in the telling of [[Alexander III of Macedon]]'s or [[Alexander the Great]] (Iskandar) [[Mallian Campaign]]; Malada (''[[Brahmanda]]''), Ekalavya (''[[Vamana]]'') (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]]) (not to be confused with the [[Malla (tribe)|Eastern Malla]])
*'''[[Malla (tribe)|Malla]]''' / '''[[Malla (tribe)|Eastern Malla]]''' / Śālva (''[[Matsya]]''), Māla (''[[Vayu]]''), Māia (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]]) (not to be confused with the [[Malavas|Mālava]] or [[Malavas]] of Western [[Ancient India]] – Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Maṇḍala''' / Mālava (''[[Vayu]]''), Mālava (''[[Markandeya]]'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Māṇḍavya''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Māṣa''' '''(Masha)''' – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Mātaṅga''' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]]''' / Yatstha (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Mekala''' / Rokala (''[[Vayu]]''), Kevala (''[[Markandeya]]'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Mūka''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Nāsikya''' / Vāsikya (''[[Matsya]]''), Nāsikānta (''[[Vamana]]''), Nāsika (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Nirāhāra''' / Nigarhara (''[[Vayu]]''), Nihāra (''[[Markandeya]]'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Pāṇavīya''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Pāñcala''' '''([[Panchala]])''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Parada kingdom|Pārada]]''' / Parita (''[[Vayu]]''), Pāravata (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Paṭaccara''' '''(Patachchara)''' / Śatapatheśvara (''[[Vayu]]'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Pūru]]''' (Puru) – Ancestors of the '''[[Paurava]]''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
**'''[[Paurava]]''' – Descendants of the '''[[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]]''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
***'''[[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]''' (''[[Vamana]]'') – Ancestors of the '''[[Kaurava]]''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
****'''[[Kaurava]]''' (''[[Vamana]]'') – Descendants of the '''[[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]''' (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
***'''[[Pandu]]''' – Ancestors of the '''[[Pandava]]''' (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
****'''[[Pandava]]''' – Descendants of [[Pandu]] (Udichya Āryāvarta and Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]] and Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*****'''[[Arjunayana]]''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
******[[Tomara (clan)|Tomara]] / Tāmasa (''[[Markandeya]]'' and ''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Pluṣṭa''' '''(Plushta)''' – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Prāgjyotiṣa''' '''([[Pragjyotisha kingdom|Pragjyotisha]])''' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Pravaṅga''' / Plavaṅga (''[[Matsya]]'' and ''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Prāvijaya''' / Prāviṣeya (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Priyalaukika''' / Harṣavardhana (''[[Markandeya]]''), Aṅgalaukika (''[[Vamana]]''), Aṅgalaukika (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Puleya''' / Kulīya (''[[Matsya]]''), Pulinda (''[[Markandeya]]''), Pulīya (''[[Vamana]]''), Pauleya (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Rūpasa''' / Kūpasa (''[[Vayu]]''), Rūpapa (''[[Markandeya]]''), Rūpaka (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Sainika''' / Pidika (''[[Vayu]]''), Śūlika (''[[Markandeya]]''), Jhillika (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śālva''' '''(Shalva)''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Saraja''' – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Sārasvata]]''' – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Sauśalya''' '''(Saushalya)''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Sauvira kingdom|Sauvīra]]''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śaśikhādrika''' '''(Shashikhadraka)''' – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śatadruja''' '''(Shatadruja)''' / Śatadrava (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Ṣaṭpura''' / Padgama (''[[Matsya]]''), Ṣaṭsura (''[[Vayu]]''), Paṭava (''[[Markandeya]]''), Bahela (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Sindhu kingdom|Sindhu]]''' / '''[[Sindhu kingdom|Saindhava]]''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Sirāla''' / Surāla (''[[Vayu]]''), Sumīna (''[[Markandeya]]''), Sinīla (''[[Vamana]]''), Kirāta (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Sudra kingdom|Śudra]]''' '''([[Sudra kingdom|Shudra]] / [[Sudra kingdom|Sudra]])''' / '''[[Sudra kingdom|Suhya]]''' (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]]) (not to be confused with the [[Shudra]], a [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]])
*'''Sujaraka''' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śulakara''' '''(Shulakara)''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Surāṣṭra''' '''([[Surashtra]])''' / Saurāṣṭra (''[[Matsya]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śūrpāraka''' / Sūrpāraka (''[[Vayu]]''), Sūryāraka (''[[Markandeya]]''), Sūryāraka (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Śūrasena''' '''([[Shurasena]])''' / Braj – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Taittrika''' / Taittirika (''[[Matsya]]''), Turasita (''[[Vayu]]''), Kurumini (''[[Markandeya]]''), Tubhamina (''[[Vamana]]''), Karīti (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Taksas''' – in [[Taksasila]] or [[Taxila]] (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Talagana''' / Talagāna (''[[Matsya]]''), Stanapa (''[[Vayu]]''), Tāvakarāma (''[[Vamana]]''), Tālaśāla (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Tāmasa''' / Chamara (''[[Matsya]]''), Tomara (''[[Vamana]]''), Tāmara (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Tāmas''' – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Tāmralipataka''' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Taṅgaṇa''' / Apatha (''[[Matsya]]''), Gurguṇa (''[[Markandeya]]'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Taṅgaṇa''' / Tuṅgana (''[[Markandeya]]'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Tāpasa''' / Svāpada (''[[Markandeya]]''), Tāpaka (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Tilaṇga''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Traipura''' – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Trigarta]]''' – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Tugras''' – in the [[Sutlej river]] basin (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Tūrṇapāda''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]]''' – (Eastern and Central in ''[[Brahmanda]]'' – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Uttamārṇa''' / Uttama (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vāhyatodara''' / Girigahvara ([[Brahmanda]]) – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vaidiśa''' (Vaidisha) / Vaidika (''[[Vayu]]''), Kholliśa (''[[Vamana]]'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Vanga kingdom|Vaṅga]]''' – Central and Eastern in ''[[Vamana]]'' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vāṅgeya''' / Mārgavageya (''[[Matsya]]''), Rāṅgeya (''[[Markandeya]]''), Vojñeya (''[[Brahmanda]]'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vāṭadhāna''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Vatsa]]''' / Vamsa – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''Vātsīya''' – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Vemaka]]''' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Videha]]''' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern [[Āryāvarta]]) ([[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] / Tirabhukti)
*'''Vṛka''' ('''Vrika''') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])
*'''[[Yadu]]'''
**'''[[Haihayas]]''' / '''Heheya''' '''(Talajangha)'''
***'''[[Avanti (India)|Avanti]]''' – Clan of the Haihayas (Central and Vindhyan Āryāvarta in ''[[Matsya]]'')
***'''Bhoja''' / '''Gopta''' (''[[Vamana]]'') (Gupta) – Clan of the Haihayas (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]] in ''[[Vamana]]'')
***'''Sharyatas''' – Clan of the [[Haihayas]].
****'''[[Anarta|Ānarta]]''' / Āvantya in ''[[Markandeya]]'', ''[[Vamana]]'' – Subclan of the [[Sharyatas]] (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]])
***'''Tuṇḍikera''' / Śauṇḍikera (''[[Matsya]]''), Tuṣṭikāra (''[[Markandeya]]'') – Clan of the [[Haihayas]]. (Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
***'''Vītihotra''' / Vīrahotra (''[[Markandeya]]''), Vītahotra (''[[Vamana]]'') – Clan of the [[Haihayas]] (Vindhyan [[Āryāvarta]])
**'''[[Chedi kingdom|Cedi]]''' '''([[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]])''' / Chaidyas
**'''Shashabindu''' / Shashabindava –
**'''Vaidarbha''' / Vidarbha ([[Mahabharata]]) – [[Vidarbha]] (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]])
**'''[[Yadava]]''' – Descendants of the '''[[Yadu]]'''
***'''[[Abhira tribe|Ābhīra]]''' – (Udichya and Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Northern and Southern [[Āryāvarta]])
****'''Northern Ābhīra''' (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern [[Āryāvarta]])
****'''Southern Ābhīra''' (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern [[Āryāvarta]])
***'''Kukura''' –
***'''Satvata''' –
***'''[[Vrishni]]''' –
****'''Shainya''' / '''Shaineya'''
*'''[[Yaudheya]]''' – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central [[Āryāvarta]])

== Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE) ==
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|450px|thumb|right|Map 8: [[Mahajanapadas]] roughly in 500 BCE.]]
महाजनपद – Mahajanapada
Shodasa Mahajanapadas (Sixteen Mahajanapadas)
The [[Mahajanapadas]] were sixteen great kingdoms and republics that emerged after the more powerful political entities (initially based on the territories of peoples and tribes) had conquered many others.
According to the ''[[Anguttara Nikaya]]'', ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'', ''Chulla-Niddesa'' ([[Buddhist Canon]])
*'''[[Anga]]'''
*'''[[Assaka]]''' (or '''[[Assaka|Asmaka]]''')
*'''[[Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]]'''
*'''[[Chedi kingdom|Chetiya]]''' ('''[[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]]''' / '''[[Chedi kingdom|Cedi]]''')
*'''[[Gandhara]]'''
*'''[[Kambojas|Kamboja]]''' (possibly ancestral of [[Nuristani people|Nuristani]])
*'''[[Varanasi|Kashi]]''' / '''[[Varanasi|Kasi]]'''
*'''[[Kosala]]'''
*'''[[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]'''
*'''[[Matsya (tribe)|Maccha]]''' ('''[[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]]''')
*'''[[Magadha kingdom|Magadha]]'''
*'''[[Malla (tribe)|Malla]]'''
*'''[[Panchala]]''' ('''[[Panchala kingdom (Mahabharata)|Pañcāla]]''')
*'''[[Surasena]]'''
*'''[[Vajjika League|Vajji]]''' ('''[[Vajjika League|Vṛji]])''')
**[[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavis]] (tribe)
**[[Nāya]]
*'''[[Vatsa|Vamsha]]''' ('''Vatsa''')

According to the ''[[Vyākhyāprajñapti]]'' / ''[[Bhagavati Sutra]]'' ([[Jain text]])
*'''Accha'''
*'''[[Anga]]'''
*'''Avaha'''
*'''[[Vajjika League|Bajji]]''' ('''[[Vajjika League|Vajji]] / [[Vajjika League|Vriji]])'''
**[[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavis]] (tribe)
*'''[[Vanga kingdom|Banga]]''' / '''[[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]]'''
*'''[[Varanasi|Kasi]]''' / '''[[Varanasi|Kashi]]'''
*'''Kochcha'''
*'''[[Kosala]]'''
*'''[[Lata (region)|Ladha]]''' / '''[[Lata (region)|Lata]]'''
*'''[[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]'''
*'''Malavaka'''
*'''Malaya''' (located in the [[Malaya mountains]], southernmost part of the [[Western Ghats]], part of the same was called the [[Sahya Mountains]], [[Southern India]]) (probably Dravidian and Non-Indo-Aryan)
*'''[[Malla (tribe)|Moli]]''' / '''[[Malla (tribe)|Malla]]'''
*'''[[Padha]]'''
*'''Sambhuttara'''
*'''[[Vatsa|Vaccha]]''' ('''[[Vatsa]]''')

== Mentions by Ancient Greek authors ==
[[File:The Atlas of Ancient and Classical Geography by Samuel Butler, Ernest Rhys, ed. (1907, 1908).jpg|thumb|500px|Map 9: Ancient regions of [[Iranian Plateau]] and part of South [[Central Asia]] showing ancient [[Iranian peoples]] and tribes; this map also shows ancient peoples of the [[Indus Valley]] in Northwest [[Ancient India]].]]
'''Northwest [[Ancient India]]''' – '''[[Indus River Basin]]'''
*'''Glausae''' ('''Glausaí''') (may have been the '''[[Gandhari people|Gandhari]]'''?)
*'''[[Malavas|Malloí]]''' / '''[[Malavas|Malli]]''' (known as '''[[Malavas|Mālava]]''' / '''[[Malavas|Western Malla]]''' by [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] in [[ancient India]]) – they were a people from southern [[Punjab]], including today's [[Multan]] city (''[[Multan|Mallorum Metropolis]]'') and region, south of the confluence of the [[Jhelum]], [[Hydaspes]] for the Greeks, and [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Hydraotes]] for the Greeks, rivers (see map 9), they are mentioned by ancient Greek historians<ref name="Ian Worthington 2014, p. 219"/>{{Full short|date=August 2024}}<ref name="Peter Green 2013, p. 418">Peter Green 2013, p. 418.{{Full short|date=August 2024}}</ref> in the [[Mallian Campaign]] of [[Alexander III of Macedon]] (Iskandar); Malada (''[[Brahmanda]]''), Ekalavya (''[[Vamana]]'') (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western [[Āryāvarta]]) (not to be confused with the [[Malla (tribe)|Eastern Malla]])
*'''Oxydracae''' ('''Oxydrakaí''') (may have been the '''Śudra''' ('''Shudra''' / '''Sudra''') / Suhya (''[[Brahmanda]]''), not to be confused with the [[Shudra]], a [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]])
*'''[[Sattagydia|Sattagydans]]''' – people that dwelt in [[Sattagydia]] (Old Persian Thataguš; th = θ, from θata – "hundred" and guš – "cows", country of the People of "Hundred Cows"), may have been an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] people of [[Sindh]] with Iranian influence or the opposite, an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] people of [[Sindh]] with [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] influence.
*'''Sibae''' / '''Sobii''' ('''Sibaí''' / '''Sivaí''' / '''Sobioí''' / '''Sivioí''') (may have been the '''[[Śiva (people)|Śiva]]''' or '''[[Shiva (people)|Shiva]]''' people of Early [[Janapadas]]?) (not to be confused with the God [[Śiva]] or [[Shiva]])
'''Other regions of [[Ancient India]]''' '''(''India Intra Gangem'')'''
*'''Pragii''' / '''Prasii''' ('''Pragioí''' / '''Prasioí''') (may have been the people of '''[[Pragjyotisha kingdom|Prāgjyotiṣa]]''' or '''[[Pragjyotisha kingdom|Pragjyotisha]]''', '''[[Pragjyotisha]]'''-'''[[Kamarupa]]'''?)

== Indo-Aryan or other tribes (possible) ==
*'''Alina''' (RV 7.18.7) (RV = [[Rigveda]]) – They were one of the tribes defeated by [[Sudas]] of the Bharatas at the [[Dasarajna]] ([[Ten Kings Battle]]).{{sfn|Macdonell|Keith|1995|loc=I 39}} It is suggested that they lived to the north-east of the [[Kambojas]] (possible ancestors of the [[Nuristani people|Nuristani]] that live in [[Nurestan Province|Nurestan]]) because in the 7th century CE, the land was mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]].{{sfn|Macdonell|Keith|1995|loc=I 39}} It is possible that they are connected with the [[Alans]] or '''Alani''' people who are a nomadic Iranian tribe. Alans is a dialectal cognate of Aryāna, itself derived from the root arya-, meaning 'Aryan', the common self-designation of Indo-Iranian peoples. It probably came in use in the early history of the Alans for the purpose of uniting a heterogeneous group of tribes through the invocation of a common, ancestral 'Aryan' origin. The historian S. G. Talageri identifies them with the [[Greeks]] (Hellenes).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talageri |first1=Shrikant G. |title=The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis |date=2000 |pages=397–408 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-rigveda-a-historical-analysis-shrikant-g.-talageri/page/n397/mode/2up|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|location=New Delhi}}</ref> However, the dating of the Rigveda and the hypothetical historic time for the [[Dasarajna|Dasarajna-yuddha]] ([[Battle of Ten Kings]]) occurred millennia before Hellenes were recorded in India.
*'''Parsu''' (Parśu) – The Parsus have been connected with the Persians based on the evidence of an Assyrian inscription from 844 BC referring to the Persians as Parshu, and the Behistun Inscription of Darius I of Persia referring to Parsa as the home of the Persians. Pârsâ, is the Old Persian name for the Persis region Pars province as well as the root for the term Persian.
*'''[[Shakya]]''' – a clan of [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age India]] (1st millennium BCE), habitating an area in [[Greater Magadha]], on the foothills of the [[Himalaya mountains]]. This is also the clan in which [[Siddhartha Gautama]] (also known as [[Buddha]] or [[Shakyamuni]] – Sage of the Shakyas) ({{Circa|6th}} to 4th centuries BCE) was born into, whose teachings became the foundation of [[Buddhism]]. According to Chandra Das, the name "Shakya" is derived from the Sanskrit word "śakya," which means "the one who is capable". Some scholars argue that the Shakya were of aboriginal [[Munda people|Munda]]-origin<ref>{{cite journal |last=Levman |first=Bryan G. |date=2014 |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276914202 |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–180 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145 |access-date=4 June 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref> while others speculate on a [[Scythian cultures|Scythian]] ([[Saka]]) origin (part of the [[Iranian peoples]]) and assimilated into [[Indo-Aryan peoples]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jayarava |last=Attwood |title=Possible Iranian Origins for the Śākyas and Aspects of Buddhism |journal=Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies |date=2012 |volume=3 |pages=47–69 |url=http://jocbs.org/index.php/jocbs/article/viewFile/26/29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter= Prologue: Scythian Philosophy – Pyrrho, the Persian Empire, and India |first=Christopher I. |last= Beckwith|title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2016 |doi= 10.23943/princeton/9780691176321.003.0001 |pages=1–21 |isbn=978-0691166445 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

