Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

2002 Kumarakom boat disaster

2026-05-07T14:13:18Z

Puranam: Made Basic Bio and Citations

{{Short description|Capsizing of a passenger boat in Kumarakom, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Kumarakom boat tragedy
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|2002|07|27|df=y}}
| time = 6:00 AM
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], UTC+05:30
| place = [[Kumarakom]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates = 
| also known as =
| type = Boat capsizing
| cause =
| participants =
| outcome =
| reported deaths = 29
| reported injuries =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| litigation =
| blank_label = Passengers & Crew
| blank_data =
}}
The '''Kumarakom boat accident''' occurred on 27 July 2002 morning, when a passenger boat sank, that was travelling from [[Muhamma]] in [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] to [[Kumarakom]] in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumarakom boat tragedy {{!}} 19 years on, tragic scenes still vivid in Thambi's mind |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/07/27/kumarakom-boat-tragedy-19-years.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> The accident happened nearly one kilometer before reaching the Kumarakom jetty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-07-28 |title=29 die in Kerala boat tragedy |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/222881 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> 29 people, including a nine-month-old baby and 15 women died in the accident.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hiran |first=U. |date=2022-07-26 |title=Kumarakom boat tragedy memorial in Kerala in neglect |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kumarakom-boat-tragedy-memorial-in-kerala-in-neglect/article65685766.ece |access-date=2023-05-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Details==
The boat number ''A 53'' of the [[Kerala State Water Transport Department]], which was going to Kumarakom from Muhamma with full passengers at 5.45 in the morning met with the accident. Most of the people on the boat were the [[Public service commissions in India|PSC]] candidates from Muhamma, Kaipuram and Puthanangady areas who had gone to [[Kottayam]] to appear for the last grade servant examination. The boat also carried hired laborers and fishmongers who were regular passengers. It is believed that the accident happened when the boat carrying more people hit the sandbar in the lake. Among the 29 dead were 15 women and a 9-month-old baby.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |title=കായലിലെ കണ്ണീരോർമക്ക് നാളെ 19 വർഷം |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/alappuzha/19-years-old-in-kumarakom-boat-accident-828619 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Madhyamam |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The justice Narayana Kurup commission appointed to investigate the accident had recommended a financial assistance of Rs 91.6 lakh for the kin of the deceased. However, as of 2012, 1 lakh rupees has been paid so far for each. Four people including the boat master faced trial for 15 years in the case following the accident. They were released by the court in 2019. The boat that caused the accident was later auctioned by the water transport department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കുമരകത്തെ നടുക്കുന്ന ഓർമകൾക്ക് 19 വയസ്സ്; മായാത്ത ഒർമകളുമായി ആ രക്ഷകൻ ഇന്നും ബോട്ട് ജെട്ടിയിൽ... |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kottayam/2021/07/27/kottayam-kumarakom-boat-accident.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2009 Thekkady boat disaster]]
* [[2007 Thattekkad boat disaster]]
* [[2023 Tanur boat disaster]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2002 shipwrecks}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malappuram Boat Disaster}}
[[Category:2000s in Kerala|2002]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in India]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]

Sillod Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:33:25Z

Puranam: Starting a entry - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sillod
| map_image = 104-Sillod.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| division = [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]
| district = [[Aurangabad District, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]]
| mla = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]
| established = 1962
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| constituency_no = 104
| reservation = None
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors =358,550
| preceded_by =
| type = SLA
}}

'''Sillod Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=3 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Overview==
Sillod is part of [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]], [[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]] and [[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]] in Jalna district and [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]] and [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]] in [[Aurangabad District, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sillod Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/sillod.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Baburao Janglu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2"| Shivram Mankar
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Namdev Gadekar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" | Manikrao Palodkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" | Kisanrao Kale
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Sandu Lokhande
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi | Abdul Sattar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 137,960 |percentage = 47.81% |change = {{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bankar Suresh Pandurang |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 135,540 |percentage = 46.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahul Ankush Rathod |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,705 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Banekhan Noorkhan |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,989 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Pandurang Sathe |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,830 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 725 |percentage = 0.25% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,420 |percentage = 0.84% |change = {{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 289,312 |percentage = 80.69% |change = {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 288,587}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 358,550 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 123,383 |percentage = 52.37% |change = {{increase}}44.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar Manikrao Palodkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 99,002 |percentage = 42.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dadarao Kisanrao Wankhede |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 7,817 |percentage = 3.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaisar Azad Shaikh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,962 |percentage = 1.26% |change = {{decrease}}45.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,844 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,381 |percentage = 10.35% |change = {{increase}}3.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 238,569 |percentage = 75.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 235,584}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 316,918 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 96,038 |percentage = 46.45% |change = {{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bankar Suresh Pandurang |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 82,117 |percentage = 39.72% |change = {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mirakar Sunil Prabhakarrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 15,909 |percentage = 7.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Dipali Madhukar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,465 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 3,121 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mankar Raju Dinkar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,824 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aalne Dadarao Shriram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,749 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinod Ashok Pagare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,921 |percentage = 6.73% |change = {{decrease}}8.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 209,887 |percentage = 75.37% |change = {{increase}}4.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 206,760}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 278,474 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 98,131 |percentage = 55.00% |change = {{increase}}17.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bankar Suresh Pandurang |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,378 |percentage = 40.01% |change = {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pardhe Prabhakar Sandu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,739 |percentage = 1.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Ashok Vithal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,413 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Banekha Nurkha Pathan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,107 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tadvi Alibaba Rashid |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,086 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,753 |percentage = 15.00% |change = {{increase}}14.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,413 |percentage = 71.06% |change = {{decrease}}3.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 178,412}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 251,080 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}17.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Lokhande Sandu Ananada |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,290 |percentage = 37.45% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,989 |percentage = 37.24% |change = {{increase}}25.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Kisanrao Laxmanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,898 |percentage = 17.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Banekhan Noorkhan |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,329 |percentage = 2.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Ashok Vithal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,989 |percentage = 2.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pardhe Prabhakar Sandu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,525 |percentage = 1.74% |change = {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tadvi Budhan Ahmed |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,025 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salim Daulat Landge |party = National Loktantrik Party |votes = 912 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 301 |percentage = 0.21% |change = {{decrease}}13.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,965 |percentage = 74.37% |change = {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,957}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,917 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Kisanrao Laxmanrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,079 |percentage = 38.35% |change = {{decrease}}6.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,760 |percentage = 24.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palodkar Prabhakarrao Manikrao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 26,739 |percentage = 23.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Rangnath Baburaoji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,630 |percentage = 12.13% |change = {{decrease}}20.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dandge Laxmikant Ganpatrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,113 |percentage = 0.99% |change = }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,319 |percentage = 13.64% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,259 |percentage = 73.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,321}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,151 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Kisanrao Laxmanrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,005 |percentage = 44.40% |change = {{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manikrao Palodkar Sandu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,414 |percentage = 33.01% |change = {{decrease}}9.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Banekha Nurkha |party = Janata Dal |votes = 23,333 |percentage = 19.54% |change = {{increase}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Motiram Ghadmode |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,178 |percentage = 0.99% |change = {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Kamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 797 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,591 |percentage = 11.38% |change = {{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,796 |percentage = 74.52% |change = {{increase}}9.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,391}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,468 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.90 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Manikrao Palodkar Sandu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,021 |percentage = 42.74% |change = {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Gulabrao Laxmanrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,098 |percentage = 34.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uttamsinha Rajdhar Pawar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 17,816 |percentage = 19.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arak Shivaji Vitthal |party = Independent politician |votes = 742 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sukhdeorao Gudhekar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 718 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,923 |percentage = 8.46% |change = {{decrease}}4.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,598 |percentage = 65.12% |change = {{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,637}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,335 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Manikrao Palodkar Sandu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,377 |percentage = 43.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathrikar Dwarkadas Yeshwantrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 24,501 |percentage = 31.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandagale Rama Jankiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,828 |percentage = 22.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daware Shripat Gajaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,004 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,876 |percentage = 12.60% |change = {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,410 |percentage = 68.57% |change = {{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,373}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,274 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.38 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Manikrao Palodkar Sandu |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 33,293 |percentage = 52.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Baburao Jangloo |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,145 |percentage = 37.73% |change = {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Gulabrao Laxmanrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,077 |percentage = 4.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Damodhar Hariba Bavaskar |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 919 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaik M. Taher Haji Shaikh Lal |party = Janata Party |votes = 774 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandurang Chhaju |party = Independent politician |votes = 773 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katkar Vithal Mahipat |party = Independent politician |votes = 547 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Gafoora S. Ameer |party = Independent politician |votes = 462 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,148 |percentage = 14.30% |change = {{increase}}10.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,192 |percentage = 64.56% |change = {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,990}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,528 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}17.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gadekar Namdeo Balwantrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,436 |percentage = 35.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manikrao Palodkar Sandu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,327 |percentage = 31.56% |change = {{decrease}}37.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dwarkadas Yeshwanrtrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 15,319 |percentage = 25.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Rangnath Maroti |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,138 |percentage = 5.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Karimoddin Syed Nasiroddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,010 |percentage = 3.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,109 |percentage = 3.44% |change = {{decrease}}52.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,800 |percentage = 67.41% |change = {{increase}}25.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,230}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,641 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}33.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivram Gangaram Mankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,868 |percentage = 68.88% |change = {{increase}}13.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manohar Hari |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 4,824 |percentage = 12.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kunjilal Bhaulal |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,903 |percentage = 10.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao Katkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,962 |percentage = 7.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,044 |percentage = 56.03% |change = {{increase}}31.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,584 |percentage = 41.54% |change = {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,557}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,290 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivram Gangaram Mankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,101 |percentage = 55.65% |change = {{decrease}}12.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Patil |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 11,818 |percentage = 31.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Nalawade |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,995 |percentage = 13.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,283 |percentage = 24.48% |change = {{decrease}}19.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,874 |percentage = 51.00% |change = {{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,098 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Janglu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,171 |percentage = 67.76% |change = {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karuna Chandragupta |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 9,191 |percentage = 23.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansilal Motilal Ladda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,261 |percentage = 8.44% |change = {{decrease}}21.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,980 |percentage = 43.96% |change = {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,504 |percentage = 50.47% |change = {{increase}}19.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,623}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,237 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nago Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,598 |percentage = 59.88% |change = {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Motigir |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,249 |percentage = 29.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Digumber |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,192 |percentage = 10.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,349 |percentage = 30.18% |change = {{increase}}4.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,039 |percentage = 31.13% |change = {{decrease}}5.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,039}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,579 |ref = |change = {{increase}}39.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sillod <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nago Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,766 |percentage = 49.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashinath Rao |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 4,301 |percentage = 24.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhikaji Dagdu |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,150 |percentage = 17.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Ganpath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,332 |percentage = 7.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,465 |percentage = 25.44% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,549 |percentage = 36.25% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,549}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,409 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|20.31|75.65|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Kankavli Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T21:29:32Z

Puranam: Info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kankavli
| map_image = 268-Kankavli.svg
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| mla = [[Nitesh Narayan Rane]]
| district = [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 268
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors= 231,788
}}

'''Kankavli-Vaibhavwadi-Devgad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]]. The constituency is located in the [[Sindhudurg district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=11 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

It is a part of the [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency]], along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]] and Sawantwadi from the Sindhudurg district and [[Chiplun Sangameshwar Assembly constituency|Chiplun Sangameshwar]], [[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]] and Rajapur from the [[Ratnagiri district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Rane Keshav Vyankatesh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Sawant Bhaskar Balkrishna || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Yeshwant Babaji Dalvi || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. S. Sawant || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. Vyankateshrao Rane || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Jathar Pramod Shantaram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="3" | [[Nitesh Narayan Rane]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankavli }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nitesh Narayan Rane]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 108,369 |percentage = 66.85% |change = {{increase}}9.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandesh Bhaskar Parkar |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 50,362 |percentage = 31.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh Arvind Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,144 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,011 |percentage = 0.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 58,007 |percentage = 35.78% |change = {{increase}}16.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,129 |percentage = 70.38% |change = {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 162,118}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,788 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}9.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankavli <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nitesh Narayan Rane]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,504 |percentage = 56.90% |change = {{increase}}25.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satish Jagannath Sawant |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 56,388 |percentage = 37.97% |change = {{increase}}29.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sushil Amrutrao Rane |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,355 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{decrease}}46.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Manali Sandeep Vanjare |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,054 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,945 |percentage = 1.31% |change = {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajan Shankar Dabholkar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,421 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,116 |percentage = 18.93% |change = {{increase}}2.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,660 |percentage = 65.48% |change = {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,516}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,081 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankavli <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nitesh Narayan Rane]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 74,715 |percentage = 48.33% |change = {{increase}}8.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jathar Pramod Shantaram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,736 |percentage = 31.53% |change = {{decrease}}8.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Mayekar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 12,863 |percentage = 8.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atul Suresh Raorane |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 8,196 |percentage = 5.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Krishnaji Sawant |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,215 |percentage = 4.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,381 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Tulshiram Vasudeo Raorane |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,326 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,979 |percentage = 16.81% |change = {{increase}}16.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,962 |percentage = 69.60% |change = {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,578}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,081 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankavli <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jathar Pramod Shantaram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,651 |percentage = 39.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ravindra Phatak|Ravindra Sadanand Phatak]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,617 |percentage = 39.88% |change = {{decrease}}26.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuldeep Pednekar |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 24,566 |percentage = 17.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prin. Mahendra Natekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,935 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasudev Sitaram Jadhav |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,717 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34 |percentage = 0.02% |change = {{decrease}}34.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,515 |percentage = 70.71% |change = {{increase}}8.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,486}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,374 |ref = |change = {{increase}}186.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}26.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankavli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Vyankateshrao Rane |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,268 |percentage = 66.42% |change = {{increase}}31.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Sakharam Sawant |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 13,376 |percentage = 31.43% |change = {{decrease}}7.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hari Baburao Aglave |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 918 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,892 |percentage = 34.99% |change = {{increase}}30.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,059 |percentage = 61.77% |change = {{increase}}8.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,562}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,325 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}27.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankavli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Sawant |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,826 |percentage = 38.95% |change = {{increase}}19.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskar Balkrishna Sawant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,438 |percentage = 34.73% |change = {{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Hatle |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,668 |percentage = 26.32% |change = {{decrease}}13.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,388 |percentage = 4.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,155 |percentage = 53.24% |change = {{increase}}10.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,932}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,914 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankavli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Yeshwant Babaji Dalvi |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,035 |percentage = 39.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskar Balkrishna Sawant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,679 |percentage = 34.01% |change = {{increase}}15.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Sakharam Sawant |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,864 |percentage = 19.06% |change = {{decrease}}62.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan Atmaram Pitre |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,113 |percentage = 4.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sakharam Govind Tawate |party = Independent politician |votes = 830 |percentage = 3.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,356 |percentage = 5.31% |change = {{decrease}}57.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,023 |percentage = 42.31% |change = {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,521}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,240 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}42.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankavli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sawant Bhaskar Balkrishna |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,750 |percentage = 81.57% |change = {{increase}}55.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rane Keshav Vyankatesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,139 |percentage = 18.43% |change = {{decrease}}19.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,611 |percentage = 63.15% |change = {{increase}}51.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,889 |percentage = 45.74% |change = {{increase}}11.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,889}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,977 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}43.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankavli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rane Keshav Vyankatesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,246 |percentage = 38.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gholkar Shankar Shripad |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,004 |percentage = 26.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tawade Jagannath Ramkrishna |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,880 |percentage = 25.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shetye Purushottam Anant |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,899 |percentage = 9.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,242 |percentage = 11.78% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,029 |percentage = 34.31% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,029}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,469 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kankavli]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sindhudurg district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|16.2703966|73.6888631}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sindhudurg district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Kallakurichi Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T04:43:59Z

Puranam: Stub

[[File:Kallai.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Kallakurichi Assembly Constituency]]
{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{coord|11.738|N|78.962|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 80
| map_image = Constitution-Kallakurichi.svg
| district = [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = [[Arul Vignesh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| name = Kallakurichi
| electors = 281,582
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Kallakurichi''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 80. Located in [[Kallakurichi district]], it consists of a portion of [[Kallakkurichi taluk]]. It is a part of [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

Previously in existence for the elections from 1951 to 1971, inclusive, it was converted into [[Chinnasalem Assembly constituency]] for the [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]]. It came into existence again for the 2011 election following the reorganisation of constituencies in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008 |url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://dinamani.com/edition/Story.aspx?SectionName=Tamilnadu&artid=387603&SectionID=129&MainSectionID=129&SEO=&Title=| title=தொகுதி - ஓர் அறிமுகம்! - கள்ளக்குறிச்சி (தனி)| publisher=Dina Mani| date=9 March 2011| access-date=9 March 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130407/http://dinamani.com/edition/Story.aspx?SectionName=Tamilnadu&artid=387603&SectionID=129&MainSectionID=129&SEO=&Title=| archive-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> The seat is [[reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Caste]]s.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Sugarcane is famous in Kallakurichi district.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Elaya Pillai
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician) | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Natarajan Udayar
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[T. Chinnasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| D. Kesavalu
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[D. Kesavalu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. Alaguvel Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[A. Prabhu]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=80}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[M. Senthilkumar]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|32.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|21.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|19.25}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arul Vignesh|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=81,132|percentage=32.50%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajiv Gandhi|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=80,334|percentage=32.18%|change=-17.08%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Malathi|party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=77,666|percentage=31.11%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Nagammal|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=7,494|percentage=3%|change=-4.33%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=883|percentage=0.35%|change=-0.21%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=798 |percentage=0.31% |change=-11.22%}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=249,626|percentage=88.65%|change=+10.29%}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =281582 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.76% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi<ref>{{cite web|title=Kallakurichi Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a080|access-date= 15 Oct 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Senthilkumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=110,643 |percentage=49.26% |change=+7.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. I. Manirathinem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=84,752 |percentage=37.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Dravida Muthamilselvi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=16,474 |percentage=7.33% |change=+6.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vijayakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,571 |percentage=2.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,257 |percentage=0.56% |change=-0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Devimangayarkarasi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,197 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,891 |percentage=11.53% |change= 9.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=224,601 |percentage=78.36% |change= -2.55% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=168|percentage=0.07% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 286,621 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Prabhu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=90,108 |percentage=42.16% |change=-20.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kamaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,004 |percentage=40.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramamoorththy |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=17,492 |percentage=8.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Senthamilselvi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=9,736 |percentage=4.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,008 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ranganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,085 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chandiran |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,892 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Elayaperumal |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,309 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Mariyappan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,181 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,104 |percentage=1.92% |change= -31.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=213,719 |percentage=80.91% |change= -1.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 264,140 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Alaguvelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=111,249 |percentage=62.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Pavarasu |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=51,251 |percentage=28.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Natesan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,031 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arivukkarasu |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=3,246 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Senthilkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,425 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ananthi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,246 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dinesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,481 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rajesh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,192 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gurusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,025 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59,998 |percentage=33.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=178,906 |percentage=82.35% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,252 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kesavalu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,513 |percentage=52.84% |change=-3.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivaraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,374 |percentage=47.16% |change=+5.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,139 |percentage=5.68% |change= -9.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,887 |percentage=76.66% |change= -6.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,988 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. K. Naidu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,175 |percentage=56.38% |change=+7.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. T. Elayapillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,642 |percentage=41.22% |change=+4.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthuvel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,261 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. V. Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,533 |percentage=15.16% |change= 3.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,487 |percentage=83.27% |change= 23.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,613 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Chinnasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,084 |percentage=48.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vedamanickam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,837 |percentage=36.61% |change=+14.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sadayan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=4,537 |percentage=8.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kaliaperumal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,989 |percentage=5.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,247 |percentage=12.14% |change= 12.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,447 |percentage=59.79% |change= -9.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,264 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 26.92% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Nataraia Odayar |party=Independent politician |votes=25,020 |percentage=21.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Parthasarathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,939 |percentage=21.77% |change=+3.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Anandan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=24,099 |percentage=21.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanasami (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=8,331 |percentage=7.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alamelu |party=Independent politician |votes=5,238 |percentage=4.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thandavarayan (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=4,290 |percentage=3.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=81 |percentage=0.07% |change= -0.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,582 |percentage=69.25% |change= -14.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,468 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Elaya Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=25,799 |percentage=19.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anandan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,874 |percentage=18.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathainam |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=15,259 |percentage=11.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pavadi |party=Independent politician |votes=12,336 |percentage=9.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Munusami |party=Independent politician |votes=6,946 |percentage=5.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=925 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=134,006 |percentage=84.09% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,369 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Fateh Shah Miri

2026-05-04T00:54:36Z

Puranam:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=June 2022}}
{{no footnotes|date=June 2022}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Fateh Shah
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|Sultan of Kashmir]]
| title = [[Sultan|Sultan of]] [[Kashmir]]
| image = Coin of Fath Shah, minted in Kashmir.jpg
| caption = [[Gold dinar]] of ''Fateh Shah''
| reign = 14 October 1486 – July 1493
| reign-type = 1st Reign
| coronation = 1486
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Shah]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Shah]]
| reign1 = 1505 – 1514
| reign-type1 = 2nd Reign
| predecessor1 = [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Shah]]
| successor1 = [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Shah]]
| reign2 = September 1515 – August 1517
| reign-type2 = 3rd Reign
| predecessor2 = [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Shah]]
| successor2 = [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Shah]]
| spouse =
| issue = Sikandar Khan Habib Khan (d.1522){{sfn|Hasan|1959|p=116,119}} Nazuk Shah
| full name = Fateh Shah Miri
| dynasty = [[Shah Miri dynasty|Shah Miri]]
| royal anthem =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| father = Adham Khan, oldest son of [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans|year=1959|page=108|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3147/page/108/mode/2up}}</ref>
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], Kashmir Sultanate {{small|([[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India)}}
| death_date = August 1517
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], Kashmir Sultanate {{small|([[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India)}}
| buried =
| signature =
}}
'''Fateh Shah Miri,''' or simply '''Fateh Shah''' was the 13th [[Sultan]] of the [[Shah Mir dynasty]] of [[Kashmir Sultanate]]. Fateh was the son of Adham Khan, the oldest son of [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great]]. His father was killed by his uncle Haji Khan, who took the throne as [[Haider Shah]]. After Haider Shah, his son Hasan Shah ruled till his death in 1484, leaving a minor son [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Shah]] on the throne. As a result, some Kashmiri noble invited Fateh, who was living at Jalandhar after his father's death, to take the throne of [[Kashmir]], which he did in 1486 CE.{{sfn|Hasan|1959|p=104-108}}

[[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Shah]] regained the throne in 1493 but Fateh soon retook it in 1505 after defeating Muhammad Shah in a battle near [[Kupwara]]. Fateh Shah reconstructed the towns of [[Pulwama]] and [[Anantnag]]. In 1514, he lost his throne again to Muhammad Shah but retook after just a year.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uom79HNFPGgC&dq=Kashmir+history%2BFath+shah&pg=PA223 ''Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions''], by Shahzad Bashir</ref> Fateh Shah ruled for a total of 18 years from 1486 to 1517. He died in 1517 with the throne being passed over to Muhammad Shah again.{{fact|date=September 2024}} His sons Sikandar and Habib both tried to retake their father's throne but were unsuccessful.{{sfn|Hasan|1959|p=119}} However, Fateh's younger son, Nazuk Khan managed to seize the throne in 1529 as Nader Shah, before being deposed by Muhammad Shah.{{sfn|Hasan|1959|p=122}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Shah Mir dynasty]]

Thayyeni

2026-05-03T09:54:28Z

Puranam: Starting a entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thayyeni
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasargod district|Kasargod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =218
| population_total = 3217
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670511
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04985-
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Thrikaripur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrikaripur]]
| website = {{URL|www.thayyeni.tk}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thayyeni''' is a village located in ikn a hilly area of [[Kasargod district]], India.

==History==
Early migration took place in 1958. There were about 30 migrated families in this area by 1965. The famine after World War II saw a large-scale migration of people from Central Travancore (specially from Meenachil Taluk) to this area. The majority of them were Roman Catholic Christians who had a different social and agricultural background. They were hard-working people, and they brought new agricultural practices to this area. They introduced cash crops like rubber to the local people. The major plantation crops of this areas since then have been rubber, arecanut, coconut, pepper etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thayyenivillage.wordpress.com/ |title=Thayyeni Village | Land of Plantations…………… |publisher=Thayyenivillage.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=2021-12-26 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316002945/https://thayyenivillage.wordpress.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lourde Matha Church, Thayyeni was established as the filial church of Palavayal Church in 1966. It was raised to a parish on 1 May 1982. The first Holy Mass was offered by Rev. Fr. Philip Murinjakallel. The construction of the new church was completed during the tenure of Rev. Fr. George Arikunnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smcim.org/church/thayyeni|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.smcim.org|title=Archived copy|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226045427/http://www.smcim.org/church/thayyeni|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Climate==
Thayyeni has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (Am) with little to no rainfall from December to March and heavy to extremely heavy rainfall from April to November.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Thayyeni
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 27.6
| Feb high C = 29.0
| Mar high C = 30.3
| Apr high C = 30.0
| May high C = 28.9
| Jun high C = 25.1
| Jul high C = 23.6
| Aug high C = 24.1
| Sep high C = 25.1
| Oct high C = 26.5
| Nov high C = 26.9
| Dec high C = 27.1

| Jan mean C = 22.4
| Feb mean C = 23.7
| Mar mean C = 25.1
| Apr mean C = 25.6
| May mean C = 25.0
| Jun mean C = 22.5
| Jul mean C = 21.5
| Aug mean C = 21.9
| Sep mean C = 22.3
| Oct mean C = 23.1
| Nov mean C = 23.0
| Dec mean C = 22.4
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 17.3
| Feb low C = 18.4
| Mar low C = 19.9
| Apr low C = 21.2
| May low C = 21.2
| Jun low C = 20.0
| Jul low C = 19.5
| Aug low C = 19.7
| Sep low C = 19.6
| Oct low C = 19.7
| Nov low C = 19.1
| Dec low C = 17.7
|precipitation colour= green
|Jan precipitation mm=3
|Feb precipitation mm=6
|Mar precipitation mm=18
|Apr precipitation mm=118
|May precipitation mm=284
|Jun precipitation mm=1181
|Jul precipitation mm=2127
|Aug precipitation mm=1224
|Sep precipitation mm=482
|Oct precipitation mm=341
|Nov precipitation mm=100
|Dec precipitation mm=23
|source 1 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Thayyeni climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Thayyeni weather averages - Climate-Data.org|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/kerala/thayyeni-431277/|access-date=2021-12-26|website=en.climate-data.org|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722102010/https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/kerala/thayyeni-431277/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Politics==
Thayyeni is part of the Kasargode Lok Sabha constituency and Trikaripur Assembly Constituency. Main political parties in Thayyeni are CPI(M), Indian National Congres and Kerala Congress(M) is the present MP from Kasaragod. M. Rajagopalan CPI(M) is the sitting MLA of Trikaripur Assembly Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thayyeni.tk/p/politics.html |title=Thayyeni - തയ്യേനി: Politics |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216124447/http://www.thayyeni.tk/p/politics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Medical Facilities==
Primary Health Center Thayyeni.nearest medical facilities are at:
* Family Health Center Chittarikkal (10 km).
* PHC, Pulingome (6 km)
* Cooperative hospital Cherupuzha (13 km)
* St Sebastian’s Hospital, Kakkayamchal, Cherupuzha (13 km)
* Govt Homoeo Dispensary Kannivayal (9 km)

==Transport==

Local roads have access to NH.66, which connects to [[Mangalore]] in the north and [[Calicut]] in the south. The nearest railway station is [[Cheruvathur railway station|Cheruvathur]] on Mangalore–[[Palakkad]] line. There are airports at [[Mangalore Airport|Kannur, Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kasaragod district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Cheruvathur area]]

Oligodon melaneus

2026-04-29T19:24:25Z

Puranam: added new details.

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Bluebelly kukri snake
| image =
| image_caption =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Das, A. |year=2021 |title=''Oligodon melaneus'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T202846A2757299 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T202846A2757299.en |access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref>
| genus = Oligodon
| species = melaneus
| authority = [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1909<ref name="Wall 1909"/>
| synonyms =
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}

'''''Oligodon melaneus''''', the: '''bluebelly kukri snake''' is a species of [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]]. It is [[endemic]] to eastern India.<ref name=RDB/> It was [[species description|described]] in 1909 by [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Frank Wall]] based on two specimens from [[Tindharia]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]].<ref name="Wall 1909"/><ref name=RDB/>

==Description==
One the [[Type (biology)|types]] is a female, {{convert|13.125|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} in total length, with the tail being {{convert|1.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. It was gravid with four eggs. The other type is a male, similar in length to the female. The body is uniformly black above, grading to grayish in the flanks. The belly is blue-grey, with black speckling in the female.<ref name="Wall 1909"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Oligodon |species=melaneus |accessdate=23 May 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Wall 1909">{{cite journal |last1=Wall |first1=F. |year=1909 |title=Notes on snakes from the neighbourhood of Darjeeling |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=19 |pages=337–357 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/33733#/summary }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3008185}}

[[Category:Oligodon|melaneus]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frank Wall]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1909]]

{{Oligodon-stub}}

Bhandari Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:22Z

Puranam: Made A Post W/ Sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Expand list|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Bhandari Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Bhandari
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Wokha district|Wokha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 40
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Achumbemo Kikon]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:26957}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Bhandari''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Wokha district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1998
|L. Yanthungo Patton ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2003
|E. T. Ezung ||
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}}
|-
|2008
|Wochumo Kithan ||
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
|[[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|rowspan=2|[[Mmhonlümo Kikon]] ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Achumbemo Kikon]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Achumbemo Kikon]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=13,867 |percentage=54.11% |change=9.60%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mmhonlümo Kikon]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=10,278|percentage=40.11%|change=-5.68%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tsungro Kithan|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=1,072|percentage=4.18%|change=3.70%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chenithung Humtsoe|party=Indian National Congress|votes=325|percentage=1.27%|change=0.60%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=John Ovung|party=Independent politician|votes=77|percentage=0.30%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=7|percentage=0.03%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,589 |percentage=14.01% |change=12.73% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=25,626|percentage=95.06%|change=0.48%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,957 |change =4.18% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 8.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mmhonlümo Kikon]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,205 |percentage=45.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Achumbemo Kikon]]|party=Naga People's Front|votes=10,893|percentage=44.51%|change=42.61%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Myinthungo Mozhui|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=1,997|percentage=8.16%|change=-20.64%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=E. Thungohamo Ezung|party=Indian National Congress|votes=164|percentage=0.67%|change=-2.61%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mhonjan Lotha|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=119|percentage=0.49%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=95|percentage=0.39%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=312 |percentage=1.27% |change=0.24% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=24,473|percentage=94.58%|change=-3.33%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,876 |change =2.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= 12.52% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mmhonlümo Kikon]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=8,183 |percentage=33.26% |change=14.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Achumbemo Kikon]]|party=Independent politician|votes=7,929|percentage=32.23%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mhonjan Lotha|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=7,085|percentage=28.80%|change=16.10%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Y. Yisao|party=Indian National Congress|votes=807|percentage=3.28%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Er. Wochumo Kithan|party=Naga People's Front|votes=468|percentage=1.90%|change=-24.51%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yanpansao Lotha|party=Independent politician|votes=29|percentage=0.12%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=254 |percentage=1.03% |change=-6.63% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=24,603|percentage=97.91%|change=6.38%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,129 |change =0.28% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 6.84% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wochumo Kithan |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,059 |percentage=26.42% |change=12.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mmhonlümo Kikon]]|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=4,301|percentage=18.75%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yiphyolumo Lotha Mozhui|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=3,097|percentage=13.50%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mhonjan Lotha|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=2,912|percentage=12.70%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Achumbemo Kikon]]|party=Lok Janshakti Party|votes=2,244|percentage=9.78%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. Kikon|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,115|percentage=9.22%|change=3.59%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,758 |percentage=7.66% |change=3.59% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=22,936|percentage=93.30%|change=7.28%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,060 |change =24.72% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Nationalist Democratic Movement |swing= -4.69% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Thungohamo Ezung |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=5,240 |percentage=31.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Yanthungo Patton |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,554 |percentage=27.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhonjan Lotha |party=Samata Party |votes=3,698 |percentage=21.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsenlamo Kikon |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,380 |percentage=14.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsungro |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=949 |percentage=5.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=686 |percentage=4.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,844 |percentage=84.24% |change= 84.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,093 |change =17.85% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Movement |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=L. Yanthungo Patton |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,049 |change =51.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsenlamo Kikon |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,753 |percentage=37.17% |change=-8.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Thungohamo Ezung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,521 |percentage=34.87% |change=-19.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Yanthungo Patton |party=Independent politician |votes=1,947 |percentage=19.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abemo Humtsoe |party=Independent politician |votes=876 |percentage=8.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=232 |percentage=2.30% |change=-7.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,097 |percentage=90.69% |change= 3.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,219 |change =4.87% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Thungohamo Ezung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,071 |percentage=54.76% |change=13.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsenlamo Kikon |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,189 |percentage=45.24% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=882 |percentage=9.52% |change=8.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,260 |percentage=87.08% |change= -2.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,698 |change =8.07% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 12.91% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsenlamo Kikon |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,698 |percentage=41.85% |change=2.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Thungohamo Ezung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,606 |percentage=40.81% |change=-0.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. C. Kithan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,261 |percentage=14.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lochumlo Yanthan |party=Independent politician |votes=271 |percentage=3.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=92 |percentage=1.04% |change=-0.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,836 |percentage=89.71% |change= 17.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,899 |change =-12.26% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.95% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Thungohamo Ezung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,311 |percentage=40.90% |change=4.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsenlamo Kikon |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,216 |percentage=39.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanthungo Patton |party=Independent politician |votes=1,028 |percentage=12.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Elias Lotha |party=Independent politician |votes=541 |percentage=6.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=95 |percentage=1.17% |change=-12.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,096 |percentage=72.59% |change= -14.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,282 |change =63.72% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=National Convention of Nagaland |swing= -8.99% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsenlamo Kikon |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=2,951 |percentage=49.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhondamo Kithan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,150 |percentage=36.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nzanbemo Kinghen |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=814 |percentage=13.76% |change=-36.42% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=801 |percentage=13.54% |change=13.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,915 |percentage=86.66% |change= 0.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,891 |change =21.62% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National Convention of Nagaland |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -0.30% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhondamo Kithan |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,434 |percentage=50.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsenlamo Kikon |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,416 |percentage=49.81% |change=-13.15% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18 |percentage=0.37% |change=-25.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,850 |percentage=86.57% |change= 0.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,666 |change =52.89% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -12.78% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsenlamo Kikon |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,015 |percentage=62.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. L. Kinghen |party=Independent politician |votes=1,185 |percentage=37.03% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=830 |percentage=25.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,200 |percentage=86.54% |change= 86.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,706 |change =157.72% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandari}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Tsenlamo Kikon |party=Independent politician |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,438 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Wokha district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.29|94.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Wokha district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

List of awards and nominations received by Sai Pallavi

2026-04-14T11:33:47Z

Puranam:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of awards and nominations received by ''Sai Pallavi''}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ List of accolades received by ''Sai Pallavi''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Sai Pallavi at Maari2 Press meet.png|alt=A picture of Sai Pallavi at Maari 2 Press Meet|center|267x267px]][[Sai Pallavi]] in 2018
|-
| colspan="3" |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;" | Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" | '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" | '''Nominated'''
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|N/A}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|7}}
|{{nom|11}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Asiavision Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Chennai International Film Festival]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| align="center" |
;Critics' Choice Film Awards
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[CPC Cine Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[IBNLive]] Movie Awards
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| align="center" |
;Other awards
|{{won|7}}
|{{nom|15}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;'''Total number of awards and nominations'''{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''34'''}}
|{{nom|'''54'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]
|}

[[Sai Pallavi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/about/sai-pallavi/awards/#google_vignette|title= Sai Pallavi Awards and Nominations|website= The Indian Express}}</ref> is an Indian actress and dancer who primarily works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://jfwonline.com/article/from-premam-to-gargi-5-powerful-performances-of-sai-pallavi/ |title=From Kali To Gargi, 5 Powerful Performances Of Sai Pallavi! |work=Just For Women |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329165852/https://jfwonline.com/article/from-premam-to-gargi-5-powerful-performances-of-sai-pallavi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including seven [[Filmfare Awards South]] and three [[South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/sai-pallavi-the-name-of-new-age-cinema-1503179335.html |title=Sai Pallavi: The name of new age cinema|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=9 May 2023 }}</ref> Pallavi has won [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]] for ''[[Premam]]'' (2015), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] for ''[[Fidaa]]'' (2017) and ''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]'' (2021), [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – South|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] for ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' (2021) and [[Virata Parvam]] (2022), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] for [[Gargi (film)|Gargi]] (2022) and [[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]] (2024) respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/days-like-these-dont-happen-often-say-pallavi-on-winning-two-filmfare-awards-love-story-shyam-singha-roy-social-media-post |title=Days Like These Don't Happen Often': Sai Pallavi On Winning 2 Filmfare Awards|date=12 October 2022 }}</ref> She won [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Tamil Nadu State Film Awards - Best Actress]] (2022) for Gargi. She was included by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine in their India's [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gorgeous Sai Pallavi is the only actress in Forbes India's '30 under 30' list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gorgeous-sai-pallavi-is-the-only-actress-in-forbes-indias-30-under-30-list/articleshow/74009584.cms |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805124822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gorgeous-sai-pallavi-is-the-only-actress-in-forbes-indias-30-under-30-list/articleshow/74009584.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She was honoured with [[Kalaimamani]] for the year 2021 by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kalaimamani-awards-winner-list-sai-pallavi-s-j-suryah-lingusamy-and-anirudh-ravichander-win-the-highest-honour-of-tamil-cinema-10268333/|title=Kalaimamani awards winners list: Sai Pallavi, S J Suryah, Lingusamy and Anirudh Ravichander win the highest honour of Tamil cinema}}</ref>

==Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards==
Pallavi has won two [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] from three nominations.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2019
| rowspan="3"|Best Actress
| ''[[Maari 2]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2019 |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731120558/https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
|''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2022 |title=சினிமா விருதுகள் 2022 – திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327060919/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/celebrating-excellence-highlights-from-the-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2022|title=Celebrating Excellence: Highlights from the Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film) |Amaran]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/2024-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-winners-list|title=விஜய் சேதுபதி, சாய் பல்லவி, கார்த்தி, ஜமா..! - ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகளின் வெற்றியாளர்கள்!}}</ref>
|}

==Asianet Film Awards==
Pallavi has won two [[Asianet Film Awards]] from two nominations.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2016
| Special Jury Award
| ''[[Premam]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |author=Anu James |title=18th Asianet Film Awards: Vikram, Trisha, Prithviraj, Mohanlal, Nivin Pauly, Sai Pallavi bag awards [Full winners' list+photos] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/18th-asianet-film-awards-vikram-trisha-prithviraj-mohanlal-nivin-pauly-bag-awards-full-666090 |accessdate=18 March 2016 |agency=[[International Business Times]] |date=8 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| Most Popular Actress
| ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mollywoods-whos-who-attend-20th-asianet-film-awards-81681 |title=20th Asianet Film Awards |website=The News Minute |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Asiavision Awards==
Pallavi has won one [[Asiavision Awards]].

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015
| New Sensational Actor – Female
| ''[[Premam]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Asiavision movie awards 2015: 'Ennu Ninte Moideen', 'Pathemari, 'Premam' win maximum awards [Complete list of winners]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2015-ennu-ninte-moideen-pathemari-premam-win-maximum-awards-655399|accessdate=18 March 2016|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=18 November 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Chennai International Film Festival==
Pallavi has won two [[Chennai International Film Festival]] award.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2022
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor – Female
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vijay-sethupathi-poo-ramu-and-sai-pallavi-get-ciff-best-actor-award/article66298692.ece/ |title=Vijay Sethupathi, 'Poo' Ramu and Sai Pallavi get CIFF best actor awards |website=The Hindu |date=23 December 2022 |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/ciff-2024-award-winners-article-116496779|title=Vijay Sethupathi and Sai Pallavi get CIFF best actor and actress award|website=Times Now|date=20 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Critics' Choice Film Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2021
| Best Supporting Actor – Female
| ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Pallavi won her first award in the year 2021 for Paava Kadhaigal|url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0036929/2021/1/?ref_=nmawd_8#feature_film_award_best_supporting_actress|publisher=Critics Choice Film Awards (@CCFAwards)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| Best Actor – Female
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Gargi (2022 film)|Gargi]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Congratulations to the amazing team of the Feature Film 'Gargi' for winning the Gender Sensitivity Award!... |url=https://twitter.com/CCFAwards/status/1647926218669404160 |publisher=Critics Choice Film Awards (@CCFAwards) |date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2023-04-18 |via=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419025413/https://twitter.com/CCFAwards/status/1647926218669404160 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Gender Sensitivity Award
|{{won}}
|}

==CPC Cine Awards==
Pallavi has won one [[CPC Cine Awards]].

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2016
| Best Actress
| ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/cinema-paradiso-club-vinayakan-maheshinte-prathikaaram.html |title=CPC cine awards 2016 |website=Malayala Manorama |date=10 February 2017 |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603220637/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/cinema-paradiso-club-vinayakan-maheshinte-prathikaaram.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Filmfare Awards South==
Pallavi has won seven [[Filmfare Awards South]] from eleven nominations. Sai is a two-time winner of both Best Actress & Best Actress (Critics) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], also a Best Actress in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and Best Female Debut in [[Malayalam]].

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – South]]
| ''[[Premam]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |website=Filmfare |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
| {{Nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21257.html |title=Nominations for the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |website=Filmfare |date=8 June 2017 |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704171930/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21257.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[Maari 2]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]] |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
|[[Gargi (film)|''Gargi'']]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="timesnownews1">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=68th Filmfare Awards South 2023: Ram Charan, JR NTR Bag Best Actors. Kantara, Ponniyin Selvan -1 Win Big |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/68th-filmfare-awards-south-2023-ram-charan-jr-ntr-bag-best-actors-kantara-ponniyin-selvan-1-win-big-article-111677802 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/tamil-cinema/sai-pallavi-dedicates-filmfare-south-award-to-the-family-who-allowed-us-to-tell-their-story-ws-kl-9923341.html|title=Sai Pallavi Dedicates Filmfare South Award To ‘The Family Who Allowed Us To Tell Their Story’|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Fidaa]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |title=Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |website=The Times of India |date=17 June 2018 |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617071126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
| ''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |work=Filmfare |date=9 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |agency=The Times Group |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010211808/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Critics Best Actress – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-south-2022-days-like-these-dont-happen-often-writes-sai-pallavi-on-2-wins-3423362 |title=Filmfare Awards South 2022: "Days Like These Don't Happen Often," Writes Sai Pallavi On 2 Wins |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301112506/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-south-2022-days-like-these-dont-happen-often-writes-sai-pallavi-on-2-wins-3423362 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Virata Parvam]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="timesnownews1" />
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== IBNLive Movie Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2016
| Best Debut Female – South
| ''[[Premam]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|author1=Anu James|title=Sai Pallavi of 'Premam' fame wins IBNLive Best Southern Debut 2015 award|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sai-pallavi-premam-fame-wins-ibnlive-best-southern-debut-2015-award-669858|accessdate=18 March 2016|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 March 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Indian Film Festival of Melbourne==
Pallavi has received one [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] nomination.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2023
| Best Actor - Female
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Darlings, Kantara, Sita Ramam, Ponniyin Selvan 2 lead nominations for Indian Film Festival of Melbourne awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/darlings-kantara-sita-ramam-ponniyin-selvan-2-lead-nominations-for-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-8835842/ |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715202228/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/darlings-kantara-sita-ramam-ponniyin-selvan-2-lead-nominations-for-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-8835842/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards==
Pallavi has won one [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]].

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2023
| Best Actress
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chennaivision |date=17 January 2023 |title=NTFF 2023: List of Awardees –Tamilar Awards −14th Norway Tamil Film Festival for – Tamil Nadu |url=https://chennaivision.com/ntff-2023-list-of-awardees-tamilar-awards-14th-norway-tamil-film-festival-for-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=Tamil Nadu News, Chennai News, Tamil Cinema News, Tamil News, Tamil Movie News, Power Shutdown in Chennai, Petrol and Diesel Rate in Chennai |language=en-US |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305173636/https://chennaivision.com/ntff-2023-list-of-awardees-tamilar-awards-14th-norway-tamil-film-festival-for-tamil-nadu/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==South Indian International Movie Awards==
Pallavi has won three [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] from nine nominations.

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam|Best Female Debut – Malayalam]]
| ''[[Premam]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=SIIMA 2016 winners |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=1 April 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |archivedate=14 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
| {{Nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations list for the SIIMA 2017 announced! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605234542/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2017 |work=Sify.com}}</ref>
|}
===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
| rowspan="3" | [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Fidaa]]''
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=SIIMA 2018 Winners List For Telugu Movies |url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013193738/https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
| ''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://siima.in/index.php/siima-votings-2022/ |title=The 10th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations |work=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831211124/https://siima.in/index.php/siima-votings-2022/ |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/ |title=The 10th South Indian International Movie Awards Winners |work=South Indian International Movie Awards |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002000846/https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/ |archive-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|Entertainer Of The Year - (Female)]]
| {{won}}
|-
| ''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]''
| {{won}}
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards#2020 winners and nominees|2020]]
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |title=The 10th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations |work=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822030233/https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |archive-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
| rowspan="2"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Ponniyin Selvan I, Nna Thaan Case Kodu, R Madhavan, Trisha, Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan win big |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/ |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2025]]
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2025-awards-winners-amaran-aadujeevitham-prithviraj-sukumaran-sai-pallavi-2783288-2025-09-07|title=SIIMA 2025 Tamil, Malayalam: Prithviraj Sukumaran, Sai Pallavi win top honours}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siima.in/vote |title=SIIMA 2025: Check out the nominations details inside |website=South Indian International Movie Awards |date=20 August 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Tamil Nadu State Film Awards==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2022
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress| Best Actress]]
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/state-film-awards-announced-for-6-years-beginning-2016|title=State Film Awards Announced for 7 Years Beginning 2016 |access-date=29 January 2026 |work=DTNEXT Bureau |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Vanitha Film Awards==
Pallavi has won one [[Vanitha Film Awards]].

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2016
| Best Debut - Actress
| ''[[Premam]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/03/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2015.html|title=Winners of Vanitha Film Awards, 2015 |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=Vinodadarshan |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026182322/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/03/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2015.html?m=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Zee Telugu Golden Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2017
|Entertainer Of The Year (Female)
|[[Fidaa]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2018-01-01|title=Zee Telugu Golden Awards 2017 winners list and photos|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-telugu-golden-awards-2017-winners-list-photos-755196|access-date=2021-01-24|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2017-12-19|title=Zee Telugu Golden Awards 2017 nomination list: Baahubali 2 gets highest nods, will Prabhas get an award?|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-telugu-golden-awards-2017-nomination-list-baahubali-2-gets-highest-nods-will-prabhas-get-753807|access-date=2021-01-24|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Other awards==
===Bollywood Life - South Movies Award===
{| class="wikitable "sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |2022
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Supporting Actor – Female
|[[Shyam Singha Roy]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0053200/2022/1/?ref_=nmawd_10#bollywood_life_-_south_movies_award_best_supporting_actor_(male/female)|title=Bollywood Life - South Movies Award 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |''Best Actress ''
|[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0053200/2022/1/?ref_=nmawd_10#bollywood_life_-_south_movies_award_best_actress|title=Bollywood Life - South Movies Award 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |2023
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0053200/2023/1/?ref_=ev_tl_yr_2#bollywood_life_-_south_movies_award_best_actress|title=Bollywood Life - South Movies Award 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Virata Parvam]]''
|{{Nom}}
|}

=== Chittara Star Awards ===
The Chittara Star Awards are an annual event that honors achievements in [[Kannada cinema]], television, and fashion. Pallavi has received one [[Kannada cinema#Chittara Star Awards|Chittara Star Awards]] nomination.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2025
| South Icon – Female
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.chittaranews.com/nominees/ |title=Chittara Star Awards 2025 Nominations |website=Chittara Star Awards|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Indian Film Institute ===
{| class="wikitable" sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |2023
| style="text-align:center;" |''Best Actor – Female ''
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
|{{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0037556/2023/1/#best_actor_(female)|title=Indian Film Institute 2023}}</ref>
|}

===JFW Digital Awards===
The JFW Movie Awards are an annual event that recognized women's achievements in various roles within the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industry.

