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2009 Thekkady boat disaster

2026-05-07T14:05:32Z

Ptamansamrat: started

{{Short description|Capsizing of a passenger boat in Kerala, India}}
{{Redirect|Jalakanyaka|the 1971 film|Jalakanyaka (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Thekkady boat tragedy
| image = Boat trajedy.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = The ''Jalakanyaka'', listing, is in a red square
| date = {{start date|2009|09|30|df=y}}
| time =
| place = Lake [[Thekkady]], [[Periyar National Park]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| also known as =
| type = Boat sinking
| cause =
| participants =
| outcome = Sinking of the ''Jalakanyaka''
| reported deaths = 45
| reported injuries =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| litigation =
| blank_label = Passengers & Crew
| blank_data = 82
}}

The '''Thekkady boat disaster''' occurred on 30 September 2009, when the double-decker passenger boat ''Jalakanyaka'' sank in Lake [[Thekkady]], [[Periyar National Park]], [[Kerala]], India. When the boat capsized, 45 tourists died,<ref name="PTI"/> most of them from [[Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref name="sify"/> A total of 82 people were on the boat.<ref name=zhindu/> The boat's helmsman, Victor Samuel, and another crew member were arrested on 5 October.<ref name=zarrest/> It is the deadliest maritime accident reported in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കൊച്ചി നടുങ്ങി; ഇത് അഞ്ചാമത്തെ ജലദുരന്തം {{!}} Kerala {{!}} Deshabhimani {{!}} Thursday Aug 27, 2015 |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/amp/news/kerala/latest-news/495188 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.deshabhimani.com}}</ref>

== Details ==

The fibreglass<ref name=zpio/> double-decker sight-seeing boat ''Jala Kanyaka'', operated by the [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]] (KTDC), made daily sight-seeing trips in the [[Mullaperiyar]] reservoir in [[Idukki]].<ref name=zhindu/> The boat was first commissioned on 17 August 2009.<ref name=zpio/>

The boat set off from a landing at 4:30 p.m. and capsized {{convert|7|km|mi}} away, at approximately 5 p.m. on 30 September 2009. It capsized in one of the deepest parts of the reservoir, in an area around {{convert|100|ft|m}} deep. Most of the victims were women.<ref name=zhindu/>

Several survivors swam to safety.<ref name=zsafe/><ref name=times>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/34-drown-as-boat-capsizes-in-Kerala/articleshow/5074258.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=34 drown as boat capsizes in Kerala | date=1 October 2009 | accessdate=9 October 2009 | archive-date=4 October 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004155000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/34-drown-as-boat-capsizes-in-Kerala/articleshow/5074258.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Rescue ==

The surrounding area has wild animals, including elephants, and is within the {{convert|777|km2|sqmi}} [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]].<ref name=zhindu/>

By 8 p.m, a rescue team recovered 26 bodies, and two survivors.<ref name=zhindu/> Initial rescue operations were completed by local government officials and the public before the state and federal government crews arrived. Also the crew of Malayalam movie ''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]'' was shooting nearby.{{cn|date=September 2025}} Their lights and crew members aided the authorities in rescue operations. None of the initial rescue boats had divers, however a team of divers from the [[Indian Navy]] was assigned to help the rescue operation 5–6 hours later. A team of 40-50 navy divers were rushed to the spot from the Southern Naval Command at [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]. On 3 October, the search for bodies was still ongoing.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Four bodies were noted as missing until 3 October, when three were recovered by Navy divers: four-and-a-half-year-old Aishwarya and her mother Senthilkumari, from Bangalore, and Apoorva, 16, from Hyderabad.<ref name=zdecc/> A Navy helicopter spotted the body of Aishwarya first, and her mother was found nearby. The final missing passenger, Apoorva's 19-year-old brother Abhilash, was discovered on the evening of 3 October by an underwater camera, but bad weather delayed its retrieval until the following day.<ref name=z45/> This bought the final death-toll to 45.<ref name=z45/> Their parents, scientists at the Defence Research Organisation, survived the accident.<ref name=zarrest/> There were 20 people rescued in total.<ref name=zhindu/>

Both State and National government acted, asking defence establishments in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to launch rescue attempts. Navy divers from Kochi were forced to travel overland after their helicopter, sent to locate the victims, was turned back by bad weather.<ref name=zhindu/>

[[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]], the Home and Tourism Minister of Kerala, and [[N. K. Premachandran]], the minister for Water Resources, arrived in Thekkady late at night,<ref name=zhindu/> and they coordinated rescue operations according to press reports.

== Investigations ==

Originally, KTDC claimed that there were 74 passengers, but police findings showed 87 passengers; some confusion in the numbers was caused by some survivors leaving the scene without reporting to the police.<ref name=zpio/>

The fatalities consist mostly of women, mainly from outside Kerala.<ref name=zhindu/> The dead included people from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Delhi]] and [[West Bengal]]; more than 50 belonged to a group from [[Karnataka]], who had come in a tourist bus to [[Thekkady]] as part of a tour to Kerala.<ref name=zhindu/>

Preliminary reports stated that the accident occurred when a large number of passengers rushed to one side of the boat to see a herd of bison which emerged from the forest.<ref name=zhindu/><ref name=times/> The sudden movement caused the boat to capsize, and all of the passengers were thrown into the water.<ref name=zhindu/>

Later, this initial report was challenged when some of the rescued tourists reported structural problems with the boat, saying that it was tilted throughout the trip, for about 30 minutes. Then at one point the boat took a sharp turn, overturned and capsized.

The boat was owned and operated by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation.<ref name="TOI"/> The government has been blamed for not privatizing these boats, for not enforcing safety precautions and for not having efficient [[Emergency management#Recovery|disaster recovery]] plans.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} The crew of the boat, driver and helper escaped the incident. The passengers were not provided a [[Personal flotation device|life jacket]] before the trip, and there were no lifeguards.<ref name=zsafe/><ref name="TOI" />

''The Pioneer'' newspaper of Delhi reported "widespread complaints" against both Kerala Government and KTDC "trying to absolve themselves of the guilt by putting the entire blame on the boat employees."<ref name=zpio/> The Crime Branch's probe report blamed the incident on a combination of driver negligence and overloading.<ref name=zpio/>

== Aftermath ==

On 2 October, it was announced that the government would pay the expenses for sending the bodies of the deceased to their home states and that 5 [[lakhs]] [[Rupees|Rs.]] would be provided to the next kin of each of the dead in the accident.<ref name="TOI" /> The [[Government of Kerala]] ordered a judicial inquiry into the boat [[Tragedy (event)|tragedy]].

Questioned at the scene on Monday, 5 October, helmsman Victor Samuel (alias Betty) attributed the incident to the sudden movement of tourists, but fellow crew member Aneesh (also written Anish) pointed out the overloading of the upper deck.<ref name=zarrest/><ref name=zpio/><ref name=zar2/> Preliminary inquiries revealed that the boat was overloaded, with 12 more than its capacity of 75.<ref name=zpio/> The Crime Branch determined that when Samuel "suddenly turned the boat to the right, after the tourists sighted the wild animals", it had contributed to the incident.<ref name=zar2/> [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (Crime Branch) PA Wilson said that "the unwarranted act of driver Victor Samuel [...] swerving the boat while at high speed caused the tragedy".<ref name=zpio/> The Crime Branch did not make a final report, pending further questioning of survivors, but Samuel and Aneesh were arrested, to be taken before the Magistrate Court at Peerumade.<ref name=zar2/> Samuel has been charged with "causing death unintentionally."<ref name=zar2/>

Also under consideration was the possibility raised by reports that the boat listed to one side due to a structural imbalance.<ref name=zpio/> The police stated that the Jalakanyaka, which was recovered and brought to the dock in Thekkady,<ref name=zar2/> "had inherent problems".<ref name=zthai/> A careful forensic examination was scheduled to begin.<ref name=zpio/>

== Criticism ==

[[Oommen Chandy]], Leader of Opposition in the Kerala Assembly, criticized the ongoing Crime Branch probe, alleging an attempt to make the steersman a scapegoat.<ref name=zind/> "an attempt is on to put the blame and responsibility of the accident on the steersman,"<ref name=zind/> Chandy said.

He urged Chairman Cherian Philip to consider quitting his post.<ref name=zind/> "Instead of supervising the rescue operations at Thekkady, Philip chose to be part of' Human Chain',<ref name=zind/> a political function of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI-M]]," he said.<ref name=zind/>

The ''Decclan Herald'' said that the accident was "a result of sheer negligence",<ref name=zneg/> and the Express Buzz said it was "faulty from the start",<ref name=zbuzz/> with excess passengers on unsecured plastic chairs.<ref name=zbuzz/>

Other criticisms include (1) lack of disaster recovery planning and procedures for all departments; and (2) refusal to privatize and insure tourist boats with proper government oversight.

== Subsequent safety concerns==
At a meeting on 5 October, state Tourism Minister Kodiyeri Balakrishnan announced several new safety measures: safety checks for tourist boats, mandatory life jackets for those under 15 and for those over 15 who do not supply a valid reason, [[lifeguards]] and rescue boats in proportion to the number of passengers.<ref name=zthai/>

==See also ==
* [[2002 Kumarakom boat disaster]]
* [[2007 Thattekkad boat disaster]]
* [[2023 Tanur boat disaster]]

== References ==
{{Wikinews|More bodies recovered from capsized boat in Kerala, India}}
{{Reflist
|refs=
<ref name=zhindu>
{{Cite news
|title=32 drown as boat topples in Thekkady
|page=Front Page
|date=1 October 2009
|accessdate=2009-10-05
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/01/stories/2009100158340100.htm
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004004100/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/01/stories/2009100158340100.htm
|archivedate=4 October 2009
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="PTI">{{cite news|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/313266_Thekkady-boat-mishap--toll-reaches-45|title=Thekkady boat mishap: toll reaches 45|date=5 Oct 2009|publisher=Press Trust of India|accessdate=2009-10-05| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091010030150/http://www.ptinews.com/news/313266_Thekkady-boat-mishap--toll-reaches-45| archivedate= 10 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name="sify">{{cite news|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jkdu4beiegf&title=Three_more_bodies_recovered_from_Thekkady_lake_toll_44|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117041042/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jkdu4beiegf&title=Three_more_bodies_recovered_from_Thekkady_lake_toll_44|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2015|title=Three more bodies recovered from Thekkady lake, toll 44|date=3 Oct 2009|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2009-10-05}}</ref>
<ref name=zpio>
{{cite news
| title = Thekkady tragedy '12 passengers over capacity on boat'
|publisher=The Pioneer
|date=5 October 2009
|author=VR Jayaraj
| accessdate = 2009-10-05
| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/206904/Thekkady-tragedy-%E2%80%9812-passengers-over-capacity-on-boat%E2%80%99.html
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091008004852/http://www.dailypioneer.com/206904/Thekkady-tragedy-%E2%80%9812-passengers-over-capacity-on-boat%E2%80%99.html| archivedate= 8 October 2009 | url-status= dead}}</ref>
<ref name=zdecc>
{{Cite web
| title = Bodies of Aishwarya,mother found
|date=3 October 2009
| accessdate = 2009-10-05
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/28595/bodies-aishwaryamother-found.html
|location=Deccan Herald
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091006073535/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/28595/bodies-aishwaryamother-found.html| archivedate= 6 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name=z45>{{Cite web
| title = Thekkady tragedy: toll mounts to 45
|newspaper=The Hindu
|date = 4 October 2009
| accessdate = 2009-10-05
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article28738.ece
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091005180138/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article28738.ece| archivedate= 5 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/10-Delhiites-among-41-dead-in-avoidable-boat-tragedy/articleshow/5079263.cms|title=10 Delhiites among 41 dead in avoidable boat tragedy|date=2 October 2009|newspaper=Times of India|accessdate=2009-10-05|archive-date=5 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005034220/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/10-Delhiites-among-41-dead-in-avoidable-boat-tragedy/articleshow/5079263.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=zarrest>{{Cite web
| title = Boat capsize; steerman, crew member arrested
| date = 5 October 2009
| access-date = 2009-10-05
| url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64912&sectionid=4&secid=0&Itemid=1&issueid=
| location = Press Trust of India
| archive-date = 25 September 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220925160551/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kerala-boat-capsize-steerman-crew-member-arrested-57910-2009-10-05
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=zsafe>{{Cite web
|title=No safety measures in ill fated boat, eyewitnesses
|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/20/20090930/1416/tnl-no-safety-measures-in-ill-fated-boat.html
|date = 6 October 2009
|publisher = Press Trust of India
| accessdate = 2009-10-05
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

<ref name=zar2>{{Cite web
| title = Thekkady boat capsize; steerman, crew member arrested
|newspaper=The Hindu
|date=5 October 2009
| accessdate = 2009-10-05
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/article29040.ece
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091008054640/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/states/article29040.ece| archivedate= 8 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name=zthai>{{cite news
|title=All tourist boats to undergo safety check in Kerala
|date=5 October 2009
|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/all-tourist-boats-to-undergo-safety-check-in-kerala_100256316.html
|accessdate=2009-10-05
|archive-date=6 October 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006211320/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/all-tourist-boats-to-undergo-safety-check-in-kerala_100256316.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
<ref name=zind>{{Cite web
| title = Opposition leader flays probe into boat tragedy
|publisher=Indopia/PTI
|date=5 October 2009
| accessdate = 2009-10-05
| url = http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/680503/National/1/20/1
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091011043856/http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/680503/National/1/20/1| archivedate= 11 October 2009 | url-status= dead}}</ref>
<ref name=zneg>
{{cite news
|title=Safety last
|date=6 October 2009
|newspaper=Deccan Herald
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/28878/safety-last.html
|accessdate=2009-10-05
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011073944/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/28878/safety-last.html
|archivedate=11 October 2009
|url-status=live
}}
</ref>
<ref name=zbuzz>{{cite news
|newspaper=Express Buzz
|date=5 October 2009
|title=Jalakanyaka was faulty from the start
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article135002.ece
|accessdate=2009-10-05
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103045/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article135002.ece
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
Documentary about Thekkady Boat Tragedy Done in Marine Biztv :-
* https://web.archive.org/web/20151208175235/http://www.video.marinebiztv.com/videos.php?video=NDkzMA
{{commons category|Thekkady boat tragedy}}

{{coords|9|34|32.7|N|77|10|45.3|E|display=title}}
{{Disasters in India in 2009}}
{{2009 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thekkady Boat Disaster}}
[[Category:2000s in Kerala|2009]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in lakes]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in India]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 disasters in India]]
[[Category:September 2009 in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]
[[Category:Idukki district]]

Vincent William Tregear

2026-05-05T14:45:29Z

Ptamansamrat: Info

{{Short description|British Army officer (1842-1925)}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Major-General Sir
| name = Vincent William Tregear
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB}}
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1842|6|25}}
| birth_place = Juanpore, [[West Bengal]], British Raj
| death_date = {{death date and age|1925|7|17|1842|6|25}}
| death_place = [[Portsmouth]], [[Hampshire]], England
| death_cause =
| burial_place =
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = Army
| branch_label = 
| service_years =
| service_years_label =
| rank = Major-General
| rank_label =
| service_number =
| unit =
| commands =
| known_for = [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]]
| battles = [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]]
| battles_label =
| awards =
| memorials =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = {{marriage|Jane Charlotte Bell|30 April 1867|11 December 1899|reason=died}}
| children = 5
| relations = Vincent William Henry Tregear (Father) Elizabeth Hannah Tregear (Mother)
| other_work =
| signature =
| signature_size =
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}}

Major-General '''Sir Vincent William Tregear''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB}} (25 June 1842 - 17 june 1925) was a British army officer.

The son of Vincent Tregear of the Indian Educational Department, he was educated privately. He entered the [[Bengal Army]] in 1859.

He was appointed a Major in 1879,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24761|page=5456|date=12 September 1879}}</ref> Brevet Lieutenant Colonel in 1884,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=25440|page=578|date=10 February 1885}}</ref> Lieutenant-Colonel in 1885,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25501|page=3785|date=14 August 1885}}</ref> and Colonel in 1888.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25864|page=5545|date=9 October 1888}}</ref> He was appointed a Major-General in 1897 and retired in the same year. He was transferred to the Unemployed Supernumerary List in 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27486|page=6651|date=21 October 1902}}</ref>

Tregear commanded the 9th Bengal Infantry and was Colonel on the Staff at Multan from 1895-97.

He served in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], 1879-80 and took part in the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] for both the expedition of 1888 and the expedition of 1889-1890. For his services in the Chin-Lushai Expedition, he was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] (CB) in 1890.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26106|page=6023|date=14 November 1890}}</ref>

He married Jane Charlotte (died 1899), daughter of William Oswald Bell, in 1867.

He was appointed a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Bath]] in the [[1909 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28263|page=4854|date=22 June 1909|supp=y}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite IBD1915|wstitle= Tregear, Major-General Sir Vincent William |volume= 21.6 |page= 430 |year=1915|short=}}

*{{cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Larry |title=Vincent William Tregear |url=https://records.myheritagelibraryedition.com/research/record-1-152280411-25-507790/vincent-william-tregear-in-myheritage-family-trees |website=MyHeritage}}
{{Lushai frontier}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tregear, Vincent William}}
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Adi Lokesh

2026-05-01T19:50:09Z

Ptamansamrat: stub...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adi Lokesh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Aditya Lokesh
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2002-present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]'' (2005)
| parents = [[Mysore Lokesh]] (father)
| relatives = [[Pavitra Lokesh]] (sister)
}}
'''Adi Lokesh''' is an Indian actor who works in Kannada films. He is known for his villainous roles such as his role in ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]'' (2005) as Bidda.

== Personal life ==
He is the son of actor [[Mysore Lokesh]]. His sister is actress [[Pavitra Lokesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/adi-lokesh-hails-from-a-filmi-family/articleshow/41498022.cms|title=Adi Lokesh hails from a filmi family|date=2 September 2014|work= The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/aadi-lokesh-is-the-brother-of-pavithra-lokesh/articleshow/45574773.cms|title=Aadi Lokesh is the brother of Pavithra Lokesh|date=19 December 2014|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== Career ==
Adi Lokesh made his acting debut with ''Naanu Naane'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct162005/enter16163320051015.asp|date=16 October 2005|access-date=6 April 2025|title=Lucky at last|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218142503/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct162005/enter16163320051015.asp|archive-date=18 February 2007|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa}}</ref> He made a breakthrough with as a schemer named Bidda in ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]'' (2005). After the success of the film, he made his lead debut with ''[[Poojari]]'' (2007). However, after the film's failure, he did not star in any film for a year. He also played the lead in ''Bidda'' (2008) and ''Gang Leader'' (2010).
<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/10/i-want-to-forget-poojari-5658.html|title='I want to forget Poojari'|date=10 November 2008|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> During this time, he played negative roles in films such as ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]'' (2007) as [[Meera Jasmine]]'s tormentor and ''[[Raaj – The Showman]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/dec/03/angry-in-real-life-adi-lokesh-109660.html|title=Angry in real life: Adi Lokesh|date=3 December 2009|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="N"/>

In 2014, he participated as a contestant in the second season of ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 2)|Bigg Boss Kannada]]'' (2014) airing on [[Asianet Suvarna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/adi-lokesh-spills-bigg-bosss-best-kept-secrets/articleshow/41413395.cms|title=Adi Lokesh spills Bigg Boss's best kept secrets|date=1 September 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/adi-lokesh-turns-traitor-in-bigg-boss-house/articleshow/38975575.cms|title=Adi Lokesh turns traitor in Bigg Boss House|date=24 July 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Colbegin}}
*2002 - ''[[Naanu Naane]]''
*2005 - ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]''
*2006 - ''[[Mohini 9886788888]]''
*2006 - ''[[Odahuttidavalu]]''
*2007 - ''[[Sixer (2007 film)|Sixer]]''
*2007 - ''[[Ee Rajeev Gandhi Alla]]''
*2007 - ''[[Poojari]]''
*2007 - ''VIP 5''
*2007 - ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]''
*2008 - ''[[Bombaat]]''
*2008 - ''Bidda''
*2008 - ''[[Kaamannana Makkalu]]''
*2009 - ''[[Junglee (2009 film)|Junglee]]''
*2009 - ''[[Anjadiru]]''
*2009 - ''Nandini Estate''
*2009 - ''Nishedhanjne''
*2009 - ''[[Hatrick Hodi Maga]]''
*2009 - ''[[Raaj – The Showman]]''
*2009 - ''[[Kallara Santhe]]''
*2009 - ''[[Bhagyada Balegara (film)|Bhagyada Balegara]]''
*2010 - ''[[Huli (film)|Huli]]''
*2010 - ''Gang Leader''
*2010 - ''Sri Moksha''
*2011 - ''[[Mallikarjuna (film)|Mallikarjuna]]''
*2011 - ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]''
*2011 - ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan]]''
*2011 - ''Kadhimaru''
*2011 - ''[[Bete (2011 film)|Bete]]''
*2011 - ''Vighneshwara''
*2012 - ''Paper Dhoni''
*2012 - ''[[Alemari]]''
*2012 - ''[[Arakshaka]]''
*2012 - ''[[Sagar (film)|Sagar]]''
*2013 - ''[[Madarangi]]''
*2013 - ''Eela'' (Telugu)
*2014 - ''[[Darling (2014 film)|Darling]]''
*2014 - ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]''
*2014 - ''Youthful Love'' (Telugu)
*2014 - ''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]''
*2014 - ''[[Jai Bajarangabali]]''
*2015 - ''Nigraha Dala''
*2015 - ''Take It Easy''
*2015 - ''Bhanta''
*2015 - ''[[Goolihatti]]''
*2015 - ''Vigna''
*2015 - ''[[RX Soori]]''
*2016 - ''Leela''
*2017 - ''[[Dandupalya 2]]''
*2018 - ''[[8MM Bullet]]''
*2018 - ''[[Dandupalya 3]]''
*2018 - ''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]''
*2022 - ''[[Garuda (2022 film)|Garuda]]''
*2022 - ''[[Trivikrama (film)|Trivikrama]]''
{{Colend}}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Ref.
|-
|2014 || ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 2)]]'' || Contestant || [[Asianet Suvarna]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/omg-adi-lokesh-got-married-to-neethu-on-bigg-boss/articleshow/41322863.cms|title=OMG! Adi Lokesh got married to Neethu on Bigg Boss?|date=31 August 2014|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2023 || ''Olavina Nildana'' || || [[Colors Kannada]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/adi-lokesh-enters-olavina-nildana-serial/articleshow/101981045.cms|title=Adi Lokesh enters Olavina Nildana serial|date=20 July 2023|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|4841794}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokesh, Adi}}
[[Category:Actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Punjab

2026-05-01T08:54:50Z

Ptamansamrat: done...

{{short description|Punjab affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| native_name = ਭਾਰਤੀ ਜਨਤਾ ਪਾਰਟੀ - ਪੰਜਾਬ
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]]
| general_secretary =
| headquarters = Amar Shaheed Dr. Syama Prasad, Mukherjee Smarak Bhawan, Dakshin Marg, Sector-37-A, [[Chandigarh]],-160036, India
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bjp.org/stateoffice | title=Bharatiya Janata Party }}</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|13|hex=#FF9933}} (as of 2024)
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|6|7|hex=#FF9933}}(as of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|2026]])
| state_seats_name = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|2|117|hex=#FF9933}}(as of 2022)
| state2_seats_name =
| state2_seats =
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjp.org/punjab}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| leader = [[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
| foundation = {{start_date and years ago|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| eci =
| alliance = *[[National Democratic Alliance]]
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]|[[Conservatism]]|[[Neoliberalism]]|[[Hindu nationalism]]|[[Liberal Conservatism]] '''Faction''' [[Sikhism]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New team new vote base, BJP eying both Sikhs and Hindus at Punjab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/new-team-new-vote-base-how-bjp-is-eyeing-expansion-in-punjab-2305601-2022-12-05|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP's new Punjab team now has 45% Sikhs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sikhs-constitute-45-of-bjp-s-revamped-team-for-punjab-101670612951132.html|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>}}
| youth = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| women = [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]
| publication = '''[[Kamal Sandesh]]'''
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| predecessor =
* [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)
* [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
| split = [[Janata Party]]
|labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=live mint |date=15 January 2008 |author=Pragya Singh }}</ref>
|peasants=[[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sejuta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|pages=172–173|title= Class, Politics, and Agricultural Policies in Post-liberalisation India|isbn=978-1-108-41628-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019e}}</ref>
| international =
| name = Bharatiya Janata Party – Punjab
}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Punjab''' ('''BJP Punjab''') is the affiliate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=The Hindu Bureau |date=11 July 2023 |title=Sunil Jakhar takes over as BJP Punjab chief, says BJP no longer younger brother in State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sunil-jakhar-takes-over-as-bjp-punjab-chief-says-bjp-no-longer-younger-brother-in-state/article67068259.ece |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> Its head office is situated at the Amar Sahid Dr. Syama Prasad, Mukherjee Smarak Bhawan, Dakshin Marg, Sector-37-A, [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]-160036, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab State Office |url=https://www.bjp.org/punjab-state-office |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Bharatiya Janata Party}}</ref> The current president of BJP Punjab is [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]].<ref name=":0" />

==Electoral performance==
===General Elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Lok Sabha.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|100px]] [[Lok Sabha]] Elections
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:white"|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:white"|(+/-) in seats
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:white"|% of votes
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#FF9933;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|
|
|
|{{partial|External Support}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1992]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|9
|{{Composition bar|0|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|16.51%
|
|4,97,999
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|0|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|6.48%
|{{decrease}} 10.03
|5,71,920
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|3|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|11.67%
|{{increase}} 5.19
|10,63,751
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|1|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|9.16%
|{{decrease}} 2.51
|8,01,806
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|3|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|10.48%
|{{increase}} 1.32
|10,71,650
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|1|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|10.06%
|{{decrease}} 0.42
|11,90,144
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|2|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|8.73%
|{{decrease}} 1.33
|12,09,004
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|2|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|9.63%
|{{increase}} 0.90
|13,25,445
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|13
|{{Composition bar|0|13|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|18.56%
|{{increase}} 8.93
|25,00,877
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|}

=== Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats contested || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|+/- || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%) || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%) || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || 41 || {{Composition bar|1|117|hex=#FF9933}} || New || 6.48% || New || rowspan="3"|Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || 26 || {{Composition bar|6|117|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 5 || 4.99% || {{increase}} 1.49
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]] || 66 || {{Composition bar|6|117|hex=#FF9933}} || {{dash}} || 16.48% || {{increase}} 11.49%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]] || 22 || {{Composition bar|18|117|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 12 || 8.33% || {{increase}} 8.15% || Government
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || 23 || {{Composition bar|3|117|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 15 || 5.67% || {{decrease}} 2.66% || Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || 23 || {{Composition bar|19|117|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 16 || 8.28% || {{increase}} 2.61% || rowspan="2"|Government
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || 23 || {{Composition bar|12|117|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 7 || 7.18% || {{decrease}} 1.1%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || 23 || {{Composition bar|3|117|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 9 || 5.4% || {{decrease}} 1.8% || rowspan="2"|Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || 73 || {{Composition bar|2|117|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 1 || 6.6% || {{increase}} 1.2%
|}

== Leadership ==
=== List of current Rajya Sabha MPs from Punjab ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
! style="width:200px" | Name<ref name="members">{{cite web|title=Statewise List|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
!Term end
|-
|1
|[[Vikramjit Singh Sahney]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=6}}
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jul-2028
|-
|2
|[[Ashok Mittal]]
|10-Apr-2022
|09-Apr-2028
|-
|3
|[[Raghav Chadha]]
|10-Apr-2022
|09-Apr-2028
|-
|4
|[[Sandeep Pathak]]
|10-Apr-2022
|09-Apr-2028
|-
|5
|[[Harbhajan Singh]]
|10-Apr-2022
|09-Apr-2028
|-
|6
|[[Rajinder Gupta]]
|24-Oct-2025
|09-Apr-2028
|}

===Elected members===
====2022 member(s) of Legislative Assembly====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rowspan=2|S.No
!Colspan=2|Constituency
!Rowspan=2|MLA
!Rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Present Party
!Rowspan=2| Remarks
|-
!#
!Name
|-
| colspan="7" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Pathankot district|''' Pathankot District''']]
|-
!01.
| 3
| [[Pathankot Assembly constituency|Pathankot]]
|[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|Bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="7" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Hoshiarpur district|''' Hoshiarpur District''']]
|-
!02.
| 39
| [[Mukerian Assembly constituency|Mukerian]]
|[[Jangi Lal Mahajan]]
|Bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|}

=== President ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: x-big;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No.
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office
|- style="text-align: center;"
!1.
|Dr. Baldev Prakash Ji
|6-April-1980
|1988
|8 years
|- style="text-align: center;"
!2.
|Babu Hitabhilashi Ji
|August 1988
|19 September 1988
|1.5 month
|- style="text-align: center;"
!3.
|Madam Mohan Mittal
|1988
|1995
|7 years
|- style="text-align: center;"
!4.
|[[Balram Das Tandon]]
|1995
|1997
|2 years
|- style="text-align: center;"
!5.
|Manoranjan Kalia
|Feb 1997
|Oct 1997
|9 months
|- style="text-align: center;"
!6.
|Daya Singh Sodhi
|Oct 1997
|2001
|4 years
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |7.
|Brij Lal Rinwa
|2001
|27-Sep-2003
|2 years
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |8.
|[[Avinash Rai Khanna]]
|27-Sep-2003
|21-Apr-2007
|{{Ayd|27 September 2003|21 April 2007}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |9.
|Rajinder Bhandari
|21-Apr-2007
|4-Feb-2010
|{{Ayd|21 April 2007|4 February 2010}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |10.
|[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|4-Feb-2010
|15-Jan-2013
|{{Ayd|4 February 2010|15 January 2013}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |11.
|[[Kamal Sharma]]
|15-Jan-2013
|8-Apr-2016
|{{Ayd|15 January 2013|8 April 2016}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |12.
|[[Vijay Sampla]]
|8-Apr-2016
|6-Apr-2018
|{{Ayd|8 April 2016|6 April 2018}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |13.
|[[Shwait Malik]]
|6-Apr-2018
|17-Jan-2020
|{{Ayd|6 April 2018|17 January 2020}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |14.
|[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|17-Jan-2020
|4-Jul-2023
|{{Ayd|17 January 2020|4 July 2023}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |15.
|[[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]]
|5-Jul-2023
|present
|{{Ayd|5 July 2023}}
|}

==See also==

*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]
*[[Rashtriya Sikh Sangat]]
*[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party, Punjab}}
===Works cited===
* {{cite web |title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18 January 2013 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=9 May 2013 |location=India |year=2013 |ref={{harvid |Election Commission |2013}} }}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Punjab]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party of Punjab]]
[[Category:Political parties in Punjab, India]]

Madhuri Vijay

2026-04-29T04:42:30Z

Ptamansamrat: new.

{{Short description|Indian author}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Madhuri Vijay
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Author
| language = English
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Lawrence University]], [[Iowa Writers' Workshop]]
| period =
| genre = Novel
| subject =
| movement =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| awards = [[Pushcart Prize]], [[JCB Prize]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|madhurivijay.com}}
}}
'''Madhuri Vijay''' is an Indian author living in [[Hawaii]]. She is the author of ''The Far Field,'' which won the second [[JCB Prize]] for literature, India's most prestigious literary award.<ref name="econotimes-2019nov">{{cite news | title=JCB winner Madhuri Vijay senses hostility towards fiction; says she thought her book won't release in India | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=2019-11-06 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jcb-winner-madhuri-vijay-senses-hostility-towards-fiction-says-she-thought-her-book-wont-release-in-india/articleshow/71937474.cms | accessdate = 2020-08-07}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vijay was born and grew up in [[Bangalore]], India.<ref name="lawrence2019"/><ref name="hindustani2020jan"/><ref name="econotimes-2019nov"/><ref name="wapo-2020jan">{{cite news | last=Charles | first=Ron | title=A daughter searches for her mother's secrets in Kashmir but finds only more questions | newspaper=The Washington Post| date=2019-01-08 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/a-daughter-searches-for-her-mothers-secrets-in-kashmir-but-finds-only-more-questions/2019/01/07/ee8501aa-1210-11e9-90a8-136fa44b80ba_story.html | accessdate = 2020-08-07}}</ref> In 2009, she graduated [[Phi Beta Kappa]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=keyreporter |date=2020-03-24 |title=ΦΒΚ Award Winners 2019 |url=https://www.keyreporter.org/articles/2020/φbk-award-winners-2019/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=The Key Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> from [[Lawrence University]], where she studied psychology and English.<ref name="lawrence2019">{{cite web | last=Berthiaume | first=Ed | title=Lawrence experience inspires, informs Madhuri Vijay's path to "The Far Field" | publisher=Lawrence University News | date=2019-10-09 | url=https://blogs.lawrence.edu/news/2019/10/lawrence-experience-inspires-informs-madhuri-vijays-path-to-the-far-field.html | accessdate = 2020-08-07}}</ref> After graduation, she received a [[Watson Foundation#Thomas J. Watson Fellowship|Watson Fellowship]], which took her to South Africa, [[Malaysia]], and [[Tanzania]] while studying people from India living in foreign lands.<ref name="lawrence2019"/> After the fellowship, she left to attend the [[Iowa Writers' Workshop]].<ref name="econotimes-2019nov"/><ref name="lawrence2019"/><ref name="hindustani2020jan"/>

==Writing==
Her debut novel on [[Kashmir]], ''The Far Field'', won the JCB Prize for literature<ref name="hindustani2020jan">{{cite web | title=Madhuri Vijay bags Crossword Book Award for novel on Kashmir | work=Hindustan Times| date=2020-01-15 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/madhuri-vijay-bags-crossword-book-award-for-novel-on-kashmir/story-lKXd16Q3anH4DG7ACjyi5H.html | accessdate = 2020-08-07}}</ref>. Vijay said she was surprised that the book was even published in India, where publishers were reluctant to take it on due to the "current climate in the country."<ref name="econotimes-2019nov"/>

She is a recipient of the [[Pushcart Prize]] and has been longlisted for the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]].<ref name="econotimes-2019nov"/> Her writing has appeared in ''[[The Best American Nonrequired Reading]]'', ''[[Narrative Magazine]]'' and ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'', among other publications.<ref name="econotimes-2019nov"/> Her short story "You Are My Dear Friend", published in the 17 August 2020, issue of ''[[The New Yorker]]'', was also included in ''[[The Best American Short Stories 2021]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=John |date=2022-03-12 |title=Book Review: The Best American Short Stories 2021 Edited by Jesmyn Ward and Heidi Pitlor |url=https://johnwalterswriter.com/2022/03/12/book-review-the-best-american-short-stories-2021-edited-by-jesmyn-ward-and-heidi-pitlor/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=John Walters |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
As of 2019, Vijay lives in [[Hawaii]],<ref name="lawrence2019"/><ref name="wapo-2020jan"/> where she teaches English.<ref name="econotimes-2019nov"/><ref name="hindustani2020jan"/>

==Awards==
*Watson Fellowship (2009)
*Pushcart Prize (2019)
*JCB Prize for Literature (2019)
*Tata Literature Live First Book Award (2019)
*Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction (2020), long-listed
*Crossword Book Award (2020)
*Women AutHer Award for Best Fiction (2020)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Women AutHer Awards 2020 for best fiction goes to Madhuri Vijay and Sutapa Basu – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/women-auther-awards-2020-for-best-fiction-goes-to-madhuri-vijay-and-sutapa-basu/articleshow/74573249.cms |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=The Times of India |date=18 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://madhurivijay.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay, Madhuri}}
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lawrence University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Durg Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T09:00:51Z

Ptamansamrat: Started Basic Data Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Durg {{Small|CG-7}}
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|reservation= None
| established = 1952
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Vijay Baghel]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Patan (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]] [[Durg Gramin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durg Rural]] [[Durg City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durg City]] [[Bhilai Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhilai Nagar]] [[Vaishali Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vaishali Nagar]] [[Ahiwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ahiwara]] [[Saja (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saja]] [[Bemetara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bemetara]] [[Navagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Navagarh]]
}}
'''Durg Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 11 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Chhattisgarh]] state in central [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
While most Lok Sabha seats in MP and Chhattisgarh have 8 assembly seats as their segments, Durg and Raipur seats in Chhattisgarh have nine assembly segments under them, and Chhindwara and Satna Lok Sabha seats in MP have only 7 segments under them.

Durg Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following nine assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|title=CandidateAC.xls file on assembly constituencies with information on district and parliamentary constituencies
|access-date=2008-11-22
|work=Chhattisgarh
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204083059/http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|archive-date=2008-12-04
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|title = Final notification on delimitation of Chhattisgarh constituencies
|publisher = Delimitation Commission of India
|date = 2008-06-02
|access-date = 2008-11-23
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061229001834/http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|archive-date = 2006-12-29
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|62
|[[Patan (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Durg district|Durg]]
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|-
|63
|[[Durg Gramin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durg Rural]]
|[[Lalit Chandrakar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|64
|[[Durg City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durg City]]
|Gajendra Yadav
|-
|65
|[[Bhilai Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhilai Nagar]]
|[[Devender Singh Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|66
|[[Vaishali Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vaishali Nagar]]
|Rikesh Sen
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|67
|[[Ahiwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ahiwara]] (SC)
|Domanlal Korsewada
|-
|68
|[[Saja (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saja]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bemetara district|Bemetara]]
|[[Ishwar Sahu]]
|-
|69
|[[Bemetara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bemetara]]
|[[Dipesh Sahu]]
|-
|70
|[[Navagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Navagarh]] (SC)
|[[Dayaldas Baghel]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Wasudeo S Kirolikar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=8|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Guru Gosain Agam Dasji
|-
|Bhagwati Charan Shukla
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohan Lal Baklial]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| Vishwanath Tamaskar
|-
|1970^
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandulal Chandrakar]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Mohan Jain
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandulal Chandrakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Purushottam Kaushik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Chandulal Chandrakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tarachand Sahu]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Durg]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Durg">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Durg |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S267.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731175105/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S267.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Vijay Baghel]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 956,497
|percentage= 62.00
|change= {{increase}}0.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Rajendra Sahu
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 5,18,271
|percentage= 33.59
|change= {{increase}}0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 5,617
|percentage = 0.36
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,38,226
|percentage = 28.41
|change = {{increase}}0.25
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15,43,861
|percentage = 73.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Durg]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Baghel]]
|votes = 8,49,374
|percentage = 61.02
|change = +17.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pratima Chandrakar
|votes = 4,57,396
|percentage = 32.86
|change = -12.49
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Geetanjali Singh
|votes = 20,124
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[List of political parties in India|SRDP]]
|candidate = Hidar Bhati
|votes = 12,107
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,91,978
|percentage = 28.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,92,719
|percentage = 71.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Durg]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|votes = 5,70,687
|percentage = 45.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Saroj Pandey]]
|votes =5,53,839
|percentage = 44.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Vishwa Ratna Sinha
|votes =17,455
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Arun Joshi
|votes = 16,529
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Munna Chandrakar
|votes =15,600
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,848
|percentage =1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,59,142
|percentage = 67.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Durg]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Saroj Pandey]]
|votes = 2,83,170
|percentage = 31.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pradeep Choubey
|votes = 2,73,216
|percentage = 30.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Tarachand Sahu]]
|votes = 2,61,879
|percentage = 28.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shitkaran Mhilwar
|votes = 17,928
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raghunandan Sahu
|votes = 17,760
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anand Gautam
|votes = 14,968
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,954
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,06,337
|percentage = 55.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Durg]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tarachand Sahu]]
|votes = 3,82,757
|percentage = 50.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|votes = 3,21,289
|percentage = 42.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shri Mataji
|votes = 17,935
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manharan Singh Chhedaiha
|votes = 17,928
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bharat Bhushan Pandey
|votes = 8,078
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Balvinder Singh
|votes = 3,462
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = R.D. Jogansh
|votes = 2,209
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Justice Party
|candidate = Kitan Noni Urf Kiran Beti
|votes = 2,185
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sheikh Rasool
|votes = 2,155
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Rajput
|votes = 1,988
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Arun Joshi
|votes = 1,829
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 61,468
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,61,815
|percentage = 52.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Durg district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.2|81.3|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durg (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Durg district]]

Baidyanath Misra

2026-04-17T12:40:38Z

Ptamansamrat: done...

{{Short description|Indian economist, educationist, author, and administrator (1920–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Baidyanath Misra
| image = Dr. (Prof.) Baidyanath Misra.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|11|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Khordha district|Khordha]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|05|08|1920|11|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| education = [[Ravenshaw University]] [[University of Allahabad]] [[University of Pennsylvania]] [[Utkal University]]
| occupation = Economist Educationist Author Administrator
| employer = [[Government of Odisha]]
| spouse = Basanti Misra
| children = [[B. K. Misra|Basant]], Jayant, Sukant, Bijayalaxmi
| parents = Mahadev Misra (Father) Manika Devi (Mother)
| awards = [[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award]]
}}
'''Baidyanath Misra''' (22 November 1920 – 8 May 2019) was an Indian economist, educator, author, and administrator from the state of [[Odisha]].<ref name="business-standard">{{Cite press release|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/renowned-economist-baidyanath-mishra-dies-119050800751_1.html|title=Renowned economist Baidyanath Mishra dies|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=8 May 2019|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite press release|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/may/09/baidyanath-misra-passes-away-at-99-1974600.html|title=Baidyanath Misra passes away at 99 |date=9 May 2019 |agency=Press Trust of India |via=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/there-are-only-traders-no-entrepreneurs/cid/408787|title=There are only traders, no entrepreneurs|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> He served as the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]],<ref name="newindianexpress" /> Deputy-Chairman of Odisha State Planning Board, Chairman of Odisha's First State Finance Commission,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=EVALUATION OF STATE FINANCES WITH REFERENCE TO STATE OF ODISHA (REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FOURTEENTH FINANCE COMMISSION) |url=https://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/oldcommission_html/fincom14/others/19.pdf |publisher=NABAKRUSHNA CHOUDHURY CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, ODISHA}}</ref> Secretary of Odisha State Welfare Board, founder Secretary and President of Orissa Economics Association,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/orissa-economics-association-celebrates-golden-jubilee/|title=Orissa Economics Association celebrates golden jubilee — OrissaPOST|date=10 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-13 |title=Prof. Baidyanath Misra — An Economist and Social Scientist of Repute |url=https://www.odisha.plus/2019/05/a-tribute-to-prof-baidyanath-misra-an-economist-and-social-scientist-of-repute/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=OdishaPlus |language=en-GB}}</ref> and the founder Director and Chairman of [[Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ncds.nic.in/?q=node/507|title = Centenary in honour of Professor Baidyanath Misra (22.Nov.2020) | Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13IGivvvOt8C&pg=PA279 |title=Agro-industries and Economic Development: A Vision for the 21st Century|first1=Baidyanath|last1=Misra|first2=Gyana Chandra|last2=Kar|first3=Surendra Nath|last3=Misra|year=2002
|publisher=Deep & Deep|isbn=9788176293693|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odisha.plus/2019/05/a-tribute-to-prof-baidyanath-misra-an-economist-and-social-scientist-of-repute/|title=Prof. Baidyanath Misra — An Economist and Social Scientist of Repute|date=13 May 2019|website=OdishaPlus}}</ref> He wrote 16 books in English and 20 in [[Odia language|Odia]]. He was also a columnist in several leading Odia journals and newspapers. He organised several camps across Odisha, for helping the cause of the poor and downtrodden.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Education ==
Misra received his Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from [[Ravenshaw University]], followed by a Master of Arts degree from the [[University of Allahabad]] in 1948, and was the topper at both the institutions. He was also the first Odia topper of the Faculty of Arts and the Department of Economics of Allahabad University. He received two gold medals from [[Sarojini Naidu]] (the then ex officio Chancellor of the University of Allahabad, being the Governor of the United Provinces) during the convocation, one each from the Arts faculty and the Economics department.<ref name="bio">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-kz5_Y2Wb4C&q=sahitya&pg=PR14|title=Indian Economy and Socio-economic Transformation: Emerging Issues and Problems : Essays in Honour of Professor Baidyanath Misra|first=Surendra Nath|last=Misra|date=27 August 2004|publisher=Deep & Deep|isbn=9788176295253|via=Google Books}}</ref> He completed another master's degree in economics from [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]] on a [[Fulbright Scholarship]], where he studied under the [[Nobel laureate]], [[Simon Kuznets]].<ref name="bio"/> After returning to India, he did a PhD from [[Utkal University]].<ref name="founder">{{Cite web|url=https://pragativadi.com/an-institution-builder-passes-away/|title=An Institution Builder Passes Away|work=Pragativadi: Leading Odia Dailly |date=9 May 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:45th annual conference of the Orissa Economics Association.jpg|thumb|At the 45th annual conference of the Orissa Economics Association]]
Having started his career as a lecturer in [[Ravenshaw College]],<ref name="business-standard" /> he moved to [[Utkal University]] as a professor and the head of the department of Analytical & Applied Economics, where he instituted two academic chairs, funded by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and the [[State Bank of India]]. He served as the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]] from 1981 to 1985.<ref name="newindianexpress" /> During his tenure as the VC of OUAT, he established the [[College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar]], College of Agriculture, Sambalpur, College of Home Science, Bhubaneswar, and the College of Fisheries, Ganjam. He headed the Odisha State Planning Board from 1985 to 1990.<ref name="business-standard" /> In 1987, he founded the [[Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies]] (NCDS), in Bhubaneswar, which is jointly funded by the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research|Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)]], [[Government of India]], and the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref name="founder"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ncds.nic.in/?q=About+Us|title=About Us | Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies|website=ncds.nic.in}}</ref> He was also a member of the panel of economists of the [[Planning Commission of India]] and the Odisha Pay Commission.