== Hypothetical Indo-Aryans ==
*'''[[Mitanni|Mitanni Indo Aryans]]''' ({{Circa|1500}}–1300 BCE) – hypothetical ancient people of the northern [[Middle East]] in the [[Mitanni]] kingdom (part of today's far western Iran, northwestern Iraq, northern Syria and southeastern Turkey), that spoke the hypothetical [[Mitanni Indo-Aryan]] (a language that was [[superstrate]] of [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]], a non-Indo-European language) and merged with the [[Hurrians]], many of them as a social elite, in the course of the [[Indo-Aryan migration]] (towards West in this case).

== See also ==
{{divcol|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Āryāvarta]]
*[[Avestan geography]]
*[[Bharata Khanda]]
*[[Bharatavarsha]]
*[[Chakravartin]]
*[[Iron Age India]]
*[[History of Hinduism]]
*[[Indo-Aryan migration]]
*[[Indus Valley civilisation]]
*[[Janapada]] and [[Mahajanapada]]
*[[Mahabharata]]
**[[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]
*[[Monarchy in ancient India]]
*[[Ramayana]]
*[[Vedic period]]
{{divcol end}}



== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Anthony |first1=David W. |title=The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World |date=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=978-0-691-14818-2}}
* {{Cite book |editor-first=George |editor-last=Erdosy |title= The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity |doi=10.1515/9783110816433 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |date=1995 |isbn=9783110144475 |series =Indian Philology and South Asian Studies, Vol. 1|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110816433/html?lang=en|url-access= subscription }}
** {{Cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |editor=George Erdosy |chapter=Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres |title= The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity |doi=10.1515/9783110816433-009 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |date=1995 |isbn=9783110144475 |pages=85–125}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060911232956/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Erdosy1995.pdf Chapter link with alternative pagination]: (pp. 85–290) – Via Wayback Machine.
** {{Cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |editor=George Erdosy |chapter=Ṛgvedic history: Poets, chieftains and polities |title= The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity |doi=10.1515/9783110816433-019 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |url-access= subscription |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110816433/html?lang=en |date=1995a |isbn=9783110144475 |series =Indian Philology and South Asian Studies, Vol. 1 |pages=307–352}}

* {{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=David |title=The Rig Veda and the History of India: Rig Veda Bharata itihasa |date=2001 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7742-039-9 |edition=1st}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|author1-link=Stephanie W. Jamison}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Macdonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|last2=Keith|first2=A. B.|author1-link=A. A. Macdonell|author2-link=A. B. Keith |title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|date=1995|isbn=81-208-1332-4|location=Delhi |orig-date=First published 1912}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Mallory|editor-first1=J. P.|editor-first2=Douglas Q. |editor-last2=Adams|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |date=1997 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |location=London |isbn=978-1-884964-98-5}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Witzel|date=1999|title=Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan: (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic).|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=5|pages=3–33|citeseerx=10.1.1.411.6137 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=2001|title=Autochthonous Aryans?: The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1–118 |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |url=https://fid4sa-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/118/2/EJVS_AutochthonousAryans_2001.pdf |id=[Monograph] |archive-date=4 November 2001 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20011104085815id_/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu:80/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*Pargiter, F. E. [1922] 1979. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition''. New Delhi: Cosmo.

[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Lists of ethnic groups|Indo-Aryan]]
[[Category:Lists of ancient people|Indo-Aryan]]

Tiruvicaippa

2025-12-23T11:49:03Z

Pururava: Stub...

{{Short description|Tamil Hindu text}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Tirumurai}}
'''Tiruvicaippa''' ({{Langx|ta|திருவிசைப்பா|translit=Tiruvicaippā}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donald S. Lopez |first=Jr |url=http://archive.org/details/religionsofindia0000dona |title=Religions of India In Practice |date=1995 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |others=Internet Archive |pages=315}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kersenboom-Story |first=Saskia C. |url=http://archive.org/details/nityasumangalide0000kers |title=Nityasumaṅgalī : devadasi tradition in South India |date=1987 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-208-0330-5 |pages=62}}</ref> denotes the ninth volumes<ref>[[#J.N.|J.N. 1993]], p. 143</ref> of the ''[[Tirumurai]]'', the twelve-volume collection of Tamil [[Saivite|Shaiva]] devotional poetry. The works of eight authors belonging to the 10th century, namely Thirumaligai Thevar, Senthanar, Karuvur Thevar, Ponnthuruthi Nambi Kata Nambi, Kandarathithar, [[Venattadigal]], Thiruvaliyamuthanar, Purshottama Nambi, Sethiyar, and Senthanar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=VC Sasivalli |url=http://archive.org/details/mysticismofloveinshaivathirumurais |title=Mysticism Of Love In Shaiva Thirumurais |pages=111–127 |language=English}}</ref> Out of the eight, Kandarathithar, was a [[Chola]] king, who an ardent devotee of Shiva. He wanted to compile ''[[Tevaram]]'', but the mission was completed by his grandson [[Rajaraja I]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Content==
The ninth volume of Tirumurai is composed by [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poets (known as ''[[Nayanars]]'') - Thirumaligai Thevar, Senthanar, Karuvur Thevar, Ponnthuruthi Nambi Kata Nambi, Kandarathithar, [[Venattadigal]], Thiruvaliyamuthanar, Purshottama Nambi, Sethiyar and Senthanar <ref name=Madurai>{{cite web|title=Ninth Thirumurai|year=2001|url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0092.pdf|publisher=Project Madurai|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> Among the eight, Kandarathithar, was a prince descended from Chola king, [[Parantaka I]].<ref>[[#Mukherjee|Mukherjee]] 1999, p. 396</ref> He and his wife Sembian Mahadevi were ardent devotees of Shiva and wanted to compile ''[[Thevaram|Tevaram]]'' during his lifetime, but could not complete the mission. During the [[reign]] of [[Rajaraja Chola I]] in the 10th century, a collection of these songs was found abandoned in the [[Chidambaram]] temple, along with other religious literary works, and collated by [[Nambiyandar Nambi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ponniyin Selvan - The Killer Sword - Part 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wj0jEAAAQBAJ&dq=thiruvisaippa&pg=PT168|page=168|first=Varalotti |last=Rengasamy | date=28 February 2021 |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" |'''Author'''
! scope="col" | '''Poems'''
! scope="col" | '''Number of verses'''
! scope="col" | '''Classification'''
! scope="col" | '''Temples reverred'''
|- align ="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
| Thirumaligai Thevar
| 1-45
| 45
| Tiruvicaippa
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]] (45)<ref name=Madurai/>
|-
| Senthanar
| 46–79
| 34
| Tiruvicaippa
| [[Veezhinathar Kovil, Thiruveezhimizhalai]] (12), [[Masilamaniswara Temple, Thiruvaduthurai|Masilamaniswara Temple]] (11)<ref name=Madurai/>
|-
| Karuvur Thevar
| 80–182
| 103
| Tiruvicaippa
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]] (11), Maniyambalam temple (11), Azhagiyanathaswamy temple Thirukalanthai (10), Sundaresawarar temple Thirulogi (11), Pannakaparanar temple Thirumugathalai (10), [[Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam|Kampaheswarar Temple]] (10), [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadisvara Temple]] (11)<ref name=Madurai/>
|-
| Ponnthuruthi Nambi Kata Nambi
| 183–194
| 12
| Tiruvicaippa
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]] (10), [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja temple]] (2), Thirukuraithudayar temple (11)<ref name=Madurai/>
|-
| Kandarathithar
| 194–204
| 10
| Tiruvicaippa
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]] (10)<ref name=Madurai/>
|-
| Venattadigal
| 205–214
| 10
| Tiruvicaippa
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]] (10)<ref name=Madurai/>
|-
| Thiruvaliyamuthanar
| 215–256
| 42
| Tiruvicaippa
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]] (42)<ref name=Madurai/>
|-
| Purshottama Nambi
| 1-45
| 257–278
| Tiruvicaippa
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]] (22)<ref name=Madurai/>
|-
| Sethiyar
| 279–288
| 10
| Tiruvicaippa
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]] (10)<ref name=Madurai/>
|-
| Senthanar
| 289–301
| 13
| Tirupallantu
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]] (13)<ref name=Madurai/>
|}