{| class="wikitable" sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |2017
| style="text-align:center;" |''New Sensational Actress – South''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jfwonline.com/article/i-am-your-biggest-fan-jyothika-sai-pallavi/|title=JFW Awards 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |2025
| style="text-align:center;" |''Best Actress – Tamil'' for ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jfwonline.com/article/when-women-took-center-stage-a-powerful-moment-at-jfw-movie-awards-2025/ |title=When Women Took Center Stage – A Powerful Moment At JFW Movie Awards 2025 ! |website=JFW (Just For Women)|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>
|}

===SPOTT Awards===
{| class="wikitable" sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |2021
| style="text-align:center;" |''Performance in a Leading Role – Female''
|''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0073890/2021/1/?ref_=ev_tl_yr_2#web_film_award_performance_in_a_leading_role_-_female|title=SPOTT Awards 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Toronto Tamil Film Festival===
{| class="wikitable" sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |2023
| style="text-align:center;" |''Jury Award for Best Actress''
|''[[Gargi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ttff.ca/award-winners-2023/|title=Congratulations Award Winners!}}</ref>
|}

===Behindwoods Gold Medals===
{| class="wikitable" sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |2017
| style="text-align:center;" |''Best Actress – Malayalam''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-actress/sai-pallavi/sai-pallavi-hd-posters-photos-stills-index.html|title=Sai Pallavi at Behind woods gold medals in 2017|date=12 June 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2019
| style="text-align:center;" | Best Actress Critics Choice – Malayalam
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Athiran]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/winners-of-7th-behindwoods-gold-medals/sai-pallavi-behindwoods-gold-medal-winner-2019.html|title=7th Behind woods gold medals|date=9 December 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2022
| style="text-align:center;" | Best Actress in a leading role – Telugu
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]'' & ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southindiafashion.com/2022/05/sai-pallavi-attends-behind-woods-awards-in-a-pink-silk-saree.html|title=Sai Pallavi bagged an award at Behind woods|date=26 May 2022 }}</ref>
|}

==Other recognitions==
* '''2016''': ''[[Rediff.com]]'' placed her second in its "Top 5 Malayalam Actresses" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TOP 5 Malayalam heroines of 2016 |author=Vijay George |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=25 January 2017 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-top-5-malayalam-heroines/20160105.htm |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215021726/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-top-5-malayalam-heroines/20160105.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''2020''': Pallavi became the only actress to feature in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'}}s 30 under 30 list.<ref>{{cite news |title=Forbes India 30 Under 30: Meet the Class of 2020 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/30-under-30-2020/1829/all |language=en |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321173131/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/30-under-30-2020/1829/all |url-status=live |work=Forbes India}}</ref>
* '''2021''': She was placed 20th in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'}}s most influential stars on [[Instagram]] in South cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 30 most influential social media stars of South cinema |access-date=17 December 2022 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/meet-the-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema/71017/1 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310062133/https://www.forbesindia.com/amp/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/meet-the-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema/71017/1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Times of India ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
| Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2019
| #23
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-2019/articleshow/74612440.cms |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=14 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2019
| #22
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-2019/articleshow/74612440.cms |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=14 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman 2019
| #9
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times 30 Most Desirable Woman 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-of-2019/articleshow/74241269.cms |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2020
| #23
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2020: Behold, the divas who ooze desirability |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-women-2020-behold-the-divas-who-ooze-desirability/articleshow/83175421.cms |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=3 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2020
| #24
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-2020/articleshow/83147467.cms |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=2 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Honours==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2021
| [[Kalaimamani]] Award by [[Tamil Nadu Government]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kalaimamani-awards-winner-list-sai-pallavi-s-j-suryah-lingusamy-and-anirudh-ravichander-win-the-highest-honour-of-tamil-cinema-10268333/|title=Kalaimamani awards winners list: Sai Pallavi, S J Suryah, Lingusamy and Anirudh Ravichander win the highest honour of Tamil cinema}}</ref><ref name="Kalaimamani Awards: Anirudh Ravichander, Sai Pallavi, S.J. Suryah & Manikandan to be honoured for the years 2021-2023">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Kalaimamani Awards: Anirudh Ravichander, Sai Pallavi, S.J. Suryah & Manikandan to be honoured for the years 2021-2023|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sai-pallavi-sj-suryah-and-anirudh-to-receive-kalaimamani-awards/article70087501.ece|accessdate=24 September 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=24 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924151436/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sai-pallavi-sj-suryah-and-anirudh-to-receive-kalaimamani-awards/article70087501.ece|archivedate=24 September 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Sai Pallavi]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7367695|section=awards|Sai Pallavi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pallavi, Sai}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Dr. Arora

2026-04-14T11:10:24Z

Puranam: New New Data and Citations

{{Short description|Hindi Web Series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Medical drama]]
| based_on =
| creator = [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| director = Sajid Ali Archit Kumar
| story = Imtiaz Ali
| starring = [[Kumud Mishra]]
| screenplay = Imtiaz Ali Arif Ali Sajid Ali Divya Prakash Dubey Divya Johry
| editor = Manish Jaitly
| opentheme = Ishaan Chhabra
| composer = [[Niladri Kumar]] Anand Bhaskar Ajay Jayanthi
| cinematography = Rajesh Shukla
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|07|22|df=yes}}
| company = Window Seat Films [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| executive_producer = Shrusti Jain Nidhi Sethia{{efn|name=eP|Credited as Creative Producer}}
| producer = Mohit Chaudhary
| runtime = 33- 46 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
}}

'''''Dr. Arora''''' (also called '''''Dr Arora: Gupt Rog Visheshagya'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/dr-arora-teaser-imtiaz-ali-brings-new-series-about-a-gupt-rog-visheshagya-101648985500769-amp.html|title=Dr Arora teaser: Imtiaz Ali brings new series about a ‘gupt rog visheshagya’|website= Hindustan Times|date=3 April 2022|access-date=2023-10-23}}</ref>){{efn|name=title|Initially titled as ''Dr Arora: Gupt Rog Visheshagya'' but later promoted and released as ''Dr Arora''}} is a 2023 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[medical drama]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/dr-arora-review-sonyliv-imtiaz-ali-kumud-mishra-sajid-ali |title=Dr Arora Review: Show on Sexologist Has Promise but Suffers from Choppy Plot |date=22 July 2022}}</ref> television series created by [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/imtiaz-alis-dr-arora-is-all-about-mens-sexuality-but-plot-characters-dont-hit-the-spot/1051622/|title=Imtiaz Ali’s Dr Arora is all about men’s sexuality. But plot, characters don’t hit the spot|date=22 July 2022| website=The Print|access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> The series stars [[Kumud Mishra]] in the titular role<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dr-arora-review-a-brilliant-kumud-mishra-leads-a-fascinating-little-journey-into-small-town-indias-bedroom-10942531.html|title=Dr Arora review: A brilliant Kumud Mishra leads a fascinating little journey into small-town India’s bedroom|website= First Post|access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> with [[Raj Arjun]], [[Sandeepa Dhar]], [[Pitobash Tripathy]] in prominent roles. The series was released on [[SonyLIV]] and got mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/dr-arora-gupt-rog-visheshagya-review-imtiaz-ali-s-show-with-kumud-mishra-as-a-sexologist-needs-a-lesson-in-sensitivity-101658468335513.html |title=Dr Arora- Gupt Rog Visheshagya review: Imtiaz Ali's show with Kumud Mishra as a sexologist needs a lesson in sensitivity|author=Abhimanyu Mathur|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
In the year 1999, in the citie

==Cast==
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Dr. Vishesh Arora, Sexologist
* [[Vidya Malvade]] as Vaishali, ex-wife of Arora
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Firangi Baba
* [[Vivek Mushran]] as Dinkar Bagla, Newspaper Editor
* [[Sandeepa Dhar]] as Mithila "Mithu" Tomar
* [[Pitobash Tripathy]] as Singhada, Arora's associate
* [[Shekhar Suman]] as Dharamveer Kulshreshtha
* Ajitesh Gupta as SP Tej Pratap Tomar
* Shruti Das as Putul Chandel
* Sam Mohan as Akhil Nair, Baba's Manager
* Shakti Kumar as MLA Goyal
* [[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]] as MLA Goyal's Chacha Pathak
* Anushka Luhar as Payal
* Shriidhar Dubey as Manoj Agarwal, reporter
* Aditya Pandey as Young Dr. Arora
* Siya Mahajan as Young Vaishali

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Mardana Taaqat Ka Shartiya Ilaaj
|DirectedBy = Sajid Ali Archit Kumar
|WrittenBy = Imtiaz Ali Arif Ali Sajid Ali Divya Prakash Dubey Divya Johry
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = }}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Chambal Ka Shikari
|DirectedBy = Sajid Ali Archit Kumar
|WrittenBy = Imtiaz Ali Arif Ali Sajid Ali Divya Prakash Dubey Divya Johry
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = }}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Private Meeting
|DirectedBy = Sajid Ali Archit Kumar
|WrittenBy = Imtiaz Ali Arif Ali Sajid Ali Divya Prakash Dubey Divya Johry
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = }}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Intezaar Bekaar Hai
|DirectedBy = Sajid Ali Archit Kumar
|WrittenBy = Imtiaz Ali Arif Ali Sajid Ali Divya Prakash Dubey Divya Johry
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = }}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Sanyam Banaaye Rakhien
|DirectedBy = Sajid Ali Archit Kumar
|WrittenBy = Imtiaz Ali Arif Ali Sajid Ali Divya Prakash Dubey Divya Johry
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = }}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Editorial Changes
|DirectedBy = Sajid Ali Archit Kumar
|WrittenBy = Imtiaz Ali Arif Ali Sajid Ali Divya Prakash Dubey Divya Johry
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = }}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Poocho Matt, Bas Karo
|DirectedBy = Sajid Ali Archit Kumar
|WrittenBy = Imtiaz Ali Arif Ali Sajid Ali Divya Prakash Dubey Divya Johry
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = }}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Haaye Zaalim Zindagi
|DirectedBy = Sajid Ali Archit Kumar
|WrittenBy = Imtiaz Ali Arif Ali Sajid Ali Divya Prakash Dubey Divya Johry
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = }}
}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt16118500}}

{{Imtiaz Ali (director)}}

[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian medical television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Narasaraopet Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:07Z

Puranam: New Bio

{{Short description|Constituency of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narasaraopet
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (97- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Narasaropet Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Chadalavada Aravinda Babu|Chadalavada Arvind Babu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url= https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/subdivision-blocks/
|title= Mandals
|website= palnadu.ap.gov.in
|access-date=2025-08-25
}}</ref>
| loksabha_cons = [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 221,573
| constituency_no = 97
| type = SLA
}}

'''Narasaraopet Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Palnadu district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name="electors" /> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Chadalavada Aravinda Babu]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 221,573 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Rompicherla, Guntur district|Rompicherla]]
|-
| [[Narasaraopet mandal|Narsaraopet]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Nallapati Venkataramiah
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|Nallapati Venkataramiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Chapalamadugu Ramaiah Chowdary
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Dondeti Krishna Reddy
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=5 | [[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=2 | [[Gopireddy Srinivasa Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Chadalavada Aravinda Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nallapati Venkataramiah]] |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=29,486 |percentage=54.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kasu Vengal Reddy]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=24,911|percentage=45.79%|change=45.79%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,575 |percentage=8.41% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=54,397|percentage=68.52%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,392 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Nallapati Venkataramiah]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=29,758 |percentage=59.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Karnam Ranga Rao]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=17,695|percentage=35.22%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,063 |percentage=24.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=50,245|percentage=69.12%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,693 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Chapalamadugu Ramaiah Chowdary]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=19,676 |percentage=38.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kothuri Venkateswarlu]]|party=Swatantra Party|votes=17,020|percentage=33.11%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,656 |percentage=5.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=53,120|percentage=62.36%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,187 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=42,179 |percentage=59.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Kothuri Venkateswarlu]]|party=Swatantra Party|votes=28,480|percentage=40.31%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,699 |percentage=19.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=73,809|percentage=77.95%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,693 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Dondeti Krishna Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=40,564 |percentage=59.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kothuri Venkateswarlu]]|party=Swatantra Party|votes=25,977|percentage=37.82%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,587 |percentage=21.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=70,294|percentage=61.67%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,989 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=27,387 |percentage=32.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Kothuri Venkateswarlu]]|party=Janata Party|votes=20,482|percentage=24.02%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,905 |percentage=8.10% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=87,049|percentage=73.61%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,252 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]|votes=55,100|percentage=55.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Buchipudi Subba Reddy]]|votes=40,543|percentage=41.10|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,557|percentage=14.76|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=99,753|percentage=74.62|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,676 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]|votes=53,517|percentage=50.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]|votes=51,453|percentage=48.45|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=2,064|percentage=1.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=107,297|percentage=74.75|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,533 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]|votes=66,982|percentage=53.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mundlamuri RadhaKrishna Murthy]]|votes=57827|percentage=45.98|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,155|percentage=7.28|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=127,576|percentage=69.02|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,831 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]|votes=66,196|percentage=52.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dodda Balakoti Reddy]]|votes=56,896|percentage=45.01|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,300|percentage=7.36|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=128,334|percentage=69.00|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,986 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]|votes=74,089|percentage=54.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]|votes=59,783|percentage=44.13|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,306|percentage=10.56|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=138644|percentage=69.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,421 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]|votes=79,568|percentage=54.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]|votes=64,073|percentage=44.01|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,495|percentage=10.64|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=145,618|percentage=72.28|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,466 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]|votes=58,988|percentage=43.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]|votes=53,017|percentage=39.19|change=-11.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||Party=Prajarajyam party|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Kapalavayi Vijaya Kumar]]|votes=17,346|percentage=12.82|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,971|percentage=4.41|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=135399|percentage=78.77|change=+6.49}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,898 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Gopireddy Srinivasa Reddy]]|votes=87,761|percentage=53.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nalabothu Venkata Rao|votes=71,995|percentage=43.59|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,766|percentage=9.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=165,255|percentage=84.35|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 2019 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=
[[Gopireddy Srinivasa Reddy]]|
votes=1,00,994|percentage=55.46|change=+2.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Chadalavada Aravind Babu]]|votes=68,717|percentage=37.73|change=-6.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Jilani Syed|votes=8,746|percentage=4.78}}
{{Election box majority||votes=32,277|percentage=17.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,83,511|percentage=82.76|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,728 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===

<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Chadalavada Aravinda Babu]]
|votes = 1,03,167
|percentage = 53.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[ Gopireddy Srinivasa Reddy|Dr. Gopireddy Srinivasa Reddy]]
|votes = 83,462
|percentage = 43.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shaik Mahaboob Basha
|votes = 1,820
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,052
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,705
|percentage = 10.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,91,117
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16.24|80.05|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Palnadu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Cuttack City Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:14Z

Puranam: New Some Place W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cuttack City
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2009
| electors =
}}

'''Cuttack City''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Cuttack district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref name="dpaco1951">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Orissa) Order (1951) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |page=5 (210)}}</ref> It was established in 1951 and abolished in 2008.<ref name="dpaco1953-55">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3962-final-order-dc-1953-1955/ |title=S.R.O. 2827. Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=30 August 1954|place=New Delhi |page=354 (364)}}</ref> Following 2008 delimitation, it was subsumed by the [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
Between 1951 & 2008, 11 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuttack City Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/cuttackcity-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

List of members elected from Cuttack City constituency are:
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>https://resultuniversity.com/election/cuttackcity-odisha-assembly-constituency</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Biren Mitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Bhairab Chandra Mohanty
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|1972^
|[[Nandini Satpathy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Srikanta Panda
|{{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Biswanath Pandit
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Srikanta Panda
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Syed Mustafiz Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Samir Dey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''2009 onwards : See [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]]''}}
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Cuttack City}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Samir Dey]]
|votes=58,908
|percentage=52.72%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Suresh Mohapatra
|votes=48,749
|percentage=43.63%
|change=
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes=10,159
|percentage=9.09%
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,11,720
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2000===
{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Cuttack City}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Samir Dey]]
|votes=63,819
|percentage=62.47%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Syed Mustafiz Ahmed]]
|votes=30,044
|percentage=29.41%
|change=
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes=33,775
|percentage=33.06%
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,02,163
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cuttack district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Vachaspati (politician)

2026-04-14T03:11:02Z

Puranam:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Vachaspati
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bara Assembly constituency|Bara]]
| predecessor = Ajai Kumar
| term_start = 2022
| birth_place = [[Sirathu]], [[Prayagraj district]], Uttar Pradesh
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1957}}
| party = [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
| education = Master of Arts ([[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]])
}}

'''Dr. Vachaspati''' (born 1957)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vachaspati(Apna Dal (Soneylal)):Constituency- BARA (SC)(PRAYAGRAJ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3481 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bara Assembly constituency]], which is a reserved constituency for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Prayagraj district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24264.htm?ac=264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003025352/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24264.htm?ac=264 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bara Sc Assembly Election Results 2021: Constituency Details, Candidates List, Last Winner and more |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/bara-sc-election-results-in-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vachaspati is from [[Sirathu]], Prayagraj district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of late Rajaram. He completed his MA in 2022 at [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]], [[Kanpur]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Vachaspati won from Bara Assembly constituency, representing Apna Dal (Soneylal), in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 89,203 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ajay Munna of the [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 12,464 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bara Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Vachaspati of ADS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bara-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4850318.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Bara, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Bara विधानसभा सीट पर ADAL ने जीत हासिल की |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/bara-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425876-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bara election results 2022 (Bara Vidhan Sabha result 2022): Apna Dals Vachaspati beats Ajay Munna |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/bara-election-results-2022-bara-vidhan-sabha-result-2022-apna-dals-vachaspati-vs-sps-ajay-munna-vs-congresss-manju-sant-2441781.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vachaspati}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Apna Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni]]

Shaukat Ali (field hockey)

2026-04-13T05:16:10Z

Puranam: Starting a biography - done

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1897–1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalCompetition |[[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalCountry | {{flag|British India|name=India}} }}
{{MedalGold| [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] | [[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Team competition]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Shaukat Ali''' (6 October 1897 – 25 February 1960) was an Indian [[field hockey]] player who competed in the [[1928 Summer Olympics]].

He was a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won gold medal in the Olympic Games held at Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/ali-shaukat|title=Ali SHAUKAT|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> He played three matches as forward and scored two goals.{{fact|date=February 2026}}

After the partition of India, he migrated to Pakistan and served at the Sea Customs in Karachi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{India FH Squad 1928 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaukat, Ali}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Uparkot Caves

2026-04-04T10:32:20Z

Puranam: Starting new entry

{{Short description|Buddhist caves in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Cave
| name = Uparkot Caves
| photo =Buddhist caves, Uperkot 02.jpg
| photo_caption =Upper floor of the Uperkot caves
| location =
| depth =
| length =
| map = India#India Gujarat
|relief=yes
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| label = Uparkot Caves
| map_alt =
| coords = {{coord|21.5257426|70.4692992|display=inline, title|region:IN_type:landmark}}
| survey =
| survey_format =
| discovery =
| geology =
| entrance_count =
| entrance_list =
| difficulty =
| hazards =
| access =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation =
}}
'''Uparkot caves''', also ''' Uperkot caves''', are ancient man-made [[caverns]]. The caves are a part of the [[Junagadh Buddhist Cave Groups]] situated in the eastern part of [[Junagadh]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Gujarat]].

==Caves==
These caves located at Uperkot beyond the 300 ft deep moat, close to [[Adi Kadi Vav]], were carved in 2nd–3rd century A.D. These caves have influence of [[Satavahana]] architecture with combination of ''[[Indo-Scythian|Graeco-Scythian]]'' style.

According to [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] "The cave group is in three tiers, with all members of each galleries shown in semi-relief, but only two storeys having regular floors. The caves at Uparkot are cut into two floors. On the first floor, there is a ''[[Temple tank|Kunda]]'', a deep tank about 11 feet square, with a covered verandah round three sides of it. There is a big chamber with six pillars supporting the roof adjoining it. Under the corridor, in the rest of the area, in the walls on the north-east and west sides are stone bench-recesses, divided into long compartments with a base moulded in architectural courses below, and a frieze above, ornamented with horseshoe shaped ''chaitya'' windows and checker carvings. On the lower floor, there are similar rooms, having a corridor, pillars supporting the floor above, stone bench-recesses and above them, the ''[[chaitya]]''-window ornament.<ref name="ASI Buddhist Cave Groups">{{cite web|title=Ticketed Monuments - Gujarat Buddhist Cave Groups, Uperkot, Junagadh|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_buddhistcaves.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sankalia1941">{{cite book|author=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia|title=The Archaeology of Gujarat: Including Kathiawar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAdAAAAMAA|year=1941|publisher=Natwarlal & Company|pages=49–51}}</ref><ref name=Uparkot>{{cite web|title=Uparkot|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/244|publisher=Gujarat Tourism - Tourism Corporation of Gujarat Limited|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624083939/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/244|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The lower floor has intricately carved pillars whose base, shaft and capital carry decorative design. The caves have pillars and entrances, water cisterns, horseshoe shaped [[chaitya]] windows, an assembly hall and cell for meditation.<ref name="ASI Buddhist Cave Groups"/>

<gallery>
File:Plan of Uparkot Caves, Junagadh, India.png|Plan of Uparkot caves; lower floor (left) and upper floor (right)
Uparkot Caves-Junagadh 004.jpg|View from the top.
KITLV 88066 - Unknown - Hall at Fort Uparkot at Junagadh in British India - 1897.tif|Internal room.
File:Cave Buddhist Junagadh Fort India Gujarat 500BC Ancient History.jpg|Uperkot caves ornate pillars 1st century AD
File:Uparkot Caves-Junagadh 003.jpg|Pillar capitals.
File:Buddhist caves, Uperkot 10.jpg|Pillar base.
Buddhist caves, Uperkot 11.jpg|[[Vihara]] cells.
Buddhist caves, Uperkot 03.jpg|Deep tank.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{commonscat}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}

[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Buddhist caves in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Caves of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

Sudhakar Adhikari

2026-03-31T17:04:37Z

Puranam: Starting a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1939–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sudhakar Adhikari
| image =
| fullname = Sudhakar Gajanan Adhikari
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|10|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|7|29|1939|10|11|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = Opening batsman
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1959/60–1966/67}}
| club2 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|1960/61–1963/64}}
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 65
| runs1 = 3,779
| bat avg1 = 40.63
| 100s/50s1 = 11/18
| top score1 = 192
| deliveries1 = 348
| wickets1 = 5
| bowl avg1 = 55.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/22
| catches/stumpings1= 21/–
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/sudhakar-adhikari-26623 Cricinfo
| date = 6 October 2024
}}
'''Sudhakar Gajanan Adhikari''' (11 October 1939 – 29 July 2022) was an Indian cricketer who played [[first-class cricket]] from 1959–60 to 1970–71, mostly for [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]].

Adhikari was a technically-sound opening batsman who came close to [[Test cricket|Test]] selection for India in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramnarayan |first1=V. |author-link=V. Ramnarayan|title=Might they have played for India? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/v-ramnarayan-picks-an-xi-of-indian-cricketers-who-missed-out-on-national-selection-1089654 |publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> After representing [[Mumbai University|Bombay University]] in the [[Rohinton Baria Trophy]], he was included in the [[Indian Universities cricket team|Indian Universities]] team to play the touring [[Australian cricket team in India in 1959–60|Australians]] in 1959–60.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1959-60/AUS_IN_IND/IND-COM-UNIV_AUS_09-11JAN1960.html | title = Indian Combined Universities v Australians 1959–60| publisher = Cricinfo| access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref> He then made his Ranji Trophy debut, scored 134 against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] in his second match, and shortly afterwards played in Bombay's victory in the final.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/23/23985.html | title = Bombay v Mysore 1959–60| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref> He was selected to play for [[Indian Starlets]] on their tour of Pakistan later that season, where he scored a [[Century (cricket)|century]] against [[Lahore cricket teams|Lahore]] in the first match.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/23/23991.html | title = Lahore v Indian Starlets 1959–60| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref>

Adhikari made the most of his opportunities when Bombay's Test players were absent, scoring 192 against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the Ranji Trophy in 1960–61. In its summary of that season, ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' predicted a bright future for him.<ref>S. K. Gurunathan, "Cricket in India, 1960–61", ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 1962, p. 914.</ref> He played in Bombay's victorious Ranji Trophy team and West Zone’s victorious Duleep Trophy team in the 1961–62 season.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/38/38041/First-Class_Matches.html| title = First-Class Matches played by Sudhakar Adhikari | publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref> He scored a century when West Zone won the final by an innings in 1962–63.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1960S/1962-63/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/SOUTH_WEST_DULEEP-FINAL_24-27JAN1963.html| title = South Zone v West Zone 1962–63 | publisher = Cricinfo| access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref>

Adhikari's form fell away in the mid-1960s.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/38/38041/f_Batting_by_Season.html| title = First-Class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Sudhakar Adhikari| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref> In April 1966, in one of several first-class matches he was selected to play in to raise money for the National Defence Fund, he was the second batsman dismissed when [[Sadanand Mohol]] took four wickets in four balls.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27984.html| title = Maharashtra Small Savings Minister's and Life Insurance Company's Chairman's Combined XI v Indian Board President's XI 1965–66| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref>

Adhikari died in July 2022, at the age of 82.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Gaurav |title=Ex-Mumbai opener Sudhakar Adhikari passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ex-mumbai-opener-sudhakar-adhikari-passes-away/articleshow/93229907.cms |access-date=29 October 2025 |work=Times of India |date=30 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=26623}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adhikari, Sudhakar}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian Universities cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian Starlets cricketers]]

Sanchi Stupa No. 2

2026-03-30T20:51:25Z

Puranam: Starting details - done

{{Short description|Stupa in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox building
| image = Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3589.jpg
| image_caption = Stupa number 2 at [[Sanchi]]
| pushpin_map = India#India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Stupa II at Sanchi
| coordinates = {{coord|23.48|N|77.73|E|display=inline,title}}
| building_type = [[Stupa]]
| location = [[Sanchi Town]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| architectural_style = [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist]]
| construction_start_date = 2nd century BCE
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| part_of = [[Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)}}(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)
| ID = 524
| year = 1989
}}
}}

The '''Stupa No. 2''' at [[Sanchi]], also called '''Sanchi II''', is one of the oldest existing Buddhist [[stupa]]s in India, and part of the Buddhist complex of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh. It is of particular interest since it has the earliest known important displays of decorative reliefs in India, probably anterior to the reliefs at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], or the reliefs of [[Bharhut]].<ref name="Bell 15">Alexander Peter Bell ''Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China''. LIT Verlag Münster, 2000 [https://books.google.com/books?id=77hHrXX4COgC&pg=PA15 p.15ff]</ref> It displays what has been called "the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence".<ref name="Walters">"The railing of Sanchi Stupa No.2, which represents the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence, (and) dates from about the second century B.C.E" John Clifford Holt, Jacob N. Kinnard & Jonathan S. Walters, ''Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia''. SUNY Press, 2012 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PnnG8sclrdYC&pg=PA197 p.197]</ref> Stupa II at Sanchi is therefore considered as the birthplace of [[Jataka]] illustrations.<ref name="Bell 15"/>

==Foundation==
[[File:Sanchi map with Stupa 2.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Sanchi hill, with Stupa II at the extreme left, to the west]]
Stupa No. 2 is located in the Buddhist complex of [[Sanchi]]. It was probably founded later than the Great Stupa (Stupa number 1) at Sanchi, but it contained reliquaries dated to the [[Mauryan Empire]] period (323-185 BCE), and it was the earliest to receive decorative reliefs, about a century earlier than Stupa Nb 1.<ref name="Bell 15"/>

One of the key indicators to date Sanchi Stupa No.2 has been the similarity of its architectural motifs with those of [[Heliodorus pillar]], which is datable to circa 113 BCE due to its establishment during the rule of [[Indo-Greek]] [[Antialcidas]], as well as similarities of the [[paleography]] of the inscriptions.<ref>Buddhist Landscapes in Central India, Julia Shaw, 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 p.88ff]</ref>

The Stupa is located outside of the main complex of Sanchi, about 300 meters to the west, on the slope of Sanchi hill.<ref name="Marshall 79">Monuments Of Sanchi Vol.1, John Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 p.79ff]</ref> It is located in a lower position than Stupa 1 because the relics it contained, are those of church dignitaries from the time of [[Ashoka]], who were considered as worthy of a lower position than the Buddha himself in Stupa number 1, or his disciples in Stupa number 3.<ref name="Marshall 79"/>

==Relics==
[[File:Sanchi Stupa No 2 relics.jpg|thumb|Some of the relics found in Stupa Nb 2.]]
The Stupa contained a relic box with four small caskets of [[steatite]] inside, containing human bones. An inscription in early [[Brahmi]] was found on the relic box, mentioning that it contained "the relics of all teachers, including Kasapagota and Vachi-Suvijayita".<ref name="Marshall 79"/> Besides, ten saints were mentioned on the caskets, who either participated to the [[Third Buddhist Council]] held under [[Ashoka]], or were sent as emissaries to the [[Himalayas]] to preach the Buddhist doctrine. Among them is a "Mogaliputa", who may be [[Mogaliputa Tissa]], who presided the Third Buddhist Council, but this is disputed.<ref name="Marshall 79"/>

==Content of the reliefs==
Typically, the earliest medallions at Sanchi are dated to 115 BC, while the more extensive pillar carvings are dated to around 80 BC,<ref name="Shaw 90">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, by Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p.90]</ref> or almost a century later than the first ones, around 15 BCE.<ref name="Marshall 79"/>

===Early period (circa 115 BCE)===
These reliefs from the early period of Sanchi II (circa 115 BCE) are the earliest known examples of Indian stone reliefs.<ref name="Bell 15"/><ref name="Shaw 90"/><ref name="Shaw 88">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 p.88ff]</ref>

;First Jatakas
[[File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3638.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The relief of the horse-headed ogress in Sanchi Stupa No.2.]]
One relief of a horse-headed woman, similar to [[:File:Bodh Gaya Jataka.jpg|another one]] at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] of [[Bodh Gaya]], is thought to be the first known representation of a [[Jataka]] (a story of a previous life of the Buddha), the Padakusalamanava Jataka, in which a horse-headed ogress falls in love with one of her preys, and the [[Bodhisattva]] (the future Buddha) is born of their union.<ref name="Bell 15"/>

[[File:Sunga railings detail.jpg|thumb|Sunga period railings were initially blank (left: Sanchi Great Stupa), and only started to be decorated circa 115 BCE with Stupa No.2 (right).<ref name="Bell 15"/><ref name="Walters"/>]]
These first attempts at narrative art are [[aniconic]], as they do not represent the Buddha directly, but only his appearance in previous lives, or his symbols.<ref name="Bell 15"/>

These are altogether 455 medallions and half-medallions, or which 293 consist in lotus flowers, and 126 in a lotus with another motif. Only 36 of the medallions have another subject.<ref name="Bell 15"/> For the first time, clearly Buddhist themes are represented, particularly the four events in the life of the Buddha that are: the Nativity, the Enlightenment, the First Sermon and the Decease.<ref>Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA149 p.149]</ref> Some authors consider these reliefs as the prelude (the "[[prolegomenon]]") of the iconography of the reliefs in [[Bharhut]] (100-80 BCE) and of the later and much more evolved depictions on the toranas of the Great Stupa in Sanchi (1st century BCE/CE).<ref name="Bell 15"/>

====Influence from the northwest====
It is thought that the earliest reliefs from the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE were produced by craftsmen from the area of [[Gandhara]] in northwestern Indian, a central [[Indo-Greek]] region,<ref name="AG"/> because they left mason's marks in [[Kharoshthi]] (a script used around the area of Gandhara), as opposed to the local [[Brahmi]] script.<ref name="AG"/> This seems to imply that these foreign workers were responsible for some of the earliest and sometimes quite foreign motifs and figures that can be found on the railings of the stupa.<ref name="AG">An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, by [[Amalananda Ghosh]], BRILL [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA295 p.295]</ref>

Around the time of the first reliefs at Stupa II, in 115 BCE, the embassy of [[Heliodurus|Heliodorus]] from the [[Indo-Greek]] king of [[Taxila]] named [[Antialkidas]], visited the court of the [[Sungas]] king [[Bhagabhadra]] in [[Vidisha]], about 6 km away from Sanchi. In Vidisha, Heliodorus established the [[Heliodorus pillar]] in a dedication to [[Vāsudeva]]. This would indicate that relations between the Indo-Greeks and the Sungas had improved by that time, that people traveled between the two realms, and also that the Indo-Greeks readily followed Indian religions.<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170 p.170]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Early reliefs at [[Sanchi]], Stupa No2 (circa 115 BC)'''
|-
|align=center colspan=2|
<gallery mode="packed" heights=150px>
File:Sanchi Stupa 2 man on horse.jpg|Foreigner on a horse. The medallions are dated circa 115 BC.<ref name="Shaw 90"/>
File:Lakshmi Sanchi Stupa 2.jpg|[[Lakshmi]] with lotus and two child attendants, probably derived from [[:File:Venus with two cupids 2.jpg|similar images of Venus]]<ref>An Indian Statuette From Pompeii, Mirella Levi D'Ancona, in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1950) [https://ja.scribd.com/document/260301968/An-Indian-Statuette-From-Pompeii p.171]</ref>
Flying griffin Sanchi Stupa 2.jpg|[[Griffin]].
Sanchi 2 anguipede.jpg|[[Anguipede]], a Greek mythological figure.
Female riding a Centaur Sanchi Stupa 2.jpg|Female riding a [[Centaur]]. Centaurs are generally considered as Western borrowings.<ref>"The hippocamps, the tritons, centaurs and other weird creatures, which certainly were borrowed from Western Art, occur at Gaya and other places, in the sculptures of the early period. Forms more or less similar occur at Mathura and Arnaravati." {{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Gauranga Nath |title=Hellenism in ancient India |date=1920 |publisher=Calcutta |page=[https://archive.org/details/hellenisminancie00banerich/page/64 64] |url=https://archive.org/details/hellenisminancie00banerich}}</ref>
File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3676.jpg|Hero fighting against lions, a motif of West-Asian origin, such as [[:File:Teheran National Museum Royal Warrior.jpg|this one]] or [[:File:Masjid-e Solaiman, Heracles Susa Archaeological Museum.jpg|this one]].<ref name="Hero">[[File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3676.jpg|80px|right]][[File:Teheran National Museum Royal Warrior.jpg|80px|right]][[File:Masjid-e Solaiman, Heracles Susa Archaeological Museum.jpg|80px|left]]"A man wrestling with an upright lion on a second stupa relief at north Indian Sanchi" [https://books.google.com/books?id=lSZfkzVk3GMC&pg=PA15 The Parthian Period by Malcolm A. R. Colledge] "The scene of king versus rampant lion appears on the coins of Persian satraps in Cilicia. At Dura the oriental tradition is so strong that even Heracles is represented fighting with upraised club a rampant lion; and it is of special interest to note that this same oriental scene of hero fighting rampant lion occurs on the sculptures of the railing pillars of Stupa II at Sanchi in India. The motif was, therefore, widespread and might be called a stock scene in the Parthian repertoire." in {{cite book |title=Berytus: Archaeological Studies |date=12 August 2023 |publisher=American University of Beirut. |page=291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYdCAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
Lion with calf Stupa II Sanchi.jpg|Lion with calf.
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3628.jpg|[[Bactrian camel]].
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3635.jpg|Man on a [[centaur]].
Sanchi 2 winged lions.jpg|Symmetrical leaping winged lions among floral motifs.
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3603.jpg|Winged griffin.
</gallery>
|}

====Floral designs====

The vast majority of the oldest medallions and half-medallions (293 out of 455) simply consist of a lotus motif. A further 126 additional medallions and half medallions represent a lotus with another motif. Some motifs take on Hellenistic decorative forms.

{| align="center" class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px;"
| align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;" | '''Floral designs, Sanchi Stupa No2 (circa 115 BCE)'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Flower motif Stupa No2 Sanchi.jpg|Floral designs.
Elephant and riders Stupa No2 Sanchi.jpg|Elephant.
Flower medallion Stupa II Sanchi.jpg|Flower medallion.
Sanchi 2 medallion.jpg|Medallion.
File:Lotus within beads and reels motif Stupa No2 Sanchi.jpg|Lotus with Hellenistic [[Beads and reels]] motif.
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3626.jpg|Lotus and guirland.
</gallery>
|}

====Buddhist symbols====

Among the medallions, purely Buddhist symbols are quite rare. However, motifs of [[triratna]]s and [[palmette]]s (already visible in the [[:File:Pataliputra Palace capital by L A Waddell 1895.jpg|Pataliputra capital]], 3rd century BCE) appear in places, amidst multiple lotus motifs.

{| align="center" class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px;"
| align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;" | '''Buddhist symbols, Sanchi Stupa No2 (circa 115 BCE)'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3634.jpg|[[Palmette]] design, often present in early Buddhist decorations.
File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3642.jpg|[[Triratna]] with decorative scrolls.
File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3658 Medallion 2.jpg|Motif based on triratnas.
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3658 Flame palmette.jpg|[[Palmette]] design.
</gallery>
|}

===Later period (circa 15 BCE)===
About a century later, some more descriptive reliefs were added, and often superimposed on the earlier ones, which clearly show the evolution of Buddhist art during the intervening period.<ref name="Marshall 79"/> This time, the reliefs are much more Buddhist in character, and are contemporary with the reliefs on the [[torana]] gateways of the Great Stupa at Sanchi.<ref name="Bell 15"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan=1 cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Later reliefs at [[Sanchi]], Stupa No2 (circa 15 BC)'''
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights=150px>
Sanchi Stupa Sculpture 15.jpg|Floral frieze.
File:Sanchi 8-17.jpg|Decorative pillar.
File:Sanchi 8-18.JPG|Decorative pillar.
File:Sanchi Stupa 2 elephants and Dharmachakra.jpg|Pillar with elephants and [[Dharmachakra]].
File:Sanchi Stupa 2 Northern Gate ballustrade decoration.jpg|The full pillar.
File:Decorative elements from Stupa No 2 at Sanchi.jpg|Various decorative elements of Stupa No.2, Sanchi.
Sanchi Stupa Sculpture 15.jpg|Floral designs.
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3655 Lakshmi.jpg|[[Lakshmi]].
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3652.jpg|Devotional scene.
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3667 Wheel and Triratna.jpg|[[Dharmachakra]] and [[Triratna]].
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3671 Tree in railing.jpg|[[Bodhi tree]].
Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3672.jpg|[[Apsara]]s.
File:Ashoka supported by his two wives at Stupa 2 Sanchi with reconstituted pillar detail.jpg|[[Ashoka]] supported by his two wives, with reconstituted pillar detail. Also seen in [[:File:Sanchi King Ashoka with his Queens, South Gate, Stupa no. 1.jpg|a contemporary relief on the Southern Gateway of Stupa 1]].
File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3640.jpg|Man in costume from the northwest, fighting against lions.<ref name="Heracles">[[File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3640.jpg|80px|right]] "A very unusual lower dress is worn by a curly headed man depicted on the ground rail pillar at Sanchi; he is defending himself from the attack of a lion with the help of a shield. He is wearing a plaited short skirt like dress" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PA11 Material Life of Northern India, Asha Vishnu, p.11] "A somewhat earlier relief on a railing column of the Small Stupa at Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh (second century B.C.E., sandstone) figures a man engaged in a lion hunt. The panel shows a realistic lion, except for its manes, which are in the shape of small round curls, not unlike those of the Buddha. The lion is more standing upright than thrusting forward, but this may be due to lack of space. The hunter or hero wears non-Indian clothes—boots, a skirt till his knees, a kind of T-shirt and a helmet—, which might indicate a foreign hero or story. Theoretically, the story line of this panel may be based on the Greek Heracles myth as well." in [https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ3quxh9gsgC&pg=PA357 Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time by Alexandra Anna Enrica van der Geer].</ref>
File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3659 Saluting man.jpg|Man in costume from the northwest, possibly an [[Indo-Scythian]].<ref name="Muzio">[[File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3659 Saluting man.jpg|80px|right]]According to Ciro Lo Muzio, this is "a relief showing a male figure of north-western or Central Asian origins, as revealed by his attire: a tight sleeved tunic with folds rendered with parallel lines forming a chevron-like motif along the arms. But for a few details, the figure, possibly depicting a Saka, strongly recalls the members of a drinking couple in a toilet-tray in the British Museum: same tunic, same chevron pattern on the sleeves (and, in the toilet tray, also on the "solar" motif framing the couple), a very similar hair treatment, and eyelids in strong relief, a detail which is not found on other human figures on the same vedika." in [https://www.academia.edu/36161223/Problems_of_Chronology_in_Gandhāran_Art_Proceedings_of_the_First_International_Workshop_of_the_Gandhāra_Connections_Project_University_of_Oxford_23rd-24th_March_2017 Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March 2017, {{p.|130}}]</ref>
</gallery>
|}

===Dedicatory inscriptions===
[[File:Inscriptions on the railings of Sanchi Stupa II.jpg|thumb|Inscriptions on the railings of Sanchi Stupa II]]
There are also numerous dedicatory inscriptions on the railings of Stupa II in the [[Brahmi script]], in a style similar to the [[Bharhut|Bharhut Stupa]]. The similarity in paleography suggests that Sanchi Stupa No. 2 and Bharhut were roughly coeval.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajit |title=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=223–241 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 |language=en}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sanchi Stupa number 2}}
* [https://www.google.com/maps/@23.4806573,77.7362184,2a,75y,52h,90t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1suglYCZ6kddpFneSnI1urkw!2e0!6s%2F%2Fgeo2.ggpht.com%2Fcbk%3Fpanoid%3DuglYCZ6kddpFneSnI1urkw%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dsearch.TACTILE.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D96%26h%3D64%26yaw%3D52.689594%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en Google Street View tour of Sanchi Stupa No.2]

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Raisen district]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Mauryan art]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Buddha statues in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]

Raichur University

2026-03-29T20:14:59Z

Puranam: added new entry

{{Short description|University in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''Adikavi Sri Maharshi Valmiki University, Raichur'''
| image = VALMIKI-LOGO-768x876.jpg
| caption = Adikavi Sri Maharshi Valmiki University Raichur's logo
| motto = ವಿದ್ಯೆಯಿಂದ ಅಮರತ್ವವು
| mottoeng = Immortality through knowledge
| established = {{Start date and years ago|df=y|p=y|2021}}
| chancellor = {{ubl|[[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]|([[Governors of Karnataka]])}}
| vice_chancellor = Dr.Shivananda Kelaginamani
| city = [[Raichur, Karnataka]]
| country = India
| students =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| campus = Rural
| website = {{URL|https://raichuruniversity.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Raichur University, Raichur''' which officially changed its name '''Adikavi Sri Maharshi Valmiki University, Raichur''', is a public university located in [[Raichur]], Karnataka, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.universitydunia.com/|title=Raichur University - RU, Raichur Karnataka Full Address - UniversityDunia.com|website=universitydunia.com}}</ref> The university is recognized by University Grants Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://universitysolutions.in/pgadm/ru/|title=Raichur University | PG Admissions 2021-22|website=universitysolutions.in}}</ref>

==Description==
Raichur University was established in 2021 by an Act of Karnataka State. Earlier it was a post-graduate centre of [[Gulbarga University]], Kalaburagi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/g-u-p-g-centre-raichur-105245|title=G.U.P.G. Centre, Raichur: Courses, Fees, Placements, Ranking, Admission 2022|website=www.shiksha.com}}</ref> The university has 18 departments with great faculties.

The university's motto is "Vidyeyinda Amarathvavu" (Immortality through knowledge).

==Departments==
*[[Kannada]]
*[[English language|English]]
*[[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]
*[[History]]
*[[Economics]]
*[[Political science|Political Science]]
*[[Sociology]]
*[[Social work|Social Work]]
*[[Library and information science]]
*[[Master of Journalism|Journalism and Mass Communication]]
*[[Women's studies|Women's Studies]]
*[[Master of Commerce|Commerce]]
*[[Master of Physics|Physics]]
*[[Chemistry]]
*[[Botany]]
*[[Zoology]]
*[[Microbiology]]
*[[Instrumentation|Department of Instrumentation]]

==Location==
Raichur University is located on the national highway 167 near [[Yergera|Yeragera]] village in Raichur district Karnataka India.it is covered by mountains and forest where we can experience good environment.

==Description==
The political scientist Prof. Harish Ramaswamy was appointed as the first vice-chancellor of Raichur University in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=Harish Ramaswamy to be first VC of Raichur varsity |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/harish-ramaswamy-to-be-first-vc-of-raichur-varsity-913115.html |access-date=9 March 2026 |publisher=Deccan Herald |archive-date=9 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309115020/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/harish-ramaswamy-to-be-first-vc-of-raichur-varsity-913115.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Raichur University is a new university in Karnataka state of raichur district in India. under its official section has two major districts called Yadgiri and Raichur. Colleges and PG centers of both Yadgiri and Raichur district belongs to Raichur University.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
#[https://raichur.nic.in/en/public-utility/raichur-university/ Raichur University | Raichur District Website | India]

{{coord|16.0983|77.4128|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Education in Raichur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Raichur district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Public universities in India]]
[[Category:Raichur University| ]]

Kakkoor

2026-03-26T01:06:27Z

Puranam: quick improve details for consistency and added references

{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

|name=Kakkoor
|settlement_type=Village
|pushpin_map=India Kerala#India
|pushpin_label_position=right
|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Kerala, India
|coordinates = {{coord|9|53|40|N|76|32|05|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type=Country
|subdivision_name={{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1=[[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_type2=[[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name1=[[Kerala]]|subdivision_name2=[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|established_title=
|unit_pref=Metric|population_density_km2=auto
|unemployment_rate=
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 686662
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0485
| registration_plate = KL-17
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kochi, Piravom, Koothattukulam, Muvattupuzha
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency}}
'''Kakkoor''' is a village situated in the eastern part of [[Ernakulam]] district in [[Kerala]], south of [[India]]. Kakkoor is famously known for Kakkoor Kalavayal the agricultural fest conducted every year in the month of Kumbham in the [[Malayalam calendar]].

Kakkoor is situated in [[Thirumarady|Thirumarady Grama Panchayath]] surrounded by the [[Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996|panchayath]]'s of [[Pampakuda]], [[Elanji]] & [[Marady]] and also the [[Municipality]] of [[Koothattukulam]]. Kakkoor is in Pampakuda Block Panchayath and is in [[Muvattupuzha]] Thaluk. The Assembly constituency is [[Piravom]] and Parliament Constituency is [[Kottayam]]. Most of the people in the area are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. The main crops cultivated are [[Paddy field|paddy]], [[vanilla]], [[nutmeg]], [[pineapple]] and [[Natural rubber|rubber]].

Nearby towns of Kakkoor are Koothattukulam (8.4 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Kakkoor,+Kerala/Kuttattukulam,+Kerala/@9.8794619,76.5468239,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07d94d4cfec725:0xcae8988a1838b45!2m2!1d76.5343721!2d9.8936157!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07dbaa6cda0e8d:0xd4cc9cdfa0672aac!2m2!1d76.5942178!2d9.8627081|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref>), Piravom (7.8 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Kakkoor,+Kerala/Piravom,+Kerala/@9.8885111,76.5044403,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07d94d4cfec725:0xcae8988a1838b45!2m2!1d76.5343721!2d9.8936157!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07d8c294452a45:0x9204a5b33505ca12!2m2!1d76.4919511!2d9.8730715|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref>), Muvattupuzha (17.7 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Kakkoor,+Kerala/Muvattupuzha,+Kerala/@9.9388679,76.5203441,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07d94d4cfec725:0xcae8988a1838b45!2m2!1d76.5343721!2d9.8936157!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07dd8c9df6f0f3:0xb4506cffcc7062e5!2m2!1d76.5789749!2d9.9894229|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref>), Pala (30.1 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Kakkoor,+Kerala/Pala,+Kerala/@9.8049548,76.5346613,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07d94d4cfec725:0xcae8988a1838b45!2m2!1d76.5343721!2d9.8936157!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07cdceb06d5e9f:0xb33a8fbfd6cf2e34!2m2!1d76.6829278!2d9.7137531|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref>) and Thodupuzha (27.1 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Kakkoor,+Kerala/Thodupuzha,+Kerala/@9.8952839,76.5813855,14z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07d94d4cfec725:0xcae8988a1838b45!2m2!1d76.5343721!2d9.8936157!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07c40a315b6705:0x4a8f3d2b78b03d27!2m2!1d76.7221082!2d9.8929802|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> ). The main cities near are Ernakulam (35.5 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Kakkoor,+Kerala/Ernakulam,+Kerala/@9.9425765,76.383225,12.75z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07d94d4cfec725:0xcae8988a1838b45!2m2!1d76.5343721!2d9.8936157!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b080d08f976f3a9:0xe9cdb444f06ed454!2m2!1d76.2998842!2d9.9816358|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref>) and Kottayam (43.4 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Kakkoor,+Kerala/Kottayam,+Kerala/@9.7477525,76.4171487,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b07d94d4cfec725:0xcae8988a1838b45!2m2!1d76.5343721!2d9.8936157!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b062ba16c6b435f:0xbe2b02f68f8dd06e!2m2!1d76.5221531!2d9.5915668|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref>).

The known places in Kakkoor are Ambaserrykavu Temple, Erumelil Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Thrippadathirikulangara Temple, Mullavally Siva Sankaranarayana Temple, St. Joseph Catholic Church and St. Mary's Orthodox Church Attinkunnu.

Kakkoor is also known for I.T based industries. The rural smart space project of Kerala Government Technolodge <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technolodge.org/ |title=TECHNOLODGE Co-Working Space in Ernakulam for Startups and Remote Workers|website=technolodge.org|access-date=2025-01-18}}</ref> is situated at Kakkoor. It is the first of its kind designed to encourage budding startups in I.T industry.

== History ==
Kakkoor was a part of the Travancore Kingdom and now a part of State of Kerala.

== Transportation ==

=== Road ===
Kakkoor is well connected with a network of roads. The State Highway 42 passes through the center of Kakkoor. The [[Main Central Road|Main Central road]] (MC Road) connecting [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Angamaly|Angamali]] is at a distance of 8.4 km and which is connected with SH 42. The [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] operates a fleet of Long Distance and short-distance services including Super Fast, Fast Passenger, Limited Stop and Non AC and AC Low Floor buses along with private operators.

The village is well connected with a local network of roads.

=== Railway ===
At present Kakkoor has no railway connectivity. The nearest railway station to Kakkoor are Piravom Road (11.7 km), Ernakulam Junction (35.9 km), Ernakulam Town (38.5 km), Aluva (38.1) and Kottayam (42.8 km).

=== Air ===
The nearest airport to Kakkoor is [[Cochin International Airport]], Nedumbassery (49 km) which is an International airport with flights to various international destinations.

== Healthcare ==
* Govt. Homeopathic Dispensary, Kakkoor
* Primary Health Centre, Thirumarady

== Education ==
* Govt. Vocationsl Higher Secondary School, Thirumarady
* St. Anns Carmel Public School, Thirumarady
* The Adventure Senior Secondary School, Vettimood
* St. Mary's L.P & U.P School, Anchelpetty
*GOVT. LP School Kakkoor
* T.M Jacob Memorial Govt. Arts College, Manimalakunnu
* M.G University college of Nursing, Manimalakunnu

== Kakkoor Kalavayal ==
Kakkoor Kalavayal is a post harvest festival celebrated every year in the month of either February or March. The festival is usually conducted on the month of Kumbham based on Malayalam calendar. This festival is mainly celebrated by the farmers of Kakkoor and surrounding villages. During earlier times this festival was used as a place for exchange and trade of agricultural goods between farmers and traders. The term kalavayal means cattle market.

At present Kalavayal is a main tourist attraction in the map of Kerala. Along with this festival many adventurous events like Kalavandiyottam (Cattle Race), Maramadi, [[Motocross]] etc. are conducted. Many foreigners and natives along with people across Kerala come to Kakkoor to become a part of it. Also this festival is an opportunity for photographers to capture this live actions. However, cattle races was recently banned due to concerns raised by animal rights activists who claimed the bulls and other animals were beaten and mistreated by competitors.

This historic festival is also related with two temples in surroundings which holds a major role in this festival. The connected temples are Edapra Bhagavathi Temple, Thirumarady and Ambasserykavu Temple, Kakkoor. It is believed that this two deities are sisters and this is the occasion when they meet each other after a long year. This is celebrated in the Aswathi, Bharani, Karthika & Rohini stars of the Malayalam month Kumbham.

== Places of Worship ==
* Sree Ambasserykavu Temple, Kakkoor
* Mullavali Siva Sankaranarayana Temple, Kakkoor
* Erumelil Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Kakkoor
* Thripadhathirikulangara Temple, Kakkoor
* St. Joseph Catholic Church, Kakkoor
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Attinkunnu

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ernakulam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]

Ganapati (novel)

2026-03-25T03:25:50Z

Puranam: updated page

{{short description|1920 novel by Chilakamarthi Lakshminarasimham}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = గణపతి (Ganapathi)
| alt = Ganapati (1920) is a Telugu novel written by Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham.
| image =Chilakamarthi_laxminarasimham.jpg
| image_size = 180 px
| caption = The cover of the book
| author=[[Chilakamarthi Lakshminarasimham]]
| title_orig = గణపతి
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| genre = [[comic novel]]
| subject = [[Life]]
| publisher=[[Manasa Prachuranalu]]
| release_date = 1920
| media_type = Print
}}
'''''Ganapati''''' (Telugu: గణపతి) (1920) is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[novel]] written by [[Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narasiṃhārāvu |first=Vi Vi Yal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dzi7x0glOEC |title=Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham |date=1993 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-499-5 |pages=52–53 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWw6AQAAIAAJ |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=1968 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the first Telugu novels written in modern Telugu and considered among the classic works of modern [[Telugu literature]]. It is also considered the first humorous novel in modern Telugu writing.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2v_2Ce_xf1IC |title=A History of Indian Literature: Struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy, 1911-1956 |date=1991 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7901-798-2 |pages=551 |language=en}}</ref>

==Title==
Ganapathi is the name of the main [[protagonist]]. This novel portrays the lives of Ganapathi and his two previous generations (Grandfather and Father).