== Recognition ==
[[File:Dr. (Prof.) Baidyanath Misra being felicitated by the Governor of Odisha, S C Jamir.jpg|thumb|Prof. Misra being felicitated by the [[Governor of Odisha]], [[S C Jamir]]]]
* He received an honorary doctorate from [[KIIT University]] in 2012, for his contributions to Economics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiit.ac.in/convocation/8th-annual-convocation/|title=8th Annual Convocation|date=9 September 2012}}</ref>
* The [[Chief Minister of Odisha]], [[Naveen Patnaik]], conferred on him the Think Odisha Leadership Award in 2010, jointly with the [[AICTE]] Chairman and the Director of [[IIT Kharagpur]], [[Damodar Acharya]], for their contributions in the field of education.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/orissa-cm-gives-away-think-odisha-leadership-awards-2010/articleshow/6326991.cms?from=mdr|title=Orissa CM gives away Think Odisha Leadership Awards, 2010|first=Nageshwar|last=Patnaik|date=17 August 2010|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* He was also awarded the [[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1996, for his contributions to Odia literature, in addition to the Nandighosh award and Vishub Milan award.<ref>[http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2004/pdf/orissa_sahitya_akademi_awarded-books-and_writers.pdf Orissa Sahitya Academy awarded books and writers] odisha.gov.in</ref><ref name="bio"/>

== Family ==
[[File:Dr. (Prof.) Baidyanath Misra Memorial.jpg|thumb|His son describing milestones in Prof. Misra's lifetime]]
He was born to Mahadev Misra and Manika Devi, in Khordha. He was married to Basanti Misra, a homemaker and a post-graduate in arts. The couple's children include a daughter, Bijayalaxmi, who is married to Ajatsatru Tripathy, an [[ophthalmologist]]; and three sons, [[B. K. Misra|Basant]], who did his MS general surgery from [[Delhi University]] and MCh in neurosurgery from [[AIIMS, New Delhi]], and is the Chief of Surgery and the Chairman of Neurosurgery at [[Hinduja Hospital]]s;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neurosocietyindia.com/|title=Neurological Society of India – The Neurological Society of India is the apex body representing neuroscientists in India.|accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref> Jayant, who did graduation in electrical engineering from [[IIT Roorkee]] and MEP from [[IIM Ahmedabad]], and is currently Director & Chief Operating Officer of [[IMFA|Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imfa.in/about-us/BoardOfDirectors.htm|title=IMFA|website=www.imfa.in}}</ref> and Sukant, who did post-graduation and doctorate in economics from [[Utkal University]] and [[Mississippi State University]], and is currently dean and vice-provost at [[Texas Technical University]].<ref>[https://www.depts.ttu.edu/international/statements/bio_misra.php Bio Misra] depts.ttu.edu {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730193913/https://www.depts.ttu.edu/international/statements/bio_misra.php |date=30 July 2021 }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
* The Orissa Economics Association annually organises the Prof. Baidyanath Misra Lecture in his memory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rbi.org.in//scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=481|title=Reserve Bank of India — Speeches}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissaea.in/Special_Lecture_Series.html|title=Orissa Economics Association | Odisha | India|website=www.orissaea.in}}</ref> The association also presents the Professor Baidyanath Misra Best Paper Award.<ref>[https://cuo.ac.in/Events-Images/210.pdf CUO Scholar receives "Professor Baidyanath Mishra Best Paper Award- 2023"] cuo.ac.in</ref>
* His eldest son and a noted neurosurgeon, [[B. K. Misra|Basant Misra]], started the Baidyanath Neurosurgery Charitable Trust, in his honour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Sarang Rote |url=https://drsarangrote.com/sarangrotecv.pdf |website=Neurosurgeon in Pune , Neurologist , Specialist , Doctor in Pune}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== English ===
* Economic Profile of India
* Economic Liberalisation and Regional Disparities in India
* Economics of Public Finance
* Capitalism, Socialism and Planning
* Development, Deprivation, and Welfare Policy
* Poverty, Unemployment and Rural Development
* Population Stabilisation and Development
* Growth and Governance
* Structural Change
* Fiscal Policy in the Context of Planning: An Analysis of Keynesian Economics in Relation to Economic Development
* Reference Orissa: An Indian State of Eastern Region
* Cooperative Movement in India: A Case Study of an Indian State
* Studies in the Economics of Farm Management in Cuttack District, Orissa
* Socialism and Market Economy: Proceedings of Seminar on Socialism and Market Economy
* Agro-industries and Economic Development: A Vision for the 21st Century
* Seminar Papers on Rural Development
* Agricultural Development: Problems and Prospects
* Economic Development of Orissa
* Political Economy of Development
* Strategy of Development Planning
* Contemporary Economic System
* Pursuit of Destiny (Autobiography)<ref name="Misra2013">{{cite book|author=Baidyanath Misra|title=Pursuit of Destiny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzQMnwEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-1739-2}}</ref>

=== Odia ===
* Anucintā
* Ārthanītikayojanā
* Puñjibāda, sāmyabāda, o Gāndhibāda
* Rāmarājyare aśānti
* Rājanītira sukha duḥkha
* Smr̥ti-tīrtha
* Samāja o sabhyatā
* Sāmājika mūlyabodha

=== Other publications ===
60 Research Papers, 10 Research Reports. He regularly contributed articles to Odia magazines and Odia newspapers.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misra, Baidyanath}}
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian agricultural economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Odisha academics]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Utkal University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Velayuthampalayam

2026-04-16T23:18:50Z

Ptamansamrat: New

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Velayuthampalayam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karur district|Karur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 639117
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04324
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Velayuthampalayam''' is a town located in [[Karur District]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karur.nic.in/|title=Karur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Land of Minerals {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It comes under the jurisdiction of [[Pugalur]] municipality. This town is situated on the footsteps of Pugali Malai [http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=8793283/ Arunattan Malai], which houses Lord [[Murugan]]. The river Cauvery is 3 kilometers away from the town. It is very close to TNPL Kagithapuram. The adjacent places are TNPL Kagithapuram, Thottakuritchi and Karappalayam.

==Geography==
Velayuthampalaym is located 11°4'48"N 78°0'1"E . It has average elevation of 125 meters (413 feet).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Pugalur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Pugalur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>

==Climate==
The highest temperature is obtained in early May to early June usually about 34 °C, though it usually exceeds 38 °C for a few days most years. Average daily temperature during January is around 23 °C, though the temperature rarely falls below 17 °C. The average annual rainfall is about 725 mm. It gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from late September to mid November.

== Pugali Malai [Arunattan Malai]==
The temple in Pugalur situated north west of Karur dedicated to Lord [[Murugan]] on a small hill at Velayuthanpalayam is famous for excellent sculptures, the famous Samanarkal Cave and oldest Tamil Script Brahmi sculpture.<ref>[http://karur.nic.in/worship.htm Karur District - Places of Worship]</ref>

==Education==
The literacy rates are 77.58% and 60.35% among males and females respectively.

The schools in the town are :<ref>http://www.schools.tn.nic.in/DispSchoolsUrban.asp?DCODE=14&VTCODE=41403879&SCHCAT=01/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* Pugalur Boys Higher Secondary School, Pugalur
* Pugalur Girls High School, Pugalur
* TNPL Matric Higher Secondary School, Kagithapuram
* TNPL Public School (CBSE), Kagithapuram
* Mathy Nursery Primary School, Velayuthampalayam
* P S F Aided Elementary School, Pugalu
* Panchayat Union Elementary School, Velayuthampalayam
* Panchayat Union Elementary School, Thiruvalluvar Nagar
* Panchayat Union Elementary School, Nadunanaparapu
* Panchayat Union Elementary School, Pugalur
* Panchayat Union Elementary School, Coolagoundanur
* Sree Krishna Matric School, Velayuthumpalayam

===Marriage halls===
*Thiruvalluvar Mandabam
*Gandhi Manadabam
*Pugali Manadabam
*Shri Kamatchi Mahal

===Temples===
* Sree Mariamman Temple
* Pugali-Murugan Temple
* Angamuthusamy Temple
* Sree Munniapan Temple

==Transport==
===By Road===
The town has very good transport facilities in the form of Private Bus and Government run buses. The town is located on the karur and parmathy-velur highway.

===By Train===
The nearby town pugalur (Code:PGR) has a [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Pugalur-Railway-Station-71359.htm/ railway station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216045037/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Pugalur-Railway-Station-71359.htm |date=16 February 2008 }} which is well connected to Erode, Coimbatore, Trichy, Chennai and cochin. Both passenger trains and express trains pass through this station.

===By Air===
The nearest international airport is in [http://www.trichyairport.com/ Trichy (87 km)]. Another airport is located at [http://www.coimbatoreairport.com/ Coimbatore (115 km)].

==Entertainment==

There are no cinema theaters in and around Velayuthampalaymam. Pugalur Annai [புகழூர் அன்னை] and Velayuthampalayam Caveri [வேலாயுதம்பாளையம் காவேரி]' were the two theaters / cinema halls, functional a long time back but not now. One has to travel to 'Karur' or 'Paramathi Velur' for a movie. Most of the town residents have access to almost all television channels.

==Agriculture==
The Agriculture plays an important role in economy wealth . There are different types of cultivating . The major cultivating plants are Sugarcane cultivating, coconut cultivating, Betel leaves, etc.

==Healthcare==

The town has a Government General Hospital at the footsteps of Pugali Malai. There are two small private hospitals on the Karur-Velur highway which has inpatient services. There are many small clinics run by several doctors. The medical services are well supported by clustered medical stores in the junction of velayuthampalayam. For major medical and surgical services, the public go to one of the places(Paramathy Velur, Karur, Erode, Coimbatore, Tiruchi).

==Banking==

Indian Overseas bank, [http://www.banklocations.in/bankdetails.jsp?bank_id=25876/ Bank of India], and Lakshmi Vilas Bank are located in this town. Pallavan Grama Bank, one of the Regional Rural Banks has one branch at Velayuthampalayam near bye pass road. The town has lot of privately owned financial corporations.
The Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are available from Indian Overseas Bank and The Lakshmi Vilas Bank Ltd,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneyarbor.com/banklocation/search_detail_atm.php?id=MjcyOTg=|title=Find IFSC Code, MICR Code, Bank Branch address}}</ref> State Bank of India are located at Kandanpalayam, Pugalur Bye Pass Road & Pugalur Kagitha puram respectively. Bank Of India ATM is located at Velur road, Velayuthampalayam.

==Communication==
BSNL, Airtel, Reliance Jio, Vodafone idea are the communication providers to this town. They provide 2G,3G and 4G LTE smartphone networks. The well penetrated landline connections are provided by BSNL again.
The availability of internet is also very good(Mostly dial-up connections). Now BSNL has provided very good broadband internet connection.

==Economy==
Mainly based on Agriculture.

===Paper===

[http://www.tnpl.co.in TNPL] is promoted by the Government of Tamil Nadu with loan assistance from the World Bank. Today '''TNPL''' is the largest producer of [[bagasse]] ([[sugarcane]] waste from Sugar mills) based [[paper]] in the world and the 2nd largest paper producer in Asia. TNPL produces 4,00,000 tons of Printing & writing paper and consumes 1 million tons of bagasse every year. It is located 2 kilometers away from this town.

===Sugar===

[http://www.eidparry.com/ThePlants.asp EID Parry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307192021/http://www.eidparry.com/ThePlants.asp |date=7 March 2009 }} has a sugar factory in Pugalur, about a kilometer away from this town. It has a capacity of 4000 TCD . It also has a 22 MW co-generation Power plant, with TNPL.

==Polling station==

Panchayat Union elementary School North facing remains as the polling station for this town and covers areas including East Agraharam, Angalamman Kovil theru, Mela Agraharam, Bazzar Street.<ref>[http://karur.nic.in/eroll.htm Panchayat Union elementary School]

</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Karur district]]

Karthik Saragur

2026-04-02T16:16:12Z

Ptamansamrat: added a stub

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karthik Saragur
| image = Karthik Saragur during the making of Bheemasena Nalamaharaja.jpg
| caption = Saragur during the filming of Bheemasena Nalamaharaja
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = Sri Ramakrishna Vidyashala, Mysore
| yearsactive =
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter, lyricist, costume designer
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Karthik Saragur''' ({{langx|kn|ಕಾರ್ತಿಕ್ ಸರಗೂರ್}}) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and lyricist who works primarily in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/director-karthik-saragur-talks-about-jeerjimbe-article65052.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204141714/https://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/director-karthik-saragur-talks-about-jeerjimbe-article65052.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2024|title=Director Karthik Saragur talks about Jeerjimbe|work=Desi Martini|author=Anubhav Bhatia|date=17 Oct 2017|access-date=3 Nov 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Karthik hails from [[Saragur]], a small town in [[Mysore district|the Mysore district]] of Karnataka. He studied in [[Sri Ramakrishna Vidyashala]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jeerjimbes-anthem-of-freedom-for-girls-is-composer-charan-rajs-favourite/articleshow/66567206.cms|title=Jeerjimbe's anthem freedom for girls is composer Charan Raj's favourite|work=Times of India|author=Dhwani Desai|date=11 Nov 2018|access-date=3 Nov 2020}}</ref> a residential school in Mysore, where he received the Gold medal for being the best outgoing student in his school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/celebs/karthik-saragur/biography.html|title = ಕಾರ್ತಿಕ್ ಸರಗೂರ್'s biography and latest film release news}}</ref>

==Career==
Karthik Saragur began his career by making docudramas like Vivekananda by Vivekananda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/video-from-a-film-shared-as-vivekananda-delivering-speech-himself-fact-check|title=Video Clip from a Film Shared as Vivekananda's Speech in Chicago|date=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mylaporetimes.com/2011/06/book-and-dvd-released-by-ramakrishna-math/|title = Book and DVD released by Ramakrishna Math}}</ref> He received critical acclaim for "Bengaluru: idu namma ooru", a hugely popular 90 part documentary series about the history of Bangalore and its various neighbourhoods presented by Suresh Moona.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-director-karthik-saragur-says-filmmaking-is-just-like-cooking/article32981201.ece|title=Kannada director Karthik Saragur says filmmaking is just like cooking|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 October 2020|last1=Anandraj|first1=Shilpa}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/dHD3y5rlwFs| archive-date = 2021-12-09| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHD3y5rlwFs| title = EP 6 - Bengalooru, idu namma ooru ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, ಇದು ನಮ್ಮ ಊರು | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloreinternationalcentre.org/event/jeerjimbe-the-jewel-beetle/|title = Jeerjimbe – the Jewel Beetle}}</ref> In 2007, his work for [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]'s Bollywood film [[Dor (film)|Dor]] earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] award nomination at the [[52nd Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2401465/|title=Karthik Saragur|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>

Saragur's debut directorial [[Jeerjimbe]] elicited rave reviews on its release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/jeerjimbe-movie-review-director-karthik-sargur-handles-the-story-with-effortless-ease/articleshow/66655329.cms |title=Jeerjimbe movie review: Director Karthik Sargur handles the story with effortless ease |website=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116214005/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/jeerjimbe-movie-review-director-karthik-sargur-handles-the-story-with-effortless-ease/articleshow/66655329.cms |archive-date=2018-11-16}}</ref> [[The Indian Express]] hailed Jeerjimbe as one “those films which makes us believe in our dreams. And it does so effortlessly, given the complexities of human emotions during such a journey”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/nov/17/jeerjimbe-review-innocent-yet-intense-1899180.html|title = 'Jeerjimbe' review: Innocent yet intense}}</ref> [[Times of India]] likened Saragur's work “to the cinema one experiences from Iran or Italy, where the narrative is subtle and realistic".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jeerjimbe/movie-review/66645587.cms |title=Jeerjimbe Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Jeerjimbe by Times of India |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321031120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jeerjimbe/movie-review/66645587.cms |archive-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> This film won four [[Karnataka State Film Awards]], the most for any film in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/amaravathi-jeer-jimbe-bag-top-honours-at-karnataka-state-film-awards-2016-258898.html|title = Amaravathi and Jeer Jimbe Bagged Top Honours at Karnataka State Film Awards 2016|date = 18 April 2017}}</ref> [[Film Companion]] included [[Jeerjimbe]] in one of Kannada cinema's five hidden gems from 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kannada-features/kannada-cinemas-5-hidden-gems-from-2018/|title = Kannada Cinema's 5 Hidden Gems from 2018|date = 26 December 2018}}</ref>

Saragur's latest release is [[Bheema Sena Nala Maharaja]]. It was released online as part of Amazon Primevideo's Great Indian Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/7-shows-movies-on-amazon-prime-video-releasing-as-a-part-of-the-great-indian-festival/|title = 7 shows and movies on Amazon Prime Video that are releasing as a part of the Great Indian Festival|date = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The film is produced by [[Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah]], [[Rakshit Shetty]], and [[Hemanth M. Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bheema-sena-nala-maharaja-cooks-up-a-storm/articleshow/59899715.cms|title=Bheema Sena Nala Maharaja cooks up a storm|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> This is the second collaboration of Karthik Saragur and Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah after ''[[Jeerjimbe]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/pushkar-mallikarjunaiahs-next-to-be-helmed-by-karthik-saragur-article49835.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204140010/https://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/pushkar-mallikarjunaiahs-next-to-be-helmed-by-karthik-saragur-article49835.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2024|title = Pushkar Mallikarjunaiah's Next to be Helmed by Karthik Saragur|date = 18 April 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"|Year
! rowspan="2"|Film
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Screenplay
! width=65 | Producer
! width=65 | Lyricist
! width=65 | Singer
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2017
|style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Jeerjimbe]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
||2020
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Bheema Sena Nala Maharaja]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
||2020
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Varna Patala]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{yes}}
|{{No}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
||2021
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[3Devi]]''
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{yes}}
|{{No}}
|-style="text-align:left;"|
||2026
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Indu enage govinda]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{yes}}
|{{No}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable
! Movie !!Award !!Category !!Result !!Ref.
|-
|[[Dor (film)|''Dor'']]
|[[52nd Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="2007 Awards">{{cite web|url=https://imdb-api.com/title/tt1094158|title=Nominations for the 52nd Filmfare Awards 2007|work=imdb.com|date=12 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=5|''[[Jeerjimbe]]''
|[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Best Children's Film]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jeerjimbe-is-all-set-to-release-on-childrens-day/articleshow/66264518.cms|title=Jeerjimbe is all set to release on Children's Day
|newspaper=Times of India|date=20 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Best Lyrics]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jeerjimbe-is-all-set-to-release-on-childrens-day/articleshow/66264518.cms|title=Jeerjimbe is all set to release on Children's Day
|newspaper=Times of India|date=20 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Raghavendra Chitravaani Award
|Best Debut Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The awards season kickstarts|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/the-awards-season-kickstarts/articleshow/67461705.cms|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|66th Filmfare Awards South 2019
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director- Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=66th Filmfare Awards South 2019: Here's the complete list of nominees
|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019-heres-the-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/72901355.cms|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2401465}}
* {{Official website|https://www.karthiksaragur.in/|name=Karthik Saragur's personal website}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saragur, Karthik}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Ranasinghe Premadasa

2026-03-29T17:11:18Z

Ptamansamrat: add details to improve readability and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1989 to 1993}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] [[Sri Lankabhimanya]]
| name = Ranasinghe Premadasa
| image = President_premadasa.jpg
| order = 3rd
| office = President of Sri Lanka
| primeminister = [[Dingiri Banda Wijetunga]]
| term_start = 2 January 1989
| term_end = 1 May 1993
| vicepresident =
| predecessor = [[J. R. Jayewardene]]
| successor = Dingiri Banda Wijetunga
| order2 = 8th [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka]]
| president2 = J. R. Jayewardene
| term_start2 = 6 February 1978
| term_end2 = 2 January 1989
| predecessor2 = J. R. Jayewardene
| successor2 = Dingiri Banda Wijetunga
| office3 = Minister of Local Government
| primeminister4 = [[Dudley Senanayake]]
| governor_general4 = [[William Gopallawa]]
| predecessor3 = [[W. P. G. Ariyadasa]]
| successor3 = [[Sirisena Cooray]]
| term_start3 = 1977
| term_end3 = 1989
| president3 = [[J.R. Jayawardene]]
| primeminister3 = [[J.R. Jayawardene]] Himself
| predecessor4 = [[Murugeysen Tiruchelvam]]
| successor4 = [[W. P. G. Ariyadasa]]
| term_start4 = 1968
| term_end4 = 1970
| constituency_MP5 = [[Colombo Central Electoral District|Colombo Central]]
| parliament5 = Sri Lankan
| term_start5 = 22 March 1965
| term_end5 = 2 January 1989
| predecessor5 = [[Razik Fareed]]
| successor5 = ''Constituency abolished''
| term_start6 = 19 March 1960
| term_end6 = 20 July 1960
| predecessor6 = [[M. S. Themis]]
| successor6 = Razik Fareed
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|6|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Colombo]], [[British Ceylon]] (now in [[Sri Lanka]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|5|1|1924|6|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa|Assassination]]
| nationality = Sri Lankan
| party = [[United National Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Hema Premadasa|Hema Wickrematunge]]|1964}}
| children = [[Sajith Premadasa|Sajith]], Dulanjali
| alma_mater = [[St Joseph's College, Colombo]]
| residence = [[Sucharitha]]
| signature = Signature of Ranasinghe Premadasa.svg
| native_name_lang = si, ta
| native_name = {{nobold|රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස}} {{nobold|ரணசிங்க பிரேமதாசா}}
| caption = Premadasa in 1991
}}
[[Sri Lankabhimanya]] '''Ranasinghe Premadasa''' ({{langx|si|රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස}} ''Raṇasiṃha Premadāsa''; {{langx|ta|ரணசிங்க பிரேமதாசா}} ''Raṇaciṅka Pirēmatācā''; 23 June 1924 – 1 May 1993)<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranasinghe Premadasa DOB|url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/PrimeMinister/formerprimeministers.html|access-date=14 May 2015|website=priu.gov.lk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082024/http://www.priu.gov.lk/PrimeMinister/formerprimeministers.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> was a Sri Lankan politician and statesman who served as the third [[president of Sri Lanka]] from 1989 until his [[Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa|assassination]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Presidents – Presidential Secretariat of Sri Lanka|url=https://www.presidentsoffice.gov.lk/index.php/past-presidents/|access-date=10 November 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Venugopal|first1=Rajesh|title=Democracy, Development and the Executive Presidency in Sri Lanka|url=https://personal.lse.ac.uk/venugopr/Venugopal%20-%20Economic%20Development%20and%20the%20Executive%20Presidency.pdf|access-date=8 October 2025}}{{cite web|title=How JR Jayewardene Ushered in the Executive Presidency in 1978|url=https://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/?p=41087|access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref> He previously served as [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka]] from 1978 to 1989, with his tenure making him the longest-serving uninterrupted Prime Minister of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2020|title=Parliament of Sri Lanka – Prime Ministers|url=https://www.parliament.lk/en/prime-ministers|access-date=10 November 2020|website=[[Parliament of Sri Lanka]]}}</ref>

Amongst Sri Lankans, Premadasa has left behind a mixed legacy. While he was seen as a spokesperson of the poor, common man, his handling of the country's two civil conflicts, the [[1987–1989 JVP insurrection|JVP insurrection]] and the [[Sri Lankan civil war]], have been heavily criticised. He was the first person to be conferred with the [[Sri Lankabhimanya]], Sri Lanka's highest civilian award, in 1986 by president [[J. R. Jayewardene]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Honours – Presidential Secretariat of Sri Lanka|url=https://www.presidentsoffice.gov.lk/index.php/national-honours/|access-date=10 November 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:1 Year old Ranasinghe Premadasa with his Parents in 1925.jpg|left|upright|thumb|One-year-old R. Premadasa with his parents in 1925]]
[[File:Ranasinghe Premadasa in 1930.jpg|left|upright|thumb|R. Premadasa in 1930]]
Ranasinghe Premadasa was born on 23 June 1924 at Dias Place, Colombo 11, to the family of Richard Ranasinghe (Ranasinghe Mudalali) of Kosgoda and Battuwita Jayasinghe Arachchige Ensina Hamine of Batuwita, [[Horana]]. Premadasa was the oldest of five children, with three sisters and one brother. His father was engaged in the transport business in Colombo employing [[rickshaw]]s.<ref name="Weerakoon">{{cite book |last1=Weerakoon |first1=Bradman |title=Premadasa of Sri Lanka: A Political Biography |date=1992 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=Colombo}}</ref>

He received his early education at the Purwarama temple under Ven. Welitara Sri Pannananda and secondary education at Lorenz College, Skinner's Road, South Maradana and at [[St. Joseph's College, Colombo]] under Rector Fr. Le Goc.<ref name="Weerakoon"/>


At age fifteen, Premadasa started the Sucharita Children's Society, which later became the [[Sucharitha Movement]], a volunteers' organisation with the objective of uplifting the economic, social and spiritual development of low-income people living in shanty areas of Colombo. He was the full-time organizer of the community development project in the area in 1939. The youth who enrolled in his development movement refrained from taking liquor and avoided smoking and gambling. Premadasa too was a [[teetotaler]].<ref name="Weerakoon"/>

==Early political career==
=== Ceylon Labour Party ===
Allying with [[A. E. Goonesinghe]], the founder leader of the Ceylon Labour movement, Premadasa started his political career in 1946 joining the [[Ceylon Labour Party]] as a full-time member and campaigned for Goonesinghe in the [[1947 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1947 general election]]. In 1950, he was elected to the [[Colombo Municipal Council]] as a member of San Sebastian's Ward.<ref name="Weerakoon"/>

=== United National Party ===
Having realized the limited future prospects in the Labour Party in the mid-1950s, Premadasa supported Sir [[John Kotelawala]]'s attempts to remove the then-incumbent [[Mayor of Colombo]], Dr [[N. M. Perera]] of the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]]. In 1955, Premadasa succeeded [[T. Rudra]] as Deputy Mayor and joined the [[United National Party]] in 1956 following the successful removal of Perera as mayor in February 1956.<ref name="Wijayadasa">{{cite news |last1=Wijayadasa |first1=K.H.J. |title=Ranasinghe Premadasa The Rise and Fall of President |url=http://island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=50660 |access-date=13 July 2020 |publisher=Island |archive-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201835/http://island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=50660 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

From the UNP, Premadasa contested the [[1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1956 general election]] from the [[Ruwanwella Electoral District|Ruwanwella electorate]] but lost to N. M. Perera. Following his defeat, he joined [[J. R. Jayewardene]] in working for the party reorganization under [[Dudley Senanayake]] and served as the secretary of the Religious Affairs Committee of the Buddhist Council appointed by the government to organize the 2500th Buddha Jayanthi celebrations.<ref name="NYT19930501">{{cite news |last=Gargan |first=Edward |date=2 May 1993 |title=Suicide Bomber Kills President of Sri Lanka |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/02/world/suicide-bomber-kills-president-of-sri-lanka.html?pagewanted=1}}</ref><ref>[http://www.slelections.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/general-election-results/general-election-1956.pdf 1956 Parliamentary Elections Results]. Official Website, Department of Elections, Sri Lanka.</ref> The following year he joined the protest march to [[Kandy]] on 3 October, which had been organized by J. R. Jayewardene. The march was disrupted at Imbulgoda by thugs led by [[S. D. Bandaranayake]].

Premadasa was elected as the third Member of Parliament from [[Colombo Central Electoral District|Colombo Central]] in the [[March 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|March 1960 general election]]. The short-lived [[Second Dudley Senanayake cabinet|Dudley Senanayake government]] was defeated in three months and in the [[July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|July 1960 general election]] he polled fourth in the three-member constituency of Colombo Central. In 1961, he re-entered the Colombo Municipal Council having been elected from the Cinnamon Gardens Ward and served until 1965. During this time, he worked to open [[preschool]]s for poor families and initiated vocational training centres in [[sewing]] and [[tailoring]] for the youth.<ref name=NYT19930501/><ref name="Weerakoon"/>

===Minister of Local Government (1965–1970)===
Premadasa successfully contested the Colombo Central electorate in the [[1965 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1965 general election]] and was elected to parliament and appointed as [[Chief Government Whip]] and [[parliamentary secretary]] to the [[Minister of Local Government (Ceylon)|Minister of Local Government]] [[M. Tiruchelvam]]. When Tiruchelvam resigned in 1968 after the [[Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi]] left Dudley Senanayake's government, Premadasa was appointed as Minister of Local Government and became a minister in [[Third Dudley Senanayake cabinet|Senanayake's cabinet]]. During his tenure, he instituted a bridges programme using pre-stressed concrete components, created the Maligawatta Housing Scheme and became known in the local governments across the island.<ref name="Wijayadasa"/> Premadasa turned [[Radio Ceylon]], the oldest radio station in South Asia, into a public corporation – the [[Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation]] on 5 January 1967.

===Opposition and the Citizens Front (1970–1977)===
In the following [[1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1970 general election]], Premadasa was elected as the first Member of Parliament for Colombo Central and sat in the opposition with J. R. Jayewardene, the [[Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)|Leader of the Opposition]]. Premadasa was appointed [[Chief Opposition Whip (Sri Lanka)|Chief Opposition Whip]]. Furthermore, he was elected chairman of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth Inter-Parliamentary Association held in [[Australia]].

Premadasa was a member of the Constituent Assembly which drafted the [[Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972|constitution of 1972]]. Premadasa called for reforms of the party which Dudley Senanayake refused, resulting in Premadasa resigning from the party working committee. He went on to form the ''Samastha Lanka Puravesi Peramuna'', known generally as the ''Puravesi Peramuna'' or ''Citizens Front''. Building up the Citizens Front, he was in open conflict with Senanayake who had recently healed a rift with Jayawardane. Amidst this conflict, Senanayake died on 13 April 1973 following a heart attack and Senanayake loyalists found fault with Premadasa. Jayawardane, who became UNP leader came to terms with Premadasa, who stopped the Citizens Front and returned to fully support the UNP, driving up its membership at grassroot levels and becoming the deputy leader of the party.<ref name="Jeyaraj">{{cite web |last1=Jeyaraj |first1=D.B.S. |title=Ranasinghe Premadasa's "Citizen's Front" revolt in UNP |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/Ranasinghe-Premadasas-Citizens-Front-revolt-in-UNP/172-184986 |website=dailymirror.lk |publisher=Daily Mirror|access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref>

===Minister of Local Government, Housing and Construction (1977–1978)===
Premadasa was re-elected as the first member of parliament for Colombo Central in the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 general election]] and was appointed [[Leader of the House (Sri Lanka)|Leader of the House]] and Minister of Local Government, Housing and Construction.<ref name="Weerakoon"/>

==Premiership (1978–1989)==
[[File:Premadasa meets Reagan.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Premadasa meets President [[Ronald Reagan]] on a visit to the [[United States]].]]
In the following year, when J. R. Jayewardene became the first executive [[president of Sri Lanka]], he appointed Premadasa as [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|prime minister]] on 6 February 1978. Premadasa began to define the new role of the prime minister under an executive president. He took residence at [[Temple Trees]], retained the use of the [[Prime Minister's Lodge]] and established a [[Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)|new prime minister's office]] at [[Sirimathipaya Mansion|Sirimathipaya]]. He began representing Sri Lanka internationally, having led the Sri Lankan delegation to the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] in 1979, where he secured British funding for the construction of the [[Victoria Dam (Sri Lanka)|Victoria Dam]]. He headed the Sri Lankan delegation to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1980 where he addressed the general assembly.<ref name="island.lk" /><ref name="Weerakoon" />

Continuing to hold the portfolios of Local Government, Housing and Construction, he initiated his political program, shelter for the poor, after the [[United Nations]] declared a Year of Shelter. His proposal to declare 1987 as the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless was unanimously accepted at the 37th session of the United Nations General Assembly. Other policies included ''[[Janasaviya|Jana Saviya]]'', the instrument he used to help the poor, a foster parents scheme, the ''Gam Udawa'' project with which he tried to stir up the stupor in the villages, the mobile secretariat whereby he took the central government bureaucracy to the peasants, the Tower Hall Foundation for drama and music, and the pension schemes he initiated for the elder artistes. On the economic front, the garment industry project that he initiated became a forerunner in earning foreign exchange and provision of employment in the villages. Premadasa served as prime minister from 1978 to 1988, with little rifts with president Jayewardene with the exception of the latter's signature of the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]]. Jayewardene decided to step down as president after his second term and Premadasa was nominated as the party's candidate for the presidential election set for December 1988.<ref name="Jeyaraj"/>

Premadasa was elected as the 2nd executive president of the country at the [[1988 Sri Lankan presidential election|1988 presidential election]], gaining 2,569,199 (50.43%) votes and defeating former prime minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], who came in second with 2,289,860 (44.95%) votes. Premadasa became the first non-[[Govigama]] politician to be appointed prime minister and elected president of Sri Lanka.<ref name="Jeyaraj"/>

==Presidency==
[[File:Presidential standard- Ranasinghe Premadasa.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Presidential Standard of Ranasinghe Premadasa]]
[[File:Photograph of Raja (elephant) with Hon.Ranasinghe Premadasa & Mr.Neranjan Wijeyeratne.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Ranasinghe Premadasa and Diyawadana Nilame [[Neranjan Wijeyeratne]] with [[Raja (elephant)|Raja Elephant]]]]
Premadasa was inaugurated as the 3rd President of Sri Lanka at the Octagonal Pavilion of the [[Temple of the Tooth]] on 2 January 1989. His oath was administered by Chief Justice [[Parinda Ranasinghe]].

Outgoing president Jayawardene dissolved the 11-year old parliament and called for fresh general elections on 20 December 1988, the day the results of presidential election were declared, thus Premadasa oversaw the duties of prime minister until 6 March 1989.

In the [[1989 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1989 general election]] held on 15 February 1989, the UNP won 125 seats in parliament, forming a government with a majority in parliament. He appointed [[Dingiri Banda Wijetunga|D. B. Wijetunga]] as the new Prime Minister on 6 March 1989. At the time he became president, the country faced both a [[Sri Lankan civil war|civil war]] in the north and a [[1987–1989 JVP insurrection|communist insurgency]] in the south, both key issues Premadasa concentrated on, with particularly ruthless actions against the insurgents.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wijayadasa|first1=K.H.J.|title=Ranasinghe Premadasa: The Rise and Fall of President|url=http://island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=50660|access-date=27 May 2018|agency=The Island|publisher=island.lk|date=28 April 2012|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201835/http://island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=50660|url-status=dead}}</ref> Security forces brutally put down the revolt and killed many of its leaders.

===Monetary policy===
Premadasa concentrated on a grassroots-level economic development drive, focusing on the provision of housing, poverty alleviation and the upliftment of the poor. He encouraged the building of model villages with clean water, transport infrastructure, schools and health centres. He encouraged the establishment of small-scale industries (mostly garment-related) in poor areas by giving factory owners low-interest loans and a share in textile quotas for the United States and Europe.<ref name="NYT19930501" /> The ''[[Gam Udāwa]]'' programme is one of his best-known achievements in this area, along with the ''[[Janasaviya]]'' programme that is today part of the ''[[Samurdhi]]'' scheme.

===JVP insurrection===
{{Main|1987–1989 JVP insurrection}}
Appointing [[Ranjan Wijeratne]] as Minister of Foreign Affairs and State Minister for Defence, Premadasa had Wijeratne clamp down on the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|JVP]] insurgent activity in the south which had been paralyzing the state machinery and economic activity of the island since 1987 with its target killings, its unofficial curfews and work stoppages. [[Operation Combine]] launched by Wijeratne successfully challenged the insurgency by brutally suppressing and killing its leaders, including JVP leader [[Rohana Wijeweera]] by late 1989 and effectively ending the insurrection by early 1990.

===Civil war===
{{See also|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Eelam War II}}
Premadasa's handling of the country's civil war was less successful. In the north, the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] faced off against the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]. The Indian presence on the island was unpopular, and Premadasa requested India to pull out its troops. In order to force the IPKF to leave the island, Premadasa authorized a clandestine operation to supply arms to LTTE to fight the IPKF-backed [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]], a collusion that came to light in the report published by the Sri Lankan Presidential Commission to inquire into the 1992 assassination of Lieutenant General [[Denzil Kobbekaduwa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980418/10850534.html |title=Premadasa armed LTTE: Panel |publisher=Expressindia.com |date=18 April 1998 |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005151021/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980418/10850534.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> While the IPKF was recalled by New Delhi in 1990, the government's war with the LTTE resumed, beginning [[Eelam War II]], which ended in a stalemate five years later. The [[1990 massacre of Sri Lankan Police officers]], which occurred after the policemen were asked to surrender to the LTTE in Batticaloa at Premadasa's request, was later established to have been performed with the same weapons he had supplied them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/|title=Live News Today, Latest India News, Breaking News, Today Headlines, Election 2019 News|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rivira.lk/2011/06/12/ranabima.htm|title=21 years for the murder of 774 policemen}}</ref>

===Impeachment attempt===
In September 1991, Premadasa faced an [[impeachment]] attempt in parliament led by his two formidable rivals in the UNP, [[Lalith Athulathmudali]] and [[Gamini Dissanayake]]. He defeated the attempt by adjourning Parliament and [[Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka|Speaker]] [[M. H. Mohamed]] dismissed the impeachment stating a lack of signatures after several parliamentarians who supported the impeachment later withdrew their support after facing threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2013/01/09/fea04.asp|title=Unsuccessful Impeachments and legal arguments|website=archives.dailynews.lk}}</ref> Premadasa expelled Athulathmudali and Dissanayake from the party, who then went on to form their own political party, the [[Democratic United National Front]] (DUNF).<ref name="Untold Story1">{{cite web | url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DI21Df01.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20021012224457/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DI21Df01.html | url-status= unfit | archive-date= 12 October 2002 | title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story, Chapter 58: Premadasa indicted | publisher=Asia Times Online | year=2002| access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="unhcr">{{cite web| url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category,,IRBC,QUERYRESPONSE,LKA,3ae6aab330,0.html| title=Sri Lanka: Information on whether the police are still seeking the assassins of Lalith Athulathmudali| publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]| year=1998| access-date=9 June 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018174435/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category%2C%2CIRBC%2CQUERYRESPONSE%2CLKA%2C3ae6aab330%2C0.html| archive-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>

===Country name change===
In 1992, Premadasa changed the country's English name from '''Sri Lanka''' to '''Shri Lanka''' on the advice of [[Oracle|soothsayers]], who predicted it would improve the country's fortunes. The change was reverted after his assassination in 1993.<ref name="DBWijey">{{cite news|last1=Lankapura|first1=Daya|title=Late President Wijetunge defied popular political belief|url=http://www.nation.lk/2008/09/28/newsfe2.htm|access-date=27 May 2018|agency=The Nation|publisher=nation.lk|date=28 September 2008}}</ref>

==Assassination==
{{Main|Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa}}

Ranasinghe Premadasa was killed along with 23 others on 1 May 1993, around 12.45 p.m. during the [[United National Party|UNP's]] [[May Day]] rally in Colombo by an [[LTTE]] suicide bomber.<ref>(April 6, 2008). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-srilanka-explosion-killings/factbox-sri-lankan-leaders-long-a-target-of-rebels-idUKSP31716020080406 "FACTBOX: Sri Lankan leaders, long a target of rebels"]. [[Reuters]]. Retrieved on May 2, 2023.</ref> The explosion took place at Armour Street-Grandpass Junction in [[Hulftsdorp]], Colombo while President Premadasa was unofficially supervising the procession as it was heading towards the [[Galle Face Green]] from [[Sugathadasa Stadium]]. The suicide bomber was later identified as Kulaveerasingam Veerakumar alias 'Babu', a close friend of the president's valet E. M. P. Mohideen. He rode a bicycle towards the president, left it near the president's Range Rover and walked towards the president when security personnel attempted to stop him. Despite this, Mohideen allowed him to get close to the President, when Veerakumar detonated the explosive device. Killed in the explosion were Mohideen, [[Superintendent (police)#Sri Lanka|SSP]] Ronnie Gunasinghe and most of Premadasa's personal staff. Another 38 people were injured in the bombing including seven who were seriously wounded. Confusion prevailed as it was unclear what had happened, with Premadasa and his security detail missing. His death was only confirmed two hours later by his personal physician when the remains of the president were identified by his ring and watch.<ref name="Gargan">{{cite news |last1=Gargan |first1=Edward A. |title=Sri Lanka: A Nation 'Divided' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/05/09/sri-lanka-a-nation-divided/0270089c-e650-4e10-a89f-28ac273bb676/ |access-date=11 October 2020 |agency=The Washington Post}}</ref>

The site of the explosion was cleaned within hours before a proper investigation was conducted. The May Day parade continued even after the explosion for some time.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoole |first= Rajan |title=The Premadasa Assassination|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-premadasa-assassination/ |date= 21 June 2014 |access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref> An island-wide curfew was imposed hours after the assassination. Prime minister [[Dingiri Banda Wijetunga]] was sworn in as the acting president in the afternoon. The government did not announce the death of President Premadasa until 6 p.m. local time when state television [[Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation|Rupavahini]] broadcast a tape of [[BBC]]'s report of the incident. A period of national mourning was announced until the funeral. Police claimed that they recovered the severed head of a young man suspected to be the bomber, which was found to have a cyanide suicide capsule, bearing LTTE tradecraft in his mouth.<ref>{{cite book|last1=West|first1=Nigel|title=Encyclopedia of Political Assassinations|date=15 August 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-538-10239-8|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZMtDwAAQBAJ&q=ranasingh+encyclopedia+of+political+assassinations&pg=PA202}}</ref> Premadasa's state funeral took place at [[Independence Memorial Hall|Independence Square]], Colombo on 9 May 1993.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==Legacy==
[[File:Premadasa_statue.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Sri Lankabhimanya Ranasinghe Premadasa Memorial in Colombo, Sri Lanka]]
Amongst Sri Lankans, Premadasa has left behind a mixed legacy. While he was seen as a spokesperson of the poor, common man, his handling of the country's two civil conflicts, the [[1987–1989 JVP insurrection|JVP insurrection]] and the [[Sri Lankan civil war]], have been heavily criticised.

[[R. Premadasa Stadium]], which was built under Premadasa's supervision in 1986, still remains named after him.

The [[Sri Lankabhimanya]] Ranasinghe Premadasa Memorial is a statue depicting Premadasa, which stands in [[Hulftsdorp]], Colombo.

The Former President Sri Lankabhimanya Ranasinghe Premadasa Memorial Monument stands at the location of the [[Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa|bomb blast]], at the junction of Armour Street and Grandpass Road in Hulftsdorp.

Ranasinghe Premadasa's son, [[Sajith Premadasa]], went on to become a politician in his own right. Sajith ran for presidency twice unsuccessfully in [[2019 Sri Lankan presidential election|2019]] and [[2024 Sri Lankan presidential election|2024]], winning 41.99% and 32.76% of the vote respectively. He is the current [[Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)|Leader of the Opposition]] and leader of the [[Samagi Jana Balawegaya]], a breakaway party of the [[United National Party]] his father once led.

===In popular culture===
* The 1993 Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil-language film]] [[Gentleman (1993 film)|''Gentleman'']] was rewritten by the director [[S. Shankar]] based on the assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa after a request by film producer [[K. T. Kunjumon]]. The film was in the post-production stage when Premadasa was assassinated, and the film was released on 30 July 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ramanujam|first1=Srinivasa|last2=Menon|first2=Vishal|date=21 July 2018|title=KT Kunjumon and 25 years of 'Gentleman'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kt-kunjumon-and-25-years-of-gentleman/article24482821.ece|access-date=15 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Premadasa married [[Hema Premadasa|Hema Wickramatunge]], the only daughter of Mr and Mrs Wickramatunge Arachchige Charles Appuhamy of Bandarawela on 23 June 1964. They had a son, [[Sajith Premadasa|Sajith]], and a daughter, Dulanjali.<ref name="island.lk">{{cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=77978|title=The Island|website=www.island.lk}}</ref> A hard worker, Premadasa was known for rising early and following a strict routine. He lived and worked from his private residence and office, [[Sucharitha]] even during his tenure as prime minister and president.

== Further reading ==
*{{cite magazine|title=Sri Lanka: A diplomatic deadlock|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19890630-india-rejects-sri-lankan-president-premadasa-ipkf-quit-deadline-816213-1989-06-30|date=1989-06-30|author1=P. Jayram|author2=Prabhu Chawla|authorlink2=Prabhu Chawla|magazine=[[India Today]]}}

==See also==
*[[Sajith Premadasa]]
*[[List of political families in Sri Lanka]]
*[[List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War]]
*[[List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080325034304/http://www.parliament.lk/handbook_of_parliament/prime_ministers.jsp Website of the Parliament of Sri Lanka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080418182701/http://www.unp.lk/portal/ Official Website of United National Party (UNP)]
* [http://www.rootsweb.com/~lkawgw/rprema.html Remembering Premadasa]
* [http://www.divaina.com/2008/08/04/mano03.html Methek Kathawa '''Divaina'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405060846/http://www.divaina.com/2008/08/04/mano03.html |date=5 April 2012 }}

{{s-start}}
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{{succession box | title=[[President of Sri Lanka]] | before=[[Junius Richard Jayawardene]] | after=[[Dingiri Banda Wijetunga]] | years=1989–1993}}
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[[Category:Ranasinghe Premadasa]]

K. S. Ravikumar

2026-03-27T11:53:41Z

Ptamansamrat: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian film director and actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. S. Ravikumar
| image = K. S. Ravikumar at the first look launch of 'Policegiri' (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ravikumar in 2013
| birth_name = K. S. Ravikumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|05|30}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=805|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023222652/http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=805|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=TANTIS|date=23 October 2012|access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Vanganoor]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[Film producer]], [[Screenwriter]], [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 1990–present
| spouse = Karpagam Ravikumar
| children = 3
}}
'''K. S. Ravikumar''' (born 30 May 1958) is an Indian film director, film producer, screenwriter and actor who primarily works in [[Tamil cinema]] and few [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. He is one of the most commercially successful directors of Indian cinema. He has won many awards including one [[Filmfare Award South]] and five [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].