==List of temples associated with the Tiruvicaippa==
There are 14 temples revered by the hymns of Tiruvicaippa and are in turn referred as "Tiruvisaipa Talangal".
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" |'''Name of the temple'''
! scope="col" | '''Location'''
! scope="col" | '''Presiding deity'''
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | '''Photo'''
! scope="col" | '''Poets'''
! scope="col" | '''Temple details'''
|- align ="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Natarajar Temple]]
| [[Chidambaram]] {{coord|11|23|58|N|79|41|36|E}}
| Natarajar
| [[File:Pond in chidambaram temple .jpg|200px]]
| Kandarathithar (10), Karuvur Thevar (11), Ponnthuruthi Nambi Kata Nambi (10), Purshottama Nambi (22), Senthanar (13), Sethiyar (10), Thirumaligai Thevar (45), Thiruvaliyamuthanar (42), Venattadigal (10)
|The temple is one of the five elemental lingas in the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] pilgrimage tradition and is considered the subtlest of all Shiva temples (''[[Kovil]]'') in Hinduism.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p147">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=147}}</ref> It is also a site for performance arts, including the annual Natyanjali dance festival on [[Maha Shivaratri]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Tracy Pintchman|title=Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lOc8ZoLV0wC&pg=PA194 |year=2007|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803934-1|pages=194–195}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadisvara Temple]]
| [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] {{coord|11|12|22|N|79|26|56|E}}
| Brihadisvarar
| [[File:Brihadeeswarar temple, Gangaikondacholapuram (3).jpg|200px]]
| Karuvur Thevar (11)
| Completed in 1035 AD by [[Rajendra Chola I]] as a part of his new capital, this [[Chola]] dynasty era temple is similar in design, and has a similar name, as the older 11th century, [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] about {{convert|70|km}} to the southwest in [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi|title=Gangaikondacholapuram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtQBAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=14–16}}</ref> The shrine of Gangaikonda Cholapuram are revered as under 
" He of the Shrine of Gangaikonda Choleswaram takes whatever forms that his worship visualize" - 131,5.<ref>[[#Coward|Coward]] 1987, p. 151</ref>
|-
| [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Rajarajeswaram]]
| [[Thanjavur]] {{coord|10|46|58|N|79|07|54|E}}
| Brihadisvarar
| [[File:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur (50074283866).jpg|200px]]
| Karuvur Thevar (11)
|Built by Tamil king [[Raja Raja Chola I]] between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] known as the "[[Great Living Chola Temples]]". Built out of granite, the [[vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] tower above the shrine is one of the tallest in South India.<ref name=asibrihadthanj>{{cite web|title=The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp}}</ref>
|-
| [[Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple]]
| [[Thanjavur]] {{coord|10|51|48|N|79|43|20|E}}
| Uthrapathiswaraswamy
| [[File:Ganapathi Temple, Thiruchengattankudi.jpg|200px]]
| Karuvur Thevar (10)
|Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple is a [[Hindu temple]] in Tiruchenkattankudi in [[Nagapattinam district]] in the [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]]. Though it is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], it is more famous for its [[Ganesha]] (Ganapati) icons brought from [[Vatapi]] by [[Paranjothi]], the commander-in-chief of the [[Pallava]] king [[Narasimhavarman I]] (reign: 630–668 CE), following [[Battle of Vatapi|the conquest of Pallavas over the Chalukyas]] (642 CE).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian Shrines|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|year=1993|pages=402–404|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=%22Vathapi+Ganapathy%22&pg=PA402|access-date=2 August 2009}}</ref>
|-
| [[Azhagiyanathaswamy Temple, Kalappal|Azhagiyanathaswamy temple]]
| Kalanthai {{coord|10|31|34|N|79|33|10|E}}
| Azhagiyanathar
|
| Karuvur Thevar (10)
|The temple has inscriptions from the period of [[Rajendra Chola]] indicating generous contributions to the temple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalanthai Athicheram|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=279|accessdate=2 January 2022|publisher=Dharumapuram Adheenam}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maniambalanathar Temple|Maniyambalam temple]]
| Keezhakottur {{coord|10|36|52|N|79|33|55|E}}
| Maniambalanavar
|
| Karuvur Thevar (11)
|Since the bell of the elephant [[Airavata]] fell here, it came to be known as Maniyambalam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Keezhakottur Maniyambalam|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=280|accessdate=2 January 2022|publisher=Dharumapuram Adheenam}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sundaresvarar Temple, Tiruloki|Sundaresawarar temple]]
| Thirulogi {{coord|11|04|51|N|79|29|15|E}}
| Sundareswarar
|
| Karuvur Thevar (11)
|
|-
| [[Pannakaparanar Temple]]
| Thirmugathalai {{coord|10|33|23|N|79|40|46|E}}
| Pannakaparanar
|
| Karuvur Thevar (10)
|
|-
| [[Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam|Kampaheswarar Temple]]
| [[Thirubuvanam]] {{coord|10|59|24|N|79|25|59|E}}
| Kampaheswarar
| [[File:Tirubavanam (14).jpg|200px]]
| Karuvur Thevar (10)
| The temple was constructed by the Chola king [[Kulothunga Chola III]] as a memorial of his successful North Indian campaign. The temple has a shrine for [[Sharabha]], a depiction of [[Shiva]], a part-lion and part-bird beast in [[Hindu mythology]], who, according to [[Sanskrit literature]], is eight-legged and more powerful than a lion or an elephant, possessing the ability to clear a valley in one jump.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=29}}</ref>
|-
| [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja Temple]]
| [[Thiruvarur]] {{coord|10|46|N|79|39|E}}
| Thyagarajar
| [[File:Thyagarajar temple, Tiruvarur (1).jpg|200px]]
| Ponnthuruthi Nambi Kata Nambi (2)
|According to legend, a [[Chola]] king named [[Muchukunda]] obtained a boon from [[Indra]] (a celestial deity) and wished to receive an image of Thyagaraja Swamy (presiding deity, [[Shiva]] in the temple) reposing on the chest of reclining [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]]. [[Indra]] tried to misguide the king and had six other images made, but the king chose the right image and manifested thiyagaraja in [[Tiruvarur]].<ref name=Meena1>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=34}}</ref>
|-
| [[Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Thiruvidaikazhi|Thirukuraithudayar temple]]
| Thiruvidaikazhi {{coord|11|02|29|N|79|47|2|E}}
| Thirukuraithudayar
|
| Senthanar (11)
|Thiruchendur of the [[Chola Nadu|Chola region]], where Lord [[Kartikeya|Murugan’s]] engagement to his consort [[Devasena|Deivanai]] took place. Murugan worshipped [[Shiva]] after vanquishing the asura Iraniyan to cleanse his sins. [[Rahu]] Bhagavan also performed penance and worshipped Murugan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2019-09-20 |title=திருப்பம் தருவான் திருவிடைக்கழி முருகன் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/others/devotional/2019/09/20165101/the-twist-will-give-thiruvidaikkazhi-murugan.vpf |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingeswarar Temple]]
| [[Tiruvidaimaruthur]] {{coord|10|59|40|N|79|27|1|E}}
| Mahalingeswarar
| [[File:Tiruvidaimaruthur13.jpg|200px]]
| Karuvur Thevar (10)
| The Chola prince, it is believed, entered the Mahalingeswarar Temple and prayed to his favourite God, [[Shiva]] for relief from the clutches of the malicious rebirth of a dead Brahmin or ''[[brahmarakshasa]]''. The Chola prince made his way out through another entrance thereby saving himself.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruvidaimarudur&pg=PA297|ref=Ayyar}}</ref>
|-
| [[Masilamaniswara Temple, Thiruvaduthurai|Masilamaniswara Temple]]
| [[Thiruvaduthurai]] {{coord|10|29|N|78|41|E}}
| Masilamaniswarar
| [[File:Thiruvavaduthurai4.JPG|200px]]
| Senthanar (11)
| This is counted as the first mention of portrait installation indicated in an inscription, with the other ones being in [[Uma Maheswarar Temple, Konerirajapuram|Konerirajapuram]] and [[Thiruvisanallur Sivayoginathar Temple|Thiruvisanallur]] temples. The temple has been maintained and administered by the [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]], whose headquarters is located inside the temple.<ref name=early>{{cite book|title=Early Chola temples Parantaka I to Rajaraja I (AD. 907–985)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/49443.pdf|pages=220–1}}</ref>
|-
| [[Veezhinathar Kovil, Thiruveezhimizhalai]]
| [[Thiruveezhimizhalai]] {{coord|10|46|N|79|50|E}}
| Veezhinathar
| [[File:Thiruveezhimizhalai3.jpg|200px]]
| Senthanar (12)
| [[Parvati]] is said to have been reborn as [[Katyayini|Katyayani]] and married [[Shiva]] here. [[Vishnu]] is regarded to have received the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] from Shiva after venerating the deity. A panel depicting the divine marriage is seen behind the [[shivalingam]]. The mulavar vimanam is believed to be brought here by Vishnu.<ref name="dm">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=523 |title=Sri Veezhinatheswarar Temple|publisher= Dinamalar|accessdate=2 January 2022 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Primer of Hinduism|last=J. N.|first= Farquhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p861x2t6I8kC&dq=tiruvisaipa&pg=PA143|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1993|isbn=9788120608689|ref=J.N.}}
* {{cite book | title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 | publisher=Orient Longman Limited | last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit | year=1998 | location=New Delhi | pages=396 | isbn=81-250-1453-5|ref=Mukherjee}}
* {{cite book | title=Modern Indian responses to religious pluralism | publisher=State University of New York | editor-last=Coward |editor-first= Harold G. |editor-link=Harold Coward | year=1987 | location=New York | pages=151 | isbn=0-88706-571-6|ref=Coward}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Texts related to Nayanar saints]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]