==Setting==
The story revolves around various [[village]]s in the [[East Godavari]] District of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India in the backdrop of social setting in 1910-1920 and satirically criticises the
practice of kanyasulkam (Now abandoned/banned practice of groom paying money to the bride's father). Though it sounds comic to read, the underlying truth reflects the acute poverty in Brahmin families.

==Plot==
The story starts with the narrator attending a marriage and waiting to be served dinner. As it is quite late already, while waiting for the [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]] to be served, he dozes off and has a dream.

In the dream he sees a short, fat man who narrates his story and exhorts the narrator to bring it out into the world. It starts with a village in EastGodavari called [[Mandapalli]] where Papayya Sastry, the grand father of Ganapathi lives. Papayya faces many difficulties in his village so he go to [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]], worked in the kingdom of [[Peshwas]] and earned some money. He comes back to his native village and married a girl by paying Kanyasulkam. After having a son (Gangadharudu), Papayya dies due to old age.

Gangadharudu (literally means bearer of water in Telugu/Sanskrit) along with his mother migrates to Kakinada, District headquarters of Godavari District. After attaining young age, Gangadharudu starts earning by bringing drinking water to the households from the pond.
Though he works all the day, it was difficult for the family to make ends meet. Later Gangaharudu's mother dies. Eventually he was married and soon dies after his son Ganapathi's birth.

Since there is no one to help/take care of them, Ganapathi's mother moves to her brother's village with her kid. In the brother's house though they were given food and shelter they are treated as an additional burden by the brother's wife. Since his childhood Ganapathi amuses the whole village with his bizarre and comic acts like riding donkeys. He left the school in the preliminary level itself. Due to his acts he had to leave the village along with his mother.
Then they settled in another village where Ganapathi opens a school for children (Though he himself never got educated properly). The ensuing sequences are full of comedy with village people trying to look for a suitable bride to Ganapathi. Ganapathi's mother goes to a pilgrimage to faraway places along with other village ladies and dies there.

Ganapathi marries a girl by paying kanyasulkam to the bride's father (who actually not the father of the girl) with the help of donations from villagers. But it turns out that the girl was already married earlier. The first husband files a case on Ganapathi along with the self-proclaimed girl's father. To avade the arrest Ganapathi escapes from that village.
This novel ends on a funny note with the author comes out of his dream by server pouring hot rasam on his hand in the marriage dinner.

==Characters==
Important characters of the novel are :
* Papayya
* Gangadharudu
* Ganapathi
* Ganapathi's mother
* Ganapathi's uncle
* Ganapathi's uncle's wife

==Radio adaptation==
[[Sthanam Narasimha Rao]] produced this novel into a radio play with the same name Ganapathi.
It was broadcast in the [[All India Radio]] in Telugu language during the 1960s and 1970s.
It is highly successful in those days with people gathering in groups near the radio sets to listen to this comic play.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.491727/mode/2up Complete book of Ganapati (novel) in Internet Archives]

[[Category:1920 novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Telugu novels]]
[[Category:Indian comedy novels]]
[[Category:1920s comedy novels]]

Black rat

2026-03-24T15:50:52Z

Puranam: small changes

{{Short description|Species of rodent}}
{{About|the species of rodent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{cs1 config|display-authors=6}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Black rat
| fossil_range = [[Holocene]]
| image = House Rat David Raju.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Black rat in India
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |last1=Kryštufek |first1=B. |last2=Palomo |first2=L. |last3=Hutterer |first3=R. |last4=Mitsainas |first4=G. |last5=Yigit |first5=N. |date=2021 |title=''Rattus rattus'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T19360A192565917 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T19360A192565917.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Rattus
| species = rattus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms = ''Mus rattus'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
| range_map = Black rat range map.png
}}

The '''black rat''' ('''''Rattus rattus'''''), also known as the '''roof rat''', '''ship rat''', or '''house rat''', is a common long-tailed [[rodent]] of the stereotypical rat genus ''[[Rattus]]'', in the subfamily [[Murinae]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> It is a generalist [[omnivore]] that can live on a wide variety of foods. It associates extensively with [[Human|humans]], and most populations are [[Synanthrope|synanthropic]].<ref name=":1" /> It likely originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]], but is now found worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baig |first1=M. |last2=Khan |first2=S. |last3=Eager |first3=H. |last4=Atkulwar |first4=A. |last5=Searle |first5=J. B. |date=2019 |title=Phylogeography of the black rat ''Rattus rattus'' in India and the implications for its dispersal history in Eurasia |journal=Biological Invasions |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=417–433 |bibcode=2019BiInv..21..417B |doi=10.1007/s10530-018-1830-0 |s2cid=67790305}}</ref>

The black rat is black to light brown in colour with a lighter underside. It is a prominent [[Pest (organism)|pest]] to farmers because it feeds on a wide range of [[agricultural crops]]. It is sometimes kept as a pet{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}, though most domestic rats are [[Fancy rat|a subspecies of the brown rat]].<ref name="afrma-history">{{cite web |url=http://afrma.org/rminfo4a.htm|title=The History of Fancy Rats|publisher=American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association|access-date=10 November 2008|archive-date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530074258/http://www.afrma.org/rminfo4a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In parts of [[India]], it is considered sacred and respected, notably at the [[Karni Mata Temple]] in [[Deshnoke]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trembley |first=Kyle J. |date=2022-04-18 |title=Jatikaran: Caste, Rats, and the control of space at the Karni Mata Mandir |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/25148486221094132 |journal=Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space |volume=6 |issue=2 |language=en |pages=717–735 |doi=10.1177/25148486221094132 |s2cid=248248576 |issn=2514-8486|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
{{Expand section|date=February 2026}}
''Mus rattus'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 for the black rat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnæus |first=C. |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |year=1758 |edition=Decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |page=61 |language=la |chapter=''Mus rattus'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/61/mode/2up}}</ref>

==Description==
{{expand section|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Rat in a suburban Vancouver driveway.jpg|thumb|Closeup of the head of a black rat|alt=Rat seen from above cropped to show only the head and a forelimb]]
[[File:Rattus rattus 02 MWNH 748.jpg|thumb|alt=Rat skull|Skull of a black rat]]
[[File:Comparison Black Rat Brown Rat EN.svg|thumb|Comparison of physique with a [[brown rat]] (''Rattus norvegicus'')|alt=Diagram showing differences between the physical features of black and brown rats]]
[[File:Black Rat skeleton.jpg|thumb|Black rat skeleton at the [[Museum of Osteology]]|alt=Black rat skeleton]]
A typical adult black rat is {{cvt|12.75|to|18.25|cm}} long, not including a {{cvt|15|to|22|cm}} tail, and weighs {{cvt|75|to|230|g}}, depending on the subspecies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black rat, House Rat, Roof Rat, Ship Rat (''Rattus rattus'') |url=http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/rodents-and-hares/rattus-rattus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019212834/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/rodents-and-hares/rattus-rattus |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=19 October 2016 |website=[[WAZA.org]]}}</ref><ref name="adw">{{cite web |last=Gillespie |first=H. |date=2004 |title=''Rattus rattus'' – house rat |url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_rattus/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Schwartz, C. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEWl0ZM6DfUC |title=The Wild Mammals of Missouri |author2=Schwartz, E. R. |publisher=University of Missouri Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8262-1359-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Engels, D. W. |title=Classical Cats: The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-415-21251-9 |location=London and New York |pages=1–17 |chapter=Rats |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkqtGl7VN44C&pg=PA16}}</ref> Despite its name, the black rat exhibits several colour forms. It is usually black to light brown in colour with a lighter underside. In England during the 1920s, several variations were bred and shown alongside domesticated [[brown rat]]s. This included an unusual green-tinted variety.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alderton, D. |title=Rodents of the World |publisher=Diane Publishing Company |year=1996 |isbn=0-8160-3229-7}}</ref>

The species has three colour variants:
*Roof rat – between greyish black merging into slate grey to all-black
*Alexandrine rat – [[Agouti (coloration)|agouti]] and grey through slate grey
*Fruit rat – agouti and pure white.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kambe |first=Yoshikazu |last2=Tanikawa |first2=Tsutomu |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Yasuharu |last4=Tomozawa |first4=Morihiko |last5=Aplin |first5=Ken P. |last6=Suzuki |first6=Hitoshi |date=2011-08-01 |title=Origin of Agouti-Melanistic Polymorphism in Wild Black Rats (Rattus rattus) Inferred from Mc1r Gene Sequences |url=https://bioone.org/journals/zoological-science/volume-28/issue-8/zsj.28.560/Origin-of-Agouti-Melanistic-Polymorphism-in-Wild-Black-Rats-Rattus/10.2108/zsj.28.560.full |journal=Zoological Science |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=560 |doi=10.2108/zsj.28.560 |issn=0289-0003|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Origin==
The black rat was present in prehistoric Europe and in the [[Levant]] during [[postglacial]] periods.<ref name="Rackham">{{cite journal |author=Rackham, J. |year=1979 |title=''Rattus rattus'': The introduction of the black rat into Britain |journal=Antiquity |volume=53 |issue=208 |pages=112–120 |doi=10.1017/s0003598x00042319 |pmid=11620121 |s2cid=46387899}}</ref> The black rat in the Mediterranean region differs genetically from its South Asian ancestor by having 38 instead of 42 chromosomes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yosida |first1=T. H. |last2=Tsuchiya |first2=K. |last3=Moriwaki |first3=K. |date=1971 |title=Karyotypic differences of black rats, ''Rattus rattus'', collected in various localities of East and Southeast Asia and Oceania |journal=Chromosoma |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=252–267 |doi=10.1007/BF00284943 |pmid=5088494 |s2cid=12454478}}</ref> Its closest relative is the [[Asian house rat]] (''R. tanezumi'') from Southeast Asia. The two diverged about 120,000 years ago in southwestern Asia. It is unclear how the rat made its way to Europe due to insufficient data, although a land route seems more likely based on the distribution of European haplogroup "A". The black rat spread throughout Europe with the [[Campaign history of the Roman military|Roman conquest]], but declined around the 6th century, possibly due to collapse of the Roman grain trade, climate cooling, or the [[Justinianic Plague]]. ''R. rattus'' specimens have been found dating back to 800 BCE in Britain, although it is unclear how they migrated there.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rackham |first=J. |date=1979 |title=Rackham J. Rattus rattus: the introduction of the black rat into Britain |journal=Antiquity |volume=53 |pages=112–120 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00042319 |pmid=11620121}}</ref> A genetically different rat population of haplogroup A replaced the Roman population in the medieval times in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=He |last2=Jamieson |first2=Alexandra |last3=Hulme-Beaman |first3=A. |last4=Conroy |first4=C. J. |last5=Knight |first5=B. |last6=Speller |first6=C. |last7=Al-Jarah |first7=H. |last8=Eager |first8=H. |last9=Trinks |first9=A. |last10=Adikari |first10=G. |last11=Baron |first11=H. |last12=Böhlendorf-Arslan |first12=B. |last13=Bohingamuwa |first13=W. |last14=Crowther |first14=A. |last15=Cucchi |first15=T. |date=2022 |title=Palaeogenomic analysis of black rat (''Rattus rattus'') reveals multiple European introductions associated with human economic history |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=2399 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.2399Y |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-30009-z |pmc=9064997 |pmid=35504912 |last16=Esser |first16=K. |last17=Fleisher |first17=J. |last18=Gidney |first18=L. |last19=Gladilina |first19=E. |last20=Gol'din |first20=Pavel |last21=Goodman |first21=S. M. |last22=Hamilton-Dyer |first22=S. |last23=Helm |first23=R. |last24=Hillman |first24=J. C. |last25=Kallala |first25=N. |last26=Kivikero |first26=H. |last27=Kovács |first27=Zsófia E. |last28=Kunst |first28=G. K. |last29=Kyselý |first29=R. |last30=Linderholm |first30=A. |last31=Maraoui-Telmini |first31=B. |last32=Marković |first32=N. |last33=Morales-Muñiz |first33=A. |last34=Nabais |first34=M. |last35=O'Connor |first35=T. |last36=Oueslati |first36=T. |last37=Quintana Morales |first37=E. M. |last38=Pasda |first38=K. |last39=Perera |first39=J. |last40=Perera |first40=Nimal |last41=Radbauer |first41=S. |last42=Ramon |first42=J. |last43=Rannamäe |first43=E. |last44=Sanmartí Grego |first44=J. |last45=Treasure |first45=E. |last46=Valenzuela-Lamas |first46=S. |last47=van der Jagt |first47=I. |last48=Van Neer |first48=W. |last49=Vigne |first49=J.-D. |last50=Walker |first50=T. |last51=Wynne-Jones |first51=S. |last52=Zeiler |first52=J. |last53=Dobney |first53=K. |last54=Boivin |first54=N. |last55=Searle |first55=J. B. |last56=Krause-Kyora |first56=B. |last57=Krause |first57=J. |last58=Larson |first58=G. |last59=Orton |first59=D.}}</ref>

It is a resilient [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] for many diseases because of its ability to hold so many infectious bacteria in its blood. It was formerly thought to have played a primary role in spreading bacteria contained in fleas on its body, such as the plague bacterium (''[[Yersinia pestis]]'') which is responsible for the [[Plague of Justinian]] and the [[Black Death]].<ref name="McCormick">{{cite journal |author=McCormick, M. |year=2003 |title=Rats, communications, and plague: Toward an ecological history |url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3208221/McCormick_RatsPlague.pdf |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1162/002219503322645439 |s2cid=128567627}}</ref> However, recent studies have called this theory into question and instead posit humans themselves as the vector, as the movements of the epidemics and the black rat populations do not show historical or geographical correspondence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Little |first=Becky |date=28 May 2025 |orig-date=17 January 2018 |title=Rats Didn't Spread the Black Death—It Was Humans |url=https://www.history.com/news/rats-didnt-spread-the-black-death-it-was-humans |website=history.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2018 |title=Black Death 'spread by humans not rats' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42690577 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A study published in 2015 indicates that other Asiatic rodents served as plague reservoirs, from which infections spread as far west as Europe via trade routes, both overland and maritime. Although the black rat was certainly a plague vector in European ports, the spread of the plague beyond areas colonized by rats suggests that the plague was also circulated by humans after reaching Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schmid, B.V. |last2=Büntgen, U. |last3=Easterday, W.R. |last4=Ginzler, C. |last5=Walløe, L. |last6=Bramanti, B. |last7=Stenseth, N.C. |date=2015 |title=Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=112 |issue=10 |pages=3020–3025 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.3020S |doi=10.1073/pnas.1412887112 |pmc=4364181 |pmid=25713390 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The black rat originated in India and Southeast Asia, and spread to the [[Near East]] and [[Egypt]], and then throughout the [[Roman Empire]], reaching Great Britain as early as the 1st century AD.<ref>{{cite book |last=Engels |first=Donald W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkqtGl7VN44C&pg=PA111 |title=Classical Cats: The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-415-21251-9 |page=111}}</ref> [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]] subsequently spread it throughout the world. The black rat is again largely confined to warmer areas, having been supplanted by the [[brown rat]] (''Rattus norvegicus'') in cooler regions and urban areas. In addition to the brown rat being larger and more aggressive, the change from wooden structures and thatched roofs to bricked and tiled buildings favoured the burrowing brown rats over the arboreal black rats. In addition, brown rats eat a wider variety of foods, and are more resistant to [[Extreme weather|weather extremes]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rowland |first=Teisha |date=4 December 2009 |title=Ancient Origins of Pet Rats |url=http://www.independent.com/news/2009/dec/04/ancient-origins-modern-pet-rats/?print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200319/http://www.independent.com/news/2009/dec/04/ancient-origins-modern-pet-rats/?print |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Santa Barbara Independent]]}}</ref>

Black rat populations can increase exponentially under certain circumstances, perhaps having to do with the timing of the fruiting of the [[bamboo]] plant, and cause devastation to the plantings of subsistence farmers; this phenomenon is known as ''[[mautam]]'' in parts of [[India]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Nova: Rat Attack |series=[[Nova (American TV program)|Nova]] |network=[[PBS]] |date=7 April 2010}}</ref>

Black rats are thought to have arrived in Australia with the [[First Fleet]], and subsequently spread to many coastal regions in the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Ondine |date=1 April 2010 |title=Animal Species: Black Rat |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/mammals/black-rat/ |access-date=31 December 2010 |work=Australian Museum website |publisher=Australian Museum |location=Sydney, Australia}}</ref>

Black rats adapt to a wide range of habitats. In urban areas they are found around warehouses, residential buildings, and other human settlements. They are also found in agricultural areas, such as in barns and crop fields.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Black Rats |url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/nsrl/mammals-of-texas-online-edition/Accounts_Introduced_Rodentia/Rattus_rattus.php |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Natural Science Research Laboratory |publisher=Texas Tech University |department=Mammals of Texas: Online Edition}}</ref> In urban areas, they prefer to live in dry upper levels of buildings, so they are commonly found in wall cavities and false ceilings. In the wild, black rats live in cliffs, rocks, the ground, and trees.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=Rattus Rattus |url=https://www.pestsolutions.co.uk/pest-library/rodent-pest-species/black-rats-rattus-rattus |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Pest Solutions}}</ref> They are great climbers and prefer to live in palms and trees, such as pine trees. Their nests are typically spherical and made of shredded material, including sticks, leaves, other vegetation and cloth. In the absence of palms or trees, they can burrow into the ground.<ref name="black">{{cite web |author=Bennet, Stuart M. |title=The Black Rat (''Rattus Rattus'') |url=http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th1b.htm |access-date=22 April 2011 |work=The Pied Piper}}</ref> Black rats are also found around fences, ponds, riverbanks, streams, and reservoirs.<ref name="roof">{{cite web |author=Marsh, Rex E. |year=1994 |title=Roof Rats |url=http://icwdm.org/handbook/rodents/RoofRats.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521025949/http://icwdm.org/handbook/rodents/RoofRats.asp |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date=22 April 2011 |work=Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management |publisher=Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
The black rat has a wide home range, typically foraging in a [[home range]] of {{cvt|0.28|-|1.2|ha}}. Its home range is highly dependent on its gender, as male rats range can be up to thrice that of female rats.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whisson |first1=D. |last2=Quinn |first2=J. |last3=Collins |first3=K. |date=2007 |title=Home range and movements of Roof Rats (''Rattus rattus'') in an old-growth riparian forest, Californiac |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=589–594 |bibcode=2007JMamm..88..589W |doi=10.1644/06-MAMM-A-239R1.1}}</ref> Its home range also differs depending on the type of forest; home ranges in the [[Nothofagus|southern beech forests]] of the [[South Island]], New Zealand appear to be much larger than the non-beech forests of the [[North Island]]. Due to the limited number of rats that are studied in home range studies, the estimated sizes of rat home ranges in different rat demographic groups are inconclusive.<ref name="Beech">{{cite journal |last1=Pryde |first1=M. |last2=Dilks |first2=P. |last3=Fraser |first3=I. |date=2005 |title=The home range of ship rats (''Rattus rattus'') in beech forest in the Eglinton Valley, Fiordland, New Zealand: A pilot study |journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=139–142 |doi=10.1080/03014223.2005.9518406}}</ref>

===Social behaviour===
The black rat is generally territorial, although the territory is typically a small subset of the full range. Female black rats have no hierarchy, and are generally more aggressive, while male rats tend to flee when attacked unless females are present.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barnett |first=S. A. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315134468/rat-barnett |title=The rat: A Study in Behaviour |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-7081-0108-7 |page=129 |doi=10.4324/9781315134468}}</ref> Like its relative ''R. norvegicus'', ''R. rattus'' often huddle in groups.<ref name="SocialBehaviour">{{cite journal |last=Barnett |first=S. A. |date=1958 |title=An analysis of social behaviour in wild rats |journal=The Zoological Society of London |volume=130 |pages=130–132 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1958.tb00565.x}}</ref> Rats are at their most aggressive when they have just reached adulthood, but do not tend to lose status as they grow older, and younger rats are often singled out as enemies by older females. Older females and male rats of high status rarely fight among themselves, although they are occasionally fought by younger rats.<ref name="dnb">{{cite web |last=Ewer |first=R. F. |title=The Biology and Behaviour of a Free-Living Population of Black Rats (Rattus rattus) |url=https://d-nb.info/115688330X/34}}</ref> Although ''rattus'' and ''norvegicus'' can coexist in the same habitat, ''R. rattus'' will typically attack any ''norvegicus'' that enter an established colony.{{r |SocialBehaviour |p=134-135}}
[[File:20191212 Szczury w Świątyni Karni Maty w Deśnok 1052 8152 DxO.jpg|thumb|Thousands of black rats live at the [[Karni Mata Temple]], the "Temple of Rats"]]
Rats may mark their territory by rubbing themselves against trees, and typically prefer to mark areas that are the least secure from other rats.{{r |dnb |p=154-155}} Scents produced in their [[preputial gland]] are also used to identify rats to the opposite sex during mating.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bala |first1=Bindu |last2=Kaur Babbar |first2=Bhupinder |date=2024 |title=Behavioural responses and characterization of preputial gland extract of black rat, Rattus rattus |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11756-024-01685-7 |journal=Biologia |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=2079–2093 |bibcode=2024Biolg..79.2079B |doi=10.1007/s11756-024-01685-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Mating and reproduction===
Black rats typically breed year-round, and females can produce up to 5 litters in one season.<ref name="ArizonaRat">{{cite web |date=July 2018 |title=Roof Rats: Identification, Ecology, and Signs |url=https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1775-2018.pdf}}</ref> In populations where most rats are closely related, rats may leave the colony as they reach sexual maturity in order to avoid inbreeding.<ref name="RatBehavioral">{{cite journal|title=Behavioral Aspects of Rodent Population Biology1|journal=American Zoologist|url=https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/27/3/953/210890|doi=10.1093/icb/27.3.953|first=Lee|last=Drickamer|url-access=subscription}}</ref> During copulation, male rats seldom mount females for more than one second, but can continue to mount a female repeatedly for up to ten minutes.{{r|dnb|p=33}} Female rats' [[gestation period]] can range from 12 to 29 days.{{r|dnb|p=35}} Black rats typically live for about one year in the wild and up to four years in captivity.<ref name="adw" />

===Diet and foraging===
[[File:Rattus rattus 01.JPG|thumb|Taxidermy of a black rat eating grain at the [[State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe]]|alt=A taxidermied rat sitting on a sack of grain]]
The black rat is considered to be an [[omnivore]] and eats a wide range of foods, including seeds, fruit, stems, leaves, fungi, and a variety of invertebrates and vertebrates. It is a [[generalist and specialist species|generalist]], and thus not very specific in its food preferences, which is indicated by its tendency to feed on any meal provided for cows, swine, chickens, cats and dogs.<ref name=roof/> It eats about {{cvt|15|g}} per day and drinks about {{cvt|15|ml}} per day.<ref name=black/> Its diet is high in water content.<ref name=roof/> It feeds on birds and insects, and also on a variety of agricultural-based crops, such as cereals, sugar cane, coconuts, cocoa, oranges, and coffee beans.<ref name="rattus">{{cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=''Rattus rattus'' – Roof rat |url=https://www.pestsolutions.co.uk/pest-library/rodent-pest-species/black-rats-rattus-rattus |access-date=15 February 2024 |work=Pest Solutions}}</ref>

The black rat displays flexibility in its foraging behaviour. It is a predatory species and adapts to different micro-habitats. It often meets and forages together in close proximity within and between sexes.<ref name=Dowding/> It tends to forage after sunset. If the food cannot be eaten quickly, it searches for a place to carry and hoard to eat at a later time.<ref name=roof/> Although it eats a broad range of foods, it is a highly selective feeder; only a restricted selection of the foods is dominating.<ref name="Clark">{{cite journal |author=Clark, D. A. |year=1982 |title=Foraging behavior of vertebrate omnivore (''Rattus rattus''): Meal structure, sampling, and diet breadth |journal=Ecology |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=763–772 |bibcode=1982Ecol...63..763C |doi=10.2307/1936797 |jstor=1936797}}</ref> When offered a wide diversity of foods, it eats only a small sample of each. This allows it to monitor the quality of foods that are present year round, such as leaves, as well as seasonal foods, such as herbs and insects. This method of operating on a set of foraging standards ultimately determines the final composition of its meals. Also, by sampling the available food in an area, it maintains a dynamic food supply, balances its nutrient intake, and avoids intoxication by secondary compounds.<ref name=Clark/>

===Nesting behaviour===
Through the usage of tracking devices such as radio transmitters, rats have been found to occupy dens located in trees, as well as on the ground. In Puketi Forest in the [[Northland Region]] of New Zealand, rats have been found to form dens together. Rats appear to den and forage in separate areas in their home range depending on the availability of food resources.<ref name="Dowding">{{cite journal |last1=Dowding |first1=J.E. |last2=Murphy |first2=E.C. |year=1994 |title=Ecology of Ship Rats (''Rattus rattus'') in a Kauri (''Agathis australis'') Forest in Northland, New Zealand |url=https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/1947.pdf |journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=19–28}}</ref> Research shows that, in New South Wales, the black rat prefers to inhabit lower leaf litter of forest habitat. There is also an apparent correlation between the canopy height and logs and the presence of black rats. This correlation may be a result of the distribution of the abundance of prey as well as available refuges for rats to avoid predators. As found in [[North Head, New South Wales]], there is positive correlation between rat abundance, leaf litter cover, canopy height, and litter depth. All other habitat variables showed little to no correlation.<ref name="Cox">{{cite journal |author1=Cox, M.P.G. |author2=Dickman, C.R. |author3=Cox, W.G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=Use of habitat by the black rat (''Rattus rattus'') at North Head, New South Wales: an observational and experimental study |journal=Austral Ecology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=375–385 |bibcode=2000AusEc..25..375C |doi=10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01050.x}}</ref> Unlike [[brown rat]]s, black rats have a tendency to nest inside trees or the upper floors of a house,.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2018 |title=Roof Rats: Identification, Ecology, and Signs |url=https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1775-2018.pdf}}</ref>

===Diseases===
Black rats (or their [[ectoparasite]]s<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hafidzi |first1=M.N. |last2=Zakry |first2=F.A.A. |last3=Saadiah |first3=A. |year=2007 |title=Ectoparasites of ''Rattus'' sp. from Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia |journal=Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=11–16}}</ref>) can carry a number of pathogens,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meerburg, B.G. |author2=Singleton, G.R. |author3=Kijlstra A. |year=2009 |title=Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health |journal=Crit Rev Microbiology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=221–270 |doi=10.1080/10408410902989837 |pmid=19548807 |s2cid=205694138}}</ref> of which [[bubonic plague]] (via the [[Oriental rat flea]]), [[typhus]], [[Weil's disease]], [[toxoplasmosis]] and [[trichinosis]] are the best known. It has been hypothesized that the displacement of black rats by [[brown rat]]s led to the decline of the [[Black Death]].<ref>Last, John M. [http://www.enotes.com/public-health-encyclopedia/black-death "Black Death"], ''Encyclopedia of Public Health'', [[eNotes]] website. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</ref><ref>Barnes, Ethne (2007). ''Diseases and Human Evolution'', [[University of New Mexico Press]], {{ISBN|978-0-8263-3066-6}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wnlB7EMtqFYC&pg=PA247 p. 247].</ref> This theory has, however, been deprecated, as the dates of these displacements do not match the increases and decreases in plague outbreaks.<ref>Bollet, Alfred J. (2004). ''Plagues & Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease'', [[Demos Medical Publishing]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-888799-79-8}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bHIj5PJdZbkC&pg=PA23 p. 23]</ref><ref>Carrick, Tracy Hamler; Carrick, Nancy and Finsen, Lawrence (1997). ''The Persuasive Pen: An Integrated Approach to Reasoning and Writing'', [[Jones and Bartlett Learning]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-7637-0234-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6miPAUtQUO4C&pg=PA162 p. 162].</ref><ref>Hays, J. N. (2005). ''Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History'', [[ABC-CLIO]], {{ISBN|978-1-85109-658-9}}, [https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/64 p. 64].</ref>

====Plague====
Black rats are the main transmitter of bubonic plague, or ''Yersinia pestis'', which they spread indirectly through the fleas they carry.<ref name="FleaRat">{{cite journal |last=Liston |first=W. G. |date=1905 |title=Plague, Rats, and Fleas |journal=Bombay Natural History Society |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=43–49 |pmc=5163050 |pmid=29004844}}</ref> Although other animals such as [[coyote]]s, [[bobcat]]s, and [[rabbit]]s can serve as plague reservoirs, the flea species ''[[Xenopsylla cheopis]]'' commonly carried by ''R. rattus'' is one of the most effective spreaders.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ell |first=Stephen R. |date=1980 |title=Interhuman Transmission of Medieval Plague |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44441288 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=497–510 |jstor=44441288 |pmid=7004542 }}</ref> However, archaeological evidence indicates that ''R. rattus'' might not have been present during the Black Death in England, suggesting that the plague was spread by another species.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=David E. |date=1986 |title=The Scarcity of Rats and the Black Death: An Ecological History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/204499 |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=455–470 |doi=10.2307/204499 |jstor=204499|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although ''R. rattus'' populations often die out after a plague, causing transmission to cease, rats that survive the plague can serve as reservoirs for the disease, as well as transmitting it from wild reservoir populations to human settlements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andrianaivoarimanana |first1=Voahangy |last2=Telfer |first2=Sandra |last3=Rajerison |first3=Minoarisoa |last4=Ranjalahy |first4=Michel A. |last5=Andriamiarimanana |first5=Fehivola |last6=Rahaingosoamamitiana |first6=Corinne |last7=Rahalison |first7=Lila |last8=Jambou |first8=Ronan |date=2012 |title=Immune Responses to Plague Infection in Wild ''Rattus rattus'', in Madagascar: A Role in Foci Persistence? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=6 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...738630A |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038630 |doi-access=free |article-number=e38630|pmid=22719908 |pmc=3377696 }}</ref> Rats in regions where plague is present may also develop immunity, allowing rats and their associated fleas to survive longer than in other regions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andrianaivoarimanana |first1=Voahangy |last2=Rajerison |first2=Minoarisoa |last3=Jambou |first3=Ronan |date=2018 |title=Exposure to ''Yersinia pestis'' increases resistance to plague in black rats and modulates transmission in Madagascar |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-018-3984-3.pdf |journal=BMC Research Notes |volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13104-018-3984-3 |pmc=6295079 |pmid=30551741 |doi-access=free |article-number=898}}</ref> Black rats' transmission of the Black Death in Europe was likely halted by a change in the ''Yersinia pestis'' bacterium that produced a milder version, inoculating rat populations against the plague.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McEvedy |first=Colin |date=1988 |title=The Bubonic Plague |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24988987 |journal=Scientific American |volume=258 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |bibcode=1988SciAm.258b.118M |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0288-118 |jstor=24988987 |pmid=3055286}}</ref>

Rats serve as outstanding vectors for transmittance of diseases because they can carry bacteria and viruses in their systems. A number of bacterial diseases are common to rats, and these include ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Corynebacterium kutsheri]],'' ''[[Bacillus piliformis]]'', ''[[Pasteurella pneumotropica]]'', and ''[[Streptobacillus moniliformis]]'', to name a few. As well as carrying [[zoonotic]] infections, ''R. rattus'' is also capable of transmitting diseases to native rat species, causing their decline when ''rattus'' is introduced.<ref name="RatEco"/> In some cases, these diseases are incurable.<ref name="bacterial">{{cite web |author=Boschert, K. |date=1991 |title=Rat Bacterial Diseases |url=http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/rats/ratbact.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018162831/http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/rats/ratbact.txt |archive-date=18 October 1996 |access-date=22 April 2011 |work=Net Vet and the Electronic Zoo}}</ref> In addition to transmitting bacterial infections, black rats can also cary parasites such as ''[[Calodium]]'', and protozoas including ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'', many of which can be transmitted to humans.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Banks |first1=Peter B. |last2=Hughes |first2=Nelika K. |date=2012-02-27 |title=A review of the evidence for potential impacts of black rats (Rattus rattus) on wildlife and humans in Australia |url=https://connectsci.au/wr/article/39/1/78/40414/A-review-of-the-evidence-for-potential-impacts-of |journal=Wildlife Research |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=78–88 |doi=10.1071/WR11086 |bibcode=2012WildR..39...78B |issn=1035-3712|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huffhammer |first1=Anne Karin |last2=Walloe |first2=Lars |title=Rats cannot have been intermediate hosts for Yersinia pestis during medieval plague epidemics in Northern Europe |url=https://www.uib.no/sites/w3.uib.no/files/attachments/rats-plague-arch-akh-lw.pdf |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref>

===Predators===
The black rat is prey to cats and owls in domestic settings. In less urban settings, rats are preyed on by weasels, foxes and coyotes. These predators have little effect on the control of the black rat population because black rats are agile and fast climbers. In addition to agility, the black rat also uses its keen sense of hearing to detect danger and quickly evade mammalian and avian predators.<ref name=roof/>

==As an invasive species==

===Damage caused===
After ''Rattus rattus'' was introduced into the northern islands of New Zealand, they fed on the seedlings, adversely affecting the ecology of the islands. ''R. rattus'' is known to destroy the nests of native birds, causing up to 96% of total nest predations.<ref name=":0" /> When consuming these seabirds and seabird eggs, these rats reduce the pH of the soil. This harms plant species by reducing nutrient availability in soil, thus decreasing the probability of seed germination. For example, research conducted by Hoffman et al. indicates a large impact on 16 indigenous plant species directly preyed on by ''R. rattus''. These plants displayed a negative correlation in germination and growth in the presence of black rats.<ref name="Grant-Hoffman">{{cite journal |author1=Grant-Hoffman, MN |author2=Mulder, CP |author3=Belingham, PJ |year=2009 |title=Invasive Rats Alter Woody Seedling Composition on Seabird-dominated Islands in New Zealand |journal=Oecologia |volume=163 |issue=2 |pages=449–60 |doi=10.1007/s00442-009-1523-6 |issn=1442-9993 |pmid=20033216 |s2cid=25286223}}</ref>
Rats prefer to forage in forest habitats. In the [[Ogasawara islands]], they prey on the indigenous snails and seedlings. Snails that inhabit the leaf litter of these islands showed a significant decline in population on the introduction of ''Rattus rattus''. The black rat shows a preference for snails with larger shells (greater than 10 mm), and this led to a great decline in the population of snails with larger shells. A lack of prey refuges makes it more difficult for the snail to avoid the rat.<ref name="Chiba">{{cite journal |author=Chiba, S. |year=2010 |title=Invasive Rats Alter Assemblage Characteristics of Land Snails in the Ogasawara Islands |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=143 |issue=6 |pages=1558–63 |bibcode=2010BCons.143.1558C |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.040}}</ref>

===Complex pest===
The black rat is a complex pest, defined as one that influences the environment in both harmful and beneficial ways. In many cases, after the black rat is introduced into a new area, the population size of some native species declines or goes extinct. This is because the black rat is a good generalist with a wide dietary [[Ecological niche|niche]] and a preference for complex habitats; this causes strong competition for resources among small animals.<ref name="RatEco">{{cite journal |last1=Banks |first1=Peter |last2=Smith |first2=Helen |date=2015 |title=The ecological impacts of commensal species: black rats, Rattus rattus, at the urban–bushland interface |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280291644 |journal=Wildlife Research |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=86–97 |bibcode=2015WildR..42...86B |doi=10.1071/WR15048}}</ref> This has led to the black rat completely displacing many native species in Madagascar, the Galapagos, and the Florida Keys. In a study by Stokes ''et al.'', habitats suitable for the native bush rat, ''[[Rattus fuscipes]]'', of Australia are often invaded by the black rat and are eventually occupied by only the black rat. When the abundances of these two rat species were compared in different [[micro-habitats]], both were found to be affected by micro-habitat disturbances, but the black rat was most abundant in areas of high disturbance; this indicates it has a better dispersal ability.<ref name="Vernes">{{cite journal |author1=Vernes, K |author2=Mcgrath, K |year=2009 |title=Are Introduced Black Rats (''Rattus rattus'') a Functional Replacement for Mycophagous Native Rodents in Fragmented Forests? |journal=Fungal Ecology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=145–48 |bibcode=2009FunE....2..145V |doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2009.03.001}}</ref>

Despite the black rat's tendency to displace native species, it can also aid in increasing species population numbers and maintaining species diversity. The bush rat, a common vector for spore dispersal of [[truffles]], has been extirpated from many micro-habitats of Australia. In the absence of a vector, the diversity of truffle species would be expected to decline. In a study in New South Wales, Australia it was found that, although the bush rat consumes a diversity of truffle species, the black rat consumes as much of the diverse fungi as the natives and is an effective vector for spore dispersal. Since the black rat now occupies many of the micro-habitats that were previously inhabited by the bush rat, the black rat plays an important ecological role in the dispersal of fungal spores. By eradicating the black rat populations in Australia, the diversity of fungi would decline, potentially doing more harm than good.<ref name=Vernes/>

===Control methods===
Large-scale rat control programs have been taken to maintain a steady level of the invasive predators in order to conserve the native species in New Zealand such as [[kokako]] and [[Yellowhead (bird)|mohua]].<ref name="Pryde">{{cite journal |author1=Pryde, M. |author2=Dilks, P. |author3=Fraser, I. |year=2005 |title=The home range of ship rats (''Rattus rattus'') in beech forest in the Eglinton Valley, Fiordland, New Zealand: a pilot study |journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=139–142 |doi=10.1080/03014223.2005.9518406 |s2cid=84513492}}</ref> Pesticides, such as [[pindone]] and 1080 ([[sodium fluoroacetate]]), are commonly distributed via aerial spray by helicopter as a method of mass control on islands infested with invasive rat populations. Bait, such as [[brodifacoum]], is also used along with coloured dyes (used to deter birds from eating the baits) in order to kill and identify rats for experimental and tracking purposes. Another method to track rats is the use of wired cage traps, which are used along with bait, such as rolled oats and peanut butter, to tag and track rats to determine population sizes through methods like mark-recapture and radio-tracking.<ref name=Dowding/> Tracking tunnels (coreflute tunnels containing an inked card) are also commonly used monitoring devices, as are chew-cards containing peanut butter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=M. |last2=Hartley |first2=S. |last3=Linklater |first3=W. |date=2016 |title=Better food-based baits and lures for invasive rats ''Rattus'' spp. and the brushtail possum ''Trichosurus vulpecula'': a bioassay on wild, free-ranging animals |journal=Journal of Pest Science |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=479–488 |bibcode=2016JPesS..89..479J |doi=10.1007/s10340-015-0693-8 |s2cid=13095387}}</ref> Poison control methods are effective in reducing rat populations to nonthreatening sizes, but rat populations often rebound to normal size within months. Besides their highly adaptive foraging behaviour and fast reproduction, the exact mechanisms for their rebound is unclear and are still being studied.<ref name="Innes">{{cite journal |author1=Innes, J. |author2=Warburton, B. |author3=Williams, D. |year=1995 |title=Large-scale Poisoning of Ship Rats (''Rattus rattus'') in Indigenous Forests of the North Island, New Zealand |url=http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol19_1_5.pdf |journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230417/http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol19_1_5.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref>

In 2010, the Sociedad Ornitológica Puertorriqueña (Puerto Rican Bird Society) and the [[Club Náutico de Ponce|Ponce Yacht and Fishing Club]] launched a campaign to eradicate the black rat from the [[Isla de Ratones (Ponce, Puerto Rico)|Isla Ratones]] (Mice Island) and [[Cardona (Ponce)|Isla Cardona]] (Cardona Island) islands off the municipality of [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]].<ref>Wege, David (4 August 2010) [http://www.birdlife.org/community/2010/08/restauran-habitat-del-lagartijo-del-seco-anolis-cooki-en-la-isla-de-cardona-y-cayo-ratones/ Restauran hábitat del lagartijo del seco Anolis cooki en la Isla de Cardona y Cayo Ratones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814173530/http://www.birdlife.org/community/2010/08/restauran-habitat-del-lagartijo-del-seco-anolis-cooki-en-la-isla-de-cardona-y-cayo-ratones/ |date=14 August 2011 }}. birdlife.org.</ref>

===Specific areas===
====New Zealand====
The first non-native species of rats introduced in New Zealand was ''Rattus norvegicus'', or the [[brown rat]], as ''R. norvegicus'' was currently the dominant rat in England. However, ''r. rattus'' became more common on ships in the mid-1800s, and black rats spread throughout New Zealand between the 1860s and 1880s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atkinson |first1=I.A.E. |year=1973 |title=Spread of the Ship Rat (''Rattus r. rattus'' L.) in New Zealand |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=457–472 |bibcode=1973JRSNZ...3..457A |doi=10.1080/03036758.1973.10421869 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Brown rats were soon replaced as the dominant species by black rats, possibly due to their more optimal foraging habits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Carolyn |last2=Miller |first2=Steven |date=2011 |title=Invasive European rats in Britain and New Zealand: Same species, different outcomes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230223984 |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=285 |issue=3 |pages=172–179 |bibcode=2011JZoo..285..172K |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00827.x}}</ref> Due to their common behaviour of stealing eggs from bird nests, ship rats have caused a number of native bird species in New Zealand to become extinct, most recently the [[bush wren]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Kerry |last2=Elliott |first2=Graeme |last3=Innes |first3=John |last4=Kemp |first4=Josh |title=Ship rat, stoat and possum control on mainland New Zealand: An overview of techniques, successes and challenges |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/conservation/threats-and-impacts/animal-pests/ship-rat-stoat-possum-control.pdf}}</ref> Since the 1980s, many successful rat eradications have been performed across New Zealand's islands of ''R. rattus'', ''R. norvegicus'', and ''R. exulans'', sometimes jointly, on islands such as [[Awaiti]] and [[Tawhitinui]].<ref name="FortyYears">{{cite journal |last1=Towns |first1=David R. |last2=Broome |first2=Keith G. |date=2003 |title=From small Maria to massive Campbell: Forty years of rat eradications from New Zealand islands |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03014223.2003.9518348 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=377–398 |doi=10.1080/03014223.2003.9518348|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, black rats continue to have a major presence on mainland New Zealand, and are at one of the highest risks for reinfestation out of all species of invasive rodents.{{r |FortyYears}}

=== Decline in population ===
Eradication projects have eliminated black rats from [[Lundy]] in the [[Bristol Channel]] (2006)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lock |first=J. |date=2006 |title=Eradication of brown rats ''Rattus norvegicus'' and black rats ''Rattus rattus'' to restore breeding seabird populations on Lundy Island, Devon, England |url=https://conservationevidencejournal.com/reference/pdf/2241 |volume=3 |journal=Conservation Evidence |pages=111–113}}</ref> and from the [[Shiant Islands]] in the [[Outer Hebrides]] (2016).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48358 |title=Island invasives: scaling up to meet the challenge |date=2019 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-1962-7 |editor-last1=Veitch |pages=138–146 |language=en |chapter=Scaling down (cliffs) to meet the challenge: the Shiants’ black rat eradication |doi=10.2305/iucn.ch.2019.ssc-op.62.en |hdl=1893/29131 |editor-last2=Clout |editor-first2=M.N. |editor-last3=Martin |editor-first3=A.R. |editor-last4=Russell |editor-first4=J.C. |editor-last5=West |editor-first5=C.J. |first=C.E. |last=Main |first2=E. |last2=Bell |first3=K. |last3=Floyd |first4=J. |last4=Tayton |first5=J. |last5=Ibbotson |first6=W. |last6=Whittington |first7=P.R. |last7=Taylor |first8=R. |last8=Reid |first9=K. |last9=Varnham |first10=T. |last10=Churchyard |first11=L. |last11=Bambini |first12=A. |last12=Douse |first13=T. |last13=Nicolson |first14=G. |last14=Campbell}}</ref> Populations probably survive on other islands (e.g. [[Inchcolm]]) and in localised areas of the British mainland.<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=31 December 2018 |title=Revealed: Historic Scottish island home to black rats |url=https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/revealed-historic-scottish-island-home-black-rats-2463871 |first=George |last=Mair}}</ref> Recent National Biodiversity Network data indicates very sparse populations around the U.K.,<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Rattus rattus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |department=NBN Atlas |url=https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000080213 |access-date=11 August 2016 |website=[[National Biodiversity Network]]}}</ref> and [[The Mammal Society]] has no records in the major port towns of Manchester, Liverpool or Glasgow for over 40 years,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black rat |url=https://mammal.org.uk/british-mammals/black-rat |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=[[The Mammal Society]]}}</ref> areas which were historically population strongholds.

==See also==
* [[Karni Mata Temple]], Deshnoke, [[Rajasthan]], India.
* [[Polynesian rat]]
* [[Urban plague]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[List of books and articles about rats]]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rattus rattus}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080430202159/http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/mammals/Rattus_rattus/ Photos and video] at ARKive

{{Murinae (Rattus)}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q106133}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rattus]]
[[Category:Rodents of Asia]]
[[Category:Rodents of Europe]]
[[Category:Mammals of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Stored-product pests]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Rodents of Borneo]]

Department of Women, Child Development and Social Security, Jharkhand

2026-03-22T22:14:31Z

Puranam: New Initial Data More To Come...

{{Short description|Department of Government of Jharkhand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Women, Child Development & Social Security
| native_name = महिला, बाल विकास एवं सामाजिक सुरक्षा विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Manoj Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/wcd}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department of Women, Child Development and Social Security''' is a government agency in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]], responsible for formulating and implementing policies and programs aimed at the welfare and empowerment of women, children, and marginalized communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-03 |title=50 lakh women to benefit from women assistance scheme of Jharkhand Govt |url=https://avenuemail.in/50-lakh-women-to-benefit-from-women-assistance-scheme-of-jharkhand-govt/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-07 |title=Maiya Samman Yojana: Rs 2,500 to be credited in only these women's accounts; check date and eligibility |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/maiya-samman-yojana-rs-2500-to-be-credited-in-only-these-womens-accounts-check-date-and-eligibility/articleshow/118783926.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ranjan |first1=Nitin |last2=Singh |first2=Yasha |title=Protection & Welfare - Jharkhand |url=https://insidejharkhand.org/protection-welfare |access-date=2 Oct 2025 |website=insidejharkhand.org |date=28 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-05 |title=Child marriage rate in Jharkhand registers dip, betters nat'l average: Govt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/child-marriage-rate-in-jharkhand-registers-dip-betters-natl-average-govt/articleshow/121630492.cms |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bungsut |first=Chhani |date=2025-01-27 |title=How Jharkhand is setting a precedent for universal social security in India: where there's a will… |url=https://www.developmentpathways.co.uk/blog/how-jharkhand-is-setting-a-precedent-for-universal-social-security-in-india-where-theres-a-will/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Development Pathways |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=State-Level conference on a Mission Vatsalya Scheme in Jharkhand held |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/state-level-conference-on----mission-vatsalya----scheme-in-jharkhand-held.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> The department operates under the [[Government of Jharkhand]] and plays a pivotal role in promoting social justice and inclusive development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official website of Women, Child Development and Social Security Department, GoJ |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/wcd |access-date=2 Oct 2025 |website=jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-16 |title=Smartphones fuel Jharkhand's Anganwadi revolution |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/smartphones-fuel-jharkhands-anganwadi-revolution-1503433660.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The department is headed by the Cabinet Minister of Women, Child Development & Social Security. Civil servants such as the Secretary are appointed to support the minister in managing the department and implementing its functions. Since December 2024, the minister for Department of Women, Child Development and Social Security is [[Hemant Soren]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's who - Women, Child Development & Social Security department |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=01f00daeed1418fb5cf6d8988d8a8fab |access-date=2 Oct 2025 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Purple Line (Pune Metro)

2026-03-19T17:12:28Z

Puranam: Added New Entry & Citations - done

{{Short description|Rapid transit line in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Line 1 (Purple Line)
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color = {{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| logo =
| logo_width = 100px
| logo_alt =
| image = Pune Metro train.png
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = Purple Line Metro Train
| type = [[Rapid Transit]]
| system = [[Pune Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Pune Metropolitan Region]]
| start = [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]]
| end = [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]]
| stations = 13 (Operational)
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| planopen = 
| open = {{Start date and age|2022|03|06|df=y}}
| yearcommenced = 
| yearcompleted = 
| close = 
| owner =
| operator = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|MahaMetro]]
| character = Elevated & Underground
| depot =
| stock = [[Titagarh Firema]]
| linelength = 16.59 km (Operational) 9.2 km (Under Construction)
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = 
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification =
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Pune Metro Purple Line Route}}
| map_name =
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Line 1 (Purple Line)''' of the [[Pune Metro]] is the first line of the city's mass transit network.<ref name="slideshare1">[http://www.slideshare.net/harshadoak/pune-metro-full-presentation pune-metro-full-presentation]. Slideshare.net (29 April 2010).</ref><ref name="TOI-1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140215082133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/pune/34126656_1_metro-rail-dmrc-report-pcmc Delhi Metro Rail Corporation to revise metro rail project report] ''The Times Of India'' (27 September 2012).</ref><ref name="TIE-1">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/college-of-agriculture-campus-a-green-lung-loses-119-acres-to-govt-projects-in-three-decades-5087489/|title=College of Agriculture campus, a green lung, loses 119 acres to govt projects in three decades|date=2018-03-06|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="HT-1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-maha-metro-work-progresses-on-fast-pace/story-Be9pGO4Q5MryBXpVmtgn7H.html|title=Pune Metro work hits top gear|date=2017-12-23|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-05-04|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MM-1">{{cite web |title=MahaMetro Project Update |url=http://punemetrorail.org/projectupdate.aspx |website=punemetrorail.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="TOI-2">{{cite news |title=MahaMetro lays tracks between PCMC and Sant Tukaramnagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/mahametro-lays-tracks-between-pcmc-sant-tukaramnagar/articleshow/70198873.cms |accessdate=20 July 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 July 2019}}</ref> It runs from [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation|PCMC Bhavan]] to [[Swargate]]. The {{convert|16.59|km|abbr=on}} line is elevated till Range Hills with 9 stations and further goes underground up to [[Swargate]] with 5 stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/mahametro-begins-ramp-work-to-link-elevated-underground-legs/articleshow/67999628.cms|title=MahaMetro begins ramp work to link elevated, underground legs|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metro-ramp-connecting-viaduct-to-underground-tunnel-completed/articleshow/85256292.cms|title=Pune: Metro ramp connecting viaduct to underground tunnel completed|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 August 2021 }}</ref>

== Planning ==
The line goes via [[Kasarwadi]] (Nashik Phata), [[Khadki]] and [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]].<ref name="slideshare1" /><ref name="TOI-1" /> The maintenance depot for the Purple Line is located near the Range Hills station on the land acquired from the [[College of Agriculture, Pune|College of Agriculture]].<ref name="TIE-1" /><ref name="HT-1" />

=== Initial Proposal ===
On 15 August 2008, the preparation of [[Detailed Project Report]] ([[Detailed Project Report|DPR]]) work was undertaken by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) and submitted their report.<ref>[http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/after-mumbai-pune-to-get-metro/1/185247.html After Mumbai, Pune to get Metro]. Businesstoday.intoday.in (8 June 2012).</ref> The DPR proposed two corridors, one of which included a line running from PCMC to Swargate. The line, which was referred to as Corridor 1 before being given the name "Purple" was proposed to span {{Cvt|16.589|km|}} of which {{Cvt|11.570|km|}} was elevated and {{Cvt|5.019|km|}} was underground.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://punemetrorail.org/download/PuneMetro-DPR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725043328/https://punemetrorail.org/download/PuneMetro-DPR.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-25 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.punemetrorail.org}}</ref> The DPR also proposed 15 stations of which 6 were underground and 9 were elevated.<ref name=":0" /> However, the DPR had to be modified and updated several times before it was finally sent to the state and central government. The DPR was finally approved by the [[Government of Maharashtra|State]] in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-17 |title=Alternate form of public transport is the only option for Pune {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-alternate-form-of-public-transport-is-the-only-option-for-pune-1789779 |access-date=2018-03-10 |work=dna |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-09 |title=Pune's Metro ride a distant dream {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-pune-s-metro-ride-a-distant-dream-1994339 |access-date=2018-03-10 |work=dna |language=en-US}}</ref> However, it received the final approval from the [[Government of India|Central Government]] only on 7 December 2016, almost 4.5 years later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-08 |title=Pune Metro plan gets green signal from Union cabinet |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/pune-metro-plan-gets-green-signal-from-union-cabinet-4416117/ |access-date=2018-03-10 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Bhakti Shakti Extension ===
In January 2018 PCMC leadership and local MLA's began demanding extension of the metro line from PCMC to Bhakti Shakti. Many civil groups soon started protesting for the extension. Following the increasing public demand PCMC allocated a portion of their budget to Maha Metro to prepare a DPR for the Bhakti Shakti extension. In October 2018, Maha Metro submitted the DPR to the PCMC Standing Committee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=PCMC panel approves Metro extension report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pcmc-panel-approves-metro-extension-report/articleshow/67050963.cms |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-10 |title=Pimpri-Nigdi metro line extension to cost Rs 1500 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pimpri-nigdi-metro-route-likely-to-cost-rs-1500-crores/story-FudexCS6NVVTNvRy7YSLuJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222015223/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pimpri-nigdi-metro-route-likely-to-cost-rs-1500-crores/story-FudexCS6NVVTNvRy7YSLuJ.html |archive-date=2024-12-22 |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=PCMC panel approves Metro extension DPR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pcmc-panel-approves-metro-extension-dpr/articleshow/67050966.cms |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The DPR proposed a {{Cvt|4.519|km|}} elevated extension with 4 stations and an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|1253|c}}. The State government then approved the extension in February 2021 and the extension received its final approval from the Central government on 23 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-23 |title=Centre approves Metro extension till Nigdi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/centre-approves-metro-extension-till-nigdi-101698084993794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102125133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/centre-approves-metro-extension-till-nigdi-101698084993794.html |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

In late 2023 to early 2024 Maha Metro awarded several tenders for the line. The detailed design consultancy was awarded LKT Engineering for {{INRConvert|1.11|c}} while the construction of {{Cvt|4.519|km|}} viaduct was awarded to RVNL for a cost of {{INRConvert|339.23|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=RVNL Wins Pune Metro Nigdi Extension’s Construction Contract C-01 |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/03/11/rvnl-wins-pune-metro-nigdi-extensions-construction-contract-c-01/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Pune Metro Nigdi Extension: LKT Awarded Design Consultant Contract DDC-01 |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/01/15/pune-metro-nigdi-extension-lkt-awarded-design-consultant-contract-ddc-01/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> Maha Metro later released tenders for the construction of the 4 stations, which is still under tendering process.