== Career ==

=== 1990–1997 ===
Ravikumar assisted various directors such as [[Bharathiraja]], [[Vikraman]], [[E. Ramdoss]], [[Nagesh]], [[Ramarajan]] and [[K. Rangaraj]]. Ravikumar worked as co-director on [[R. B. Choudary]]'s production ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]'' directed by [[Vikraman]] and the success of the film prompted the producer to give Ravikumar a chance to make his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=Ta|pages=29–30|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-05-21/page/28/mode/2up|date=21 May 1995|title=ரவிக்குமாரின் நிலைமை தலைகீழான கதை|access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref> Ravikumar thus debuted as a film maker through ''[[Puriyaadha Pudhir]]'' (1990), a crime thriller starring [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and [[Raghuvaran]]. A remake of the Kannada film ''[[Tarka (film)|Tarka]]'', the film won positive reviews upon release and remains as Ravikumar's only film outside the [[masala film]] genre.<ref name="bday">{{Cite web |url=http://silverscreen.in/features/ks-ravikumar-birthday-feature/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601130924/http://silverscreen.in/features/ks-ravikumar-birthday-feature/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2014 |title=KS Ravikumar Birthday Feature |date=30 May 2014 |publisher=Silverscreen.in |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> The success of the film meant that Ravikumar was able to expand his team of assistants and shortly after began work on a film under the same production house titled ''Pudhu Kaaviyam'' with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the lead role, though the venture was later shelved. He subsequently switched his genre of films to make a series of village action entertainers and regularly collaborated with actor [[Sarath Kumar]], scoring successes with ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]'' (1991) and ''[[Nattamai]]'' (1994), after which he became a highly sought after film maker in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/its-a-special-day-for-ksravikumar-tamil-news-108262 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602051527/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Its-a-special-day-for-KSRavikumar-tamil-news-108262 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 June 2014 |title=Its a special day for KSRavikumar – Tamil Movie News |date=30 May 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref>

Ravikumar then signed on to make ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995), adapting [[Priyadarshan]]'s Malayalam film ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]'', for a film produced by [[K. Balachander]] and starring [[Rajinikanth]]. Despite buying the official remake rights, he worked on his own screenplay, and the film consequently went on to gain "cult classic" status in India and Japan, as well as becoming one of the most profitable Tamil films till date at release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/18mut.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Pioneer Muthu |date=18 June 1999 |publisher=M.rediff.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> Soon after he worked with [[Kamal Haasan]] for the first time in ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]'' (1996), an Indian adaptation of the American comedy film, ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]''. The film, also featuring [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Gemini Ganesan]], won positive reviews and performed well at the box office. [[The Hindu]] praised the film claiming "turns out to be entertainer, mouthful from start to finish".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.tripod.com/~S_Jagadish/films/avvaihindu.html |title=Avvai Shanmughi review on THE HINDU |date=15 November 1996 |publisher=Members.tripod.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/91597BB83C97B34B65256940004D0DDC |title=Not a good year |work=The Hindu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322151824/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/91597BB83C97B34B65256940004D0DDC |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> The success of his two films with the two leading Tamil actors prompted further opportunities in big productions in 1997, notably [[Vijayakanth]]'s ''[[Dharma Chakkaram]]'' and the comedy ''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]'' featuring [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/pistha.htm |title=Pistha Movie Review |website=www.indolink.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990420011600/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/pistha.htm |archive-date=1999-04-20}}</ref>

=== 1998–2010 ===
[[File:Art Director M.Prabakaran with 'Padma Vibhushan' Mr. Rajnikanth.jpg|thumb| Ravikumar with [[Rajinikanth]] at [[Lingaa]] shooting]]
In December 1997, Ravikumar announced his next project ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999) would feature Rajinikanth again as the lead actor with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] also in a pivotal role. Though [[principal photography]] for the film was supposed to have started in April 1998, the [[Film Employees Federation of South India#June 1997|FEFSI strike]] that took place at that time delayed the project. After the strike ended, Ravikumar was able to complete [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]'s ''[[Kondattam]]'' and the successful drama with Sarath Kumar, ''[[Natpukkaga]]'' (1998). The film was further delayed when Ravikumar accepted to quickly remake ''Natpukkaga'' in Telugu as ''[[Sneham Kosam]]'' (1999) with [[Chiranjeevi]] in the lead.<ref name="Amar Reddy">{{Cite web |url=http://cinemalead.com/visitor-column-id-the-journey-of-living-legend-rajinikanth-part-6-amar-reddy-15-09-133376.htm |title=The Journey of living legend Rajinikanth – Part 6 |last=Reddy, Amar |date=15 September 2013 |publisher=[[Cinemalead]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219165738/http://cinemalead.com/visitor-column-id-the-journey-of-living-legend-rajinikanth-part-6-amar-reddy-15-09-133376.htm |archive-date=19 December 2014 |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> The shoot of ''Padayappa'' began in November 1998 and was subsequently completed in three months, with the film became a blockbuster upon release, as well as earning positive reviews from critics. Following the success of ''Padayappa'', producer [[K. R. Gangadharan]] signed Ravikumar to direct a film and was insistent that the title should be ''[[Minsara Kanna]]'' (1999), after the popular song from Ravikumar's earlier film. His only collaboration with actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] till date, the film opened to below average reviews collections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/02ss.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |date=2 July 1999 |publisher=M.rediff.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> He then completed the village action film ''[[Paattali]]'' (1999) with Sarath Kumar within a month, as well as directing a portion of the record-breaking comedy drama ''[[Suyamvaram]]'', bringing his release count for the year to five.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/15swa.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The review of Swayamvaram |date=15 July 1999 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> Ravikumar consequently worked on his first home production through the comedy film ''[[Thenali]]'' (2000), starring [[Kamal Haasan]] in the titular role. While his wife Karpagam produced the film under his home studio RK Celluloids, Ravikumar worked on the screenplay and direction for the film also starring [[Jayaram]], [[Jyothika]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]. Completing the film swiftly despite avid publicity, ''Thenali'' won critical and commercial acclaim, prompting grand felicitations of the director at the success meet.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/news.htm |title=Latest News |publisher=Pvv.ntnu.no |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/21tamil.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Showbuzz! The story of a kiss! Kamal and Jyotika |date=21 September 2000 |publisher=M.rediff.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> In 2001, he had two releases; the Telugu marital comedy ''[[Bava Nachadu]]'' and the family drama ''[[Samudhiram]]'', in which he worked with Sarath Kumar again.

In 2002, Ravikumar made a third collaboration with [[Kamal Haasan]] through the comedy drama ''[[Panchathanthiram]]'', which was produced by his manager [[P. L. Thenappan]]. Telling the story of five friends and a trip to Bangalore which goes awry, the film opened to rave reviews and made profits at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/74/tamil/panchathanthiram/17/review.htm |title=Panchathanthiram Review – Tamil Movie Panchathanthiram Nowrunning Review |date=6 June 2002 |publisher=Nowrunning.com |access-date=4 June 2015 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221235831/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/74/tamil/panchathanthiram/17/review.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' (2002), his first film featuring [[Ajith Kumar]], was shot swiftly within forty days and also became a blockbuster upon release. He later remade the film in Telugu in 2003 under the same name with [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] in the lead role, after finishing ''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]'' (2003), another village action film with [[Sarath Kumar]]. In 2004, he began production on a third film starring [[Rajinikanth]] titled ''Jaggubhai''. Ravikumar spent six months on pre-production works and missed out on the opportunity to direct Kamal Haasan in ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' during the period, but the film was later shelved after a photo shoot. [[Rajinikanth]] had asked for changes to the script and after several months of tinkering, the pair decided to part ways and abandon the project.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13628063&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703185220/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13628063&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2006 |title=K.S.Ravikumar- Giving hits, his speciality |date=20 January 2007 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> He moved on to make ''[[Aethiree]]'' (2004), a film about an imposter gangster with [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], before agreeing terms with [[S. S. Chakravarthy|NIC Arts]] to make a follow-up film with [[Ajith Kumar]] in three roles from November 2004, after ''Villain'''s success. Despite beginning production soon after the launch, financial problems meant that it progressed slowly and ''[[Varalaru]]'', only had a theatrical release in late 2006. The film, however, won positive reviews and became the blockbuster hit for Ajith until that date. In between, he worked quickly on another action drama, ''[[Saravana]]'' (2006) with [[Silambarasan]], a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/23var.htm |title=Ajith all the way in Varalaaru |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3231113.ece |title=In the race, surely – Varalaaru |date=27 October 2006 |publisher=Thehindu.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref>

Ravikumar collaborated with [[Kamal Haasan]] again in the high-budget venture ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008), where the actor portrayed ten different roles. Revealing that the film was an action adventure, encompassing mankind's concern for the environment, science and faith, ''Dasavathaaram'' became Ravikumar's most expensive and lengthy shoot till date. The film opened to positive reviews and became the most profitable Tamil film of 2008, with Ravikumar's work garnering a [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Filmfare Best Tamil Director Award]] nomination.<ref name="das">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14691880&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613000420/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14691880&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2008 |title=Welcome to |date=20 January 2007 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> ''[[Aadhavan]]'' (2009) featuring [[Suriya]] and [[Nayantara]] was his next release, and it saw him return to his standard "commercial packaging" and the film performed well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/aadhavan.html |title=Aadhavan – Tamil Movie Reviews – Suriya Nayanthara Ramesh Kanna Vadivelu K.S.Ravikumar Udhayanidhi Stalin Harris Jayaraj |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> His shelved venture, the family-drama ''[[Jaggubhai]]'' (2010), re-began shoot with [[Sarath Kumar]] and [[Shriya Saran]] in mid 2008 but delays meant that the film was only released in January 2010, after a leaked copy had found itself online.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53274.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114103356/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53274.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2010 |title=SarathRadhika in tears: Stars support – Tamil Movie News |date=5 January 2010 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> He made a further collaboration with [[Kamal Haasan]] again in the romantic comedy ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]'' (2010), though the film opened to mixed reviews and collections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/reviekeywords/south-review-of-manmadhan-ambu/20101223.htm |title=Kamal Haasan delivers with Manmadhan Ambu – Rediff.com Movies |date=23 December 2010 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref>

=== 2013–present ===
After he completed his work, he began production on his first Hindi film, adapting director [[Hari (director)|Hari]]'s Tamil film ''[[Saamy]]'' (2003) in a venture titled ''[[Policegiri]]'' (2013) with [[Sanjay Dutt]] in the lead role. However, despite a high-profile launch, production was troubled as a result of Dutt's impending arrest. Subsequently, the film was rushed with Ravikumar only able to use ten days of Dutt's forty-day schedule for the film, and the director noted he mentally prepared himself for the subsequent box office failure.<ref name="ss">{{Cite web|date=22 December 2014|title=Above and Beyond: The KS Ravikumar Interview|url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/above-and-beyond-the-ks-ravikumar-interview/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180102150942/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/above-and-beyond-the-ks-ravikumar-interview/|archive-date=2 January 2018|access-date=4 June 2015|website=Silverscreen.in|publisher=}}</ref> In January 2014, a felicitation event titled ''Endrendrum Ravikumar'' was held at the Nehru Indoor Stadium marking the director's 25th year in the industry and was attended by several of Ravikumar's contemporaries and colleagues.<ref name="er">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/time-for-a-flashback/article5559243.ece |title=Time for a flashback |last=Udhav Naig |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=Thehindu.com |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> Following the completion of ''Kochadaiiyaan'', Ravikumar began work on a new venture titled ''[[Lingaa]]'' (2014) with [[Rajinikanth]], rather than reviving ''Rana''. Signing on [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]] in other lead roles, production began in May 2014 and period scenes were shot around sets in [[Karnataka]]. The film was completed in a period of 120 days, considerably shorter than any other film of equal budget or film starring Rajinikanth in recent times and opened to successful collections commercially. Prior to release, Ravikumar and his scriptwriter Ponkumaran, successfully evaded legal action from claims of plagiarism regarding the script.<ref name="ss" /> He has directed featuring [[Sudeep]], ''[[Kotigobba 2]]'' in Kannada language as the lead role. The film have been successful in their industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mudinja-ivana-pudi-review-tamil-movie-20140|title=Mudinja Ivana Pudi review. Mudinja Ivana Pudi Tamil movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Kotigobba-2/articleshow/53675020.cms|title=Movie Review: Kotigobba 2|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> He later directed two Telugu actions films with [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] in ''[[Jai Simha]]'' (2018) and ''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jai Simha Movie Review|url=https://indiaglitz.com/jai-simha-review-telugu-movie-22010 |access-date=2020-08-05 |work=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Review : Ruler – Old School Action Drama|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ruler-telugu-movie-review.html |access-date=2019-12-21 |work= 123 Telugu}}</ref>

He has since acted in several films and played the lead in ''[[Mathil]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mathil Movie Review: KS Ravikumar just about salvages a middling good-intentioned drama|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/Apr/14/mathil-movie-review-ks-ravikumar-just-about-salvages-a-middling-good-intentioneddrama-23954.html |access-date=2021-04-14 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> In the science-fiction comedy ''[[Koogle Kuttappa]]'' (2022), the Tamil remake of the Malayalam film, ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'', that has helped unearth the fine actor in director K. S. Ravikumar. As the hot-headed Subramani, the director-turned-actor effortlessly eases into the role whose success relies heavily on the chemistry he shares with the humanoid robot.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Koogle Kuttappa Movie Review: Ravikumar shoulders a memorable retelling |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/May/06/koogle-kuttappa-movie-reviewravikumar-shoulders-a-memorable-retelling-31314.html |access-date=2022-05-06 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Style of working ==

=== Production ===

Ravikumar's films are usually in the [[Masala film|masala]] genre,<ref>{{Cite web|title=KS Ravikumar: Pariyerum Perumal is a masala film|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/apr/21/ks-ravikumarpariyerum-perumal-is-a-masala-film-24089.html|access-date=11 January 2022|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=}}</ref> with action, family sentiment, comedy, betrayal, revenge and redemption appearing as key themes. He consciously avoids marking experimental or [[art film]]s, despite making his directorial debut with ''Puriyaadha Pudhir''.<ref name="ss" /><ref name="speciality">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/30/stories/2002103000080200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040116031114/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/30/stories/2002103000080200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2004 |title=Giving hits, his speciality |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=30 October 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> Ravikumar has often associated with the same team of writers and assistants since his early career, with actor-director [[Ramesh Khanna]] being a near constant fixture in his team since a shelved venture titled ''Pudhu Kaaviyam'' was announced in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-04|title=இப்படி ஒரு கிராஃப் தமிழ் சினிமாவில் ஒரே ஒருத்தருக்கு மட்டும்தான் இருக்கு! - ரமேஷ் கண்ணா எழுதும் திரையிடாத நினைவுகள் #9|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/360-news/thodargal/vikram-exclaims-rajakumarans-love-devayani-ramesh-kanna-thiraiyidadha-ninaivugal|access-date=2021-09-16|website=[[Nakkheeran]]|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=சனா|title="கமல் சார், என்னை டக்குனு தூக்கிப்போட்டுட்டார்!"- ரமேஷ் கண்ணா #Panchathanthiram|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/ramesh-kanna-talks-about-panchathanthiram-movie|access-date=2022-01-19|website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|date=2 July 2020 |language=ta}}</ref> Rather than considering his original storylines, Ravikumar has primarily gathered plots from other writers, refined them and adapted them into screenplays. He has regularly associated with [[Erode Soundar]] in village-based films, M. A. Kennedy in romantic comedies and [[Crazy Mohan]] in ventures featuring [[Kamal Haasan]]. Ravikumar often works on the script with his own story discussion team, away from his assistant directors, revealing that writing was "a personal process". However, for the production of ''[[Lingaa]]'' (2014), he revealed that the rush to finish the film by December 2014, meant he was unable to stay solely focused on the script and ventured out to help his assistants scout locations and arrange schedules.<ref name="ss" />

Ravikumar is renowned for his quick schedules and his prompt completion of films, with [[Sify]] noting he is often considered a "film producer's delight" for being able to stay within time and budget allotments.<ref name="ss image">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=12110055&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321215723/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=12110055&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 March 2015 |title=Welcome to |date=20 January 2007 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> He made an exception for his quick paced schedules with ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008), saying it was significantly more difficult to make than his previous ventures and involved extensive simultaneous CGI work to production.<ref name="das" /> The shooting for ''Lingaa'', one of the most expensive Tamil films to that point, was completed within 120 days. The duration was significantly smaller than any other Tamil film of equal budget, as well as for any recent film starring a leading actor, such as [[Rajinikanth]], in the main role.<ref name="ss" /> Ravikumar has also made cameo appearances in most of his directorial ventures, likening them to [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s [[List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock|cameo appearances]].<ref name="speciality" />

=== Approach to actors ===
Ravikumar has often chosen to work with established actors rather than newcomers, indicating that they are commercially more viable than newcomers, and are easier to handle them as they are more experienced.<ref name="ss image" /> He has regularly worked on his scripts only after finalising the lead actor, adding changes in the original plot line in order to blend it into the actor's image.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98Cinema-is-just-business%E2%80%99/article14568240.ece|title=Cinema is just business|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 August 2016|access-date=9 June 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Describing his collaborations with [[Rajinikanth]], Ravikumar noted he ensured that each scene was discussed with the actor during the making of ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999) and that Rajinikanth decided exactly where to place punch dialogues in order to attract audiences.<ref name="ss image" /> Referring to his work with [[Kamal Haasan]], he noted that the actor would describe a detailed scene on how to make his core audience of "city-slickers" laugh during the making of ''[[Thenali]]'' (2000) and ''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' (2002), and then request Ravikumar to add a slapstick element to make it applicable to village audiences too.<ref name="ss image" /> Ravikumar has also often collaborated with Sarath Kumar, who has since dedicated his success to the director's opportunities, with the pair working on several quickly shot village action films in the 1990s.<ref name="er" />

Ravikumar's temper with technicians has often been described to be "constantly on the edge", with assistant directors often remarking that Ravikumar yells regularly on set to ensure the production team work more efficiently. Director [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] revealed that during his stint as an assistant director, he fell out with Ravikumar and was subsequently left out of the team of ''[[Purusha Lakshanam]]'' (1993) after irking the director.<ref name="ss" />

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== As director and screenwriter ===
*''Note: other than Suyamvaram, he wrote the screenplay of all of his films.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
!Language
! Notes
|-
|| 1990 || ''[[Puriyada Pudir]]''
| rowspan="19" |Tamil|| Remake of ''[[Tarka (film)|Tarka]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 || ''[[Cheran Pandian]]''||
|-
| ''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Pondatti Rajyam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1993 || ''[[Suriyan Chandran]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Band Master]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Purusha Lakshanam]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Sakthivel]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Nattamai]]''|| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''[[Muthukulikka Vaariyala]]''||
|-
| ''[[Periya Kudumbam]]''||
|-
| ''[[Muthu (1995 film)|Muthu]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''[[Parambarai]]''||
|-
| ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Dharma Chakkaram (1997 film)|Dharma Chakkaram]]''||
|-
| ''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''[[Kondattam]]''|| Also story writer
|-
| ''[[Natpukkaga]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1999 || ''[[Sneham Kosam]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Remake of ''[[Natpukkaga]]''; dual roles
|-
| ''[[Padayappa]]''
| rowspan="5" |Tamil|| Also story writer [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]
|-
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Minsara Kanna]]''||
|-
| ''[[Paattali]]''||
|-
|| 2000 || ''[[Thenali]]''||25th film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Bava Nachadu]]''
|Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Samudhiram]]''
| rowspan="4" |Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Panchathantiram]]''||
|-
| ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]''||
|-
|''[[Villain (2003 film)|Villain]]''
|Telugu ||Remake of the [[Villain (2002 film)|film of the same name]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Aethiree]]''
| rowspan="7" |Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Saravana]]''||
|-
| ''[[Varalaru (film)|Varalaru]]''|| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''|| [[ITFA Best Director Award]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film]] Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Director]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Aadhavan]]''|| Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film]] Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Jaggubhai]]''||
|-
|''[[Manmadhan Ambu]]''||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Policegiri]]''
|[[Hindi]] ||Remake of ''[[Saamy]]''
|-
|2014
| ''[[Lingaa]]''
|Tamil||Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Kotigobba 2]]''
|[[Kannada]]|| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
|-
|''Mudinja Ivana Pudi''
|Tamil
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Jai Simha]]''
| rowspan="2" |Telugu||
|-
| 2019
|''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/balakrishna-starrer-ruler-wraps-up-its-thailand-schedule/articleshow/70907885.cms|title=Balakrishna starrer Ruler wraps up its Thailand schedule|website=The Times of India|date=30 August 2019 }}</ref>
|}

=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2000
|''[[Thenali]]''
|Co-produced with R. Karpagam
|-
|2022
| ''[[Koogle Kuttappa]]''
|Co-produced with Kallal Global Entertainment
|-
|2024
|''[[Hit List (2024 film)|Hit List]]''
|Co-Produced With Ramesh Grand Creations
|}

=== As writer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Notes
|-
|2014
|''[[Kochadaiyaan]]''
| [[Soundarya Rajinikanth|Soundarya Rajnikanth]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-gift-to-the-tamil-audience-rajinikanth/article5767051.ece |title=A gift to the Tamil audience: Rajinikanth |date=9 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== As actor ===
*''All films are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Note
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum]]'' || Mohan's friend || Uncredited
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Raaja Raajathan]]'' || Priest || Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990 || ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]'' || Watchman || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Puriyada Pudir]]'' || Cellmate || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 || ''[[Cheran Pandian]]'' || Sundaram ||
|-
| ''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]'' || Sivalingam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]'' || Rakappan || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Pondatti Rajyam]]'' || Sandhegam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993 || ''[[Suriyan Chandran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Madhumathi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Band Master]]'' || Band Master || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Purusha Lakshanam]]'' || Photographer || Guest appearance
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Nattamai]]'' || Villager || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''[[Muthukulikka Vaariyala]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Periya Kudumbam]]'' || Financial partner ||
|-
| ''[[Muthu (1995 film)|Muthu]]'' || Landlord in Kerala ||
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]'' || Market man || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || ''[[Dharma Chakkaram (1997 film)|Dharma Chakkaram]]'' || Inspector || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]'' || Guitarist || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Pagaivan]]'' || Durairaj ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''[[Kondattam]]'' || Photographer || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Santhosham (1998 film)|Santhosham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Golmaal (1998 film)|Golmaal]]'' || ACP Bike Pandian & Chinna Pandi || Dual role
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Natpukkaga]]'' || Limping priest || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1999 || ''[[Sneham Kosam]]'' || Airport passenger / Limping priest || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]; Guest appearance (dual roles)
|-
| ''[[Ponnu Veetukkaran]]'' || Jeeva's father ||
|-
| ''[[Padayappa]]'' || Guest at Anitha's birthday party || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Minsara Kanna]]'' || Company GM || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Paattali]]'' || Flower Decorator || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Kannaal Pesavaa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thenali]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Bava Nachadu]]'' || [[All-terrain vehicle|ATV]] driver || Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Dost (2001 Tamil film)|Dost]]'' || Boxing referee || Guest apperarance
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002 || ''[[Thamizh]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Panchathantiram]]'' || Flight captain Kumar || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || Man requesting a photo || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''[[Indru Mudhal]]'' || Dr. K. S. Ravikumar ||
|-
| ''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]'' || Building contractor || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Villain (2003 film)|Villain]]'' || Himself || Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' || Thirupathi ||
|-
| ''[[Aethiree]]'' || Bachelor || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006 || ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]'' || Assistant Commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaimagan]]'' || || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Saravana]]'' || Train passenger || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Varalaru (film)|Varalaru]]'' || Family doctor || Guest appearance
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' || Taxi driver ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || Dancer || Special appearance in the song "Ulaganaygane"
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval]]'' || Manickavel ||
|-
| ''[[Aadhavan]]'' || New servant || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| ''[[Jaggubhai]]'' || Airport supervisor || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Manmadhan Ambu]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]'' || DSP Balram Naidu ||
|-
| ''[[Policegiri]]'' || Drunk guest || [[Hindi]] film
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014 || ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| ''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Aadama Jaichomada]]'' || K. Sathyamoorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Lingaa]]'' || "Finishing" Kumar || Guest appearance
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' || Vijayraghavan ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016 || ''[[Kotigobba 2]]'' || rowspan="2"| Dancer || [[Kannada]] film; cameo appearance in the title song
|-
| ''Mudinja Ivana Pudi'' || Cameo appearance in the song "Aisalamma"
|-
| ''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]'' || Ratna ||
|-
| ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom]]'' || Politician ||
|-
| ''[[Maayavan]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Palli Paruvathile]]'' || Sarangan ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Jai Simha]]'' || Court judge || Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'' || Head Constable Abdul Kader ||
|-
| ''[[Comali]]'' || MLA Dharmaraj ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''Ayya Ullen Ayya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Sirithal]]'' || Dilli Babu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 || ''[[Mathil]]'' || Lakshmikanthan ||
|-
| ''[[Maaligai]]'' || O. K. Kumar ||
|-
| ''Obama Ungalukkaaga'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2022 || ''[[Koogle Kuttappa]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
| ''[[Maayon (film)|Maayon]]'' || Vasudevan ||
|-
| ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' || Nellaiappan ||
|-
| ''[[Miral (2022 film)|Miral]]'' || Rama's father ||
|-
| ''[[Varalaru Mukkiyam]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023 || ''[[Ghosty (2023 film)|Ghosty]]'' || Dass ||
|-
| ''[[Japan (2023 film)|Japan]]'' || Minister Pazhanisamy ||
|-
| ''[[80s Buildup]]'' || Yama ||
|-
| ''[[Annapoorani]]'' || 'Arusuvai' Annamalai ||
|-
| ''Sarakku'' || Judge ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2024 || ''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]'' || Ra. Sathyamoorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' || DSP Jagadeesan ||
|-
| ''[[Saamaniyan]]'' || Murugavel ||
|-
| ''[[Vasco Da Gama (film)|Vasco Da Gama]]'' || Uthaman & Binu ||
|-
| ''[[Andhagan]]'' || Dr. Sami ||
|-
| ''[[Kanguva]]'' || Nolasco Raposo ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025 || ''[[Rajabheema]]'' || Minister Mandranayagam ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raja-bheema/movie-review/117674753.cms|title=Raja Bheema Movie Review : A well-meaning but generic tale about man and beast lumbers along|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']] || Parasuram ||
|-
| ''[[School (2025 film)|School]]'' || Inspector Kaleeshwaran || <ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Narayani |title=School Movie Review: Too many subjects in a forgettable horror flick |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/May/23/school-movie-review-too-many-subjects-in-a-forgettable-horror-flick |work=Cinema Express |date=23 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]''
|Chief Minister Chandrasekhar Rao
|Telugu film
|-
|{{Pending film|Kara}}
| Kandhasaami
|Post-production
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Television show
!Role
!Network
|-
|2023
|''Kadhaippoma''
|Cameo
|YouTube
(Chapter - 10 )
|-
|2024
|''[[Super Singer 10|Super Singer Season 10]]''
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors season 4|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors 4]]''
|Guest
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|K. S. Ravikumar}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0433893|name=K. S. Ravikumar}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikumar, K.S}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Bernard Campbell Fletcher

2026-03-17T12:00:35Z

Ptamansamrat:

{{Short description|British Army officer (1898–1968)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]]
| name = Bernard Campbell Fletcher
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DSO|MC}}
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|06|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1966 (aged 68)
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1916–1948
| rank = [[Brigadier]]
| servicenumber = 13785
| unit = [[Highland Light Infantry]]
| commands = {{nowrap|[[9th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (1941–1942)}} 2nd Battalion, [[Highland Light Infantry]] (1938–1941)
| battles = [[First World War]] [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Russian Civil War]] [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab revolt in Palestine]] [[Second World War]]
| awards = [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Military Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Brigadier]] '''Bernard Campbell Fletcher''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|DSO|MC}} (17 June 1898 – August 1966) was an [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] of the [[British Army]] active during the [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War]]s.

==Military career==
Fletcher was born on 17 June 1898 and was [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] as a [[second lieutenant]] from the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] into the [[British Army]]'s [[Highland Light Infantry]] on 7 April 1916. [[Valentine Blomfield]], later a major general, was a fellow graduate.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=29537| date=6 April 1916|page=3685| supp=y}}</ref> During the [[First World War]] he served in [[Western Front (World War I)|France and Belgium]] from 21 December 1917 to 23 April 1918, then from 21 June 1918 to 11 November 1918.<ref>Half Yearly Army List January 1946 p.239</ref> He won the [[Military Cross]] (gazetted in March 1919),<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31219| date=9 March 1919|page=3240| supp=y}}</ref> and was gassed with mustard gas. The citation for his Military Cross, published in the ''[[London Gazette]]'' in October 1919, read:
{{quote|Lt. (A./Capt.) Bernard Campbell Fletcher, High. L.I., attd. 15th Bn. On the 29th September, 1918, in the attack on Le Tronquoy, he led his company through the village, gaining all of his objectives and capturing about ten machine guns and 60 prisoners. He then, reorganised his company himself, having lost all his platoon commanders. Later, his fine example was largely responsible for beating off two enemy counter-attacks, he firing a Lewis gun himself. Throughout he showed most marked courage and did splendid work.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31583| date=3 October 1919|page=12290| supp=y}}</ref>}}

After the war Fletcher spent periods in North Russia during the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Russian Civil War]] (16 August to 1 October 1919),<ref>Half Yearly Army List January 1946 p.239</ref> Egypt, [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[British Raj|India]], during which he learned to speak Arabic and Hindustani. In 1929 he returned to England, where he attended the [[Staff College, Camberley]],<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33459| date=22 January 1929|page=544}}</ref> after which he returned to his regiment in India. Between 25 July 1933 and 24 July 1937 he held an appointment as Staff Captain in India,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33963| date=25 July 1933|page=4964}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34432| date=3 September 1937|page=5563}}</ref><ref>Half Yearly Army List January 1946 p.236</ref> and was promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] on 4 October 1935.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34204| date=4 October 1935|page=6217}}</ref> At some point between 1937 and 1939 he served in Palestine during the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab revolt]].<ref>Half Yearly Army List January 1946 p.236</ref> In 1938 he succeeded [[Horatio Berney-Ficklin]] in command of the 2nd Battalion, Highland Light Infantry,{{sfn|Brett-James|1951| loc=[http://ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fire04.html Chapter VI]}} and his promotion to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] was gazetted 1 July 1939.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34641| date=30 June 1939|page=4438}}</ref>

In the [[Second World War]] Fletcher and his battalion took part in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] as an element of the [[10th Indian Infantry Brigade]], which formed part of [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Indian Infantry Division]]. When the brigade's commander, Brigadier [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]], was wounded on 21 January 1941 Fletcher was given temporary command until the arrival of a permanent replacement on 20 March.{{sfn|Brett-James|1951|loc=[http://ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fire03.html#ch5 Chapter V]}} Reverting to his battalion command, Fletcher was subsequently given command of Fletcher Force,{{sfn|Brett-James|1951|loc=[http://ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fire03.html#ch5 Chapter V]}} an ad hoc grouping of armour and mobile infantry created to advance into Keren at the end of the [[Battle of Keren]] and to exploit towards Asmara. He was then appointed to command Flitforce (a reference to his nickname),{{sfn|Brett-James|1951|loc=[http://ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fire04.html Chapter VI]}} an ad hoc grouping created to pursue the retreating Italians towards Adigrat. On 13 April 1941, Fletcher was promoted to command the [[9th Indian Infantry Brigade]], also part of the 5th Indian Infantry Division, an appointment he held until 7 August 1942. For his service during the campaign Fletcher was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35396 |date=26 December 1941 |page=7333 |supp=y }}</ref> and was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35396 |date=26 December 1941 |page=7348|supp=y }}</ref>

Fletcher was Commanding Officer, Sub-Area, Middle East from 1942 to 1943 and assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general, Home Forces from 1943 to 1944. He was again appointed temporary [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] and temporary [[Brigadier (United_Kingdom)|brigadier]] from 2 March 1944, and appointed Brigadier, General Staff British Army Staff, Washington D.C. from 1944 to 1945.<ref>Half Yearly Army List February 1948</ref> He was next posted as assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general, Home Forces in 1945. He was posted to Norway in late 1945, where he supervised withdrawal of German forces. In mid-1946 he was sent to Hamburg. In January 1947 he transferred to Iserlohn and in July 1947 to Braunschweig. He retired from the army on in March 1948 and returned to UK with the honorary rank of brigadier.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38394|date=31 August 1948 |page=4808 |supp=y }}</ref> The last three sentences of this biography were added by his surviving daughter Caroline Dalton from personal memory.

==References==
* {{cite book| first=Antony| last=Brett-James| author-link = Antony Brett-James | url=http://ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fireTC.html#TC| title=Ball of fire – The Fifth Indian Division in the Second World War| publisher=[[Gale & Polden]]| year=1951| location=Aldershot| oclc=4275700| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327021347/http://www.ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fireTC.html#TC| archive-date=27 March 2020| url-status=dead}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.generals.dk/general/Fletcher/Bernard_Campbell/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fletcher, Bernard Campbell}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army brigadiers of World War II]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Highland Light Infantry officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Russian Civil War]]

Chhena

2026-03-16T11:14:21Z

Ptamansamrat:

{{short description|Type of cheese curds originating in India}}
{{distinguish|text=[[chickpea]] (Hindi, Odisha and Nepali: ''Chhana'')}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Chhena
| image = Chhena Ball - Rasgulla Preparation - Digha - East Midnapore - 2015-05-02 9555.JPG
| caption = Chhena formed into balls to make rosogolla
| country = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| creator =
| type = Cheese
| main_ingredient = Milk
| calories = 719 calories
| other =
| serving_size = 1 cup
| fat = 9g
| protein = 8g
| carbohydrate = 10g
| national_cuisine =
}}
'''Chhena''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈtʃʰeːna|lang}}) ଛେନ୍ନା in Odia or '''chhana''' ({{IPA|bn|tʃʰana|lang}}) ছানা in Bengali, is a kind of [[acid-set cheese]] originating in the [[Indian subcontinent]] that is made from [[water buffalo]]<ref name="Dalby">Dalby, A 2009, ''Cheese: A Global History'', Reaktion Books, p. 73, {{ISBN|9781861897053}}</ref><ref name="Kapoor">Kapoor, S & Kapoor, A 2006, ''Sanjeev Kapoor's No-oil Vegetarian Cooking'', Popular Prakashan, p. 118, {{ISBN|9788179912928}}</ref> or [[Cattle|cow]]<ref name="Kapoor"/> milk by adding food acids such as [[lemon juice]] and [[calcium lactate]] instead of [[rennet]] and straining out the [[whey]].<ref name="Amitraj2016">{{cite journal |last1=Amitraj |first1=K |last2=Khamrui |first2=K |last3=Devaraja |first3=HC |last4=Mandal |first4=S |title=Optimisation of ingredients for a low‐fat, Chhana ‐based dairy spread using response surface methodology |journal=International Journal of Dairy Technology |date=August 2016 |volume=69 |issue=3 |page=393 |doi=10.1111/1471-0307.12272}}</ref>

Chhena is pressed and may be further processed to make [[paneer]], a form of [[farmer cheese]], or formed into balls to make [[desserts]] such as [[khira sagara]], [[chhena kheeri]], [[rasabali]] and [[ras malai]], as well as [[sweets from the Indian subcontinent]] (''mitha'' or ''Misti'' or ''[[mithai (confectionery)|mithai]]'') such as [[chhena jalebi]], [[chhena gaja]], [[chhena poda]], [[pantua]], [[rosogolla]], and [[Sandesh (confectionery)|sandesh]]. For the sweets, mostly cow milk chhena is used.

Chhena is produced in [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[East India|eastern India]] and Bangladesh, and it is generally made from [[Cattle|cow]] or [[Bubalina|buffalo]] milk. In India, it is a legal requirement for Chhena to have no more than 70% of moisture content, and 50% of milk fat in dry material<ref name="FAO1990">{{cite book |title=The Technology of traditional milk products in developing countries. |date=1990 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome |isbn=9251028990}}</ref>
The production of chhena in India was estimated to be 200,000 tonnes annually in 2009. Production is highest in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], while consumption is highest in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>William, S & Aoyagi, A 2010, ''History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in South Asia / Indian Subcontinent (1656–2010): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook'', Soyinfo Center. p. 1035. {{ISBN|978-1-928914-31-0}}.</ref>

Sahu and Das<ref>Sahu and Das (as cited in Kumar, J & Gupta, V. K. & Kumar, S & Kumar, S 2015, 'Effect of coagulants on the quality of chhana and rasogolla obtained from admixture of buffalo milk and butter milk, ''Journal of Food Science and Technology'', vol. 52, no. 3, p. 1736)</ref> conducted a study of milk consumption in India and found that 6% of milk produced in India is used in the chhena production process. It is closely related to paneer cheese as they both share a similar production process, but it is kneaded when it is still warm in the manufacturing process. The result is a cheese with a 'smooth, whipped-cream consistency', unlike paneer, which is firm.<ref>Carrol, R 2018, ''Home Cheese Making, 4th Edition: From Fresh and Soft to Firm, Blue, Goat's Milk, and More; Recipes for 100 Favorite Cheeses'', Storey Publishing, North Adams, MA, p. 87</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Four vedas.jpg|thumb|The Four Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism]]
The [[Vedas]], the oldest scriptures of [[Hinduism]], contain a reference to 'dadhanvat', which has been translated as referencing an 'abundance of [[curd]]s'.<ref>Sen, C. T 2014, Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India, Reaktion Books, London, United Kingdom, p. 43</ref> Chitra Banerji states that in the life of [[Krishna]] there is reference to [[dairy product]]s such as 'milk, butter, [[ghee]] and [[yogurt]]', but not to chhena.<ref name="Daniyal2015">{{cite news |last=Daniyal |first=S |date=4 August 2015 |title=Who deserves credit for the rasgulla? Bengalis, Odiyas...or the Portuguese? |url=https://scroll.in/article/745871/who-deserves-credit-for-the-rasgulla-bengalis-odiyas-or-the-portuguese |work=Scroll.in |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> [[Catherine Donnelly]], author of ''The Oxford Companion to Cheese'' (2016), said that Vedic literature refers to cheese production made with the aid of barks of palash tree ([[Butea monosperma]]), fruits like jujube ([[Ziziphus mauritiana]]) and creepers like putika with coagulating enzymes, "as well as Dadhanvat, a cheeselike substance made with and without pores". According to Donnelly, these plant substances may have contained rennet-like enzymes and notes that the "Vedas may include some of the earliest known references to rennet-coagulated cheeses".<ref>''The Oxford Companion to Cheese'', 2016. p. 373.</ref> ''Lokopakara'' text dated to the 10th century gives two recipes for coagulated cheeses made from [[water buffalo|buffalo]] milk for making sweets using plants and roots. According to the text, buffalo milk was coagulated using roots of [[amaranth]] plant or leaves of marsh barbel ([[hygrophila auriculata]]); the soft cheese produced in this manner was called ''Haluvuga''. In the second recipe, buffalo milk was coagulated with Indian mallow ([[abutilon indicum]]) or country mallow ([[sida cordifolia]]) and was made into balls for sweets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Ammini |title=Lokopakara – Part III Recipes |url=https://peppertrail.com/recipes-from-lokopakara/ |website=Peppertrail |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> The [[Manasollasa]], one of the medieval Indian cooking texts, was written during the reign of King Somesvara III in the 12th century.<ref>Sen, C. T 2014, Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India, Reaktion Books, London, United Kingdom, p. 139</ref> The Manasollasa details souring milk and draining the curds to make chhena and using them as a base for sweets.<ref>Sen, C. T 2014, Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India, Reaktion Books, London, United Kingdom, p. 145</ref> The text goes on to stipulate mixing the cheese with rice flour and shaping it into various balls, and then [[deep-frying]] to make sweets. Based on texts such as ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'', BN Mathur wrote that the earliest evidence of a heat-acid coagulated milk product in India can be traced to 75–300 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lpMAAAAYAAJ |first=K.V.S.S. |last=Rao |title=Paneer technology — A review |journal=Indian Journal of Dairy Science |volume=45 |publisher=Indian Dairy Science Association |year=1992 |page=281}}</ref> Sunil Kumar ''et al''. interpret this product as the present-day paneer or chhena.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Sunil |last2=Rai |first2=D.C. |last3=Niranjan |first3=K. |last4=Bhat |first4=Zuhaib |title=Paneer—An Indian soft cheese variant: a review |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=821–831 |publisher=Springer |date=2011 |doi=10.1007/s13197-011-0567-x |quote="People during the Kusana and Saka Satavahana periods (AD75–300) used to consume a solid mass, whose description seems to the earliest reference to the present day paneer" |pmid=24803688 |pmc=4008736}}</ref>

According to another theory, the [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong|Portuguese]] may have introduced the technique of "breaking" milk with acid to Bengal in the 17th century. Before their arrival in 1517, curdling cow's milk was considered [[taboo]] to the adherents of Hinduism in Bengal.<ref>Wahab, A 2020, 'A brief introduction to Bengal's Gastronomic History', ''The Daily Star'', February 24, viewed 21 October 2020, http://www.thedailystar.net</ref> Before the arrival of the Portuguese in Bengal, sweets were made with [[khoa]], or [[condensed milk]] which was solidified.<ref name="Daniyal2015" /> Bengalis learnt how to prepare cheese for the Portuguese, which inspired chhena.<ref>O'Brien, C 2013, The Penguin Food Guide to India, Penguin Books Limited, New Delhi</ref> Thus, according to this theory, Indian acid-set cheeses such as [[paneer]] and chhena were first prepared in Bengal, under Portuguese influence.<ref>Chapman, P 2009, ''India: Food and Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine'', New Holland, p. 33, {{ISBN|9781845376192}}</ref> A type of smoked cheese called [[Bandel Cheese]] was introduced by the Portuguese in Bengal, which is distinct from chenna and paneer.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamang |first1=Jyoti Prakash |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |date=2 March 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-1486-9 |page=676 |language=en}}</ref>

Chhena cheese-based sweets were created by confectionery makers known as 'moira'/'moyra' in Bengal. The [[Halwai]] [[caste]] has long been associated with the production of chhena-based products.<ref name="Minz2016">{{cite book |last1=Minz |first1=PS |last2=Singh |first2=RRB |editor1-last=McElhatton |editor1-first=A |editor2-last=El Idrissi |editor2-first=M |chapter=Modernization of Manufacturing Process for Traditional Indian Dairy Products |title=Modernization of traditional food processes and products |year=2016 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |isbn=978-1-4899-7669-7 |page=162}}</ref> It is traditional for Bengalis to end a meal with a sweet, which is known as 'madhurena samapayet'.<ref>Bladholm, L 2016, ''The Indian Grocery Store Demystified: A Food Lover's Guide to All the Best Ingredients in the Traditional Foods of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh'', St. Martin's Publishing Group, New York, p. 181</ref> Today, some traditional sweet makers such as Annapurna Bhandar in New Delhi continue to make fresh chhena in their stores as a base for their products with locally sourced milk.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=T |date=14 May 2018 |title=Families in Food: Sugar Highs and Lows |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/families-in-food-sugar-highs-and-lows-5155358/ |work=Indian Express |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Sandesh.JPG|thumb|Sandesh, the most popular chhena-based sweet]]
In the 1990s, chhena was largely produced in country milk sheds by farmers and sent by road and rail to manufacturers.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Technology of traditional milk products in developing countries |year=1990 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome |isbn=92-5-102899-0}}</ref> Batch methods of production are utilised by smaller producers, with their methods and resulting products having different characteristics and flavours compared to commercially produced products.<ref name="Minz2016" /> The most popular product produced with chhena is [[Sandesh (confectionery)|sandesh]], a dessert.<ref>Akther, S, & Shahriar, S, & Alam, Md & Matin, A, & Sarwar, N 2017, 'Comparative studies on the quality of sandesh from cow milk chhana with soy-milk chhana addition'. ''Ukrainian Food Journal'', vol. 6, no. 3, p. 515</ref> In recent times, chhena products have become a niche, competing with introduced foreign foods and desserts.<ref>Jat, BS, Jha, A, Jafri, M, Rai, DC, & Gautam, AK 2014, 'Development of a Process for Manufacture of the Shelf-Stable Chhana Roll and Its Physicochemical Properties', ''Journal of Food Processing and Preservation'', vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1660</ref>

[[Liberalization|Liberalisation]], [[Globalization|globalisation]] and [[Privatization|privatisation]] are actively reshaping the Indian cheese industry.<ref>Bhushi, K 2018, 'Farm to fingers : the culture and politics of food in contemporary India', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 1</ref> Traditional producers of chhena-based products are under pressure from foreign countries such as the United States of America seeking [[India–United States relations|bilateral trade deals]] with the Indian government, especially as European-style cheeses such as [[mozzarella]] become more popular.<ref name="Srivastava2020">{{cite news |last=Srivastava |first=S |title=Dairy Farmers Stymie India’s Bilateral Trade Deal With U.S., EU |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-27/dairy-farmers-stymie-india-s-bilateral-trade-deal-with-u-s-eu |work=Bloomberg |date=27 October 2020 |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> Producers argue that they would not be able to compete with international dairy firms as they would have to comply with stricter [[Sanitation|sanitary]] and [[quarantine]] standards, which would vastly inflate costs of production.<ref name="Srivastava2020" /> [[Dairy in India|Dairy farmers in India]] are fiercely opposed to liberalisation of the dairy sector, as they fear job losses and the collapse of small industry which still produces traditional dairy products like chhena.<ref name="Srivastava2020" />

== Production ==

India's yearly production of chhena is estimated to be 200,000 tonnes as of 2004.<ref name="Jindal2004">{{cite journal |last1=Jindal |first1=A R |last2=Shoree |first2=M |last3=Shukla |first3=F C |last4=Singh |first4=B |title=Studies on the use of chhana and paneer whey in the preparation of puras (pancakes) |journal=International Journal of Dairy Technology |date=November 2004 |volume=57 |issue=4 |page=221 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0307.2004.00130.x}}</ref> Traditionally, chhena is made in a [[karahi]], utilising a method similar to ricotta cheese production.<ref name="Hui2007">{{cite book |last1=Hui |first1=YH |title=Handbook of food products manufacturing |year=2007 |publisher=Wiley-interscience |location=Hoboken (N.J.) |isbn=978-0-470-04964-8 |page=640}}</ref> The Food Safety and Standards Regulation of India states that chhena is to be made from cow or buffalo milk,<ref name="Kumar2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=J |last2=Gupta |first2=VK |last3=Kumar |first3=S |last4=Kumar |first4=S |title=Effect of coagulants on the quality of chhana and rasogolla obtained from admixture of buffalo milk and butter milk |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |date=March 2015 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=1736 |doi=10.1007/s13197-013-1146-0|pmc=4348269 }}</ref> or a blend of both milks, and the coagulation can be completed with 'sour milk, or lactic or citric acid'.<ref name="Kumar2015" /> Aged acidic whey from previous batches can also be substituted in the coagulation process to prevent waste of ingredients and streamline the production process.<ref name="Park2017">{{cite book |editor1-last=Park |editor1-first=YW |editor2-last=Hanlein |editor2-first=GFW |editor3-last=Wendorff |editor3-first=WL |title=Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals |year=2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, NJ |isbn=978-1-119-11027-9 |edition=Second}}</ref>

The cheese is prepared by first boiling the chosen milk for 10 minutes, and then introducing an acid or aged acidic whey from a prior batch when the milk has slightly cooled at 75–80 degrees Celsius. Following this step, the whey separates and floats to the top of the pan. The whey is then removed by sieving the resulting curd, the chhena, through a [[muslin]] cloth.<ref name="Menghwar2019">{{cite journal |last1=Menghwar |first1=DR |last2=Bhutto |first2=SA |last3=Ahmed |first3=T |title=Quantitative studies on chhana (soft cheese) prepared from cow and buffalo milk |journal=Abasyn Journal Life Sciences |date=25 August 2019 |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=56 |doi=10.34091/AJLS.2.2.3 |url=https://ajlifesciences.com/admineditor/papers/19.pdf}}</ref> The pressing of the resulting curd mostly relies on gravity to separate it from the whey,<ref name="Hui-2">Hui, Y.H. 2007, Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J, p. 639</ref> but weighted boards can also be used to speed up the process.<ref name="Park2017"/> The longer the chhena is drained, the firmer the resulting final product becomes. Chhena is typically made in a small-scale batch process, but it is possible to make it with a continuous process like [[ricotta]] cheese in [[Food industry|commercial production]] settings.<ref>Hui, Y.H, N 2007, Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J, p. 639</ref>
[[File:Homemade rasogolla.jpg|thumb|Homemade [[rosogolla]], a famous chhena-based sweet]]
In the case of sweet production, the cheese is drained, kneaded on a wooden board and mixed with sugar and a [[binding agent]] such as [[arrowroot]] or [[semolina]] flour.<ref name="Bladholm-2000">{{cite book |last1=Bladholm |first1=Linda |title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified: A Food Lover's Guide to All the Best Ingredients in the Traditional Foods of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh |year=2000 |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-58063-143-3 |page=180}}</ref> It is common now for machines to be used for the [[kneading]] process. The chhena is then rolled into balls ready for use in [[Confectionery|confectionary]] making.<ref>Goldstein, D 2015, '''The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets''', Oxford University Press, Boston, Massachusetts, p. 580</ref> Some of the popular [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|sweets]] and desserts that use chhena as their base include [[Rasgulla|rasogolla]], [[Sandesh (confectionery)|sandesh]], [[Chomchom|chum-chum]], chhana murki, chhana podo, [[Ras malai]], chhana balushahi, and khorma/belgrami.<ref name="Kumar2015" /> Chhena has also been blended with [[cream]] and made into a commercial [[Refrigeration|refrigerated]] spreadable cheese.<ref>Menghwar, D.R, Bhutto, S.A & Ahmed, T 2019, 'Quantitative Studies on Chhana (soft cheese) prepared from cow and buffalo milk', ''Abasyn Journal of Life Sciences'', vol. 2, no. 2, p. 57</ref> The chhena production process can be used to create a [[bioplastic]] which presents future innovation opportunities for the technology sector of India. However, this has raised [[Ethics|ethical]] concerns domestically regarding food security for the wider population, as segments of the population struggle with rising food prices and [[malnutrition]].<ref>Jefferson, MT 2020, 'Valorization of Sour Milk to Form Bioplastics: Friend or Foe?' Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 1075</ref>