Technothlon

2025-10-29T14:47:11Z

Pururava:

{{Short description|School championship in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2014}}{{original research|date=February 2014}}

{{Infobox students union
| name = Technothlon
| image = Technothlon-logo.png
| motto = Inspiring Young Minds
| established = 2004
| institution = [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| affiliated = [[Techniche]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://technothlon.techniche.org.in/}}
}}

'''Technothlon''' is an International School Championship organized by the [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]]. Technothlon began in 2004<ref>Technothlon [http://studentcompetitions.com/competitions/technothlon began its journey in 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020230831/http://studentcompetitions.com/competitions/technothlon |date=20 October 2013 }}</ref> with an aim to ‘Inspire Young Minds’. Starting on its journey with a participation of 200 students confined to the city of [[Guwahati]], over the next 17 years Technothlon has expanded its reach to over 450+ cities all over India and various centers abroad.

The contest is organized over 2 rounds: a written preliminary examination, Prelims, which takes place in numerous schools all over India in July (Online this year due to Pandemic) and Mains - which is conducted at IIT Guwahati, among the top 50 teams/students from each IX-X(Junior Squad) and XI-XII(Hauts Squad) class students. It is a team-based event—two students participate as a team (individual this year due to pandemic), attempting the paper together and also participate in the Mains event as a team (individual this year due to pandemic).

==Aim==
Through a series of events involving mental aptitude, logic, and dexterity, Technothlon seeks to provide school students a platform to build fundamental experience and knowledge, to exercise co-ordination skills, and to think out of the box.<ref>[http://technothlon.techniche.org/about About page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526203951/http://technothlon.techniche.org/about |date=26 May 2015 }} of official Technothlon website</ref> As its preliminary round is conducted through several centers in India, it is a competitive test of critical thinking. Its final round is conducted in IIT-Guwahati during Techniche,<ref>[http://techniche.org/techniche15/index.php#about About page] of official Techniche website</ref> the annual Techno-Management festival of IIT Guwahati.

==History==
'''Technothlon 2004''' - started from a small room in the campus of IIT Guwahati with a participation of 200.

'''Technothlon 2005''' - took its first step forward; Science Exhibitions are conducted in Local Schools of Guwahati. Participation increased to 350.

'''Technothlon 2006''' covers [[Seven Sister States|the seven sisters]]. Participation went over 700.

'''Technothlon 2007''' reached [[Hyderabad]]. Participation reached the three figures.

'''Technothlon 2008''' became National. Participation reached four figures.

It was this year which has witnessed a manifold increase in the reach of '''Technothlon 2009''' with tie-up with nearly 1000 KV schools. Over 60 nationwide media articles were published and it was conducted in 50+ centers all over India.

'''Technothlon 2010'''<ref>"[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iit-guwahati-holds-technothlon/648459/ IIT Guwahati holds Technothlon]" - Indian express. July 19, 2010</ref><ref>"[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar3011/city06 IITG Technothlon prelims on July 17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020221003/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar3011/city06 |date=20 October 2013 }}" - Assam tribune. March 29, 2010</ref> went International. For the first time Technothlon was conducted abroad in the cities of Singapore and Dubai. Moreover, Technothlon also reached another milestone at the National level with the tie up with nearly 600 Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas. This time the exam was held in 75+ cities across the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Technothlon-2010-preliminary-exam-to-be-held-on-July-18/articleshow/6128399.cms|title = Technothlon 2010 preliminary exam to be held on July 18 | Patna News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2011, the participation increased to around 120 cities and was held in about 150 centers. [[Rajendra K. Pachauri]] – Nobel Laureate, [[Nobel Peace Prize]] 2007 & Chairman of [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] impressed the participants of the Mains round with his lectures in '''Technothlon 2011'''.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/techniche11-at-iit-guwahati/article2291129.ece "Techniche'11 at IIT Guwahati"] - ''The Hindu''. July 25, 2011.</ref>

It was witnessed by nearly 150 cities and around 200 centers, which included almost all the big states of India. Dr. Udaya Kumar, the maker of the Rupee symbol graced the event as the chief guest and also as a judge for "Final Showdown", Hauts during [[Techniche]]. '''Technothlon 2012'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/guwahati/31748117_1_technothlon-iit-g-management-festival |title=Technothlon prelims to begin in July - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131020213931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/guwahati/31748117_1_technothlon-iit-g-management-festival |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/HTEducation/Chunk-HT-UI-HTEducationSectionPage-OtherStories/IIT-Guwahati-s-Technothlon-for-school-students/SP-Article1-886204.aspx |title=IIT Guwahati's Technothlon for school students - Hindustan Times |access-date=2013-10-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901012312/http://www.hindustantimes.com/HTEducation/Chunk-HT-UI-HTEducationSectionPage-OtherStories/IIT-Guwahati-s-Technothlon-for-school-students/SP-Article1-886204.aspx |archive-date=1 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/technothlon-2012-at-iitguwahati/article3540592.ece|title = Technothlon 2012 at IIT-Guwahati|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 18 June 2012}}</ref> also witnessed an amazing lecture especially for Technothlon students<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minglebox.Com - Web Teknologi berbahasa Indonesia yang menyajikan informasi game Android, iOS, film, anime dan informasi Tutorial. |url=https://minglebox.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902040104/http://minglebox.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 September 2004 |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> by George Kourounis, Storm Chaser and host of television series Angry Planet. International students from Moscow and Kathmandu also participated in 2012.