=== Katraj Extension ===
In January 2018 the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) approved Maha Metro to prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for extending the Purple Line from Swargate to Katraj.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-05 |title=PMC nod to prepare DPR for Swargate-Katraj Metro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pmc-nod-to-prepare-dpr-for-swargate-katraj-metro/articleshow/62372910.cms |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The DPR was later submitted to the PMC in January 2020. The DPR proposed a {{Cvt|5.464|km|}} extensions with 3 stations costing a total of {{INRConvert|4283.72|c}}. Later on 17 March 2020, the extension was approved by PMC's standing committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Neha |date=2020-03-19 |title=Pune Municipal Corporation Approves Metro Extension From Swargate-Katraj - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/pune-municipal-corporation-approves-metro-extension-from-swargate-katraj/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=metrorailnews.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The DPR was then forwarded to the general committee who approved the extension in March 2021, who then forwarded it to the state government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=PMC Approves Pune Metro's Swargate - Katraj Extension |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/03/20/pmc-approves-pune-metros-swargate-katraj-extension/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> The state government then approved the extension in April 2022 and it received its final approval from the central government on 16 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Pune Metro Update: Swargate to Katraj underground metro extension approved by Central government – Details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-pune-metro-update-swargate-to-katraj-underground-metro-extension-approved-by-central-government-details-inside-3585031/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Pune’s Swargate to Katraj metro rail route gets union government approval |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/nigdi-to-katraj-in-50-minutes-centre-approves-pune-metro-extension-from-swargate-to-katraj-9518281/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> was approved by the [[Government of Maharashtra|State]] in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-17 |title=Alternate form of public transport is the only option for Pune {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-alternate-form-of-public-transport-is-the-only-option-for-pune-1789779 |access-date=2018-03-10 |work=dna |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-09 |title=Pune's Metro ride a distant dream {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-pune-s-metro-ride-a-distant-dream-1994339 |access-date=2018-03-10 |work=dna |language=en-US}}</ref> However, it received the final approval from the [[Government of India|Central Government]] only on 7 December 2016,

However, following public consultations, there was significant backlash regarding the long distance between the stations. To address this concern, two additional stations—Balaji Nagar and Bibwewadi—were proposed..<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-26 |title=Additional stations planned on Swargate-Katraj metro corridor to delay project |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/additional-stations-planned-on-swargate-katraj-metro-corridor-to-delay-project-101740506044361.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226060819/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/additional-stations-planned-on-swargate-katraj-metro-corridor-to-delay-project-101740506044361.html |archive-date=2025-02-26 |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Additional stations proposed on Swargate-Katraj metro route in Pune: Urban Affairs Minister Madhuri Misal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/additional-stations-swargate-katraj-pune-metro-route-madhuri-misal-9789396/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The revised proposal would increase the cost by {{INRConvert|683|c}}. The state government later announced it would take the financial burden of funding the two additional stations. Mahametro later revised the tender to include the construction of two additional stations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=Maha-Metro issues revised tender for Swargate-Katraj metro extension, Maha to fund two additional stations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/mahametro-issues-revised-tender-for-swargate-katraj-metro-extension-maha-to-fund-two-additional-stations-101744568967922.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414074726/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/mahametro-issues-revised-tender-for-swargate-katraj-metro-extension-maha-to-fund-two-additional-stations-101744568967922.html |archive-date=2025-04-14 |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-19 |title=Two addl proposed stations on Swargate-Katraj Metro route to up project cost by 683cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/two-addl-proposed-stations-on-swargate-katraj-metro-route-to-up-project-cost-by-683cr/articleshow/118365984.cms |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Construction ==
Soil testing and topographical surveys of the concerned areas started in late December 2016. Excavation work for erection of pillars began in early June, 2017. The construction of the first pillar was completed by October 2017 and construction work of up to ten pillars was underway. The first viaduct was completely erected by January 2018.<ref name="MM-1" /> The first batch of tracks were laid between PCMC and [[Sant Tukaram Nagar]] in the second week of July 2019.<ref name="TOI-2" />

==List of stations==
Following is a list of stations on this route:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}};" colspan="6" | Purple Line
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
!1
|Bhakti Shakti
|भक्ती शक्ती
|Under Construction
|[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
|Elevated
|-
!2
|Nigdi
|निगडी
|Under Construction
|[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
|Elevated
|-
!3
|Akurdi
|आकुर्डी
|Under Construction
|[[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Akurdi railway station|Akurdi]]
[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
|Elevated
|-
!4
|Chinchwad
|चिंचवड
|Under Construction
|[[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Chinchwad railway station|Chinchwad]]
[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
|Elevated
|-
!5
|{{stl|Pune Metro|PCMC Bhavan}}
|पिंपरी-चिंचवड महानगरपालिका भवन
|6 March 2022
|[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
|Elevated
|-
!6
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Sant Tukaram Nagar}}
|संत तुकाराम नगर
|6 March 2022
|[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
{{rint|bus}} Vallabhnagar MSRTC Bus Station
|Elevated
|-
!7
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Nashik Phata}}
|नाशिक फाटा
|6 March 2022
|[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
|Elevated
|-
!8
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Kasarwadi}}
|कासारवाडी
|6 March 2022
|[[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Kasarwadi railway station|Kasarwadi]]
[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
|Elevated
|-
!9
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Phugewadi}}
|फुगेवाडी
|6 March 2022
|[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
|Elevated
|-
!10
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Dapodi}}
|दापोडी
|1 August 2023
|[[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Dapodi railway station|Dapodi]]
[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
|Elevated
|-
!11
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Bopodi}}
|बोपोडी
|1 August 2023
|None
|Elevated
|-
!12
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Khadki}}
|खडकी
|21 June 2025
|[[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Khadki railway station|Khadki]]
|Elevated
|-
!13
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Range Hills}}
|रेंज हिल्स
|Under Construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
!14
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Shivaji Nagar}}
|शिवाजी नगर
|1 August 2023
|[[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Pune_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Shivaji Nagar railway station|Shivaji Nagar]]
{{rint|bus}} Shivaji Nagar MSRTC Bus Station &{{rcb|Pune Metro|pink|croute}} (Under Construction)
|Underground
|-
!15
|{{stl|Pune Metro|District Court Pune}}
|जिल्हा न्यायालय पुणे
|1 August 2023
|{{rcb|Pune Metro|aqua|croute}} & {{rcb|Pune Metro|pink|croute}} (Under Construction)
|Underground
|-
!16
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Kasba Peth}}
|कसबा पेठ
|29 September 2024
|None
|Underground
|-
!17
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Mahatma Phule Mandai}}
|महात्मा फुले मंदाई
|29 September 2024
|None
|Underground
|-
!18
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Swargate}}
|स्वारगेट
|29 September 2024
|[[File:Rainbow_BRTS.png|link=Rainbow_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System|24x24px]] [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Rainbow BRTS]]
{{rint|bus}} [[Swargate Bus Station]] & Line 4
|Underground
|-
!19
|Market Yard
|मार्केट यार्ड
|Approved
|None
|Underground
|-
!20
|Bibwewadi
|बिबवेवाडी
|Approved
|None
|Underground
|-
!21
|Padmavati
|पद्मावती
|Approved
|None
|Underground
|-
!22
|Balaji Nagar
|बालाजी नगर
|Approved
|None
|Underground
|-
!23
|Katraj
|कात्रज
|Approved
|None
|Underground
|}

==Infrastructure==
=== Signalling ===
The Purple Line utilises the [[Alstom]] Urbalis 400 [[communications-based train control]] (CBTC) signalling system. Alstom was awarded a EUR90 million contract to supply the signalling and telecommunications systems for the Purple and [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]]s, as well as [[Mumbai Metro]] [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 2]] and [[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 7]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-01 |title=Alstom to provide state-of-the-art signalling system for Mumbai Metro and Pune Metro |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-alstom-to-provide-state-of-the-art-signalling-system-for-mumbai-metro-and-pune-metro-1534359/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
On 21 October around 12AM, a fire struck at Mandai metro station. Located in the heart of the vegetable market in Pune. Fire Brigade reached the station and reported that the fire was caused by the Welding works at the station. No casualties were reported as no trains were running during the morning hours.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Pune Metro}}

[[Category:Pune Metro lines]]

Puri–Durg Express

2026-03-18T14:34:51Z

Puranam:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Puri–Durg Express
| image = Puri–Durg_Express.webp
| image_width = 300
| caption = Puri–Durg Express At [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack Junction]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Chhattisgarh]] & [[Odisha]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2006}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Durg}} (DURG)
| stops = 27
| end = {{stnlnk|Puri}} (PURI)
| distance = {{convert|797|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18425 / 18426
| speed = {{convert|48|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18425 / 18426 '''Puri–Durg Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Durg Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Puri}} in India. It is currently being operated with 18425/18426 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://irctcnewsgroup.in/2016/11/05/temporary-diversion-of-trains-for-safety-related-modernisation-work-between-talcher-and-talcher-south-bolanda/ TEMPORARY DIVERSION OF TRAINS FOR SAFETY RELATED MODERNISATION WORK BETWEEN TALCHER AND TALCHER SOUTH BOLANDA]</ref><ref>[http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2266&did=147547185231634F102EF1395946E8F331C7201C2B332.web91 NEW TRAIN TIME TABLE TO BE EFFECTIVE FROM 1ST OCTOBER’2016: CHANGES IN THE TIMINGS OF 44 TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/new-train-time-table-from-oct-1-168158/ "New train time table from Oct 1"]</ref> This train was introduced as Bhubaneswar–Raipur express in 2006. In 2010 it was extended to Puri and Durg.

== Service==

*The 18425/Puri–Durg Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 797 km in 17h 10m.
*The 18426/Durg–Puri Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 797 km in 17h.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Puri}}
* {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}
* {{stnlnk|Cuttack}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhenkanal}}
* {{stnlnk|Meramandali}}
* {{stnlnk|Talcher}}
*
* {{stnlnk|Angul}}
* {{stnlnk|Sambalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bargarh Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Balangir}}
* {{stnlnk|Titlagarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kantabanji}}
* {{stnlnk|Mahasamund}}
* {{stnlnk|Raipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Durg Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 1 First AC
* 2 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 5 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Durg to Puri.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 2 times:

* {{stnlnk|Titlagarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Talcher}}

== See also ==

* [[Durg Junction railway station]]
* [[Puri railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1313 18425/Puri - Durg Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/198 18426/Durg - Puri Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri-Durg Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Durg]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Nidamanuru, Vijayawada

2026-03-12T06:59:10Z

Puranam:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nidamanuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = File:Nidamanuru board.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = AH-45 in Nidamanuru
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.5066|N|80.7222|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Vijayawada Rural mandal]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 21
| population_total = 10375
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521104
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-866
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type5 = [[City]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Metropolitan Area]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Vijayawada]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]
}}

'''Nidamanuru''' is a major residential area of [[Vijayawada Rural mandal|Vijayawada Rural]] mandal in [[NTR district|NTR]] district<ref>{{cite web |title=NTR District - Mandal wise villages |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/}}</ref> of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of major neighborhoods of Vijayawada. It is part of Greater Vijayawada and Vijayawada Metropolitan Area

== Geography ==
The [[Ryves Canal]] that originates from the Krishna river flows through the Nidamanur and is the main source of irrigation and drinking.It is bordered by Enikepadu in East, Gudavalli to the west, Poranki to the South nd Mustabad to North<ref>{{cite web|title=Many bridges in Vijayawada need immediate attention|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/many-bridges-in-vijayawada-need-immediate-attention/article5455327.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Canal bunds hot beds for growth of slums spotlight|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1897395.ecev|accessdate=28 March 2017|work=The Hindu|date=23 August 2007}}</ref>

== Transport ==
State runs APSRTC bus services from Bus stand to Nidamanuru. It lies on [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NH-16 Strewn with Garbage, CM Reproaches Civic Officials|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/NH-16-Strewn-with-Garbage-CM-Reproaches-Civic-Officials/2016/02/13/article3274779.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214082849/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/NH-16-Strewn-with-Garbage-CM-Reproaches-Civic-Officials/2016/02/13/article3274779.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2016|accessdate=6 June 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=13 February 2016}}</ref> [[Nidamanuru railway station]] serves with rail services. Nearest airport is Vijayawada international airport ( Gannavaram) which is 9KM away.

[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] City Bus Routes from Nidamanuru

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Route Number
!Start
!End
!Via
|-
|11
|Nidamanuru
|Milk Project
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Ring, ESI, Gunadala Vanthena, Gunadala Church, Padavalarevu, Anjaneya Swamy Temple, SRR, Maruthi, Kothavantena, Vijayatalkies, Besent Road, Lenine Center, Challapalli Bungalow, Bus Stand, KR Market, Milk Project
|-
|144
|Nidamanuru
|Kondapalli
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Post Office Bus stop, Pnbs, Kondapalli
|-
|26H
|Nidamanuru
|Hb Colony
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Igmc Stadium, Bandar Locks Bus Stop, Pnbs, KR Market Bus Stop, Hb Colony
|-
|29
|Nidamanuru
|Kaleswararao Market
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Railway Station, Kaleswararao Market
|-
|31
|Nidamanuru
|Milk Project
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Igmc Stadium, Bandar Locks Bus Stop, Old Bus Stand, Pnbs, KR Market Bus Stop, Milk Project
|-
|31H
|Nidamanuru
|Hb Colony
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Igmc Stadium, Bandar Locks Bus Stop, Old Bus Stand, Pnbs, KR Market Bus Stop, Hb Colony
|-
|41v
|Nidamanuru
|Vombay Colony
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Raghavaiah park, Cherllapalli Bunglow, Ajithsingh Nagar, Vombay Colony
|-
|5
|Nidamanuru
|Kabela
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Ramesh Hospital Stop, Pushpa Hotel, Besent Road, Nakkal Road, Old Bus Stand, Bus Stand, Tummalapalli Kalkshetram, KR Market Bus Stop, Kabela
|-
|5SG
|Nidamanuru
|Railway Station
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Ramesh Hospital Stop, Pushpa Hotel, Besent Road, Nakkal Road, Old Bus Stand, Railway Station
|-
|54
|Nidamanuru
|Railway Stn
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Ramesh Hospital Stop, Vinayak Theatre, Maruthi Nagar, Vijaya Talkies, Railway Stn
|-
|5G
|Nidamanuru
|Kaleswararao Market
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Ramesh Hospital Stop, Pushpa Hotel, Besent Road, Nakkal Road, Old Bus Stand, Bus Stand, Tummalapalli Kalkshetram, KR Market Bus Stop, Kaleswararao Market
|-
|7A
|Nidamanuru
|Kaleswararao Market
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Igmc Stadium, Bandar Locks Bus Stop, Kaleswararao Market
|-
|7R
|Nidamanuru
|Milk Project
|Nidamanuru, Ramavarappadu, Benz Circle, Igmc Stadium, Bandar Locks Bus Stop, Old Bus Stand, Pnbs, KR Market Bus Stop, Milk Project
|}

== Education ==

[[School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada|School of Planning and Architecture]] was established by [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada|url=http://www.spav.ac.in/about|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908015800/http://www.spav.ac.in/about|archivedate=2014-09-08}}</ref> ZPHS Nidamanuru was one of the best govt schools in AP. It caters to the Enikepadu, Gudavalli etc. The school has 75yr old history to it. The literacy percentage of this town 95%. Currently Nidamanuru has couple of Intermediate pvt colleges like Narayana and Chaitanya. The town is very close to the engineering colleges like Siddhartha Engineering, PVP Siddhartha institute of technology, and SRK institute of technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=SRK institute of technology, Vijayawada|url=http://srkit.in|df=}}</ref> Nidamanuru has Delhi public school available for the CBSE.<ref> {{cite web|title=Delhi public school, Vijayawada|url=http://www.dpsvijayawada.org/Home.aspx|df=}}</ref> Reputed institutes like KKR Gowtham international school available for the residential schooling<ref> {{cite web|title=KKR school, Vijayawada|url=http://www.kkrgowtham.com/|df=}}</ref>
== Industries ==

Nidamanuru has Model Dairy ( Dairy products),<ref> {{cite web|title=Model dairy, Vijayawada|url=http://www.modeldairy.co.in/|df=}}</ref> Model steels (currently closed)( Steel products),<ref> {{cite web|title=Model steels, Vijayawada|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/12/20/stories/2002122001831000.htm|df=}}</ref> Incap ( capacitors limited) <ref> {{cite web|title=Incap, Nidamanuru|url=http://incaplimited.in/|df=}}</ref>

Ashok Leyland, Vijayawada, and Pratap industries ( Steel and engineering products).<ref> {{cite web|title=Pratap industries, Vijayawada|url=http://www.prathapindustries.com/|df=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Nidamanuru}}

{{Vijayawada topics}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Vijayawada]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Meghar Singh Sakarwar

2026-03-07T06:19:21Z

Puranam: New Bio!

{{Short description| Indian Independence Activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= April 2022}}

'''Meghar Singh Sakarwar''' or Meghar Singh (c. 1820-1860) was a [[zamindar]] from [[Gahmar]] village in [[Ghazipur]] district of present day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. He participated in the rebellion of 1857 against [[East India Company]] supporting the rebel soldiers under [[Babu Amar Singh]].<ref name="Downs2002">{{cite journal |title=Rural Insurgency During the Indian Revolt of 1857-59: Meghar Singh and the Uprising of the Sakarwars |author=Troy Downs |journal=South Asia Research |volume=22 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=123–143 |doi=10.1177/026272800202200202 |s2cid=145242596}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://vpd.ca/news/2025/03/14/vpd-drug-trafficking-investigation-leads-to-arrest-and-charges/ |title=VPD drug trafficking investigation leads to arrest and charges |date=14 March 2025 |access-date=2025-04-27}}</ref><ref name="Guha 1999 118, 238, 323–326">{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ranajit|title= Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=1999|pages= 118, 238, 323–326|isbn=0822323486 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y5SrnXC-HNcC&q=ranajit+guha+elementary+aspects+of+peasant+insurgency |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Rudrangshu|title= Awadh in Revolt, 1857-1858: A Study of Popular Resistance|pages= xiv|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TiWNAvhoLkkC&dq=meghar+singh+1857&pg=PR14|publisher= [[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2002|isbn=9788178240275 |language=English}}</ref>

==Role in the 1857 rebellion==
On 6 June 1858, Amar Singh and his troops of 2000 sepoys and 500 ''sowars'' arrived in the village of [[Gahmar]] in [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]] which is situated near the border with Bihar.<ref name="Downs2002" /> The Sakarwar[[Rajput]] rebels from this particular region under the leadership of Meghar Singh, wanted assistance from Amar Singh and a letter for alliance was sent from the village requesting his help. Amar Singh accepted this letter of request.<ref name="Downs2002" /> In return, Meghar Singh personally rewarded Babu Amar Singh with a ''nazrana'' or gift worth Rs 20,000. They exchanged supplies including arms aid and Amar Singh left from Gahmar village on 10 June 1858. One of the reasons for this alliance were the old marital ties shared between the Sakarwar Rajputs and the [[Ujjainiya|Ujjainiya Rajputs]].<ref name="Downs2002" /> Throughout the rest of the summer of 1858, the rebels kept on adding to its size by including more deserters from army sepoys. They kept the British troops engaged in six parganas of Ghazipur and neighbouring regions along the Ganges and Karamnasa rivers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ranajit|title= Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|pages=323–326|isbn=978-0-19-566050-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2WGPwAACAAJ|language=English}}</ref>

==Death ==
By the end of December 1858, rebel forces had faced disintegration under continuous military action against them by British troops. Meghar Singh along with his followers escaped to Nepal but the local rulers didn't gave them refuge. In late 1860, he was arrested and after a trial in court at Benares district was executed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rizvi|first= Saiyid Athar Abbas|title= Freedom Struggle in Uttar Pradesh: Eastern and adjoining districts. 1857-59|year=1957|pages=280–283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uSG2O3CfIcC&q=meghar+singh+1857|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of Calcutta Society|year= 1970|pages=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ANDAAAAYAAJ&q=meghar+singh+1857|language=English}}</ref><ref name="Guha 1999 118, 238, 323–326"/>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:19th-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1820s births]]
[[Category:1860 deaths]]

Elizabeth Ekadashi

2026-03-04T09:46:44Z

Puranam: slightly refine page for consistency further and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Elizabeth Ekadashi
| image = Elizabeth Ekadashi Film Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Paresh Mokashi]]
| producer = Nittin Keni Nikhil Sane Madhugandha Kulkarni<ref name="times"/>
| screenplay = Paresh Mokashi
| story = [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]]
| starring = Shrirang Mahajan Sayali Bhandarkavathekar Pushkar Lonarkar [[Nandita Patkar]] Vanmala Kinikar
| music = [[Anand Modak]]
| cinematography = [[Amol Gole]]
| editing = Abhijeet Deshpande
| studio = Essel Vision Mayasabha productions<ref name="times"/>
| distributor = Essel Vision
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|14}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{INRConvert |1.5|C }}
| gross = {{INRConvert |7|C }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/heres-why-marathi-cinema-is-doing-better-than-bollywood/16111160|title=Here's why Marathi cinema is doing better than Bollywood|date=3 April 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''Elizabeth Ekadashi''' is a 2014 Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] directed by [[Paresh Mokashi]]<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Elizabeth Ekadashi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/previews/Elizabeth-Ekadashi/articleshow/45136458.cms |accessdate=14 November 2014 |publisher=Times of India |date=13 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harishchandrachi Factory director announces his next |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Harishchandrachi-Factory-director-announces-his-next/articleshow/44483095.cms |accessdate=21 October 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=6 October 2014}}</ref> and written by Madhugandha Kulkarni. The film, which tells the tale of a child and his set of friends living in [[Pandharpur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Harishchandrachi... director's next, the opening film at IFFI 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Harishchandrachi-directors-next-the-opening-film-at-IFFI-2014/articleshow/44885958.cms |accessdate=21 October 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2014}}</ref> was selected as the opening film of the Indian Panorama section at the [[International Film Festival of India]], 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Films in Indian Panorama for this year's IFFI announced |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-18/news/55172905_1_marathi-film-indian-panorama-international-film-festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020154605/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-18/news/55172905_1_marathi-film-indian-panorama-international-film-festival |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2014 |accessdate=21 October 2014 |agency=PTI |publisher=The Economic Times |date=18 October 2014}}</ref> The film had its national release on 14 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elizabeth Ekadashi is a Treat for Children |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Elizabeth-Ekadashi-is-a-treat-for-children/articleshow/45070781.cms |accessdate=13 Nov 2014 |publisher=Times of India |date=18 October 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dnyanesh and Mukta are siblings who live in the pilgrim town of Pandharpur, Maharashtra with their mother and grandmother. The title's eponymous 'Elizabeth' is a bicycle that is gifted to the talented Dnyanesh by his father. It is revealed in the film that the bicycle is named 'Elizabeth' and the meaning of the word is translated into Marathi as ''Tikau''(Durable) considering the fact that the [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] lived a long life.

Following his father's death, Dnyanesh desires to support his mother financially by setting up a shop. His mother, however, urges him to concentrate on his studies rather than business. The family lives in dire financial conditions and on the eve of the holy day of [[Shayani Ekadashi|Ashadhi Ekadashi]], financial necessity forces Dnyanesh's mother to sell Elizabeth to a pawn-shark.

The film follows Dnyanesh and his friends' efforts to recover Elizabeth. They together set up a stall of bangles on their "Elizabeth" the bicycle all by themselves, unknown to their mother and earn profits enough to repay their loans and in a bid to save Elizabeth from being sold to someone else. In the end, a crisis occurs but all thanks to [[Vithoba|Vitthal Mauli]] and his blessings, the matter is solved and the financial condition gets better. <ref>{{cite news |title=Elizabeth Ekadashi is a treat for children |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Elizabeth-Ekadashi-is-a-treat-for-children/articleshow/45070781.cms |accessdate=14 November 2014 |publisher=Times of India |date=7 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Film Reviews: A film for the occasion |url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/marathi-reviews/Film-Reviews-A-film-for-the-occasion/articleshow/45138286.cms |accessdate=14 November 2014 |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=14 November 2014}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Shrirang Mahajan as Dnyanesh<ref name="times"/>
* Sayali Bhandarkavathekar as Mukta<ref name="times"/>
* Pushkar Lonarkar <ref name="times"/>
* [[Nandita Patkar]]<ref name="times"/>
* Vanmala Kinikar<ref name="times"/>
* Chaitanya Badve
* Durgesh Badve-Mahajan
* Chaitanya Kulkarni
* Ashwini Bhalekar
* Dhananjay (Prasad) Godbole
* Anil Kamble
* Aniruddha Prasad Kulkarni

==Music==

One of the songs featured in the film, "Dagad dagad", was composed by the music director [[Anand Modak]]<ref name="times"/> and sung by Sharayu Date.

==Release==
The film was released on [[Children's Day (India)|India's Children's Day]], following which it was well received across Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elizabeth Ekadashi works its magic with the box office and critics... |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-elizabeth-ekadashi-works-its-magic-with-the-box-office-and-critics-2035479 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=DNA |date=16 November 2014}}</ref>

==Accolades==
* [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]]<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press release |title=62nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |date=24 March 2015 |accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref>
* Government of Maharashtra Sant Tukaram Best International Marathi Film Award, [[Pune International Film Festival]] 2015
* Best Film at Zee Chitragaurav Awards 2015

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{National Film Award Best Children's Film}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4203824}}
* {{Facebook|ElizabethEkadashi}}
* {{Twitter}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Best Children's Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Paresh Mokashi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Modak]]

Mani Rathnam (film)

2026-03-03T04:54:47Z

Puranam: New New Data!

{{Short description|1994 Tamil-language film by K. Jayabalan}}{{Not to be confused with|Mani Ratnam}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mani Rathnam (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. Jayabalan
| writer = K. Jayabalan
| producer = A. Suresh
| starring = {{ubl|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Anand Babu]]|Mohana|[[Chandni (Bollywood actress)|Chandni]]}}
| cinematography = K. Hanumaan
| editing = M. Thirunavukarasu
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| studio = Trax Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|11|02}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mani Rathnam''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by K. Jayabalan. The film stars [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Anand Babu]], Mohana and newcomer Chandini, with [[Vadivelu]], [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]], Jafar Azad and Vittal Prasad playing supporting roles. It was released on 2 November 1994. The film failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manirathnam ( 1994 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1805 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040618014849/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1805 |archive-date=2004-06-18 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=1996-01-09 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719063625/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rathnam is a potter in his village and he is a short-tempered person. He has a sister Kavitha studying in the city. Rathnam finally marries his relative Thangamani who has been in love with Rathnam since her childhood.

Sivalingam is a wealthy and wicked man in his village, his son Nadarajan is mentally ill. Sivalingam wants absolutely to build a factory in the village. Sivalingam already bought all the lands he needed in his village, he needs only one land : Rathnam's land which is near the temple. Rathnam refuses : he does not want to see the village temple being demolished by Sivalingam. When Sivalingam sends his henchmen to demolish the temple, Rathnam intervenes and beats them all. In the meantime, Kavitha and Mani fall in love with each other in the city. Actually, Nadarajan is in love with Kavitha since school days and Sivalingam asks Thangamani to marry his mentally ill son to Kavitha but Thangamani rejects and insults him.

Later, Rathnam picked his sister up at the railway station, and at their return to home, they see Thangamani hanged. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Rathnam
*[[Anand Babu]] as Mani
*Mohana as Kavitha
*Chandini as Thangamani
*[[Vadivelu]] as Chappani/Chappani Samiyar
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Nadarajan
*Jafar Azad as Sivalingam
*Vittal Prasad as Kanakku
*[[Loose Mohan]]
*K. K. Soundar as Thangam's father
*Raja as Raja
*Thillai Rajan
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as wine shop customer
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as wine shop customer
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[Vichithra]]
*Anuja
*Thayir Vadai Desigan as Armstrong, wine shop customer
*Premi as Thangam's mother
*[[Pasi Sathya]]
*Ramya
*[[Kovai Senthil]] as conductor
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]]
*Marthandan as Chinna Thambi
*[[Dhamu]] (uncredited role)
*[[Vaiyapuri]] (uncredited role)
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Sirpy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam Colony / Mani Ratnam Tamil Audio CDs By Ilaiyaraaja – Sirpy |url=https://www.vintageav.shop/product/vietnam-colony-mani-ratnam-tamil-audio-cds-by-ilaiyaraaja-sirpy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226134507/https://www.vintageav.shop/product/vietnam-colony-mani-ratnam-tamil-audio-cds-by-ilaiyaraaja-sirpy/ |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Vintage AV}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Adi Aatti" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[Malgudi Subha]] || Thamizhmani || 4:31
|-
| "Kadhal Illaathathu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || rowspan=2|[[Vairamuthu]] || 4:40
|-
| "Oh Rasa" || Malgudi Subha || 4:16
|-
| "Dingu Dakka" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Vinoth || Ravi || 5:29
|-
| "Neerodai Thaalampottu" || [[Arunmozhi]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || Neeraja || 4:30
|-
| "Kuzhanthaikku Pasiyeduthal" || [[Arunmozhi]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || 5:03
|}

== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a positive review and called the film "fairly engaging".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1994-11-11 |title=Furious Obsession |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19941111&printsec=frontpage |access-date=2016-10-10 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 drama films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hathai Kotor (Baramura)

2026-03-02T04:27:09Z

Puranam: Put Up.

{{Short description|Hill range in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Hathai Kotor
| other_name = Hachuk
| etymology =
| native_name =
| translation =
| pronunciation =
| photo =
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption =
| map =
| map_image =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| location = [[West Tripura]], [[Khowai]], [[Gomati district|Gomati]]
| label =
| label_position =
| elevation =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ft =
| prominence_ref =
| isolation =
| isolation_km =
| isolation_mi =
| isolation_ref =
| parent_peak = Hachuk Berem (Atharamura)
| listing =
| range =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|48|30|N|91|33|30|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| state = [[Tripura]]
| geology =
| volcanic_arc =
| volcanic_belt =
| volcanic_field =
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
| normal_route =
| access =
| child =
| embedded =
}}
'''Hathai Kotor''', formerly known as '''Baramura''', is a hill range centrally located in the state of [[Tripura]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Chandan |title=Tripura plans to woo tourists with Hornbill Fest in Baramura park |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/tripura/2020/02/08/tripura-plans-to-woo-tourists-with-hornbill-fest-in-baramura-park |publisher=East Mojo |date=8 February 2020 |accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |date=January 19, 2020 |title=Tripura: On Kokborok Day, CM Biplab Deb renames Baramura Hill range |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-on-kokborok-day-cm-biplab-deb-renames-baramura-hill-range-6224822/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=March 24, 2025}}</ref>

Hathai Kotor is also known for its great [[hornbill]] birds and holds [[Hornbill Festival]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |date=9 February 2020 |title=After Nagaland, Tripura holds Hornbill Festival to boost eco-tourism |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/after-nagaland-tripura-holds-hornbill-festival-to-boost-eco-tourism-6258583/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref>

The 8 National Highway (Assam-Agartala road) crosses through the Baramura hill range.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barmura Eco Park |url=https://khowai.nic.in/tourist-place/barmura-eco-park/ |publisher=Govt. of Tripura |accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref>

Baramura has a gas thermal and power plant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatt |first1=S. C. |last2=Bhargava |first2=Gopal K |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes) |date=2006 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7835-382-2 |page=112 |edition=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCeQfWe6Am4C&dq=baramura+far+away+from+agartala&pg=PA112 |accessdate=26 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Hathai Kotor which is in Kokborok language translates to ''Big Mountains.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Tanmoy |title=Kokborok name for Baramura |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/kokborok-name-for-baramura/cid/1737205 |url-status=live |work=The Telegraph India}}</ref> This name was given by the Tiprasa people who lived in the hill range and also in the foothills that encompassed the present three Districts of West Tripura, Khowai, and Gomati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debbarma |first=Rocky |date=2021-09-09 |title=Erasing Indigenous Names Of Places Is An Affront To Their History And Identity |url=https://www.adivasilivesmatter.com/post/erasing-indigenous-names-of-places-is-an-affront-to-their-history-and-identity |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Adivasi Lives Matter |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Multiple rivers originate from this hill range, namely the [[Saidra]] and [[Sumli]] river that flow to [[Bangladesh|Bangladesh.]]

== Ecology ==
The '''Hathai Kotor Reserve Forest''', situated within the administrative jurisdiction of '''Khowai district''', is among the largest forest tracts in the state of Tripura.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Debbarma |first=Jaba |last2=Deb |first2=Dipankar |last3=Deb |first3=Sourabh |date=2016-01-02 |title=Tree diversity and sociocultural significance of homegardens in the Baramura range, Tripura, North-east India |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14728028.2015.1076357 |journal=Forests, Trees and Livelihoods |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1080/14728028.2015.1076357 |issn=1472-8028|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Park==
Hathai Kotor Eco-Park is an eco park 40 kilometres from [[Agartala]], the capital of Tripura.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Uttara |date=11 January 2024 |title=This little state tucked inside north-eastern India is as mesmerizing as the famous singer-composer born here, Sachin Dev Burman |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/places-of-interest/15-popular-attractions-of-tripura |magazine=Outlook |accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mountains of Tripura]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Maraimalai Nagar

2026-02-21T22:49:15Z

Puranam: add intro further

{{refimprove|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maraimalai Nagar, Chennai
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ford India Plant, Maraimalai Nagar.
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.785185|N|80.025601|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chengalpattu taluk|Chengalpattu]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = |
| governing_body = [[Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 58.08
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 81872
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 603209
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91(044)
| registration_plate = TN-19
| website = {{URL|http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Maraimalainagar/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Maraimalai Nagar''' is a municipality town in [[South Chennai]] at [[Chengalpattu district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maraimalai Nagar {{!}} Locality {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Maraimalai-Nagar/Locality |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref> Lying in the southern part of the [[Chennai metropolitan area]], it is a satellite town of [[Chennai]], the state capital, around 50 km from Downtown Chennai ([[Egmore]]) and about 15 km from [[Vandalur]]. It was developed by the [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]] in 1980. Many heavy industries are located in Maraimalai Nagar. The [[Ford India]] and [[BMW]] car factories are located within a mile from Maraimalai Nagar and the Indian software giant [[Infosys]] also has an office within eight kilometers of Maraimalai Nagar. [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM University]] has its main campus in the neighboring [[Potheri]]. As of 2011, Maraimalai Nagar had a population of 81,872.

The neighbourhood is served by the [[Maraimalai Nagar railway station]] of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]].

'''Maraimalai Nagar''' is a well developed [[municipality]], and has a great network of [[roads]] and [[drainage]]. The way the town gets water is through pipelines which connects the river [[Palar]].

==Local administration==
Maraimalai Nagar Municipality comprises [[Kattankulathur]], [[Potheri]], [[Thailavaram]], [[Vallanchery]], [[Thirukatchur]], [[Kalivandhapattu]], [[Kadambur]], [[Koodalur]] and [[Peramanur]] villages and was constituted as Third grade Municipality in 2004. In 2010, it is upgraded as Special Grade Municipality. The town is divided into 21 wards. The extent of Municipal Area is 58.08 km2. Maraimalai Nagar is also very near to Oragadam - a new investment destination near Chennai.

Maraimalai Nagar is one of the industrial hub in [[South Chennai]], Chengalpattu District. Maraimalai Nagar Satellite Town was developed by [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]] and it is located in the south direction at a distance of 45 km from Chennai City Centre. It is located 15 km north from [[Chengalpattu]], the district headquarters. It is situated at 12'41'30" latitude and 74'58'00" longitude and 28 m elevated from the [[mean sea level]].

Maraimalai Nagar has the location advantage in terms of transportation net work. The town is well connected by rail and road, Chennai–[[Dindigul]] National Highway No.45 passes through the Town. Chennai-[[Trichy]] Broad-gauge railway lines passes through the town.

==Transport==

Maraimalai Nagar has a railway station, bus stand, upgraded primary health care, telephone exchange, electricity office, post office, police station and higher secondary schools. The suburb is close to SRM University and its group of institutions (Valliammai Engineering College, SRM School of Management, SRM Medical College, SRM Hospital, Valliammai Polytechnic, SRM Polytechnic, SRM Institute of Hotel Management, SRM Arts and Science, SRM Pharmacy) which are located in Potheri, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Guduvancheri. It is becoming the largest residential area between [[Chennai]] Tambaram and Chengalpet/[[Kanchipuram]] because of the IT and automobile companies in and around Maraimalai Nagar like Accenture, Ford, Mahindra World City and SEZ.

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|90.27}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|3.58}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|5.6}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.1}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.04}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.07}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.32}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.02}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Maraimalai Nagar had a population of 81,872 with a sex-ratio of 953 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 8,821 were under the age of six, constituting 4,555 males and 4,266 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 18.54% and .45% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 78.67%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The city had a total of 19,970 households. There were a total of 31,926 workers, comprising 329 cultivators, 732 main agricultural labourers, 853 in house hold industries, 25,637 other workers, 4,375 marginal workers, 71 marginal cultivators, 191 marginal agricultural labourers, 164 marginal workers in household industries and 3,949 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Maraimalai Nagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=680199|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144112/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=680199|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Maraimalainagar (M) had 90.27% [[Hindus]], 3.58% [[Muslims]], 5.6% [[Christians]], 0.1% [[Sikhs]], 0.04% [[Buddhists]], 0.07% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.32% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Geography==
777.83 hectares of land are cultivated in Maraimalai Nagar area. Main crops cultivated in this area are paddy, sugarcane, groundnut, raggi, etc. Water sources for irrigation: Palar River water source and local sources.

Maraimalar Nagar is a part of the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]] and it is well connected with other parts of the Chennai city by road and the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. It also has good connectivity with Chengalpattu through road and rail.

==See also==
* [[List of neighbourhoods of Chennai]]
* [[Potheri]]
* [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]]
* [[Valliammai Engineering College]]
* [[Kattankulathur]]
* [[Thailavaram]]
* [[Urapakkam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre= Maraimalai Nagar
|South= [[Singaperumal Koil]]
|North= [[Kattankulathur]]
}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chengalpattu district]]

Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)

2026-02-20T01:07:09Z

Puranam: added biography

{{short description|Indian Paralympic High Jumper}}
{{For|other athletes with the same name|Praveen Kumar (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Praveen Kumar
| image = Praveen Kumar (para high jump) in September 2024.jpg
| alma_mater = [[Motilal Nehru College]]
| caption = Kumar in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|5|15}}
| birth_place = [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Govindgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| sport = [[Para-athletics]]
| disability_class = [[T61-64 (classification)|T64]]
| event = [[High jump]]
| coach = Dr Satyapal Singh
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[para-athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}}[[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|High Jump T64]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2020 Summer Paralympics|2020 Tokyo]]|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|High Jump T64]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's high jump|High jump T64]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|High Jump T64]]}}
}}

'''Praveen Kumar''' (born 15 May 2003) is an Indian [[Paralympic athlete|para]] [[High jump|high jumper]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Athletics: Praveen Kumar |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1641635-praveen-kumar-praveen-kumar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902143321/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1641635-praveen-kumar-praveen-kumar.htm |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=3 September 2021 |work=Tokyo 2020 Paralympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |language=en}}</ref> He won gold medal at the [[2024 Paralympics|2024 Paris Paralympics]] and silver medal at the [[2020 Paralympics|2020 Tokyo Paralympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Paris Paralympics 2024 Day 9 Live Updates: Praveen Kumar wins gold in Men's High Jump - T64 event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/paris-paralympics-2024-live-updates-today-india-schedule-medal-tally-para-canoe-athletics-simran-prachi-yadav-dipesh-kumar-september-6/liveblog/113110723.cms |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He is also a [[Asian Para Games|2022 Asian Para Games]] gold medalist.

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from Jat family in Govindgarh village, Jewar tehsil, Gautam Budh Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deep |first=Sharad |date=2023-07-11 |title=Noida lad Praveen Kumar books 2024 Paris Paralympics berth |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/paraathlete-praveen-kumar-makes-history-qualifies-for-2024-paris-paralympics-with-bronze-medal-win-101689091997180.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> He studied at Pragyan Public School, Jewar till Class 12. He did his graduation at [[Motilal Nehru College]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=3 September 2021 |title=Paralympic silver medallist Praveen Kumar's journey began with a Google search |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-did-paralympic-silver-medallist-praveen-kumar-s-journey-begin-a-google-search-he-says-11630664425402.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=livemint.com}}</ref> He is supported by [[Olympic Gold Quest]], a sports NGO.

==Career==
P. Kumar won the gold medal in the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]] and
silver medal in the [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump#T64|men's high jump T64]] event at the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Praveen Kumar wins silver in men's high jump, becomes India's 11th medallist |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/tokyo-paralympics-praveen-kumar-wins-silver-mens-high-jump-1848680-2021-09-03 |website=India Today |date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Debutant Praveen Kumar clinches silver in men's T64 high jump |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-paralympics/tokyo-paralympics-debutant-praveen-kumar-clinches-silver-in-mens-t64-high-jump/articleshow/85887810.cms |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Tokyo Paralympics: India's Praveen Kumar Wins Silver In Men's High Jump T64 Final |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2020/tokyo-paralympics-indias-praveen-kumar-wins-silver-in-mens-high-jump-t64-2528144 |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=NDTV Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-paralympics-live-score-updates-day-9-results-september-6-highlights-athletics-canoe-powerlifting-news/article68612849.ece|title=Praveen Kumar clears 2m in men's high jump T64 final;|date=6 September 2024 |publisher=Sportstar}}</ref>

In 2023, he won the men's high jump T64 at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou, China]] on 23 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2023 |title=Asian Para Games: Praveen Kumar clinches gold in high jump T64, Unni Renu gets bronze |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/asian-para-games-praveen-kumar-clinches-gold-in-high-jump-t64-unni-renu-gets-bronze/articleshow/104650562.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also broke the Games' record of 2.02m<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Indians win four gold to begin Para Asian Games campaign in style |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/indians-win-four-gold-to-begin-para-asian-games-campaign-in-style-2738032 |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=23 October 2023 |title=Asian Para Games 2023: India medals tally on October 23; all winners list |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/india-medals-tally-october-23-gold-silver-bronze-asian-para-games-2023-winners-hangzhou-2022/article67452448.ece |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
* [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Paralympic medalists for India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Praveen}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men high jumpers]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

R. Thavasi

2026-02-15T08:55:50Z

Puranam: add citations per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{BLP one source|date=February 2026}}
'''R. Thavasi''' was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] as an [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Paramakudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Paramakudi constituency]] in the [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf 1980 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thavasi, R.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Chishti Order

2026-02-14T16:14:17Z

Puranam: improved article

{{Short description|Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam}}
{{Redirect|Chishti|people with the surname|Chishti (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Chishti order
| native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الطريقة التشيتشي}}}} {{transliteration|ar|al-Ṭarīqa al-Chīshtīyya}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Talisman Louvre MAO905.jpg
| caption = Seal emblem of the Chishti order
| abbreviation = Chīshtīyya
| type = [[Sufi order]]
| main_classification = [[Sunni Islam]]
| leader_title = Key people
| leader_name = [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]]
| area = [[South Asia]]
| founder = [[Abu Ishaq Shami]]
| founded_date = {{Circa|930 CE}}
| founded_place =
}}
{{Sufism|Orders}}

The '''Chishti order''' ({{langx|fa|چشتیه|translit=Čištiya}}) is a [[Sufi]] [[Tariqa|order]] of [[Sunni Islam]] named after the town of [[Chishti Sharif District|Chisht]], Afghanistan where it was initiated by [[Abu Ishaq Shami]]. The order was brought to Herat and later spread across [[South Asia]] by [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]] in the city of [[Ajmer]].

The Chishti order is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and openness.<ref>Ernst, Carl W. and Lawrence, Bruce B. (2002) ''Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond'' Palgrave Macmillan, New Yorks 1234567 4039-6026-7</ref> The Chishti order is primarily followed in Afghanistan and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The Chishti order was the first of the four main Sufi orders that became well-established in [[South Asia]], which are the [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri]], Chishti, [[Naqshbandi]] and [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]] Sufi orders.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny |date=2012 |publisher=Continuum International Pub |isbn=978-1-4411-8474-0 |editor-last=Bennett |editor-first=Clinton |location=London |editor-last2=Ramsey |editor-first2=Charles M.}}</ref> [[Moinuddin Chishti|Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti]] introduced the Chishti Order in [[Ajmer]] ([[Rajasthan]], India) sometime in the middle of the 12th century. He was eighth in the line of succession from the founder of the Chishti Order, [[Abu Ishaq Shami]]. There are now several branches of the order, which has been the most prominent South Asian Sufi brotherhood since the 12th century.<ref>Rozehnal, Robert. ''Islamic Sufism Unbound: Politics and Piety in Twenty-First Century Pakistan''. Palgrave MacMillan, 2007. Print.</ref>

[[File:Ajmer dargah.png|thumb|[[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|Tomb of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti]], renowned saint of Chishti order]]

In the 20th century, the order has spread outside Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent. Chishti teachers have established centers in the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], Eastern and Southern Africa.

==Guiding principles==
The Chishti [[shaykh]]s have stressed the importance of keeping a distance from worldly power.<ref>Sufi martyrs of love By Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, p. 4.</ref> A ruler could be a patron or a disciple, but he or she was always to be treated as just another devotee. A Chishti teacher should not attend the court or be involved in matters of state, as this will corrupt the soul with worldly matters. In his last discourse to his followers, Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti said:

{{cquote|Never seek any help, charity, or favors from anybody except God. Never go to the courts of kings, but never refuse to bless and help the needy & the poor, the widow, and the orphan, if they come to your door.<ref>{{cite book | last = Chishti | first = Hakim Moinuddin | title = The Book of Sufi Healing | publisher = Inner Traditions International | location = Rochester | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-89281-324-5 }}</ref>|20px|20px}}

[[File:Qawwali hazrat nizamuddin delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Qawwali]] at [[Nizamuddin Dargah|Nizamuddin Auliya's shrine]]]]

Chishti practice is also notable for ''[[Sama (Sufism)|Sama]]'': evoking the divine presence by listening to and losing oneself in a form of music and poetry, usually [[Qawwali]].<ref name="Carl W. Ernst p. 5">Sufi martyrs of love By Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, p. 5.</ref> The Chishti, and some other Sufi orders, believe that Sama can help devotees forget self in the love of [[Allah]]. However, the order also insists that followers observe the full range of Muslim obligations; it does not dismiss them as mere legalism, as some strands of Sufism have done.<ref name="Carl W. Ernst p. 5"/>

However some [[Qadiriyya|Qadiris]] point out that the Chishti Order and [[Moinuddin Chishti]] never permitted musical instruments, and cite a Chishti, Muhammad Ibn Mubarak Kirmani, the Mureed of Khwaja Fareed al-Deen Ganj-e-Shakar, who wrote in his Siyar al-Awliya that [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] said the following:<ref name="qadiri">{{cite web |last1=Musharraf |first1=Hussain |date=21 September 2012 |title=Islam & Music |url=https://www.musharrafhussain.com/islam-and-music/ |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=Dr Musharraf Hussain}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"Sama is permissible if a few conditions are met. The singer must be an adult and not a child or a female. The listener must only listen to everything in the remembrance of Allah. The words that are sung must be free from obscenity and indecency and they must not be void. Musical instruments must not be present in the gathering. If all these conditions are met, Sima' is permissible". "...Someone complained to the Sultan of the Mashaa’ikh that some of the dervishes danced in a gathering where there were musical instruments. He said, they did not do good as something impermissible cannot be condoned".
|Siyar al-Awliya<ref name="qadiri"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Siyar-ul-Auliya: History of Chishti Silsila|author=Muhammad bin Mubarak Kirmani|translator=Ghulam Ahmed Biryan|language=Urdu|publisher=Mushtaq Book Corner|location=Lahore}}</ref>}}

However, this has been countered by the more historical excerpt of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]]'s quotation:<ref name="qadiri"/>

{{blockquote|The hearing, the person that is being heard should be a mature man and not a young boy or a woman. The audible, the sound that is heard, the lyrics should not be indecent or shameful. The hearer should only hear to gain Divine nearness only and nothing else. The instruments can be any.