Nutritious beverages can be created from the whey that is typically discarded in the production process of chhena by fermenting it with [[bacteria culture]]s "[[Streptococcus thermophilus]] NCDC-74 and Yoghurt culture YC-470".<ref name="Saha2017">{{cite journal |last1=Saha |first1=P |last2=Ray |first2=PR |last3=Hazra |first3=T |title=Evaluation of quality and stability of chhana whey beverage fermented with lactic acid bacteria |journal=Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research |date=6 June 2017 |volume=36 |issue=2 |page=112 |doi=10.18805/ajdfr.v36i02.7953|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Lactic acid bacteria|Lactic bacteria]] can ferment [[lactose]] into [[lactic acid]], which means that people with [[Lactose intolerance|dairy intolerances]] would be able to consume the beverages.<ref name="Saha2017" /> The whey can also be used to make puras, otherwise known as pancakes.<ref name="Jindal2004" /> The whey must be of high quality and handled [[hygienically]], otherwise the created products may have undesirable qualities and become not suitable for consumption.<ref name="Jindal2004" /> Three million tonnes of whey<ref name="Saha2017" /> is produced each year in the chhena production process and it is typically [[Environment of India|dumped]] into the [[Natural environment|environment]], where it is a substantial problem as a [[pollutant]] as it has a high amount of organic matter in its mass.<ref name="Saha2017" />

== Character ==
[[File:Chhana Toast - Howrah 2015-06-14 2858.JPG|thumb|Chhena Toast, a popular savoury dish]]
The consistency of the finished cheese product has been shown to differ depending on the method utilised to create the cheese.<ref>Food Safety and Standards Regulation (as cited in Kumar, Gupta, Kumar & Kumar 2015 p. 1736)</ref> Levels of milk fats under 4% create 'hard and rubbery' chhena, whilst levels over 5% result in greasy properties in the products created from it.<ref name="Park2017" /> Buffalo milk in the production process of chhena on average tends to create a larger amount of the cheese product compared to cow's milk.<ref name="FAO1990" /> However, if it is not mixed with cow's milk the result is often 'hard, chewy, rubbery', with an 'uneven [[Food texture|texture]]'.<ref>Chakraborty, P, Singh, T, Shivhare, US, Basu, S, & Chakraborty, P 2020, 'Understanding the effect of milk composition and milking season on quality characteristics of chhana.' Journal of Texture Studies, vol. 1, no. 12, p. 1</ref> It is also possible to produce chhena with soy milk, with favourable results achieved in a blend with 75% cow's milk added.<ref>Akther, S, & Shahriar, S, & Alam, Md & Matin, A, & Sarwar, N 2017, 'Comparative studies on the quality of sandesh from cow milk chhana with soy-milk chhana addition'. ''Ukrainian Food Journal'', vol. 6, no. 3, p. 514</ref> Milk composition and milking season also have a significant impact on the quality of the chhena produced.<ref>Chakraborty, P, Singh, T, Shivhare, US, Basu, S, & Chakraborty, P 2020, 'Understanding the effect of milk composition and milking season on quality characteristics of chhana.' Journal of Texture Studies, vol. 1, no. 12, p. 11</ref>

Chhena typically has a texture like 'whipped [[cream cheese]]',<ref name="Bladholm-2000" /> and varies from smooth, pasty to crumbly.<ref name="Hui-2" /> Chhena is composed of fat, [[protein]], [[Vitamin A|vitamins A]] and [[Vitamin D|D]], and is low in sugar.<ref name="Menghwar2019" /> Chhena produced from cows milk is 'light yellow in colour, has a moist surface, soft body and smooth texture',<ref name="FAO1990" /> while chhena produced from buffalo milk in comparison is 'whitish in colour'.<ref name="FAO1990" /> Chhena made from these milk sources has a 'sweetish, mildly acidic taste'.<ref name="FAO1990" /> Production in higher temperatures results in a cheese that is grainy and hard, while lower temperatures produce a product which is sticky, and dries slowly.<ref name="Hui2007" /> Chhena typically is bland in taste and has an easily malleable texture. Experiments have been conducted to try to utilise chhena in the manufacturing of other products, including a spread consisting of finely processed chhena, butter and salt.<ref name="Amitraj2016" />

== Storage ==
[[File:Sweet shop opposite Dagdusheth Halwai Ganpati Temple, Pune.jpg|thumb|Counter of Dagdusheth Halwai, a popular sweets shop which sells chhena-based products.]]
Without adequate cold storage and safe handling, chhena spoils easily due to its high moisture content.<ref name="Agrawal, A.K 2015, p.1">Agrawal, A.K, Sandey, K.K & Sinha, G 2015, 'Drying of Chhana using Solar Energy: Physical and Thermal Properties of Dried Chhana', International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 3, no. 20, p.1</ref> Kulkarni states that '[[Thermoduric bacterium|thermoduric]] and [[Thermophile|thermophilic]] bacteria are not destroyed in the boiling process' in the manufacturing of chhena, which is a significant problem.<ref>Kulkarni 1984 (as cited in Jat, BS, Jha, A, Jafri, M, Rai, DC, & Gautam, AK 2014, 'Development of a Process for Manufacture of the Shelf-Stable Chhana Roll and Its Physicochemical Properties', ''Journal of Food Processing and Preservation'', vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1661)</ref> The tropical climate and high humidity of India also contribute to the short shelf life of the products.<ref name="Jat2014">{{cite journal |last1=Jat |first1=BS |last2=Jha |first2=A |last3=Jafri |first3=M |last4=Rai |first4=DC |last5=Gautam |first5=AK |title=Development of a Process for Manufacture of the Shelf-Stable Chhana Roll and Its Physicochemical Properties: Shelf-Stable Chhana Roll |journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation |date=August 2014 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=1661 |doi=10.1111/jfpp.12128|doi-access=free }}</ref> Refrigeration makes a significant difference to the shelf life of the product, but it is quite uncommon and not readily available.<ref>De 1980 (as cited in Jat, BS, Jha, A, Jafri, M, Rai, DC, & Gautam, AK 2014, 'Development of a Process for Manufacture of the Shelf-Stable Chhana Roll and Its Physicochemical Properties', ''Journal of Food Processing and Preservation'', vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1661)</ref> Unsuccessful studies were carried out by Agrawal, Sandey, and Sinha in turning the chhena into powder to preserve it as a dried good and prolong its shelf life, as the reconstituted product was unsuitable for use.<ref name="Agrawal, A.K 2015, p.1"/>

Bladholm writes that chhena cheese-based sweets should be 'refrigerated and eaten within 2–3 days'.<ref name="Bladholm-2000" /> [[Quality control]] is a significant issue in India, but [[Food Inspectors|food inspectors]] do not have the power to prosecute those engaging in [[Adulterant|adulteration]] of products in the pursuit of increasing profits or selling base ingredients that are below accepted standards. Chhena can be adulterated with [[starch]] by dishonest manufacturers, which can result in [[Diarrhea|diarrhoea]] and [[Abdominal pain|abdominal discomfort]].<ref>Press Trust of India 1998, 'Strict quality control must to avoid more food disasters', ''Indian Express'', September 7, viewed 12 November 2020, https://indianexpress.com</ref> Improper handling of chhena, and the products that it has been made from, have been proven to also [[Contamination|contaminate]] products made from it.<ref name="Jat2014" /> A study by Maity, Jumar and Misra (2011) found the presence of [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]] in 67% of chhena based sweet samples in Kolkata.<ref>Maity, T, Kumar, R, & Misra, A 2010, 'Prevalence of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Chhana Based Indian Sweets in Relation to Public Health', Indian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 50, no. 4, p. 463</ref> E. coli in chhena-based products is resultant from 'unsanitary production, handling, storage and transportation', and is prominent in softer sweets as they have less sugar to preserve the cheese base and higher amounts of moisture.<ref>Maity, T, Kumar, R, & Misra, A 2010, 'Prevalence of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Chhana Based Indian Sweets in Relation to Public Health', Indian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 50, no. 4, p. 466</ref> These products are often sold without [[Packaging and labeling|packaging]] and are produced on a small scale.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jat |first1=Balraj Singh |last2=Jha |first2=Alok |last3=Jafri |first3=Mahwash |last4=Rai |first4=Dinesh Chandra |last5=Gautam |first5=Anuj Kumar |date=2014 |title=Development of a Process for Manufacture of the Shelf-Stable Chhana Roll and Its Physicochemical Properties |journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation |volume=38 |issue=4 |page=1660 |doi=10.1111/jfpp.12128 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[Khoa]]
* [[List of cheeses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Curd]]
[[Category:Indian cheeses]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Acid-set cheeses]]
[[Category:Cow's-milk cheeses]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Odisha]]

Vijay Sethupathi

2026-03-14T18:40:25Z

Ptamansamrat: Content refreshed with new edits

{{short description|Indian actor and film producer (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Vijay Sethupathi at the premiere of Merry Christmas 2 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Vijay Sethupathi in 2024
| birth_name = Sethupathi Gurunatha Vijaya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay Sethupathi Rapid Fire {{!}} MASTER Audio Launch {{!}} Sun TV - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=hZ0kuMHsOgk|access-date=3 January 2021|website=www.youtube.com| date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=hZ0kuMHsOgk|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|01|16|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/on-vijay-sethupathi-s-birthday-samantha-varalaxmi-and-south-celebs-wish-master-star-1759618-2021-01-16|title=On Vijay Sethupathi's birthday, Samantha, Varalaxmi and South celebs wish Master star|first=Janani|last=K.|date=16 January 2021|website=India Today|access-date=27 August 2021|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827132843/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/on-vijay-sethupathi-s-birthday-samantha-varalaxmi-and-south-celebs-wish-master-star-1759618-2021-01-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Rajapalayam]], Tamil Nadu, India
| other_names = Makkal Selvan<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/revealed-how-vijay-sethupathi-got-makkal-selvan-title/articleshow/64301828.cms|title=Revealed: How Vijay Sethupathi got Makkal Selvan title|website=The Times of India|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011224236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/revealed-how-vijay-sethupathi-got-makkal-selvan-title/articleshow/64301828.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| alma mater = [[Dhanraj Baid Jain College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[film producer]]}}
| works = [[Vijay Sethupathi filmography|Full list]]
| yearsactive = 2004–present<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-was-rejected-even-for-the-role-of-a-junior-artist/etarticleshow/17646577.cms |title=I was rejected even for the role of a junior artist |date=17 December 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-17/news-interviews/35867844_1_tamil-films-short-films-film-institute |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage |Jessie| 2003}}
| children = 2, including [[Phoenix (2025 film)|Surya]]
}}
'''Sethupathi Gurunatha Vijaya''' (born 16 January 1978), known professionally as '''Vijay Sethupathi''', is an Indian actor and film producer who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema]] and occasionally in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="Sethupathi Tamil actor">{{cite web|author=SUDHIR SRINIVASAN|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-vijay-sethupathi-on-his-recent-films/article8261284.ece|title='Facebook affected me as a human'|work=The Hindu|date=29 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226121141/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-vijay-sethupathi-on-his-recent-films/article8261284.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sethupathi's break">{{cite web |author=IANS |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1449438.ece |title=Not in hurry to sign films |work=The New indian Express |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226121223/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/feb/04/not-in-hurry-to-sign-films-vijay-sethupathi-447502.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> One of the highest paid actors in [[Indian Cinema]], Sethupathi is the recipient of several accolades, including a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], two [[Filmfare Awards South]] and two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].

Following a stint as an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] accountant in [[Dubai]], Sethupathi started his film career working as a background actor and initially played minor supporting roles before his first lead role in ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' (2010). In 2012, he rose to fame with ''[[Sundarapandian]]'', ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' and ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3666067.ece |title=Audio Beat: Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom |work=The Hindu |date=21 July 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-date=29 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129032858/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3666067.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sethupathi established himself as a successful actor with films such as ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' (2013), ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' (2013), ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (2014), ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' (2016), ''[[Iraivi]]'' (2016), ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (2017), ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' (2018), ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' (2018), ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019), ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021), ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022), ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]'' (2023), ''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]'' (2024), ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023) ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]'' (2024) and [[Thalaivan Thalaivii|Thalaivan Thalaivi]] (2025).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/111730-5-must-watch-vijay-sedhupathy-films.html|title=5 Must-Watch Vijay Sethupathi Films That Prove Why His Fans Call Him 'Makkal Selvan'|date=7 July 2022}}</ref> For playing a trans woman in ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' (2019), he won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]].

==Early life==
Vijaya Gurunatha Sethupathi Kalimuthu was born on 16 January 1978 and was raised in [[Rajapalayam]] until he moved to [[Chennai]] in 6th class.<ref name="thehindu4">{{cite web |author=Sudhish Kamath |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/full-of-pizzazz/article5145857.ece|title=Full of pizzazz! |work=The Hindu |date=31 March 2010 |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616202108/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/full-of-pizzazz/article5145857.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He lived in [[Ennore]] located in North Chennai. He attended the MGR Higher Secondary School in [[Kodambakkam]] and Little Angels Mat. Hr. Sec. School.<ref name="thehindu4"/> According to Sethupathi, he was a "below-average student right from school" and was neither interested in sports nor extra-curricular activities.<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref name="deccanchronicle1">Limitton, Teena (23 May 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130527043529/http://deccanchronicle.com/130523/entertainment-kollywood/article/my-struggle-my-strength-vijay-sethupathi My Struggle is my Strength: Vijay Sethupathi]. ''Deccan Chronicle''</ref> At age 16, he auditioned for a role in ''[[Nammavar]]'' (1994), but was rejected due to his short height.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vijay-sethupathi-the-average-joe-who-made-it-big-in-tamil-films/story-9W3OSQYacqhWGKjz02Gx1H.html|title=Vijay Sethupathi: The average Joe who made it big in Tamil films|date=8 September 2016|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017213051/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vijay-sethupathi-the-average-joe-who-made-it-big-in-tamil-films/story-9W3OSQYacqhWGKjz02Gx1H.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sethupathi did a series of odd jobs for pocket money: salesman at a retail store, cashier at a fast food joint and a phone booth operator.<ref name="thehindu4"/> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from the [[Dhanraj Baid Jain College]] (an affiliate of the [[University of Madras]]) in [[Thuraipakkam|Thoraipakam]].<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/> A week after he finished college, he joined as an account assistant at a wholesale cement business.<ref name="thehindu4"/> He had to take care of three siblings and moved to [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] as an accountant because it paid him four times what he was earning in India. While in Dubai, he met his future-wife, Jessie, online. The two dated, eventually marrying in 2003.<ref name="thehindu4"/>

Unhappy with his job, he returned to India in 2003.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-a-happy-space/article4155052.ece |title=In a happy space |work=The Hindu |date=2 December 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326091553/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-a-happy-space/article4155052.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|author=K. R. Manigandan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/beyond-numbers/article3902371.ece|title=Beyond numbers|work=The Hindu|date=16 September 2012|access-date=29 March 2013|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226121210/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/beyond-numbers/article3902371.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After a brief stint in the interior decoration business with friends, he joined a marketing company that dealt with readymade kitchens when he saw [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]]'s poster.<ref name="thehindu4"/> He recalled director [[Balu Mahendra]] remarking that he had a "very photogenic face",<ref name="thehindu1"/> and motivated him to pursue an acting career; however he never cast Sethupathi in his films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istream.com/tv/watch/228056/30-Minutes-with-Vijay-Sethupathi |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040358/http://www.istream.com/tv/watch/228056/30-Minutes-with-Vijay-Sethupathi |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=30 Minutes with Vijay Sethupathi &#124; 30 Minutes With Us |publisher=iStream |access-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Career==
===2004–2011===
He subsequently joined the Chennai-based theatre group [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]] as an accountant and actor where he observed actors from close quarters.<ref name="thehindu2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/vijay-sethupathi-from-an-accountant-to-the-most-bankable-tamil-actor/articleshow/20825182.cms |title=Vijay Sethupathi: From an accountant to the most bankable Tamil actor – Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date=29 June 2013 |access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327144601/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/vijay-sethupathi-from-an-accountant-to-the-most-bankable-tamil-actor/articleshow/20825182.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his beginnings as a [[extra (actor)|background actor]], particularly playing the role of the lead character's friend in a few films.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> He also acted in television series, including ''[[Penn (2006 TV series)|Penn]]'' that began in March 2006,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/03/04/stories/2006030400460200.htm |title=Metro Plus Madurai / Telewatch : Another soap |date=4 March 2006 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118044136/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/03/04/stories/2006030400460200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as several short films as part of the television show ''Nalaya Iyakunar'' for [[Kalaignar TV]].<ref name="thehindu2"/> He worked with [[Karthik Subbaraj]] on many short films, who later cast him in his first feature film,<ref name="indiatimes1"/> subsequently garnering him the Best Actor award for one of his films at the [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival short film competition]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/06/03/stories/2011060351890800.htm |title=Metro Plus Bangalore / Columns : The 'reel' life |date=3 June 2011 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213934/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/06/03/stories/2011060351890800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Raghavi 2 |url=http://www.ntff.no/News/25 |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival – Celebration of Global Tamil Cinema |publisher=Ntff.no |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214009/http://www.ntff.no/News/25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sethupathi accompanied a group of actors who went to director [[Selvaraghavan]]'s studio to audition for his gangster film ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' (2006) and was selected to play [[Dhanush]]'s friend in the film.<ref name="thehindu2"/> After making an appearance in [[Prabu Solomon]]'s ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'' (2007),<ref>{{cite news |author=S. R. Ashok Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom/article3666067.ece |title=Audio Beat: Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom |work=The Hindu |date=21 July 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923010313/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom/article3666067.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> he was cast by director [[Suseenthiran]] in minor supporting roles in his first two projects, ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009) and ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010). Sethupathi would later credit Suseenthiran with having had an "important role in helping him realise his dreams".<ref name="thehindu2"/> In 2010, he was associated with a Tamil-Kannada bilingual film called ''[[Akhaada]]''. While he was selected to play the lead in the Tamil version, the director offered him the antagonistic role in its Kannada version. However, the film did not see a theatrical release.<ref name="thehindu2"/> Director [[Seenu Ramasamy]] identified Sethupathi's talent during the audition of his film and Sethupathi landed his first lead role in Ramasamy's drama film ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' (2010),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98The-regions-I-show-are-an-integral-part-of-my-stories%E2%80%99/article14568236.ece|title='The regions I show are an integral part of my stories'|first=Malathi|last=Rangarajan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 August 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011224237/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98The-regions-I-show-are-an-integral-part-of-my-stories%E2%80%99/article14568236.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> in which he portrayed a [[shepherd]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article403388.ece |title=Thenmerku Paruvakaatru |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210541/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article403388.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/12/26/stories/2010122650050300.htm |title=Cinema Plus / Film Review : Celebrating motherhood |date=26 December 2010 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210855/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/12/26/stories/2010122650050300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thenmerku-paruvakatru-review-tamil-14959674.html |title=Movie Review : Thenmerku |website=[[Sify]] |date=26 December 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228002346/http://www.sify.com/movies/thenmerku-paruvakatru-review-tamil-14959674.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> the film went on to win three [[National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=ChennaiMarch 23 |first1=Janani K. |title=Vijay Sethupathi thanks Thiagarajan Kumararaja for his National Award. Samantha reacts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-thanks-thiagarajan-kumararaja-for-his-national-award-samantha-reacts-1782489-2021-03-23 |work=India Today |language=en |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324063320/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-thanks-thiagarajan-kumararaja-for-his-national-award-samantha-reacts-1782489-2021-03-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> including the prize for the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Tamil Feature Film]] of that year.<ref>{{cite news |author=Petlee Peter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/plans-to-release-awardwinning-movie-afresh/article2035891.ece |title=Plans to release award-winning movie afresh |work=The Hindu |date=21 May 2011 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212001/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/plans-to-release-awardwinning-movie-afresh/article2035891.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He played a man from a lower class in ''[[Varnam (2011 film)|Varnam]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/working-with-rajinikanth-like-a-class-in-acting-says-vijay-sethupathi/article25762328.ece|title=Working with Rajini in 'Petta' was like a class in acting, says Vijay Sethupathi|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|work=The Hindu|date=17 December 2018|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606032742/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/working-with-rajinikanth-like-a-class-in-acting-says-vijay-sethupathi/article25762328.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2012–2013===
2012 marked a turning point in Sethupathi's career;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/B-list-actors-turn-safe-bets-for-K-town/articleshow/18604814.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-21/news-interviews/37221034_1_top-stars-films-producers |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=B-list actors turn safe bets for K-town |date=21 February 2013}}</ref> all his three releases were critical and commercial successes, resulting in a rise in his popularity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-signs-up-Rummy/articleshow/17610001.cms |title=Vijay Sethupathi signs up 'Rummy' |date=14 December 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054646/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-14/news-interviews/35819061_1_rummy-nkpk-vijay-sethupathy |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathy-hat-trick-hero-news-tamil-mmsllejhdaa.html |title=Vijay Sethupathy- Hat trick hero |website=[[Sify]] |date=18 December 2012 |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402143437/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathy-hat-trick-hero-news-tamil-mmsllejhdaa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was first seen in a negative role in ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' which featured [[M. Sasikumar]] in the lead role,<ref>{{cite news |author=N Venkateswaran |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil/movie-reviews/sundarapandiyan/movie-review/16478385.cms |title=Sundarapandian |date=16 September 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029215334/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-16/movie-reviews/33978006_1_sasikumar-movie-review-lakshmi-menon |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> and then played the lead roles in the directorial debuts of Karthik Subbaraj and [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]], the thriller film ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' and the comedy entertainer ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'', respectively. He enacted the role of Michael, a delivery boy in the former and a young man named Prem who sustains short-term memory loss two days before his marriage in the latter, with his performance in both films being praised by critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Pizza/movie-review/16901769.cms |title=Pizza movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer |work=The Times of India |date=21 October 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=19 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219062627/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Pizza/movie-review/16901769.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Malathi Rangarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/pizza-freshly-made/article4016292.ece |title=Pizza: Freshly made |work=The Hindu |date=20 October 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330161227/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/pizza-freshly-made/article4016292.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Malini Mannath from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' in her review of ''Pizza'' wrote: "Sethupathy, a delight to watch, carries the entire film on his shoulders. His voice perfectly modulated, he proves his versatility and acumen to handle any role. Michael's nightmarish experience, and his fear and horror when he's trapped in the mansion, is perfectly conveyed by the actor".<ref>{{cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1308545.ece |title='Pizza' (Tamil) |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 October 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407222928/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1308545.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> His performance in ''Pizza'' earned him his first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]. With regard to ''Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom'', ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewer M. Suganth cited that Sethupathi "continues his superb show from ''Pizza'' conveying Prem's peculiar condition with vacant stares and amusing pauses between his lines", further noting: "That he never makes the character's repetitive dialogues irritating is a proof of his terrific timing".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil/movie-reviews/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom/movie-review/17439774.cms |title=Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer |work=The Times of India |date=1 December 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=5 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205045032/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil/movie-reviews/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom/movie-review/17439774.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Pizza'' and ''Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom'' both competed at the 2013 Norway Tamil Film Festival,<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathis-films-go-to-Norway/articleshow/18163784.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034001/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-24/news-interviews/36526661_1_ramya-nambeesan-norway-films |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Vijay Sethupathi's films go to Norway |date=24 January 2013}}</ref> while Sethupathi won two awards, one for each film, at the [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] and the [[Big FM Tamil Entertainment Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20134312024339/6th-Edition-Edison-Awards---Popping-up-the-bottles-of-success.col |title=6th Edition Edison Awards – Popping up the bottles of success |publisher=ChennaiOnline |date=12 February 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015145338/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20134312024339/6th-Edition-Edison-Awards---Popping-up-the-bottles-of-success.col |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=55842_K+BalachanDer+awarded+Life+time+Achievement+award |title=> News > Company Briefs > K Balachander awarded Life time Achievement award |publisher=afaqs! |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=12 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112201055/http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=55842_K+BalachanDer+awarded+Life+time+Achievement+award |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the end of the year, film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] stated that Sethupathi had become "[...] sort of [an] indie-film star, the first ever in Tamil cinema".<ref>{{cite news |author=Baradwaj Rangan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bergman-who-hello-newage-directors/article4199713.ece |title=Bergman, who? Hello new-age directors! |work=The Hindu |date=14 December 2012 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411225717/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bergman-who-hello-newage-directors/article4199713.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, he was first seen in the crime comedy ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' that saw him playing the role of a forty-year-old kidnapper. The film opened to extremely positive reviews and became a huge box office success. Malini Mannath from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' in her review wrote: "It's laudable that the actor doesn't hesitate to take a role that has him playing a 40-year-old man, greying and with a paunch".<ref>{{cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Soodhu-Kavvum-Tamil/2013/05/04/article1573682.ece |title='Soodhu Kavvum' (Tamil) |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 May 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508004501/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Soodhu-Kavvum-Tamil/2013/05/04/article1573682.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''The Times of India'' reviewer N. Venkateswaran cited that "His knack of choosing good roles and working with new directors brimming with ideas will stand him in good stead, as also the work he puts in to portray each character. He put on weight and grew a beard to play Das, and the look fits him to a 'T'".<ref>{{cite news |author=N. Venkateswaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Soodhu-Kavvum/articleshow/19877225.cms |title=Woodhull Vacuum is a rage among audiences |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=27 May 2013 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214183018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-04/movie-reviews/39042824_1_nalan-kumarasamy-soodhu-kavvum-leo-john-paul |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> His next release was ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'', directed by Gokul. It was met with positive reviews by critics and Vijay Sethupathi's performance was highly praised. Haricharan Pudipeddi from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' in his review wrote: "Vijay Sethupathi has become a darling of the masses. Scene after scene, the audience hoots and cheers for him in unison."<ref>{{cite news | author=Haricharan Pudipeddi | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Idharkuthane-Aasaipattai-Balakumara--Entertainment-with-a-purpose/2013/10/02/article1815284.ece | title=Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara : Entertainment with a purpose | work=The New Indian Express | date=2 October 2013 | access-date=28 November 2014 | archive-date=22 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222211816/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Idharkuthane-Aasaipattai-Balakumara--Entertainment-with-a-purpose/2013/10/02/article1815284.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' reviewer S.Saraswathi cited that "His greatest strength lies in being able to counter the stereotypical image of heroes in commercial cinema today. In every film, we see him in a completely different avatar, and his latest film is no different. Vijay Sethupathi seems to have the knack of choosing the right role and script and he effortlessly slips into his character as Kumar."<ref>{{cite news |author=S. Saraswathi |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-idharkuthane-aasaipattai-balakumara-is-a-laugh-riot/20131003.htm |title=Review: Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara is a laugh riot |work=Rediff |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205101946/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-idharkuthane-aasaipattai-balakumara-is-a-laugh-riot/20131003.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2014–2015===

In 2014, his films ''[[Rummy (2013 film)|Rummy]]'' and ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' were released, both directed by debutants.<ref>{{cite news |author=Venkadesan S |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1347610.ece |title=Vijay Sethupathi on a roll! |work=The New Indian Express |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=29 November 2012 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405011023/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1347610.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'', based on its same-titled short film, revolved around an old man and his vintage car [[Premier Padmini]], with Sethupathi starring as its [[chauffeur]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijay-Sethupathi-wanted-Padmini/articleshow/18305233.cms |title=Vijay Sethupathi wanted Padmini! |date=2 February 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-02/news-interviews/36703305_1_vijay-sethupathi-vintage-car-film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> The film opened to predominantly positive reviews from critics and is the only Tamil film which has been selected to be screened at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala|19th International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/7-films-to-be-screened-at-indian-cinema-now-at-iffk/article6558111.ece|title=7 films to be screened at Indian Cinema Now at IFFK|work=The Hindu|date=2 November 2014|access-date=20 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129061544/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/7-films-to-be-screened-at-indian-cinema-now-at-iffk/article6558111.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year ''Akhaada'' resurfaced in the media as it was being dubbed into Tamil as ''Edakku'' by its makers, to profit from Sethupathi's popularity in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-was-the-villain/articleshow/37320866.cms|title=Vijay Sethupathi was the villain|work=The Times of India|date=27 June 2014|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701034327/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-was-the-villain/articleshow/37320866.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was being promoted as a Sethupathi film, with the actor being prominently featured in the posters, although he had only a minor role in it, and Sethupathi stated that the audience would feel cheated after seeing the film, if it was promoted this way.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-unhappy-with-cheap-publicity-tactics/articleshow/37324446.cms|title=Vijay Sethupathi unhappy with cheap publicity tactics|work=The Times of India|date=28 June 2014|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701152320/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-unhappy-with-cheap-publicity-tactics/articleshow/37324446.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was next seen in the action drama ''[[Vanmam]]'' directed by debutant Jaikrishna. Though the film was met with average reviews, Sethupathi's performance was praised by critics. Malini Mannath from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' in his review wrote : "It's Vijay Sethupathi's film the whole way. The actor renders a power packed performance, capturing each nuance of the character with precision and understanding".<ref>{{cite news|author=Malini Mannath|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/2014/11/23/Big-Treat-for-Fans-of-Sethupathi/article2536742.ece|title=Vanmam Movie Review : Big Treat for Fans of Sethupathi|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 November 2014|access-date=28 November 2014|archive-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222182558/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/2014/11/23/Big-Treat-for-Fans-of-Sethupathi/article2536742.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2015, he was first seen in the political thriller ''[[Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai]]'' directed by [[S. P. Jananathan]]. It was met with positive reviews by critics and Sethupathi's performance was highly praised. ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewer M. Suganth cited that "Vijay Sethupathi redeems everything with a sensitive performance.Balusamy might be the film's central character, but it is Yamalingam who is its beating heart."<ref>{{cite news|author=M. Suganth|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Purampokku-Engira-Podhuvudamai/movie-review/47301397.cms|title=Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai Movie Review|work=The Times of India|date=15 May 2015|access-date=19 May 2015|archive-date=19 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519020625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Purampokku-Engira-Podhuvudamai/movie-review/47301397.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' reviewer S.Saraswathi cited that "Vijay Sethupathi, as a tormented soul loath to pull the lever that will release the trapdoor and take a life, is perhaps the best."<ref>{{cite news|author=S. Saraswathi|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-purampokku-is-a-compelling-political-thriller-south/20150518.htm|title=Review: Purampokku... is a compelling political thriller|work=Rediff|date=18 May 2015|access-date=22 May 2015|archive-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522132827/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-purampokku-is-a-compelling-political-thriller-south/20150518.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2015, his first movie as producer ''[[Orange Mittai]]'' directed by [[Biju Viswanath]] got released and met with positive reviews by the critics and entertainment portals. He was next seen in the rom-com ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' directed by [[Vignesh Shivan]] which became his highest-grossing movie until date.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/02/naanum-rowdydhaan-review-bollywood-comedy-thriller-vignesh-shivan|title=Naanum Rowdydhaan review – crowdpleasing Bollywood comedy-thriller deserves its success|date=2 November 2015|website=The Guardian|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=31 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731224246/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/02/naanum-rowdydhaan-review-bollywood-comedy-thriller-vignesh-shivan|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2016–present===
[[File:Vijay Sethupathi at Dharmadurai Audio launch.jpg|thumb|Sethupathi in 2016]]
In 2016, he was first seen in the police action thriller ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' directed by S. U. Arunkumar. Sethupathi received praise for his performance. Vishal Menon of [[The Hindu]] said that it was a good thriller and a better family drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sethupathi-a-good-thriller-a-better-family-drama/article8258185.ece|title=Sethupathi: A good thriller, a better family drama|work=The Hindu|date=19 February 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310221523/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sethupathi-a-good-thriller-a-better-family-drama/article8258185.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] wrote that there were no loud over-the-top dialogues and punchlines that were typical of all on-screen cops in Tamil films and Vijay Sethupathi outshone many other Kollywood heroes as the cop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-sethupathi-review-vijay-sethupathi-outshines-many-other-heroes-in-kollywood-as-the-cop-2179674|title='Sethupathi' review: Vijay Sethupathi outshines many other Kollywood heroes as the cop|work=dna|date=19 February 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615160141/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-sethupathi-review-vijay-sethupathi-outshines-many-other-heroes-in-kollywood-as-the-cop-2179674|url-status=live}}</ref> Malini Mannath of [[The New Indian Express]] wrote that, "It is another feather in the cap for Vijay Sethupathi, who is revealing his versatility yet again as he handles his role with remarkable understanding."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sethupathi-Review-One-More-Feather-in-Sethupathis-Hat/2016/02/21/article3288404.ece|title=Sethupathi Review: One More Feather in Sethupathi's Hat|work=The New Indian Express|date=21 February 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055138/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sethupathi-Review-One-More-Feather-in-Sethupathis-Hat/2016/02/21/article3288404.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anupama Subramaniam of [[Deccan Chronicle]] wrote that, "Sethupathi's moves are full of energy and enthusiasm and his impeccable dialogue delivery is a treat to watch."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/200216/sethupathi-movie-review-a-well-made-entertainer-that-is-not-to-be-missed.html|title=Sethupathi movie review: A well-made entertainer that is not to be missed!|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=20 February 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091940/http://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/200216/sethupathi-movie-review-a-well-made-entertainer-that-is-not-to-be-missed.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was next seen in the romantic comedy ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' by [[Nalan Kumarasamy|Nalan Kumaraswamy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nalan-kumarasamy-in-a-chat-about-kadhalum-kadanthu-pogum/article8317862.ece|title='I am not Rajinikanth'|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 March 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011224243/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nalan-kumarasamy-in-a-chat-about-kadhalum-kadanthu-pogum/article8317862.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Iraivi]]'' followed by ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' by [[Seenu Ramasamy]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Iraivi-A-few-good-women/article14382586.ece|title=Iraivi: A few good women|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 June 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830155030/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Iraivi-A-few-good-women/article14382586.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rk-suresh-and-seenu-ramasamy-talk-about-4-years-of-dharmadurai/articleshow/77500273.cms|title=RK Suresh and Seenu Ramasamy talk about 4 years of Dharmadurai|website=The Times of India|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011224246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rk-suresh-and-seenu-ramasamy-talk-about-4-years-of-dharmadurai/articleshow/77500273.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' and ''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Aandavan-Kattalai-My-dear-visa/article14995497.ece|title=Aandavan Kattalai: My dear visa|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221215058/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Aandavan-Kattalai-My-dear-visa/article14995497.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Rekka-Men-are-from-mass/article15474495.ece|title=Rekka: Men are from mass|first=Vishal|last=Menon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 October 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630202345/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Rekka-Men-are-from-mass/article15474495.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Subha J. Rao|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vijay-sethupathi-looks-dont-matter-roles-do/article7264170.ece|title=Looks don't matter, roles do|work=The Hindu|date=30 May 2015|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913144607/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vijay-sethupathi-looks-dont-matter-roles-do/article7264170.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He was nicknamed Makkal Selvan ({{Literal translation}} people's man) by [[Seenu Ramasamy]]<ref>[http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vijay-sethupathi-is-now-called-makkal-selvan/ Vijay Sethupathi is now called Makkal Selvan!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226173001/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vijay-sethupathi-is-now-called-makkal-selvan/ |date=26 December 2017 }}. Bollywoodlife.com (22 February 2016). Retrieved on 10 January 2018.</ref> while filming Dharma Durai, and has been popularly known by that since.<ref>Subramanian, Anupama (21 February 2016) [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210216/vijay-the-makkal-selvan.html Vijay the ‘Makkal Selvan’] . ''Deccan Chronicle''. Retrieved on 10 January 2018.</ref> His next release was the long delayed mystery-thriller ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]''. Then, he appeared in the rural drama ''[[Karuppan]]'' directed by [[R. Panneerselvam]]. In 2017, he appeared in the neo-noir action thriller film ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' in the lead role alongside [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], which earned him his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vikram-vedha-movie-review-dont-miss-this-thriller-starring-madhavan-vijay-sethupathi-4760948/|title=Vikram Vedha movie review: Don't miss this thriller starring Madhavan, Vijay Sethupathi|date=21 July 2017|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904144256/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vikram-vedha-movie-review-dont-miss-this-thriller-starring-madhavan-vijay-sethupathi-4760948/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, his first release was ''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]'' directed by Arumugakumar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oru-nalla-naal-paathu-solren-review-almost-funny/article22636276.ece|title='Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren' review: Almost funny|first=Vishal|last=Menon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 February 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413201807/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oru-nalla-naal-paathu-solren-review-almost-funny/article22636276.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Then, he acted in the action comedy ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'' which was directed by [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]] and was produced by Sethupathi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/junga/movie-review/65156154.cms|title=Junga Movie Review {3.5/5}: Junga is fully worth your time and money|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> He then appeared in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s multi-starrer ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/290918/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-cvv-mani-ratnam-tamil-aravind-swami-simbu-seth.html|title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam review: Mani Ratnam's drama will leave you spellbound|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=29 September 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630163801/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/290918/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-cvv-mani-ratnam-tamil-aravind-swami-simbu-seth.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He then starred in C. Prem Kumar's romantic drama ''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]'' alongside [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] which released a week after the release of ''Chekka Chivantha Vaanam''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/96-movie-review-a-highly-satisfying-story-of-unfulfilled-romance-1899495.html|title=96 Movie Review: Heartwarming tale of Vijay Sethupathi, Trisha's Unfulfilled Romance|website=News18|date=6 October 2018|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827082255/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/96-movie-review-a-highly-satisfying-story-of-unfulfilled-romance-1899495.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''<nowiki/>'96'' earned him his second Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil. He then acted in the [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]-directorial ''[[Seethakaathi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathy-s-seethakathy-look-proves-actors-versatility-once-again-74812|title=Vijay Sethupathy's 'Seethakaathi' look proves the actor's versatility once again|date=16 January 2018|website=The News Minute|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720182930/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathy-s-seethakathy-look-proves-actors-versatility-once-again-74812|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]'s ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' and has acted in a negative role in [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' alongside [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/28/movies/super-deluxe-review.html|title='Super Deluxe' Review: A Tamil Film, With a Cosmic Indie Vibe|first=Rachel|last=Saltz|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 March 2019|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=5 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905120820/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/28/movies/super-deluxe-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/petta-review-a-real-rajinikanth-feast/article25957242.ece|title='Petta' review: A real Rajinikanth feast|first=Srinivasa|last=Ramanujam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 January 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225030825/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/petta-review-a-real-rajinikanth-feast/article25957242.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> During the second half of 2019, he made his Malayalam and Telugu debuts with ''[[Maarconi Mathaai]]'' and ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'', respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/apr/16/im-playing-myself-in-jayarams-marconi-mathai-vijay-sethupathi-11070.html|title=I'm playing myself in Jayaram's Marconi Mathai: Vijay Sethupathi|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=16 April 2019 |access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011224250/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/apr/16/im-playing-myself-in-jayarams-marconi-mathai-vijay-sethupathi-11070.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/121218/vijay-sethupathis-looks-from-sye-raa-leaked.html|title=Vijay Sethupathi's looks from 'Sye Raa' leaked|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=12 December 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609165156/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/121218/vijay-sethupathis-looks-from-sye-raa-leaked.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, ''[[Film Companion]]'' ranked Sethupathi's performance in ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' and ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' among the ''100 Greatest Performances of the Decade''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html|title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade|website=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade|language=en|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His performance in the latter won him the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. In 2020, he starred in ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'' starring [[Aishwarya Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-aishwarya-rajesh-6669256/|title=Ka Pae Ranasingam review: Aishwarya Rajesh shines in this biting political drama|date=3 October 2020|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005110646/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-aishwarya-rajesh-6669256/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2020, it was announced that Sethupathi would play the lead role of Sri Lankan cricketer [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] in the biopic titled ''800''. Sethupathi later announced that he was opting out of the film on Muralitharan's request after political controversy regarding the role.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Actor Vijay Sethupathi opts out of Muthiah Muralitharan's biopic '800' on cricketer's request|url=https://scroll.in/latest/976203/actor-vijay-sethupathi-opts-out-of-muthiah-muralitharans-biopic-800-on-cricketers-request|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=19 October 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107164716/https://scroll.in/latest/976203/actor-vijay-sethupathi-opts-out-of-muthiah-muralitharans-biopic-800-on-cricketers-request|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Sethupathi appeared in [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]'s film ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' alongside [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]. He then appeared in the Telugu film ''[[Uppena]]'', which was written and directed by Bucchi Babu Sana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2021|title=Uppena movie trailer: Vijay Sethupathi turns evil again|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/uppena-trailer-vijay-sethupathi-turns-evil-again-7174639/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205020718/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/uppena-trailer-vijay-sethupathi-turns-evil-again-7174639/|url-status=live}}</ref> After ''Uppena'', Sethupathi appeared in three films in the month of September in 2021, ''[[Laabam]]'', ''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]'' and ''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/three-releases-for-vijay-sethupathi-in-september-news-tamil-vi4il4haaaeij.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830081530/https://www.sify.com/movies/three-releases-for-vijay-sethupathi-in-september-news-tamil-vi4il4haaaeij.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2021|title=Three releases for Vijay Sethupathi in September!|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He appeared in ''[[Mughizh]]'' in which his daughter makes her debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-vijay-sethupathi-shares-trailer-daughter-sreeja-s-debut-mugizh-140698|title=Watch: Vijay Sethupathi shares trailer of daughter Sreeja's debut in 'Mugizh'|date=2 January 2021|website=The News Minute|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518154411/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-vijay-sethupathi-shares-trailer-daughter-sreeja-s-debut-mugizh-140698|url-status=live}}</ref> Sethupathi also starred in [[Vetrimaaran]]'s Tamil film ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vetri-maarans-next-film-with-soori-and-vijay-sethupathi-titled-viduthalai/article34382933.ece|title=Vetri Maaran's next film with Soori and Vijay Sethupathi titled 'Viduthalai'|date=22 April 2021|website=The Hindu|access-date=22 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428013605/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vetri-maarans-next-film-with-soori-and-vijay-sethupathi-titled-viduthalai/article34382933.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of October 2021 he is the host of [[MasterChef India – Tamil]], which started on 7 August 2021 on [[Sun TV Network]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-set-to-host-masterchef-tamil/articleshow/82732522.cms|title=Vijay Sethupathi set to host MasterChef Tamil|website=The Times of India|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020083404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-set-to-host-masterchef-tamil/articleshow/82732522.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, Vijay Sethupathi appeared in the drama film ''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]'' directed by [[M. Manikandan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Sethupathi's screen presence in 'Kadaisi Vivasayi' revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-screen-presence-in-kadaisi-vivasayi-revealed/articleshow/88048061.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102234410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-screen-presence-in-kadaisi-vivasayi-revealed/articleshow/88048061.cms |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Following, the romantic comedy [[Vignesh Shivan]]'s ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' with [[Nayanthara]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/movie-review/91139509.cms | title=Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal Movie Review : This romcom with a dream combo manages to entertain only in parts | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=1 January 2023 | archive-date=28 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428160042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/movie-review/91139509.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> After ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'', Vijay Sethupathi again got a villain role in [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] directorial ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' starring [[Kamal Haasan]] in the lead role. Vijay Sethupathi played a drug dealer.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sundarapandian-to-vikram-times-when-vijay-sethupathi-played-antagonist-on-screen/photostory/92830698.cms | title='Sundarapandian' to 'Vikram': Times when Vijay Sethupathi played antagonist on screen | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=1 January 2023 | archive-date=1 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101175243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sundarapandian-to-vikram-times-when-vijay-sethupathi-played-antagonist-on-screen/photostory/92830698.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> ''Vikram'' broke several box office records and officially became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest grossing films in Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kamal-haasan-vijay-sethupathi-and-fahadh-faasil-s-vikram-release-ott-165395 | title=Kamal Haasan, Vijay Sethupathi and Fahadh Faasil's Vikram to release on OTT | date=29 June 2022 | access-date=1 January 2023 | archive-date=1 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101174331/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kamal-haasan-vijay-sethupathi-and-fahadh-faasil-s-vikram-release-ott-165395 | url-status=live }}</ref> Vijay Sethupathi and his mentor [[Seenu Ramasamy]] worked together for the fourth time on the family emotion-packed ''[[Maamanithan (film)|Maamanithan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Maamanithan' shooting wrapped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-shooting-wrapped/articleshow/67954950.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602224031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-maamanithan-shooting-wrapped/articleshow/67954950.cms |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Vijay Sethupathi acted in Malayalam movie ''[[19(1)(a)]]'' starring with [[Nithya Menen]] and was released by streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/19-1-a-teaser-vijay-sethupathi-and-nithya-menen-star-in-this-quietly-intriguing-film-about-freedom-of-speech-video-8039710/ | title=19(1)(a) teaser: Vijay Sethupathi and Nithya Menen star in this quietly intriguing film about freedom of speech | date=19 July 2022 | access-date=1 January 2023 | archive-date=1 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101174329/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/19-1-a-teaser-vijay-sethupathi-and-nithya-menen-star-in-this-quietly-intriguing-film-about-freedom-of-speech-video-8039710/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In December, his action comedy ''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]'' was released to negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dsp-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-8302392/ | title=DSP movie review: Vijay Sethupathi's latest is as generic as it can get | date=2 December 2022 | access-date=1 January 2023 | archive-date=9 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209230731/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dsp-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-8302392/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Vijay Sethupathi appeared in ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Nayanthara]] in the lead role. Sethupathi played as an arms dealer, which was significantly praised by critics and the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-attends-the-jawan-screening-with-atlee-and-vignesh-shivan-in-mumbai/articleshow/103497994.cms|title=Nayanthara attends the 'Jawan' screening with Atlee and Vignesh Shivan in Mumbai|date=8 September 2023|website=The Times of India|quote=Vijay Sethupathi has also been critically acclaimed for playing the role of the antagonist}}</ref> Vijay Sethupathi joined hands with director [[Kishor Pandurang Belekar]] for a silent film titled ''[[Gandhi Talks]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-gives-an-update-on-his-long-awaited-gandhi-talks-on-gandhi-jayanti/articleshow/113873741.cms|title = Vijay Sethupathi gives an update on his long-awaited 'Gandhi Talks' on Gandhi Jayanti | work=The Times of India | date=2 October 2024 }}</ref> The next, was the Hindi and Tamil bilingual film, ''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]'' (2024) directed by [[Sriram Raghavan]]. Starring the charismatic duo of [[Katrina Kaif]] and Vijay Sethupathi, the film failed to charm audiences at the box office despite its star power and critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/box-office-bust-merry-christmas-to-premiere-on-netflix-in-march-883052|title = Vijay Sethupathi's Merry Christmas OTT Release Date Confirmed | date=23 February 2024 }}</ref> Then, Vijay Sethupathi has hit a majestic milestone with his fiftieth film ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]'' (2024). The film, featuring a gripping narrative about a barber's quest, was a critical and commercial success internationally, especially in [[China]]. Sethupathi described it as a comeback after challenging years, underscoring its personal significance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-career-low-to-global-triumph-vijay-sethupathi-opens-up-about-maharajas-unforgettable-success/articleshow/119071570.cms|title = From career low to global triumph: Vijay Sethupathi opens up about Maharaja's unforgettable success | work=The Times of India | date=16 March 2025 }}</ref> Followed by the film, ''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]'' (2024), with the [[Viduthalai Part 1|Part 1]], was screened at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/viduthalai-part-2-ott-release-vijay-sethupathi-vetri-maaran-stmp-2666892-2025-01-19|title = Viduthalai Part 2 OTT release: When and where to watch Vijay Sethupathi's film | date=19 January 2025 }}</ref> In 2025, ''[[Ace (film)|Ace]]'' and ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' were released.<ref>{{Cite web| last1=Chandar | first1=Bhuvanesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ace-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-yogi-babu-rukmini-vasanth/article69609839.ece|title = 'Ace' movie review: Vijay Sethupathi, Yogi Babu cannot save this middling comedy-thriller | work=The Hindu | date=23 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-07-25 |title='Thalaivan Thalaivii' movie review: Vijay Sethupathi, Nithya Menen anchor Pandiraaj's hilarious but problematic entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaivan-thalaivii-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-nithya-menen-anchor-pandiraajs-hilarious-but-problematic-entertainer/article69854756.ece |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
In 2014, Chennai Mayopathy Institute of Muscular Dystrophy and Research Center organized a rally on 3 August at [[Marina Beach]] to raise awareness on Muscular Dystrophy. Sethupathi has taken part in the rally along with actresses [[Gayathrie]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glofocus.com/vijay-sethupathi-gayathri-and-varalaxmi-at-mayo-rally-for-muscular-dystrophy-awareness|title=Vijay Sethupathi, Gayathri and Varalakshmi at Mayo Rally for Muscular Dystrophy Awareness|work=Glofocus|date=4 August 2014|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=23 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123090623/http://www.glofocus.com/vijay-sethupathi-gayathri-and-varalaxmi-at-mayo-rally-for-muscular-dystrophy-awareness|url-status=live}}</ref> Sethupathi met Chief minister of Tamil Nadu M.K Stalin on 15 June 2021 and donated ₹25 lakhs as part of the Corona relief fund.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Tamil |first1=Hindu |title=முதல்வர் ஸ்டாலினுடன் விஜய் சேதுபதி சந்திப்பு: கரோனா நிவாரண நிதி வழங்கினார்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/682291-vijay-sethupathi-met-tamilnadu-cm-to-handover-corona-relief-fund.html|access-date=16 June 2021|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|date=15 June 2021 |language=ta|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195609/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/682291-vijay-sethupathi-met-tamilnadu-cm-to-handover-corona-relief-fund.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sethupathi has three siblings, one elder brother, one younger brother and one younger sister.<ref name="thehindu4"/> He returned from Dubai in 2003 to marry his girlfriend, Jessie, whom he had met and dated online.<ref name="thehindu4"/> They have two children.<ref>{{cite news |author=Subha J. Rao |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hits-no-misses/article4794800.ece |title=Hits, no misses |work=The Hindu |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=13 July 2013 |archive-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712105410/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hits-no-misses/article4794800.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Public image ==
Sethupathi's performance in ''Aandavan Kattalai'' and ''Super Deluxe'' is regarded as one of the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> He was named the "Top Tamil Actor", by ''[[Rediff.com]]'' in 2013, 2016 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-performances-by-tamil-actors-in-2013-south/20131231.htm |access-date=25 November 2021 |title=Top Performances by Tamil Actors in 2013 |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/the-top-5-tamil-actors/20160107.htm |access-date=23 September 2022 |title=The TOP 5 Tamil Actors |work=Rediff.com |date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-top-five-tamil-actors/20170104.htm |access-date=23 September 2022 |title=Meet the TOP FIVE Tamil actors |work=Rediff.com |date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

In 2020, Vijay Sethupathi was set to portray the role of&nbsp;Sri Lankan&nbsp;cricketer&nbsp;[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]&nbsp;in a biopic titled ''[[800 (film)|800]]''. The controversy surrounding Vijay Sethupathi's role in a biopic about Muttiah Muralitharan stemmed from the cricketer's support for the [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Government]] and his political statements. Muralitharan, of Tamil descent, played cricket during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Eelam War]], leading to debates within the Tamil community. Supporters of the film argued for recognizing Muralitharan's cricketing achievements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=Movies {{!}} Sections {{!}} |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US}}</ref> The role eventually went to [[Madhur Mittal]].