'''Technothlon 2013'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.educationworld.in/news/campus/iit-guwahati-to-host-decade-edition-of-technotholon.html |title=IIT Guwahati to host decade edition of Technotholon |website=www.educationworld.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125015914/http://www.educationworld.in/news/campus/iit-guwahati-to-host-decade-edition-of-technotholon.html |archive-date=2013-11-25}}</ref> amplified its reach manifold by collaborating with nearly 100 private schools for the first time in its history. Being conducted in nearly 200 centers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/patna/40553269_1_technothlon-techniche-prelims |title='Technothlon' prelims tomorrow - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828051728/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/patna/40553269_1_technothlon-techniche-prelims |archive-date=28 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://librarykv2calicut.wordpress.com/2012/12/15/inviting-participation-in-technothlon-2013-the-international-school-championship-conducted-by-iitgawathi/ |title=Technothlon Inviting Participation in Technothlon 2013, the International School Championship Conducted by IIT,Gawathi | Library @kv2 Calicut |access-date=2013-10-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024064241/http://librarykv2calicut.wordpress.com/2012/12/15/inviting-participation-in-technothlon-2013-the-international-school-championship-conducted-by-iitgawathi/ |archive-date=24 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/avenues/technothlon.html | title=Technothlon | date=2013-07-10 | website=www.dailypioneer.com}}</ref> Technothlon expanded its reach to around 20 states at the National level along with being conducted successfully at the international level as well in Kathmandu. During Mains, the participants were introduced to the very new and mystical world of Astronomy by the renowned Kepler Mission Manager at NASA [[Ames Research Center]], Roger Hunter. Not only this, the students alsogot a chance to attend an exciting workshop on Humanoids by A-Set. Dr. Gautam Barua, Former Director (2003–2013), IIT Guwahati motivated the participants during the crucial nerve-racking hours of Final Showdown, Hauts.

'''Technothlon 2014''' expanded its reach to a whooping 200 cities, with almost 300 centres across India, making it the largest Technothlon then. And also, for the first time, the examination was also conducted with the question paper printed in Hindi. Technothlon also launched its own initiative - LED (Learn Experience Discover) - which involved the Technothlon organizers reaching out to the under-privileged students and demonstrating small science experiments, thus taking a step in introducing scientific temperament in the children. The top 50 teams, who made it to IIT Guwahati for the Mains got an amazing opportunity to interact with [[Christer Fuglesang]], Swedish physicist and ESA Astronaut, during which he shared with the participants the dazzling experiences of the space.

'''Technothlon 2015''' got even bigger and better, thanks to tie up with Kendriya Vidyalayas & Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, bringing in huge participation, and which helped widening the reach quite remote places of the country (E.g. Naxalite affected Dantewada, Chhattisgarh) bringing in participation of 12,000 students from these KVs and JNVs. The reach expanded to 350 examination centers across 250 cities in the country. Technothlon also launched its own blog, on which it followed some of the behind-the-scenes activity of the Technothlon team as well as an informative blog. And the highlight was a tie-up with [[UNICEF]] in inspiring young minds. During the Mains, the participants interacted with [[Claude Nicollier]], Swiss ESA and Professor at [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|EPFL]].

'''Technothlon 2020 - Legacy Over Pandemic''' Until April end, Team Technothlon kept hoping for the virus to be subdued, but the cases kept on increasing. And in the first week of May 2020, it came to grips with the fact that Technothlon 2020 will be conducted online. And to embrace this change Technothlon launched its ‘Logic Week’ series in May, with each week dedicated to our favorite topics: Combinatorics, Chess, Deciphering, and general Puzzles.

Technothlon 2020 had some big changes, the biggest of all being that Prelims and Mains would be held online and that students will participate individually, as opposed to our previous structure of participants attempting the paper and other events in pairs. Through the months of June and July, we finalized the Prelims papers for both the squads.

Technothlon always tries to give its participants a unique experience. This was always possible when the finalists(the top 50 of both the squads) could visit IITG campus and experience Technothlon in all of its glory. But with Mains being held online, they came up with the amazing event of ‘Campus La Vie’ so that the finalists have a chance to experience our lives in IIT Guwahati, albeit virtually. And in order to keep the spirit of competition alive, two multiplayer events- Marauders Chess and Stratego were created, with some very complex rules which brought out the ‘Mastermind’ in every student.

Finally, Technothlon 2020 closing ceremony took place on October 30. The winners received a cash prize of 40k, the first runner ups got a cash prize of 25k and the second runner ups got a cash prize of 15k.

This year changed the course of Technothlon, and if it were not for the coronavirus, Technothlon probably would not have gone completely online for the very first time!

'''Technothlon 2024 - Back Offline: '''After 4 years of online Prelims, Technothlon 2024 returned to the offline mode with the Prelims conducted in over 120 cities and 140+ centres on 14th July 2024. It was also brought back to the team format, with students participating in teams of two in both the Prelims and Mains. The Mains were held from 30th August to 1st September, at IIT Guwahati - with the top 25 teams from each squad competing in exciting events related to maths, logic, auctions, circuitry, mechanics and online events.

==Eligibility and participant selection process==
Technothlon is conducted for students of class IX to XII. There are two squads for which the examination is held. The first is the Junior squad and the second is the Hauts squad. For a student to appear in the Junior squad examination, he/she must be VIII class passed and must not have appeared for the X boards i.e. The students should be studying in IX or X STD. For a student to be appearing for the Hauts squad examination, he/she must have passed the X board examination and not appeared for the XII board examination.
The members can belong to the same class or as well as different class. For example: a team consisting of one member from class IX and one of class X is perfectly acceptable.
The basic requirements for team formation is that they should consist of exactly two members from the same squad and the same city.

===Modes of registration===
The interested students can register themselves for the examination online or offline. Technothlon is conducted over various cities and centers with the help of city representatives. The city representatives are responsible for collecting the registrations offline. Participating schools can collect the registration fees themselves and then prepare a demand draft to be handed over to the city representatives.

==Structure==

===Examination===
Students participate in teams of two(individual this year due to pandemic). There are two duos:

:# Junior Duo – Students of classes 9th and 10th
:# Hauts Duo – Students of classes 11th and 12th
Technothlon is held in two stages:
:# Prelims: Generally held on 2nd or 3rd Sundays of July every Year
:# Mains: To be held at [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]] during [[Techniche]]- Held in 1st week of Sept every year

Prelims is in general an objective written exam. It involves no syllabus or general knowledge requirement and relies solely on the student's logical and analytic thinking abilities. The exam is generally of 2 and ½ hour length. The question paper will have various sections like maths, puzzles, code crunchers etc. Each section has its own unique marking scheme.
It is held nationwide, at selected cities on the 2nd Sunday of the month of July.

Mains is an event based competition. The selected teams compete against each other of the same squad to complete the events. Each team will have to face 3 events from which the winners will be selected. The events, like Prelims, do not require any prerequisite knowledge and students will be taught any extra knowledge they require. The events will vary every year. In addition to these, students can attend the workshops and fun events to spend the night.
Mains is conducted during "Techniche", the Techno-Management Festival of IIT Guwahati, held during the first week of September. Other than events, the students can witness the competitions of Techniche, attend the Lecture Series of famous personalities and watch laser shows and Nite performances.