The hearing is a voice, how can this be Haraam, how can the sounds of lyrics be Haraam? And finally there is the heart being touched and moved by this. How can this be Haraam if it brings the listener closer to Allah?|Nizamuddin Awliya<ref name="qadiri"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Fawa'id al-Fu'aad: Spiritual and Literal Discourses|author=Nizamuddin Auliya|translator=Z. H. Faruqi|date=31 December 1996|isbn=9788124600429|publisher=D.K. Print World Ltd|language=English}}</ref>|title=Fawa'id al Fu'wad|source=Pg 444}}

== Practices ==
The Chishtis follow five basic devotional practices ([[dhikr]]).<ref>Nizami, K.A. [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM -0141 "Čishtiyya."]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Augustana. 6 April 2011.</ref>

# Reciting the names of Allāh loudly, sitting in the prescribed posture at prescribed times (''dhikr-i jali'')
# Reciting the names of Allāh silently (''dhikr-i khafī'')
# Regulating the breath (''pās-i anfās'')
# Absorption in meditation on the Divine (''murā-ḳāba'')
# Forty days or more days of spiritual confinement in a lonely corner or cell for prayer and contemplation (''čilla'')

[[File:A buzurg (Old Man) sitting, busy in Zikr (remembering Allah).JPG|thumb|Old man busy in zikr]]

==Literature==
Early Chishti shaykhs adopted concepts and doctrines outlined in two influential Sufi texts: the ''ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif'' of Shaykh [[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi|Shihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī]] and the ''[[Kashf al-Mahjub|Kashf al-Maḥjūb]]'' of [[Ali Hujwiri|Ali Hujwīrī]]. These texts are still read and respected today. Chishtis also read collections of the sayings, speeches, poems, and letters of the shaykhs. These collections, called ''malfūẓāt'', were prepared by the shaykh's disciples.<ref>Böwering, Gerhard. "Cestiya." Encyclopaedia Iranica. Online Edition. Vol. 5. 1992. Web. <http://www.iranica.com/articles/cestiya {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119205253/http://iranica.com/articles/cestiya |date=19 January 2011 }}>.</ref>

==Spiritual lineage==

Sufi orders trace their origins ultimately to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], who is believed to have instructed his successor in mystical teachings and practices in addition to the [[Qur'an]] or hidden within the Qur'an. Opinions differ as to this successor. Almost all Sufi orders trace their origins to [[Ali|'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib]], Muhammad's cousin.

The traditional [[silsila]] (spiritual lineage) of the Chishti order is as follows:<ref>
[[Muhammad Zakariya Kandhalvi]]. ''Mashaikh-e-Chisht''. Trans. Majlisul Ulama of South Africa., available at [https://www.scribd.com/doc/96341849/The-Mashaikh-of-Chisht-by-Shaykh-Muhammad-Zakariya-Kandhlawi Scribd]</ref>

#[[Muhammad|Muḥammad]]
#[[Ali ibn Abu Talib]]
#[[Hasan al-Basri|Al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī]] (d. 728, an early Persian Muslim theologian)
#[[Abdul Waahid Bin Zaid|'Abdul Wāḥid ibn Zaid Abul Faḍl]] (d. 793, an early Sufi saint)
#[[Fudhail Bin Iyadh|Fuḍayl ibn 'Iyāḍ ibn Mas'ūd ibn Bishr al-Tamīmī]]
#[[Ibrahim Bin Adham|Ibrāhīm ibn Adham]] (a legendary early Sufi ascetic)
#[[Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi]] Basra Iraq
#[[Abu Hubayra al-Basri]] Basra Iraq
#[[Mumshad Al-Dinawari|Khwaja Uluw Mumshad Al Dīnawarī]]
#[[Abu Ishaq Shamī]] (d. 940, founder of the Chishti order proper)
#[[Aḥmad Abdal Chishti]]
#[[Abu Muḥammad Muhtram Chishti]]
#[[Abu Yusuf Bin Saamaan|Abu Yusuf Nasar-ud-Din Chishtī]]
#[[Maudood Chishti|Qutab-ud-Din Maudood Chishtī]]
#[[Shareef Zandani|Haji Sharif Zindani]] (d. 1215)
#[[Usman Harooni]] (d. 1220)
#[[Muinuddin Chishti|Mu'īnuddīn Chishtī]] (Moinuddin Chishti) (1141–1230 or 1142–1236)
#[[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki|Qutab-ud-Din Bakhtyar Kaki]] (1173–1228)
#[[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Farīduddīn Mas'ūd]] ("Baba Farid", 1173 or 1175–1266)

After Farīduddīn Mas'ūd, the Chishti order divided into two branches:

*Chishtī Sabri, who follow [[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari]] (Sabiri/Sabriya branch)
*Chishtī Nizami who follow [[Nizāmuddīn Auliyā]] (Nizami/Nizamiya branch)

==History==
[[File:Nizamuddin Dargah and Jamaat Khana Masjid, Delhi.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Mughal princess [[Jahanara Begum|Jahan Ara]]'s tomb (left), [[Nizamuddin Auliya]]'s tomb (right) and [[Jama'at Khana]] Masjid (background), at [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] complex, in [[Nizamuddin West]], [[Delhi]]]]
The ''Encyclopedia of Islam'' divides Chishti history into four periods:

* Era of the great shaykhs ({{Circa|597}}/1200 to 757/1356)
* Era of the provincial khānaḳāhs (8th/14th & 9th/15th centuries)
* Rise of the Ṣābiriyya branch (9th/15th century onwards)
* Revival of the Niẓāmiyya branch (12th/18th century onwards<ref>Nizami, K.A. "Čishtiyya". ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Augustana. 6 April 2011 <http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} -0141>.</ref>)

The order was founded by [[Abu Ishaq Shami]] ("the Syrian") who taught Sufism in the town of Chisht, some 95 miles east of Herat in present-day western [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.dargahsharif.com/CHISHTISM_%20ORIGIN,%20SCHOLARS,%20BAIT,%20BASANT,%20SAMA................htm ORIGIN OF CHISHTIES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204429/http://dargahsharif.com/CHISHTISM_%20ORIGIN,%20SCHOLARS,%20BAIT,%20BASANT,%20SAMA................htm |date=27 August 2010 }}. Retrieved 15 August 2008.</ref> Before returning to Syria, where he is now buried next to [[Ibn Arabi]] at [[Jabal Qasioun]],<ref name="Britain 2000, p. 87">The Sufis of Britain: an exploration of Muslim identity By Ron Geaves. Cardiff Academic Press, 2000, p. 87.</ref> Shami initiated, trained and deputized the son of the local emir, Abu Ahmad Abdal.<ref>Encyclopaedia of Indian philosophy, Volume 2 By Vraj Kumar Pandey. Anmol Publications, 2007, p. 78.</ref> Under the leadership of Abu Ahmad's descendants, the ''Chishtiya'', as they are also known, flourished as a regional mystical order.<ref name="Britain 2000, p. 87"/>

The founder of the Chishti Order in South Asia was [[Moinuddin Chishti]]. He was born in the province of Silistan in eastern Persia around 536 AH (1141 CE) into a [[sayyid]] family claiming descent from Muhammad.<ref>Nizami, K.A. "Čishtī, Ḵhwādja Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan". ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Augustana. 6 April 2011 <http://www.brillonline.nl {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124102048/http://www.brillonline.nl/ |date=24 November 2015 }} /subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-1623>.</ref> When he was just nine, he memorized the Qur'an, thus becoming a [[Hafiz (Quran)|hafiz]]. His father died when he was a teenager; Moinuddin inherited the family grinding mill and orchard. He sold everything and gave the proceeds to the poor. He traveled to [[Balkh]] and [[Samarkand]], where he studied the Qur'an, [[hadith]], and [[fiqh]].<ref>Haeri, Muneera. ''The Chishtis: A Living Light''. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000. Print.</ref> He looked for something beyond scholarship and law and studied under the Chishti shaykh [[Usman Harooni]] (Harvani). He moved to Lahore and then to Ajmer, where he died. His tomb, in Ajmer, is the [[Dargah Sharif]], a popular shrine and pilgrimage site.

Moinuddin was followed by [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki|Qutab-ud-Din Bakhtyar Kaki]] and Farīduddīn Mas'ūd '[[Baba Farid]]'. After Fariduddin, the Chishti Order of South Asia split into two branches. Each branch was named after one of Fariduddin's successors.

# [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] – the ''Chishti Nizami'' branch
# [[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari]] – the ''Chishti-Sabiri'' branch

It was after Nizamuddin Auliya that the Chishti Sufism chain spread throughout the Indian Peninsula. Two prominent lines of transmission arose from Nizamuddin Auliya, one from his disciple [[Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi]] and the other from another disciple, [[Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind]], who migrated to West Bengal from Delhi on Nizamuddin Auliya's order. Siraj Aanae Hind was followed by his notable disciple [[Alaul Haq Pandavi]] settled in Pandava, West Bengal itself. From this chain of transmission another prominent sub-branch of Chishti way emerged known as Ashrafia Silsila after the illustrious saint [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]], who was the disciple of [[Alaul Haq Pandavi]] in the thirteen century A.D. Later, yet other traditions branched from the Chishti lineage; in many cases they merged with other popular Sufi orders in South Asia.

As a result of this merging of the Chishti order with other branches, most Sufi masters now initiate their disciples in all the four major orders of South Asia: the Qadiri, Chishti, Naqshbandi, and Suhrawadi Sufi orders. They do however teach devotional practices typical of the order with which they are primarily associated.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Frembgen, Jurgin Wasim. ''Journey to God: Sufis and Dervishes in Islam''. Oxford University Press, USA, 2008, pp. 94–95. {{ISBN|978-0-19-547642-2}}.</ref>

In 1937 the [[Sufi Islam|Sufi]] [[Imam]] Al-Hajj Wali Akram founded the First [[Cleveland]] Mosque, made his Sufi affiliation public and during the 1950s started to introduce new members to the Chishti, making the mosque the first public Sufi center of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Rasul|url=https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/rasul-miller/sufi-al-hajj-wali-akram-20th-century-black-american-muslim-pioneer/d/123600|title=Sufi Al-Hajj Wali Akram: 20th Century Black American Muslim Pioneer|date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201128132907/https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/rasul-miller/sufi-al-hajj-wali-akram-20th-century-black-american-muslim-pioneer/d/123600|archive-date=28 November 2020|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Rasul|last1=Miller|url=https://sapelosquare.com/2020/03/18/the-black-american-sufi-a-history/|title=The Black American Sufi: A History|date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200505082214/https://sapelosquare.com/2020/03/18/the-black-american-sufi-a-history/|archive-date=5 May 2020|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> In more recent times, a more contemporary expression of traditional Chishti Sufi practices can be found in the establishment of the [[Ishq-Nuri Tariqa]]<ref>Popular in South Asia, in particular parts of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. See [[Annemarie Schimmel]], in article 'The Chishti Sufis of South Asia—Tradition and Evolution in the 20th Century' in ''Anderoon: Sufi Journal'', Vol 82, np, nd</ref> in the 1960s, as a branch of the Chishti-Nizami ''silsila''.<ref>Schimmel, as cited above</ref>

In addition, a number of mixed-Sufi type groups or movements in Islam, have also been influenced by the Chishti Order proper.<ref>M Z Akhund 'Sufis in the Subcontinent and their impact on Islamic society' Lahore, Navratna Pubs, Urdu Bazar, 1957. pp 12, 109–115</ref> The best known and most widespread example is of the [[Jamaat Ahle Sunnat]], a [[Sunni]] Muslim sect with a huge international following, which is in essence not a proper Sufi organization, though adopting many Sufi customs and traditions.<ref>Akhund, 114–115</ref>

==Indo-Islamic rulers==

From the 14th century onwards (during the rule of the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluqs]]), the Chishti Order came to be associated with political prosperity for the Indian subcontinent's Muslim kingdoms. The [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Bahmani Sultanate]], [[Bengal Sultanate]], and various provincial dynasties associated themselves with Shaikhs of the Chishti Order for good fortune. Shrines of prominent Shaikhs were patronised by ruling dynasties, who made pilgrimages to these sites. Often the founding member of a kingdom paid respects to a Chishti Shaikh as a way of legitimising their new state, and this Shaikh became closely associated with the whole dynasty. For example, fourteen successive Bengal Sultans considered [[Alaul Haq|Shaikh 'Ala Al-Haq]] to be their spiritual master.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Maxwell.|first=Eaton, Richard|title=Temple desecration and Muslim states in medieval India|date=2004|publisher=Hope India Publ|isbn=81-7871-027-7|pages=22–31|oclc=705284564}}</ref>

Several rulers of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] dynasty of South Asia were Chishti devotees, and they associated with the Order in a similar fashion to the Mughals' predecessors. The emperor [[Akbar]] was perhaps the most fervent of them. It is said to be by the blessing of [[Shaikh Salim Chisti|Shaikh Salim Chishti]] that Akbar's first surviving child, the future [[Jahangir]], was born. The child was named Salim after the sheikh and was affectionately addressed by Akbar as ''Sheikhu Baba''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Akbar also credited the Chishti Shaikhs with his victory at the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]].<ref name=":0" /> Akbar had vowed to visit the Chishti [[dargah]], the tomb of [[Moinuddin Chishti]], at [[Ajmer]] if he were victorious. He fulfilled his vow by visiting the dargah with his musicians, who played in honor of the sheikh.

[[Shah Jahan]]'s daughter, [[Jahanara Begum Sahib]], was also a devout follower of the Chishti Order. Shah Jahan's son [[Aurangzeb]] patronised various Chishti shrines.

<gallery>
File:Abanindranath Tagore - The Passing of Shah Jahan, 1902.jpg|The passing of [[Shah Jahan]]; attending him, his daughter Princess [[Jahanara Begum|Jahanara]].
File:Farrukh Beg. Akbar's Triumphal Entry into Surat. Akbarnama, 1590-95, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg|The [[Mughal Emperor]] Akbar was a great patron of the Chishti Order.
</gallery>

==Other notable Chishti shaykhs==
* [[Maudood Chishti|Qutb ud deen Modood Chishti]] 527 A.H
* [[Shareef Zandani|Haji Shareef zandani]] 612 A.H
*[[Usman Harooni]] 617 A.H
* [[Moinuddin Chishti]]
* [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki|Qut ul aqtab Qutb ud deen Bakhtiyar kaki]] 635 A.H (Delhi, India)
* [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Fareed ud deen Mas’ood Ganj E Shakar]] 668 A.H (Pak Patan Sharif, Pakistan)
* [[Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi|Naseer ud deen Mahmood Charagh Dehlavi]] 757 A.H (Delhi, India)
*[[Tajuddin Chishti]] (Chishtian Sharif, Pakistan)
* [[Amir Khusro]] (Delhi, India)
* [[Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind]] (Dist. Malda, West Bengal, India)
* [[Alaul Haq Pandavi]] (Dist. Malda, West Bengal, India)
* [[Nur Qutb Alam]] (Dist. Malda, West Bengal, India)
* [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]]<ref>*''Hayate Makhdoom Syed [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]]''(1975) Second Edition (2017) {{ISBN|978-93-85295-54-6}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India</ref> (Kichaucha, Uttar Pradesh, India)
* [[Burhanuddin Gharib]] (Maharashtra, India)
* [[Bande Nawaz]] (Gulbarga, India)
* [[Salim Chishti]] (Fatehpur Sikri, India)
* [[Noor Muhammad Maharvi]]1205 A.H (Mahar Sharif, Pakistan)
* [[Muhammad Suleman Taunsvi]] 1267 A.H (Taunsa Sharif, Pakistan)
* [[Ata Hussain Fani Chishti]] (Bihar, India)
* [[Khwaja Ghulam Farid]] (Mithankot, Pakistan)
* [[Muhammad Shamsuddin Sialvi]] 1300 A.H ([[Sial Sharif]], Pakistan)
* [[Ahamed Mohiyudheen Noorishah Jeelani]] (Noori Maskan, Hyderabad)<ref>[[Ahamed Mohiyudheen Noorishah Jeelani]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}
*[[Sayyid Mir Jan]] (supreme leader of the [[Naqshbandiyya]], who also followed the Chishtiyya tradition)
* [[Meher Ali Shah]] (Golra Sharif, Pakistan)<ref>Omer Tarin article in 'Muse India' journal online. Special Sufi literature feature, V. No73, May–June 2017]</ref>
* [[Inayat Khan]] (Vadodara, Gujarat)
* Haji [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] (Muzaffarnagar, India/Makkah, Saudi Arabia)

==See also==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Waris Shah]]
* [[Sabri Brothers]]
* [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Hakim Ahmad Shuja]]
* [[Sufi Ruhaniat International]]
* [[Syed Waheed Ashraf]]

==Notes==

{{reflist}}

==References==
* Haeri, Muneera (2000) ''The Chishtis: a living light'' Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, {{ISBN|0-19-579327-7}}
* Ernst, Carl W. and Lawrence, Bruce B. (2002) ''Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond'' Palgrave Macmillan, New York, {{ISBN|1-4039-6026-7}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9gOiT_wIIlcC&q=Chishti+Order Excerpts]
* Farīdī, Iḥtishāmuddīn (1992) ''Tārīk̲h̲-i iblāg̲h̲-i Cisht'' Āl Inḍiyā Baz-i Ḥanafī, Delhi, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/29752219 OCLC 29752219] in [[Urdu]] with biographies
* Āryā, Ghulām 'Alī (2004) ''Ṭarīqah-i Chishtīyah dar Hind va Pākistān: ta’līf-i Ghulām‘alī Āryā'' Zavvār, Tehran, {{ISBN|964-401-200-3}} in Persian
* Chopra, R.M., "SUFISM", 2016, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-93-85083-52-5}}.

{{Sufi}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sunni Sufi orders]]
[[Category:Chishti Order| ]]
[[Category:Sufism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Sufism in India]]

2026 Telangana urban local bodies elections

2026-02-13T17:01:07Z

Puranam: started a pg with rd

#REDIRECT [[2026 Telangana local elections]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sumana Kittur

2026-02-12T03:00:04Z

Puranam: Starting a stub - done

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumana Kittur
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kittur, [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| othername = Suman Kittur
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|lyricist|screenwriter|journalist}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sreenivas|2020}}
}}

'''D. Suman Kittur''' is an Indian journalist, film director and lyricist working in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/suman-kittur-woman-with-the-guts-news-kannada-nkklL7heefgsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425000753/http://www.sify.com/movies/suman-kittur-woman-with-the-guts-news-kannada-nkklL7heefgsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2016|title=Suman Kittur- woman with the guts|website=[[Sify]]|date=10 October 2013|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref> She began as an independent director with ''Slum Bala'' (2008), before working on films such as ''Kallara Santhe'' (2009), ''[[Edegarike]]'' (2012) and ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]'' (2016). Most of her films deal with anti-social elements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sumana-Kittur-takes-break/articleshow/18059332.cms|title=Sumana Kittur takes break|work=The Times Of India|date=17 January 2013}}</ref> She is one of the few women directors to win a state award.

==Biography==
Suman was born in Kittur, a village near [[Periyapatna]] in [[Mysore district]] of Karnataka. Her father owned a small theatre in the same village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Sumana-Kitturs-father-was-a-talkies-owner/articleshow/30845241.cms|title=Sumana Kittur's father was a talkies owner|publisher=Times of India|date=22 February 2014}}</ref> With the love and passion for cinemas, he ran the theatre, though it faced huge losses. His vision to bring entertainment even to small towns was the reason she took movies. Her Inspiration came from her father initially. After her graduation, she moved to [[Bangalore]], when the villagers forced her to marry. Seeing the talent she possessed, her father took him to journalist turned film director [[Agni Shridhar]]. Later his father died and She began her film career assisting him. She began her life as a writer for Agni Journals. With her writing skills she later began writing songs and scripts for movies. Foreseeing her talent, his guru gave the first opportunity to work in films. She began with film [[Aa Dinagalu]]. Though she took the entire work of the film, she gave credits to the director and later realising her talent she was given the huge responsibility of become a debut director.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes || {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Aa Dinagalu]]'' || Associate director and lyricist || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Slum Bala]]'' || Director, lyricist || ||<ref name="TNIE 2012">{{cite news |title=A male-dominated world |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/mar/08/a-male-dominated-world-346916.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=May 16, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kallara Santhe]]'' || Director, lyricist || [[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)]] ||<ref name="TNIE 2012"/>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Edegarike]]'' || Director, screenwriter, lyricist || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film]] [[Bangalore International Film Festival|Bangalore International Film Festival Special Jury Award]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Director]] Nominated, Bangalore Times Film Award for Best Director || <ref name="Khajane 2019">{{cite news |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara |title=Kannada cinema in the last decade: The various highs and lows |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-cinema-in-the-last-decade-the-highs-and-lows/article30432090.ece |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=December 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Shyam Prasad |title=Glory for Edegarike |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/sumana-kittur-edegaarike-hired-killer-films-women-directors/articleshow/22717058.cms |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=September 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore Times Film Awards 2012 nominations: Best Director |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/times-regional-film-awards-2012/bangalore-times-film-awards-2012/bangalore-times-film-awards-2012-nominations-best-director/articleshow/20699284.cms |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=Times of India |date=June 21, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]'' || Director || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title=Sumana Brings to Life a Literary World |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/mar/04/sumana-brings-to-life-a-literary-world-724576.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=March 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Shyam Prasad |title=The three-in-one village |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/The-three-in-one-village/articleshow/50810442.cms |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=February 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title=Kittur's Boldness Makes it Worth While |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/mar/12/kitturs-boldness-makes-it-worth-while-910519.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=March 12, 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Personal life==
Sumana Kittur was married on 17 April 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/-kannada-filmmaker-sumana-kittur-has-a-low-key-wedding-in-coronavirus-lockdown-1681540-2020-05-25|title=Kannada filmmaker Sumana Kittur has a low-key wedding in coronavirus lockdown|website=India Today|accessdate=27 May 2020}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/edegarike-fame-director-sumana-kittur-marries-software-engineer-srinivas/articleshow/75938795.cms|title=ಸರಳವಾಗಿ ಮದುವೆಯಾದ ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್‍ವುಡ್ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕಿ ಸುಮನಾ ಕಿತ್ತೂರು|website=Vijaya Karnataka|accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5746541}}
* [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/when-words-turn-to-reel/article18054311.ece When words turn to reel] (Sumana Kittur, ''[[The Hindu]]'', 2017)
* [https://www.iuemag.com/february2013/suman-kittur.php] (Inspiring Story of Suman Kittur, ''[[Inspiration Unlimited eMagazine]]'', Feb 2013)

{{Sumana Kittur}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kittur, Sumana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shankarpur, Firozabad

2026-02-02T20:35:04Z

Puranam: Starting data - done

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{other uses|Shankarpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shankarpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Shankarpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Shankarpur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.08877|N|78.37143|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.873
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4073
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shankarpur''' ({{IAST|Śaṃkarpur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southwest of Firozabad, close to the bank of the [[Yamuna]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 4,073, in 666 households.

== Geography ==
Shankarpur is located southwest of Firozabad on the road to [[Fatehabad, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehabad]], just to the northeast of the bank of the [[Yamuna]]. Between Shankarpur and the Yamuna is an area of open [[Vachellia nilotica|babul]] woodland, part of the Firozabad Reserved Forest. To the northwest is the village of [[Chandwar]], amidst another branch of the forest reserve, while to the southeast is the village of [[Madua]], along with a denser wooded area that is not part of the forest reserve. Areas of farmland surround Shankarpur on the north, northeast, and southeast.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Shankarpur had a population of 4,073, in 666 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 53.4% male (2,177) and 46.6% female (1,896). The 0–6 age group numbered 898 (480 male and 418 female), making up 22.0% of the total population. 47 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 1.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Shankarpur as having a population of 2,232 people (1,247 male and 985 female), in 409 households and 399 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|192–3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Shankarpur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 1,608 people (887 male and 721 female), in 306 households and 232 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 3,437 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Shankarpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Gracy Singh

2026-02-02T07:09:17Z

Puranam: update intro and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gracy Singh
| image = Gracy singh dangerous ishq.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|07|20}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Gracy Singh |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/gracy-singh/articleshow/3846143.cms |quote=Gracy is actually from Punjab, but born in Delhi on July 20, 1980.}}</ref>
| years_active = 1997–2021
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|dancer}}
}}

'''Gracy Singh''' (born 20 July 1980)<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Gracy Singh |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/gracy-singh/articleshow/3846143.cms |quote=Gracy is actually from Punjab, but born in Delhi on July 20, 1980.}}</ref> is an Indian actress who primarily worked in [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. She is best known for her role in the films ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001) and ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.|Munna Bhai M.B.B.S]]'' (2003).<ref name="time_Grac">{{Cite web |title=Gracy Singh: TV has a wider reach than cinema now |last=Jha |first=Sumit |work=The Times of India |date=9 July 2016 |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gracy-Singh-TV-has-a-wider-reach-than-cinema-now/articleshow/53116584.cms}}</ref> Singh is also a trained [[Bharatnatyam]] and [[Odissi]] [[Indian classical dance|dancer]].<ref name="arch_Grac"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Gracy's Foot Forward |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20010331/ien31046.html |access-date=22 August 2011 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=31 March 2001}}{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Career==

Born in [[Delhi]], India,<ref name="indiatimes"/> Singh began her career touring with the dance group "The Planets".<ref name="arch_Grac">{{Cite web |title=Gracy Singh performs |last=Bhayani |first=Viral |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130214/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/gracy-singh-performs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011074643/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130214/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/gracy-singh-performs |archive-date=11 October 2016 }}</ref> Her first acting role was in the 1997 television soap, ''[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|Amanat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remember Laagan Fame Actress Gracy Singh? This Is What She Is Doing Now |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/remember-laagan-fame-actress-gracy-singh-this-is-what-she-is-doing-now-7382017.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remember Aamir Khans Co-Star Gracy Singh From Lagaan? See Her Then And Now Photos |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/remember-aamir-khans-co-star-gracy-singh-from-lagaan-check-her-then-and-now-photos-2603082.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> She then went on to star opposite [[Aamir Khan]] in [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s epic sports-drama ''[[Lagaan]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-15 |title=Gracy Singh says she had 'apprehensions' about Bollywood, reveals Shabana Azmi's compliment for Lagaan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gracy-singh-says-she-had-apprehensions-about-bollywood-reveals-shabana-azmi-s-compliment-for-lagaan-101623735378577.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127190409/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gracy-singh-says-she-had-apprehensions-about-bollywood-reveals-shabana-azmi-s-compliment-for-lagaan-101623735378577.html |archive-date=2022-11-27 |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> where she played a village belle. She was nominated in this role for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |date=2013-06-02 |title=VIDEO: Talash - Gracy Singh, Part 2 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/talash-gracy-singh-part-2-18459.78.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> and won the [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female]].<ref name="trib_TheT">{{Cite web |title='Lagaan', 'DCH' sweep Screen awards - Nation |agency=United News of India |work=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh, India |date=20 January 2002 |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020120/nation.htm#1}}</ref>

Post ''Lagaan'', Singh appeared in a few successful films in Hindi and Telugu including ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''<ref name="indi_Laga">{{Cite web |title=Lagaan actress Gracy Singh back on TV after 13 years |last=Shrivastava |first=Vipra |work=India Today |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/lagaan-actress-gracy-singh-back-on-tv-after-13-years-santoshi-maa-munna-bhai-mbbs-deshdrohi-274501-2015-11-26}}</ref> and ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]''. She has also starred in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] films such as ''Lakh Pardesi Hoye''<ref name="arch_Here">{{Cite web |title=Here's Gracy! |last=Mathur |first=Siddhartha |work=The Indian Express |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/here-s-gracy-/553744/}}</ref> and a [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]'' directed by Jayaraj.<ref name="sify_Grac">{{Cite web |title=Gracy Singh in Loud Speaker |work=Sify |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gracy-singh-in-loud-speaker-imagegallery-malayalam-jjqqAXafeiesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827093454/http://www.sify.com/movies/gracy-singh-in-loud-speaker-imagegallery-malayalam-jjqqAXafeiesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 August 2016 |via=Moviebuzz}}</ref>

In 2015, Singh returned to television, playing [[Santoshi Mata|Goddess Santoshi]] in the series ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]'' on [[&TV]].<ref name="time_Grac2">{{Cite web |title=Gracy Singh repeats her 'Lagaan' look on TV |last=Maheshwri |first=Neha |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2015 |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gracy-Singh-repeats-her-Lagaan-look-on-TV/articleshow/49893902.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2015 |title=Lagaan actress Gracy Singh back on TV after 13 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/lagaan-actress-gracy-singh-back-on-tv-after-13-years-santoshi-maa-munna-bhai-mbbs-deshdrohi-274501-2015-11-26 |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year(s) !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Hu Tu Tu]]'' || Shanti || rowspan="3" | [[Hindi]]||
|-
| ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
| Maya
| Credited as Gracy
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Lagaan]]'' || Gauri ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santhosham]]'' || Padmavathi || rowspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
|''[[Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]''
| Radhika Rani ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''[[Armaan (2003 film)|Armaan]]'' || Dr. Neha Mathur || rowspan="8" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Gangaajal]]'' || Anuradha ||
|-
|''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' || Dr. Suman "Chinki" Asthana ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Muskaan]]'' || Muskaan ||
|-
|''[[Shart: The Challenge]]'' || Sonam Kapoor ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Wajahh: A Reason to Kill]]'' || Trishna Bhargava ||
|-
| ''Yehi Hai Zindagi'' || Vasundhara Rao ||
|-
| 2006 || ''The White Land''|| Sudha Patel ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''Lakh Pardesi Hoiye'' || Neha || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chanchal]]'' || Chanchal || rowspan="4" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Deshdrohi]]'' || Sonia Patil ||
|-
| ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh (film)|Dekh Bhai Dekh]]'' || Babli Lala ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009 || ''Vighnaharta Shree Siddhivinayak'' || Herself || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]'' || Annie || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''Aseema'' || Prof. Aseema L. Patnayak || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Meghave Meghave]]'' || Charmi aka Chandramukhi || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]'' || Gauthami || rowspan="2" | Telugu || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''Ramdev'' || Shilpa ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011 || ''Milta Hai Chance By Chance'' || Megha || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''Sai Ek Prerna'' || Herself || Guest appearance
|-
| ''Andhala Doctor'' || Maria || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Dangerous Ishq]]'' || Maharani Meerabai || Hindi ||
|-
| ''Aappan Pher Milange'' || Gulaab || Punjabi ||
|-
| ''Qayamat Hi Qayamat'' || Herself || rowspan="4" | Hindi || Special appearance in a song
|-
| ''Baba Ramsaa Peer'' || Dalibai ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Mahabharat Aur Barbareek]]'' || Morvi ||
|-
| ''[[Blue Mountains (2017 film)|Blue Mountains]]''|| Vani Sharma ||
|-
| ''Samadhi''|| Mukto || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || <ref name="time_Sama">{{Cite web |title=Samadhi Movie Review |last=Ghosh |first=Madhusree |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2013 |access-date=26 August 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Samadhi/movie-review/25938560.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chooriyan]]''|| Simran || Punjabi ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial Jamai Raja
! Role
! Notes Sister of Madira bedi
|-
| 1997–2002
| ''[[Amanat (Indian TV series) | Amanat]]''
| Amrita
|
|-
| 1998
| ''Prithviraj Chauhan''
| Chakori ||
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series) | Santoshi Maa]]''
| rowspan = "2" | [[Santoshi Mata | Santoshi Maa]]
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Santoshi Maa – Sunayein Vrat Kathayein]]''
|
|}

==Awards==
* 2002: Won - [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female]] for ''[[Lagaan]]''
* 2002: Won - [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female]] for ''Lagaan''
* 2002: Won - [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut]] for ''Lagaan''
* 2002: Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] for ''Lagaan''
* 2019: Won - Global Excellence Awards - Award for contribution to Indian cinema<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIX: Madhuri steps out for an awards night |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-madhuri-steps-out-for-an-awards-night/20191014.htm |website=Rediff Movies}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Gracy Singh}}
* {{Official website|http://www.gracysingh.in}}
* {{IMDb name|0961737}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|gracy-singh}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|gracy_singh}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090359/https://www.myfashioncampus.com/2018/05/gracy-singh-wiki-height-weight-age.html Gracy Singh]}} on {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091808/https://www.myfashioncampus.com/ MFC]}}

{{IIFAAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{ScreenAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gracy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Delhi]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]

Kosalananda Kavyam

2026-01-29T03:14:24Z

Puranam: Done.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Kosalananda Kavyam''' is a Sanskrit work<ref>{{citation |chapter=Kosalananda Kavyam and the making of a Rajput dynasty |publisher=Routledge India |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003242062-24/kosalananda-kavyam-making-rajput-dynasty-shishir-kumar-panda |author=Shishir Kumar Panda |title=The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India |date=2022 |pages=401–412 |doi=10.4324/9781003242062-24 |isbn=978-1-003-24206-2 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> written on a palm-leaf manuscript in [[Odia script]], in 1663 CE by Pandit Gangadhara Mishra. The work is an important epic of Sanskrit literature about the history of Chauhan rule in Western Odisha region. Pandit Mishra was the court poet of Sambalpur King Baliarsingh Deva (1650–89 CE).<ref>{{citation |title=Srikshetra and Sri Jagannath in Gangadhar Mishra's Kosalananda Kavyam |publisher=Odisha Review |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/srikhetra.pdf |author=Pabitra Mohan Nayak |date=June 2004 |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917054409/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/srikhetra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was born at Biraramchandrapur sasana of Puri and was the descendant of Sambhukara and Vidyakara, scholars and poets of Puri.<ref>{{citation |title=The Mirror Reflection of Sambalpur State through the Courtly Chronicle called Kosalananda Kavyam |publisher=Odisha History Congress |url=https://www.academia.edu/1773363 |author=Ashok Kumar Patnaik |date=December 2009 |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Patna State]]
*[[Sambalpur State]]
*[[Sonepur State]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://india.traveltoworld.com/major-cities/puri/230/puri-sonepur/ History of Sonepur]
*[http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/April2006/engpdf/sanskrit_scholars_of_orissa.pdf Sanskrit Scholars of Orissa]
*[http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=1087 Kosalananda Mahakavya in Eastern Book Corporation]
*[http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/srikhetra.pdf Srikshetra and Sri Jagannath in Gangadhar Mishra's Kosalananda Kavyam]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Odia literature]]
[[Category:17th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Odisha]]

{{India-hist-book-stub}}

Sunitha Upadrashta

2026-01-28T21:54:19Z

Puranam: minor edit

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2020}}
{{Copy edit|for=Grammar, style, cohesion and tone.|date=February 2025}}
{{Fan POV|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunitha
| image = Sunitha.jpg
| birth_name = Sunitha Upadrashta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|05|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur, Andhra Pradesh]], India
| spouse = Rama Krishna Veerapaneni 2021-present
| children =
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1995–present
}}
'''Sunitha Upadrashta''', known [[mononymously]] as '''Sunitha''', is an Indian [[playback singer]] and a [[voice actor]] who primarily works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 October 2005|first=Mridula |last=Chunduri|title=Sunitha, the heroine of voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sunitha-the-heroine-of-voice/articleshow/1249504.cms|access-date=22 May 2019|website=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rangarajan|first=A. D.|date=30 December 2014|title=Sunitha, a bridge between two generations of singers|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sunitha-a-bridge-between-two-generations-of-singers/article6735989.ece|access-date=22 May 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is a recipient of nine [[Nandi Awards]] and two [[Filmfare Awards South]] in various categories. At the age of 15, she received a [[National Award]] from All India Radio under the light music category.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunitha won National Award at 15|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/sunitha-won-national-award-at-15/articleshow/36931300.cms|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She won her first [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] in 1999, followed by consecutive awards from 2002 to 2006 and again from 2010 to 2012. In 2011, she was conferred the [[Lata Mangeshkar]] Best Singer Award by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honours of the Indian Nightingale|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2011/sep/30/honours-of-the-indian-nightingale-295869.html|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Oct 7, 2011|title=Lata awards for Shankar, Chitra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lata-awards-for-shankar-chitra/articleshow/10261278.cms|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Sunitha made her playback singing debut in 1995 with the film [[Gulabi (1995 film)|''Gulabi'']]. She is also recognised as an anchor and host for music-based and flagship programmes, including the foundation-laying ceremony of Amaravati in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reddy|first=Phanindra|date=2015-10-22|title=Amaravati foundation stone-laying event: Two hosts say they're 'blessed'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151022/nation-current-affairs/article/amaravati-foundation-stone-laying-event-two-hosts-say-they%E2%80%99re-|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-10-22|title=Modi lays foundation for Amaravati: As it happened|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/live-amaravati-new-capital-of-andhra-pradesh-foundation-ceremony/article7792142.ece|access-date=2022-02-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She has been associated as a judge with several music reality shows on different television channels, notably [[Padutha Theeyaga|''Padutha Theeyaga'']], a long-running programme on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] launched and hosted by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=SP Balasubrahmanyam's Padutha Theeyaga: SPB Charan, Sunitha & lyricist Chandrabose to host the show|url=https://indianmemes.in/sp-balasubrahmanyams-padutha-theeyaga-spb-charan-sunitha-lyricist-chandrabose-to-host-the-show/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Indian Memes|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-16|title=Iconic show 'Padutha Theeyaga' gets new judges|url=https://telanganatoday.com/iconic-show-padutha-theeyaga-gets-new-judges|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=SP Charan to step into dad SP Balasubrahmanyam's shoes, to host popular music show Paadutha Theeyaga|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/sp-charan-to-step-into-dad-sp-balasubrahmanyam-s-shoes-to-host-popular-music-show-paadutha-theeyaga-101622896078417.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> As a dubbing artist, she has lent her voice to over 110 actresses in more than 750 films.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

Sunitha has performed as a singer in 19 countries, including the United States (almost annually since 1999), the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Malaysia, Uganda, Nigeria, Tanzania, South Africa, Australia, Scotland, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, and Mauritius.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Early and personal life==
Sunitha was born on 10 May 1978 in [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Singer Sunitha Engaged: Facts You Need To Know About The Telugu Star And Her Second Husband Ram Veerapaneni|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/who-is-ram-veerapaneni-singer-sunitha-announces-engagement-on-social-media-with-emotional-post-1406832|access-date=2021-03-19|website=ABP Live|language=en}}</ref> At the age of six, she began training in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic vocals]] under Pemmaraju Surya Rao and in light music under Kalaga Krishna Mohan. From a young age, she had opportunities to perform in several concerts, including programmes featured by [[All India Radio]]. At the age of 13, she participated in the Tyagaraja Aradhana Utsavalu along with her guru Pemmaraju Surya Rao. She later received a scholarship from the Government of India to pursue her musical training.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

She was born into a music-loving family, and her parents were fond of music. At the age of 19, she married Kiran Kumar Goparaju, a media professional. The couple later divorced. They have two children, Akash and Shreya.<ref name=":0"/> Shreya made her playback singing debut with the song "Tick Tick Tick" in the Telugu film [[Savyasachi (2018 film)|''Savyasachi'']].

In January 2021, Sunitha married businessman Rama Krishna Veerapaneni in the presence of family members and close friends.<ref name="marriage">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-11|title=Sunitha Upadrasta ties the knot with Rama Krishna Veerapaneni, see pictures|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/sunitha-upadrasta-ties-the-knot-with-rama-krishna-veerapaneni-7140903/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/i-still-dont-know-how-much-my-husband-earns-singer-sunitha-141272|title=Sunitha talking about her Husband Ram|date=23 August 2021|website=Telugu Bulletin|access-date=23 Aug 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}

=== Playback singing ===
Sunitha began her playback singing career at the age of 17. She was introduced by music director [[Shashi Preetam|Sashi Preetham]], who gave her an opportunity to sing in her debut film [[Gulabi (1995 film)|''Gulabi'']]. Her first song was "Ee Vela Lo Neevu", written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. In 1997, she sang a solo track for the Kannada film [[Bhoomi Geetha|''Bhoomi Geeth''a]], composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraja]]. She also rendered title songs for Telugu television serials such as ''[[Ruthuragalu|Ruturagalu]]'' and ''Antarangalu''. For the title song of ''Antarangalu'', she received her first [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] from the then undivided state of Andhra Pradesh in 1999.

She has collaborated with several music directors, including [[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraja]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[M. M. Keeravani|M.M. Keeravani]], [[A. R. Rahman|A.R Rahman]], [[S. V. Krishna Reddy|S.V. Krishna Reddy]], [[Vandemataram Srinivas|Vandematharam Srinivas]], [[Mani Sharma]], [[Ramana Gogula]], [[S. A. Rajkumar|S.A. Raj Kumar]], [[Sandeep Chowta|Sandeep Choutha]], [[Mickey J. Meyer|Mickey J. Mayer]], [[Devi Sri Prasad|Devisri Prasad]], [[R. P. Patnaik|R.P. Patnaik]], [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], [[Anup Rubens]], [[Sunil Kashyap]], [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]], [[V. Harikrishna]], [[Jassie Gift]], [[Thaman S|S. Thaman]] and others.

Over the course of her career, Sunitha has recorded nearly 3,000 songs in South Indian films.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Singer Sunitha Engaged: Facts You Need To Know About The Telugu Star And Her Second Husband Ram Veerapaneni|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/who-is-ram-veerapaneni-singer-sunitha-announces-engagement-on-social-media-with-emotional-post-1406832|access-date=2022-02-05|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref> She has sung in Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada.

=== Voice acting ===
Sunitha began her career as a dubbing artist with the film [[Choodalani Vundi|''Choodalani Vundi'']] (1998), starring [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Soundarya]], for whom she provided her voice. She went on to become one of the leading voice-over artists in the Telugu film industry, dubbing for more than 110 actresses in over 750 films.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Dubbing: Its 750 films for Sunitha!|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2017-january/93320/dubbing-its-750-films-for-sunitha|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.ragalahari.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Anchor Sunitha debuts in T'wood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/anchor-sunitha-debuts-in-twood/articleshow/30051419.cms|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Pillay |first1=Dipika }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=MRIDULA CHUNDURI|date=Oct 2, 2005|title=Sunitha, the heroine of voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/sunitha-the-heroine-of-voice/articleshow/1249504.cms|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In a single year, she reportedly dubbed for as many as 60 films. Her 750th film as a dubbing artist was ''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]'' (2017), in which she lent her voice to [[Shriya Saran]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-17|title=సునీత... 750 నాటౌట్‌!|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/singer-sunitha-has-dubbed-to-750-movies-now-conitnues-441889|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Telugu===
Selective works of singer Sunitha as a playback singer listed below:
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song(s)
!Music director(s)
!Co-singer(s)
|-
|1995
!''[[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]]''
|"Ee Velalo Neevu"
|Sashi Preetam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
! rowspan="2" |''[[Egire Paavurama]]''
|"Maaghaa Maasam"
| rowspan="2" |S.V. Krishna Reddy
|
|-
|"Gunde Gutiki"
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1998
! rowspan="7" |''[[Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi]]''
|"Nee Oohallo"
| rowspan="7" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Om Ani"
|
|-
|"Raamayana Saaram"
|
|-
|"Yevamma Computeramma"
|
|-
|"O Prema"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|"Yevamma Vinavemamma"
|
|-
|"Shuklam Baradharam"
|
|-
|1999
!''[[Thammudu]]''
|"Pedhavi Datani"
|Ramana Gogula
|Ramana Gogula
|-
| rowspan="8" |2000
! rowspan="4" |''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]''
|"Vevela Mainala Gaanam"
| rowspan="4" |Ramana Gogula
|
|-
|"Bangalakathamlo"
|
|-
|"Chali Pidugullo"
|
|-
|"Hey Chikitha"
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]''
|"Manasemo"
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramana Gogula]]
|
|-
|"Tholivalape Tiyyanidi"
|
|-
|"Chandamama"
|
|-
!''[[Tirumala Tirupati Venkatesa]]''
|"Abbo Naa Bangaru Laddu"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2001
!''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]''
|"Alanati Ramachandruni"
|Mani Sharma
|Jikki, Sandhya
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Naa Manasistha Raa]]''
|"Punnami Jabilli"
| rowspan="3" |S.A. Rajukumar
|SP. Balu
|-
|"Kadantaava Cheppu"
|
|-
|"Twinkle Twinkle Twinkle"
|
|-
|2002
!''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]''
|"Nee Navvula"
|Mani Sharma
|Mallikarjun
|-
| rowspan="16" |2003
!''[[Vijayam (film)|Vijayam]]''
| "Meghala Pallaki"
| [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Nenu Pelliki Ready]]''
|"Nuvvunte Chalu"(Female)
| rowspan="2" |Chakri
|
|-
|"Mugguru Bhamala"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Ela Cheppanu]]''
|"Meghala Pallakilona"
| rowspan="2" |Koti
|
|-
|"Rangula Taaraka"
|
|-
!''[[Ee Abbai Chala Manchodu]]''
|"Chandamama Kathalo"
|M.M. Keeravani
|Kalyani Malik
|-
!''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]''
|"Ganga"
|M.M. Keeravani
|SPB. Charan
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Maa Alludu Very Good]]''
|"Paluke Bangaramayena"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Padaka Padaka"
|MM Keeravani
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Seetayya|Seethaiah]]''
|"Samayaniki"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Adhishankarula"
|SPB.Charan
|-
!''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|"Nannedo Seyyamaku"
|M.M. Keeravani
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
! rowspan="2" |''2 Much''
|"Papa Nee Votu"
| rowspan="2" |K. Veeru
|
|-
|"Talentu Bayata Pettu"
|
|-
!''[[Anaganaga O Kurraadu]]''
|"Sakku Sakku"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
!''[[Appudappudu]]''
|"Nee Kalalu Kaavali"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2004
!''[[Pithamagan|Siva Puthrudu]]''
|"Chirugali Veechene"(Duet)
|Ilayaraja
|R.P. Patnaik
|-
!''[[Letha Manasulu (2004 film)|Letha Manasulu]]''
|"Letha Manasulu"
|M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Nenunnanu]]''
|"Nenunnanani"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
|"Ryali Ravalapadu"
|Tippu
|-
!''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]''
|"Naa Peru Cheppukondi"
|M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]''
|"Naa Paata Teta Telugu"
| rowspan="3" |S.V. Krishna Reddy
|
|-
|"Maa Intiki Ninnu Pilichi"
|
|-
|"Hey Apparao"
|
|-
!''[[Swarabhishekam]]''
|"Kudikannu Adirene"
|Vidya Sagar
|SP. Balu
|-
!''[[Anji (film)|Anji]]''
|"Maanava Maanava"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|tippu
|-
!''[[Apparao Driving School]]''
|"Ninnu Chuse Velalone"
|Ghantadi Krishna
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2005
! rowspan="2" |''[[Chhatrapati (film)|Chatrapathi]]''
|"Gundusudi"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
|"Summa Maasuriya"
|
|-
!''[[Allari Bullodu]]''
|"Andhamante Evaridi"
|M.M. Keeravani
|SPB. Charan
|-
!''[[Athadu]]''
|"Avunu Nijam"
|Mani Sharma
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Radha Gopalam]]''
|"Maa Muddu Radhamma"
| rowspan="2" |Mani Sharma
|
|-
|"Nee Vaalu Jada"
|sp Balasubramaniam
|-
!''[[That Is Pandu]]''
|"Vennelona Adapillanu"
|Mani Sharma
|
|-
!''[[Manasu Maata Vinadhu]]''
|"Nuvvu Nijam"
|[[Kalyan Koduri]]
|
|-
!''Alex''
|"O Meghamala"
|Bunty
|
|-
!''[[Allari Pidugu]]''
|"Maa Subbalachamma"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| rowspan="15" |2006
!''[[Shiva (2006 film)|Shiva 2006]]''
|"Adaganidhe Cheppedi Yela"
|Ilayaraja
|Vijay Prakash
|-
!''[[Vikramarkudu]]''
|"Jum jum Maya"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|m.m keeravani
|-
!''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]''
|"Andhanga Lena"
|K.M. RadhaKrishnan
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |''[[Sri Ramadasu]]''
|"Chalu Chalu'
| rowspan="4" |M.M. Keeravani
|sp.charan
|-
|"Idigidigo Naa Ramudu"
|
|-
|"Nanubrovamani"
|
|-
|"Thandrimatanu"
|
|-
!''Kokila''
|"Shubhamo Sukhamo"
|Madhukar
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss]]''
|"Yedho Thamasaga"
| rowspan="5" |Kalyan Koduri
|
|-
|"Naa Kallu Valle"
|
|-
|"Andhagadu Muttukunte"
|
|-
|"Anaganaganaga"
|
|-
|"Veluthunna"
|
|-
!''[[Chinnodu]]''
|"Hey Manasa"
|Ramana Gogula
|Venu
|-
!''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]''
|"Thara Thaluku Thara"
|Ramana Gogula
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |2007
!''[[M. M. Keeravani|Sangamam]]''
|"Chinuku Chinuku'
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
!''[[Yamadonga]]''
|"Noonugu Meesalodu"
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
!''[[Sunil Kashyap|Gita]]''
|"Neekosam Nennunantu"
|Sunil Kashyap
|
|-
!''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]''
|"Nee Illu Bangaram"
| rowspan="2" |Ramana Gogula
|Ramana Gogula
|-
!''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]''
|"Neelala Neekallu"
|Sri Krishna
|-
!''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]''
|"Yela Yela"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
!''[[Bhookailas (2007 film)|Bookailas]]''
|"Venu Madhava"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
!''[[Chirutha]]''
|"Ivvale"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
!''[[Godava]]''
|"Okkasaari"
|
|-
!''[[Gundamma Gaari Manavadu]]''
|"Chengaavi Rangu Cheera"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|Manchu Kurise Velalo]]''
|"Andhama Nee Vooredhamma"
| rowspan="2" |Usha Kanna, Krishna Mohan
|
|-
|"Choodalani Vundi"
|
|-
![[Vandemataram Srinivas|''Nee Navve Chaalu'']]
|"Poola Pallaki"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
![[Telugu cinema|''O Chinnari korika'']]
|"Aataladukundam"
|Nagendra Kumar Vepuri
|
|-
!''[[Okkadunnadu]]''
|"Adugaduguna"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
!''[[Anup Rubens|Veduka]]''
|"Mallela Mancham"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2008
! rowspan="2" |''[[Pandurangadu]]''
|"Govindhude Kokachutti"
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
|"Kosaladeshapu Kamalitho"
|
|-
!''[[Kantri|Kanthri]]''
|"Vayassunami"
|Mani Sharma
|Hema Chandra
|-
! rowspan="7" |''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]''
|"Aasha Chinni Aasha"
| rowspan="7" |Nihal
|
|-
|"Manasa Chalinchake"
|
|-
|"Challu Challu"
|
|-
|"Naa Kallalo"
|
|-
|"O Lalana"
|
|-
|"Sala Sala"
|
|-
|"Swamy Raa"(Thillana)
|
|-
!''Aalayam''
|"Neetho Vasthunna"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
!''Bhuma''
|"Abba Yem Kandaluro"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2009
!''Nachav Alludu''
|"Enthentha Dhooram"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|Hema Chandra
|-
! rowspan="7" |''[[M. M. Keeravani|Vengamamba]]''
|"Alaka Nabambhu Chalada"
| rowspan="7" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
|"Harinama"(Kruthi)
|
|-
|"Hari Alasiti"
|
|-
|"O Thalli Ganga"
|
|-
|"Srikaramuganu"
|
|-
|"Sri Rukminilola"
|
|-
|"Thirukonda Harathi"
|
|-
!''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]''
|"Nammaleni Kale Nijamayena"
|[[Ramana Gogula]]
|Deepu
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Saarai Veerraju]]''
|"Needho Naadho"
| rowspan="2" |V. Sri Sai
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|"Veeche Gaali"
|
|-
!''Aa Intlo''
|"Hrudayavedhana"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
! rowspan="2" |''[[Jhummandi Naadam]]''
|"Entha Entha"
| rowspan="3" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
|"Sannayi Mogindhi"
|
|-
!''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]''
|"Egiripothe Entha Baguntundi"
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
!''[[Subapradam|Subhapradam]]''
|"Nee Navve Kadadaka"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|Karthik
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
! rowspan="2" |''Raaj''
|"Bheemavaram Bulloda"
| rowspan="2" |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
|"Sutiga Chusava"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Aha Naa Pellanta! (2011 film)|''Aha Naa Pellanta!'']]
|"Subhramanyam"
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghu Kunche]]
|
|-
|"Saturday Evening"
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2012
!''[[Damarukam (film)|Damarukam]]''
|"Kanya Kumari"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Jaspreet Jasz
|-
! rowspan="5" |''[[Shirdi Sai]]''
|"Saranu Saranu"
| rowspan="5" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
|"Sai Ante Thalli'
|
|-
|"Ekkadayya Sai"
|
|-
|"Nee Padamulu"
|
|-
|"Aarati"
|
|-
!''Aakashamlo Sagam''
|"Naaku Neevu Pranam"
|Yasho Krishna
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013
! rowspan="2" |''[[Anthaka Mundu Aa Tarvatha]]''
|"Thamari Thone"
| rowspan="2" |[[Kalyani Malik]]
|
|-
|"Nenea Aa Nenena"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Intinta Annamayya''
|"Venkatadri Samam"
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
|"Neeke Saranu"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Maha Bhaktha Siriyala''
|"Ee Dehamu Pranamu"
| rowspan="2" |Mangala Poornachandh
|
|-
|"Kalyana Sugunakara"
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2014
! rowspan="2" |''[[Lakshmi Raave Maa Intiki]]''
|"Aa Venneladaina"
| rowspan="2" |K. M. RadhaKrishnan
|
|-
|"Venu Gaana Lolude"
|
|-
!''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
|"Em Sandeham Ledu"
|[[Kalyani Malik]]
|[[Kalyani Malik]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Anamika (2014 film)|Anamika]]''
|"Kshanam Kshanam"
| rowspan="3" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
|"The Search"
|
|-
|"Dead & Live"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Ice Cream 2]]''
|"Kiss Me"
| rowspan="2" |Satya Kashyap
|
|-
|"Kiss Me"(Remix)
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Alibaba Okkade Donga''
|"Adugadugu"
| rowspan="2" |Sai Srikanth
|
|-
|"Aakasham"
|
|-
!''[[April Fool (2014 film)|April Fool]]''
|"Raa Raa"
|Bunty
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
! rowspan="2" |''[[Maryan (film)|Mariyaan]]''
|"Inka Konchem Sepu"
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Vijay Prakash
|-
|"Sonapareeya"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Yes''
|"Ee Vela Madilona"
| rowspan="2" |Indraganti Laxmi Srinivas
|
|-
|"Premante Maayele"
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2016
!''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]''
|"Chakkandaala Chukka"
|Kalyani Koduri
|Kalyani Koduri
|-
!''Manalo Okadu''
|"Madhuram"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|
|-
!''Raagam''
|"Yeenadu Neepai Jaali Padadhe"
|Sunil Kashyap
|Sunil Kashyap
|-
!''Evaro Taanevvaro''
|"Kammani Kalalu"
|S Sriram
|
|-
!''Atu Itu Kaani Hrudayam Thoti''
|"Maruvaleni"
|GP Raavin
|
|-
!''Aa Mugguru''
|"Pachani Pandiri"
|Sathya Kashyap
|
|-
!''Jilakarra Bellam''
|"Vintha Vinthaga"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
!''[[Sri Sri (film)|Sri Sri]]''
|"Nela Nichi"
|E. S. Murthy
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
! rowspan="2" |''Mixture Potlam''
|"Allari Godhari"
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
|
|-
|"Nee Maate"
|
|-
!''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]''
|"Vayyari Kalahamsika"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
!''[[Malli Raava]]''
|"Malli Raava"(Reprise)
|Shravan Bharadwaj
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
! rowspan="2" |''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]''
|"Modalaudaam"
| rowspan="3" |[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
|[[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|-
|"Vinavamma Toorupu Chukka"
|
|-
!''[[Mahanati]]''
|"Chivaraku Migiledi"
|
|-
!''[[Bluff Master (2019 film)|Bluff Master]]''
|"Ye Maayo Yemo Teliyade"
|Sunil Kashyap
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
!''[[N.T.R: Mahanayakudu|NTR Mahanayakudu]]''
|"Ramanna Katha"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
!''Pranavam''
|"Edo Edo Kaavalantu"
|Padmanav Bharadwaj
|
|-
!''[[Oorantha Anukuntunnaru]]''
|"Alavaatu Lo Leni"
|[[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
!''Paarari''
|"Siggu"
|Mahith Narayan
|[[Yazin Nizar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
!''[[30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela]]''
|"Neeli Neeli Aakasham"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|-
!''[[Pattas|Local Boy]]''
|"Tholi Suryuda"
|[[Vivek–Mervin]]
|
|-
!''Nireekshana''
|"Kalalu Yenno"
|Mantra Anand
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
!''Guduputani''
|"Neeli Ningi Thaakalani"
|Pratap Vidya
|
|-
!''[[Bro (2021 film)|Bro]]''
|"Annayya "
|[[Shekar Chandra]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
!''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|"Tharali Tharali"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|
|-
![[Madhi (2022 film)|''Madhi'']]
|"Soul Of Madhi"
|[[P. V. R. Raja]]
|Deepu<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3SlUyMOe63oECFTWcZUDOa?si=9919b331e19f44f5 | title=Soul of Madhi | website=[[Spotify]] }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
![[Honeymoon Express (2024 film)|''Honeymoon Express'']]
|"Nijama"
|[[Kalyani Malik]]
|Kalyani Malik
|-
!''[[Pranaya Godari]]''
|"Choodakayyo Nemalikalla"
|Markandeya Paramalla
|Sai Charan
|-
|2025
!Dooradarshini
|"Naa Needa Veluthundhaa"
|Anand Gurrana
|Anurag kulkarni
|}

=== Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music director(s)
!Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997
! rowspan="3" |''[[Bhoomigeetha]]''
|"Boodyaviya Habba"
| rowspan="3" |Ilayaraaja
|Ilayaraaja, Nepolean
|-
|"Nodiravva Nodiravva"
|
|-
|"Are Kamali Kamali"
| SPB Charan
|-
|2007
!''[[Savi Savi Nenapu]]''
|"Sooryanu Ee Divasa"
|R.P. Patnaik
|Rajesh
|-
|2009
![[Abhay (2009 film)|''Abhay'']]
|"Baanu Kempadante"
|V. Hari Krishna
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
! rowspan="2" |''[[Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu]]''
|"Janumada Jodi"

| rowspan="2" |V. Hari Krishna
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|"O Priyathama"
|
|-
!''[[Modalasala]]''
|"Prathama Olava"
|V. Hari Krishna
|Srinivas
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
! rowspan="2" |''[[Hudugaru]]''
|"Neerinalli Sanna Ale"(Duet)
| rowspan="2" |V. Hari Krishna
|Sonu Nigam
|-
|"Neerinalli Sanna Ale"(Solo)
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2012
![[Drama (2012 film)|''Drama'']]
|"Hambalada Hoovanu"
|V. Hari Krishna
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Katari Veera Surasundarangi]]''
|"Jum Jumka"

| rowspan="3" |V. Hari Krishna
|Sonu Nigam
|-
|"Oorige Nee"
|Upendra
|-
|"Parijatha"
|
|-
!''[[Ko Ko]]''
|Mellane
Naa Kolluve
|Ramana Gogula
|Karthik, Ramana Gogula
|-
!''[[Kiladi Kitty]]''
|Thumba thumba
|Jassie Gift
|Sonu Nigam
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
!''[[Agraja]]''
|Rara priyachora
|Nandhan Raj
|
|-
![[Rose (2014 film)|''Rose'']]
|Preethige Rose Andaru
|Anoop Seelin
|Nakul Abhyankar
|-
|2016
!''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]''
|Koodi itta
|V. Hari Krishna
|Sonu Nigam
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Song
!Music director(s)
!Co-singer(s)
|-
|1997
!'''''Punniyavathi'''''
|Subburaj
|Unakkoruthi
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
|2000
|'''''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'''''
|[[Keyaar]]
|Ninaitha varam
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
|2001
|[[Badri (2001 film)|'''''Badri''''']]
|[[P. A. Arun Prasad]]
|Kadhal Solvadhu
|[[Ramana Gogula]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|}

=== Other work ===
====Non-film songs====
Sunitha has sung title songs for several Telugu television serials and also lent her voice as a dubbing artist for the series ''Andam''.
{| class="wikitable"
!Serial Name
!Song
|-
|''Antharangaalu''
|"Gundeki Savvadenduku"
|-
|''Ruthuraagaalu''
|"Vaasanta Sameeramlaa"
|-
|''Maunaraagam''
|"Ningi Taakutunnade Neeloni Dhairyam"
|-
|''Antahpuram''
|"Antahpuram.. Silaleni Kovelamundu"
|-
|''Koyilamma''
|"Anaganagaa Oka Thotalona"
|-
|''Varudhini Parinayam''
|"Chandamaama Ni Sarijodu"
|-
|''Enneno janmala bandham''
| "Enneno janmala bandham"
|}

==== Private albums ====
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
Sunitha has recorded numerous private albums. ''Meera Padavali'' and ''Aanota – Manasu Palike Vela'', composed by her guru Kalaga Krishna Mohan, are among her most recognised works. She was also featured in the devotional album ''Sri Ramachandra Krupalu'', a bhajan by Tulsidas, produced by sunithamusic.com.

Another notable work is ''Chandrashekara Ashtakam'', composed by Sai Madhukar.

Other private albums include ''Raghuram'', ''Sai Sudha'', ''Sri Venkateswara Tatwanidhi'', ''Sri Vallabha Bhakthi Geethalu'', ''Sai Darshanam'', ''Sri Chidvilasam'', ''Amma Durgamma'', ''Pahimaam'', ''Sri Rama Charanam'', ''Govinda Ganamrutham'', ''Saye Dhaivam'', and ''Bathuku Paata''.

==== Performances ====
Sunitha has performed extensively as a live artist in 19 countries, including the United States (almost annually since 1999), the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Malaysia, Uganda, Nigeria, Tanzania, South Africa, Australia, Scotland, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, and Mauritius.

In 2009, she launched her concert series ''Melodious Moments with Sunitha'', which expanded in 2019 with performances in five major U.S. cities: San Jose, Charlotte, Cleveland, Indianapolis, and Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charlotte Telangana Association {{!}} Melodious moments with Sunitha|url=http://northcarolina.nris.com/events/view/Charlotte-Telangana-Association-Melodious-moments-with-Sunitha-13588|access-date=2022-02-05|website=northcarolina.nris.com/|language=en}}</ref> The Indianapolis event was held at the [[Old National Centre|Old National Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Molodious moments with singer sunitha and live band capricio Indianapolis IN Showtimes Tickets Schedules|url=https://desiindy.com/events2.php?id=364|access-date=2022-02-05|website=desiindy.com}}</ref> Following its success, the series debuted in India with a concert at Shilpakala Vedika, Hyderabad, on 4 August 2019, later extending to various cities and towns across the Telugu-speaking states.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2019-08-03|title=Sunitha Upadrashta and Lydian Nadhaswaram to perform in Hyderabad|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sunitha-upadrashta-and-lydian-nadhaswaram-to-perform-in-hyderabad/article28806178.ece|access-date=2022-02-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Her other notable performances include the foundation-laying ceremony for Amaravati, the bicentennial celebrations of Secunderabad organised by the Government of Andhra Pradesh, the golden jubilee celebrations of the state assembly, and a rendition of "Vande Mataram" with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] at the Congress plenary session commemorating 50 years of Indian independence.

==Filmography==

=== As Voice actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Khaki;"| Dubbed for
! | Films
|-
| [[Soundarya]]
| [[Choodalani Vundi]] (1998) [[Ninne Premistha]] (2000) [[Seetayya]] (2003) [[Swetha Naagu]] (2004) [[Shiva Shankar (film)|Shiva Shankar]] (2004)
|-
| [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]
| [[Pelli Pandiri]] (1998) [[Sandade Sandadi]] (2002) [[Sriramachandrulu]] (2003)
|-
| [[Sanghavi (actor)|Sanghavi]]
| [[Seetharama Raju]] (1999) [[Ravanna (film)|Ravanna]] (2000)
|-
| [[Antara Mali]]
| [[Prema Kadha]] (1999)
|-
| [[Preeti Jhangiani]]
| [[Thammudu]] (1999) [[Adhipathi]] (2001) [[Apparao Driving School]] (2004)
Narasimha Naidu (2001)
|-
| [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
| [[Goppinti Alludu]] (2000) 
[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]] (2000)
|-
| [[Sakshi Sivanand]]
| [[Maa Pelliki Randi]] (2000) [[Simharasi]] (2001)
|-
| [[Priya Gill]]
| [[Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary]] (2000)
|-
| [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| [[Choosoddaam Randi]] (2000)
|-
| [[Ameesha Patel]]
| [[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]] (2000) [[Naani]] (2004) [[Narasimhudu]] (2005)
|-
| [[Namrata Shirodkar]]
| [[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]] (2000)
|-
| [[Bhumika Chawla]]
| [[Yuvakudu]] (2000) [[Snehamante Idera]] (2001) [[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]] (2003) [[Aadanthe Ado Type]] (2003) [[Jai Chiranjeeva]] (2005) [[Mayabazar (2006 film)|Mayabazar]] (2006) [[Anasuya (film)|Anasuya]] (2007) [[Amaravati]] (2009) [[Naa Style Veru]] (2009) [[Yagam (2010 film)|Yagam]] (2010) [[Collector Gari Bharya]] (2010) [[Laddu Babu]] (2014)
|-
| [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
| [[Manoharam (2000 film)|Manoharam]] (2000) [[Naalo Unna Prema]] (2001) [[Vijayendra Varma]] (2004)
|-
| [[Shaheen Khan (Indian actress)|Shaheen Khan]]
| [[Chiru Navvutho]] (2000)
|-
| [[Asha Saini]]
| [[Antha Mana Manchike]] (2000) [[Subhakaryam]] (2000) Nuvvu naaku nachav(2001)

|-
| [[Reemma Sen]]
| [[Chitram]] (2000) [[Bava Nachadu]] (2001) [[Seema Simham]] (2002) [[Veede]] (2003) [[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]] (2007) [[Mugguru]] (2011)
|-
| [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
| [[Priyamaina Neeku]](2001) [[Tholi Valapu]] (2001) [[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]] (2001) [[Venky]] (2004) [[Radha Gopalam]] (2005) [[Sankranti]] (2005) [[Sri Ramadasu]] (2005) [[That Is Pandu]] (2005) [[Evandoi Srivaru]] (2006) [[Maharadhi]] (2007) [[Madhumasam]] (2007) [[Pandurangadu]] (2008) [[Adivishnu]] (2008) [[Nee Sukhame Ne Korukunna]] (2008) [[Amaravathi (2009 film)|Amaravathi]] (2009) [[Rajanna]] (2011) [[Ulavacharu Biryani]] (2014)
|-
| [[Anjala Zhaveri]]
| [[Prema Sandadi]] (2001) [[Aaptudu]] (2004)
|-
| [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]
| [[Navvuthu Bathakalira]] (2001)
|-
| [[Sindhu Menon]]
| [[Bhadrachalam (film)|Bhadrachalam]] (2001)
|-
| [[Tanu Roy]]
| [[Manasantha Nuvve]] (2001) [[Itlu Sravani Subramanyam]] (2001)
|-
| [[Shruthi Raj]]
| [[Veedekkadi Mogudandi?]] (2001) [[O Chinadana]] (2002)
|-
| [[Anita Hassanandani]]
| [[Nuvvu Nenu]] (2001) [[Thotti Gang]] (2002) [[Ninne Ishtapaddanu]] (2003) [[Aadanthe Ado Type]] (2003) [[Nenu Pelliki Ready]] (2004)
|-
| [[Sonali Joshi]]
| [[Subbu]] (2001)
|-
| [[Rekha Vedavyas]]
| [[Jabili]] (2001)
|-
| [[Gajala]]
| [[Student No.1]] (2001) [[O Chinadana]] (2002) [[Adrustam]] (2002) [[Allari Ramudu]] (2002) [[Bharatasimha Reddy]] (2002) [[Vijayam]] (2003) [[Money Money, More Money]] (2011)
|-
| [[Ashima Bhalla]]
| [[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]] (2001)
|-
| [[Kanchi Kaul]]
| [[Sampangi]] (2001) [[Cheppalani Vundhi]] (2001) [[Family Circus]] (2001) [[Idi Maa Ashokgadi Love Story]] (2002) [[Siva Rama Raju]] (2002)
|-
| [[Gracy Singh]]
| [[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]] (2002)
|-
| [[Rachna Banerjee]]
| [[Neethone Vuntanu]] (2002) [[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]] (2002)
|-
| [[Richa Pallod]]
| [[Naa Manasistha Raa]] (2002) [[Holi (2002 film)|Holi]] (2002)
|-
| [[Rimi Sen]]
| [[Nee Thodu Kavali]] (2002)
|-
| [[Sonali Bendre]]
| [[Manmadhudu]] (2002) [[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]] (2002) [[Shankar Dada MBBS]] (2004)
|-
| [[Sadha]]
| ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002) [[Naaga]] (2003) [[Praanam]] (2003) [[Leela Mahal Center]] (2004) [[Donga Dongadi]] (2004) [[Avunanna Kaadanna]] (2005) [[Chukkallo Chandrudu]] (2006) [[Veerabhadra]] (2006) [[Classmates (2007 film)|Classmates]] (2007) [[Shankar Dada Zindabad]] (2007)
|-
| [[Shriya Saran]]
| [[Nuvve Nuvve]] (2002) [[Chennakesava Reddy]] (2002) [[Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu]] (2003) [[Nenunnanu]] (2004) [[Mogudu Pellam O Dongodu]] (2005) [[Bhageeratha]] (2005) [[Sada Mee Sevalo]] (2005) [[Balu ABCDEFG]] ( 2005) [[Boss, I Love You]] (2006) [[Life Is Beautiful]] (2012) [[Manam (film)|Manam]] (2014) [[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]] (2015) ''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]''(2017) (750th Film) [[Paisa Vasool (2017 film)|Paisa Vasool]] ( 2021)
|-
| [[Namitha]]
| [[Gemini (2002 Telugu film)|Gemini]] (2002) [[Oka Raju Oka Rani]] (2003) [[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]] (2004)
|-
| [[Ankitha]]
| [[Dhanalakshmi, I Love You]] (2002) [[Premalo Pavani Kalyan]] (2002) [[Andaru Dongale Dorikithe]] (2004) [[Vijayendra Varma]] (2004) [[Seetharamudu]] (2006)
|-
| [[Keerti Chawla]]
| [[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]] (2002) [[Kaasi (2004 film)|Kaasi]] (2004)
|-
| [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]
| [[Eeshwar (2002 film)|Eeshwar]] (2002) [[Pellikani Prasad]] (2008) [[Manjeera]] (2009) [[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]] (2011)
|-
| [[Gayatri Jayaraman]]
| [[Aaduthu Paaduthu]] (2002)
|-
| [[Kaniha]]
| [[Ottesi Cheputunna]] (2003)
|-
| [[Rakshita]]
| [[Pellam Oorelithe]] (2003) [[Nijam]] (2003) [[Jagapati]] (2005)
|-
| [[Aarti Chhabria]]
| ''[[Okariki Okaru]]''(2003) [[Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari]] (2004)
|-
| [[Neha Bamb]]
| [[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]] (2003) [[Athade Oka Sainyam]] (2004)
|-
| [[Aditi Agarwal]]
| [[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]] (2003)
|-
| [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]]
| [[Vasantam]] (2003) [[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|Kabaddi Kabaddi]] (2003) [[Dongodu]] (2003) [[Letha Manasulu (2004 film)|Letha Manasulu]] (2004) [[Pedababu]] (2004)
|-
| [[Renu Desai]]
| [[Johnny (2003 film)|Johnny]] (2003)
|-
| [[Jyothika]]
| [[Tagore (film)|Tagore]] (2003)
|-
| [[Charmy Kaur]]
| [[Neeke Manasichaanu]] (2003) [[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]] (2003) [[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]] (2004) [[Anukokunda Oka Roju]] (2005) [[Political Rowdy]] (2005) [[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]] (2006) [[Style (2006 film)|Style]] (2006) [[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]] (2006) [[Chinnodu]] (2006) [[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|Sundarakanda]] (2007) [[Mantra (2007 film)]] (2007) [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2008 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]] (2008) [[Michael Madana Kamaraju]] (2008) [[Kavya's Diary]](2009) [[Manorama (film)|Manorama]] (2009) [[Nagaram Nidrapotunna Vela]] (2011) [[Sevakudu]] (2013)
|-
| [[Genelia D'Souza]]
| [[Satyam (2003 film)|Satyam]] (2003) [[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]] (2004) [[Naa Alludu]] (2005) [[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]] (2006) [[Mr.Medhavi]] (2008)
|-
| [[Nikita Thukral]]
| [[Sambaram]] (2003) [[Kushi Kushiga]] (2004) [[Evandoi Srivaru]] (2006) [[Nee Navve Chalu]] (2006) [[Maharajsri]] (2006) [[Don (2007 film)|Don]] (2007)
|-
| [[Divya Spandana|Ramya]]
| [[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|Abhimanyu]] (2003)
|-
| Mounika
| [[Maa Alludu Very Good]] (2003)
|-
| [[Asin]]
| [[Lakshmi Narasimha (film)|Lakshmi Narasimha]] (2004)
|-
| [[Meera Jasmine]]
| [[Ammayi Bagundi]] (2004) [[Gorintaku (2008 film)|Gorintaku]] (2008) [[Bangaru Babu (2009 film)|Bangaru Babu]] (2009) [[A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)|A Aa E Ee]] (2009)
|-
| [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
| [[Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy]] (2004)
|-
| [[Padmapriya Janakiraman]]
| [[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]] (2004) [[Andari Bandhuvaya]] (2010) [[Patel S. I. R.]] (2017)
|-
| [[Meera Vasudevan]]
| [[Anjali I Love You]] (2004)
|-
| [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
|''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]''(2004) [[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]] (2006) [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu|Raghavan]] (2006) [[Pellaindi Kaani]] (2007) [[Jalsa]] (2008) [[Gopi Gopika Godavari]] (2009) [[Maa Annayya Bangaram]] (2010) [[Shirdi Sai]] (2012) [[Ramachari]] (2013) [[Govindudu Andarivadele]] (2014)
|-
| [[Archana Shastry|Archana]]
| [[Nenu (film)|Nenu]] (2004)
|-[[nuvvosthanante nenodhantana(film)|nuvvosthanante nenodhantana]] (2005)
| [[Navaneet Kaur]]
| [[Sathruvvu]] (2004) [[Good Boy (2005 film)|Good Boy]] (2005) [[Bangaru Konda]] (2007)
|-
| [[Moonmoon Banerjee]]
| [[Yagnam (2004 film)|Yagnam]] (2004)
|-
| [[Katrina Kaif]]
| [[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]] (2004)
|-
| [[Nauheed Cyrusi]]
| [[Sakhiya]] (2004)
|-
| [[Santoshi]]
| [[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]] (2004)
|-
| [[Arti Agarwal]]
| [[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]] (2005) [[Andala Ramudu (2006 film)|Andala Ramudu]] (2006) Deepavali (2008)
|-
| [[Anuradha Mehta]]
| [[Nuvvante Naakishtam]] (2005)
|-
| [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
| [[Naa Oopiri]] (2005)
|-
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| [[Andarivaadu]] (2005) [[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]] (2006)
|-
| [[Gopika]]
| [[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Muddhula Koduku]] (2005) [[Veedhi]] (2006) [[Veedu Mamoolodu Kadu]] (2008)
|-
| [[Nayanthara]]
| [[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]] (2005) (Telugu version) [[Boss, I Love You]] (2006) [[Tulasi (2007 film)|Tulasi]] (2007) [[Dubai Seenu]] (2007) [[Simha (film)|Simha]] (2010) ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''(2011) [[Anamika (2014 film)|Anamika]] (2014) [[Babu Bangaram]] (2016) [[Jai Simha]] (2018) [[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]] (2019) [[Godfather (2022 film)|God Father]] (2022) [[Annapoorani]] (2023) (Telugu Version)
|-
| [[Parvati Melton]]
| [[Vennela]] (2005) [[Allare Allari]] (2006)
|-
| [[Gowri Pandit]]
| [[Andhrudu]] (2005)
|-
| [[Gowri Munjal]]
| [[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]] (2005) [[Sri Krishna 2006]] (2006)
|-
| [[Saloni Aswani]]
|[[Dhana 51]] (2005) [[Oka Oorilo]] (2005) 
|-
| [[Poonam Bajwa]]
| [[Modati Cinema]] (2005)
|-
| [[Raima Sen]]
| [[Dhairyam (2005 film)|Dhairyam]] (2005)
|-
| [[Tamannaah]]
| [[Sri (2005 film)|Sri]] (2005) [[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]] (2007) [[Kalidasu]] (2008)
|-
| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| ''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]'' (2005) [[Astram (film)|Astram]] (2006) [[Don (2007 film)|Don]] (2007) [[Swagatam]] (2008) [[Baladur]] (2008) [[Chintakayala Ravi]] (2008)
|-
| [[Sindhu Tolani]]
| [[Athanokkade]] (2005) [[Gowtam SSC]] (2005) [[Pothe Poni]] (2006) [[Nee Navve Chalu]] (2006) [[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]] (2006)
|-
| [[Sameera Reddy]]
| [[Ashok (film)|Ashok]] (2006)
|-
| [[Priyamani]]
| [[Pellaina Kothalo]] (2006) [[Nava Vasantham]] (2007) [[Pravarakhyudu]] (2009) [[Raaj (film)|Raaj]] (2011)
|-
| [[Kamna Jethmalani]]
| [[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]] (2006) [[Samanyudu]] (2006) [[Toss (2007 film)|Toss]] (2007) [[Andamaina Abadham]] (2009)
|-
| [[Diya (actress)|Diya]]
| [[Asadhyudu]] (2006)
|-
| [[Sridevika]]
| [[Rajababu (film)|Rajababu]] (2006)
|-
| [[Sheela Kaur|Sheela]]
| [[Seethakoka Chiluka (2006 film)|Seethakoka Chiluka]] (2006) [[Parama Veera Chakra]] (2011)
|-
| [[Ileana D'Cruz]]
| [[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]] (2007)
|-
| [[Trisha Krishnan]]
| [[Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule]] (2007) [[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]] (2008) 
[[96 (film)|96]] (2020) (Telugu Version)
|-
| [[Neha Jhulka]]
| [[Okkadunnadu]] (2007) [[Viyyala Vari Kayyalu]] (2007)
|-
| [[Shabna Khan]]
| [[Bahumati]] (2007)
|-
| [[Vedhika Kumar|Vedhika]]
| [[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]] (2007) [[Baanam]] (2009) [[Daggaraga Dooramga]] (2011)
|-
| [[Hansika Motwani]]
| [[Kantri]] (2008)
|-
| [[Sneha Ullal]]
| [[Ullasamga Utsahamga]] (2008) [[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]] (2008)
|-
| [[Bindu Madhavi]]
| [[Avakai Biryani]] (2008)
|-
| [[Sonal Chauhan]]
| [[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]] (2008)
|-
| [[Mamta Mohandas]]
| [[Victory (2008 film)|Victory]] (2008)
|-
| [[Meera Chopra]]
| [[Vaana (film)|Vaana]] (2008) [[Maaro (film)|Maaro]] (2011)
|-
| [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
| [[Hero (2008 film)|Hero]] (2008)
|-
| [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]
| [[Gunde Jhallumandi]] (2008)
|-
| [[Payal Ghosh]]
| [[Prayanam (2009 film)|Prayanam]] (2009)
|-
| [[Kriti Kharbanda]]
| [[Boni (film)|Boni]] (2009) [[Teen Maar]] (2011)
|-
| [[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
| [[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]] (2010) [[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]] (2010) [[Mirapakaay]] (2011) [[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]] (2013) [[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]] (2013)
|-
| [[Nisha Agarwal]]
| [[Yemaindi Ee Vela]] (2010)
|-
|[[Manjari Fadnis]]
|[[Inkosaari]] (2010) [[Shubhapradham]] (2010) [[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]] (2011)
|-
|[[Vimala Raman]]
| [[Gaayam 2]] (2010) [[Chukkalanti Ammayi Chakkanaina Abbayi]] (2013)
|-
| [[Shruti Hassan]]
| [[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]] (2011)
|-
| [[Isha Chawla]]
| [[Mr Pellikoduku]] (2013)
|-
| [[Tapsee Pannu]]
| [[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]] (2013)
|-
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]]
| [[Maryan (film)|Maryan]] (2013)
|-
| [[Shanvi Srivastava]]
| [[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]] (2013) [[Rowdy (2014 film)|Rowdy]] (2014) [[Pyar Mein Padipoyane]] (2014)
|-
| [[Regina Cassandra]]
| [[Subramanyam for Sale]] (2015) [[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]] (2016)
|-
|[[Sandhya Raju]]
|Natyam (2016; short film)
|-
| [[Lavanya Tripathi]]
| [[Soggade Chinni Nayana]] (2016)
|-
| [[Namitha Pramod]]
| [[Kathalo Rajakumari]] (2017)
|-
| [[Aakanksha Singh]]
| [[Devadas (2018 film)|Devdas]] (2018)
|-
| [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
| [[Ponniyin Selvan: I]] (Telugu Version) (2022) [[Ponniyin Selvan: II]] (Telugu Version) (2023)
|}

=== TV shows ===
Sunitha anchored, hosted and performed as a singer in many music-based programs and live shows in most of the reputed Telugu television channels. She has given about 500 programs so far on AIR, DD channel, ETV, Gemini TV, and MAA TV.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Program Name
!Channel
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1995
|''Paadave Koyila''
''Single episode live show''
|[[Doordarshan|Doordarshan Andhra]]
|Singer
|The first ever musical live show organised by DD
|-
|1996
|''Navaragam''
| rowspan="2" |[[Gemini TV]]
|Anchor
|Music competition show where most of the Telugu singers were introduced
|-
|1996
|''Yours lovingly''
|Anchor
|Birthday wishes show
|-
|2008
|''Saptaswaraalu''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Anchor
|Singers competition that introduced most of the Telugu singers
|-
|
|''Antakshari''
|Vanita TV
|Anchor
|Musical competition between participants
|-
|2004
2014

2020 - 2021
|''Saregamapa''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Anchor
|Hosted Music competition for kids - Saregamapa Lil Champs
Appeared as a Guest Judge in Saregamapa - The next singing Icon - 2020 & 2021
|-
|2007
2009

2014
|''Jhummandi Naadam''
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Host & singer
|Musical interview show with live bands
|-
|2014 till date
|''Swarabhishekam''
|Singer &
anchor in few US, UK shows
|A Special musical show singing versatile songs by Veteran and Upcoming singers
|-
|
|''Super Singer''
''Seasons 4 to 7''
|[[Star Maa|MAA TV]]
|Mentor & judge
Season 7 title winner
|Music competition show between the Telugu singers
|-
|2014 to 2019
|Annamayya paataku Pattabhishekam
|[[Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel|SVBC]]
|Anchor & singer
|A culturally unique show where more than 1000 Annamayya keerthana's were brought to lime light in collaboration with [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam]] & movie director [[K. Raghavendra Rao|K Raghavendra Rao]] & music composer [[M. M. Keeravani|MM Keeravani]]
|-
|2020
|Drama Juniors
|Zee5
|Judge
|Talented children from different parts of the country showcase their varied acting skills and compete with each other to win the coveted title
|-
|2022
|Paaduthaa Teeyaga
|ETV
|Judge
|Launched in the year 1996 by the Legenary SPB - "Padutha Theeyaga" is a unique program to bring out emerging singing talent into limelight
|}

=== Short films ===

Sunitha played the lead role in her first short film ''Raagam''. It was nominated for SIIMA, 2017 in the short film category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-feel-my-face-isnt-as-expressive-as-my-voice-Sunitha/articleshow/54266676.cms|title=I feel my face isn't as expressive as my voice: Sunitha|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2019|last1=Palaparthi |first1=Srividya }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugu360.com/singer-sunitha-shines-well-acting-in-raagam/|title=Singer Sunitha shines well in acting too!|date=9 October 2016|website=Telugu360.com|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsmahal.com/singer-sunitha-raagam-telugu-short-film-wins-million-hearts/|title=Singer Sunitha Raagam Telugu Short Film Wins Million Hearts !! Beautiful |date=8 October 2016|website=News Mahal|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Director
!Role
|-
|2016
|''Raagam''
| rowspan="2"|Telugu
|Sree Chaitu
|Lead
|-
|2018
|''Thadasthu''
|[[R. P. Patnaik|R.P. Patnaik]]
|Special appearance
|}

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=February 2025}}

===Nandi Awards===
* Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer for TV film ''Antha Rangaalu'' (1999)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist]] for the movie ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the Movie ''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]'' (2003)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist for the movie ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'' (voice of the [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]) (2004)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist for the movie ''Pothe Poni''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2005.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc – Nandi award winners list 2005 |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=11 November 2006 |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> (2005)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the movie ''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]'' (2006)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer for TV film ''Anthahpuram'' (2010)
* Nandi Award for a TV film called ''Mamathala Kovela'' (2011)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist for the movie ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' (voice of the [[Nayantara]]) (2012)

===Filmfare Awards===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Kannada]] ([[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]) for the movie ''[[Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu]]'' for the song "O Priyathama"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Telugu]] ([[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]]) for the movie ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'' for the song "Em Sandehamledu"<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html| title = Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |website=filmfare.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-manam-tops-telugu-winners-list-allu-arjun-shruti-haasan-photos-637265|title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015 – Manam Tops Telugu Winners List: Allu Arjun, Shruti Haasan Bag Best Actor [PHOTOS]|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=27 June 2015|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>
* Nominated-Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Telugu (2009) for the movie [[Pravarakhyudu]] for the song "Neela Neela Mabbulu"
* Nominated-Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Telugu (2010) for the movie [[Vedam (film)|Vedam]] for the song "Egiripothe"
* Nominated-Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Kannada (2010) for the movie [[Modalasala]] for the song "Prathama"

=== Other Awards ===
* TV Award 2009 for Best Female Playback Singer presented by Delhi Telugu Academy in Hyderabad on 8 August 2010<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2010-08-09|title=Delhi Telugu Academy awards presented|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Delhi-Telugu-Academy-awards-presented/article16125672.ece|access-date=2022-02-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Lata Mangeshkar Best Singer Award for 2011 was presented by the State Government at 2nd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lata Mangeshkar Music Awards presented |url=https://www.andhrawishesh.com/378-telugu-headlines-top-stories/18264-lata-mangeshkar-music-awards-presented.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.andhrawishesh.com|date=28 September 2011 |language=en}}</ref>
* TSR TV9 Best play back singer award for the song "Em Sandeham ledu" in 2014<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-20|title=TSR TV9 National Film Awards 2013-14 Winners List: Chiranjeevi Honours Balakrishna, Mohan Babu [Video]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tsr-tv9-national-film-awards-2013-14-winners-list-chiranjeevi-honours-balakrishna-mohan-babu-639811|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
* NTR memorial award 2015<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-25|title=Pic Talk: NTR Award For Singer Sunitha|url=https://archive.gulte.com/movienews/38950/Pic-Talk-NTR-Award-For-Singer-Sunitha|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Gulte|language=english}}</ref>
* Singer of the decade award in the year 2016 by Zee Apsara Awards<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunitha won the singer of decade award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sunitha-won-the-singer-of-decade-award/articleshow/51562467.cms|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* Prestigious Indywood Academy award as best playback singer for the song "Chivaraku migiledhi" from the epic biopic Mahanati in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indywood Academy Awards|url=https://www.indywoodacademyawards.com/winners18|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.indywoodacademyawards.com}}</ref>
* Vishishta seva puraskar by "I Stand for the Nation" NGO in 2019<ref>{{Citation|title=I Stand For The Nation Seva Puraskara Awards Singer Sunitha Song | date=3 October 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9SULk9Kqvo|language=en|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0839281|Sunitha}}
* {{Facebook|singer.sunitha|Sunitha}}
* {{Instagram|upadrastasunitha|Sunitha}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadrasta, Sunitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:Film people from Andhra Pradesh]]

B. M. Hegde

2026-01-14T22:50:37Z

Puranam: Made Initial Data and Citations

{{short description|Indian cardiologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox medical person
|name =
|image = BelleMonappaHegde.JPG
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Hegde in 2005
|birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|18 August 1938}}
|birth_place = [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|profession = {{hlist|Cardiologist|professor of medicine|author}}
|specialism =
|research_field =
|known_for =
|years_active =
|education = {{unbulleted list|[[King George Medical College]]|[[Stanley Medical College]]}}
|work_institutions = {{unbulleted list|[[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]|[[Kasturba Medical College]]|[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Mangalore Branch}}

|prizes = {{unbulleted list|2021 [[Padma Vibhushan]]|2010 [[Padma Bhushan]]|1999 [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] for Eminent Teachers<ref name="nams" /><ref name="tribune" />|1997 [[Rajyotsava Award]]}}
|relations =
|signature = }}
[[File:B M Hegde with Kiran Kumar Reddy.JPG|thumb|B M Hegde being conferred an honorary doctorate by [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]]]

'''Belle Monappa Hegde''' (born 18 August 1938) is an Indian cardiologist, professor of medicine, and author. He was the vice chancellor of [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] from 1999 to 2003.<ref name="toipadma" /> He was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2010 and [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2021.<ref name="toipadma" /> He has supported [[homeopathy]]<ref name="homeo-defense"/> a [[pseudoscientific]]<ref name="PoP"/> system of [[alternative medicine]] and [[quantum healing]].<ref name="quantkmj"/>

== Early life ==
Hegde was born on 18 August 1938 in Pangala near Udupi, Karnataka, India<ref name="mt" /> He obtained MBBS from [[Stanley Medical College]], Madras in 1960 and later M.D. from [[King George’s Medical College]], [[University of Lucknow]]<ref name="toipadma" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=RESUME OF |url=https://www.bmhegde.com/resume1.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.bmhegde.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Over a long career at [[Kasturba Medical College|Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore]], Hegde served in various positions such as professor, principal and dean. He was appointed the vice chancellor of [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] in 1999 and served till 2003.<ref name="toipadma" /> He was an independent director of [[Zydus Wellness]].<ref name="et" /> He also served as chairman of an expert committee of Bihar State Health Society<ref name="bihar" />

He was the chairman of [[Mangaluru]] branch of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]].<ref name="bhav" /> He started a medical journal, ''Journal of the Science of Healing Outcomes''<ref name="jsho" /> and serves as its editor-in-chief.<ref name="jshobio" /> Hegde was a fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]<ref name="nams" /> till 2016.

B.M. Hegde is a member of the selection jury of Mahaveer Awards instituted by Bhagwan Mahaveer Foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/bhagwan-mahaveer-foundation-invites-nominations-for-26th-mahaveer-awards-carrying-cash-prize-of-rs-40-lakhs-across-4-categories-2/1111621/ | title=Bhagwan Mahaveer Foundation invites nominations for 26th Mahaveer Awards carrying cash prize of Rs 40 lakhs across 4 categories | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=September 2022 }}</ref>

== Pseudoscience and controversies ==

He has proposed that '[[quantum healing]]' can bring sick persons back to normal,<ref name="quantkmj" /><ref name="hinduoped" /> a concept widely regarded in the scientific community as pseudoscientific.<ref name="slate" /><ref name="wapo" />

In 2019, when Hegde was invited to deliver a lecture on "Sauce of Happiness" at the campus of [[Indian Institute of Technology]], [[Madras]], he was called a proponent of "pseudo-science and quackery" by a group of research scholars, who questioned his criticism of modern medicine and accused him of promoting unverified treatments for various ailments.<ref name="tnie" /> Hegde said it showed "how much the protesters knew about science."<ref name="ptiprotest" />

His TEDx talk on "Change is life" was flagged by TED as containing medical fallacies and sweeping generalizations. TED said that the assertions made in the talk lacked legitimate scientific support.<ref>{{Citation |title=Change is life {{!}} Dr. B M HEGDE {{!}} TEDxGlobalAcademy | date=23 May 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBhxIW24jaE |access-date=2023-11-24 |language=en}}</ref>

Hegde has also written articles and given talks in support of [[homeopathy]], regarded globally as a [[pseudoscience]].<ref name="PoP">{{cite book |author=Ladyman J |veditors=Pigliucci M, Boudry M |year=2013 |pages=48–49 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |chapter=Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience |title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem |quote=Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often sincerely). |isbn=978-0-226-05196-3}}</ref> Hegde argues that even if one thinks incorrectly that Homeopathy is a [[placebo]], it is still important, as most modern medicine is worse than placebo.<ref name="homeo-money" /><ref name="yt" /><ref name="homeo-defense" />

== Bibliography ==
{{div col}}
* {{cite book|title=Wisdom of the human body|year=2001|publisher=Gandhi Centre of Science and Human Values of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=148 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gtRAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=What Doctors Don't Get to Study in Medical School|year=2006|publisher=Anshan|isbn=978-1-904798-84-2|pages=275 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdyNAAAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=Hypertension: Assorted Topics|year=1995|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=108 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRvvGwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=The Heart Manual|year=2000|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|pages=157 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hh0LSwAACAAJ}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|title=You Can Be Healthy|year=2004|publisher=Macmillan Publishers India Limited|isbn=978-1-4039-2233-5|pages=208 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul9ePgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=How To Maintain Good Health|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7476-069-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hL7cYk7afl0C}}
* {{cite book|title=Modern Medicine and Ancient Indian Wisdom|year=2000|publisher=Manipal Academy of Higher Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsCHOwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=Holistic Living|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn=978-81-7276-024-3|pages=117 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dI0lvbM92csC}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|title=Art Of Public Speaking|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn=978-81-7276-054-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVJSPgAACAAJ}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="toipadma">{{cite news| last=Pinto| first=Stanley| date=9 November 2021| title="Cardiologist Dr B M Hegde conferred Padma Vibhushan"| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/cardiologist-dr-b-m-hegde-conferred-padma-vibhushan/articleshow/87612588.cms| work=The Times of India| location=Mangaluru| access-date=15 November 2021}}.</ref>
<ref name="mt">{{cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Padma-Bhushan-to-Dr-B-M-Hegde.html |title=Padma Bhushan to Dr B M Hegde |publisher=Mangalore Today |access-date=2010-01-25}}</ref>
<ref name="bihar">{{cite web|title=B.M. Hegde to head Bihar health society|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030103740700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090109/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030103740700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 March 2006|access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="nams">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows – NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="tribune">{{cite news| date=30 June 2000|author= |title="BC Roy award for PGI doctor"|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000701/nation.htm#5|work=The Tribune, India|access-date=15 November 2021| quote="Dr B.M. Hegde, Vice-Chancellor, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, ... have been awarded for their services as eminent medical teachers"}}</ref>
<ref name="et">{{Cite news| url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/zydus-wellness-independent-director-b-m-hegde-resigns/54880291| date=16 October 2016| author= |title="Zydus Wellness independent director B M Hegde resigns"|work=The Times of India| access-date=15 November 2021}}.</ref>
<ref name="bhav">{{cite web |url=https://www.bhavans.info/kendra/show_kendra.asp?stateid=8&kendraid=24 |title="BHAVAN'S CENTRES : In India & Abroad" |author= |date=15 November 2021 |website=bhavans.info |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115100930/https://www.bhavans.info/kendra/show_kendra.asp?stateid=8&kendraid=24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="jsho">{{cite web| url=https://thejsho.com/pdf/MEDICAL%20JOURNAL.pdf|title=Innovative medical journal for humanistic medicine|access-date=15 November 2021| quote="he has teamed up with Professor Rustum Roy to start an innovative journal called JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF HEALING DISEASES (JSHO)"}}</ref>
<ref name="jshobio">{{cite web |url=http://www.thejsho.com |title=Bio|website=www.thejsho.com|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="quantkmj">Hegde BM: “Modern Medicine and Quantum Physics” Kuwait Medical Journal: March 2003: 35(1): 1–3</ref>
<ref name="hinduoped">{{cite news |last1=Hegde |first1=B. M |title=Some thoughts on 'quantum healing' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/some-thoughts-on-quantum-healing/article7652647.ece |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=15 September 2015 |quote=Quantum healing is what happens when your own volition can make it happen during the oscillation between matter and energy to rebuild the damaged part ... Auto-healing, akin to quantum healing, brings one back to normalcy. This alone can be called cure.}}</ref>
<ref name="slate">{{Cite web|last=Francis|first=Matthew R.|date=2014-05-29|title=The Two Top Inspirations of Science-Sounding Nonsense: Quantum and Consciousness|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/05/quantum-consciousness-physics-and-neuroscience-do-not-explain-one-another.html|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Slate Magazine|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news|last=Strauss|first=Valerie|title=Scientist: Why Deepak Chopra is driving me crazy|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2015/05/15/scientist-why-deepak-chopra-is-driving-me-crazy/|access-date=2020-12-06|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
<ref name="tnie">{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/campus/2019/feb/06/rip-science-how-iit-m-students-protested-against-padma-bhushan-b-m-hegdes-lecture-on-sauce-of-hap-5259.html|title=RIP Science: How IIT-M students protested against Padma Bhushan B M Hegde's lecture on 'sauce of happiness'|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 February 2019 }}</ref>
<ref name="ptiprotest">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iit-madras-scholars-protest-inviting-b-m-hegde-for-lecture-119020501482_1.html|title=IIT-Madras scholars protest inviting B M Hegde for lecture|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=5 February 2019|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
<ref name="homeo-money">{{Cite web| url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/homeopathyscience-or-fraud/22682.html| date=4 January 2012| last=Hegde| first=B.M.| title="Homeopathy-science or fraud?" | quote="Lots of people have an idea that homeopathy is only a placebo and not effective otherwise. This is not true ... Therefore, even if one were to think that homeopathy is only a placebo, it does not belittle its importance as most of our modern medical drugs are worse than placebos"| access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="yt">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/gbhWiW8ZZHE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211101437/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbhWiW8ZZHE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbhWiW8ZZHE| title = Dr.B.M.Hegde on Homeopathy - Can we trust it? -latest speech{{!}} Cholesterol {{!}} Diabetes {{!}} Health Direct | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 15 April 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="homeo-defense">{{Cite web|url=http://bmhegde.com/hegde/articles.php?article_id=146|title = B. M. Hegde - Articles: IN DEFENSE OF HOMEOPATHY}}</ref>
</references>

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hegde, B. M.}}
[[Category:People from Udupi]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]

Do and Die

2026-01-12T06:57:13Z

Puranam: Improved wording and formatting

{{Infobox book
| name = Do and Die
| image = Do and Die 2010.jpg
| caption = Front cover of the 2010 edition
| author = [[Manini Chatterjee]]
| language = English
| country = [[India]]
| genre = [[Historical]]
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
| release_date = 1999
| pages = 356
| isbn = 978-0-330-53629-5
}}

'''''Do and Die : The Chittagong Uprising 1930–34''''' is a 1999 [[historical non-fiction]] book written by the Indian author [[Manini Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1705/17050790.htm | title=Chittagong saga retold | author=Menon, Parvathi | journal=Frontline |date=March 2000 | volume=17 | issue=5}}</ref> The book tells the real-life story of revolutionary leader [[Surya Sen]] and his role in the [[Chittagong armoury raid]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20000124-book-review-of-manini-chatterjee-do-and-die-776959-2000-01-23 | title=Khadi and khaki| work=[[India Today]] | date=24 January 2000 | access-date=6 June 2014 | author=Dasgupta, Swapan}}</ref>

The book was awarded the Rabindra Purashkar Award in 2000.<ref name="Advani">{{cite book|last=Advani|first=L. K.|title=As I See it|year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcVUOwi4FF4C&pg=PT233|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=978-81-291-2315-2|page=233}}</ref> It was adapted into the 2010 film ''[[Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey]]'', directed by [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] and starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-deepika-in-khelein-hum-jee-jaan-sey/20100519.htm|title=First look: Deepika in ''Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey''|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about revolutions]]

Shabab Sabri

2026-01-08T00:48:51Z

Puranam: Starting article - done

{{BLP sources|date=July 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shabab Sabri
| image = File:SHABAB SABRI.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sabri in 2021
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|07|06}}
| birth_place = [[Saharanpur]], India
| instrument = Vocals
| genre =
| occupation = Playback singer
| years_active = 1997–present
| label =
}}
'''Shabab Sabri''' (born 6 July 1979) is a [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] playback singer.

Shabab Sabri's father Iqbal Sabri and uncle Afzal Sabri were qawalli and Sufi singers in India. Shabab Sabri began training under Rashid Khan Saheb at the age of 14 years. Later on Sabri learned and performed in many live shows with his father.

Sabri began his work as a playback singer in 1998<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Salman-is-lucky-for-me-Shabab-Sabri/articleshow/16334829.cms |title=Salman is lucky for me: Shabab Sabri – The Times of India |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106154207/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Salman-is-lucky-for-me-Shabab-Sabri/articleshow/16334829.cms |archive-date=2015-01-06}}</ref> with the song "Teri Jawani badi mast mast hai" with his father and uncle.