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Vijay Sethupathi filmography}}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ Vijay Sethupathi discography
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
!Songs
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Orange Mittai]]''
|"Orae Oru Oorla", "Straight Ah Poyee"
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="OMNews18" /> <ref name="VJSHindu"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Hello Naan Pei Pesuren]]''
|"Majja Malcha"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2 April 2016 |title=Hello Naan Pei Pesuren movie review: Bhaskar's sole intention is to make us laugh |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/020416/hello-naan-pei-pesuren-movie-review-bhaskar-s-sole-intention-is-to-make-us-laugh.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616095234/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/020416/hello-naan-pei-pesuren-movie-review-bhaskar-s-sole-intention-is-to-make-us-laugh.html |archive-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Hello Naan Pei Pesuren |url=https://gaana.com/album/hello-naan-pei-pesuren |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616094816/https://gaana.com/album/hello-naan-pei-pesuren |archive-date=16 June 2018 |access-date=16 June 2018 |publisher=[[Gaana.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Atti (film)|Atti]]''
|"Atti Atti"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/song/atti-atti |title=Listen to Atti Atti Song by Vijay Sethupathi on Gaana.com |via=gaana.com|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115205715/https://gaana.com/song/atti-atti|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" |''Peipasi''
|"Naan Appatakkar"
|Unreleased film
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Sethupathi sings for Yuvan Shankar Raja in 'Pei Pasi' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-singa-for-yuvan-shankar-raja-in-pei-pasi-1179962-2018-03-01 |access-date=2024-08-03 |work=India Today |date=2018-03-01 |archive-date=2025-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211070440/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-singa-for-yuvan-shankar-raja-in-pei-pasi-1179962-2018-03-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]''
|"Yei Kadavule"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=December 5, 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi croons a Siddhar song in chaste Tamil |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/051218/vijay-sethupathi-croons-a-siddhar-song-in-chaste-tamil.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221183440/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/051218/vijay-sethupathi-croons-a-siddhar-song-in-chaste-tamil.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dear Comrade]]''
|"Comrade Anthem"
| Tamil dubbed version
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=July 23, 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Dear Comrade' Tamil Anthem Song Trends |url=https://silverscreen.in/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-dear-comrade-tamil-anthem-song-trends/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320210130/https://silverscreen.in/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-dear-comrade-tamil-anthem-song-trends/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Devarattam]]''
|"Madurai Palapalakkuthu"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-actors-who-turned-singers-in-the-last-decade/photostory/82069839.cms |title=Tamil actors who turned singers in the last decade |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 April 2021|access-date = 13 September 2021|archive-date = 14 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210914042312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-actors-who-turned-singers-in-the-last-decade/photostory/82069839.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Andhagan]]''
|"The Andhagan Anthem"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/33514/andhagan-vijay-sethupathi-anirudh-sing-for-actor-prashanth | title=Andhagan: Vijay Sethupathi, Anirudh sing for actor Prashanth! | website=MovieCrow }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Accolades==
{{Infobox actor awards
| wins =
| nominations =
| award1 = [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| award1W = 2
| award1N = 2
| award2 = [[Vijay Awards]]
| award2W = 3
| award2N = 5
| award3 = [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]
| award3W = 1
| award3N = 3
| award4 = Tamil Nadu State Film Awards
| award4W = 2
| award4N = N/A
| award5 =
| award5W =
| award5N =
| award6 = [[Asiavision Awards]]
| award6W = 1
| award6N = 1
| award7 = [[National Film Awards]]
| award7W = 1
| award7N = N/A
| award8 = [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| award8W = 2
| award8N = 1
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |2012
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
| rowspan="1" |''[[Sundarapandian]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/|title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners|date=14 July 2017|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031172117/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Best Actor]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]''
|{{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/norway-tamil-film-festival-2013-news-tamil-ne3kOHdfabbsi.html|title=Norway Tamil Film Festival 2013|work=Sify|date=29 April 2013|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135207/http://www.sify.com/movies/norway-tamil-film-festival-2013-news-tamil-ne3kOHdfabbsi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Edison Awards (India)]]
| [[Edison Awards (India)|Best Male Rising Star]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iluvcinema.in/tamil/edison-awards-2013-tamil-winners-list/|title=Edison Awards for 2013 Tamil Winners List|work=ILuvCinema|date=18 February 2013|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615140629/http://www.iluvcinema.in/tamil/edison-awards-2013-tamil-winners-list/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[7th Vijay Awards]]
| [[7th Vijay Awards|Best Actor (Special Jury Award)]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2013/05/vijay-awards-2013-complete-winners-list.html|title=Vijay Awards 2013 Complete Winners List|work=KollyInsider|date=12 May 2013|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135418/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2013/05/vijay-awards-2013-complete-winners-list.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Vijay Awards|Best Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|[[SIIMA Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2013-winners-list-dhanush-pawan-kalyan-mohanlal-shivarajkumar-bag-awards-506092|title=SIIMA 2013 Winners List|work=ibtimes|date=15 September 2013|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106225027/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2013-winners-list-dhanush-pawan-kalyan-mohanlal-shivarajkumar-bag-awards-506092|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Big FM Tamil Entertainment Awards]]
| [[Big FM Tamil Entertainment Awards|BIG FM Most Entertaining Actor of the Year]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiannewsandtimes.com/2013/02/16/the-big-tamil-entertainment-awards-honors-artistic-achievement-technical-proficiency-and-overall-excellence/|title=The BIG Tamil Entertainment Awards|work=Indian News & Times|date=16 February 2013|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112201452/http://www.indiannewsandtimes.com/2013/02/16/the-big-tamil-entertainment-awards-honors-artistic-achievement-technical-proficiency-and-overall-excellence/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|[[The Times of India|Chennai Times Film Awards 2012]]
| [[The Times of India|Best Actor]]
| ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' & ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshow/20930588.cms|title=Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 nominations|work=The Times of India|date=6 July 2013|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929235637/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshow/20930588.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| rowspan="2" |[[8th Vijay Awards]]
|[[8th Vijay Awards|Best Actor (Special Jury Award)]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/8th-vijay-awards-2014-photos-153320-pg1.html|title=8th Vijay Awards (2014) Winners list|work=FilmiBeat|date=11 July 2014|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190620/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/8th-vijay-awards-2014-photos-153320-pg1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[8th Vijay Awards|Best Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2014
| rowspan="2" |[[SIIMA Awards]]
| ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2015
| ''[[Orange Mittai]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/norway-tamil-film-festival-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/57517666.cms|title=Norway Tamil Film Festival: Complete list of winners|work=[[Times of India]]|date=7 March 2017|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=4 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104234122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/norway-tamil-film-festival-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/57517666.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Villain - Male
| rowspan="3" |''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
| {{Won}}
|<ref name="timesnownews.com">[http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/vijay-nayanthara-bigg-boss-tamil-win-big-at-vikatan-awards-2018-heres-the-list-of-winners/187603 Vijay, Nayanthara, Bigg Boss Tamil win big at Vikatan Awards 2018 – here's the list of winners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111058/http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/vijay-nayanthara-bigg-boss-tamil-win-big-at-vikatan-awards-2018-heres-the-list-of-winners/187603 |date=15 June 2018 }}. timesnownews.com (11 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
| rowspan="3" | Best Actor
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actor]]
| {{Won}}
|
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2019
|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/super-deluxe-nominated-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2019/article28509116.ece | title='Super Deluxe' competes with the likes of 'Andhadhun' and 'Gully Boy' at Australian film festival | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 July 2019 | access-date=30 July 2022 | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730201916/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/super-deluxe-nominated-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2019/article28509116.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[67th National Film Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|8th South Indian International Movie Awards
| rowspan="3" |Best Actor
|rowspan="2"|''[['96 (film)|'96]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| rowspan="2" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|rowspan="1"|''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|rowspan="1"|''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2020
| rowspan="2" |Zee Cinema Awards - Tamil
|Best Actor
| rowspan="7" |''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|Favourite Hero
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|JFW Awards
|JFW Award - Special Mention
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Critics Choice Film Awards - Tamil
| rowspan="4" |Best Actor
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|Edison Awards
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|Norway Tamil Movie Awards
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Negative Role (Tamil)
| rowspan="1" |''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404#1|title=SIIMA 2022: Check full list of winners|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=19 September 2022|access-date=24 December 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922034205/https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404#1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]
| rowspan="1" |''[[Uppena]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":1"/>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2025
| rowspan="1" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Actor
| rowspan="1" |''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]'' & ''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/companies/ananda-vikatan-announces-2024-edition-of-vikatan-cinema-awards-9356601|title = Ananda Vikatan announces 2024 edition of Vikatan Cinema Awards}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Note==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=4043111}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|id=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/vijay_sethupathy}}
* [https://actorvijaysethupathi.com/ Official website]
{{Commons}}

{{National Film Award Best Supporting Actor}}
{{FilmfareTamilBestActor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethupathi, Vijay}}
[[Category:Vijay Sethupathi| ]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]

Samatata

2026-03-13T17:42:22Z

Ptamansamrat: Pg...

{{short description|Ancient geopolitical division and kingdom of Bengal}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = [[File:Gupta allahabad ss.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad t.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad tt.svg|12px]]
| conventional_long_name = Samataṭa
| common_name =
| era =
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = 4th century CE
| year_end = 13th century CE
| life_span =
| event_start =
| date_start =
| event_end =
| date_end =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event2 =
| date_event2 =
| event3 =
| date_event3 =
| event4 =
| date_event4 =
| event5 =
| date_event5 =
| event6 =
| date_event6 =
| event7 =
| date_event7 =
| event_pre =
| date_pre =
| event_post =
| date_post =
| p1 = Vanga Kingdom
| s1 = Gauda Kingdom
| s2 = Pala Empire
| s3 = Sena Dynasty
| s4 =
| image_coat = Bengal. Samatata. Coin of Vira Jadamarah imitative of Kushan coinage of Kanishka I. Circa 2nd-3rd century CE.jpg
| coa_size = 280px
| symbol_type = Samatata coinage of Vira Jadamarah, imitative of the [[Kushan coinage]] of [[Kanishka I]]. The text of the legend is a meaningless imitation, {{Circa}} 3rd century CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samatata coin |url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3412701&page=1&partId=1 |website=British Museum}}</ref>
| symbol_type_article =
| image_map = South Asia historical AD375 EN.svg
| image_map_caption = Samataṭa and erstwhile states of ancient India in 375 CE
| capital =
| common_languages = [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhan Prakrit]], [[Old Bengali]], [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]]
| currency =
| leader1 = [[Chandra dynasty]] (as vassals of [[Gupta Empire]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Noel F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXw9pgWvFxUC |title=Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0405-1 |language=en}}</ref>
| leader2 = [[Gauda Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Bindeshwari |url=https://archive.org/details/dynastic-history-of-magadha-cir.-450-1200-a.-d./page/136/mode/1up |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |year=1977 |pages=136}}</ref>
| leader3 = [[Khadga dynasty]] and [[Bhadra dynasty]]
| leader4 = [[Deva dynasty|First Deva dynasty]]<ref name=":0" />
| leader5 = [[Chandra dynasty]] (continued)
| leader6 = [[Varman Dynasty (Bengal)|Varman Dynasty]]
| leader7 = [[Sena dynasty]]
| leader8 = [[Deva dynasty|Second Deva dynasty]]
| year_leader1 = 3rd century-6th century
| year_leader2 = 6th century-7th century
| year_leader3 = 7th century-8th century
| year_leader4 = 8th century-9th century
| year_leader5 = 9th century-10th century
| year_leader6 = 10th century-11th century
| year_leader7 = 11th century-12th century
| year_leader8 = 12th century-13th century
| year_leader9 = 13th century-14th century
| title_leader = Recorded dynasties
| legislature =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_area1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Samataṭa''' ([[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad ss.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad t.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad tt.svg|12px]] ''sa-ma-ta-ṭa'') was an ancient geopolitical division of [[Bengal]] in the eastern [[Indian subcontinent]]. The [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] account of [[Sounagoura]] is linked to the kingdom of Samatata. Its territory corresponded to much of present-day eastern and southern [[Bangladesh]] (particularly [[Dhaka division]], [[Barisal division]], [[Sylhet Division]], [[Khulna Division]] and [[Chittagong Division]]) and the undivided [[24 Parganas]] district in southern [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onEeAAAAMAAJ|title=Historical Geography of Ancient and Early Mediaeval Bengal| author=Amitabha Bhattacharya|page=68|year=1877}}</ref> The area covers the trans-[[Meghna River|Meghna]] part of the [[Bengal delta]]. It was a center of [[Buddhist]] civilisation before the resurgence of Hinduism, and Muslim conquest in the region.

Archaeological evidence in the [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins]], particularly [[punch-marked coins]], indicate that Vanga-Samataṭa region was probably a province of the [[Mauryan Empire]]. The region attained a distinct Buddhist identity following the collapse of Mauryan rule. The [[Allahabad pillar]] inscriptions of the Indian emperor [[Samudragupta]] is the earliest reference of Samataṭa in which it is described as a [[tributary state]].

Samataṭa gained prominence as an important region of [[Bengal]] during the reigns of the [[Gauda Kingdom]], [[Khadga dynasty]], [[Waithali|First Deva dynasty]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Noel F. |title=Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing Corp |isbn=978-81-313-0405-1 |location=New Delhi |oclc=244247519}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite thesis |last=Sein |first=U. Aung Kyaw |date=May 2011 |title=Vesāli: Evidences of Early Historical City in Rakhine Region |url=https://www.academia.edu/28977977 |type=MA |publisher=University of Yangoon |access-date=}}</ref> [[Chandra dynasty]] and [[Varman Dynasty (Bengal)|Varman dynasty]] between the 6th and 11th centuries. During this period, the rulers of Samataṭa also reigned over parts of [[Arakan]], [[Tripura]] and [[Kamarupa]]. Chinese travellers provide an elaborate description of the region in the 7th century. According to [[Alexander Cunningham]], [[Jessore]] was the capital of Samatata.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Alexander Cunningham|Cunningham, Alexander]]|title=Ancient Geography of India|location=[[London]]|year=1871|pages=501–503|publisher=[[Trübner & Co.]]}}</ref> [[Xuanzang]] of China visited the region in 630s.

Records of the [[Sena dynasty]] include mention of Samataṭa as a haven for Sena kings who escaped the Muslim conquest of western Bengal during the 13th century. The area was eventually absorbed by the forces of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].

==Names==
Samataṭa has been described by various similar names, including ''Samatat''/''Samata''/''Saknat''/''Sankat''/''Sankanat''.In [[Sanskrit]], ''sama'' means equal and ''taṭa'' means coast or shore.

==Geography==
On the basis of the evidence provided by inscriptions, Chinese writings, and archaeological evidence, it can be deduced that Samatata covered the trans-Meghna territories. It included areas along the banks of the [[Meghna River]] and its tributaries; including the modern districts of [[Bengal]] region such as [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]], [[Maulvi Bazar District|Maulvi Bazar]], [[Habiganj]], [[Sunamganj]], [[Narsingdi District|Narsingdi]], [[Narayanganj District|Narayanganj]], [[Dhaka district|Dhaka]], [[Munshiganj District|Munshiganj]], [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]], [[Chandpur district|Chandpur]], [[Comilla District|Comilla]], [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Jessore district|Jessore]], [[Feni District|Feni]], [[Barisal district|Barisal]], [[Khulna district]], [[Lakshmipur District|Lakshmipur]], [[North 24 Parganas]] and [[South 24 Parganas]]. It included the Bangladeshi Channel Islands of [[Hatia Island|Hatia]] and [[Sandwip Island|Sandwip]]; as well as the islands of [[Bhola Island|Bhola]], [[Maheshkhali Island|Maheshkhali]], [[Kutubdia]] and [[St. Martin's Island|St. Martin's]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} It included parts of [[Tripura]] (in present-day [[Northeast India]]), Bangladesh's [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]] and [[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar]] districts; and northern [[Arakan]] (present-day [[Rakhine State]], [[Myanmar]]). Samatata's erstwhile neighbours included the geopolitical divisions of [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] (Southwest Bengal), [[Pundravardhana]] (North Bengal), and parts of [[Kamarupa]] (historical Assam).

==History==
{{South Asia in 350 CE||Location on the Samatatas and contemporary South Asian polities circa 350 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (d) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=live}}</ref>|{{Annotation|213|121|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|45px]]}}}}
The [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] geographer [[Ptolemy]] wrote about a trading post called ''Souanagoura'' in the eastern part of the [[Ganges-Brahmaputra delta]].<ref>"First, in his list of towns in transgangetic India Ptolemy mentions a place called Souanagoura which has been identified with modern Sonargaon" Excavation at Wari-Bateshwar: A Preliminary Study, Enamul Haque – 2001</ref> The archaeologist Sufi Mostafizur Rahman believes the riverside citadel in the Wari-Bateshwar ruins was the city-state of ''Sounagoura''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kamrul Hasan Khan, back from Wari-Bateswar |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/04/01/d70401012012.htm |title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 1008 |publisher=Archive.thedailystar.net |date=1 April 2007 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130143430/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/04/01/d70401012012.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Ptolemy, ''Sounagoura'' was located on the bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]] and was an "emporium", which is a term used by the [[Roman Empire]] to refer to a trading colony set up by Roman merchants. The Brahmaputra River flowed down from the Himalayas and to the east of Wari-Bateshwar before joining the Meghna River on its way to the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Ptolemy's account places ''Sounagoura'' near the old course of the Brahmaputra River. The Brahmaputra changed its course following an earthquake in 1783. Excavations in Wari-Bateshwar reveal an urban and monetary civilisation since the pre-Mauryan period.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/112-1311/letter-from/1406-wari-bateshwar-ptolemy-sounagoura-indo-pacific-beads#art_page2 |title=A Family's Passion – Archaeology Magazine |publisher=Archaeology.org |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124202749/https://www.archaeology.org/issues/112-1311/letter-from/1406-wari-bateshwar-ptolemy-sounagoura-indo-pacific-beads#art_page2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shahnaj Husne Jahan X close |title=Archaeology of Wari-Bateshwar |journal=Ancient Asia |volume=2 |pages=135 |doi=10.5334/aa.10210 |year=2010 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaeologist and historian [[Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti]] also considers Wari-Bateshwar to be a part of the trans-Meghna region.<ref name="Chakrabarti1997">{{cite book |author=Dilip K. Chakrabarti |title=Colonial Indology: sociopolitics of the ancient Indian past |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADZuAAAAMAAJ |date=1 June 1997 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-215-0750-9}}</ref><ref name="Chakrabarti1998">{{cite book |author=Dilip K. Chakrabarti |title=The issues in East Indian archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0804-9}}</ref> In a book edited by [[Patrick Olivelle]], Chakrabarti states "It appears that Wari-Bateshwar belongs to the Samatata tract. Till now this is the only early historic site reported from this tract, but the very fact that it existed as early as the mid-fifth century BCE in this part of Bangladesh shows the geographical unit of Samatata, although inscriptionally documented in the fourth century CE, has a much earlier antiquity which touches the [[Mahajanapada]] period. Secondly, on the basis of the fact that Wari-Bateshwar is a fortified settlement, we argue that in addition to its character as a manufacturing and trading center, it was also an administrative center and most likely to be the ancient capital of the Samatata region".<ref name="Olivelle2006">{{cite book |author=Patrick Olivelle |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA7 |date=13 July 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 |page=7}}</ref>

Soon after the death of emperor [[Ashoka]], the Mauryan Empire declined and the eastern part of Bengal became the state of Samatata.<ref name="PhillipsGritzner2007">{{cite book |author1=Douglas A. Phillips |author2=Charles F. Gritzner |title=Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-6NQOImIPMC&pg=PA32 |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0485-0 |page=32}}</ref> The rulers of the erstwhile state remain unknown. During the [[Gupta Empire]], the Indian emperor [[Samudragupta]] recorded Samatata as a "frontier kingdom" which paid an annual tribute. This was recorded by Samudragupta's inscription on the Allahabad pillar, which states the following in lines 22–23.

[[File:Samatata in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.jpg|thumb|The name "Samataṭa" ([[File:Gupta allahabad ss.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad t.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad tt.svg|12px]]) in later [[Brahmi script]], in the [[Allahabad Pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]] (350–375 CE).<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=6–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n213/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
{{blockquote|"Samudragupta, whose formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of Samataṭa, [[Ḍavāka]], [[Kamarupa|Kāmarūpa]], [[Nepala|Nēpāla]], and [[Kartṛipura]], and, by the [[Malavas|Mālavas]], [[Arjunayanas|Ārjunāyanas]], [[Yaudheyas|Yaudhēyas]], [[Mādrakas]], [[Abhiras|Ābhīras]], Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other nations"|Lines 22–23 of the [[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]] (r.c.350-375 CE).<ref name="archive.org"/>}}

[[File:Ratas Sridharanarata of the Samatata Circa AD 664-675.jpg|thumb|Coin of Ratas Sridharanarata of the Samatata dynasty, circa 664–675 CE.]]
Samatata's recorded independent dynasties are the [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]], [[Bhadra dynasty|Bhadra]],<ref name="Chakrabarti1991">{{cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Amita |title=History of Bengal, C. A.D. 550 to C. A.D. 750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_gfAAAAIAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=University of Burdwan |page=122}}</ref> [[Khadga dynasty|Khadga]], [[Deva dynasty|Deva]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Chandra dynasty|Chandra]] and [[Varman Dynasty (Bengal)|Varman]] dynasties. The Khadgas were originally from [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]] but later conquered Samatata. A Chinese account of the Khadga king Rajabhatta places the royal capital of Karmanta-vasaka (identified with Barakamata village in [[Comilla District|Comilla]]) in Samatata.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite Banglapedia |article=Samatata}}</ref> After the Khadgas, the Devas gained power and started ruling over the kingdom from their capital [[Devaparvata]] (identified with [[Kotbari]] area in [[Mainamati]] near [[Cumilla|Comilla City]]. The Devas were devout [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhists]] and constructed many temples, muras and vihara in Devaparvata including [[Shalban Vihara]], [[Ananda Vihara]], [[Bhoj Vihara]], [[Itakhola Mura]], [[Rupban Mura]] etc. They were succeeded by the Chandras, who were also an important Buddhist dynasty and ruled over Samatata, Vanga and [[Arakan]] (Burma). The Chandras were powerful enough to withstand the [[Pala Empire]] to the northwest.

Samatata was a flourishing center of Buddhism. As devout [[Buddhist Tantras|Tantric]] Buddhists, the Devas and the Chandras established their religious and administrative center in the archaeological site of [[Mainamati]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Chandra Dynasty, The}}</ref> The Chandras were also notable for [[seafaring]] networks. The ports of Samatata were linked to ports in present-day [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Vietnam]]. The Chandras may have played a role in the spread of [[Mahayana]] Buddhism in [[Southeast Asia]]. Bronze sculptures may have been imported by [[Java]] from Samatata. The [[Srivijaya Empire]]'s embassies to the Pala court may have passed through the ports of southeastern Bengal. [[Arab people|Arab]] accounts also note trade routes with [[Orissa]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. 10th century shipwrecks in Indonesia provide evidence of maritime contact with Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |year=2013 |title=Locating South Eastern Bengal in the Buddhist Network of Bay of Bengal (C. 7th Century CE–13th Century CE) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=74 |pages=148–153 |jstor=44158810}}</ref>

Samatata continued to play an important role in the history of the region until the 13th century. During the Muslim conquest of Bengal, Samatata served as the last refuge of the Sena kings.<ref name="banglapedia1"/> Its decline coincided with the [[decline of Buddhism in India]].

==Silk Road and Chinese accounts==
[[File:Pillar of temple at Shalban Bihar.jpg|thumb|Ruins of a pillar and building in Mainamati]]
[[File:Shalvan Vihara, Mainamati 10 September 2016 32.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Shalban monastery]]
{{History of Bengal}}
The Chinese pilgrim and traveller Xuanzang, who made his way across the [[Silk Road]] from northern China into the subcontinent through present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh; visited Samatata at the end of his journey in ancient India. He called the kingdom ''San-mo-ta-ch'a''. Xuanzang found 30 Buddhist monasteries with 2000 monks in Samatata. Xuanzang also provided descriptions of the regions' geography, including the harbour of [[Chittagong]] and nearby Burmese kingdoms. A later Chinese traveller [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] observed that there were 4000 Buddhist monks and nuns in Samatata.<ref name="Joshi1977">{{cite book |author=Lal Mani Joshi |title=Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-epU7NHNCOQC&pg=PA35 |year=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0281-0 |page=35 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928041739/https://books.google.com/books?id=-epU7NHNCOQC&pg=PA35 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Xuanzang1906">{{cite book |author=Xuanzang |title=Si-yu-ki: Ta-T'ang-si-yu-ki. Books 6-12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wr4iMgvgaTQC |year=1906 |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Chinese Accounts}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Hiuen-Tsang}}</ref>

==Epigraphy and archaeology==

===Epigraphs===
*[[Allahabad pillar]] inscription of the Gupta dynasty (4th century)
*Copperplate of Shridharana Rata
*Khadga copperplates
*Chandra copperplates
*Mehar copperplate of Damodaradeva

===Associated archaeological sites===
*[[Wari-Bateshwar ruins]]
*[[Mainamati]]
*[[Waithali]]

==See also==
*[[Indo-Roman trade]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|23.5|91.0|region:BD_type:country|display=title}}

[[Category:Ancient divisions in Bengal]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Comilla District]]

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

2026-03-11T20:25:29Z

Ptamansamrat: fixes

{{short description|Indian crude oil and natural gas producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
| logo = ONGC Logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|ONGC}}|{{BSE|500312}}|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE213A01029}}
| industry = [[Energy industry|Energy]]: [[Oil and gas industry|Oil and gas]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|1956|8|14}}
| location = Deendayal Urja Bhawan, 5A-5B Nelson Mandela Road, [[Vasant Kunj]], [[Delhi]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Arun Kumar Singh {{small|(Chairman & CEO)}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Oil Ministry mulls proposal for new ONGC chairman, may extend higher age limit |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/oil-ministry-mulls-proposal-for-new-ongc-chairman-may-extend-higher-age-limit-11655657701122.html |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=mint |date=19 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705195705/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/oil-ministry-mulls-proposal-for-new-ongc-chairman-may-extend-higher-age-limit-11655657701122.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| products = {{ubl|[[Petroleum]]|[[Natural gas]]|[[LNG]]|[[Lubricant]]s|[[Petrochemical]]s| [[Electricity]]}}
| revenue = {{down}} {{INRConvert|6.24|t|lk=r}} (2025)<ref name=6-K>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/oilandnaturalgascorporation/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/ONG#ONG|title=ONGC Financial statements|website=moneycontrol.com|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415070630/https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/oilandnaturalgascorporation/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/ONG#ONG|url-status=live}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|768.6|b|lk=r}} (2024)<ref name=6-K/>
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|383.29|b|lk=r}} (2025)<ref name=6-K/>
| assets = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|7.1|t|lk=r}} (2024)<ref name=6-K/>
| equity = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|3.65|t|lk=r}} (2024)<ref name=6-K/>
| owner = 58.89% [[Government of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=|publisher=Oil and Natural Gas India|title=Shareholding pattern|url= https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/a52398aa-f384-4095-8b25-d73dab24a017/Shareholding+Distribution+As+31.03.2020.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-a52398aa-f384-4095-8b25-d73dab24a017-n8oycap|access-date=7 May 2025|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921223542/https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/a52398aa-f384-4095-8b25-d73dab24a017/Shareholding+Distribution+As+31.03.2020.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-a52398aa-f384-4095-8b25-d73dab24a017-n8oycap|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| num_employees = 25,847 (including 10,094 workers) (March 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/50731a2f-416a-4c07-ab51-3359757f7d22.pdf|title=ONGC Eng AR 2023-24 |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>
| divisions = *[[Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited]]
*[[ONGC Videsh]]
*[[ONGC Petro-Additions Limited]]
*[[ONGC Tripura Power Company]]
| subsid = *[[Hindustan Petroleum]]
*[[Imperial Energy Corporation]]
*[[Petronet LNG]]
*[[MRPL]]
*[[ONGC Green]]
| homepage = {{Official URL}}
}}

The '''Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited''' ('''ONGC''') is an Indian [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] which is the largest government-owned oil and gas explorer and producer in the country. It accounts for around 70 per cent of India's domestic production of [[petroleum|crude oil]] and around 84 per cent of [[natural gas]]. Headquartered in [[Delhi]], ONGC is under the [[ownership]] of the [[Government of India]] and administration of [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]. It was founded on 14 August 1956 by the Government of India. In November 2010, the Government of India conferred the ''[[Public sector undertakings in India|Maharatna]]'' status to ONGC.

In a survey by the Government of India for fiscal year 2019–20, it was ranked as the largest profit making [[Public sector undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]] (PSU) in India. It is ranked 5th among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies by [[Platts]].

ONGC is [[vertical integration|vertically integrated]] across the entire oil and gas industry. It is involved in exploring for and exploiting [[hydrocarbon]]s in 26 [[sedimentary basins]] of India, owns and operates over 11,000 [[Kilometre|kilometers]] of [[Pipelines in India|pipelines]] in the country and operates a total of around 230 drilling and workover rigs. Its international subsidiary ONGC Videsh currently has projects in 15 countries. ONGC has discovered 7 out of the 8 producing Indian Basins, adding over 7.15 billion [[tonne]]s of In-place Oil & Gas volume of hydrocarbons in Indian basins. Against a global decline of production from matured fields, ONGC has maintained production from its brownfields like [[Mumbai High Field|Mumbai High]], with the help of aggressive investments in various IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) and EOR ([[Enhanced Oil Recovery]]) schemes. ONGC has many matured fields with a current recovery factor of 25–33%.<ref name="AR201213">{{cite web|url=http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/OngcHTML/Annual_Report_2012_13/Annual_Report_2012_13.pdf|title=Annual Report 2012-13|publisher=ONGC|date=29 May 2013|access-date=9 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109152410/http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/OngcHTML/Annual_Report_2012_13/Annual_Report_2012_13.pdf|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Its Reserve Replacement Ratio for between 2005 and 2013, has been more than one.<ref name="AR201213" />

During FY 2012–13, ONGC had to share the highest ever under-recovery of {{INRConvert|89.77|t|lk=r|mode=historical|year=2013}} (an increase of {{INRConvert|17.89|b|lk=r|mode=historical|year=2013}} over the previous financial year) towards the under-recoveries of Oil Marketing Companies ([[Indian Oil Corporation|IOC]], [[Bharat Petroleum|BPCL]] and [[Hindustan Petroleum|HPCL]]).<ref name="AR201213" />

On 1 November 2017, the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] approved ONGC for acquiring a majority 51.11% stake in [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL).<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2018 |title=ONGC buys government's 51.11% stake in HPCL for Rs 36,915 crore |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ongc-buys-govts-51-11-stake-in-hpcl-for-rs-36915-crore/articleshow/62582328.cms |access-date=15 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425182555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ongc-buys-govts-51-11-stake-in-hpcl-for-rs-36915-crore/articleshow/62582328.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 January 2018, ONGC completed the acquisition of 51.11% stake in HPCL.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2020 |title=ONGC: An acquisition thrust by govt way too costly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/ongc-an-acquisition-thrust-by-govt-way-too-costly-792336.html |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415071832/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/ongc-an-acquisition-thrust-by-govt-way-too-costly-792336.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==

===Foundation to 1956===
[[File:Pumpjack in Sivasagar.jpg|right|thumb|Pumpjack working in an oilfield of ONGC at Sivasagar, Assam]]
Before the independence of India in 1947, the [[Assam oil|Assam Oil Company]] in the north-eastern and [[Attock Oil Company]] in the north-western part of the [[Akhand Bharat|undivided India]] were the only oil-producing companies, with minimal exploration input. The major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to be unfit for the development of oil and gas resources.<ref name=History>{{cite web |url=http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/ongcindia/Home/Company/History/ |title=History |publisher=ONGC |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109195336/http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/ongcindia/Home/Company/History/ |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After independence, the Central Government of India realized the importance of [[Fossil fuel|oil and gas]] for rapid industrial development and its strategic role in defence. Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy Statement of 1948, the development of the petroleum industry in the country was considered to be of utmost necessity.<ref name=History/>

Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of hydrocarbon resources of India. In [[Assam]], the Assam Oil Company was producing oil at [[Digboi Refinery|Digboi]] (discovered in 1889) and Oil India Ltd. (a 50% joint venture between Government of India and Burmah Oil Company) was engaged in developing two newly discovered large fields [[Naharkatiya]] and [[Moran Town|Moraan]] in Assam. In [[West Bengal]], the Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project (a joint venture between [[Government of India|the Government of India]] and [[Standard Vacuum Oil Company]] of USA) was engaged in exploration work. The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore remained largely unexplored.<ref name=History/>

In 1955, the Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up towards the end of 1955, as a subordinate office under the then Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research. The department was constituted with a nucleus of geoscientists from the [[Geological Survey of India]].<ref name=History/>

A delegation under the leadership of the Minister of Natural Resources visited several European countries to study the status of the oil industry in those countries and to facilitate the training of Indian professionals for exploring potential oil and gas reserves. Experts from [[Romania]], the [[Soviet Union]], the [[United States]] and [[West Germany]] subsequently visited India and helped the government with their expertise. [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] experts later drew up a detailed plan for [[geological]] and [[geophysical]] surveys and drilling operations to be carried out in the 2nd [[Five-Year plans of India|Five Year Plan (1956–61)]].<ref name=History/>

In April 1956, the Government of India adopted the [[Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956|Industrial Policy Resolution]], which placed Mineral Oil Industry among the schedule 'A' industries, the future development of which was to be the sole and exclusive responsibility of the state.<ref name=History/>

Soon, after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it became apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with its limited financial and administrative powers as a subordinate office of the Government, to function efficiently. So in August 1956, the Directorate was raised to the status of a commission with enhanced powers, although it continued to be under the government. In October 1959, the commission was converted into a statutory body by an act of the Indian Parliament, which enhanced powers of the commission further. The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission subject to the provisions of the Act were "to plan, promote, organize and implement programs for development of Petroleum Resources and the production and sale of petroleum and petroleum products produced by it, and to perform such other functions as the Central Government may, from time to time, assign to it ". The act further outlined the activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its mandate.<ref name=History/>

===1961 to 2000===
[[File:ONGC Oil Platform.jpg|thumb|right|An ONGC platform at [[Bombay High]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]]]
Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the country's limited upstream sector into a large viable playing field, with its activities spread throughout India and significantly in overseas territories. In the inland areas, ONGC not only found new resources in Assam but also established new oil province in Cambay basin (Gujarat), while adding new petroliferous areas in the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt and East coast basins (both onshore and offshore).<ref name=History/>

In 1963, ONGC discovered oil and gas sites in [[Sivasagar district]] and established oilfields in Lakua, Gelekey, and Rudrasagar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Barbora |first1=Sanjay |last2=Phukan |first2=Sarat |date=5 April 2022 |title=Mines, plantations, and militarisation: Environmental conflicts in Tinsukia, Assam |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/25148486221089820 |journal=Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space |volume=6 |language=en |pages=222–239 |doi=10.1177/25148486221089820 |s2cid=248016289 |issn=2514-8486 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409145830/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/25148486221089820 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

ONGC went offshore in the early 1970s and discovered a giant oil field in the form of [[Bombay High]], now known as Mumbai High. This discovery, along with subsequent discoveries of huge oil and gas fields in Western offshore changed the oil scenario of the country. Subsequently, over 5 billion tonnes of hydrocarbons, which were present in the country, were discovered. The most important contribution of ONGC, however, is its self-reliance and development of core competence in E&P activities at a globally competitive level.<ref name="History" />

ONGC became a public listed company in February 1994,<ref name=":0" /> with 20% of its equity were sold to the public and eighty per cent retained by the Indian government. At the time, ONGC employed 48,000 people and had reserves and surpluses worth {{INRConvert|104.34|b|year=1994}}, in addition to its intangible assets. The corporation's net worth of {{INRConvert|107.77|b|mode=historical|year=1994}} was the largest of any Indian company.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In 1958 the then Chairman, Keshav Dev Malaviya, held a meeting with some geologists in the Mussoorie office of the Geology Directorate where he accepted the need for ONGC to go outside India too in order to enhance Indian owned capacity for oil production. The argument in support for this step, by LP Mathur and BS Negi, was that Indian demand for crude would go up at a faster rate than discoveries by ONGC in India.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Malaviya followed this up by making ONGC apply for exploration licences in the Persian Gulf. Iran gave ONGC four blocks and Malaviya visited Milan and Bartlesville, Oklahoma to request ENI and Phillips Petroleum to join as partners in the Iran venture. This resulted in the discovery of the Rostum oilfield in the early 'sixties, very soon after the discovery of Ankleshwar in Gujarat. This was the very first investment by the Indian public sector in foreign countries and oil from Rostum and Raksh was brought to Cochin where it was refined in a refinery built with technical assistance from Phillips.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

===2001 to present===
In 2003, ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), the division of ONGC concerned with its foreign assets, acquired [[Talisman Energy]]'s 25% stake in the Greater Nile Oil project.<ref name=GT-DEX-2003-CN-MP-I>{{cite news|title=Talisman pulls out of Sudan|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2835713.stm|publisher=BBC News|access-date=4 May 2012|agency=Associated Press|date=10 March 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112081754/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2835713.stm|archive-date=12 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, a commemorative coin set was issued to mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of ONGC, making it only the second Indian company ([[State Bank of India]] being the first) to have such a coin issued in its honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://numismaticscollections.blogspot.com/p/50-years-of-ongc.html |title=2006 - 50 Years of ONGC |publisher=Numismatics Collection |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://numismaticscollections.blogspot.com/p/commemorative-coins-index.html |title=Commemorative Coins Index |publisher=Numismatics Collection |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref>

In 2011, ONGC applied to purchase 2000 acres of land at [[Dahanu]] to process offshore gas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/mumbai/30138777_1_processing-plant-dahanu-gas-block|title=ONGC seeks 2K acres govt land at Dahanu|agency=[[Times News Network]]|last=Lewis|first=Clara|date=11 September 2011|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713023406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/mumbai/30138777_1_processing-plant-dahanu-gas-block|archive-date=13 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> ONGC Videsh, along with Statoil ASA ([[Norway]]) and Repsol SA ([[Spain]]), has been engaged in deep-water drilling off the northern coast of Cuba in 2012.<ref>Oil and Gas Journal 22 May 2012 [http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/05/repsol-declares-cuba-deepwater-wildcat-dry.html Repsol declares Cuba deepwater wildcat dry]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920030625/http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/05/repsol-declares-cuba-deepwater-wildcat-dry.html |date=20 September 2015 }}</ref> On 11 August 2012, ONGC announced that it had made a large oil discovery in the D1 oilfield off the west coast of India, which will help it to raise the output of the field from around 12,500 barrels per day (bpd) to a peak output of 60,000 bpd.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/ongc-makes-huge-oil-discovery-off-west-coast_57871.html|title= ONGC makes huge oil discovery off West coast|date= 12 August 2012|access-date= 12 August 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120817135250/http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/ongc-makes-huge-oil-discovery-off-west-coast_57871.html|archive-date= 17 August 2012|url-status= live}}</ref>

In January 2014, OVL and [[Oil India]] completed the acquisition of [[Videocon Group]]'s ten per cent stake in a Mozambican gas field for a total of $2.47 billion.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://www.oilreviewafrica.com/gas/gas/ovl-and-oil-complete-acquisition-of-mozambique-s-offshore-gas-field
| title = OVL and OIL complete acquisition of Mozambique's offshore gas field
| year = 2014
| publisher = Oil Review Africa
| location = [[Africa]]
| access-date = 13 January 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140113201207/http://www.oilreviewafrica.com/gas/gas/ovl-and-oil-complete-acquisition-of-mozambique-s-offshore-gas-field
| archive-date = 13 January 2014
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In June 2015, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) gave a {{INRConvert|27|b|mode=historical|year=2015}} offshore contract for the Bassein development project to [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T).<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://www.offshore-technology.com/news/newslt-secures-427m-offshore-contract-bassein-gas-field-project-ongc-4609028
| title = L&T secures $427m offshore contract for Bassein gas field project from ONGC
| year = 2015
| access-date = 27 June 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150626234507/http://www.offshore-technology.com/news/newslt-secures-427m-offshore-contract-bassein-gas-field-project-ongc-4609028
| archive-date = 26 June 2015
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In February 2016, the board of ONGC approved an investment of {{INRConvert|50.5|b|mode=historical|year=2016}} in [[Tripura]] for drilling of wells and creation of surface facilities to produce 5.1 million standard cubic feet per day gas from the state's fields.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ongc-board-approves-rs-5050cr-investment-in-tripura/article8261921.ece | title=ONGC board approves Rs. 5,050-cr investment in Tripura | work=The Hindu | date=20 February 2016 | agency=PTI | access-date=21 February 2016 | location=Agartala | archive-date=16 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916163917/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ongc-board-approves-rs-5050cr-investment-in-tripura/article8261921.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 July 2017, the Government of India approved the acquisition of [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation]] by ONGC.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/cabinet-allows-ongc-to-buy-out-govt-stake-in-refiner-hpcl/story-2oqzKRbSfScBDmCt3oiL2L.html| title=Cabinet allows ONGC to buy out govt stake in refiner HPCL| date=19 July 2017| access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>

According to reports, ONGC's oil production decreased from 20.80 million tonnes in the fiscal year 2018 to 16.88 million tonnes during the April–February period of the fiscal year 2022–23.<ref name=":1" />