===Technopedia and Techno Coup D'œil===
Technopedia is the online module of Technothlon providing the participants an exclusive experience before they give the preliminary exam, with monthly quizzes and the various articles which are added to the module regularly. It aims at increasing the thinking capabilities and analytical reasoning and also helping them prepare for Prelims.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://technothlon.techniche.org/technopedia | title=Technopedia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612152513/https://technothlon.techniche.org/technopedia | archive-date=2015-06-12}}</ref> Technopedia generally consists of 10 questions divided into 10 levels. A higher level gets unlocked only after answering the questions in the preceding level correctly. It is updated on a monthly basis for about 6 months before the preliminary examination of Technothlon. Only the students who have registered for prelims may log onto Technopedia using the provided ID and password. Participants who are consistent in clearing Technopedia monthly may expect a SURPRISE gift during Techniche.

Techno Coup D'œil is a series of questions published on the official Facebook page of Technothlon, giving the followers of the page a feel of what the actual paper might be like.

===Selection process===
# Top 25 teams of each squad are selected on basis of their score in the Prelims examination.
# Top teams, which perform excellently from each of these squads participate in events in Mains, from whom the Grand Champion of Technothlon is selected.

===Rewards===
Other than the top 25 teams which are selected for mains in each squad; the next 200 teams in both the squads are awarded Silver certificates from Techniche, IIT Guwahati. All the participants of the Mains will be served with accommodation for the four days during their stay at IIT Guwahati. All the teams attending the Mains events at IITG will also be given Gold certificates from Techniche, IITG.

===Fees===
Technothlon and [[Techniche]], being non-profit organizations charge only an amount of Rs. 200 per team (of two students) as registration fees for the Prelims Examination conducted all over India which covers the examination conduction expenses.

==Heads==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 90%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Zone
!Team 2026
! Team 2025
! Team 2024
! Team 2023
! Team 2022
! Team 2021
! Team 2020
! Team 2019
! Team 2018
! Team 2017
|-
|rowspan = "2"|South Zone
|Uday Kiran
|Ekshith Sai Gunakar
|Sandeep Charlie Tetakali
|Kanike Uday
|Kammari Pravith Chary
|Sushanth Reddy Manda
| rowspan="2" | Sai Chandan
|Suhas Prabhandam
|Kaila Harsha Vardhan Reddy
|Vishak R.

|-
|Shreshtha Rastogi
|Poojitha Reddy
|Sarvagna Grandhi
|GNS Preetam
|Sriya Poluri
|Navya Sri Manchikatla
|Karthik Ganne
|Apurva N. Saraogi
|Likhita Konjeti

|-
|Central Zone
| ---
| ----
|Hrishikeshan N
|Paramveer Prakash
|Prabhav Maheshwari
|Shrushti Jain
|Pooja Bhagat
|Sparsh Dutta
|Abhay Kshatriya
|Udayraj Deshmukh

|-
| rowspan="2" |West Zone
|Deep Shah
|Varshini Reddy Sathineni
| rowspan="2" |Sarvesh Murkute
| rowspan="2" |Siddhant Jethwani
| rowspan="2" |Sathvik Kalikivaya
| rowspan="2" |Yatharth Singh
| rowspan="2" |Vedansh Nehra
| rowspan="2" |Aniruddh Bakshi
| rowspan="2" |Ishan Azad
| rowspan="2" |Pratyay Nigam
|-
|Md Mahroof
|Jayant Kumar

|-
|East Zone
|Poulomi Chakraborty
|Shubham Kumar Soni
|Rahul Kumar
|Raunak Agarwal
|Siddhartha Kumar Singh
|Prathamesh Muley
|Shridham Mahajan
|Vaibhav Singh
|Paranjay Bagga
|Yash Gandhe

|-
|rowspan = "2"|North Zone
|rowspan = "2"|Ritik Raj
|Lalithkumar B S
|Siva Keerthan
| rowspan="2" |Nidhi Singh
| rowspan="2" |Gowri Shankar Penugonda
| rowspan="2" |Bhushan Kad
| rowspan="2" |Aman Bansal
| rowspan="2" |Milan Rayat
| rowspan="2" |Shambhavi Das
| rowspan="2" |Jitika Rajpoot
|-
|Charvi Sri Koppisetti
|Utkarsh Verma

|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://technothlon.techniche.org.in/}}


[[Category:Education in Guwahati]]

Ravinder Indraj Singh

2025-10-04T04:07:52Z

Pururava: new new bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravinder Indraj Singh
| office = [[Rekha Gupta ministry|Cabinet Minister, Government of Delhi]]
| lieutenant_governor = [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Rekha Gupta]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice =
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata =
{{Collapsible list| * Social Welfare
* SC/ST Affairs
* Cooperative
* Elections }}
| predecessor = [[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
| term_start = 20 February 2025
| term_start1 = 8 February 2025
| constituency1 = [[Bawana Assembly constituency|Bawana]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[Jai Bhagwan (politician)|Jai Bhagwan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Ravinder Indraj Singh''' (born 1975)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ravinder Indraj Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BAWANA(NORTH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=461 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician who is currently serving as a cabinet minister of [[Delhi]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Bawana Assembly constituency]] in North Delhi district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bawana Election Results 2025: How Ravinder Indraj Singh, Jai Bhagwan Upkar performed in Bawana constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/delhi/delhi-assembly-elections-2025-results-how-ravinder-indraj-singh-jai-bhagwan-upkar-performed-in-bawana-constituency-3396455 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Bawana, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Ravinder Indraj Singh wins Bawana with 77866 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bawana-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676369-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Bawana]], North Delhi district. He is the son of Shri Indraj Singh (ex-MLA, [[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela]]). He completed his BA through distance education from [[School of Correspondence Courses and Continuing Education]], [[University of Delhi]], in 2000. He declared assets over Rs.7 crore before the 2025 Delhi elections.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Singh won from Bawana Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election. He polled 119,515 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Jai Bhagwan (politician)|Jai Bhagawan]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Admi Party]], by a margin of 31,475 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Bawana Election Results 2025 live updates: BJP's Ravinder Indraj Singh defeats Congress' Surender Kumar and AAP's Jai Bhagwan Upkar with 31,475 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/bawana-election-results-2025-highlights-ravinder-indraj-singh-bjp-surender-kumar-cong-jai-bhagwan-upkar-aap/articleshow/118028074.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bawana Election Result 2025: BJPs Ravinder Indraj Singh Wins |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/bawana-election-result-2025-vote-counting-live-bawana-vidhan-sabha-chunav-natije-winner-and-looser-candidate-ravinder-indraj-singh-jai-bhagwan-upkar-votes-margin-bjp-aap-congress-delhi-assembly-election-2855326.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Bawana Election Results 2025 Live: BJP's Ravinder Indraj Singh wins against AAP's Jai Upkar |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bawana-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9822914/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Election Results 2025: Top 5 highest and lowest victory margins in BJP vs AAP contest">{{cite news|title=Delhi Election Results 2025: Top 5 highest and lowest victory margins in BJP vs AAP contest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-election-results-2025-top-5-highest-and-lowest-victory-margins-in-bjp-vs-aap-contest/articleshow/118068915.cms|accessdate=20 March 2025|work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320074649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-election-results-2025-top-5-highest-and-lowest-victory-margins-in-bjp-vs-aap-contest/articleshow/118068915.cms|archivedate=20 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ravinder Indraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Delhi]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Benjamin Simpson

2025-09-03T05:56:31Z

Pururava: adding initial details first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{one source|date=July 2015}}
{{short description|British Surgeon-General and photographer}}
'''Sir Benjamin Simpson''' [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (31 March 1831 – 27 June 1923)<ref name=NCBI/> was a British Surgeon-General and photographer who served in the [[Indian Medical Service|Indian Medical Service Bengal]] from 1853 until 1890<ref name=lum/> His late 19th century photos of Kandahar,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simpson|first=Benjamin|date=1881|title=British Occupation of Kandahār Album|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifa2013r5|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 November 2020|website=[[Getty Research Institute]]|hdl=10020/cifa2013r5}}</ref> Quetta, Bombay, Tomb of Amhed Shah, Baba Wali Kotal, Idgah Gate, Durani, Chilzina, Tukatoo, and Kirka Sharif have been collected in albums. Because the photos were grouped with those of [[John Burke (photographer)]] and those of others, many cannot be attributed.