== As a playback singer ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year released
! Song
! For
! Co-singer(s)

|-
| rowspan="1"| 2021
| "Ibaadat Ban Gaye Ho"
| Album
| Smita Dahal
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2021
| "Kik {Kyun Ishq Kiya}"
| Album
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2019
| Hud Hud Dabangg
|[[Dabangg 3]]
| [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
|-
|Saiyaan Ve
|[[Ek Kahani Julie Ki]]
|Shehzad Ali, Naman Shastri, Javed Ali
|-
|"Vodka Shot"
|Album
|Tarannum Mallick
|-
|" On the Ramp Never Ending Show title track"...........
|On the Ramp Never Ending Show
|
|-
|" Sufiyana Pyar Mera Title Song "
|Sufiyana Pyar Mera
|Javed Ali, Munali Thakur
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017
| " Ali Ali "
| Coffee with the D
|
|-
|"Mahi"
|Irada
|Harshdeep Kaur
|-
| Nas Nas Mein
| [[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]
| [[Meet Bros Anjjan]], Rani Hazarika
|-
| Dil kare chu che
| [[Singh Is Bliing]]
|
|-
|"Jalte Diye"
| [[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]
| [[Anweshaa]], [[Harshdeep Kaur]], Vinit Singh|
|-
|" Eid Mubarak "
|Daddy
|
|-
|2016
|"Love Hua"
|Album
|Sanchiti Sakat
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014
|"Jaadu Tone Waaliyan"
| [[Daawat-e-Ishq]]
|
|-
| "Tere Naina Maar Hi Daalenge"
| [[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]

|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013
| "Khochey Pathan Ki Zubaan"
| [[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]
| Meet Bros Anjjan, [[Sukhwinder Singh]]

|-
| Tujhse Alag Tujhse Juda
| [[Super Model (film)|Super Model]]
| Ujjawala Jadhav

|-
| "Jhoom Barabar Jhoom"
| rowspan="2"|[[Policegiri]]
| rowspan="2"| Vinit Singh

|-rowspan="1"
| Tirat Meri Tu
|-
|" Chhamiya No.1 "
|Zila Ghaziabad
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| "Gore Mukhde Pe"
| Special 26
| [[Aman Trikha]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]

|-
| rowspan="5"| 2012
| Picture Abhi Baki Hai
| [[Mere Dost Picture Abhi Baki Hai]]
|
|-
| "Lagan Laagi"
| rowspan="2"|Dangerous Ishhq
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]

|-
| Umeed
| [[Amrita Kak]]

|-
|"Dil Mera Muft Ka"
| [[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]
| Muazzam, Nandini Shrikar, Rizwan

|-
| "Chalao Na Naino Se"
| ''[[Bol Bachchan]]''
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]

|-
| 2011
| "Damadamm"
| [[Damadamm!]]
| Alam Gir Khan, [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Palak Muchhal]], Punnu Brar, Rubina Shaikh, Sabina Shaikh, Vinit Singh

|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
| "Humka Peeni Hai"
| [[Dabangg]]
| Wajid, [[Master Saleem]]

|-
| "Kanha(Thumari) Pawan udave batiyan"
|'' [[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]] ''
| [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], [[Sharib Sabri]], [[Toshi Sabri]]

|-
| rowspan="1"| 2007
| Kamjaraf
|'' Journey Bombay To Goa: Laughter Unlimited''
| Shehla Burney

|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006
| Duniyawalon Ko Nahi Kuch Bhi Khabar
| [[Umar (film)|Umar]]
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Prabodh Chandra Dey (Manna Dey), [[Sonu Nigam]]

|-
| Ghoonghat Na Kholiyo
| [[Iqraar by Chance]]
| [[Sonu Kakkar]]

|-
| rowspan="3"| 2005
| Haay Bichhuwa
| rowspan="2"|Jalwa: Fun In Love
| [[Harshdeep Kaur]]

|-
| Tere Ishq Ne Mujhako
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]

|-
| Yahan Zindagi Ek Alag
| [[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sagarika]]

|-
| rowspan="1"| 2004
| "Lahoo Banke Aansoo"
| [[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sonu Nigam]]

|-rowspan=
| rowspan="1"| 1998
| "Teri Jawani Badi Mast Mast"
| [[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya]]
| Iqbal Sabri, Afzal Sabri
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Song
! Film
! Position
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2018
|ZEE AWARD
|
|
|
|-
|2016
|Police Umang Award
|
|
|
|-

| 2014|| Chhatrapati Shivaji Rajmudra awards<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://photogallery.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/chhatrapati-shivaji-rajmudra-awards/articleshow/20742589.cms |title=Shabab Sabri during Chhatrapati Shivaji Rajmudra Awards, held in Mumbai |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108202009/http://photogallery.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/chhatrapati-shivaji-rajmudra-awards/articleshow/20742589.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| || ||
|-
| 2014|| Aap Ki Awaz Media Excellence Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/8th-aap-ki-awaz-media-excellence-awards/articleshow/20795605.cms |title=Shabab Sabri at 8th Aap Ki Awaz Media Excellence Award, held at ISKON Auditorium, in Mumbai. |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131110336/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/8th-aap-ki-awaz-media-excellence-awards/articleshow/20795605.cms |archive-date=2015-01-31}}</ref>||

| ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons cat inline}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:sabri, Shabab}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Chishti-Sabiris]]

Dashavatara

2025-12-16T09:34:41Z

Puranam:

{{Short description|Ten major avatars of the Hindu god Vishnu}}
{{Distinguish|Epic cycles of incarnations}}
{{Redirect|Dashavatar}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
[[File:Vishnu Avatars.jpg|thumb|[[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]] (centre) surrounded by his ten major avatars (Krishna-Buddha version). Anticlockwise from top left: [[Matsya]]; [[Kurma]]; [[Varaha]]; [[Narasimha]]; [[Vamana]]; [[Parashurama]]; [[Rama]]; [[Krishna]]; [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] and [[Kalki]]]]
{{Vaishnavism}}

The '''Dashavatara''' ({{langx|sa|दशावतार}}, {{IAST3|daśāvatāra}}) are the ten primary [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]], a principal [[Hindus|Hindu]] god. Vishnu is said to descend in the form of an avatar to restore cosmic order.<ref>{{cite web|title=Know About 'The Dashavatara'~ 10 Avatars of Lord Vishnu in Hinduism|date=5 June 2020|website=NewsGram|url=https://www.newsgram.com/know-dashavatara-10-avatars-lord-vishnu-hinduism/|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727052057/https://www.newsgram.com/know-dashavatara-10-avatars-lord-vishnu-hinduism|url-status=dead}}</ref> The word ''Dashavatara'' derives from {{IAST|daśa}}, meaning "ten", and {{IAST|avatāra}}, roughly equivalent to "[[incarnation]]".

The list of included avatars varies across sects and regions, particularly with respect to the inclusion of [[Balarama]] (brother of [[Krishna]]) or [[the Buddha]]. Though no list can be uncontroversially presented as standard, the "most accepted list found in [[Puranas]] and other texts is [...] Krishna, Buddha."{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=112}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2001|p=73}}{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1994|p=175}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}}{{sfn|Krishna|2010|p=28-29}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}} Most draw from the following set of figures, in this order:{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} [[Matsya]], [[Kurma]], [[Varaha]], [[Narasimha]], [[Vamana]], [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], or [[Balarama]], [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]]{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}} or [[Krishna]], and [[Kalki]]. In traditions that omit Krishna, he often replaces Vishnu as the source of all avatars. Some traditions include a regional deity such as [[Vithoba]]<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in" /> or [[Jagannath]]{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}} in penultimate position, replacing Krishna or Buddha. All avatars have appeared except one: [[Kalki]], who will appear at the end of the ''[[Kali Yuga]]''.

The order of the ancient concept of Dashavataras has also been interpreted to be reflective of modern [[Darwinian evolution]], as a description of the evolution of consciousness.

== Etymology ==
'''"Dashavatara"''' or '''"{{IAST|daśāvatāra}}"''' (दशावतार) means "ten avatars" or "ten incarnations":

* '''<nowiki/>"Dash"<nowiki/>''' or '''<nowiki/>"Daśā"''' (दश) means "ten"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=daza&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit: 'Ten'|website=spokensanskrit.org|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103034638/http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=daza&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''<nowiki/>"Avatara"''' (अवतार) means "incarnation"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=Avatara&direct=se&anz=100|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit|website=spokensanskrit.org|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524164525/https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=Avatara&direct=se&anz=100|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==List of Avatars==
According to Swami Parmeshwaranand, although the avatars of Vishnu are countless in number and include [[hermit]]s, [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manus]], sons of Manus, and other [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] ([[Hindu deities|Hindu Deity]]), due to a curse by the [[Rishi]] [[Bhrigu]], most are only partial (i.e. incomplete) incarnations. The Dashavatara is a list of the ten complete (i.e., full) incarnations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Swami Parmeshwaranand|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Sarup & Sons|others=unknown library|pages=131–132|language=en}}</ref>

=== Lists ===
Various versions of the list of Vishnu's avatars exist, varying by region and tradition.{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}}{{sfn|Wuaku|2013|p=148}} Some lists mention Krishna as the eighth avatar and the [[The Buddha|Buddha]] as the ninth avatar,{{sfn|Wuaku|2013|p=148}} while others, such as the [[Paripāṭal]]{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} (c. 3rd-4th CE), which is the fifth of the [[Eight Anthologies]] (''Ettuthokai'') in the [[Sangam literature]], and the ''Yatindramatadipika'', a 17th-century summary of [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] doctrine,{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} list Balarama as the eighth avatar and Krishna as the ninth.{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} The latter version is followed by some Vaishnavas who do not accept the Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu.{{sfn|Krishna|2009}} One list in the [[Mahabharata]] gives Rama ([[Bhargava]]), Rama (Dasharathi), Satvata (Krishna or Balarama),{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=112}} the Tri-Rama. The Tantric ''Prapanchasara'' (attributed to [[Adi Shankara]], but disputed,{{sfnp|Avalon1935|p=2}}) also omits the Buddha. Though no list can be uncontroversially presented as standard, the "most accepted list found in [[Puranas]] and other texts is [...] Krishna, Buddha."{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=112}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2001|p=73}}{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1994|p=175}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}}{{sfn|Krishna|2010|p=28-29}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}}

The following table summarises the position of avatars within the Dashavatara in many but not all traditions:{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}}<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| Position
| Krishna, Buddha {{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}} North Indian [[Bhagavata|Bhagavatism]], [[Sadh Vaishnavism]], [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]]{{refn|group=note|name="HareKrsna"}}{{refn|group=note|{{harv|Leyden|1982|p=22}}: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra.}}
| Balarama, Krishna {{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} [[Smarta tradition|Smartism]], [[Shaiva Siddhanta]], [[Sri Vaishnavism]]{{refn|group=note|{{harv|Leyden|1982|p=22}}: Southern Deccan, Mysore.}}
| Balarama, Buddha {{sfn|Nagaswamy|2010|p=27}} [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]]{{refn|group=note|name="HareKrsna"}}{{refn|group=note|{{harv|Leyden|1982|p=22}}: Rajasthan, Nepal, Northern Deccan.{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}}}
| Balarama, [[Jagannatha]] {{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}} [[Govardhan Math]]{{refn|group=note|prabhat Mukherjee: Orissa;{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}} Leyden: West Bengal Orissa.{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}}}
| Krishna, Vithoba <ref name="maharashtra.gov.in" /> [[Warkari|Warkari Sampradaya]]{{refn|group=note|Maharashtra, Goa.<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in" />}}
| ''[[Yuga]]''{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}
|-
| 1
| colspan="5" |[[Matsya]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} ''(fish)''
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Satya Yuga]]''{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}
|-
| 2
| colspan="5" |[[Kurma]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} ''(turtle, tortoise)''
|-
| 3
| colspan="5" |[[Varaha]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} ''(boar)''
|-
| 4
| colspan="5" |[[Narasimha]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} ''(man-lion)''
|-
| 5
| colspan="5" |[[Vamana]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} ''(dwarf-god)''
| rowspan="3" |''[[Treta Yuga]]''{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}
|-
| 6
| colspan="5" |[[Parashurama]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} ''(Brahmin warrior)''
|-
| 7
| colspan="5" |[[Rama]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}}{{refn|group=note|Donald J. LaRocca, Metropolitan Museum of Art, describes a ''[[Katar (dagger)|katar]]'' with Rama-Krishna-Buddha, referring to ''Rama'' as ''Ramachandra'', or alternately ''Balarama''.{{sfn|LaRocca|1996|p=4}} Yet, Hoiberg specifically states that ''Rama'', as an avatar of Vishnu, is ''Ramachandra''.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2000|p=264}}}}
|-
| 8
| [[Krishna]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{refn|group=note|name="HareKrsna"}}
| [[Balarama]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}}
| [[Balarama]]{{sfn|Nagaswamy|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Morgan|1987|p=55}}{{refn|group=note|name="HareKrsna"}}
| [[Balarama]]{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}}
| [[Krishna]]<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in" />
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Dvapara Yuga]],''{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}} ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' in case of Buddha{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}
|-
| 9
| [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}}
| [[Krishna]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}}
| [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]]{{sfn|Nagaswamy|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Morgan|1987|p=55}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}}
| [[Jagannatha]]{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}}
| [[Vithoba]]<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in" />
|-
| 10
| colspan="5" |[[Kalki]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|p=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} ''(prophesied 10th avatar who ends the [[Kali Yuga]])''
|''[[Kali Yuga]]''
|}
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:KINGS of BAKTRIA. Agathokles. Circa 185-170 BC. AR Drachm (3.22 gm, 12h). Bilingual series. BASILEWS AGAQOKLEOUS with Indian god Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg|alt=[[Balarama]]-Samkarshana, holding the [[Gada (mace)|gada]] and plough, and Vasudeva-[[Krishna]], holding the sankha (a conch) and chakra, the half-brother avatars of [[Vishnu]], are the earliest representations of avatars. Mint of the non-Hindu coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]], an Indo-Greek ruler, circa 185-170 BCE|Balarama-Samkarshana, holding the gada and plough, and Vasudeva-Krishna, holding the sankha (a conch) and chakra, the half-brother avatars of Vishnu, are the earliest representations of avatars. Mint of the non-Hindu coinage of Agathocles, an Indo-Greek ruler, circa 185-170 BCE
File:Dashavtar closeup national museum india.JPG|alt=Hindu god Vishnu's ten major avatars (Balarama-Krishna version) Dasavatara shrine, 18th century ivory (National Museum, New Delhi). From top descending: Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Balarama, Krishna, and Kalki.|[[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]'s ten major avatars ([[Balarama]]-[[Krishna]] version) [[Dasavatara shrine]], 18th century ivory ([[National Museum of India|National Museum]], [[New Delhi]]). From top descending: [[Matsya]]; [[Kurma]]; [[Varaha]]; [[Narasimha]]; [[Vamana]]; [[Parashurama]]; [[Rama]]; [[Balarama]] ; [[Krishna]] and [[Kalki]].
File:Dasavatar, 19th century.jpg|[[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]'s ten major avatars (Balarama-Buddha version). From left: [[Matsya]]; [[Kurma]]; [[Varaha]]; [[Narasimha]]; [[Vamana]]; [[Parashurama]]; [[Rama]]; [[Balarama]]; [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]]; and [[Kalki]]
</gallery>

=== In the Puranas ===
{{Main|Puranas}}

The [[Agni Purana|Agni]], [[Padma Purana|Padma]], [[Garuda Purana|Garuda]], [[Linga Purana|Linga]], [[Naradiya Purana|Narada]], [[Skanda Purana|Skanda]] and [[Varaha Purana]]s mention the common (Krishna, Buddha) Dashavatara list.{{refn|group=note|In the Puranas:
* [[Agni Purana|'''Agni''']], Chapter 49<ref name=":3">{{cite book|last=J. L. Shastri|first=G. P. Bhatt|url=https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal|title=Agni Purana Unabridged English Motilal (vol 1.)|date=1998-01-01|pages=1–38}}</ref>
* [[Garuda Purana|'''Garuda''']] (list 1), Volume 1, Chapter 86, Verses 10–11<ref name="Part 1" /> (one of two lists)
* [[Linga Purana|'''Linga''']], Part 2, Chapter 48, Verses 31-32<ref>{{cite book|last=J.L.Shastri|url=https://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart2|title=Linga Purana – English Translation – Part 2 of 2|date=1951|pages=774}}</ref>
* [[Naradiya Purana|'''Narada''']], Part 4, Chapter 119, Verses 14–19<ref>{{cite book|last=N.A|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12976|title=The Narada-Purana Part 4|date=1952|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi|pages=1486}}</ref>
* [[Padma Purana|'''Padma''']], Part 7: 66.44–54; 71.23–29;<ref>{{cite book|last=N.A|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12949|title=The Padma-Purana Part 7|date=1952|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi}}</ref> Part 9: 229.40–44<ref>{{Cite book|last=|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12954|title=The Padma-Purana Part 9|date=1956|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi}}</ref>
* [[Varaha Purana|'''Varaha''']], Chapter 4, Verses 2-3; Chapter 48, Verses 17–22;<ref>{{cite book|last=N.A|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12962|title=The Varaha Purana Part 1|date=1960|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi|pages=13}}</ref> and Chapter 211, Verse 69<ref>{{cite book|last=|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12972|title=The Varaha Purana Part 2|date=1960|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi|pages=652}}</ref>
* [[Skanda Purana|'''Skanda''']], Part 15: Reva Khanda: Chapter 151, Verses 1–7<ref>{{cite book|last=N.A.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20778|title=The Skanda-Purana Part 15|date=1957|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi}}</ref>}} The [[Garuda Purana]] has two lists, one longer list with [[Krishna]] and [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]], and a list with [[Balarama]] and [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]], which substitutes [[Vamana]] for [[Rama]].{{refn|group=note|[[Garuda Purana|Garuda]] list 2, Volume 3, Chapter 30, Verse 37<ref>{{Cite book|last=N.A|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12942|title=The Garuda-Purana Part 3|date=1957|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi}}</ref>}} The [[Shiva Purana]] has [[Balarama]] and [[Krishna]]. The list with [[Krishna]] and [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] is also found in the [[Garuda Purana]] ''Saroddhara'', a commentary or 'extracted essence' of the Garuda Purana (i.e. not the [[Puranas|Purana]] itself, with which it seems to be confused):{{blockquote|The [[Matsya|Fish]], the [[Kurma|Tortoise]], the [[Varaha|Boar]], the [[Narasimha|Man-Lion]], the [[Vamana|Dwarf]], [[Parashurama|Parasurama]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna|Krisna]], [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]], and also [[Kalki]]: These ten names should always be meditated upon by the wise. Those who recite them near the diseased are called relatives.|source=Garuda Purana Saroddhara by Navanidhirama (translated by E. Wood and S. V. Subrahmanyam), Chapter VIII, Verses 10–11<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45762|title=The Garuda Purana|last=Subrahmanyam|first=S. V.|date=1911|pages=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu10.htm|title=The Garuda Purana: Chapter VIII. An Account of the Gifts for the Dying|website=sacred-texts.com|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>|author=|title=}}

==Description of the avatars==
[[File:1st to 5th of 10 Vishnu avatars on Udupi Hindu temple gopuram.jpg|thumb|1st to 5th of the Dashavataras on [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha]] gopuram, Karnataka.]]

# '''[[Matsya]]''': The fish avatar. King [[Vaivasvata Manu]] finds a little fish in the palm of his hands when performing the [[tarpana]] (water-offering). The fish asks Manu if his riches and power was enough to give the fish a nice home. Manu keeps the fish to give it a home, but the fish keeps expanding, which breaks Manu's pride about his wealth. Eventually, he releases it into the ocean, realizing it is Vishnu himself. Vishnu informs Manu of the coming destruction of the world, by means of fires and floods, and directs Manu to collect "all creatures of the world" and keep them safe on a boat built by the gods. When the [[Flood myth|deluge]] ([[Pralaya]]) occurs, Vishnu appears as a great fish with a horn, to which Manu ties the boat, which leads them into safety.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2001|p=228-229}}
# '''[[Kurma]]''': The tortoise/turtle avatar. In the legend of the [[Samudra Manthana]], the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and [[asura]]s were churning the [[Ocean of milk|Ocean of Milk]] in order to obtain [[amrita]], the nectar of immortality. They used the mountain [[Mount Mandara|Mandara]] as the churning shaft, which started to sink. Vishnu took the form of a tortoise to bear the weight of the mountain to allow them to complete their task.
# '''[[Varaha]]''': The boar avatar. The gatekeepers of [[Vaikuntha]], the abode of Vishnu, [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]], are cursed by the [[Four Kumaras]] when they stop them from seeing Vishnu. They choose to be reborn three times as [[asura]]s as adversaries of Vishnu. In their first birth, they are born as the brothers [[Hiranyaksha]] and [[Hiranyakashipu]]. Varaha appeared to defeat Hiranyaksha, who had abducted the earth, and by extension the earth goddess, [[Bhūmi|Bhumi]], and carried it to the bottom of the cosmic ocean. The battle between Varaha and Hiranyaksha is believed to have lasted for a thousand years, which the former finally won. Varaha carried the earth out of the ocean between his tusks and restored it to its place in the universe.
# '''[[Narasimha]]''': The half-man/half-lion avatar. Hiranyakashipu persecuted everyone for their religious beliefs including his son, [[Prahlada]], who was a devotee of Vishnu. The boy was protected by the god and could not be killed, thus being saved by the several attempts of getting harmed.<ref name="Soifer1991p73" /> Vishnu descended as an anthropomorphic incarnation, with the body of a man and head and claws of a lion. He disemboweled Hiranyakashipu, and brought an end to the persecution of human beings, including his devotee Prahlada.<ref name="Soifer1991p73" />{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2001|p=318}}
# '''[[Vamana]]''': The dwarf avatar. The grandson of Prahlada, [[Bali (demon)|Bali]], with devotion and penance was able to defeat [[Indra]], the king of [[Svarga|heaven]]. This humbled the other deities and extended his authority over the [[Trailokya|three worlds]]. The gods appealed to Vishnu for protection and he descended as a boy Vamana.<ref name="Soifer1991p33">{{cite book|author=Deborah A. Soifer|title=The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YoydqgcseYC&pg=PA33| year=1991| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0800-1|pages=33–36}}</ref> During a [[yajna]] of the king, Vamana approached him and Bali promised him for whatever he asked. Vamana asked for three paces of land. Bali agreed, and the dwarf then changed his size to that of the giant ''Trivikrama'' form.<ref name="Soifer1991p33"/> With his first stride he covered the earthly realm, with the second he covered the heavenly realm thereby symbolically covering the abode of all living beings.<ref name="Soifer1991p33"/> He then took the third stride for the netherworld. Bali realized that Vamana was [[Vishnu]] incarnate. In deference, the king offered his head as the third place for Vamana to place his foot. The avatar did so and thus granted Bali immortality and making him ruler of Pathala, the netherworld. Vishnu also granted Bali a boon whereby he could return to earth every year. The harvest festivals of [[Balipratipada]] and [[Onam]] (which is mostly celebrated by people of all faiths within [[Kerala]]) are celebrated to mark his yearly homecoming. This legend appears in hymn 1.154 of the ''[[Rigveda]]'' and other Vedic as well as Puranic texts.<ref name="Doniger1988p28">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger| title=Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hwNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA28 |year=1988 |publisher =Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-1866-4|page =28}}, [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_154 Wikisource of Griffith's translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000206/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_154 |date=29 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA96|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971825-2|pages=95–97}}</ref>
# '''[[Parashurama]]''': The warrior avatar. He is the son of [[Jamadagni]] and [[Renuka]] and was granted as a boon, an axe after a penance to [[Shiva]]. Once, the king [[Kartavirya Arjuna]] and his hunting party halted at the [[ashram]]a of Jamadagni, the father of Parashurama. The sage was able to feed them all with the aid of the divine cow [[Kamadhenu]]. The king demanded the cow, but Jamadagni refused. Enraged, the king took it by force and destroyed the ashrama and left along with the cow. Parashurama then killed the king at his palace and destroyed his army. In revenge, the sons of Kartavirya killed Jamadagni. Parashurama took a vow to travel across the world twenty-one times and kill every kshatriya king on earth filled five lakes with their blood. Ultimately, his grandfather, the [[rishi]] Ricika, appeared before him and made him halt. He is a ''[[chiranjivi]]'' (immortal), and believed to be alive today in penance at [[Mahendra Mountains|Mahendragiri]]. He is also credited with creating the coastal belt of [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] by throwing his mighty axe as per Hindu mythology. The place the axe landed in the sea got its water displaced and the land which emerged thus came to be known as the coast of Karnataka and whole of Kerala. [[File:Anantashayana Vishnu with Lakshmi, his avatars above him (annotated), Badami monuments Karnataka.jpg|thumb|[[Anantashayana Vishnu]] with [[Lakshmi]], his ten avatars above him (annotated), 6th – 8th century [[Badami Cave Temples|Badami]], Karnataka]]
# '''[[Rama]]''': The King of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. He is a commonly worshipped avatar in [[Hinduism]], and is thought of as the ideal man, and the embodiment of [[Dharma|righteousness]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&pg=PA172 |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |date=December 1991 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> His story is recounted in one of the most widely read scriptures of Hinduism, the ''[[Ramayana]]''. While in exile from his own kingdom with his brother [[Lakshman]]a and wife [[Sita]], she was abducted by Ravana, a [[rakshasa]] and king of [[Lanka]]. Rama travelled to Lanka, killed Ravana and saved Sita. Rama and Sita returned home and were crowned. The day of the return of Prince Rama to the kingdom of Ayodhya is celebrated in the festival of Diwali all over India.
# '''[[Krishna]]'''{{sfn|Wuaku|2013|p=148}} (sometimes at 9 or "0") or '''[[Balarama]]''':{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}}
#* Krishna was the eighth son of [[Devaki]] and [[Vasudeva]] and the foster-son of [[Yashoda]] and [[Nanda (mythology)|Nanda]]. A frequently worshipped deity in Hinduism, he is born to slay his tyrannical uncle, [[Kamsa]]. He is a major protagonist of the [[Mahabharata]], most notably featured in his role as the charioteer of [[Arjuna]] in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. He embodies several qualities such as love, duty, compassion, and playfulness. Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on [[Krishna Janmashtami]] according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, which falls in late August or early September of the Gregorian calendar. Krishna is usually depicted with a flute in his hand. Krishna is also a central character in Mahabharata, [[Bhagavata Purana]], and the [[Bhagavad Gita]].
#* Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna, is regarded generally as an avatar of [[Shesha]] an extension of Ananta, a form of Vishnu. Balarama is included as the eighth avatar of Vishnu in the [[Sri Vaishnava]] lists, where Buddha is omitted and Krishna appears as the ninth avatar in this list.{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} He is particularly included in the lists where Krishna is removed.
# '''[[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]]''';{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}} sometimes Krishna,{{sfn|Wuaku|2013|p=148}} (sometimes at 8 or "0"), '''[[Vithoba]]''',<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in" /> or '''[[Jagannath]]'''.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}}
#* [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Gautama Buddha]], the founder of Buddhism, is commonly included as an avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism. Buddha is sometimes depicted in Hindu scriptures as a preacher who deludes and leads asuras and heretics away from the path of the [[Vedas|Vedic scriptures]], but another view praises him a compassionate teacher who preached the path of [[ahimsa]] (non-violence).{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}}{{sfn|Wuaku|2013|p=148}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}}
#* Krishna;{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} commonly at 8, sometimes at "0"
#* In [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]], [[Vithoba]]'s image replaces Buddha as the ninth avatar of Vishnu in some temple sculptures and [[panchanga|Hindu astrological almanacs]].<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in" />
#* In certain Odia literary creations from [[Odisha]], [[Jagannath]] has been treated as the Ninth avatar, by substituting Buddha.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}}
# '''[[Kalki]]''' is described as the final incarnation of Vishnu, who appears at the end of each ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. He will be atop a white horse and his sword will be drawn, blazing like a comet. He appears when only chaos, evil and persecution prevails, [[dharma]] has vanished, and he ends the ''Kali Yuga'' to restart ''[[Satya Yuga]]'' and another cycle of existence.<ref name="Dalal2010p188">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=188}}</ref><ref name="Doniger1999p629">{{cite book|author1=Wendy Doniger|author2=Merriam-Webster, Inc|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/629 629]}}</ref>

==Historical development==
{{Quote box
|title = Vishnu Dashavatara inscription
|quote=<poem>
''[[Matsya]]h [[Kurma|Kurmo]] [[Varaha|Varahas-cha]] [[Narasimha]]s-cha [[Vamana]]''
''[[Parashurama|Ramo]] [[Rama|Ramas-cha]] [[Balarama|Ramas-cha]] [[Buddha]] [[Kalki]]-cha te dasa''

The Fish, the Tortoise, the Boar, the Man-lion, the Dwarf,
Parasurama, Dasarathi Rama, Balarama, Buddha, and Kalki – thy ten.<ref>Rao Bahadur H. Krishna Sastri (1926), ''Two Statues of Pallava Kings and Five Pallava Inscriptions in a Rock temple at Mahabalipuram'', Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Volume 26, pages 5-6</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=D. Kiran Kranth Choudary|author2=C. Udayalakshmi|title=Rāmāyaṇa in Indian Art and Epigraphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZObVAAAAMAAJ |year=2006|publisher=Harman |isbn=978-81-86622-76-6|page=19}}</ref>
</poem>
|source = —Sanctum entrance, Adivaraha cave (7th century), [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|Mahabalipuram]]; earliest [[avatar]]-related epigraphy<ref name="krsrini166" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Michael Dan Rabe|author2=G. John Samuel|title=The Great penance at Māmallapuram: deciphering a visual text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCFuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|isbn=978-81-87892-00-7|page=124}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|This 7th century (or early 8th century) inscription is significant for several reasons. It is the earliest known stone inscription about the ten avatars of Vishnu, and prior to that they are found in older texts. The stone inscription mentions the [[Buddha]] as an avatar of Vishnu in a Hindu temple. It also does not mention Krishna, but Balarama consistent with old Hindu and Jain texts of South India, the former equating Krishna to be identical to Vishnu.<ref name="krsrini166" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Nagaswamy, R|title=Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UTNuAAAAMAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569373-7|page=27}}</ref>}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}

===Buddha===
{{main|Gautama Buddha in Hinduism}}

The [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] was included as one of the avatars of Vishnu under [[Bhagavatism]] by the [[Gupta period]] between 330 and 550 CE. The mythologies of the Buddha in the [[Theravada]] tradition and of Vishnu in Hinduism share a number of structural and substantial similarities.{{sfn|Holt|2013|pp=14-15}} For example, states Indologist John Holt, the Theravada cosmogony and cosmology states the Buddha covered 6,800,000 yojanas in three strides, including earth to heaven and then placed his right foot over Yugandhara – a legend that parallels that of the Vamana avatar in Hinduism. Similarly, the Buddha is claimed in the Theravada mythology to have been born when ''dharma'' is in decline, so as to preserve and uphold the ''dharma''. These similarities may have contributed to the assimilation of the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu.{{sfn|Holt|2013|pp=14-15}}

The adoption of Buddha as an avatar in Bhagavatism was a catalyzing factor in Buddhism's assimilation into Vaishnavism's mythic hierarchy. By the 8th century CE, the Buddha was included as an avatar of Vishnu in several [[Puranas]].{{sfn|Holt|2013|pp=14-18}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=116}} This assimilation is indicative of the Hindu ambivalence toward the Buddha and Buddhism,{{sfn|Holt|2013|p=18}} and there is also a tradition that there were two Buddhas. According to this tradition, the first was the ninth avatar of Vishnu, while the second was the historical Buddha.{{sfn|Almond|1988|p=16-18}}{{refn|group=note|name=Sugata|Some contemporary Hindus also argue that there were two Buddhas, a Puranic Buddha mentioned in [[Bhagavata Purana]] 1.3.24<ref group=subnote>{{Cite book |last=N.A.|url=https://archive.org/details/BhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish/page/n33/mode/2up|title=The Bhagavata-Purana |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi|date=1950 |pages=29}}</ref> who was the incarnation of Vishnu, and the historical Buddha, who according to them was not an incarnation of Vishna. They also argue that [[sugata]] is not an ephitet for Gautama Buddha, and that "Sugata Buddha" refers to the Buddha-avatar of Vishnu or "[[Adi-Buddha|Adi Buddha]]". In this view, Sugata Buddha or Adi Buddha and Gautama Buddha were two different persons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]] |url=https://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-magazines/bhakti-books/english/5-beyond-nirvana/file |title=Beyond Nirvana: The philosophy of Mayavadism: A life history |publisher=Gaudiya Vedanta Publications |year=2003 |pages=42–49 |chapter=Two Buddhas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Bhakti Ballabh Tirtha]] |url=http://archive.org/details/Dasavatar_201803 |title=Dasavatara: Ten Manifestations of Godhead |pages=184–197 |chapter=Sri Buddha-Avatara}}</ref> See also [https://circumsolatious.blogspot.com/2010/07/joint-declaration-buddha-is-not-9th.html ''A Joint Declaration: Buddha Is NOT an Avatar of Vishnu''].}} Conversely, Vishnu has also been assimilated into Sinhalese Buddhist culture,{{sfn|Holt|2013|p=3}} and [[Mahayana Buddhism]] is sometimes called ''Buddha-Bhagavatism''.<ref name="Budd">{{cite book |author=Hāṇḍā, Omacanda |title=Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh: Up to 8th Century A.D. |publisher=South Asia Books |location=Columbia, Mo |year=1994 |pages=40 |isbn=978-81-85182-99-5}}</ref> By this period, the concept of Dashavatara was fully developed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chandraiashistory.com/INDIAN%20HISTORY%202003.htm|title=(Prabha IAS-IPS Coaching Centre - Indian History 2003 exam - "The crystallization Of the Avatara Concept and the worship of the incarnations of Vishnu were features of Bhagavatism during the Gupta period"|publisher=Arumbakkam, Chennai|access-date=1 January 2008|last=Indian|first=History|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915213751/http://www.chandraiashistory.com/INDIAN%20HISTORY%202003.htm|archive-date=15 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Dashaavathaaram ദശാവതാരം.jpg|thumb|Temple door depicting [[Dashavatar]] with Vithoba, at Sree Balaji Temple, Goa. From left top to bottom, Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vithoba, Vamana. From right top to bottom, Narasimha, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, and Kalki. Vithoba replaces Buddha in this carving.]]

===Krishna===
[[Jayadeva]], in his [[Works of Jayadeva#Dashavatara|''Pralaya Payodhi Jale'']] from the ''[[Gita Govinda]]'', includes Balarama and Buddha where Krishna is equated with Vishnu and the source of all avatars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/May-June/engpdf/23-31.pdf |title=Orissa Review |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-date=2 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200106/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/May-June/engpdf/23-31.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The words from the poem describing ten avataras (translated) are as follows:

<blockquote>''As a reviver of Vedas as a fish, bearer of this earth as tortoise, uplifter and supporter of earth as wild boar, slasher of Hiranyakashyapa as lion man, deluder of Bali as dwarf boy, annihilator of Kshatriya s as Parashu Rama, conqueror of Ravana, the legatee of Paulastya, as Rama, wielder of plough as bala raama, fosterer of non violence as Buddha, mangler of fractious races as Kalki, you alone can put on ten semblances, thus oh, Krishna, my reverences are unto you.''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/giirvaani/giirvaani/gg_utf/gg_1_utf/gg_1_sans_utf.htm | title=Gita Govindam 1 Sanskrit UTF }}</ref></blockquote>

In traditions that emphasize the ''Bhagavata Purana'', Krishna is the original ''Supreme Personality of Godhead'', from whom everything else emanates. [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]]s worship Krishna as [[Svayam Bhagavan]], or source of the incarnations.<ref name="Religion" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&dq=balarama+ten+incarnations&pg=PA25 Iconography of Balarama By N.P. Joshi p.25]</ref><ref name=Kennedy1925>{{cite book| author = Kennedy, M.T.| year = 1925| title = The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal| url = https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.24847 |publisher = H. Milford, Oxford university press}}</ref> The [[Vallabha Sampradaya]] and [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]], (philosophical schools) go even further, worshiping Krishna not only as the source of other incarnations, but also Vishnu himself, related to descriptions in the ''Bhagavata Purana''. The Mahanubhavas, also known as the Jai Kishani Panth, consider Krishna as the supreme God and do not consider the list of Dashavatara, but instead, they consider another list of Panchavatara (5 Avatars).<ref name="flood">{{cite book|author=Flood, Gavin D.|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|title=An introduction to Hinduism|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/341 341]|author-link=Gavin Flood|access-date=2008-04-21|url-access=registration}}"Early Vaishnava worship focuses on three deities who become fused together, namely Vasudeva-Krishna, Krishna-Gopala and Narayana, who in turn all become identified with Vishnu. Put simply, Vasudeva-Krishna and Krishna-Gopala were worshiped by groups generally referred to as Bhagavatas, while Narayana was worshipped by the Pancaratra sect."</ref><ref name = Rosen>''Essential [[Hinduism]]'' S. Rosen, 2006, Greenwood Publishing Group [https://books.google.com/books?id=VlhX1h135DMC&dq=Krishna+is+the+original+Personality+of+Godhead&pg=PA124 p.124] {{ISBN|0-275-99006-0}}</ref>

Thirty-nine avatars are mentioned in the [[Pañcaratra]] including the likes of [[Garuda]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Schrader|first=Friedrich Otto|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280365|title=Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya saṃhitā|publisher=Adyar Library|year=1916|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280365/page/n54 42]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sullivan|2001|p=32}} However, despite these lists, the commonly accepted number of ten avatars for Vishnu was fixed well before the 10th century CE.<ref name="Mishra">{{cite book|last=Mishra|first=Vibhuti Bhushan|title=Religious beliefs and practices of North India during the early mediaeval period, Volume 1|publisher=BRILL|year=1973|pages=4–5|isbn=978-90-04-03610-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAQ4AAAAIAAJ }}</ref>

== Jyotisha interpretation ==
The term "[[Jyotisha]]" refers to Hindu or Vedic [[astrology]], one of the six [[Vedanga]]s or ancillary disciplines linked with the [[Vedas]]. The ''Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra'' mentions the Dashavatara as follows:
{{blockquote|From the [[Surya|Sun God]] the Incarnation of [[Rama]], from the [[Moon]] that of [[Krishna]], from Mars that of [[Narasimha]], from Mercury that of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], from Jupiter that of [[Vamana]], from Venus that of [[Parashurama|Parasurama]], from Saturn that of [[Kurma|Koorma]] (Tortoise), from [[Rahu]] that of [[Varaha]] [Boar] and from [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] that of [<nowiki/>[[Matsya]]] (fish) occurred. All other incarnations that these are through the [[Navagraha|Grahas]]. The beings with more [[Paramatman|Paramatmamsa]] [i.e. Rama, Krishna, Narasimha and Varaha] are called divine beings'.|source=Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra, Translated by R. Santhanam (1984), Chapter 2, Verses 5-7<ref>{{Cite book|last=Santhanam|first=R.|url=https://archive.org/details/brihatparasarahorasastrawithenglishtranslationvolume1santhanam_202002|title=Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra With English Translation (Volume 1)|pages=23}}</ref>|author=|title=}}

Notably, according to the [[Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra|Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra]] - an important [[Smriti]] [[Shastra|Sastra]] or compilation of [[Indian astrology]] for prediction (i.e. fortune telling) - although all ten of the Dashavatara have corresponding astrological symbols, only four are considered as divine beings (i.e. Rama, Krishna, Narasimha and Varaha).

{{blockquote|<poem>The sun is the soul of all. The Moon is the mind. Mars is one's strength. Mercury is speech-giver while Jupiter confers knowledge and happiness. Venus governs semen (potency) while Saturn denotes grief.

Of royal status are the Sun and the Moon while Mars is the army chief. Prince-apparent in Mercury. The ministerial planets are Jupiter and Venus. Saturn is servant. Rahu and Ketu form the planetary army.</poem>|source=Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra, Translated by R. Santhanam (1984), Chapter 3, Verses 12-15<ref>{{Cite book|last=Santhanam|first=R.|url=https://archive.org/details/brihatparasarahorasastrawithenglishtranslationvolume1santhanam_202002|title=Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra With English Translation (Volume 1)|pages=28}}</ref>|author=|title=}}

==Evolutionary interpretation==
Some modern interpreters interpret Vishnu's ten main avatars as an ascending order from simple life-forms to more complex life-forms, and see the Dashavataras as a reflection, or a foreshadowing, of the modern [[theory of evolution]]. Such an interpretation was first propounded by the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] saint [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] in his 1873 book Datta-kaustubha and again in his 1880 book Kṛṣṇa-saṁhita. [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophist]] [[Helena Blavatsky]] also reiterated this in her 1877 opus ''[[Isis Unveiled]]''.<ref name="Nandafull">{{cite book|first=Meera|last=Nanda| author-link=Meera Nanda|chapter= Madame Blavatsky's children: Modern Hinduism's encounters with Darwinism|editor1=James R. Lewis|editor2=Olav Hammer|title=Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science|date=19 November 2010|publisher=BRILL|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQOJJiyOyH8C&pg=279|isbn=978-90-04-18791-7|pages=279–344}}</ref><ref name=Brown2007>{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=C. Mackenzie|title=The Western roots of Avataric Evolutionism in colonial India|journal=[[Zygon (journal)|Zygon]]|date=June 2007|volume=42|issue=2|pages=423–448|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9744.2007.00423.x}}</ref> Bhaktivinoda Thakura proposed the following ordering of the Dashavataras:
* [[Matsya]] - fish (Paleozoic era)
* [[Kurma]] - amphibious tortoise (Mesozoic era)<ref name="Nandafull"/><ref name=Brown2007/>
* [[Varaha]] - boar (Cenozoic era)<ref name="Nandafull"/><ref name=Brown2007/>
* [[Narasimha]] - man-lion, the last animal and semi-human avatar (Cenozoic era)<ref name="Nandafull"/><ref name=Brown2007/>
* [[Vamana]] - growing dwarf and first step towards the human form
* [[Parashurama]] - an early man who started using primitive weapons like Axe
* [[Rama]] - an ideal hero, physically perfect, befriends a speaking [[vanara]] deity [[Hanuman]]
* [[Krishna]] - Vishnu incarnating as a God<ref name="Nandafull"/><ref name=Brown2007/>
* [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] - the founder of [[Buddhism]], an enlightened man
* [[Kalki]] - the next step in evolution; yet to happen and the savior, and is like Christian Advent, which [[Helena Blavatsky|Madame Blavatsky]] believed Christians "undoubtedly copied from the Hindus"<ref name="Nandafull"/><ref name=Brown2007/>
Blavatsky believed that the avatara-related Hindu texts were an allegorical presentation of [[Darwinian evolution]].<ref name="Brown2012p75">{{cite book|author=C. Mackenzie Brown|title=Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDfgCgAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-48467-4|pages=75–76}}</ref> Some [[Orientalism#Religion|Orientalist]]s and reformist Hindus in India picked up this idea to rationalize Hinduism as being consistent with modern science. [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]{{refn|Sen was a leader of the colonial era monotheistic [[Brahmo Samaj]] reform movement of Hinduism that adopted ideas from Christianity and Islam.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmo-Samaj Brahmo Samaj] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201045845/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmo-Samaj |date=1 December 2017 }}, Encyclopedia Britannica</ref>}} stated in 1882,
{{blockquote|The Puranas speak of the different manifestations or incarnations of the Deity in different epochs of the world history. Lo! The Hindu Avatar rises from the lowest scale of life through the fish, the tortoise, and the hog up to the perfection of humanity. Indian Avatarism is, indeed, a crude representation of the ascending scale of Divine creation. Such precisely is the modern theory of evolution.<ref name="Nandafull"/>}}

Similarly Aurobindo regarded "Avataric Evolutionism" as a "parable of evolution", one which does not endorse evolutionism, but hints at "transformative phases of spiritual progress".<ref>{{cite book|author=C. Mackenzie Brown|title=Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDfgCgAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-48467-4|pages=163–164}}</ref> According to Nanda, the Dashavatara concept has led to some Hindus asserting that their religion is more open to scientific theories, and has not opposed or persecuted scientists midst them like the way Christianity and Islam has.<ref name="Nandafull"/> But, adds Nanda, Hinduism has many cosmological theories and even the Vaishnava one with Dashavatara concept does not explicitly teach evolution of species, rather it states an endless cycles of creationism.<ref name="Nandafull"/>

The Dashavatara concept appealed to other scholars. [[Monier Monier-Williams]] wrote "Indeed, the Hindus were ... Darwinians centuries before the birth of Darwin, and evolutionists centuries before the doctrine of evolution had been accepted by the Huxleys of our time, and before any word like evolution existed in any language of the world."<ref name="Brown">{{cite book|first=C Mackenzie|last=Brown| chapter= Vivekananda and the scientific legitimation of Advaita Vedanta|editor1=James R. Lewis|editor2=Olav Hammer|title=Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science|date=19 November 2010|publisher=BRILL|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQOJJiyOyH8C&pg=227|isbn=978-90-04-18791-7|pages=227}}</ref> [[J. B. S. Haldane]] (British-Indian scientist) suggested that Dashavatara gave a "rough idea" of vertebrate evolution: a fish, a tortoise, a boar, a man-lion, a dwarf and then four men (Kalki is not yet born).<ref>{{cite journal | title=Cover Story: Haldane: Life Of A Prodigious Mind | journal=[[Science Reporter]] | year=1992 | volume=29 | pages=46 }}</ref> [[Nabinchandra Sen]] explains the Dashavatara with Darwin's evolution in his ''Raivatak''.<ref name="Sen2010">{{cite book|author=Amiya P. Sen|title=Explorations in Modern Bengal, C. 1800-1900: Essays on Religion, History, and Culture|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-81-908918-6-8|page=196}}</ref> [[C. D. Deshmukh]] also remarked on the "striking" similarity between Darwin's theory and the Dashavatara.<ref name="Deshmukh1972">{{cite book|author=Chintaman Dwarkanath Deshmukh|title=Aspects of Development|page = 33|year=1972|publisher=Young Asia Publication}}</ref>

Some Vaishnava Hindus reject this "Avataric Evolutionism" concept. For example, Prakashanand states that this apologeticism degrades the divine status of Rama and Krishna, unduly sequences Rama as inferior to Krishna and both to the Buddha. Rama and Krishna are supremely divine, each right and perfect for the circumstances they appeared in, states Prakashanand.<ref name="Brown2012p182">{{cite book|author=C. Mackenzie Brown|title=Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDfgCgAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-48467-4|pages=182–183}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note|35em|refs=


{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"|Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu:
;Krishna, Buddha
''Printed sources''
* Bansal, Sunita Pant, ''Hindu Gods and Goddesses'', p.27, "Vishnu Dashavatara";
* {{harvnb|Dalal|2010|loc=p. 112 "Dashavatara"}} Dalal: "The standard and most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is: [...] Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki";
* {{harvnb|Doniger O'Flaherty|1994|p=175}} Doniger: "Visnu is generally said to have had ten incarnations [...] Krsna [...] the Buddha."
* {{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=116}} Flood: "...by the eight century the standard number of descent-forms in the Vaisnava Puranas is ten. These are [...] Krsna, Buddha."
* {{harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|loc="Visnu Avataras"}} Klostermaier: "The most common tradition speaks of ten such avataras [...] Krsna [...] Buddha."
* {{harvnb|Krishna|2010|pp=28–29}} Krishna: "Krishna [...] Buddha [...] There is a difference of opinion as to whether Buddha was an incarnation of Vishnu [...] The alternative then is Balarama, Rama of the plough and elder brother of Krishna, who is listed after Rama, thereby removing Buddha and making Krishna the ninth incarnation."
* Leeming, David Adams, ''A Dictionary of Asian Mythology'', p. 19, "Avatar"
* {{harvnb|Lochtefeld|2001|loc=p. 73 "Avatar"}} Lochtefeld: "Although there is some variation in the list of Vishnu's Avatars, the generally accepted list is as follows [...] Krishna, Buddha."
* {{harvnb|Vaswani|2017|pp=12–14}};
* {{harvnb|Wuaku|2013|p=148}}
;Balarama, Buddha
* {{harvnb|Nagaswamy|2010|p=27}}
''Web-sources''
* Encyclopedia Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45474/avatar ''Avatar'']
;Unspecified
* Holt, John Clifford (2008), ''The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture'', p.14-15; p.372 note 9 refers to four Puranas which mention the Buddha in 9th position: ''Varaha Purana'' 4.2; ''Matsya Purana'' 285.6-7; ''Agni Purana'' 49.8; ''Bhagavata Purana'' X.40.22 and I.3.
;Krishna/Balarama, Buddha
* The Hare Krsnas, [http://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/incarnations/dasavatara.htm ''Incarnations of the Lord - Dasavatara - Ten Primary Visnu Incarnations'']. The Hare Krsnas refer to the eight avatar both as Krsna and as Balarama.}}


{{refn|group=note|name="HareKrsna"|The Hare Krsnas, [http://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/incarnations/dasavatara.htm ''Incarnations of the Lord - Dasavatara - Ten Primary Visnu Incarnations'']. The Hare Krsnas refer to the eight avatar both as Krsna and as Balarama.}}
}}
;Subnotes
{{Reflist|group=subnote}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="krsrini166">K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n179/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 166-175</ref>

<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_j.html# |title=Junnar |publisher=The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1885) |author=Pathak, Arunchandra S. |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016101200/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_j.html |archive-date=16 October 2009 |access-date=2008-11-03}}</ref>

<ref name="Part 1">{{cite book|author1=N.A.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541|title=The Garuda-Purana Part 1|date=1957|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi|pages=1–6}}</ref>

<ref name="Religion">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C&dq=balarama+ten+incarnations&pg=PA57 Religion of the Hindus By Kenneth W Morgan, D S Sarma p.55]</ref>

<ref name="Soifer1991p73">{{cite book|author=Deborah A. Soifer|title=The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YoydqgcseYC|year=1991|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0800-1|pages=73–88}}</ref>

}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation | last =Almond | first =Philip C. | year =1988 | title =The British Discovery of Buddhism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Cite book |last =Avalon | first =Arthur | year =1935 | title =Tantrik Texts Prapancha Sara Tantra Vol. XVIII. Arthur Avalon | url =http://archive.org/details/tLIY_tantrik-texts-prapancha-sara-tantra-vol.-xviii.-arthur-avalon}}

* {{Citation | last =Carman | first =John Braisted | year =1994 | title =Majesty and Meekness: A Comparative Study of Contrast and Harmony in the Concept of God | publisher =Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing}}

* {{Citation | last =Dalal | first =Roshen | year =2010 | title =Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide | publisher =Penguin Books India | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=dashavatara&pg=PA112| isbn =9780143414216 }}
* {{Citation | last =Doniger O'Flaherty | first =Wendy | year =1994 | title =Hindu Myths | publisher =Penguin Books India | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ajLoN2yuZbwC&q=avatar+visnu&pg=PA175| isbn =9780144000111 }}

* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-43878-0 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}

* {{Citation | last =Hoiberg | first =Dale | year =2000 | title =Students' Britannica India: M to S : (Miraj to Shastri) - Volume 4 | publisher =Popular Prakashan | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC&q=balarama&pg=PA152| isbn =9780852297605 }}
* {{Citation | last =Holt | first =John C. | year =2013 | title =The Buddhist Visnu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture | publisher =Columbia University Press|isbn= 978-02311-3-3234}}

* {{Citation | last=Klostermaier | first =Klaus K.| author-link=Klaus Klostermaier | year =2007 | title=Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide | publisher =Oneworld Publications}}
* {{Citation | last =Krishna | first =Nanditha | year =2009 | title =Book of Vishnu | publisher =Penguin UK | isbn =978-01430-6-7627}}
* {{Citation | last =Krishna | first =Nanditha | year =2010 | title =The Book of Vishnu | publisher =Penguin Books India | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&q=book+of+Vishnu| isbn =9780143067627 }}

* {{Citation | last =LaRocca | first =Donald J. | year =1996 | title =The Gods of War: Sacred Imagery and the Decoration of Arms and Armor | publisher =Metropolitan Museum of Art}}
* {{Citation | last =Leyden | first =Rudolf von | year =1982 | title =Ganjifa: The Playing Cards of India|publisher= The Victoria and Albert Museum|isbn = 978-09052-0-9173}}
* {{Citation | last =Lochtefeld | first =James G. | year =2001 | title =The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Volume 1: A-M | publisher =The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&q=avatar&pg=PA175| isbn =9780823931798 }}

* {{cite book | last =Morgan | first =Kenneth W. | year =1987 | title =The Religion of the Hindus | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-0387-9 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C&pg=PA55}}
* {{Citation | last =Mukherjee | first =Prabhat | year =1981 | title =The history of medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa | publisher =Asian Educational Services | isbn =9788120602298 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&q=jagannatha+buddha&pg=PA155}}

* {{Citation | last =Nagaswamy | first =N. | year =2010 | title =Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) | publisher =Oxford University Press}}

* {{Citation | last =Sullivan | first =Bruce M. | year =2001 | title =The A to Z of Hinduism, 2nd Edition | publisher =Scarecrow Press | isbn =978-08108-4-0706 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/atozofhinduism00sull }}

* {{Citation | last =Vaswani | first =J.P. | year =2017 | title =Dasavatara | publisher =Jaico Publishing House | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=eSNADwAAQBAJ&q=Matsya&pg=PT13| isbn =9789386867186 }}

* {{cite book|last=Wuaku|first=Albert|title=Hindu Gods in West Africa: Ghanaian Devotees of Shiva and Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HakcAAAAQBAJ|date=11 July 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25571-5}}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Dashavatara}}
* [https://southasia.ucla.edu/religions/avatars-divinities/avatars-of-vishnu/ Avatars (Incarnations or Descents) of Vishnu]

{{VishnuAvatars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasavatara}}
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Avatars of Vishnu|*]]

Jalore district

2025-11-19T09:31:24Z

Puranam:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalore district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Kailash Dham Bishangarh.jpg
|photo2a = Sundha mata.jpg
|photo3a = Popular Mahant of Sire Mandir.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Top: Kailash Dham [[Bishangarh]] Middle: Sundha Mata [[Bhinmal]] Bottom: [[Sire Mandir at Jalore]]
| image_map = Jalore in Rajasthan (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Jalore district in Rajasthan
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Pali
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jalore]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 10640
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,828,730
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate|District Collector & Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Dr. Pradeep K Gawande, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref name="Administration : Jalore District">{{cite web |title=Administration : Jalore District |url=https://jalore.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/12349/39/30261|date= 24 June 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = Ghyan Chand Yadav, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref name="Administration : Jalore District">{{cite web |title=Administration : Jalore District |url=https://jalore.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/12349/39/30261|date= 24 June 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://jalore.rajasthan.gov.in|Jalore District}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Jalore district''' is a district of [[Rajasthan]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in western [[India]]. The city of [[Jalore]] is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district has an area of {{convert|10640|km²|0|abbr=on}} (3.11 percent of Rajasthan's area), and a population of 1,828,730 (2011 census), with a population density of 136 persons per square kilometre.
[[File:Bhawrani.jpg|250px|thumb| [[Bhanwarani]] Village Pond.]]