In the year 2023, ONGC made an announcement stating its plans to invest a large sum of money in the exploration of deepwater and ultra-deepwater, despite the ongoing decrease in the company's production of oil and gas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ONGC shares as investors book profits after sharp gains |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/ongc-shares-as-investors-book-profits-after-sharp-gains-10399651.html |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Moneycontrol |date=12 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415070158/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/ongc-shares-as-investors-book-profits-after-sharp-gains-10399651.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2023, ONGC announced that it would start its oil production in the [[Krishna Godavari Basin]] by June<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Rituraj |date=5 May 2023 |title=ONGC to start oil production in KG basin by June |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/ongc-to-start-oil-production-in-kg-basin-by-june-11683304066806.html |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505185946/https://www.livemint.com/companies/ongc-to-start-oil-production-in-kg-basin-by-june-11683304066806.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and appointed Manish Patil as its director of human resources.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Saurav |date=5 May 2023 |title=ONGC appoints Manish Patil as director of human resources |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ongc-appoints-manish-patil-as-director-of-human-resources-11683303568014.html |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505180203/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ongc-appoints-manish-patil-as-director-of-human-resources-11683303568014.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Operations==
ONGC's operations include conventional exploration and production, refining and progressive development of alternative energy sources like coal-bed methane and shale gas.<ref name=CSR201112>{{cite web |url=http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/1e263a3b-25a9-4e2f-a960-5e057f99ab09/GRI3.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=1e263a3b-25a9-4e2f-a960-5e057f99ab09 |title=Corporate Sustainability Report 2011-12 |publisher=ONGC |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109205134/http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/1e263a3b-25a9-4e2f-a960-5e057f99ab09/GRI3.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=1e263a3b-25a9-4e2f-a960-5e057f99ab09 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The company's domestic operations are structured around 11 assets (predominantly oil and gas producing properties), 7 basins (exploratory properties), 2 plants (at [[Hazira Gas Processing Complex|Hazira]] and Uran) and services (for necessary inputs and support such as drilling, geo-physical, logging and well services).<ref name=CSR201112/>

===Subsidiaries===
ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) is the international arm of ONGC. It was rechristened on 15 June 1989. The primary business of ONGC Videsh is to prospect for oil and gas acreages outside India, including exploration, development and production of oil and gas. It currently has 38 projects across 17 countries. Its oil and gas production reached 8.87 MMT of O+oEG in 2010, up from 0.252 MMT of O+OEG in 2002/03. ONGC holds 100% stake in ONGC Videsh Limited.<ref name=AR201213/>

[[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL) is an Indian state-owned [[petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas]] company with its headquarters at [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]. It has about 25% market-share in India among public-sector companies (PSUs) and a strong marketing infrastructure. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation owns 51.11% shares in HPCL and others are distributed amongst financial institutes, public and other investors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustanpetroleum.com/documents/pdf/HPCL_Sustainability_report_2014.pdf |page=7 |date=2014 |access-date=13 May 2015 |title=Sustainability report 2013-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317142817/http://hindustanpetroleum.com/documents/pdf/HPCL_Sustainability_report_2014.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dpe.nic.in/publications/list_of_maharatna_navratna-and_miniratna |title=List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs | |access-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719123802/http://dpe.nic.in/publications/list_of_maharatna_navratna-and_miniratna |archive-date=19 July 2013}} Navratna</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ongc-buys-govts-entire-51-11-stake-in-hpcl-for-rs-36915-crore/articleshow/62729805.cms|title=ONGC buys govt's entire 51.11% stake in HPCL for Rs 36,915 crore|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=31 January 2018|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417193623/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ongc-buys-govts-entire-51-11-stake-in-hpcl-for-rs-36915-crore/articleshow/62729805.cms|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The company is ranked 367th on the ''[[Fortune Global 500]]'' list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://beta.fortune.com/global500/list/filtered?hqcountry=India | title=Fortune Global 500 list | work=CNN Money | access-date=22 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821170013/http://beta.fortune.com/global500/list/filtered?hqcountry=India | archive-date=21 August 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to ONGC acquiring majority stake in HPCL, the former was not in the list of ''Fortune Global 500'' while the latter HPCL was.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Presence of ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in [[Latin America]];<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=ET EnergyWorld |title=Indian energy company ONGC Videsh eyes oil, gas 'hot spots' in Africa, Latin America |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indian-energy-company-ongc-videsh-eyes-oil-gas-hot-spots-in-africa-latin-america/97762414 |date=9 February 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415071117/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indian-energy-company-ongc-videsh-eyes-oil-gas-hot-spots-in-africa-latin-america/97762414 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

* [[Brazil]] (Block BC-10, BM-SEAL-4, BM-BAR-1, BM-ES-42, BM-S-73 & S-74)
* [[Colombia]] (CPO-5 & Manasarovar Energy)
* [[Cuba]] (Block N-25, N-26, N-27, N-28, N-29 N-34, N-35 & N-36 Block)
* [[Venezuela]] (Block San Cristobal, Block Carabobo-1)

Presence of ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in CIS;{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

* [[Russia]] (Sakhalin‑1 – OVL 20% participating interest; retained stake after [[ExxonMobil]]’s 2022 exit and restructuring under [[Rosneft]]-led Sakhalin‑1 LLC; other onshore stakes include Vankorneft and Taas-Yuryakh joint ventures)<ref>{{cite web |title=ExxonMobil exits Sakhalin-1, OVL retains 20% |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/116188/ |website=Interfax |access-date=2026-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ONGC Videsh in Russia: Vankorneft and Taas-Yuryakh |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/oil-india-russia-investment-ongc-videsh-bharat-petro-resources-jsc-vankorneft-llc-taas-yuryakh-rosneft-11758204303661.html |website=Livemint |access-date=2026-03-11}}</ref>
* Kazakhstan (Satpayev Exploration Block)

Presence of ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in Southeast Asia;

* [[Vietnam]] (Block 06.1 – producing, operator [[Zarubezhneft]]; Block 128 – exploration, no commercial discovery with contract continuously renewed because of geopolitical rivalry with China)<ref>{{cite web |title=ONGC Videsh wins 16-year Vietnam extension |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/news/business/ongc-videsh-wins-16-year-vietnam-extension |website=India Infoline |access-date=2026-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ONGC Videsh seeks 3-yr extension for Vietnamese oil block |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/ongc-videsh-seeks-3-yr-extension-for-vietnamese-oil-block-in-s-china-sea-123081300148_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=2026-03-11}}</ref>
* [[Myanmar]] (Blocks A-1, A-3, AD-2, AD-3 & AD-9, Pipeline Project PipeCo-1, PipeCo-2) – OVL holds ~17% in producing gas Blocks A-1 and A-3 exporting via PipeCo-1 and PipeCo-2. Exploration blocks AD-2, AD-3, and AD-9 remain non-producing.<ref>{{cite web |title=ONGC Videsh Overseas Portfolio |url=https://ongcvidesh.com/assets/cis-far-east/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=ONGC Videsh |access-date=2026-03-11}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

Presence of ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in Africa;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ongcvidesh.com/assets/africa/ |title=Africa |date=31 August 2024 |website=ongcvidesh.com |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref>

* [[Libya]]: Block NC-189, 81–1, Contract Area 43
* [[Mozambique]]: Rovuma Area-1 Offshore
* [[South Sudan]]: GNOP/GNPOC/GPOC - Blocks 1, 2 and 4, SPOC - Block 5A, and Pipeline- Khartoum-Port project

Presence of ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in Middle East;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ongcvidesh.com/assets/middle-east/ |title=Middle East |date=31 August 2024 |website=ongcvidesh.com |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref>

* [[Iran]]: Block Farsi
* [[Iraq]]: Block-8 (renamed as Block-20)
* [[Syria]]: Al Furat Production Company (AFPC) and Block-24
* [[UAE]]: Lower Zakum Concession

Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited is an oil refinery at Mangalore. MRPL has a design capacity to process 15 million tonnes per annum and has 2 Hydrocrackers producing Premium Diesel (High Cetane). It also has 2 CCRs producing Unleaded Petrol of High Octane.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited (OMPL) is an Indian company promoted by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL). Both ONGC and MRPL hold respectively 49% and 51% stake in the company. OMPL is a Subsidiary Company of MRPL and also a PSU behalf of share pattern of OMPL. It was incorporated on 19 December 2006. The OMPL complex spans 442 acres of land in Mangalore Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The project cost was estimated at {{INRConvert|57.5|b}}. The complex is connected with MRPL Refinery, from where they feed to the complex is supplied. It is {{convert|14|km}} away from the New Mangalore Port and about {{convert|15|km}} from Mangalore International Airport.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

====ONGC sports====
ONGC has held many sport teams, such as [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[badminton]], [[basketball]], [[boxing]], [[chess]], [[cricket]], [[cue sports]], [[carrom]], [[field hockey]], [[Association football|football]], [[kabaddi]], [[Shooting sport|shooting]], [[table tennis]], [[tennis]], [[volleyball]] and [[wrestling]]. Its football team, [[ONGC F.C.]], once played in Indian [[I-League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

The basketball team, in particular, is known internationally since several of the players of [[India's national basketball team]] have played there. These players include [[Vishesh Bhriguvanshi]], [[Amritpal Singh (basketball)|Amritpal Singh]], [[Yadwinder Singh]], and others.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

===Joint ventures===
====ONGC Tripura Power Company====
[[ONGC Tripura Power Company]] (OTPC) is a joint venture which was formed in September 2008 between ONGC, Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited and the [[government of Tripura]]. It has developed a 726.6 MW CCGT thermal power generation project at Palatana in [[Tripura]] which supply electricity to the power deficit areas of the northeastern states of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=We are the largest Natural Oil and Gas Company to Work in India|url=https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/en/about-ongc/ongc-at-a-glance/corporate-profile/|access-date=25 February 2022|website=www.ongcindia.com|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305090110/https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/en/about-ongc/ongc-at-a-glance/corporate-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref> OTPC has 2 no 9FA machines supplied by [[General Electric|GE]] USA.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

====ONGC Petro Additions Limited====
ONGC Petro additions Limited (OPaL), a multi-billion joint venture company was incorporated in 2006, as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956, promoted by ONGC[[Gas Authority of India Limited]] (GAIL), and [[Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation]] (GSPC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaskarao |first=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzIIEAAAQBAJ&dq=ONGC+Petro+Additions+Dahej+Complex&pg=PA389 |title=Bulk Chemicals from Petroleum |publisher=Khanna Publishing House |isbn=978-93-86173-99-7 |pages=389 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309163737/https://books.google.com/books?id=zzIIEAAAQBAJ&dq=ONGC+Petro+Additions+Dahej+Complex&pg=PA389 |url-status=live }}</ref> ONGC owns 49.36% of shares in OPaL, while GAIL has 49.21% per cent and the remaining 1.43% per cent is held by GSPC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Nidhi |date=12 September 2019 |title=ONGC looks at buying out partners in OPaL |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/120919/ongc-looks-at-buying-out-partners-in-opal.html |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105144128/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/120919/ongc-looks-at-buying-out-partners-in-opal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

It's '''ONGC Petro Additions Dahej Complex''' at Dahej, Gujarat in PCPIR/SEZ began its operation after the inauguration by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Kalpana |date=28 March 2017 |title=ONGC to raise Rs1,671 crore for associate firm OPaL |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/8L77GXgc2JywBu5iEyXWBP/ONGC-to-raise-Rs1671-crore-for-associate-firm-OPaL.html |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101135944/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/8L77GXgc2JywBu5iEyXWBP/ONGC-to-raise-Rs1671-crore-for-associate-firm-OPaL.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi to inaugurate Rs 30,000 crore OPaL petrochemical project in March – ET EnergyWorld |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/modi-to-inaugurate-rs-30000-crore-opal-petrochemical-project-in-march/57395836 |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105145724/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/modi-to-inaugurate-rs-30000-crore-opal-petrochemical-project-in-march/57395836 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kala |first=Rishi Ranjan |date=2023-11-15 |title=ONGC to turnaround OPal by FY25; scout for strategic investor by FY27 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ongc-to-turnaround-opal-by-fy25-scout-for-strategic-investor-by-fy27/article67536845.ece |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=[[Business Line|The Hindu BusinessLine]] |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205132558/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ongc-to-turnaround-opal-by-fy25-scout-for-strategic-investor-by-fy27/article67536845.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The complex, covering 585 hectares (1,446 acres), was founded in 2006 through a collaboration involving the ONGC, [[Gas Authority of India Limited]] (GAIL), and [[Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation]] (GSPC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaskarao |first=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzIIEAAAQBAJ&dq=ONGC+Petro+Additions+Dahej+Complex&pg=PA389 |title=Bulk Chemicals from Petroleum |publisher=Khanna Publishing House |isbn=978-93-86173-99-7 |pages=389 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309163737/https://books.google.com/books?id=zzIIEAAAQBAJ&dq=ONGC+Petro+Additions+Dahej+Complex&pg=PA389 |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction commenced in 2008, and the complex was officially commissioned in 2017 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2021-10-22 |title=Petrochemicals complex profile: ONGC Petro additions Dahej Complex, India |url=https://www.offshore-technology.com/data-insights/ongc-petro-additions-dahej-complex-india/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Offshore Technology |language=en-US |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205132628/https://www.offshore-technology.com/data-insights/ongc-petro-additions-dahej-complex-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The project involved an investment of around {{INRConvert|300|b|mode=historical|year=2017}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRgwEAAAQBAJ&dq=ONGC+Petro+Additions+Dahej+Complex&pg=PA946 |title=Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering: Select Proceedings of RAME 2020 |last2=Pal |first2=Amit |last3=Kachhwaha |first3=Surendra Singh |last4=Jain |first4=Prashant Kumar |date=2021-05-25 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-9678-0 |pages=946 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309163737/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRgwEAAAQBAJ&dq=ONGC+Petro+Additions+Dahej+Complex&pg=PA946 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is part of India's first [[Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemicals Investment Region]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tere |first=Tushar |date=2017-02-03 |title=OPaL commissions Dahej petrochemical complex |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/opal-commissions-dahej-petrochemical-complex/articleshow/56942644.cms |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207101219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/opal-commissions-dahej-petrochemical-complex/articleshow/56942644.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2023, it has an annual production capacity of 1.5 million tons of polymers (1,100 KTPA [[Ethylene]], 400 KTPA [[Propylene]]), along with 0.5 million tons of various other petrochemical products using associated units like the pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation unit, butadiene extraction unit, and benzene extraction unit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-07 |title=ONGC to infuse Rs 15,000 cr in OPaL, edge out GAIL to take control of petchem firm |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ongc-to-infuse-rs-15000-cr-in-opal-edge-out-gail-to-take-control-of-petchem-firm/articleshow/103470035.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207100114/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ongc-to-infuse-rs-15000-cr-in-opal-edge-out-gail-to-take-control-of-petchem-firm/articleshow/103470035.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Training institutes ===
* [[Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management|Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management, Goa]]

==Products and services==
ONGC supplies crude oil, natural gas, and value-added products to major Indian oil and gas refining and marketing companies. Its primary products crude oil and natural gas are for the Indian market.<ref name=CSR201112/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Product-wise revenue breakup for FY 2016–17<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/5b191428-a821-4096-9511-d9173d0e0705/Q1_FY14_ONGC_OVL_MRPL.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |title=Financial Results: 2013–14 Q1- ONGC/OVL/MRPL |publisher=ONGC |date=August 2013 |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110125545/http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/5b191428-a821-4096-9511-d9173d0e0705/Q1_FY14_ONGC_OVL_MRPL.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Product !! Revenue ({{INR}} billion)
|-
| Crude oil|| 562.38
|-
| Gas|| 168.88
|-
| LPG|| {{0}}31.48
|-
| Naphtha|| {{0}}76.80
|-
| C2-C3|| {{0}}13.44
|-
| SKO|| {{0}}{{0}}3.69
|-
| Others|| {{0}}{{0}}1.59
|-
| Adjustments|| −32.74
|-
| Total|| 825.52
|}

==Listings and shareholding==
The equity shares of ONGC are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/oil-and-natural-gas-corporation-ltd/ongc/500312/ |title=ONGC LTD. |publisher=BSEindia.com |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109104353/http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/oil-and-natural-gas-corporation-ltd/ongc/500312/ |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[BSE SENSEX]] index,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |title=Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX |publisher=BSE India |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201094728/http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |archive-date=1 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=ONGC |title=NTPC Limited |publisher=NSE India |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109103531/http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=ONGC |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[S&P CNX Nifty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |title=Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv) |publisher=NSE India |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013143407/http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 31 March 2013, Government of India held around 69% equity shares in ONGC. Over 480,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 1.65% of its shares.<ref name=Shareholding>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/oilnaturalgascorporation/shareholding-pattern/ONG |title=Shareholding Pattern as on 31 March 2013 |publisher=MoneyControl.com |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109105519/http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/oilnaturalgascorporation/shareholding-pattern/ONG |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 7.75% shareholding.<ref name=AR201213/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shareholders (as on 31 March 2013)!! Shareholding<ref name=AR201213/>
|-
| Promoter – Government of India||68.94%
|-
| Government Companies||10.09%
|-
| Banks, Financial Inst. & Insurance companies||09.69%
|-
| Foreign Institutional Investors (FII)||06.27%
|-
| Private Corporate Bodies||01.83%
|-
| Individual shareholders||01.65%
|-
| Mutual Funds and UTI||01.13%
|-
| NRI/Employees||00.11%
|-
| Total||100.0%
|}

==Employees==
As of 31 March 2024, the company has 25,847 employees, out of which 2,043 are women (7.9%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ongcindia.com/documents/77751/2660534/ar2023-24.pdf|title=ONGC Annual report 2023-24|access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
* ONGC is the top employer in the energy sector in India, in the Randstad Awards 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/job-trends/38673303_1_employer-branding-randstad-india-attractive-employer |title=Microsoft most attractive employer in India: Survey |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109201548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/job-trends/38673303_1_employer-branding-randstad-india-attractive-employer |archive-date=9 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ONGC was one of 12 winners of the 'Golden Peacock Award 2014' for its [[corporate social responsibility]] practices,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenpeacockawards.com/past-winners/corporate-social-responsibility-gpacsr.html|title=Corporate Social Responsibility (GPACSR)|publisher=goldenpeacockawards.com|access-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109214342/http://www.goldenpeacockawards.com/past-winners/corporate-social-responsibility-gpacsr.html|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and one of 24 winners of the 'Golden Peacock Award 2013' in the [[occupational safety and health]] category.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenpeacockawards.com/past-winners/occupational-health-a-safety-award-gpohsa.html |title=Occupational Health & Safety Award (GPOHSA) |publisher=goldenpeacockawards.com |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627005126/http://www.goldenpeacockawards.com/past-winners/occupational-health-a-safety-award-gpohsa.html |archive-date=27 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In April 2013, it was ranked at 155th place in the [[Forbes Global 2000]] for 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/ongcindia/home/press_release/forbes+global+2000+ongc+climbs+16+ranks+to+position+at+155 |title=Forbes Global 2000: ONGC climbs 16 ranks to position at 155 |publisher=ONGC |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109221646/http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/ongcindia/home/press_release/forbes+global+2000+ongc+climbs+16+ranks+to+position+at+155 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/oil-natural-gas/ |title=Oil & Natural Gas |work=Forbes |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104051230/http://www.forbes.com/companies/oil-natural-gas/ |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In 2011, ONGC was ranked 39th among the world's 105 largest listed companies in 'transparency in corporate reporting' by Transparency International making it the most transparent company in India.
* It was conferred with 'Maharatna' status by the Government of India in November 2010.<ref name=Maharatna>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ongc-ioc-conferred-maharatna-status-110111600258_1.html |title=ONGC, IOC conferred Maharatna status |newspaper=Business Standard |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109213931/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ongc-ioc-conferred-maharatna-status-110111600258_1.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Maharatna status to select PSUs allows more freedom in decision making.<ref name=Maharatna/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/maharatna-status-for-ioc-ongc-and-ntpc/article890235.ece |title=Maharatna status for IOC, ONGC and NTPC |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110010551/http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/maharatna-status-for-ioc-ongc-and-ntpc/article890235.ece |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In February 2014, [[FICCI]] conferred it with Best Company Promoting Sports Award.<ref>{{cite web|title=FICCI announces the Winners of India Sports Awards for 2014|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/ficci-announces-the-winners-of-india-sports-awards-for-2014/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804213812/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/ficci-announces-the-winners-of-india-sports-awards-for-2014/|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ONGC wins the "Greentech Excellence Award" for the year 2013 in Platinum Category
* ONGC was ranked 82nd among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2012, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory. In the Brand Trust Report 2013, ONGC was ranked 191st among India's most trusted brands and subsequently, according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, ONGC was ranked 370th among India's most trusted brands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |title=India's Most Trusted Brands 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |archive-date=2 May 2015 }}</ref>
* ONGC is the title sponsor for the first edition of the [[Corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) Award organised by Amar Ujala.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/india-news/amar-ujala-csr-award-in-presence-of-central-minister-piyush-goyal|title = Amar Ujala CSR Award|access-date = 31 October 2017|website = [[Amar Ujala]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030181920/http://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/india-news/amar-ujala-csr-award-in-presence-of-central-minister-piyush-goyal|archive-date = 30 October 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Controversies==
Despite being owned by the government of India, ONGC has repeatedly been found not claiming its rightful payments from private players, especially for the use of oil fields, oil rigs and concessions.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |title=CAG hauls up ONGC for giving oil rigs to RIL for free |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/CAG-hauls-up-ONGC-for-hiring-RIL-drilling-rig-without-bidding/articleshow/16249407.cms |access-date=31 October 2018 |publisher=Times of India |date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907214811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/CAG-hauls-up-ONGC-for-hiring-RIL-drilling-rig-without-bidding/articleshow/16249407.cms |archive-date=7 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

ONGC was owed {{INRConvert|920|b|mode=historical|year=2016}} from [[Reliance Industries Limited]] ([[Reliance Petroleum|Petrochemicals]]) for the use of blocks of oil fields. This was highlighted by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG), the overseer of expenditures of the Indian Government. However, as of 2018, this outstanding amount was still not paid by Reliance Industries Limited to ONGC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Auditors report |url=https://tenders.ongc.co.in/wps/wcm/reportspdf/common/auditors08.pdf |website=www.tenders.ongc.co.in |publisher=ONGC |access-date=31 October 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 21 April 2021, three employees (Mohini Mohan Gogoi, Alakesh Saikia, Retul Saikia) of the ONGC were allegedly abducted from Lakuwa field of [[Sivasagar district|Assam's Sivasagar district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 April 2021|title=Three ONGC employees 'abducted' in Assam, ULFA-I suspected|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ongc-employees-abducted-assam-7282475/|access-date=21 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421035441/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ongc-employees-abducted-assam-7282475/|url-status=live}}</ref> Authorities suspect that the banned [[United Liberation Front of Asom|United Liberation Front of Asom (Independent)]] is behind the abduction.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ulfa abducts 3 ONGC personnel from Assam's Charaideo district – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ulfa-abducts-3-ongc-personnel-in-assams-charaideo-district/articleshow/82172941.cms|access-date=21 April 2021|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421031827/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ulfa-abducts-3-ongc-personnel-in-assams-charaideo-district/articleshow/82172941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) has faced criticism for maintaining business operations in Russia despite international sanctions imposed following [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022]]. The company continued to sell Russian Sokol crude oil to Indian refiners, drawing concerns over its role in supporting Russia's energy sector. ONGC has been listed on platforms like ''Leave Russia'', which tracks companies still engaged in the Russian market, raising questions about its alignment with global economic sanctions and ethical considerations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title='ONGC sells Russia's Sokol oil to Indian refiners' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ongc-sells-russias-sokol-oil-to-indian-refiners/articleshow/90504107.cms |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ONGC |url=https://leave-russia.org/ongc |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=leave-russia.org |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Companies|Energy}}
* [[ONGC FC]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[List of largest companies by revenue]]
* [[List of corporations by market capitalisation]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[Forbes Global 2000]]
* [[Fortune India 500]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Matthew Shutzer. 2022. "[[doi:10.1093/pastj/gtac001|Oil, Money and Decolonization in South Asia.]]" ''Past & Present''.
* "UPSTREAM INDIA Fifty Golden Years of ONGC" by ONGC group publications year 2006 is official narrative of the history of ONGC.
* ''Story of ONGC'' by I.A.Farooqi gives a historical account of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation from its foundation to the year 2000.

==External links==
{{commons category|Oil and Natural Gas Corporation}}
* {{Official website}}

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Kasu Mahesh Reddy

2026-03-10T20:39:59Z

Ptamansamrat:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]
| successor = Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao
| constituency = [[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1975|9|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Narasaraopet]], [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Palnadu district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]])
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| father = [[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] (1991)
| alma_mater = [[Andhra Christian College]]
}}
'''Kasu Mahesh Reddy''' (born 9 September 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala Assembly Constituency]] in [[Guntur district|Guntur district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurazala Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Gurazala Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/gurazala-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is nominated by YSR Congress Party to contest the Gurazala seat again in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Annam |first=Bandhavi |date=2024-05-06 |title=Fierce electoral battle on cards between YSRC and TDP in Gurazala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/06/fierce-electoral-battle-on-cards-between-ysrc-and-tdp-in-gurazala |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is the 3rd Generation Politician in [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy|Kasu]] Family.

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in [[Narasaraopet]], [[Guntur district|Guntur district]]. His father [[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]] is a former two-time MP and three-time MLA from [[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet constituency]]. He is a grand-nephew of former [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] chief minister [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]. He completed his LLB from [[Andhra Christian College]], Guntur in 1991. He runs his own business. Kasu is the Director of KASU INFRASTRUCTURE. <ref>https://www.zaubacorp.com/KASU-INFRASTRUCTURE-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U45400TG2012PTC079433</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-16 |title=KASU MAHESH REDDY {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Gurazala {{!}} Guntur {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://theleaderspage.com/kasu-mahesh-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his political career with [[Indian National Congress]] and joined YSR Congress Party in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2016-12-14 |title=Mahesh Reddy to join YSRC tomorrow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Mahesh-Reddy-to-join-YSRC-tomorrow/article16807480.ece |access-date=2024-05-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-04 |title=Youth Congress leader Mahesh Reddy joins YSRCP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/youth-congress-leader-mahesh-reddy-joins-ysrcp/articleshow/55796514.cms |access-date=2024-05-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 28,613 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurazala Constituency Election Results 2019: Gurazala Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/gurazala |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurazala Assembly Election 2024: Gurazala Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/gurazala-constituency-result-1100 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahesh Reddy, Kasu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Meravanige

2026-03-04T07:28:57Z

Ptamansamrat: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Meravanige
| image = Meravanige.jpg
| writer =
| screenplay = Mahesh Babu
| story = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
| starring = [[Prajwal Devaraj]] [[Aindrita Ray]]
| director = Mahesh Babu
| producer = Sri Muneshwara Films
| studio = Sri Muneshwara Films
| released = {{Film date|2008|6|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| language = Kannada
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| cinematography = Mahesh Talakad
| editing = M. Muniraj
| budget =
}}

'''''Meravanige''''' ([[Kannada]]: ಮೆರವಣಿಗೆ) is a 2008 Indian Kannada [[romance film|romantic]] [[thriller film]] directed by Mahesh Babu from a story written by [[Janardhana Maharshi]] and stars [[Prajwal Devaraj]] and [[Aindrita Ray]] in the lead roles.

== Plot ==
Vijay Kumar and Nandini are classmates and rivals who are kidnapped by a terrorist named Basheer as their fathers [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Prakash and [[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] Suresh had arrested Basheer's brother Iqbal. Basheer demands the release of Iqbal, but Vijay and Nandini escapes and roams around the forest where they encounter many situations and develops feelings for each other. Basheer sends his henchmen to hunt Vijay and Nandini, where Nandini gets kidnapped again. Prakash and Suresh arrive at the place to hand over Iqbal in exchange for Nandini, but Vijay soon arrives and gets Basheer arrested. Vijay and Nandini get married with the approval of their parents.

==Cast==
*[[Prajwal Devaraj]] as Vijay Kumar
*[[Aindrita Ray]] as Nandini
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
*Harish
*[[Vinayak Joshi]]
*[[Bhanu Chander]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] Suresh
*Sudha
*[[Vidya Murthy]]
*Rajaram. H. S.
*Jaidev
*Roopesh Gowda
*[[Ravi Kale]] as Basheer
*[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] in a cameo appearance

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[V. Manohar]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Endendu Active Aagi
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 5:03
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj]]

| title2 = Elliruve Yaare Neenu
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| length2 = 4:37
| lyrics2 = Kaviraj

| title3 = Patangavagi Naa
| extra3 = Supriya Acharya
| length3 = 4:29
| lyrics3 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]

| title4 = Nannolave
| extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length4 = 4:22
| lyrics4 = Jayanth Kaikini

| title5 = Mana Mugila Mele (bit)
| extra5 = Shruthi
| length5 = 3:01
| lyrics5 = [[V. Manohar]]

| title6 = Student Life (bit)
| extra6 = Vijay Aras
| length6 = 1:04
| lyrics6 = V. Manohar

| title7 = Kaanana Kaanana
| extra7 = Vijay Aras
| length7 = 1:32
| lyrics7 = V. Manohar
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "Watch ''Meravanige'' for its freshness and visuals".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/30ssm.htm | title=Review: Meravanige |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.sify.com/movies/meravanige-review-kannada-pclwEkdaeicgf.html | title=Meravanige|work=[[Sify]] }}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2008/prabhas-adlabs-krishna-raju-300608.html Review]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14253714}}

[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

U the End A

2026-03-03T21:36:08Z

Ptamansamrat: Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = U The End A
| image =File:U the End A cover.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Nagendra B Karanik
| producer = Parvathi B Karanik
| writer = Nagendra B Karanik
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = Nagendra Karanik, Kumuda, [[Ananth Nag]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], Raju Talikote, Vijay Kumar
| narrator = 
| music = Manu Sri
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = Akshay P Rao
| studio = Shri Thrayambike Devi Talkies
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2016|02|19|Kannada, India}}
| runtime = 1hr 50 min
| country =
| language =
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''U The End A''''' is a 2016 [[Kannada]] [[psychological thriller|psychological love thriller]] film written and directed by Nagendra Karanik, produced under the banner Shri Thrayambike Devi Talkies, starring [[Anant Nag]], Nagendra Karanik and Kumuda in the lead roles. [[Sadhu Kokila]] and [[Raju Talikote]] feature in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-18 |title=Funny men Sadhu and Raju shoot for U the End A |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/funny-men-sadhu-and-raju-shoot-for-u-the-end-a/articleshow/21140196.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shooting-of-U-The-End-A-completed/articleshow/31216629.cms|title=Shooting of U The End A completed|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
This movie is a psychological love thriller. The main lead of the movie, Rohan (Nagendra Karanik) is a young man with powerful political background, experiences an [[Astral Travel]] towards his future and see that a girl is going to betray him end his life. His struggle to find answers to all the questions he faces in his Astral Travel forms the crux of the story.

==Cast==
* Nagendra Karanik as Rohan
* Kumuda as Madhu/Aishwarya
* [[Anant Nag]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Raju Talikote]]
* Vijaykumar
* Yashaswini Karanik
<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>

==Production==
The shooting of the movie commenced in February 2013 and finished in July 2014. The movie has been shot in [[Bangalore]] and some locations of [[Goa]] and [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-21 |title=U the End A song shoot in Goa |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/u-the-end-a-song-shoot-in-goa/articleshow/20697262.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the movie has been composed by Manu Sri and the background score by [[Bharath B. J.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/u-the-end-a-ep/745692525|title=U the End A - EP|work=iTunes|date=9 November 2013}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = U The End A
| type = Soundtrack
| artist =
| cover = File:U The End A album.jpg
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Track Listing
!No
!Title
!Lyrics
!Singer(s)
!Length
|-
|1
|"Yaare Neenu Nannola"
|Manusri
|Manusri
|3:50
|-
|2
|"Neenene Nanna Radhe"
|Manusri
|[[Karthik (singer)]], Shruthi V.S.
|4:43
|-
|3
|"Tirboki Naanu Tirboki"
|Manusri
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|4:19
|-
|4
|"First Time Heartalli"
|Manusri
|[[Tippu (singer)]]
|3:56
|-
|5
|"Baa Saniha"
|Manusri
|Inchara Rao
|5:14
|-
|6
|"Neenene Nanna Radhe" (Unplugged)
|Manusri
|Manusri, Shruthi V. S.
|4:57
|-
|7
|"Maaye Ee Jagavu"
|Manusri
|Kunal Ganjawala
|2:55
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 romance films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

Pataki (film)

2026-03-03T21:31:24Z

Ptamansamrat: creating some post more to come.

{{For|the Gujarati-language film|Paatki}}{{Short description|2017 film directed by Manju Swaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pataki
| image = Pataki Film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release poster
| director = [[Manju Swaraj (Director)|Manju Swaraj]]
| based_on = ''[[Pataas]]'' (2015)
| producer = S.V.Babu
| screenplay = Manju Swaraj
| story = [[Anil Ravipudi]]
| starring = [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Saikumar]] [[Sadhu Kokila]] [[Ranya Rao]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] Priyanka Thimeesh
| narrator =
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|Venkatesh Anguraj]]
| editing = N.M.Vishwa
| studio = S.V.Productions
| distributor = S.V.Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|05|26|ref1=}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
}}

''''' Pataki '''''({{audio|Kn-ಪಟಾಕಿ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation}} ''Firecracker'') is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Manju Swaraj]] and produced by S. V. Babu under the banner S.V.Productions. The film stars [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] and [[Ranya Rao]] in the lead roles while [[Arjun Janya]] composed the music. The film is a remake of the 2015 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Pataas]]''.

== Plot ==
Surya is a corrupt [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer who gets himself transferred to [[Bangalore]] as [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]]. He misuses his power to gain monetary benefits in unorthodox methods. During this process, he also encourages a local [[Member of parliament|MP]] named Rudra Prathap, who has become a headache to Agni, the [[Director General|DGP]] of [[Bangalore]]. Surya happens to be Agni's son, who is angry at the latter as his supposed negligence killed his mother and just born sister. In reality, Agni actually left his wife in the hospital to save several families in a riot. Unaware of this, Surya left Agni and joined an orphanage where he became an IPS officer to seek revenge on his father.

During his life in Bangalore, Kalyan also meets two women; Sangeetha, a journalist, and Manvitha, a [[deaf-mute]] philanthropist who works in a coffee shop. He loves Sangeetha and expects her to reciprocate the same only to be rejected by her because of his corrupt nature. Manvitha is killed by Rudra Prathap's son Vicky when she tries to save a techie from being assaulted by him. Surya considered Manvitha as his sister and her death enrages him, so he turns against Rudra Pratap. Rudra Prathap wants to make Vicky a politician while Surya challenges Rudra Prathap to save Vicky from getting arrested. Rudra Prathap manages to kidnap the techie, but with the help of a transgender named Basanti, who is the main witness, Surya arrests Vicky with a [[arrest warrant|non-bailable warrant]]. He also challenges Rudra Prathap to bring Vicky out of prison within 3 days.

Agni and Surya are united, and Surya's marriage with Sangeetha is approved. On the third day, Rudra Prathap's men kidnap Basanti and Sangeetha. Agni, along with his team, go to the spot to save Basanti. Surya manages to save Sangeetha. Meanwhile, Agni and his team, along with Basanti, are killed by Rudra Prathap and his partners. The next day, Surya and the officers form a plan and make Vicky escape from custody, they track him as he reaches Rudra Prathap's hideout. A fight ensues, where Surya kills Vicky, Rudra Prathap and his partners, thus avenging Manvitha and his father's death.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Surya
* [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Agni
* [[Ranya Rao]] as Sangeetha
* [[Priyanka Thimmesh]] as Manvitha
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Rudra Prathap
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Basanti
* [[Kuri Prathap]] as Prathap
* Rockline Sudhakar as Sudakar
* Mohan Juneja as Prabhakara
* [[Vijay Chendoor]] as constable
}}

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pataki
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Arjun Janya]] has composed the score and songs for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.123musiq.asia/home/album/620|title=Pataki (2017) Kannada movie songs|publisher=123Musiq.com|date=16 May 2017|access-date=16 May 2017|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517041913/http://www.123musiq.asia/home/album/620|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Pataki
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Meese Bittivni
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Vijay Prakash, [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Manase Manase
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Jinga Jinga
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Pataki Theme
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Arjun Janya]]
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
Shashiprasad S. M. of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "Manju Swaraj does a neat copy of ''Pataas'' but not all of them [firecrackers] explode, few even misfire".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270517/pataki-movie-review-burst-into-laughter.html|title=Pataki movie review: Burst into laughter|date=27 May 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "The film, in totality, makes for a decent watch with a good mix of action, comedy and romance. If you like your masala films with that extra tadka, this can entice you. The bonus is that Ganesh entertains as the new massy hero in town".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/pataki/movie-review/58854145.cms|title = Pataki Movie Review {3.5/5}: A good mix of action, comedy and romance makes up this Ganesh-starrer|website = [[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2017|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S of the ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "Pataki is a melodrama that overplays and overdoes everything unabashedly. It is hard to say when the purpose is comedy and when the film is serious".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/pataki-movie-review-its-all-about-drama/articleshow/58861111.cms|title=Pataki movie review: It’s all about drama|date=26 May 2017|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|last=S|first=Shyam Prasad|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6672238}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2017 masala films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manju Swaraj]]
[[Category:2017 action films]]

Vasuke

2026-03-03T04:48:27Z

Ptamansamrat: New...

{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vasuke.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Kasthuri Raja]]
| writer = Kasthuri Raja
| producer = G. V. Anandan
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]]
| editing = Hari–Palani
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Anand Movie Land
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|10|30}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vasuke''''' (or '''''Vasuki'''''; {{IPAc-en|v|ɑː|s|u|k|i}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Kasthuri Raja]]. The film stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]. It was released on 30 October 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vasugi ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vasugi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230035630/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vasugi |archive-date=30 December 2010 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=March 2024}}
Vasuki ([[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]) lives with her milkman brother Kabali ([[Janagaraj]]) and her sister-in-law Pachaiamma ([[Jayachitra]]) in a slum. One day, their relative Ramasamy ([[Visu]]) comes to their home with a huge amount of money and asks them for a favor.

In the past, Ramasamy's daughter married the wealthy ([[Thalaivasal Vijay]]). Ramasamy was supposed to give a large [[dowry]] to the miser mother-in-law Parvatham ([[Latha (actress)|Latha]]), but he could not collect the money in time. So after the marriage, Parvatham started to torture his daughter, going so far as killing Ramasamy's pregnant daughter. Parvatham then arranged a second marriage for her son. Ramasamy finally got the money they asked but it was too late.

Ramasamy wants to take revenge on the cruel Parvatham with Vasuki's help. Vasuki and her family accept, Vasuki takes the name of Kodeeswari and they start to act as a rich family in front of Parvatham. Parvatham has a younger son Balu ([[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]) and she wants him to marry rich bride, and Kodeeswari seems to be the perfect bride. Kodeeswari and Balu finally get married, thus Kodeeswari and her family turn Parvatham's life into hell on earth. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Balu
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Vasuki / Kodeeswari
*[[Visu]] as Ramasamy
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Pakkiri
*[[Janagaraj]] as Kabali
*[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Balu’s father
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Parvatham
*[[Jayachitra]] as Pachaiamma
*[[P. Pandu|Pandu]] as Police officer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=6 May 2021 |title=RIP Pandu: An important part of the Tamil film industry |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-pandu-an-important-part-of-the-tamil-film-industry-982876.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503225929/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-pandu-an-important-part-of-the-tamil-film-industry-982876.html |archive-date=3 May 2025 |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
*Suresh Chakravarthy
*Uthra
*Kiran Moi
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Chaplin Balu]] as Balu's friend
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] in a guest appearance
*[[Ram G|Ramji]] in an uncredited role
}}

== Production ==
The production studio Anand Movie Land, which produced the very successful ''[[Poomani]]'' in 1996, had taken up the serious issue of the [[dowry]] problem in their new production ''Vasuke''. One of the leading stars in [[Telugu cinema]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] signed to play the lead role for the first time in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepavali Releases |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215934/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali1.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2016-11-18 |website=Indolink}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by Kasthuri Raja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasuki (1997) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Vasuki-songs-T0003000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240114062920/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Vasuki-songs-T0003000 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Muthamma" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:36
|-
| "Kaadhal Nilavu" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Malgudi Subha]] || 4:54
|-
| "Thanga Nilave" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 5:06
|-
| "Veppilai" || Malaysia Vasudevan, K. S. Chithra || 5:08
|-
| "Adida Sight" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Premgi Amaren]] || 5:15
|-
| "Vamsathukku" || Mano, K. S. Chithra, [[Arunmozhi]] || 5:33
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Kasthuri Raja}}
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kasthuri Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Take It Easy (2015 film)

2026-03-02T09:34:08Z

Ptamansamrat: add details after review per standard format

{{short description|2015 film by Sunil Prem Vyas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name= Take It Easy
| image= Take It Easy.jpg
| director= [http://sunilpremvyas.com/ Sunil Prem Vyas]
| producer= Dharmesh Pandit
| writer= [[Sunil Prem Vyas]]
| story= [[Sunil Prem Vyas]]
| starring= [[Vikram Gokhale]] [[Dipannita Sharma]] [[Raj Zutshi]] [[Anang Desai]] [[Joy Sengupta]] Sulbha Arya [[Supriya Karnik]]
| studio = Prince Productions
| distributor = Hash Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|01|02}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Take It Easy''''' is a 2015 [[Bollywood|Hindi]] children's film written and directed by [http://sunilpremvyas.com/ Sunil Prem Vyas] and produced by Dharmesh Pandit. The film is starring [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Raj Zutshi]], [[Supriya Karnik]], [[Dipannita Sharma]] and [[Anang Desai]].<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Take-It-Easy/movie-review/45729071.cms|title=Take It Easy|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Vikram Gokhale]]
* [[Dipannita Sharma]]
* [[Raj Zutshi]]
* [[Anang Desai]]
* [[Joy Sengupta]]
* [[Sulbha Arya]]
* Arun Behl
* [[Vijay Kashyap]]
* [[Supriya Karnik]]
* [[Jyoti Gauba]]
* Yash Ghanekar
* Prasad Reddy
* Smera Jadhav

==Soundtrack==
{{Tracklist
| extra_column= Singer(s)
| title1 =Maa Sunn Le Zara
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 7:05
| title2= Mushkil Hai – Male
| extra2=[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Mushkil Hai – Female
| extra3 = Supriya Thakkur
| title4 = O Kaat
| extra4 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Supriya Thakkur]], [[Sneha Pant]]
| extra5= Shivam Mahadevan, Shubh Sandeep
| title5 = Tu Bechaara Mei Bechaara
| title6 = Nanhe Se (Theme Song)
| extra6 = Jatinder Singh
|title7= Background Theme Score
| extra7 = Papply - Priya
|title8 = Take It Easy Yaar
| extra8 = Shubh Sandeep, Ratnakar Kamble
}}

==Critical reception==
Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave it 1.5/5 stars, stating, <blockquote>With some easy moments, this film could have been easier to watch, but not when there is no break from loud background music, loud melodrama, and loud dialogues. Even the children, who all try hard to be as natural as possible, are weighed down under all the preachiness.{{cn|date=January 2020}}</blockquote>
Renuka Vyavahare of The Times of India gave it 2/5 stars and opined, <blockquote>Their message of how 'everything is judged on the basis of money than character today' comes across clearly. However, the execution could have been crisper, more authentic. The story keeps beating around the bush for no reason, when the impact has already been made. The dramatization is uncalled for, especially towards the end. What could have been an otherwise heartrending climax, gets faltered when stretched for no rhyme or reason. Why beg for tears?"<ref name="indiatimes.com"/></blockquote> Webduniya gave it 2/5 stars. Shakti Shetty of Mid-day gave it 3/5 stars and opined, <blockquote>On the big screen, both Yash Ghanekar as well as Prasad Reddy put in a fine performance as rivals-turned-BFFs. Their more seasoned colleagues are remarkable but still, the story revolves around the two. They are the undisputed stars. Last year hardly witnessed a memorable children's film. With this venture, one can now expect many more from 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-take-it-easy/15884185|title='Take It Easy' - Movie review|date=3 January 2015|work=mid-day}}</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

3. Director-Writer-Editor [http://sunilpremvyas.com/ Sunil Prem Vyas] from [http://dtca.in/ Darpan Theatre & Cine Arts (DTCA)]

==External links==
{{IMDb title|4384270}}

[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Priority Sector Lending Certificates

2026-02-27T16:31:59Z

Ptamansamrat: creating some stub basic info.

'''Priority Sector Lending Certificates''' are a tool for promoting [[comparative advantage]]s among banks while they meet their [[priority sector lending]] obligations in India. "Banks with a comparative advantage in lending to the priority sector should earn priority sector lending certificates [social credits] while those falling short of the target would be required to buy priority sector lending certificates [social credits]."<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007">{{cite news|last1=Godbole|first1=A.M.|title=How to lend more to the poor|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/m4UU3TLOUeI7HzAiymCzlM/How-to-lend-more-to-the-poor.html|accessdate=5 June 2016|work=Mint|publisher=HT Media|date=28 March 2007}}</ref>
"A [[forward market]] for Priority Sector Lending Certificates [social credits] will help banks to focus and plan better."<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007" /> Total credit extended by banks in priority sector lending was [[Indian rupee|INR]] 21,543,562.9 million (US$322,361 million as of June 2016) towards the end of financial year 2015.<ref name="FinMin Budget 2016 Press Briefs">{{cite book|title=PRESS BRIEFS ON BUDGET ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015-16|date=28 February 2015|publisher=Government of India Ministry of Finance Department of Financial Services|location=New Delhi|page=13|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2015/press_briefs_budgetannounce20152016.pdf|accessdate=6 June 2016}}</ref> The goal of Priority Sector Lending Certificates is to create market-efficiency in priority sector lending "to increase employment, create basic infrastructure and improve competitiveness of the economy, thus creating more jobs<ref name="FinMin Budget 2016 Press Briefs" /> Priority Sector Lending Certificates is a method for directing credit <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Creehan|first1=Sean|title=Priority Sector Lending in Asia|journal=Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Country Analysis Unit: Asia Focus|issue=September 2014|page=3|url=http://www.frbsf.org/banking/files/Asia-Focus-Priority-Sector-Lending-in-Asia-September-2014.pdf|accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> and could be used in Asia and other parts of the world as an alternative method for directing credit.