Simpson was a member of the Bengal Photographic Society and produced 80 photographs grouped as ''Racial Types of Northern India'' he exhibited at the [[London International Exhibition]] in 1862, earning a gold medal. He also visited Assam in 1867 and 1868 producing illustrations for ''Descriptive ethnology of Bengal'' published in 1872. His photographs were also used in the eight volume series ''The People of India'' published 1868–1875. Simpson also photographed scenes during the Second Afghan War of 1879–1880 in Kandahar, Afghanistan. They were published by Bourne & Shepherd.<ref name=lum>[https://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Benjamin__Simpson/A/ Benjamin Simpson] Luminous Lint</ref>

On 15 February 1887 he was in the first group of people appointed Knights Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE).<ref name=NCBI>{{cite journal |title=Sir Benjamin Simpson, K.c.i.e |journal= British Medical Journal|year= 1923|volume= 2|issue= 3262|page= 48|doi= 10.1136/bmj.2.3262.48|pmc= 2317326}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chilzina Mountain at Kandahar in 1881.jpg|[[Chilzina]] in [[Kandahar]] circa 1881
File:Courtyard of Wali Sher Ali in 1881.jpg|Courtyard of [[Wali Sher Ali]] in 1881
File:Ruins of old Kandahar Citadel in 1881.jpg|Ruins of the old [[Old Kandahar|Kandahar Citadel]], 1881
File:Afghanistan, 1879-80 WDL11534.pdf|''Afghanistan Album'' with photographs from Simpson, [[John Burke (photographer)|John Burke]] and others
File:Colonel Mowbray Thomson WDL11453.png|Photograph of [[Mowbray Thomson|Col. Mowbray Thomson]] from ''Afghanistan Album''
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simpson, Benjamin}}
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British photographers]]
[[Category:British surgeons]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

Sayan Banerjee

2025-08-31T20:53:15Z

Pururava:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sayan Banerjee
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|01|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Asansol]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.70}}
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 84
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]
| youthyears1 = 2023
| youthclubs1 = [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
| years1 = 2022
| clubs1 = [[Goalorious Mother SC]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 = 4
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = City FC
| caps2 = 9
| goals2 = 4
| years3 = 2023
| clubs3 = [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC]]
| caps3 = 11
| goals3 = 3
| years4 = 2023–
| clubs4 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| caps4 = 38
| goals4 = 10
| club-update = 19:55, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Sayan Banerjee''' ({{langx|bn|সায়ন ব্যানার্জি}}; born 14 January 2003), is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]].

== Club career ==
=== GMSC ===
Sayan scored four goals and made three assists for [[Goalorious Mother SC]] playing in the [[2021–22 MFA Elite Division]].<ref name="parallel">{{cite web |url=https://parallelsports.in/news/the-53-second-goal-inspires-sayan-to-score-more-goals-follows-neymar-to-develop-the-speed-work |date=3 August 2023|title=The 53-second Goal Inspires Sayan to score more Goals, Follows Neymar to Develop the Speed-Work |website=ParallelSports.in |first=Sudeep |last=Pakrashi |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

=== City FC===
The following season, Sayan signed for City FC, a club of Senior Division League, second tier of [[Delhi Football League]]. He scored four goals in nine games.<ref name="parallel"/>

=== Kalighat MS ===
Sayan joined [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC]] for [[2023 CFL Premier Division]]. He had a brilliant season and scored three goals in eleven games. He scored a brace against [[Dalhousie AC]] where he also scored the fastest goal of the season in 53 seconds.<ref name="parallel"/>

=== East Bengal ===
Sayan signed for [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] in 2023 on a three-year contract after impressing in the [[2023 CFL Premier Division]] for [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat Milan Sangha]].<ref name=sayankalighatms>{{cite web|date=26 January 2024|url=https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/sayan-banerjee-quits-job-sets-sights-on-national-team-with-east-bengal-football/|title=Sayan Banerjee: চাকরি ছেড়ে ফুটবলকে বেছে নিয়েছেন ইস্টবেঙ্গলের সায়ন|trans-title=Sayan Banerjee: East Bengal's Sayan Banerjee left his job and chose football|language=bn|work=Kolkata 24x7|accessdate=15 February 2024|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215183426/https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/sayan-banerjee-quits-job-sets-sights-on-national-team-with-east-bengal-football/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sayan was registered into the East Bengal squad for the [[2024 Indian Super Cup]] and made his debut for the club on 19 January 2024 in the [[Kolkata Derby]] against [[Mohun Bagan SG]] in a 3–1 victory when he came in as a substitute for [[Nandhakumar Sekar]] in the 97th minute of the match.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 January 2024|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26083|title=Kalinga Super Cup 2024 - Mohun Bagan Super Giant 1 - 3 East Bengal FC|work=i-league.org|accessdate=15 February 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114122611/https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26083|url-status=live}}</ref> Sayan also made an appearance in the final as East Bengal became champions of the 2024 Indian Super Cup defeating [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] 3–2.<ref name=kalingasupercup2024>{{cite web|date=28 January 2024|url=https://i-league.org/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup/|title=12 years of pall of gloom lifted: East Bengal win a spine-chiller to take home Kalinga Super Cup|work=I-League|accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=28 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128195055/https://i-league.org/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sayan made his [[Indian Super League]] debut on 3 February 2024 in the Kolkata Derby once again against Mohun Bagan SG, when he came in as a substitute for [[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|P. V. Vishnu]] in the 63rd minute of the match.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 February 2024|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20865|title=Indian Super League 2023-24 - Mohun Bagan Super Giant 2 - 2 East Bengal FC|work=i-league.org|accessdate=15 February 2024|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207003557/https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20865|url-status=live}}</ref> Sayan made his first start on 10 February 2024 against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 February 2024|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=27536|title=Indian Super League 2023-24 - NorthEast United FC 3 - 2 East Bengal FC|work=i-league.org|accessdate=15 February 2024|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215183427/https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=27536|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|26 August 2025}}<ref name=soccerway>{{soccerway|sayan-banerjee/950081}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[AFC Cup|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Goalorious Mother SC|GMSC]]
|[[2021–22 MFA Elite Division|2021–22]]
|[[Mumbai Football League#Elite Division (Premier League)|MFA Elite Division]]
|?||4||colspan=6 | – ||?||4
|-
|City FC
|[[2022–23 Indian State Leagues|2022–23]]
|[[Delhi Football League#Senior Division League|Senior Division League]]
|9||4||colspan=6 | – ||9||4
|-
|[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|[[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023–24]]
|[[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Premier Division]]
|11||3||colspan=6 | – ||11||3
|-
|rowspan=4 |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{nowrap|[[2023–24 East Bengal FC season|2023–24]]}}
|rowspan=3 |[[Indian Super League]]
| 7 || 1 || 3{{efn|name=Super Cup|Appearances in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]].}} || 0 || colspan=4 | – || 10 || 1
|-
|[[2024–25 East Bengal FC season|2024–25]]
| 8 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||colspan=2 | – || 12{{efn|name=CFL|Appearances in the [[Calcutta Football League]]}} || 5 || 20 || 5
|-
|[[2025–26 East Bengal FC season|2025–26]]
| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||colspan=2 | – || 9{{efn|name=CFL}} || 5 || 9 || 5
|-
!colspan=2 |'''East Bengal total'''
! 15 !! 1 !! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 21 !! 10 !! 39 !! 11
|-
!colspan=3 |'''Career total'''
! 35 !! 12 !! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 21 !! 10 !! 59 !! 22
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
''' East Bengal'''
* [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]: [[2024 Indian Super Cup|2024]]<ref name=kalingasupercup2024/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{soccerway|sayan-banerjee/950081}}
{{East Bengal FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Sayan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]