==History==

In ancient times Jalore was known as Jabalipura - named after the Hindu saint [[Jabali]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|title=धर्म-आस्था: जालोर शहर में ऋषि पंचमी पर महर्षि जाबालि का किया पूजन|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/jalore/news/maharishi-jabali-was-worshiped-on-rishi-panchami-in-jalore-city-127651927.html|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> The town was also known as Suvarngiri or Songir, the Golden Mount, on which the fort stands. It was a flourishing town in the 8th century, and according to some historical sources, in the 8th-9th centuries, one branch of the [[Pratihara dynasty|pratihara]] empire ruled at Jablipur (Jalore).<ref>{{cite book|title=Sculptural traditions of Rajasthan: ca. 800-1000 A.D.|author=Neelima Vashishtha|publisher=Publication Scheme|year=1989|page=6}}</ref> Raja Man [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihar]] was ruling [[Bhinmal]] in Jalore when [[Paramara dynasty|Parmara]] Emperor [[Vakpati Munja]] (972-990 CE) invaded the region — after this conquest he divided these conquered territories among his Parmara princes - his son Aranyaraj Parmar was granted Abu region, his son and his nephew Chandan Parmar, Dharnivarah Parmar was given Jalore region. This ended almost 250 years Pratihar rule over Bhinmal.<ref>Rao Ganpatsimha Chitalwana, Bhinmal ka Sanskritik Vaibhav, p. 46- 49</ref>
Raja Man Pratihar's son Dewalsimha Pratihar was a contemporary of Abu's Raja Mahipal Parmar (1000-1014 CE). Raja Devalsimha made many attempts to free his country or to re-establish Pratihar hold onto Bhinmal but in vain .Finally he settled for the territories in Southwest of Bhinmal, comprising four hills - Dodasa, Nadwana, Kala-Pahad and Sundha. He made Lohiyana (present [[Jaswantpura]]) his capital. Hence this subclan became Dewal Pratihars.<ref>Rao Ganpatsimha Chitalwana, Bhinmal ka Sanskritik Vaibhav, p. 49</ref> Gradually their jagir included 52 villages in and around modern Jalore district. The Dewals participated in Jalore's Chauhan Kanhaddeo's resistance against Allauddin Khilji. Thakur Dhawalsimha Dewal of Lohiyana supplied manpower to Maharana Pratap and married his daughter to the Maharana, in return Maharana gave him the title of “Rana” which has stayed with them till this day<ref>Rao Ganpatsimha Chitalwana, Bhinmal ka Sanskritik Vaibhav, p. 50- 53</ref>

In the 10th century, Jalore was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]. In 1181, [[Kirtipala]], the youngest son of [[Alhanadeva|Alhana]], the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Chahamana]] ruler of [[Nadol]], captured Jalore from the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]] and founded the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalore line of Chauhans]]. His son [[Samarasimha]] succeeded him in 1182. Samarasimha was succeeded by [[Udayasimha]], who expanded the kingdom by recapturing Nadol and Mandor from the Turks. During Udayasimha's reign, Jalore was a tributary of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chahamanas of Jalore|first=Ashok Kumar|last=Srivastava|publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan|date=1979|pages=14–24}}</ref> Udayasimha was succeeded by [[Chachigadeva]] and [[Samantasimha (Chahamana)|Samantasimha]]. Samantasimha was succeeded by his son [[Kanhadadeva]].

During the reign of Kanhadadeva, Jalor was [[Siege of Jalore|attacked and captured]] in 1311 by the Delhi's Turkic Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]]. Kanhadadeva and his son Viramadeva died defending Jalore.

[[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] rulers of [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]] used the [[Jalore Fort|Jalore fort]] to safe-keep their treasure.{{Citation needed|date = February 2020}}

In the Middle Time nearly 1690 Royal Family Of [[Jalore]] Yadu [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi]] [[Bhati]] Rajput Of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]] came Jalore and make make their kingdom.{{Citation needed|date = October 2015}} They are also known as [[Nath]]ji, Thakaro by the local people of Ummedabad. Jalore is a second capital of them the first capital was [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] still [[chhatri]] of bhati sardar from royal family of Jalore ancestors exists. They ruled whole Jalore, [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] in their time after [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] they had only Ummedabad.{{Citation needed|date = October 2015}}

The Turkic rulers of [[Palanpur State]] of [[Gujarat]] briefly ruled Jalore in the 16th century and it became part of the [[Mughal Empire]]. It was restored to [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]] in 1704, and remained part of the kingdom until shortly after Indian Independence in 1947.

There are 12 Math (Big Hindu monasteries) and 13 Takiya (Masjid).

Jalore is known as the "Cradle of the Marwari horse" - an indigenous horse breed famed for its beauty, endurance and loyalty to the horsemen who fought interminable wars on horseback.

== Geography ==

The district is bounded on the northwest by [[Balotra District]], on the northeast by [[Pali District]], on the southeast by [[Sirohi District]], and by [[Banaskantha]] District of [[Gujarat]] state on the southwest. The total area of the district is {{convert|10640|km²|0|abbr=on}}. The altitude is 268 m, latitude is 25.22 N and longitude is 72.58 E.

Physiographically, the district is oblong in shape, extending up to [[Rann of Kutch]] ([[Gujarat]]). The region is generally plain but for some scattered thickly wooded hills in the north and some hillocks in the centre. The eastern portion of the district is rocky while the western tract is a roughly plain dotted with Sand dunes & sand ridges. In respect of its geological formation, most part of district is formed of fourth century modern century deposits. These deposits can be seen in Grid pattern formed by sand (Balu), new alluvial and old alluvial Soils. In Bhinmal Tehsil's South Eastern part of Jaswantpur, highest mountains of the district are situated. the highest peak is Sundha (991 meters, 3252 feet).[[Luni River]] is the main river in the district with its tributaries Jawai, Khari, Sukri, Bandi, and Sagi. All the rivers are seasonal.

== Administrative set-up ==
There are 10 tehsils [[Ahore]], [[Sayala, Rajasthan|Sayala]], [[Jalore]], [[Jaswantpura]], [[Bhadrajun]] Bagoda, Chitalwana, Sanchore, Raniwada and [[Bhinmal]]. [[Ramsin]], Khasarvi and Jiwana are the 3 sub-tehsils.

Now 3 Municipalities are situated at [[Jalore]], [[Sayala, Rajasthan|Sayala]] and [[Bhinmal]].

The major towns and villages of the Jalore district are [[Sayala, Rajasthan|Sayala]], Vodha, [[Ramsin]], [[Daspan]], [[Bagra, Marwar|Bagra]], Juni Bali, [[Bishangarh]], Ummedabad, and Megalva.

There are 767 revenue villages in the district grouped under 264 Gram Panchayat villages.
{{Further|List of villages in Jalore district}}

== Political ==
[[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore-Sirohi]] is a joint parliamentary constituency. [[Buta Singh]] won three times from this parliamentary constituency. There are five legislative assembly areas namely Jalore, Ahore, Bhinmal, Raniwara, and Sanchore. At this time, the member of parliament for Jalore-Sirohi is Lubharam Choudhary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

== Economy ==
[[File:A rabari with his cattles.JPG|thumb|250px|right|A [[rabari]] with his cattle in a village of Jalore district]]
The economy of district is mainly based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The oilseeds specially mustard oil seed is predominant crop. Wheat, [[Pearl millet|bajra]], kharif pulses, [[barley]], [[jowar]] and in very huge quantity of fleawort.

Of late some mineral based industries are set up based on mineral available from local mines. The main minerals produced are: [[Gypsum]], [[limestone]], bajari, murram, [[granite]], and graded [[fluorite]].

There is no large and medium size industry in the district. The main small scale industries are :granite slabs and tiles, marble cutting and polishing, mustard seed crushing, skimmed milk powder, butter and ghee, handloom cloth, leather shoes (mojari). There are four industrial areas in the district.

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Jalore one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the twelve districts in Rajasthan currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2012 }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==

===Electricity===
There are two sub grid stations of 220 KV at Jalore and Bhinmal. The district receives power from Dewari grid station in [[Udaipur District]]. Almost all villages of the district are electrified.

A small area is irrigated from water of [[Jawai dam]]. The main source of irrigation continues to be wells. [[Over exploitation]] of ground water has meant that farmers have to dig deeper. Sanchore tehsil is getting water from [[Narmada Canal]] project.

===Transport===
National Highway no 15 ([[Bhatinda]]-[[Kandla]]) passes through the district. The total road length in the district is about {{convert|2800|km|0|abbr=on}}.

The district is connected by broad gauge railway line of [[North Western Railway]]. Samadari-Bhildi branch line passes through the district connecting Jalore and Bhinmal towns. There are 15 railway stations and {{convert|127|km|0|abbr=on}} of railway line in the district. The nearest airport is [[Jodhpur]]. There is also an air strip at village Noon about {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}} from Jalore town.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,71,363|13=1911|14=3,00,374|15=1921|16=2,78,888|17=1931|18=3,22,867|19=1941|20=3,68,338|21=1951|22=4,23,553|23=1961|24=5,47,072|25=1971|26=6,67,950|27=1981|28=9,03,073|29=1991|30=11,42,563|31=2001|32=14,48,940|33=2011|34=18,28,730|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jalore District (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|4.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|0.80}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.12}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Jalore district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,828,730,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Jalore|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1078/download/3326/DH_2011_0818_PART_A_DCHB_JALOR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kosovo]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Kosovo 1,825,632 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nebraska]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Nebraska 1,826,341
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2013-10-19
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 260th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|172|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 26.31%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Jalor has a [[sex ratio]] of 951 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 55.58%. 8.30% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.53% and 9.77% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Jalore district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value1 = 62.42 |color1 = maroon
|label2 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value2 = 35.78 |color2 = firebrick
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.01 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.79 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 62.42% of the population spoke [[Marwari language|Marwari]], 35.78% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] and 1.01% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Climate ==
The minimum and maximum temperatures of the district are 4 degrees and 50 degrees Celsius respectively. The average rainfall is 412 mm. The climate of district is dry and with extremes.

== Wildlife ==
[[File:Wild ass group female.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A group of female asses breaking into a run]]

[[Indian Wild Ass]], a rare member of [[Indian Wildlife]] seems to be increasing in numbers and extending its range from [[Little Rann of Kutch]] in the neighbouring Indian [[Gujarat State|State of Gujarat]], where the world's last population of this subspecies had got confined to in recent years, and has gradually started moving out and colonising Greater Rann of Kutch also extending into the neighbouring [[Rajasthan state|State of Rajasthan]] in the bordering villages in Jalore district bordering the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat and in Khejariali and its neighbourhood where a 60 km2 area was transferred to the Rajasthan Forest Department by the revenue authorities in 2007. In Rankhar village a conservation reserve was established by the state government to conserve the wildlife in the area particularly Indian wild Ass. At this place [[Rebari]]s (camel and sheep breeders) live in the [[Prosopis juliflora]] jungles in the company of chinkaras, hyenas, common fox, desert cat and wolf etc.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629025708/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/13/stories/2009091354830700.htm Wild Ass sighted in Rajasthan villages along Gujarat]; by Sunny Sebastian; 13 September 2009; ''The Hindu''</ref>

'''Flora''':
The hillocks and ridges in the area under discussion are characterised by khair (Acacia Katechu); thar (Euphabia Nerrifolia) and babuls. The plains are vegetated by Aawal (Casia auriculate) akra, kiker (Acacia arabica). The oilseeds specially mustard oil seed is predominant crop. Wheat, bajra, kharif pulses, barley, jowar and in very huge quantity of fleawort. However, due to the scanty presence of water most of the cultivated land remains barren. Also presence of aeolian sand makes it tough for agricultural growth due its high permeability. Extensive growth of cactuses of various types is found in this area.

==Villages==
* [[Bala, Jalore]]
*[[Bhanwarani]]

== See also ==

* [[Thar Desert]]
* [[Tharparkar]]
*[[Kaniwada Hanuman Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://jalore.rajasthan.gov.in/ Jalore]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jalore district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Pali district]]
|East = [[Sirohi district]]
|Southeast = [[Banaskantha district]], [[Gujarat]]
|South = [[Vav-Tharad district]], [[Gujarat]]
|Southwest = [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Barmer district]]
}}


{{Rajasthan}}
{{Jalore district}}
{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}
{{Coord|25|21|00|N|72|37|12|E|region:IN-RJ_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}



{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalore District}}
[[Category:Jalore district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Districts in Jodhpur division]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]

Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd

2025-11-17T11:46:52Z

Puranam: Stub.

{{Infobox company
| name = Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| type = [[Statute|State Government Cooperative]]
| foundation = 1970
| location = [[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]].<ref name="Har Dai ref1">{{cite web |title=Vita-Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd |url=https://www.vitaindia.org.in/milk-plants |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>
| key_people =
| industry = [[Dairy]]
| owner = [[Government of Haryana|Ministry of Cooperation]], [[Government of Haryana]]
| parent =
| products = Milk and its Products
| homepage = https://www.vitaindia.org.in/
}}

'''Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd''' has been formed in 1970 as a [[Statute|state government cooperative]] for facilitating [[procurement]], [[food processing|processing]], and [[marketing]] of [[milk]] and [[dairy product]]s under brand name '''Vita''' in state of [[Haryana]]. Assisted by the Ministry of Cooperation of the [[Government of Haryana]], it is owned by the members of cooperative socities. It procures milk from its producers particularly belonging to [[Economically Weaker Section|economically weaker sections]] in the state of Haryana and subsequently processes into milk and various milk products for marketing through affiliated milk unions. It provides education to the unions on dairy processing efficiency, and helps them with guidance on animal care including artificial insemination, vaccination, and feeding.<ref name="Har Dai ref6">{{cite news |title='Audis don't give milk' — why Haryana farmers would rather buy a Murrah buffalo |url=https://theprint.in/india/audis-dont-give-milk-why-haryana-farmers-would-rather-buy-a-murrah-buffalo/365219/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 February 2020}}</ref>

==History ==

The Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd was started in 1970 as the [[Cooperative movement in India|cooperative societies movement]] to facilitate milk procurement from various producers in the state<ref name="Har Dai ref4">{{cite news |title=Haryana to procure surplus milk through government agencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-to-procure-surplus-milk-through-government-agencies/articleshow/75254584.cms |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=20 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Har Dai ref3">{{cite news |title=Covid effect: Up to 50% dip in veggie prices worries Haryana farmers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/covid-effect-up-to-50-dip-in-veggie-prices-worries-haryana-farmers/story-LgaN6c0gHbGvCBeqXX4rJK.html |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=hindustan times |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> to promote the socio-economic development<ref name="Har Dai ref12">{{cite news |title=Haryana dairy body doubles milk handling capacity |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/haryana-dairy-body-doubles-milk-handling-capacity/article23098913.ece |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=8 February 2013}}</ref> by facilitating its processing into various products before marketing through different unions across Haryana under the brand name "Vita".<ref name="Har Dai ref2">{{cite news |last1=Awana |first1=Amit |title=Haryana Dairy Dev Co-op to open plant in South Haryana |url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/haryana-dairy-dev-co-op-to-open-plant-in-south-haryana/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=indiancooperative.com |date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Har Dai ref10">{{cite news |title=Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation LTD. (HDDCF) has been continuously working on various aspects to overhaul VITA brand to increase its visibility and overall sales and customers will witness |url=https://www.newsonline.media/state-news/haryana/haryana-dairy-development-cooperative-federation-ltd-hddcf-has-been-continuously-working/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=newsonline}}</ref>

==Co-operative societies model ==
{{anchor | Model }}

Dairy Cooperatives in state work in three tier system wherein
# '''Village-level Milk Producers Cooperative Societies''':<ref name="Har Dai ref8">{{cite news |title=10% fall in milk supply to co-operative societies in 3 Haryana districts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/10-fall-in-milk-supply-to-co-operative-societies-in-3-haryana-districts-7211961/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=3 March 2021}}</ref> Haryana has 3300 village-level milk cooperative societies (including 1870 women-only societies) across 3000 with more than 250,000 members of which 75,000 members regularly supply milk which on average supply 850,000 liter/day in winter and 400,000 liter/day in summers.<ref name=prodt1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/chandigarh-haryana/cooperatives-open-doors-to-self-employment-25000-women-empowered-by-milk-supply-cooperative-news-haryana-news-chandigarh-haryana-news-c-16-1-pkl1095-870044-2025-11-14?src=story-related-cdp-a&position=3 Chandigarh-Haryana News: सहकारिता से खुले स्वरोजगार के द्वार, 25 हजार महिलाएं दूध की आपूर्ति से बनीं सशक्त], Amar Ujala, 14 Nov 2025.</ref>
# '''District-level Milk Unions operate''':<ref name="Har Dai ref2" /><ref name="Har Dai ref5"/>
# '''State-level Dairy Federation''':<ref name="Har Dai ref2" /><ref name="Har Dai ref5">{{cite news |title=Haryana Govt nods for major administrative reshuffle, transfers 24 IAS officers |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2021/02/haryana-govt-nods-major-administrative-reshuffle-transfers-24-ias-officers/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=egov.eletsonline.com |date=5 February 2021}}</ref>

==Milk production==

Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd procures milk from one of the highest yielding buffalo breed called "Murrah buffaloes".<ref name="Har Dai ref6" />

===Milk processing plants===
{{anchor | Plant | Plants }}

In 2025, Haryana had the following 7 milk processing plants (with year of foundation and daily processing capacity)<ref name=plant1/> with over 1 million liter/day combined processing capacity,<ref name=prodt1/> supported by bigger number of milk chilling plants which supply milk to the processing plants.<ref name=plant1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/chandigarh-haryana/the-number-of-milk-plants-will-increase-in-the-state-the-seventh-largest-plant-will-be-established-in-bawal-chandigarh-haryana-news-c-16-1-pkl1095-872541-2025-11-16 प्रदेश में मिल्क प्लांट की बढ़ेगी संख्या, बावल में स्थापित होगा सातवां सबसे बड़ा प्लांट], Amar Ujala, 17 Nov 2025.</ref>

# [[Sirsa]] Milk Processing Plant, 1996-1997, 110,000 liter/day,<ref name=plant1/>
# [[Jind]] Milk Processing Plant,<ref name="Har Dai ref8" /> 1970-1971, 150,000 liter/day,<ref name=plant1/>
# [[Ambala]] Milk Processing Plant, 1973-1974, 140,000 liter/day,<ref name=plant1/>
# [[Kurukshetra]] Milk Processing Plant, 2014-15, 20,000 liter/day,<ref name=plant1/>
# [[Rohtak]] Milk Processing Plant, 1976-1977, 400,000 liter/day,<ref name=plant1/>
# [[Bawal]] Milk Processing Plant in [[Rewari]], 2025-26.<ref name=plant1/><ref name="Har Dai ref2" /><ref name="Har Dai ref9">{{cite news |title=Haryana to purchase surplus milk to ensure supply |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-to-purchase-surplus-milk-to-ensure-supply/articleshow/75265251.cms |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=21 April 2020}}</ref>
# [[Ballabgarh]] Milk Processing Plant, 1979-1980, 125,000 liter/day,<ref name=plant1/>

===Chilling plants===
{{anchor | Chill | Chilling }}

In 2025, Haryana had over 46 district and/or subdistrict level milk chilling plants which act as milk-aggregator for the village-level co-operative societies,<ref>Milk Plants/Chilling Centres, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying Haryana, accessed 17 Nov 2025.</ref> chill the milk for preservation and then send it to the milk processing plants. Please help expand this partial list:

* [[Dabwali]] Milk Chilling Plant in Sirsa district,<ref name=plant1/>

* [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] Milk Chilling Plant, between [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|HAU]] and [[Mahabir Stadium]],<ref name=plant1/>

* Salempur Milk Chilling Plant in Bhiwani district on SH19 southwest of [[Isharwal]],<ref name=plant1/>

* [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]] Milk Chilling Plant,<ref name=plant1/>

==Sales==

===Vita brand===
{{anchor | Brand | Branding }}

'''Vita''' is the brand name for various milk products marketed by the Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation. Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd is supported by Haryana Government in promoting branding, sales and consumption of cow milk.<ref name="Har Dai ref15">{{cite news |title=Haryana govt. promotes cow milk |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Haryana-govt.-promotes-cow-milk/article14466355.ece |access-date=24 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=2 July 2016}}</ref> Haryana Government periodically reviews and enhances the purchase rate of the milk based on the fat content in the milk in addition to subsidy per litre of milk given to the producers.<ref name="Har Dai ref7">{{cite news |title=Haryana govt raises milk purchase rate |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/haryana-govt-raises-milk-purchase-rate-115051401241_1.html |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=business-standard.com |date=14 May 2015}}</ref>

===Products ===

Under the Vita brand the plain and flavoured milk, [[ghee]], butter, [[Dahi (curd)|dahi]] (traditional yogurt), [[lassi]], [[paneer]] (cheese), ice cream, and milk-based traditional sweets are produced and sold.<ref>[https://www.vitaindia.org.in/milk-plants Milk plant products], vitaindia.org.in, accessed 17 Nov 2025.</ref> From October 2020, Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd had introduced turmeric milk and from January 2021, Cow Ghee.<ref name="Har Dai ref11">{{cite news |title=haryana dairy development cooperation federation to introduce turmeric milk |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/haryana-dairy-development-cooperation-federation-to-introduce-turmeric-milk/States/news/2198978.html |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=uniindia |date=13 October 2020}}</ref>

===Distribution===

Some of the milk is also provided free to the school students as part of the Midday Meal Scheme.<ref name=prodt1/>

Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd, had started VITA milk booths at Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL) operated petrol pumps in several places of the state since 2016.<ref name="Har Dai ref14">{{cite news |title=Haryana to soon have VITA milk booths at IOC pumps |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryana-to-soon-have-vita-milk-booths-at-ioc-pumps/articleshow/51780535.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=economic times |date=11 April 2016}}</ref>

Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation had started online delivery of its products in select areas of the state from year 2020, and for this had tied up with Swiggy, food ordering and delivery platform.<ref name="Har Dai ref13">{{cite news |title=Haryana Dairy Federation ties up with Swiggy for online delivery of products |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/haryana-dairy-federation-ties-up-with-swiggy-for-online-delivery-of-products/1808864 |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=Outlook.com |date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

==Issues==
{{anchor | Issue | Issues}}

As of 2025, all 7 milk processing plants of Haryana are located in east (along [[Grand Trunk Road]]) and north Haryana, none in [[Bagar (region)|western Haryana]].<ref name=plant1/> Hence, there is regional disparity in dairy development across regions of Haryana, successive governments of various parties are responsible for this regional discrimination in the dairy development.

==See also==

* [[Cooperative movement in India]]
* [[Amul]], largest milk-cooperative society in India
* [[Bihar State Milk Co-operative Federation]]
* [[Karnataka Milk Federation]]
* [[Odisha State Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.vitaindia.org.in/ Official Website]

[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Haryana]]

Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai

2025-11-06T20:54:58Z

Puranam: New A Data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}{{Short description|Private deemed university in Dubai}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Cleanup-PR|date=October 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai
| other_name =
| former_name = Manipal University
| image = Manipalsymbol.jpg
| image_size = 150
| motto = प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म (Sanskrit)
| campus = Dubai
| city = Dubai
| country = United Arab Emirates
| chancellor = [[Ramdas M Pai]]
| vice_chancellor = Lt. Gen. (Dr.) M. D. Venkatesh
| director = Dr. Sudhindra S.
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| colours = {{color box|blue}}{{color box|orange}} Cobalt Blue and Orange
| mottoeng = Inspired By Life
| established = 2000
| type = Institute of Eminence
| parent = [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
| website = {{URL|www.manipaldubai.com}}
| logo =
}}

'''Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai''' previously known as '''Manipal University Dubai''' is a branch campus of [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]], [[India]]. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai was founded in 2000 and enrolls over 2000 students.

== Location ==
The campus is located in DIAC [[Dubai International Academic City]]. It is 850,000 sq ft. and has a library, laboratories, a cafeteria, and sporting facilities.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

== Courses offered ==
Around 50+ programmes are offered across seven disciplines. Programmes are offered at the [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[Postgraduate education|post graduate]] levels.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

The university has six schools in total, each of which are affiliated with their respective institutes in the main campus.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==Student life==
Carnival is an annual cultural fest with music, dance, fashion, debating, quiz, painting, and photography.

A student team who won the Sustainable Campus Initiative jointly launched by the Emirates [[Environment Agency Abu Dhabi]] (EAD) and Borouge in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/environment/winners-of-sustainable-campus-award-honoured-1.1935699|title=Winners of Sustainable Campus award honoured}}</ref>

== Affiliations ==
The university hosts several program related clubs such as the Student Chapter of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] (Institute of Electronics & Electrical Engineers), [[SAE International|SAE]] (Society of Automobile Engineers), [[ASHRAE]] (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers), [[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE]] (American Society of Civil Engineers), [[Chartered Institute of Management Accountants|CIMA]] (Charted Institute of Management Accountants, and [[Association of Chartered Certified Accountants|ACCA]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/qualifications/why-acca/university-partnerships/manipal-university.html|title=ACCA University partnership}}</ref> (Association of Chartered Certified Accountants).

In 2014, the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) and Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai signed an agreement which will allow students to gain CIMA's global certification and title alongside their graduation degree.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-22|title=Manipal University Dubai introduces CIMA qualification for undergraduates {{!}} Zawya MENA Edition|url=https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/story/Manipal_University_Dubai_introduces_CIMA_qualification_for_undergraduates_-ZAWYA20140521095716/|access-date=2021-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422032829/https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/story/Manipal_University_Dubai_introduces_CIMA_qualification_for_undergraduates_-ZAWYA20140521095716/|archive-date=22 April 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.manipaldubai.com/mud.html}}

{{Dubai International Academic City}}

[[Category:Higher education in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Dubai International Academic City]]
[[Category:Manipal Education and Medical Group]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]

Sreeja Chandran

2025-10-22T08:05:54Z

Puranam: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian television actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| name = Sreeja Chandran
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], India
| othername = {{ubl | Meenatchi | Jaya | Maya }}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|dancer}}
| yearsactive = 2001-Present
| notable_works = {{ubl|[[Saravannan Meenatchi]]|[[Mappillai (Vijay TV serial)]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Senthil Kumar]]|2014}}
| children = 1
| awards =
| youtube_handle = SenthilSreejaOriginals
| youtube_display_name = Senthil Sreeja Originals

| youtube_years_active = 2007– Present
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 319 thousand
| youtube_views = 60.14 million
| stats_update = 20 March 2024{{nu|date=October 2025}}
}}
'''Sreeja Chandran''' is an Indian television actress who predominantly works in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] soap operas. She played the lead in [[STAR Vijay]]'s serial [[Saravanan Meenatchi|Saravannan Meenatchi]] as Meenatchi.<ref name="The Hindu - 8 July 2014 - Reel turns real">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/reel-turns-real/article6189943.ece|title=Reel turns real|last=Rao|first=Subha J|date=8 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Saravanan-and-Meenakshi-married-in-real-life-too/articleshow/38078397.cms | title=Saravanan and Meenakshi married in real life too | publisher=The Times of India | work=Jul 10, 2014 | date=10 July 2014 | accessdate=27 July 2014}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

She acted in ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'' with RJ [[Senthil Kumar]] and married him on 2 July 2014.<ref name="The Hindu - 8 July 2014 - Reel turns real"/> Their son was born on 4 January 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=Mirchi Senthil & actress Sreeja blessed with a baby boy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mirchi-senthil-actress-sreeja-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/articleshow/96787206.cms |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and their son name is Sree Vallabh Dev<ref>{{Citation |title=1st time Sharing our Son's Picture to our YT family {{!}} Naming Ceremony {{!}} Senthil Sreeja Originals | date=July 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMhNWKisFhY |access-date=2024-02-15 |language=en}}</ref>

==Television==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Title !! Role !! Channel!! Language !! On Air/ Off Air !! Notes
|-
|Pakalmazha|| || [[Surya TV]] || [[Malayalam]] || {{nominated|Off-Air}} || Television debut
|-
|Ammathamburatti || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Gandharvayamam || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
| Valayam || Sunanda|| DD Malayalam || Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Vikramadhithyan || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Kaazhcha || || [[DD Malayalam]] || Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Dracula|| || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Thulasidhalam||Sreeja ||[[Surya TV]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Manassariyathe||Indhu ||[[Surya TV]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]]||Subadhra's Daughter||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Priyam||Asha||[[Kairali TV]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Sneham||Sekharan's daughter ||Surya TV||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Swantham|| Suchitra ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Thalolam|| ||[[Surya TV]]||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Kudumbini||Shyama ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Panthalayaniyilekku Oru Yathra|| ||[[Amrita TV]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||Telefilm
|-
|Akkare Ikkare|| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Penninte Katha|| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Krishankripasagaram||[[Goddess Lakshmi]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Velankanni Mathavu||Raechal||[[Surya TV]]||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Nirmalyam|| Maya||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]||[[Goddess Lakshmi]]/[[Sita]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Sreekrishnaleela||[[Goddess Lakshmi]] || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|[[Madhurai]]||Meenatchi|| [[STAR Vijay]]|| rowspan="2" |Tamil|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} || Tamil Debut
|-
|[[Manikoondu]]||Preethi ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Sreemahabhagavatham||[[Goddess Lakshmi]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Malayalam||{{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Pakalmazha|| || [[Amrita TV]] ||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Kanamarayathu|| || [[Kairali TV]] || Malayalam||{{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Devimahathmyam|| [[Goddess Lakshmi]] / [[Sukanya]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Aadhiparashakthi||Devi||[[Surya TV]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Mattoruval||||[[Surya TV]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Swamiya Saranamayyappa||Parvathy||[[Surya TV]]||Malayalam|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|[[Meera (2010 TV series)|Meera]]||Meera|| [[STAR Vijay]]||Tamil|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|[[Mundhanai Mudichu (2010 TV series)|Mundhanai Mudichu]]||Tamilarasi||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Tamil|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|Sreekrishnan||Meera||[[Surya TV]]|| Malayalam || {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||Cameo in song
|-
|Nila || rowspan="3" | Meenatchi|| [[Kalaignar TV|Kalaignar]] ||Tamil|| {{nominated|Off-Air}} ||
|-
|[[Saravanan Meenatchi]] Season 1 || [[STAR Vijay]] || Tamil || Super hit serial {{nom|Off-Air}} || Mega Hit
|-
| [[Mappillai (Vijay TV serial)|Mapillai]]||[[STAR Vijay]]||Tamil|| {{nom|Off-Air}} || Super Hit
|-
|}

== Web Series ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Streaming Platform
!Ref
|-
|2017
|[[Kalyanam Conditions Apply]]
|Sreeja
|[[YouTube]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=undefined |title=மீண்டும் 'கல்யாணத்தில்' இணைந்த செந்தில், ஸ்ரீஜா...! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/senthil-and-srija-acting-web-series |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Hear 2 Heart
|Sreeja
|[[YouTube]]
|
|-
|2020
|[[Kalyanam Conditions Apply]] (Season 2)
|Sreeja
|[[YouTube]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyanam Conditions Apply 2.0 - An MX Original Series - Official Trailer {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/tamil/kalyanam-conditions-apply-2-0-an-mx-original-series-official-trailer/videoshow/70327293.cms |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Kalyanam Conditions Apply]] (Season 3)
|Sreeja
|[[YouTube]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=MN4U |date=2021-03-19 |title=Mirchi Originals launches the third season of 'Kalyanam: Conditions Apply' web series |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/mirchi-originals-launches-the-third-season-of-kalyanam-conditions-apply-web-series/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=MediaNews4U |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Character!!Language !! Notes
|-
|1995|| [[Kathapurushan]]||Child artist||rowspan=10|[[Malayalam]]||
|-
|2001|| Pularvettam||Ratha||
|-
|2002||[[Krishna Gopalakrishna]]||Radha||
|-
|2002||[[Valkannadi]]||Aswathi||
|-
|2003||[[Sahodharan Sahadevan]]||Yamuna||
|-
|2006||[[Pakal (film)|Pakal]]||Merlin||
|-
|2006|| [[Vadakkumnadhan]]||Lakshmi||
|-
|2006||[[Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam]]||rowspan=2|Uncredited role||
|-
|2008||[[Aandavan (2008 film)|Andavan]]||
|-
|||Sri Durgamba (album)||Goddess Durga
|-
|2014|| [[Vennila Veedu]]||Herself||Tamil||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, Sreeja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

1985 elections in India

2025-10-14T14:30:03Z

Puranam: small updated structure per standard format also and improved wording

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1984 elections in India
| previous_year = 1984
| election_date = 1985
| next_election = 1987 elections in India
| next_year = 1987
}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in ''1985'' included elections to fourteen state legislative assemblies.

==Overall result==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date(s)
!State
!colspan="2"|Government before
!Chief Minister before
! colspan="2"|Government after
!Elected Chief Minister
!Maps
|-
|rowspan="2"|3 February 1985
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]]
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]
| [[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|5 March 1985
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|[[File:IN-AP.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
| [[File:IN-GJ.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2 and 5 March 1985
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
|[[File:IN-BR.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|[[File:IN-MH.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
| [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
|
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
| [[File:IN-KA.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|3 May 1985
|[[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|Pondicherry]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
|[[File:IN-PY.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Hari Dev Joshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Hari Dev Joshi]]
| [[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}
|[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
|[[File:IN-SK.svg|50px]]
|-
| 26 September 1985
| [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| [[Surjith Singh Barnala]]
| [[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| [[File:IN-OD.svg|50px]]
|-
|
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
| [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|[[File:IN-AS.svg|50px]]
|-
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==

===[[Andhra Pradesh]]===
{{Main|1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! No !! Party !! Seats Contested !! Seats Won !! Seats change !! Vote Share !! Swing
|-
| '''1'''|| [[Telugu Desam Party]] || 250 || 202 || +1 || 46.21% || -7.50%
|-
| '''2'''|| [[Indian National Congress]] || 290 || 50 || -10 || 37.25% || +3.67%
|-
| '''3'''|| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || 12 || 11 || +6 || 2.31% || +0.20%
|-
| '''4'''|| [[Communist Party of India]] || 12 || 11 || +7 || 2.69% || -0.10%
|-
| '''5'''|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 10 || 8 || +3 || 1.32% || -1.14%
|-
| '''6'''|| [[Janata Party]] || 5 || 3 || +2 || 0.76% || -0.20%
|-
|-8 || others || 1390 || 20 || +5 || 5.00% || -4.20%
|-
|}

===[[Assam]]===
{{Main|1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="top"
! Pos
!colspan=2|Party
!Contested
!Seats
!Swing
|-
| 1
| bgcolor= {{party color|Independent politician}}| ||[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|| 104
|| 92
|| {{Increase}}82
|-
| 2
| bgcolor= {{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|| 125
|| 25
|| {{decrease}}66
|-
| 3
| bgcolor= {{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}| ||[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|| 72
|| 4
|| {{Increase}}2
|-
| 4
| bgcolor=#F7DF05| ||[[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]]
|| 28
|| 3
|| -
|-
| 5
| bgcolor= {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}| ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|| 39
|| 2
|| -
|-
| || ||'''Total''' || ||align="right"| 126 ||
|}

===[[Bihar]]===
{{Main|1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Party || Party Flag || Seats Contested || Seats Won || Popular Vote || Percentage
|-
|[[Indian National Congress]] || || 323 || 196 || 9,558,562 || 39.30%
|-
|[[Lok Dal]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 261 || 46 || 3,573,173 || 14.69%
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || || 234 || 16 || 1,833,275 || 7.54%
|-
|[[Janata Party]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 229 || 13 || 1,754,705 || 7.21%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India]] || [[File:CPI-banner.svg|45px]] || 167 || 12 || 2,154,066 || 8.86%
|-
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 57 || 9 || 443,822 || 1.82%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|45px]] || 44 || 1 || 392,375 || 1.61%
|-
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 59 || 1 || 160,159 || 0.66%
|-
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India]] || [[File:SUCI_flag.svg|45px]] || 1 || 1 || 17,890 || 0.07%
|-
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 2804 || 29 || 4,349,057 || 17.88%
|-
|'''Total''' || || 4237 || 324 || 24,323,868 ||
|}
Source:<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalRep_BH_85.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR]''</ref>

===[[Gujarat]]===
{{Main|1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="2" | Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|-
! width="70"| Votes
! width="45"| %
! width="30"| Won
! width="30"| +/−
|-
| align="left" | [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 5,122,753||55.55
|149
| +8
|-
|Janata Party
|1,775,338
|19.25
|14
| -7
|-
| align="left" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|1,379,120
|14.96
| 11||+2
|-
| align="left" | [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 856,160|| 9.28
| 8||
|-
|CPM
|16,543
|0.18
|0
|0
|-
|CPI
|24,013
|0.26
|0
|0
|-
| colspan="5" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|Total
| 9,221,149 || 100.00
| 182 || ±0
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-
|Valid votes
| align="right" |7,770,198
| align="right" |98.03
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |
|-
|Invalid votes
| align="right" |155,782
| align="right" |1.97
|-
|'''Votes cast / turnout'''
| align="right" |13,676,131
| align="right" |51.59
|-
|'''Registered voters'''
| align="right" | 15,363,762
| colspan="1" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
|}

===[[Himachal Pradesh]]===
{{Main|1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats won
! align="center" | % votes
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||68||'''58'''||'''55.86'''
|-
|2||align="left"|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''||57||'''7'''||'''35.87'''
|-
|3||align="left"|'''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''||68||'''2'''||'''8.28'''
|-
|4||align="left"|'''[[Lok Dal]]'''||3||'''1'''||'''1.44'''
|-

| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''68'''||''' '''
|}
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH}}</ref>

===[[Karnataka]]===
{{Main|1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka, Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats Contested 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats Won 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Janata Party]]||205||139||6,418,795||43.60%||{{increase}} 44
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||223||65||6,009,461||40.82%||{{decrease}} 17
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]||7||3||133,008||0.90%||{{nochange}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||116||2||571,280||3.88%||{{decrease}} 16
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]||7||2||127,333||0.86%||{{decrease}} 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||1200||13||1,393,626||9.47%||{{decrease}} 9
|-
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||'''1795'''||'''224'''||'''14,720,634'''||||
|-
|}

===[[Madhya Pradesh]]===
{{Main|1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/nov2003/background/s12/MP-LA85.htm|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- "
! SN
! Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
! % Votes
|- style="background:cyan;"
| 1
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 320
| 250
| +4
| 48.87
|-
| 1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 311
| 58
| -2
| 32.42%
|-
| 3
| [[Janata Party]]
| 172
| 5
| +3
| 4.01%
|-
| 4
| [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|Indian National Congress (S)]]
| 30
| 1
| N/A
| 0.40%
|-
| 7
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| 320
| 6
| -2
| 10.82%
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''320'''
|
|
|}

===[[Maharashtra]]===
{{Main|1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Maharashtra State Assembly election, 1985<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1985/Statistical_Report_Maharashtra_1985.pdf |title=Key Highlights of General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of candidates 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of elected 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||287||161||9,522,556||43.41%||{{decrease}} 25
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Socialist)}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress (Socialist)]]||126||54||3,790,850||17.28%||{{Increase}} 54
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Janata Party]]||61||20||1,618,101||7.38%||{{Increase}} 20
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||67||16||1,590,351||7.25%||{{Increase}} 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]||29||13||825,949||3.77%||{{increase}} 4
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]||31||2||202,790||0.92%||{{nochange}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]||14||2||174,350||0.79%||{{nochange}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||1506||20||3,836,390||17.49%||{{increase}} 10
|-
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||2230||288||21,934,742|| ||
|-
|}

===[[Odisha]]===
{{Main|1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa 1985|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3625-orissa-1985/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> |sortable=yes}}
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"
! class="unsortable" |
! Political Party !! Flag !! Seats Contested !! Won !! Net Change in seats !! % of Seats
! Votes !! Vote % !! Change in vote %
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|
| 147 || 117

|| {{decrease}}1 || 79.59 || 40,07,258 || 51.08 || {{increase}} 3.3
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|
| 27 || 1 || - || 0.68 || 89,225 || 15.97 || -
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| 67 || 1 || {{increase}} 1 || 0.68|| 2,04,346|| 5.66 || {{decrease}} 1.43
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|
| 27 || 1 || {{decrease}} 3 || 0.68 || 2,59,508 || 16.12 || {{increase}} 13.4
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Janata Party]]
|
| 140 || 21 || - || 14.28 || 24,01,566 || 32.03 ||
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|
| 374 || 7 || N/A || 4.76 || 8,23,850 || 11.54 || N/A
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 3|
! style="text-align:center;" |Total Seats !! 147 ({{steady}} ) !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 1,53,37,200 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! colspan = 2|80,16,583 (52.27%)
|}

===[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]===
{{Main|1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=7|Result of Punjab Legislative Assembly election 1985 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/1985-election-results.html|title=List of Polling Booth for Punjab Lok Sabha Elections 1985}}</ref>
|-
!
!Party
!contested
!Seats won
!change in seats
!popular vote
!%
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|style="background:#90EE90;"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|100
|73
|{{increase}} 23
|26,30,270
|38.01
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|117
|32
|{{decrease}} 31
|26,20,042
|37.86
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|26
|6
|{{increase}} 5
|3,45,560
|4.99
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|38
|1
|{{decrease}} 8
|3,07,496
|4.44
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party]]
|5
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|75,307
|1.09
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|542
|4
|{{increase}} 2
|8,09,254
|11.69
|-
|
|Others
|29
|0
| -
|1,32,889
|1.92
|-
!
!Total
!857
!117
!
!69,20,818
!
|}

===[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]===
{{Main|1985 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 1985.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=98601|seats1=15|sc1={{increase}}5
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=87754|seats2=5|sc2={{decrease}}9
|party4=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes4=47521|seats4=6|sc4={{increase}}6
|party5=[[Janata Party]]|votes5=25966|seats5=2|sc5={{decrease}}1
|party20=Others|votes20=22609|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=19273|seats21=2|sc21=0
|total_sc=0
|invalid=2808
|electorate=388472
|source=ECI<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

===[[Rajasthan]]===
{{Main|1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Rajasthan Legislative Assembly 1985.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=5342920|seats1=113|sc1=–20
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=2437594|seats2=39|sc2=+7
|party3=[[Lok Dal]]|votes3=1360826|seats3=27|sc3=New
|party4=[[Janata Party]]|votes4=675103|seats4=10|sc4=+2
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=141063|seats5=1|sc5=0
|party6=[[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)]]|votes6=74176|seats6=0|sc6=New
|party7=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes7=66921|seats7=0|sc7=–1
|party8=[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]|votes8=9731|seats8=0|sc8=New
|party21=Independents|votes21=1365641|seats21=10|sc21=–2
|total_sc=0
|invalid=186527
|electorate=21228702
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3389-rajasthan-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

===[[Sikkim]]===
{{Main|1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Sikkim Legislative Assembly 1985.svg]]
|party1=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes1=60371|seats1=30|sc1=+14
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=23440|seats2=1|sc2=+1
|party3=[[Janata Party]]|votes3=913|seats3=0|sc3=0
|party4=[[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress]]|votes4=438|seats4=0|sc4=–4
|party5=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes5=336|seats5=0|sc5=0
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=25|seats6=0|sc6=New
|party7=Independents|votes7=11534|seats7=1|sc7=0
|total_sc=0
|invalid=2378
|electorate=155041
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3356-sikkim-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}

===[[Uttar Pradesh]]===
{{Main|1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1985.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=11544698|seats1=269|sc1=–40
|party2=[[Lok Dal]]|votes2=6304455|seats2=84|sc2=New
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=2890884|seats3=16|sc3=+5
|party4=[[Janata Party]]|votes4=1646005|seats4=20|sc4=+16
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=894620|seats5=6|sc5=0
|party6=[[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)]]|votes6=669031|seats6=5|sc6=New
|party7=[[Doordarshi Party]]|votes7=228688|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party8=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes8=198780|seats8=2|sc8=0
|party9=[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]|votes9=88616|seats9=0|sc9=New
|party10=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes10=4074|seats10=0|sc10=New
|party11=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes11=1297|seats11=0|sc11=New
|party12=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes12=562|seats12=0|sc12=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=4942962|seats21=23|sc21=+6
|total_sc=0
|invalid=437456
|electorate=65404531
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1985 elections in India]]
[[Category:1985 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1985 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Binodpur

2025-08-26T21:39:43Z

Puranam: New First Data More To Come

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Binodpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2688|N|79.21469|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.121
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1966
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Binodpur''' ({{IAST|Binodpur}}), also spelled '''Vinodpur''', is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,966, in 348 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Binodpur had a population of 1,225, in 212 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|186}} This population was 53.7% male (1,056) and 46.3% female (910). The 0-6 age group numbered 301 (173 male and 128 female), or 15.3% of the total population. 485 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 24.7% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|136–7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Binodpur as having a population of 1,262 people, in 246 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|180–1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Binodpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 889 people (463 male and 426 female), in 181 households and 120 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 260 acres; it was then counted as part of [[Allau]] block.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|cii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Binodpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186–91}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Jhusi Assembly constituency

2025-08-24T13:22:54Z

Puranam:

{{Short description|Former constituency of Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jhusi
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| established = 1974
| abolished = 2012
| district = [[Allahabad district|Allahabad]]
| reservation = None
| electors =
}}
'''Jhusi''' is a former constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web |title=UP Assembly Elections Results 2007 |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/uttar-pradesh-election-results-2007/photo/11435880.cms |website=Navbharat Times |access-date=2025-04-21 |language=hi}}</ref>
in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was in [[Allahabad]] district, now called [[Prayagraj]]. The Delimitation Commission 2002 abolished Jhusi Legislative Assembly and created a new constituency as [[Phulpur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule for bye-elections to fill casual vacancies in the Lok Sabha from Uttar Pradesh |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3692-schedule-for-bye-elections-to-fill-casual-vacancies-in-the-lok-sabha-from-uttar-pradesh/ |website=Election Commission of India |language=hi |access-date=2025-04-21}}</ref><ref name="delimitation2008">{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Vidya Dhar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Keshari Nath Tripathi's eventful career: From UP minister and Speaker to Bengal Governor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/keshari-nath-tripathis-eventful-career-from-up-minister-and-speaker-to-bengal-governor-8369436/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Baij Nath Prasad Kushwaha
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |Mahender Pratap Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Jawahar Yadav (Pandit)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=जवाहर पंडित ने जौनपुर के छोटे गांव से निकलकर झूंसी में खड़ा किया सियासी किला |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/jawahar-pandit-came-out-of-the-small-village-of-jaunpur-and-stood-in-a-political-fort-in-jhansi |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vijama Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्वांचल के रण में उतरीं इन दो बाहुबलियों की पत्नियां, 26 सालों से हैं एक-दूसरे के जानी दुश्मन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/up-paanchva-charan-chunav-2022-vijma-yadav-and-nilam-karwariya-contesting-from-prayagraj/1107157 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Praveen Patel]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2024-06-05 |title=फूलपुर लोकसभा सीट से जीतने वाले BJP के प्रवीण पटेल कौन हैं, जानिए अपने सांसद को |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/uttar-pradesh-chunav/praveen-patel-bjp-won-phulpur-lok-sabha-uttar-pradesh-over-samajwadi-party-amar-nath-singh-maurya-stwas-2656209.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Prayagraj district]]