==Types==
As priority sector lending has sub-targets in addition to an overall target there are types of Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs). The four types of Priority Sector Lending Certificates are:<ref name="RBI PSLC Notification 7 April 2016">{{cite book|title=Reserve Bank of India Notification on Priority Sector Lending Certificates|date=7 April 2016|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|location=Mumbai|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/NT366A738153D311A4A9082515990A98C5AF6.PDF|accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref>
* PSLC Agriculture: Priority Sector Lending Certificates for agriculture lending sub-target.
* PSLC SF/MF: Priority Sector Lending Certificates for small and marginal Farmers lending sub-target.
* PSLC Micro Enterprises: Priority Sector Lending Certificates for micro enterprises lending sub-target.
* PSLC General: Priority Sector Lending Certificates corresponding to the overall priority sector lending target.

Additional types of Priority Sector Lending Certificates would be required for other lending sub-targets.

==Non-Transfer of credit risk and consistent use with inter-bank participation certificates and securitization==
The selling or purchase of Priority Sector Lending Certificates does not cause a transfer of [[credit risk]] as Priority Sector Lending Certificates do not cause any change in the lender of any loan i.e. the lender is not replaced. Priority Sector Lending Certificates is different from [[Securitization]] as the latter involves a transfer of credit risk. "Priority Sector Lending Certificates [Social credits] may be used in conjunction with inter-bank Participation Certificates or securitization of priority-sector lending portfolios".<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007"/>

==Market-based pricing==
Priority Sector Lending Certificates "would be priced by the market. The basic framework for pricing Priority Sector Lending Certificates [social credits] would incorporate the [[risk-free rate]], default rate and cost of operations."<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007" /> As Priority Sector Lending Certificates are priced based on credit risk hence it is a type of [[credit derivative]].
IndiaRatings "expects the PSLCs to be priced between 1 per cent to 3 per cent...depending on the PSL sub-segment deficit of the buyer".<ref>{{cite news|title=SFBs to be major suppliers of PSL certificates by FY20: Ind-Ra|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/sfbs-to-be-major-suppliers-of-psl-certificates-by-fy20-india-ratings-and-research/#sthash.wkpdpuJl.dpuf|accessdate=5 June 2016|agency=PTI|publisher=The Indian Express|date=3 May 2016}}</ref> Alternative pricing models would be based on the price of penalties if the price of penalties is lower than what the price would be otherwise. In order to avoid a scenario wherein banks prefer to pay penalties rather than comply with priority sector lending obligations the imposition of "large monetary fines and/or partially revoke banking licences if a bank does not reach its targets"<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007" /> is required.
If and when "the price of a Priority Sector Lending Certificate [social credit] is close to zero consistently, then we know that targets are not needed"<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007" />
The cost of operations related to priority sector lending may make a significant part of the price of Priority Sector Lending Certificates. Government "can intervene by buying the Priority Sector Lending Certificates [social credits] in the market this would push up the price. "<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007" />
Market based pricing of Priority Sector Lending Certificates induces a "market-driven incentive for efficiency".<ref name="FinMin Budget 2016 Press Briefs" /> In the first quarter year of 2016-17 Priority Sector Lending Certificates were traded at a premium in the range of 3-5 per cent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reserve Bank of India Annual Report 2016-17|date=30 August 2010|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|location=Mumbai|page=80|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/PDFs/RBIAR201617_FE1DA2F97D61249B1B21C4EA66250841F.PDF|accessdate=6 September 2017}}</ref>

==Lot size and amount eligible for issue==
"The Priority Sector Lending Certificates would have a standard lot size of INR 2.5 million of multiples thereof...Normally PSLCs will be issued against the underlying assets. However, with the objective of developing a strong and vibrant market for PSLCs, a bank is permitted to issue PSLCs upto [sic] 50 percent of previous year’s PSL achievement without having the underlying in its books. However, as on the reporting date, the bank must have met the priority sector target by way of the sum of outstanding priority sector lending portfolio and net of PSLCs issued and purchased." .<ref name="RBI PSLC Notification 7 April 2016" />

==Expiry==
All Priority Sector Lending Certificates will expire by the end of the financial year.<ref name="RBI PSLC Notification 7 April 2016" /> The same underlying priority sector loan which is outstanding in the next financial year, like any new priority sector loan, will be considered towards calculating the Priority Sector Lending Certificates in case the priority sector lending target is exceeded.

==Rewards and Penalties==
"To the extent of shortfall in the achievement of target, banks may be required to invest in [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development|RIDF (Rural infrastructure development fund)]]/other funds as hitherto."<ref name="RBI PSLC Notification 7 April 2016" /> Penalties are as essential as the carrot (of allowing banks to stay away from [[direct lending]] and taking credit risk in the priority sector; compensating those banks that exceed their priority sector lending target) and so the "carrot should be flanked by the stick."<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007" />

==Different from a cap and trade system==
Priority Sector Lending certificates have similarities with a [[Emissions trading|cap and trade]] systems like [[Carbon credit|Carbon Credits]]. The similarities include: system level target and tradable nature of the credits. A major difference between Priority Sector Lending Certificates and carbon credits is in the nature of the targets: lending versus a negative [[externality]] (environmental pollution). The targets in the case of Priority Sector Lending Certificates are a floor and not a cap.

==Background==
Tradable Priority Sector Lending Certificates was first proposed by A.M. Godbole in his article "How to lend more to the poor" (Mint, 28 March 2007). A.M. Godbole had called tradable Priority Sector Lending Certificates as 'social credits'.<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007" /> On 7 April 2008 (in a draft report) and on 12 September 2008 (in a final report) the High-Level Committee on Financial Sector Reforms recommended the introduction of Priority Sector Lending Certificates. On 7 April 2016 the portal for trading Priority Sector Lending Certificates was launched by the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. Within twelve months of the launch of the Priority Sector Lending Certificates portal for trading, a total of INR 430.1 billion (US$6.63 billion as of 31 March 2017) of PSLC SF/MF and PSLC General by volume was traded.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reserve Bank of India Annual Report 2016-17|date=30 August 2017|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|location=Mumbai|page=79,80|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/PDFs/RBIAR201617_FE1DA2F97D61249B1B21C4EA66250841F.PDF|accessdate=6 September 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial number !! Year, Month & Year, Date !! Event
|-
| 1 || 28 March 2007 || Tradable Priority Sector Lending Certificates is proposed for the first time. It is called 'social credits'<ref name="A.M.Godbole;Mint;28 March 2007" />
|-
|2 || 31 December 2007 || Tradable credits is proposed for Insurance for the first time. It is called 'microinsurance credits'<ref>{{cite news|last1=Godbole|first1=A.M.|last2=McCord|first2=Michael|title=Accessing Microinsurance|url=http://www.microinsurancecentre.org/resources/documents/accessing-microinsurance/download.html|accessdate=6 June 2016|agency=BusinessWorld|issue=31 December 2007|publisher=BusinessWorld|date=31 December 2007}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || January 2008 || Tradable 'microinsurance credits' is cited in a USAID document<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCord|first1=Michael|last2=Wiedmaier-Pfister|first2=Martina|last3=Chatterjee|first3=Arup|title=Microinsurance NOTE 8: Facilitating an Appropriate Regulatory and Supervisory Environment for Microinsurance|url=http://www.microinsurancecentre.org/resources/documents/mi-note-8-facilitating-an-appropriate-regulatory-and-supervisory-environment-for-microinsurance/download.html|accessdate=5 June 2016|agency=US Agency for International Development|issue=January 2008}}</ref>

|-
| 4 || 7 April 2008 || High-Level Committee on Financial Sector Reforms recommends the introduction of 'social credits' (calls it Priority Sector Lending Certificates in its draft report)<ref>{{cite book|last1=High Level Committee on Financial Sector Reforms|title=Draft Report of the Committee on Financial Sector Reforms|date=7 April 2008|publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India|location=New Delhi|page=91|url=http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esocialsciences.org%2FDownload%2FrepecDownload.aspx%3Ffname%3DDocument11442008100.8082849.pdf%26fcategory%3DArticles%26AId%3D1463%26fref%3Drepec;h=repec:ess:wpaper:id:1463|accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || 12 September 2008 || High-Level Committee on Financial Sector Reforms recommends the introduction of 'social credits' (calls it Priority Sector Lending Certificates in its final report)<ref>{{cite book|last1=High Level Committee on Financial Sector Reforms|title=A hundred small steps : report of the Committee on Financial Sector Reforms.|date=12 September 2008|publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7829-950-1|pages=66–67|url=http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_fr/cfsr_all.pdf|accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 6 || 2010 || Reserve Bank of India sets-up a Working Group to examine the issues involved in the introduction of PSLCs and make suitable recommendations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reserve Bank of India Annual Report 2010|date=24 August 2010|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|location=Mumbai|page=90,91|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/PDFs/4CRDE240810.pdf|accessdate=6 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 7 || 21 February 2012 || Reserve Bank of India constituted M.V. Nair Committee recommends "allowing non-tradable priority sector lending certificates (PSLCs) on pilot basis with domestic scheduled commercial banks, foreign banks and regional rural banks as market players".<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Release about the Report of the Nair Committee on Priority Sector Lending|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/IEPR1334NC0212.pdf|website=rbi.org.in|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=6 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || 28 February 2015 || Government of India Ministry of Finance Department of Financial Services proposes introduction of Priority Sector Lending Certificates.<ref name="FinMin Budget 2016 Press Briefs" />
|-
| 9 || 1 March 2015 || Reserve Bank of India Internal Working Group recommends introduction of priority sector lending certificates (PSLCs) which will enable banks to meet their PSL requirements even while leveraging their comparative advantage in lending.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reserve Bank of India press release about the Report of the Internal Working Group to Revisit the Existing Priority Sector Lending Guidelines|date=1 March 2015|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|location=Mumbai|url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/IEPR1835RP03115.pdf|accessdate=6 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || 23 April 2015 || Reserve Bank of India says in its Notification on "Priority Sector Lending - Targets and Classification" that "The outstanding priority sector lending certificates (after the guidelines are issued in this regard by the Reserve Bank of India) bought by the banks will be eligible for classification under respective categories of priority sector provided the assets are originated by banks, and are eligible to be classified as priority sector advances and fulfil the Reserve Bank of India guidelines on priority sector lending certificates."<ref>{{cite book|title=Reserve Bank of India Notification on Priority Sector Lending-Targets and Classification|date=23 April 2015|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|location=Mumbai|page=14|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/PSLGUID0A65BF4E0A884F60999E748C58EA7F88.PDF}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || 7 April 2016 || Reserve Bank of India issues Notification on "Priority Sector Lending Certificates" and issues instructions on trading in PSLCs.<ref name="RBI PSLC Notification 7 April 2016" />
|-
| 12 || 7 April 2016 || [https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=3155 Reserve Bank of India Deputy Governor S.S. Mundra launches portal for trading in Priority Sector Lending Certificates.]
|-
| 13 || 24 May 2016 || [https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=114 Reserve Bank of India issues Frequently Asked Questions (Updated on 22 Nov 2016)]
|}

==Criticism==
Reserve Bank of India Deputy Governor R. Gandhi said that "PSL certificates, which will be eligible for classification under respective categories of priority sector, bought by banks, may dent the growth of securitised market."<ref>{{cite news|title=Securitisation market set for take-off|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/securitisation-market-set-for-takeoff/article7422002.ece|accessdate=6 June 2016|agency=The Hindu Business Line|issue=14 July 2015|date=14 July 2015}}</ref> No reason has been shared for this assertion.

==Alternatives==
A [[direct tax]] combined with a system for delivering credit to the priority sector could be an alternative to Priority Sector Lending targets. If there are no Priority Sector Lending targets then this would obviate the need for Priority Sector Lending Certificates.

==See also==
* [[Priority sector lending]]
* [[Carbon Credit]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Microfinance]]
[[Category:Banking in India]]
[[Category:Development economics]]
[[Category:Derivatives (finance)]]

2025–26 MRF Formula 2000 season

2026-02-17T09:48:35Z

Ptamansamrat: done...

{{Motorsport season
|title=[[MRF Challenge|MRF Formula 2000]]
|link=MRF Challenge
|year=2025–26
|previous=2024
|previouslink=2024 MRF Formula 2000 season
|next=2026
|nextlink=2026 MRF Formula 2000 season|subheader=Drivers' Champion: [[Ishaan Madesh]]}}

The '''2025–26 [[MRF Challenge|MRF Formula 2000]] season''' was the eleventh running of the Formula 2000-level single-seater championship in India previously known as the MRF Challenge. This was the fifth season of the championship restarted in 2022 without support of the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] and simply called MRF Formula 2000, with the field consisting of domestic drivers rather than foreign racers competing over the European and Northern American off-season.

The season began on 18 July 2025 and was run over four weekends until 25 January 2026.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |date=22 July 2025 |title=Balu, Chheda win at MRF Indian National Car Racing Championship Round 1 |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/balu-chheda-win-at-mrf-indian-national-car-racing-championship-round-1-436300 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref> [[Ishaan Madesh]] won the championship title after a season-long battle with Arjun Chheda.

== Drivers ==
The following drivers, all of them Indian-registered, contested the championship:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
!{{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}
!Driver
!Rounds
|-
|1
|Arjun Chheda
|All
|-
|7
|[[Chetan Korada]]
|1
|-
|11
|Tarun Muthiaiah
|All
|-
|21
|Akhil Agarwal
|1
|-
|55
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|All
|-
|65
|Shivesh Selvarathnam
|All
|-
|75
|Ethan Joy
|2
|-
! colspan="3" |Sources: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2025 |title=MRF Racing on facebook: 'MRF MMSC FMSCI Indian National Car Racing Championship 2025 Day 1 Round 1' |url=https://www.facebook.com/MRFRacingOfficial/videos/1442889857039017 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=[[facebook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2025 |title=MRF MMSC FMSCI Indian National Car Racing Championship 2025 Round 2 |url=https://www.facebook.com/MRFRacingOfficial/videos/1822920111985072 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[facebook]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=MRF MMSC FMSCI Indian National Car Racing Championship 2025 Day 1 Round 3 |url=https://www.facebook.com/MRFRacingOfficial/videos/mrf-mmsc-fmsci-indian-national-car-racing-championship-2025-day-1-round-3/718861187949021 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=[[facebook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=MRF MMSC FMSCI Indian National Car Racing Championship 2025 Day 1 Round 4 |url=https://www.facebook.com/events/2099338900974287/?acontext=%7B%22event_action_history%22%3A[%7B%22mechanism%22%3A%22attachment%22%2C%22surface%22%3A%22newsfeed%22%7D]%2C%22ref_notif_type%22%3Anull%7D |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[facebook]]}}</ref>
|}

== Race calendar and results ==
The 2025 season was initially set to feature five race weekends ranging from June to October of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MRF Motorsport: MMSC National Car Racing Championship |url=https://www.mrfmotorsports.com/championship/on-road/four-wheeler/mrf-mmsc-fmsci-indian-national-car-racing-championship-2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=www.mrfmotorsports.com |language=en}}</ref> However, after the first round was not held, a revised calendar was announced that comprised four rounds from July of 2025 to January of 2026. The season opener, held at [[Kari Motor Speedway]], marked the series' first round held outside [[Madras Motor Race Track]] since 2020.<ref name=":0" /> Round three was rescheduled twice, from October to December and then to January.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
!colspan=2| Round
! Circuit
! Date
!Pole position
!Fastest lap
!nowrap|Winning driver
!Support bill
!Map of circuit locations
|-
! colspan="8" |2025
| rowspan="14" |{{Location map+|India|caption=|width=200|float=right|places={{location map~ |India |lat=10.901389 |long=77.050833 |label='''[[Kari Motor Speedway|Chettipalayam]]''' |position=down}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0025 |long=79.985833 |label='''[[Madras International Circuit|Irungattukottai]]''' |position=right}}}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |1
! {{Tooltip|R|Race number}}1
| rowspan="3" | [[Kari Motor Speedway]], [[Chettipalayam]]
| 19 July
|nowrap|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|Arjun Chheda
|nowrap rowspan="3" | ''Indian Touring Car National Championship Indian Junior Touring Car National Championship Polo Cup Formula LGB 1300''
|-
! R2
| rowspan="2" |20 July
| rowspan="2" |
|nowrap|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|nowrap|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|-
! R3
|Arjun Chheda
|Arjun Chheda
|-
!rowspan=3| 2
!R1
| rowspan="3" |[[Madras Motor Race Track]], [[Irungattukottai]]
| 20 September
|Arjun Chheda
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|Arjun Chheda
| rowspan="3" |''Indian Touring Car National Championship Indian Junior Touring Car National Championship Polo Cup MRF Saloons''
|-
! R2
| rowspan="2" nowrap|21 September
| rowspan="2" |
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|-
! R3
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|-
! colspan="8" |2026
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3
! R1
| rowspan="6" |[[Madras Motor Race Track]], [[Irungattukottai]]
| 4 January
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|Arjun Chheda
| rowspan="3" |''Indian Touring Car National Championship Indian Junior Touring Car National Championship Polo Cup MRF Saloons''
|-
! R2
| rowspan="2" |5 January
| rowspan="2" |
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|-
! R3
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|Arjun Chheda
|-
! rowspan="3" |4
!R1
|24 January
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|Arjun Chheda
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
| rowspan="3" |''Indian Touring Car National Championship Indian Junior Touring Car National Championship Polo Cup Formula LGB 1300''
|-
!R2
| rowspan="2" |25 January
| rowspan="2" |
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|-
!R3
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|[[Ishaan Madesh]]
|}

== Season report ==
The 2025–26 season began with six cars entering the championship's first round, held at [[Kari Motor Speedway]]. [[Ishaan Madesh]] claimed pole position in qualifying before stalling at the start of the opening race. He was able to recover to second ahead of Shivesh Selvarathnam, but the win went to Arjun Chheda. Madesh bounced back to win race two ahead of Chheda and Akhil Agarwal, before Chheda doubled up in race three to win again and take the lead in the standings. Madesh came second again, with Agarwal third.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-20 |title=Arjun, Ishaan share honours in MRF F2000 racing |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Jul/20/arjun-ishaan-share-honours-in-mrf-f2000-racing |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Three rounds at [[Madras Motor Race Track]] followed, and Chheda claimed pole position for the first of them. He converted that into a victory to further expand his points lead, with debutant Ethan Joy taking second place and Madesh coming third. Races two and three of the weekend saw identical podiums: Madesh used the second race's reverse grid to win ahead of points leader Chheda before taking another victory in race three to close right up to him in the standings. Tarun Muthiaiah took third place on both occasions.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-09-20 |title=Arjuns reign supreme in Indian National Car Racing Championship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/arjuns-reign-supreme-in-indian-national-car-racing-championship/article70073943.ece |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Entry numbers shrunk to four cars in 2026, and Madesh took the second pole position of his campaign in qualifying. A poor start to the first race saw him lose the lead to Chheda, who held on to take victory. Madesh had to be content with second ahead of Muthiaiah.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-04 |title=Nationak 4W Racing C'ship: Pune teenagers Arjun Chheda, Sai Shiva Sankaran top |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/sports/nationak-4w-racing-cship-pune-teenagers-arjun-chheda-sai-shiva-sankaran-top-1036484 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He was able to use the reversed-grid in race two to bounce back and take victory, with Chheda this time consigned to second and Muthiaiah once again third. Race three saw the order of the top two switch once again, allowing Chheda to build a five-point lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ians |first= |date=2026-01-05 |title=Arjun Chheda, Ishaan Madesh shine; Sai Shiva Sankaran wins triple in National Racing Championship |url=https://telanganatoday.com/arjun-chheda-ishaan-madesh-shine-sai-shiva-sankaran-wins-triple-in-national-racing-championship |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

The final round of the season saw Madesh once again go fastest in qualifying to take pole position. He followed that up with a win ahead of Chheda and Selvarathnam to reduce Chheda's championship to just two points going into the final day. Two more wins for Madesh followed on Sunday, with his clean sweep allowing him to take the championship title. Chheda came second on both occasions to finish the season four points behind the champion as third places were shared between Selvarathnam and Muthiaiah.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-01-25 |title=National Car Racing C'ship: Ishaan Madesh, Sai Shiva Sankaran emerge champions |url=https://www.indiatribune.com/national-car-racing-cship-ishaan-madesh-sai-shiva-sankaran-emerge-champions |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=India Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |date=2026-01-29 |title=Ishaan Madesh crowned 2025 MRF F2000 champion |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/ishaan-madesh-crowned-2025-mrf-f2000-champion-438923 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>

== Championship standings ==
; Scoring system

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align: center;"
!Position
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |1st
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2nd
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3rd
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4th
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5th
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6th
|-
!Points
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |25
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |19
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |17
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |15
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |12
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |10
|}
Half points were awarded if less than five cars took part in a race.
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align: center;"
! valign="middle" |{{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! valign="middle" |Driver
! colspan="3" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]
! colspan="3" |[[Madras International Circuit|CHE]]1
! colspan="3" |[[Madras International Circuit|CHE]]2
! colspan="3" |[[Madras International Circuit|CHE]]3
! valign="middle" |Points
|-
!1
| align="left" |[[Ishaan Madesh]]
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |'''''2'''''
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |''3''
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |'''''2'''''*
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1*''
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |''2*''
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''1'''*
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''*
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''*
!199
|-
!2
| align="left" |Arjun Chheda
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |1
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''1'''
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |1*
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2*
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |1*
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |''2''*
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2*
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2*
!195
|-
!3
| align="left" |Tarun Muthiaiah
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3*
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3*
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4*
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4*
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4*
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3*
!136
|-
!4
| align="left" nowrap="" |Shivesh Selvarathnam
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4*
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4*
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3*
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3*
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3*
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4*
!123
|-
!5
| align="left" |Ethan Joy
|
|
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
|
|
|
|
|
|
!49
|-
!6
| align="left" |Akhil Agarwal
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!49
|-
!7
| align="left" |[[Chetan Korada]]
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!35
|-
!{{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
!Driver
! colspan="3" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]
! colspan="3" |[[Madras International Circuit|CHE]]1
! colspan="3" |[[Madras International Circuit|CHE]]2
! colspan="3" |[[Madras International Circuit|CHE]]3
!Points
|}
| valign="top" |{{Motorsport driver results legend}}
'''Bold''' – Pole

''Italics'' – Fastest Lap
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.mrfmotorsports.com/}}
{{Indian motorsports}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian motorsport|MRF Challenge]]
[[Category:MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship seasons]]

Raghunatha Nayak

2026-02-16T20:33:11Z

Ptamansamrat: creating basic info from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name =Raghunatha Nayak
| title =Maharaja Of Thanjavur Nayak
| image=
| reign =1600–1634
| coronation =1614
| full name =
| predecessor =[[Achuthappa Nayak]]
| successor =[[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]]
| queen = Kalavati, Chenchamma [[Ramabhadramba]]
| spouse =
| issue =Vijaya Raghava Nayak
| royal house =House of Nayak
| dynasty =[[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak Dynasty]]
| birth_date =Unknown
| birth_place =Thanjavur
| death_date =1634
| death_place =
|}}
'''Raghunatha Nayak''' was a Telugu king of the Thanjavur Nayak Dynasty. He was the third ruler of [[Thanjavur]], southern India, from the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Nayak dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richman |first=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA166 |title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition |date=2001 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-22074-4 |pages=166 |language=en |quote=Raghunathanayaka, a Balija who ruled Tanjavur during the early seventeenth century, also wrote a Ramayana. |author-link=Paula Richman}}</ref> He ruled from 1600 to 1634 and is noted for the attainments of Thanjavur in literature, art, and [[Carnatic music]].{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=62–65}}

== Early life ==

Raghunatha Nayak was the eldest son of [[Achuthappa Nayak]] and was born after intense penance by his father. The ''[[Raghunathabhyudayam]]'' and ''Sahityanatyakara'' give a detailed account of his childhood. As a boy, Raghunatha learned the [[shastra]]s, the art of warfare and administration. He had multiple queens, chiefly Kalavati referred to in the ''Raghunathabhyudayam'' as Pattampurani. [[Ramabhadramba]], who wrote a history of the Thanjavur Nayak dynasty, was one of his concubines. {{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=62–65}}
===Wars With Golconda Sultanate===
{{Main|Venkata war with Golkonda}}
In his early days, Raghunatha won acclaim fighting the [[Golconda Sultanate]].{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=62–65}} He ascended the throne in 1600, ruled with his father from 1600 to 1614, and as sole monarch from 1614 to 1634.

== Campaigns and wars ==

In 1614, [[Sriranga II]], the Emperor of Vijayanagar, was killed by a rival claimant, Jaggaraya. Raghunatha proceeded against Jaggaraya to avenge the murder. Different accounts give varying versions of the events. According to Ramabhadramba, Raghunatha first fought a rebellious regional chieftain called Solaga, pursuing him to [[Kumbakonam]] and then besieging him in his island-fortress on the [[Kollidam]] before turning his attention to the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] and attacking [[Jaffna]]. After his victory over the Portuguese, Ramabhadramba claims, Raghunatha returned to the Indian mainland, where he pursued Jaggaraya to Toppur and defeated him. He later constructed a pillar of victory and took possession of [[Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu|Bhuvanagiri]] near [[Chidambaram]].{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=66–68}}

According to Yagnanarayana Dikshita, the campaign had been preceded by a council held by Achuthappa Nayak in which Raghunatha, [[Govinda Dikshita]] and the exiled [[Jaffna kingdom|king of Jaffna]] [[Ethirimana Cinkam]] participated. The whole campaign against Jaggaraya and the Solaga was the outcome of this conference.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=66–68}}

The Battle of Toppur was dated 12 December 1616 based on the ''Raghunathabyudayam'', which states that Raghunatha was camping at [[Pazhamaneri]] in August 1616. Portuguese chroniclers dated Raghunatha's victories in Jaffna to the beginning of 1616. The campaign against the Solaga must have also taken place at this time.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=69}}

=== Campaign against the Solaga ===

The ''Raghunathabyudayam'' says that Solaga was the ruler of an island (''Antaripagataha'') and a feudatory of [[Krishnappa Nayak]] of [[Gingee]].{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=72}} He is described as a [[highwayman]] who attacked passers-by and stole their belongings.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=73}} Raghunatha's campaign was a punitive expedition to put an end to his activities.

Raghunatha attacked Solaga's headquarters near Kumbakonam. Supported by Krishnappa Nayak, the Portuguese and Muslim mercenaries, Solaga put up strong resistance but was finally defeated by Raghunatha's artillery.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=74–76}} He was captured and imprisoned along with his family.

=== Invasion of Jaffna ===

Following the victory over Solaga, Raghunatha attacked Jaffna. Enthiramana helped the re-founded [[Kandyan Kingdom]] King Vimaladharmasuriya I (1593–1604) and King Senarat (1604–1635) to secure help from [[South India]] to resist the Portuguese. Like Bhuvanekabahu VII of [[Kotte Kingdom]], through a mixture of native cunning and the ability to perform a delicate balancing act, the Jaffna king secured a surprising degree of room for maneuver.<ref name=d166>de Silva, K. M. (2005). A History of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 782. ISBN 955-8095-92-3.</ref><ref name=ta3>Abeysinghe, T ''Jaffna Under the Portuguese'', p. 3</ref> While according to Nayak chronicles, Raghunatha himself led the expedition, according to Portuguese records, the campaign was led by one [[Varunakulattan|Khem Nayak]], a general in service of Raghunatha. The Thanjavur Nayak forces were victorious in evicting the Portuguese from Jaffna. [[Cankili II]] of the [[Aryachakravarti Dynasty]] was placed on the throne. However, Cankili II ruled for barely two years before being overthrown and killed in 1619.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=80–82}}

=== Battle of Toppur ===

On his return to India, Raghunatha Nayak personally led an army against Jaggaraya, who had usurped the throne of Vijayanagar after killing Sriranga II. Jaggaraya was assisted by the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty]] and [[Nayaks of Gingee]].{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=83}} Yagnanarayana Dikshita mentions that Jaggaraya had the support of the Yavanas and Parasikas, whose identities remain unclear. Raghunatha's army consisted of strong infantry and cavalry divisions, elephant corps, and armed soldiers. The Vijayanagar claimant [[Rama Deva Raya]] fought alongside him.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=85–86}}

The two armies met at Toppur. Raghunatha was completely victorious; Jaggaraya was captured and killed, and Rama Deva Raya was placed on the throne.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=88–89}}

=== Later campaigns ===

Raghunatha also conducted minor campaigns. Though he failed to prevent the Aryachakravarti dynasty from being overthrown, he kept up the pressure against the Portuguese by supporting rebellions. The [[Karaiyar]]s—a class of fishermen along the [[Gulf of Mannar]]—made six attempts between 1620 and 1621 to overthrow Portuguese rule. Raghunatha, himself, sent five armies between 1619 and 1621 to conquer Jaffna, but they failed. {{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=90–92}}

== Patronage of arts and music ==

Raghunatha patronized Carnatic music in his kingdom.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=108}}<ref name="thehindu_20110131">{{cite news|title=The charisma of composers|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 January 2011|first=T. M.|last=Krishna|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article1142441.ece}}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20050805">{{cite news|title=The colourful world of the Nayaks|first=Pradeep|last=Chakravarthy|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080500390300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206120914/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080500390300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 August 2005}}</ref> The Nayak himself composed a number of [[Yakshagana]]s and was a good [[veena]] player.<ref name="thehindu_20110131" /> [[Kshetrayya]], the composer from [[Movva|Muvva]], visited Thanjavur and composed ''padas'' during his reign.<ref name="thehindu_20110131" /> Raghunatha also renovated a number of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temples. He constructed the [[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Ramaswamy Temple]] in [[Kumbakonam]], the popular [[Saraswathi Mahal Library]] in Thanjavur and the [[gopura]] of the [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]] in Kumbakonam. He expanded the [[Uppiliappan Temple]] and the [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi]]. The [[Ratha-Yatra|car festival]]s of [[Thiruvaiyaru]] and [[Pasupatikoil]] were conducted on a lavish scale.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=106–107}}

During the time of Raghunatha the structure of the veena also evolved and he invented the [[raga]] [[Jayantasena]] and the [[Tala (music)|tala]] Ramananda.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=108}}<ref name="thehindu_20110131" /><ref name="thehindu_20050805" /> He also composed a number of [[kavya]]s in Telugu, important ones being ''[[Parijatapaharanamu]]'', ''Valmikicharitram'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raghunatha Nayakudu |title=Valmiki Charitramu |date=1919 |publisher=Andhra Vignana Samiti |location=Vizianagaram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.371215/mode/2up |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=Telugu}}</ref> ''Rukminiparinaya Yakshaganam'' and ''[[Raghunatha Ramayana|Ramayanam]]''. He wrote the Sanskrit plays ''Sangita Sudha'' and ''Bharatha Sudha''. The Telugu poets [[Ramabhadramba]], [[Madhuravani]], [[Chemakura Venkataraju]] and [[Krishnadhwari]] were active during his reign. Raghunatha was also an expert sword-fighter and horse rider. {{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=108}}

Raghunatha's biographies note his generosity towards [[Brahmin]]s. Raghunatha constructed several [[agraharas]] and gave costly gifts to poor Brahmins and the disabled. A 1604 inscription from Narattampoondi records Raghunatha's gift of the village of [[Kailasapuram]] for upkeeping the Srirangam temple. He also gave lavish gifts to the [[Madhva]] pontiff, [[Vijayendra Tirtha]], and the Sri Mutt in Kumbakonam. {{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|pp=106–107}}

== Relationship with European powers ==

Raghunatha maintained cordial relations with the Danes and the English. The Portuguese had established factories at [[Santhome|San Thome]] and [[Nagapattinam]] on the eastern coast before the accession of Raghunatha, while the Dutch founded a settlement at Tegnapatnam in 1610. South Indian rulers patronized and supported the Dutch to neutralize the belligerent Portuguese. {{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=94}} [[Ove Gjedde]] of the [[Danish East India Company]] founded the settlement of [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]] on 19 November 1620.<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Tranquebar — A piece of Denmark on the coast of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-danish-history-and-coastal-charms-of-tharangambadi-or-tranquebar-near-puducherry-in-tamil-nadu/cid/1870111 |access-date=12 October 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=15 June 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=97}} Following a visit to Raghunatha's court, the English captain John Johnson and Brockedon, the President of the English settlements, tried to convince the directors of the [[East India Company]] to send a mission to Thanjavur. {{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=99}} Johnson wrote home:

{{quote| ... the Great Naik demands of men what the reason is that the English do not desire to trade in his land as well as Portugal, saying they shall have the pepper and anything the land doth afford and likewise buy the commodities that they do bring with them as tin, lead, iron and red cloth is well sold. Little does our nation know how they are expected all this land, and thus the Danes do trade under the name of the English and are marvelous well used.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=99}}}}

Johnson's proposal was approved; a mission landed at [[Karaikal]] on 23 May 1624 and proceeded inland to Thanjavur to seek an audience with the king, reaching the capital in June. Raghunatha received the visitors warmly and granted them permits to trade freely in Karaikal. However, Raghunatha later withdrew his concessions and demanded an annual rent of 7,000 riyals. This volte-face has been attributed to pressure from the Portuguese and the Danes. Nevertheless, Johnson rejected the Nayak's offer and returned to England, where his activities were severely censured. The English also tried to get [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] from the [[Gingee Nayaks]] and failed.{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=103}}

== Extent of Raghunatha's kingdom ==

Raghunatha's empire extended far beyond the confines of Thanjavur district. His inscriptions have been found in Thirukkoshtiyur in [[Ramanathapuram district]], [[Lalgudi]] in [[Tiruchirappalli district]], [[Govindavadi]] in [[Kanchipuram district]], and [[Nedugunram]] and [[Narattampoondi]] in [[Vellore district]].{{sfn|Vriddhagirisan|1942|p=105}}

== Notes ==

{{Reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite book|last=Vriddhagirisan|first=V.|title=The Nayaks of Tanjore|year=1942|publisher=[[Annamalai University]]}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Nayaks of Thanjavur]]||||}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Achuthappa Nayak]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Raja of Thanjavur|years=1600–1634}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]]}}
{{end}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1634 deaths]]
[[Category: Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category: History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]
[[Category: Saraswati veena players]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian musicians]]

P. Jainulabdeen

2026-02-09T05:01:42Z

Ptamansamrat: corrected layout to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|Tamil Islamic scholar}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Bio|date=February 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Jainulabideen
| image =
| caption = before Facebook live April 20
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|02|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thondi|Thondi-Ramanathapuram District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = PJ
| occupation =
| years_active = 1995 - now
| known_for =
| notable_works = translated Quran to Tamil
}}
'''P. Jainulabideen,''' also known as '''PJ''' is an Islamic scholar, teacher and preacher, primarily in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language and also co-founder of [[Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham]] in 1995. After the political stand of [[Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham|Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam]] he walked out from [[Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham|TMMK]] and started an Islamic non-profit organization, [[Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/muslim-politics-a-divided-house-in-tamil-nadu/article7875061.ece |title=Muslim politics: a divided house in Tamil Nadu |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2015-11-14 |access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/man-records-statement-against-son-accused-of-is-links/ |title=Man records statement against son accused of Islamic State links |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref> He is one of the Pioneers in the region who advocated that [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]] (Authentic Hadith) as the sole sources of religious authority and oppose everything introduced in Islam after the earliest times. He has been extremely vocal against [[Terrorism]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Human chain against terrorism|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/human-chain-against-terrorism/article6606310.ece|work=The Hindu|date=16 November 2014 }}</ref> and [[Dowry]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslims in Tamil Nadu pledge not to give or take dowry|date=12 July 2011 |url=http://twocircles.net/2011jul12/muslims_tamil_nadu_pledge_not_give_or_take_dowry.html|publisher=Two Cirles}}</ref> among Islamic Community in [[Tamil Nadu]] south [[India]].

In May 2018 he was expelled from TNTJ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/juniorvikatan/2018-may-23/exposure/141064-jainulabdeen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818032036/https://www.vikatan.com/social-affairs/crime/141064-jainulabdeen-sex-audio-issue#bypass-sw|archive-date=18 August 2019|title=Junior Vikatan - 23 May 2018 - ஆபாச ஆடியோ... சிக்கிய ஜெய்னுல் ஆபிதீன்! | Jainulabdeen sex audio issue - Junior Vikatan }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/125271-i-had-my-faith-on-wrong-persons-feels-pjainulabdeen.html|title=' நம்பக் கூடாதவர்களை நம்பிவிட்டேன்!' - கலங்கிய பி.ஜெ. {{!}} I had my faith on wrong persons, feels PJainulabdeen|last=Vijayanand.A|date=17 May 2018|language=ta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818032230/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/125271-i-had-my-faith-on-wrong-persons-feels-pjainulabdeen#bypass-sw|archive-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/125166-out-of-46-only-3-pj-audios-were-released.html|title=' மொத்தம் 46; வெளியானது 3 ஆடியோ'! - பி.ஜெவின் வில்லங்கப் பேச்சு வெளியான பின்னணி {{!}} Out of 46, Only 3 PJ audios were released|last=Vijayanand.A|date=16 May 2018|language=ta|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818032343/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/125166-out-of-46-only-3-pj-audios-were-released#bypass-sw}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jainulabdeen, P}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:Writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]

{{India-reli-bio-stub}}

List of high commissioners of Brunei to India

2026-01-26T22:24:08Z

Ptamansamrat: creating

{{short description|none}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = High Commissioner
| body = Brunei to India
| native_name = இந்தியாவுக்கான புருனே உயர் ஆணையர்
| insignia = Emblem of Brunei.svg
| insigniasize = 120px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of Brunei
| image = H.E. Mr. Dato Alaihuddin Mohamad Taha.jpg
| incumbent = [[Alaihuddin Taha]]
| incumbentsince = 22 September 2021
| style = [[His Excellency]]
| residence = [[New Delhi]]
| appointer = [[Sultan of Brunei]]
| termlength = ''[[At His Majesty's pleasure]]''
| inaugural = {{ubil|[[Abdul Momin Ismail]] (non-resident)|[[Adnan Buntar]] (resident)}}
| formation = 12 August 1992
| website = [https://www.mfa.gov.bn/india-newdelhi/SitePages/Home.aspx Official website]
}}

The '''[[Brunei]]an [[High Commissioner]] in [[New Delhi]]''' is the official representative of the Government in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] to the [[Republic of India]]. Additionally, the high commission serves as the [[Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization]]'s (AALCO) representative, with [[dual accreditation]] to [[Sri Lanka]] as High Commissioner and [[Nepal]] as Ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/india-newdelhi/SitePages/chancery.aspx.aspx |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.mfa.gov.bn}}</ref>

== History ==

During discussions at [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings]] (CHOGM), among other events, the late [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] expressed desire in improving bilateral relations. The Sultan made a state visit to India in September 1992 at the request of Prime Minister Gandhi, and on 18 May 1993, an Indian permanent diplomatic presence was established in Brunei. On 12 August 1992, Brunei opened its high commission in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dr. Dhrubajyoti Bhattacharjee |date=2018-06-18 |title=India and Brunei: A Brief Overview |url=https://icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=2418&lid=1821 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=icwa.in}}</ref>

== List of high commissioners ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!| Diplomatic [[agrément]]/[[Diplomatic accreditation]]
!| [[High commissioner]]
!| Observations
!| [[Prime Minister of Brunei]] / [[Sultan of Brunei]]
!| [[President of India]]
!| Term end
|-
|1990
|[[Abdul Momin Ismail|Pengiran Dipa Negara Laila Diraja Pengiran Haji Abdul Momin bin Pengiran Haji Ismail]]
|Non-resident high commissioner<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=1993-08-31 |title=A new envoy appointed, two others transferred |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/English%20Publication%20PDF/BD%2031%20Aug%2093.pdf |work=Brunei Darussalam Newsletter |pages=7}}</ref>
|[[Hassanal Bolkiah]]
|[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|1993
|-
|8 August 1994
|[[Adnan Buntar|Dato Paduka Dr. Haji Mohd Adnan bin Buntar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-08-08 |title=The High Commissioner-Designate of Brunei Darussalam to India, H.E. Mr. Dato Paduka Haji Awang Mohd. Adnan Bin Awang Buntar presenting his credentials to the President of India, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on August 08, 1994. |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/MzcxNw== |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=राष्ट्रपति भवन RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN}}</ref>
|An [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] on aviation services collaboration was signed by India and Brunei in January 1995. This agreement eventually developed into a bilateral air services agreement in November of the same year.<ref name=":0" /> For the Second Meeting of the Indo-Brunei Joint Committee, the secretary of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] traveled to Brunei from 1–2 May 1996.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=BRIEF ON INDIA-BRUNEI BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bilateral_as_on_Brunei_Darussalam_November_2018.pdf |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref>
|Hassanal Bolkiah
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|1997
|-
|16 October 1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India - Digital Library |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/NTIwMw== |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref>
|[[Abdul Mokti Daud|Dato Seri Setia Haji Abdul Mokti bin Haji Mohd Daud]]
|The secretary of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] visited Brunei in July 1998 for bilateral engagements on issues of mutual concern. In July 1999, [[Abdul Aziz Umar|Pehin Dato Abdul Aziz]] as well as the [[chairperson]] of the [[Brunei Investment Agency]] (BIA) traveled to India. India was visited by [[Princess Masna of Brunei|Princess Masna]] in April 2000.<ref name=":3" />
|Hassanal Bolkiah
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|2001
|-
|August 2001<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=November 2007 |title=HAJI ABDUL GHAFAR BIN HAJI ISMAIL |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2007/11/-/media/Files/MFA/Press-Releases/Archived/press_20071129_03_03.pdf |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.mfa.gov.sg}}</ref>
|[[Abdul Ghafar Ismail|Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Ghafar bin Haji Ismail]]
|During the second ASEAN-India Summit in 2003, ASEAN and India signed the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Brunei Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Brunei-India_bil_Brief__XP__2013-3.pdf |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref> On 2–4 March 2003, a group led by [[Abdullah Bakar|Dato Abdullah]] traveled to [[Bangalore]] to view Indian IT facilities. On 20 September 2004, a group of four scientists from the [[ISRO]]'s TTC Center in Brunei successfully saw the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV) launch. In September 2006, [[Shakeel Ahmad]] traveled to Brunei to take part in the Second TELMIN + India Meeting.<ref name=":3" />
|Hassanal Bolkiah
|K. R. Narayanan
|May 2007<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-11-11 |title=His Excellency Dato Abdul Ghafar Ismail |url=https://washdiplomat.com/his-excellency-dato-abdul-ghafar-ismail/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=washdiplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2008<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Presentation of Credentials, 29 September 2020 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2020/09/20200829-POC |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.mfa.gov.sg |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sidek Ali|Dato Paduka Haji Sidek bin Ali]]
|A bilateral agreement on investment promotion and protection (BIPA) was already signed in 2008 between the two nations.<ref name=":0" /> Pehin Dato Yasmin paid visits to [[Raksha Mantri]] and the [[Minister of State for Defence]] while in India in 2010 and 2012 as part of the DEFEXPO displays.<ref name=":3" /> On 16 May 2018, the [[Indian Cabinet]] gave its approval for Brunei and India to execute an agreement on the exchange of tax information.<ref name=":0" />
|Hassanal Bolkiah
|[[Pratibha Patil]]
|2020<ref name=":2" />
|-
|22 September 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-25 |title=Brunei {{!}} H E Dato Alaihuddin Mohamad Taha presents credentials to the President of India {{!}} Indian Bureaucracy is an Exclusive News Portal |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/brunei-h-e-dato-alaihuddin-mohamad-taha-presents-credentials-to-the-president-of-india/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-09-22 |title=The High Commissioner-designate of Brunei Darussalam, Alaihuddin Mohd Taha presenting his credentials to the President, Ram Nath Kovind |url=https://www.sarkaritel.com/the-high-commissioner-designate-of-brunei-darussalam-alaihuddin-mohd-taha-presenting-his-credentials-to-the-president-ram-nath-kovind/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Sarkaritel.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Alaihuddin Taha|Dato Paduka Haji Alaihuddin bin Pehin Orang Kaya Digadong Seri Lela Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang Mohd Taha]]
|[[Halbi bin Mohammad Yussof|Pehin Dato Halbi]] was followed by Dato Alaihuddin to the 9th Asian Energy Ministerial Roundtable, India Energy Week 2023, and the Ministerial Session of the Strategic Conference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PMO News - 9th Asian Energy Ministerial Meeting & India... |url=https://www.pmo.gov.bn/Lists/2022%20PMO%20News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=346&source=/SitePages/All%20News.aspx&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.pmo.gov.bn}}</ref>
|Hassanal Bolkiah
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|''incumbent''
|}
{{coord|28.5621936|77.1604626|display=title|region:BO_type:landmark}}

== See also ==

* [[Brunei–India relations]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Diplomatic missions of Brunei}}
{{Ambassadors and High Commissioners to India}}

[[Category:Brunei and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of Brunei|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|Brunei]]

Sitaleshwar Temple

2026-01-24T03:42:49Z

Ptamansamrat: New

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Jhalrapatan, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{infobox temple
| image = Shivalaya chandrabhaga temples jhalwar, rajasthan.jpg
| designation1 = MANI
| designation1_offname = Old Temples near the Chandrabhaga
| designation1_number = N-RJ-71
| caption = The eastern entrance of the temple. The pillars of the mandapam are seen, as is the [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] within
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Sitaleshwar Temple''', or '''Sitaleshwar Mahadeva Temple''', is a temple located in [[Jhalrapatan]], [[Rajasthan]]. Dedicated to [[Shiva]], the temple consists of a pavilion with elaborately carved pillars, an antechamber, and a sanctum. The exterior walls are carved with sculptures in relief depicting various Hindu deities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=क्या आपने देखा है 1300 साल पुराना राजस्थान का शिव मंदिर, खासियत जान रह जाएंगे दंग? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/photo-gallery-do-you-know-shitaleshwar-mahadev-temple-689-ad-oldest-dated-temple-jhalrapatan/1763350125376 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Zee Rajasthan |language=hi}}</ref>

It is a part of a complex of several temples, known as the ''Chandrabhaga'' group of temples, which is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref name="jioinstitute">{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Nikita |date=1 July 2024 |title=Architectural and Cultural Significance of the Sitaleshwar Temple |url=https://exhibits.jioinstitute.edu.in/spotlight/chandrabhaga-group-of-temples/feature/architectural-and-cultural-significance-of-the-sitaleshwar-temple |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=Chandrabhaga Group of Temples - Exhibits@Jio Institute |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |year=1981 |title=Forest and Cave: Temples at Candrabhaga and Kansuan |url=https://www.academia.edu/3995605 |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=34 |pages=56–73 |jstor=20111117 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OLD TEMPLE NEAR CHANDRABHGA |url=https://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Jhalrapatan%20-%20Old%20temples%20near%20Chandrabhaga.html |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=asijaipurcircle.nic.in |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India Jaipur Circle }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Sitaleshwar Temple in the Candrabhaga temples complex.jpg|thumb|Sitaleshwar Temple, as published by Fergusson in 1848. Only the pillars of the [[Mandapa|mandapam]] survive. The temple was later reconstructed utilizing the ruins from the site]]
The temple was built in the 7th century, and the pillared hall was added in the 10th century.<ref name="jioinstitute" /><ref name="academia" /> [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]] surveyed the temple in the late 19th century, and reported it to be in ruins, with only the columns of the pillared hall surviving. He describes these as "most elegant specimen of columnar architecture in India", further stating that despite its dilapidated state, it still remained a place of worship.<ref name="archive" /> [[Alexander Cunningham]] also surveyed the ruins of the temple. Later, the temple was reconstructed utilizing the ruins from the site.<ref name="jioinstitute" /><ref name="archive">{{Cite book |last=Fergusson |first=James |author-link=James Fergusson (architect) |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.26641/page/n45/mode/2up |title=Picturesque illustrations of ancient architecture in Hindostan |date=1848 |publisher=J.Hogarth |location=London |pages=33–34 }}</ref>

The temple faces east. It consists of a [[mandapa|''mandapam'']] (pillared hall), ''[[antarala]]'' (antechamber), and a square ''[[garbhagriha]]'' (sanctum). The ''[[shikhara]]'' (temple tower) originally surmounting the sanctum, has collapsed, and the temple currently has a flat roof with a small dome. The exterior walls of the temple are adorned with sculptures carved in relief of various gods of the Hindu pantheon.<ref name="jioinstitute"/><ref name="academia">{{Cite journal |last1=Mankodi |first1=Kirit |year=2019 |title=Śītalā and Śiva as Śītaleśvara on the Chandrabhaga's Tīrtha at Jhalrapatan |url=https://www.academia.edu/80575109 |journal=Berlin Indological Studies |volume=24 |pages=165–190 |archive-date=2024-12-25 |access-date=2024-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225192625/https://www.academia.edu/80575109 |url-status=live }}</ref> The main deity of the temple is Shiva, in the form of ''Sitaleshwar (Sitalisvara).'' The suffix "-isvara" is usually applied to indicate Shiva presiding over any aspect. The name thus roughly translates to "lord of [[Shitala|Sitala]]".<ref name="academia"/>

The pillars of the mandapa are carved with female figures, [[Guardians of the directions|''asthadikpalas'']], and [[Asceticism|ascetics]]. The fourteen outer pillars have octagonal bases. The twelve inner pillars have square bases, and are topped with [[Kalasha|''Purna-Kalasha'']] pot-motifs. A [[Nandi (Hinduism)|''Nandi'']] facing a [[Lingam|''Shiva lingam'']] is placed within the pillared hall. Four pillars stand at the entrance of the antechamber.<ref name="jioinstitute" /><ref name="archive" />

The antechamber leads to the sanctum, through an elaborately carved entrance with five bands. These bands contain floral motifs. The river goddesses [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]] are found at the base of the doorjambs. [[Lakulisha|Lakulisa]] is depicted in the central niche of the lintel. The main deity in the sanctum is represented by a Shiva lingam. It used to be accompanied by an image of [[Uma–Maheshvara|Shiva-Parvati]], which is now lost.<ref name="jioinstitute" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Portal|Hinduism|India
}}
[[Category:Shiva temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in India]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Mama Bhanja Temple

2026-01-22T17:25:24Z

Ptamansamrat: creating

{{Short description|Temple in Barsur, Chhattisgarh, India}}{{Infobox temple|image=012 01 2022 Barsur Mama Banja Temple Chhattisgarh 033.jpg}}

'''Mama Bhanja Temple''' is a temple in Barsur, [[Chhattisgarh]]. The temple is dedicated to God [[Shiva]].

According to a legend, the task to create this temple was given to two people who were related (Mama is maternal uncle and Bhanja is the nephew). Surprisingly, the two men were able to complete in a day and hence the temple was given this name.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मामा भांजा मंदिर {{!}} बत्तीसा मंदिर {{!}} चन्द्रादित्य मंदिर बारसूर {{!}} Mama Bhanja Temple|url=https://www.gochhattisgarh.in/2020/05/mama-bhanja-mandir-battisa-mandir.html|access-date=2020-12-15|website=Gochhattisgarh.in}}</ref> The temple is now maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=बारसूर में मामा भांजा मंदिर में दर्शन के लिए उमड़ते हैं श्रद्धालु|url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/articles-on-gods/mama-bhanja-temple-is-located-in-dantewada-district-of-chhattisgarh|access-date=2020-12-15|website=Prabhasakshi|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=मामा-भांजा मंदिर - भारतकोश, ज्ञान का हिन्दी महासागर|url=https://bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0|access-date=2020-12-15|website=bharatdiscovery.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Raipur Circle, Raipur|url=http://www.asiraipurcircle.in/Gallery.html|access-date=2020-12-15|website=www.asiraipurcircle.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 5, 2017|title=barsur mahotsav: Barsur Mahotsav back after 4 years, to be held from January 14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/barsur-mahotsav-back-after-4-years-to-be-held-from-january-14/articleshow/56347271.cms|access-date=2020-12-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:012_01_2022_Barsur_Mama_Banja_Temple_Chhattisgarh_630.jpg|thumb|[[Ganesha]] on the lintel of the sanctum doorway]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Chhattisgarh]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Annupamaa

2026-01-18T17:22:19Z

Ptamansamrat: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian playback singer from Tamil Nadu|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{distinguish|text=Bollywood singer [[Anupama Deshpande]]}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2023}}{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Annupamaa
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Annupamaa Krishnaswami
| birth_date = 2 September 1968 [http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/anupama/biography.html]
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| origin =
| genre =
| occupation = Playback singer, actor, voice actor [[Music composer]]
| instrument = piano, guitar, ukulele
| years_active = 1991–present
}}

'''Annupamaa''' is an Indian playback singer from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She is known especially for the song "[[Chandralekha (song)|Chandralekha]]" (Konjam Nilavu) from ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]''. She is also trained in Carnatic music and a 6th grade solo pianist from Trinity College London.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/in-her-own-style/article7822984.ece|title=In her own style|last=Saravanan|first=T.|date=2015-10-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Annupamaa Krishnaswami was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India on 2 September 1968. She got training in [[Carnatic music]] from the age of four and she began singing in school competitions from the age of eight. She had her school education from St. Anthony's Senior Secondary School, New Delhi and took her [[BA Degree]] in English from Kamala Nehru College, New Delhi in 1989. She dropped out of the Mass Communication Course from the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] in New Delhi following her passion to become a singer.

Annupamaa is married to J. Murali Krishnan, Executive Vice-president and National Creative Director of Optima Response and they live in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/chennaicitizen/1999/singer.asp |title='CHANDRALEKHA Anupama |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005091024/http://archives.chennaionline.com/chennaicitizen/1999/singer.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Annupamaa used to take part in college competitions during her days as a student of Mass Communications. As a copy trainee in an ad agency, she had a chance to participate in an ''Ad Utsav''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/12/stories/2002021200840200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041201114515/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/12/stories/2002021200840200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2004 |title=Singer with style |date=12 February 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>

==Notable songs==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Song !! Album !! Composer
|-
| ''Akhila Akhila''
| [[Nerukku Ner]]
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
| ''Anbal Unnai''
| [[3 Roses]]
| [[Karthik Raja]]
|-
| ''Antha Vennila''
| [[Sandhippoma]]
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| ''Break the Rules''
| [[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|Kya Scene Hai
|[[Sisindri]]
|[[Raj–Koti|Raj]]
|-
| ''[[Chandralekha (song)|Chandralekha]]''
| [[Thiruda Thiruda]] / [[Chor Chor]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Chinna Ponnu''
| Kashmir
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
| ''Dil Se Re''
| [[Dil Se..]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Dus (female)''
| [[Dus (1997 film)|Dus]] (Unreleased)
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|-
| ''Gulmohar Malare''
| [[Majunu]]
| [[Harris Jeyaraj]]
|-
| ''Hay Hay Ye Mazboori''
| Haz Aur Shahadat (album)
| Khurshid Alam Qawwal
|-
| ''Hello Doctor''
| [[Kadhal Desam]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Hosima''
| [[Chocolate (2001 film)|Chocolate]]
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
| ''Ichankaatule Muyal Onnu''
| [[V. I. P. (1997 film)|V.I.P]]
| [[Ranjit Barot]]
|-
| ''Ied Ka Din''
| Haz Aur Shahadat (album)
| Khurshid Alam Qawwal
|-
| ''If you wanna''
| [[New (film)|New]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Indiran Alle''
| [[V. I. P. (1997 film)|V.I.P]]
| Ranjit Barot
|-
| ''I Wanna Be Free''
| [[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Iyaiyo Kanava''
| [[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]] (Tamil Dubbed version)
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Jaan Tum Ho Meri''
| [[Vishwavidhaata]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''July Maddham Vanthal''
| [[Pudhiya Mugam]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Kaatrodu Puyalai''
| [[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| ''Kama Kama''
| [[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Kadhal Niagra''
| [[En Swasa Kaatre]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Kora Kagaaj''
| Shraddhanjali (album)
| [[R.D. Burman]] (Original) [[Zubeen Garg]] (Cover)
|-
| ''Kumuru Kumuru''
| [[Aanai]]
| [[D. Imman]]
|-
| ''Love Love''
| [[Ulavuthurai]]
| Shah
|-
| ''Maara Maara''
| [[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]
| [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]]
|-
| ''Mama Varalama''
| Sagiye
| Pradeep Ravi
|-
| ''Mercury Pookkal''
| [[Ratchagan]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Mogama Thakama''
| Kama
|
|-
| ''Nazrein Milaana Nazrein Churaana''
| [[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Pappu Can't Dance''
| [[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Pooveukenna Pootu''
| [[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Rahathulla''
| [[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]
| [[Harris Jeyaraj]]
|-
| ''Salaam''
| Haz Aur Shahadat (album)
| Khurshid Alam Qawwal
|-
| ''Sandhipoma''
| [[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Sandhosha Kanneere''
| [[Uyire]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Sundara En Sundara''
| [[Super Police]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Signore Signore''
| [[Kannathil Muthamittal]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''Teri Jawani Mast Mast''
| [[Tathastu]]
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|-
| ''Thilothamma''
| [[Kadhal Mannan]]
| [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|-
| ''Thithikkara Vayasu''
| [[Thimiru]]
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| ''Thudikindra Kadhal''
| [[Nerukku Ner]]
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
| ''USA USA''
| [[Achchamundu! Achchamundu!]]
| [[Karthik Raja]]
|-
| ''Yaa Rasool Khuda''
| Haz Aur Shahadat (album)
| Khurshid Alam Qawwal
|-
| ''Yeh Raat''
| [[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]
| [[Anu Malik]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annupamaa}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Naalukettu (novel)

2026-01-15T05:52:51Z

Ptamansamrat: new

{{Short description|1958 novel by M.T. Vasudevan Nair}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox book

| name = Naalukettu
| image = Naalukettu MT.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt =
| author = [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = Novel
| publisher = Current Books
| publisher2 = [[DC Books]]
| pub_date = {{Start date|1958|||}}
| english_pub_date = 1975
| media_type = Print
| pages = 204
| awards = 1959: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| isbn = 978-81-226-0727-7
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| preceded_by_quotation_marks =
| followed_by =
| followed_by_quotation_marks =
| wikisource =
}}

'''''Naalukettu''''' is a [[Malayalam]] [[novel]] written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]. Published in 1958, it was MT's first major novel.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|volume=15|isbn=81-7755-257-0|editor=Subodh Kapoor|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|year=2002|page=4544}}</ref> The title attributes to [[Nālukettu]], a traditional ancestral home (''[[Tharavad|Taravad]]'') of a [[Nair]] joint family. Like many other novels written by MT, ''Naalukettu'' is also set against the backdrop of the declining traditional joint family structure of Kerala in a newly independent India.

''Naalukettu'' remains a classic in Malayalam fiction. It contributed to the renewal of a literary tradition initiated by [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], and [[Uroob]] in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|author=Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=26 June 1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/159 159]|isbn=978-0-85170-669-6 }}</ref> It was given the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award in 1959.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Short Stories: 1900–2000|editor=E. V. Ramakrishnan|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|date=1 Jan 2005|page=377}}</ref> It has had 66 reprints (as of 2025), was translated into 14 languages, had a record sale of half a million copies (as of 2008), and still features in the best-seller lists.<ref name="The Hindu Review">K. Kunhikrishnan (6 January 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080107014821/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2008/01/06/stories/2008010650100300.htm "Caught in the cusp of change"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 6 July 2013.</ref><ref name="Golden Jubilee">[http://www.hindu.com/br/2003/01/21/stories/2003012100070301.htm "'Nalukettu' a landmark work, says Baby"]. (in Malayalam). ''[[The Hindu]]''. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2013.</ref>

[[Doordarshan]] adapted the novel into a [[television film]] in 1995 with Malayalam actor, Krishnaprasad, as the protagonist.<ref name=DCB/> It won the Kerala State Television Award for the year 1996.<ref name=DCB/> A screenplay based on the novel was released on 8 December 2012 as part of the DC International Book Festival, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=DCB>[http://www.dcbooks.com/publishing-screenplay-of-m-t-vasudevan-nairs-nalukett.html "നാലുകെട്ടിന്റെ തിരക്കഥ വരുന്നു"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518224345/http://www.dcbooks.com/publishing-screenplay-of-m-t-vasudevan-nairs-nalukett.html |date=2014-05-18 }}. (in Malayalam). [[DC Books]]. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/naalukettu-screenplay | title=Naalukettu Screenplay | publisher=[[DC Books]] | date=2 June 2013 | access-date=25 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Plot==
'The story takes place in a traditional tharavadu of Kerala's [[Nair]] community in its final gasp for life. The hero, Appunni, is a scion of a once rich and powerful family. Appunni is the son of a woman who married a man of her own choice and refused to marry the man whom her [[Karnavar]] suggested. So, she has to leave the family with her son. Appunni grows up without a father. The novel captures the traumas and psychological graph of Appunni, an introvert and angry youth, aspiring to avenge the insult meted out to him in a matrilineal family by building a new edifice on the ruins of his ancestral home.

==Reception==
''[[The Hindu]]'''s critic K. Kunhikrishnan comments: "''Naalukettu'' was significant in that it fascinatingly portrayed the degeneration of the matrilineal system of joint families (tharawad), where large numbers of relatives lived together. The decline and collapse of the system resulted in nuclear families and consequential social, traditional, and economic changes. But apart from the historical angle, ''Naalukettu'' has a lasting literary value, as one of the best in Malayalam fiction."<ref name="The Hindu Review"/>

==Translations==
The novel has been translated into various Indian and foreign languages. The English translation is by:
* {{cite book|title=Naalukettu: The House Around the Courtyard|author=[[Gita Krishnankutty]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2008}}
The Arabic translation is by:
* Musthafa Wafy and Anas Wafy with the same title and published by Al-Madarek- Jeddha
The [[Konkani language|Konkani]] translation is by:
* Gokuldas Prabhu with the title ''Chavki''. This translation won the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] in 2002. {{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/naalukettu ''Naalukettu''] at [[DC Books|dcbooks.com]]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Novels by M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
[[Category:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:DC Books books]]
[[Category:1958 Indian novels]]

HMIS Punjab

2026-01-09T23:30:57Z

Ptamansamrat: added new post

{{Short description|Bathurst-class corvette}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=HMIS Punjab 1942.jpg
|image_caption=''Punjab'' in 1942
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|British India|naval-1928}}
|name=''Punjab''
|ordered=24 January 1941
|awarded=
|builder=[[Mort's Dock]]
|laid_down=26 May 1941
|launched=10 October 1941
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=20 March 1942
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=1949
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scrapped
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bathurst|minesweeper|1}}
|displacement=1,025 tons (full war load)
|length={{convert|186|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|beam={{convert|31|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|8.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|propulsion=Triple expansion, 2 shafts. {{cvt|2,000|hp|lk=in}}
|speed={{convert|15|kn}}
|range=
|complement=85
|sensors=Type 128 asdic
|armament=1 × [[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder gun]] or 1 × 4 inchgun, 1 × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm Bofors gun]], 2-3 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon guns]], up to 40 [[depth charge]]s
|notes=
}}
}}

'''HMIS ''Punjab'' (J239)''' was a {{Sclass|Bathurst|minesweeper}} which served in the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during [[World War II]].<ref name=u-punjab>{{Cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3744.html|title = HMIS Punjab (J 239) of the Royal Indian Navy - Indian Minesweeper of the Bathurst class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net}}</ref>

==History==
HMIS ''Punjab'' was ordered in 1941, and built by [[Mort's Dock]]. She was commissioned in 1942, into the [[Eastern Fleet]]. She escorted a number of convoys until the end of the war.<ref name=nh-1942>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1942b.htm|title = Eastern Fleet, Admiralty War Diary 1942}}</ref><ref name=nh-1943b>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943b.htm|title = Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943}}</ref><ref name=nh-1944>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1944-11.htm|title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1944}}</ref><ref name=nh-1945>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm|title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945}}</ref>

In July 1945, in support of the planned Allied amphibious landings in Malaya, ''Punjab'' with other RIN and Royal Navy vessels conducted minesweeping operations off [[Phuket (city)|Phuket]].<ref name=nh-squirrel>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-22MS-Algerine-Squirrel.htm|title=HMS Squirrel, minesweeper}}</ref>

After the [[independence of India]] and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition]], she was among the vessels transferred to Pakistan.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Bathurst class corvette}}
{{Corvettes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjab (J239)}}
[[Category:Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Minesweepers of the Pakistan Navy]]
[[Category:1941 ships]]

Sridhar V. Sambhram

2026-01-07T23:59:53Z

Ptamansamrat: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sridhar V. Sambhram
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alias = V. Sridhar Sambhram, Melody King
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Channapatna]], India
| genre = [[Film score]], soundtrack
| occupation = Music director, singer, composer, lyricist
| years_active = 2008–present
| website =
}}

'''Sridhar V. Sambhram''' (formerly credited as '''V. Sridhar''') is an Indian [[Film composer|film score and soundtrack]] composer and lyricist in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-03 |title=Music director Sridhar V Sambhram shares pictures from the song recording of Dear Sathya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/music-director-sridhar-v-sambhram-shares-pictures-from-the-song-recording-of-dear-sathya/articleshow/77911025.cms |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}} </ref> Sridhar made his film debut in the 2008 musical blockbuster ''[[Mussanjemaatu|Mussanje Maathu]]'' for which he received critics and masses appreciation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/10203.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521064652/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/10203.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2008|title=Mussanje Maathu Review|work=Indiaglitz|date=17 May 2008}}</ref> Since then he has composed and scored background music for successful films like ''[[Krishnan Love Story]]'' (2009), ''[[Krishnan Marriage Story]]'' (2010), ''[[Dubai Babu]]'' (2013), ''[[Jai Lalitha]]'' (2014) to name a few. He considers senior musician [[Hamsalekha]] as his mentor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sridhar-admits-his-fault--kannada-news-58606|title=Sridhar admits his fault!|work=Indiaglitz|date=15 July 2010}}</ref>

He has won [[Mirchi Music Awards South|Mirchi Award for Best Music Director]] for the film ''[[Krishnan Love Story]]'' (2012) and received a nomination at the [[59th Filmfare Awards South]] for his composition for the film ''[[Krishnan Marriage Story]]''. He won the Filmfare Award for the film ''[[Krishna Leela (2015 film)|Krishna Leela]]'' in 2015.
He is ''Melody King'' of current Kannada Music Industry

==Discography==

===As a composer===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film title !! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Mussanjemaatu|Mussanje Maathu]]'' || Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Kannada]] Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist - Kannada]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Dubai Babu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Iniya (film)|Iniya]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010 || ''Sri Moksha'' ||
|-
|''[[School Master (2010 film)|School Master]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Krishnan Love Story]]'' || Winner - [[Mirchi Music Awards South|Mirchi Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated — Filmfare Award for Best Music Director — Kannada
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''5 Idiots'' || Background music only
|-
|''[[Krishnan Marriage Story]]'' || Nominated — Filmfare Award for Best Music Director — Kannada
|-
|''Jedarahalli'' ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012 ||''Sankranthi'' ||
|-
|''[[Dashamukha]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Rana (2012 film)|Rana]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2014 || ''Sadagara'' ||
|-
|''[[Jai Lalitha]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Namaste Madam]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2015 || ''[[Krishna Leela (2015 film)|Krishna-Leela]]'' || Winner - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]]<ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2015-Full-List/articleshow/52311976.cms Karnataka State Film Awards, 2015: Full List]</ref> Winner - [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''First Love'' ||
|-
|''[[Sanju Mattu Geetha 2]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Krishna-Rukku]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016|| ''Supari Surya'' ||
|-
|''Kempammana Court Case'' ||
|-
|rowspan="8"|2017 || ''[[Mumbai (film)|Mumbai]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Chowka]]'' || One song only
|-
|''[[Tiger Galli]]'' || Songs only
|-
|''[[Upendra Matte Baa]]'' ||25th film
|-
|''Sarvasva'' ||
|-
|''[[Once More Kaurava]]'' ||
|-
|''[[3 Gante 30 Dina 30 Second]]'' ||
|-
|''Raajaru'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Tunturu (film)|Tunturu]]'' || Delayed release
|-
| ''[[Iruvudellava Bittu]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/tilak-joins-iruvudellava-bittu-kannada-news-201858|title = Tilak joins Iruvudellava Bittu - Kannada News|date = December 2017}}</ref> ||
|-
|2020
|''[[Aadyaa]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Mugilpete]]''
|
|-
|''[[Huttu Habbada Shubhashayagalu]]''
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha 2]]''
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6598049|Sridhar V. Sambhram}}
* [http://play.raaga.com/kannada/music/albums/V.-Sridhar/atz V. Sridhar artist]
* [http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/v-sridhar/filmography.html V. Sridhar filmography]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sridhar, V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

{{India-composer-stub}}

Corchorus capsularis

2026-01-01T20:44:29Z

Ptamansamrat: revise

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Beklädnadsväxter, Corchorus capsularis, Nordisk familjebok.png
|image_caption =
|genus = Corchorus
|species = capsularis
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Corchorus cordifolius'' Salisb.
*''Corchorus marua'' Buch.-Ham. nom. inval.
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2736337
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=22 May 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''''Corchorus capsularis''''' (also known as patsun), commonly known as '''white jute''',<ref>{{GRIN | accessdate=22 May 2015}}</ref> is a shrub species in the family [[Malvaceae]]. It is one of the sources of [[jute]] fibre, considered to be of finer quality than fibre from ''[[Corchorus olitorius]]'', the main source of jute. The leaves are used as a foodstuff and the leaves, unripe fruit and the roots are used in traditional medicine.<ref name=Pakistan>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/32200003?projectid=32 |title=Flora of Pakistan online |author= Sultanul Abedin |year=2011 |chapter=''Corchorus capsularis'' L.}}</ref>

==Description==
''Corchorus capsularis'' is an erect, annual shrub, with acute leaves, yellow five-petaled flowers and growing to two or more metres in height. It has globular fruits.<ref name=Pakistan/> It probably originated in China but is now grown in Bangladesh and India, and found spread across much of tropical Africa. It is also cultivated in the Amazon region of Brazil.<ref name=Cumo/>

==Uses==
Fibre made from ''C. capsularis'' is whiter and is considered to be of a higher quality than that made from ''[[Corchorus olitorius|''C. olitorius'']]''. The fibre is extracted from the cut stems by [[retting]] in water, removing the soft tissue, curing the fibre and drying it. It is used for making sacks, bags, carpets, curtains, fabrics and paper.<ref name=Cumo>{{cite book|author=Cumo, Christopher |title=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 |year=2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-775-8 |page=315}}</ref> ''C. olitorius'' and ''C. capsularis'' are the main sources of jute. The world production is concentrated in India and Bangladesh, where the crop grows well in the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] floodplains and delta region.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Brink, M. |author2=Achigan-Dako, E.G. |title=Fibres|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AspmAgAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=PROTA |isbn=978-92-9081-481-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AspmAgAAQBAJ/page/n98 98]–103}}</ref>

The leaves and shoots of this plant are widely eaten in salads when young and are used as a cooked leafy vegetable when older. The leaves are dried and powdered to use as a thickener in soups or as a tea. The immature fruits are also eaten, raw or cooked.<ref name=PFAF>{{cite web |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus+capsularis |title=''Corchorus capsularis'' L. |publisher=Plants for a Future |accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>

The plant is also used in herbal medicine. The leaves have been used to increase appetite, as an aid to digestion, as a laxative and as a stimulant. An infusion of the leaves has been used to reduce fever, and the roots and leaves have been used against [[dysentery]].<ref name=PFAF/> The seeds contain a [[digoxin]]-like substance and are poisonous to both animals and insects.<ref name=Grubben>{{cite book|author=Grubben, G.J.H. |title=Vegetables|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6jrlyOPfr24C |year=2004 |publisher=PROTA |isbn=978-90-5782-147-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6jrlyOPfr24C/page/n217 217]–221}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Corchorus capsularis 1229.jpg|Stem top with leaves, flower buds and open flower
File:Corchorus capsularis - Jardim Botânico de São Paulo - IMG 0245.jpg|Hank of fibre
</gallery>

==See also==
*''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]''
*[[Kenaf]]
*[[Mulukhiyah]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3190566}}

[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Jute]]
[[Category:Corchorus|capsularis]]

Ruhullah Khan

2025-12-22T11:40:14Z

Ptamansamrat:

{{distinguish|Ruhullah Khan of Poonch}}
{{Short description|17th-century Mughal Empire paymaster-general}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| monarch = [[Aurangzeb]]
| office = [[Mir Bakhshi|Mir Bakhshi of the Mughal Empire]]
| term_start = 1686
| term_end = 1692
| office1 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Hyderabad Subah|Hyderabad]]
| battles = [[Siege of Bijapur]] (1695–1686) [[Siege of Golconda]] (1687) [[Siege of Raichur]] (1689)
| name =
| monarch1 = Aurangzeb
| successor = [[Bahramand Khan]]
| predecessor1 = Muhammad Ibrahim
| predecessor = Ashraf Khan
| successor1 = [[Jan Sipar Khan]]
| death_date = 1691/1692
| children = Saif Ullah Khan Ruhullah Khan II Bairam Khan Muhammad Baqir Aisha Begum
| parents = Khalilullah Khan Hamida Banu
}}
'''Ruhullah Khan''' (d. 1691/1692) was one of the highest-ranking<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Meersbergen |first=Guido |date=December 2019 |title=THE DIPLOMATIC REPERTOIRES OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANIES IN MUGHAL SOUTH ASIA, 1608–1717 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0018246X1900027X/type/journal_article |journal=The Historical Journal |language=en |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=885 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X1900027X |issn=0018-246X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> nobles of the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reign of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]. He is known for his tenure as the ''[[mir bakhshi]]'' (paymaster-general) of the empire during the latter's rule. He actively participated in Aurangzeb's military campaigns in the [[Deccan]] frontier, such as the [[Siege of Bijapur]] (1685–1686) and [[Siege of Golconda]] (1687). He served as the ''[[subahdar]]'' (governor) of [[Hyderabad Subah|Mughal Hyderabad]] in the province's nascent stages.

== Personal life ==
Ruhullah Khan was the son of Khalilullah Khan and Hamida Banu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Anecdotes_of_Aurangzib/4hAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ruhullah%20khan |title=Anecdotes of Aurangzib: Translated Into English with Notes and Historical Essays |date=1912 |publisher=M.C. Sarkar & Sons |pages=122 & 137 |language=en}}</ref> He was of Iranian descent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Athar |title=The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1970 |location=Bombay |pages=146, 195, 220}}</ref> His mother was a sister of emperor Aurangzeb's mother, making him well-connected in the Mughal nobility. Ruhullah Khan was a [[Shia Muslim]]; Shi'ism was viewed with hostility by the [[Sunni]] Aurangzeb and most nobles of the court.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mughal_Administration/geRAAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ruhullah+khan+shia&pg=PA41&printsec=frontcover |title=Mughal Administration: Second Series |date=1925 |publisher=Patna University |pages=40–42 |language=en}}</ref> Ruhullah Khan had a daughter named Aisha Begum, who was married to the Mughal prince [[Azim-us-Shan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Later_Mughal/ak5oFjTys8MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ruhullah+khan+aisha&pg=PA144&printsec=frontcover |title=Later Mughal |date=1971 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=144 |language=en}}</ref> He also had a son named Mir Hasan, who bore the titles Khanazad Khan and Ruhullah Khan successively.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Ruhullah Khan was the empire's ''Khan-i-Saman'' (superintendent of the royal household) from 1676 to 1678.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Aurangzib/ulNHAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ruhullah%20khan |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |date=1920 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |volume=3 |pages=69–71 |language=en}}</ref> In 1685, he participated in the Siege of Bijapur, acting as one of the two commanders of the siege army. He began siege operations alongside Qasim Khan on the first of April. The siege progressed slowly, and eventually Aurangzeb sent both commanders to other missions; Ruhullah Khan was sent to [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]] in July.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Aurangzib/M3NHAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |date=1920 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |volume=4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=311–312}}

In 1686, Ruhullah Khan was made ''mir bakhshi'' (paymaster-general) of the empire, succeeding Ashraf Khan. He would hold this post until his death in 1692, after which the post was filled by [[Bahramand Khan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1687, Ruhullah Khan was called to offer relief midway in the siege of Golconda, since the siege was moving to little success. He brought reinforcements on July 10 with the Mughal prince Azam Shah. When the fort was later betrayed by a Golconda noble, Ruhullah Khan led the party that stormed the fort and captured [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]], ruler of the kingdom.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=379–382}} Following the capture and conquest of Golconda, a Mughal administration was instated in the new province. Two months after the conquest, Ruhullah Khan was made governor of the province, replacing a former Golconda noble named Muhammad Ibrahim. He served for less than a year before [[Jan Sipar Khan]] was appointed as a more permanent governor.<ref>{{Citation |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=Mughal Administration in Golconda |pages=54–56, 68, 78 |year=1975a |place=Oxford [England] |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-821561-4 |oclc=2932290}}</ref>

In 1689, following the Mughal occupation of the [[Ramoshi|Bedar]] territories, Ruhullah Khan was deputed to capture [[Raichur Fort|Raichur fort]], which was under the control of a Bedar chief. Its capture required a siege that began on the 10th of July and ended successfully on the 29th of November. Ruhullah Khan sent the fort's chief to Hyderabad, where the latter was executed. In May 1691, as Bedar power grew and centered at [[Wakinkera Fort]] under [[Pidia Nayak]], Ruhullah Khan was deputed to besiege the fort. He led a failed assault against the fort, followed by an unsuccessful two-month siege. He then opened negotiations with Pidia Nayak, which lasted to the end of 1691. Ruhullah Khan was subsequently withdrawn from the field by Aurangzeb, who sent a new force to attack the fort.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Power_Administration_and_Finance_in_Mugh/ARUnEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ruhullah+khan+bedar&pg=PA502&printsec=frontcover |title=Power, Administration and Finance in Mughal India |date=2024-10-28 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-23447-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=246–247}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Aurangzib_The_closing_years_1/n8s5AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ruhullah+khan+raichur&pg=PA28&printsec=frontcover |title=History of Aurangzib: The closing years, 1689–1707 |date=1924 |publisher=M.C. Sarkar & Sons |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Ruhullah Khan died around the years 1691/1692;<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Eighteenth_Century_Indian_Muraqqa%CA%BFs/lOk5EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ruhullah+khan+mir+bakhshi&pg=PA398&printsec=frontcover |title=Eighteenth-Century Indian Muraqqaʿs: Audiences – Artists – Patrons and Collectors |date=2024-12-23 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-71583-7 |pages=397–398 |language=en}}</ref> historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] estimated around June 1692.<ref name=":1" /> The emperor Aurangzeb personally visited Ruhullah Khan as he ailed on his deathbed.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=266–267}} A primary source of Aurangzeb's reign relates an anecdote that on his deathbed, Ruhullah Khan insisted on converting from the Shi'ite faith to Sunnism; he asked emperor Aurangzeb to marry his two daughters to Sunnis, and have his last rites performed by a Sunni ''[[Qadi|qazi]]''. Upon the arrival of the ''qazi'', Ruhullah Khan secretly requested that the last rites be performed by a Shia associate of his instead; this news was relayed to the emperor, who permitted this but expressed his indignation at Ruhullah Khan's deception.<ref name=":2" /> Ruhullah Khan had married a daughter of [[Shaista Khan]] Amir-ul-Umara, the governor of Bengal. His oldest son, Saif Ullah Khan died early. His second son, Ruhullah Khan II, was the superintendent of the Diwan-i-khas. Ruhullah Khan II died in 1704 leaving two sons: Khalilullah Khan and Itiqad Khan, and a daughter. His third son Bairam Khan Muhammad Baqir was given some fiefs.<ref>{{cite book|first1=H.|last1=Beveridge|first2=Baini|last2=Prashad|title=The Maāthir-ul-umarā Being Biographies of the Muhammadan and Hindu Officers of the Timurid Sovereigns of India from 1500 to about 1780 A.D. by Nawwab Samsam-ud-Daula Shah Nawaz Khan and his son Abdul Hayy – Volume II (English)|publisher=Asiatic Society of Calcutta|location=Calcutta, India|year=1952|pages=615-616}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ruhullah}}
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:17th-century Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:1690s deaths]]

2022–23 Irani Cup

2025-12-21T19:38:01Z

Ptamansamrat: data

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{For|the opening match played this season between [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] and [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]|2019–20 Irani Cup#Match}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket final
| name = 2022–23 Irani Cup
| image =
| date = 1–5 March 2023
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| stadium = [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium]], [[Gwalior]]
| team1 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team1score1 = 484
| team1score2 = 246
| team2score1 = 294
| team2score2 = 198
| details = Rest of India won by 238 runs
| man_of_the_match = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rest of India)
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| previous = [[2019–20 Irani Cup|2019–20]]
| next = [[2023–24 Irani Cup|2023–24]]
}}
The '''2022–23 Irani Cup''', also known as '''Mastercard Irani Trophy''' due to sponsorship reasons, was the 59th edition of the [[Irani Cup]], a [[first-class cricket]] competition in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/irani-cup-returns-after-two-years-saurashtra-to-play-rest-of-india-october-1-5-cricket-news/article65849699.ece |title=Irani Cup returns after two years, Saurashtra to play Rest of India between October 1–5 |work=Sportstar |date=4 September 2022 |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> It was played as a one-off match between [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]], the winners of the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy]], and a [[Rest of India cricket team]], from 1 to 5 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/both-saurashtra-and-madhya-pradesh-to-play-irani-cups-in-2022-23-1332739|title=Both Saurashtra and Madhya Pradesh to play Irani Cups in 2022-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>

In March 2020, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed that all domestic cricket in India was suspended due to coronavirus, including the [[2019–20 Irani Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bcci-suspends-all-domestic-tournaments-including-irani-cup/story-jgLR10tkIdvDWNWyYmpZqL.html |title=Coronavirus pandemic: BCCI suspends all domestic tournaments including Irani Cup |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> However, the cancelled match was played as an opening match of this season from 1 to 5 October, with the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]] winners [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] playing against a [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/irani-cup-2022-23-saurashtra-to-face-rest-of-india-from-october-1-to-5-1332460 |title=Irani Cup returns after three years, Saurashtra to face Rest of India from October 1 to 5 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; width:55%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/irani-cup-2022-23-mayank-agarwal-lead-rest-of-india-against-madhya-pradesh-sarfaraz-khan-finger-injury-1360771 |title=Agarwal to lead Rest of India against Madhya Pradesh in Irani Cup; Sarfaraz misses out with finger injury |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55555993/rest-of-india-roi-squad-for-mastercard-irani-cup-announced?type=Latest |title=Rest of India (RoI) squad for Mastercard Irani Cup announced |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Himanshu Mantri]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
| [[Mayank Agarwal]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| Anubhav Agarwal
| [[Akash Deep]]
|-
| Arham Aquil
| [[Harvik Desai]]
|-
| [[Yash Dubey]]
| [[Yash Dhull]]
|-
| Harsh Gawli
| [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]]
|-
| [[Mihir Hirwani]]
| [[Baba Indrajith]]
|-
| [[Venkatesh Iyer]]
| [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
|-
| [[Saransh Jain]]
| [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]
|-
| [[Kumar Kartikeya]]
| [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]]
|-
| [[Avesh Khan]]
| [[Sudip Kumar Gharami]]
|-
| [[Ankit Kushwah]]
| <s>[[Mayank Markande]]</s>
|-
| [[Rajat Patidar]]
| [[Shams Mulani]]
|-
| [[Akshat Raghuwanshi]]
| [[Pulkit Narang]]
|-
| [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]]
| [[Navdeep Saini]]
|-
| [[Aman Solanki]]
| [[Chetan Sakariya]]
|-
| [[Gaurav Yadav (cricketer)|Gaurav Yadav]]
| [[Upendra Yadav (cricketer)|Upendra Yadav]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
|
| [[Atit Sheth]]
|}
On 28 February 2023, [[Mayank Markande]] was ruled out of [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]'s squad due to a right index finger injury. [[Shams Mulani]] was named as his replacement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55555994/shams-mulani-replaces-mayank-markande-in-rest-of-india-roi-squad-for-mastercard-irani-cup |title=Shams Mulani replaces Mayank Markande in Rest of India (RoI) squad for Mastercard Irani Cup |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref>

==Match==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 1–5 March 2023
| team1 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 484 (121.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 213 (259)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Avesh Khan]] 4/74 (23.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 294 (112.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yash Dubey]] 109 (258)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Pulkit Narang]] 4/65 (25.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 246 (71.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 144 (157)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Saransh Jain]] 2/56 (17.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 198 (58.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Himanshu Mantri]] 51 (81)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] 3/60 (17.4 overs)

| venue = [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium]], [[Gwalior]]
| toss = Rest of India won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rest of India)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332919.html Scorecard]
| result = Rest of India won by 238 runs
| notes = Arham Aquil (Madhya Pradesh) made his first-class debut.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-2022-23-1332469 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Irani Cup}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2022–23}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani Cup, 2022-23}}
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2022–23]]
[[Category:Irani Cup seasons]]
[[Category:Cricket events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic|Irani Cup]]
[[Category:March 2023 sports events in India|Irani Cup]]

Anna Stadium

2025-12-16T06:40:40Z

Ptamansamrat: brief enhance article as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Stadium in Tiruchirappalli, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| image = Hockey Turf Anna Stadium.jpg
| image_caption = Hockey Turf Anna Stadium
| name = Anna Stadium
| fullname = Anna Stadium
| nickname =
| location = [[Khajamalai]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| owner = Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| built = 1970
| renovated = 2009
| expanded = 2015
| seating_capacity = 10,000
| coordinates = {{coord|10|46|50.0|N|78|41|47.7|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=it}}
| tenants =
| dimensions =
| cost = {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}}; {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}} {{small|(2015 expansion)}}
| surface = Grass
}}
The '''Anna Stadium''' is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] at the Anna Sports Complex located in the Indian city of [[Tiruchirappalli]]. It is mainly used for [[Association football|football]] matches and [[Athletics (sport)|athletic]] events. It has a capacity of 10,000. It also has eight-lane {{Convert|400|m}} synthetic athletic track.{{Sfn|Baliga|1999|p=1209}}{{Sfn|Leonard|2006|p=82}}

== History ==
The stadium was built by the Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu in 1970 at a cost of {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on|year=1970}}{{Sfn|Baliga|1999|p=1209}}<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|author=G. Prasad|date=14 July 2011|title=Tiruchi turns sports hub|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/tiruchi-turns-sports-hub/article2225280.ece|access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> funded by the state government. The synthetic turf imported from [[Netherlands]], was laid in two weeks by a professional from England.<ref name="Hindu" /> In 2011, construction of a new multi-purpose stadium at a cost of {{INRConvert|1.77|c|lk=on}} was started.<ref name="Hindu" /> A new eight-lane synthetic athletic track were also installed. The total cost of the expansion was {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}. With this, Trichy became the fourth city in Tamil Nadu after [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], and [[Madurai]] to have such facility for athletics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2015-10-16|title=Tiruchi gets synthetic athletic track|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/tiruchi-gets-synthetic-athletic-track/article7768110.ece|access-date=2020-05-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Sports}}
* [[Kalyani Stadium]]
* [[Mangala Stadium]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Cited references ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Leonard|first=A. G.|title=Tamil Nadu economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItrsAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-1-4039-3104-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHDfAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|ref={{harvid|Sainik Samachar|1979}}}}
*{{cite book|author1=Madras (India : State)|author2=B. S. Baliga|author3=B. S. Baliga (Rao Bahadur.)|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wygbAAAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|ref={{harvid|Baliga|1999}}}}
{{refend}}

{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Sport venues in Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1970]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Tamil Nadu]]

Trisul

2025-12-02T08:03:02Z

Ptamansamrat: enhanced structure to improve readability and improved wording

{{short description|Mountain in Uttarakhand, india}}
{{About|Himalayan peaks southwest of Nandadevi|Tirsuli in the northeast|Tirsuli|other uses|Trishul (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Trishul
| photo = Time lapse shot of Trishul peak.jpg
| photo_caption = Trishul from [[Ranikhet]]
| elevation_m = 7120
| elevation_ref = <ref name="carter">H. Adams Carter, "Classification of the Himalaya", ''[[American Alpine Journal]]'', 1985, p. 137.</ref><ref name="other_height">Some sources give {{Convert|7172|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.</ref>
| prominence_m = 1616
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/karakoram.html|title=High Asia I: The Karakoram, Pakistan Himalaya and India Himalaya (north of Nepal)|publisher=Peaklist.org|access-date=2014-05-28}}</ref>
| listing = [[Ultra-prominent peak|Ultra]]
| parent = Garhwal Himalaya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trisul Peak – Geography |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/trisul-i.html |website=PeakVisor |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref>
| location = Chamoli district, Uttarakhand<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trisul Peak – Location |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/trisul-i.html |website=PeakVisor |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref>
| map = India
| map_caption = India
| map_size = 260
| label = Trisul
| label_position = bottom
| coordinates = {{coord|30|18|46|N|79|46|38|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="carter"/>
| first_ascent = 12 June 1907 by [[Tom Longstaff]], A. Brocherel, H. Brocherel, Karbir<ref name="neate">{{Neate-High Asia}}</ref>
| easiest_route = Northeast flank/north ridge: snow/glacier climb
}}

'''Trisul''' or '''Trishul''' is a group of three [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] mountain peaks of western [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]], Uttarakhand, with the highest (Trisul I) reaching 7120m. The three peaks resemble a trident - in [[Sanskrit]], [[Trishula (weapon)|Trishula]], trident, is the weapon of [[Shiva]]. The Trishul group forms the southwest corner of the ring of peaks enclosing the [[Nanda Devi]] Sanctuary, about {{Convert|15|km|mi|0}} west-southwest of Nanda Devi itself. The main peak, Trisul I, was the first peak over {{Convert|7000|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} to have ever been climbed, in 1907.

==Description of the massif and neighbouring peaks==
The three peaks are named Trisul I, Trisul II, and Trisul III. The [[massif]] is a north-south ridge, with Trisul I at the north end and Trisul III at the south. The massif runs roughly North-South, and hence appears compressed when viewed from the south ([[Ranikhet]], [[Kausani]]), and more stretched out from the Southeast ([[Chamoli]], [[Bedini Bugyal]]).

[[Nanda Ghunti]] lies a few Kilometres to the northwest, while [[Mrigthuni]] is just to the southeast.
{| class="wikitable"
!Mountain
!Height (m)
!Height (ft)
!Coordinates
![[Topographic prominence|Prominence]] (m)
!First ascent
|-
|Trisul I
| align="right" |7,120
| align="right" |23,359
|{{coord|30|18|46|N|79|46|38|E|type:mountain}}
| align="right" |1616
| align="center" |1907
|-
|Trisul II
| align="right" |6,690<ref name="trisul_II_height">This elevation is from the [http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/ Himalayan Index]. Some sources give {{Convert|6660|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.</ref>
| align="right" |21,949
|{{coord|30|17|24|N|79|46|12|E|type:mountain}}<ref name="him_index">From the Himalayan Index.</ref>
| align="right" | <200<ref name="garhwal-himalaya-ost">''Garhwal-Himalaya-Ost'' (1:150,000 scale topographic map), [[Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research]], 1992; based on maps by the [[Survey of India]].</ref>
| align="center" |1960
|-
|Trisul III
| align="right" |6,007
| align="right" |19,708
|{{coord|30|15|00|N|79|46|12|E|type:mountain}}
| align="right" | <200<ref name="garhwal-himalaya-ost" />
| align="center" |1960
|}

==Climbing history==
===Trisul I===
[[Tom George Longstaff|T. G. Longstaff]] made the first climbing reconnaissance of Trisul, in September 1905, focussing on the western and southern sides.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Six Months' Wandering in the Himalaya | journal =Alpine Journal| date=1906| first =Tom | last = Longstaff | issn= 0065-6569 |volume =#23 |issue= 173 | pages= 202–228 | access-date = 9 July 2024 |url = https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1906_files/AJ%201906%20Vol%2023%20202-228%20Longstaff%20Himalaya.pdf }}</ref> He returned in 1907 with [[Charles Granville Bruce]], Arnold L. Mumm; the three [[alps|Alpine]] [[mountain guide|guides]] Moritz Inderbinnen and the brothers Henri and Alexis Brocherel; and a number of [[Gurkha]]s, including Karbir Burathoki. They ascended through the [[Rishiganga]] valley, to the north of the peak, onto the Trisul Glacier, which lies on the east side. From there they climbed the northeast flank to the north ridge, reaching the summit on 12 June.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Mountaineering in Garwhal | journal =Alpine Journal| date=1908| first =Tom | last = Longstaff | issn= 0065-6569 |volume =#24 |issue= 180 | pages= 107–133 | access-date =9 July 2024 |url = https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1908_files/AJ%201908%20Vol%2024%20107-%20133%20Longstaff%20Garhwal.pdf }}</ref> At the time Trisul was probably the [[World altitude record (mountaineering)|highest mountain to have been climbed]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Abode of the Snow |last=Mason |first=Kenneth|year=1955 |publisher=Rupert Hart-Davis |pages=117}} Reprinted 1987 by Diadem Books, {{ISBN|978-0-906371-91-6}}</ref> a record which stood until the ascent of [[Pauhunri]] in 1911.<ref>{{cite book | title = Mountain World 1966/7 | date=1968| editor-first = Malcom | editor-last =Barnes | first = Anders| last=Bolinder |publisher =George Allen and Unwin Ltd |pages=228 | chapter= Height Records | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=02zwAAAAMAAJ | access-date = 10 February 2025 }}</ref> The climb was noted also for the first use of supplementary oxygen in a major climb.<ref>
{{cite journal
| journal = Journal of Applied Physiology
| volume = 94
| number = 5
| pages = 1702–1713
| date=May 2003
| title = George I. Finch and his pioneering use of oxygen for climbing at extreme altitudes
| author = John B. West
| doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2002
| pmid=12679344}} Quote: "The first use of supplementary oxygen in the Himalayas was apparently in 1907 when A. L. Mumm, Tom Longstaff, and Charles Bruce went to the Garhwal and made the first ascent of Trisul (7,127 m), which remained the highest summit to be climbed for 21 years." (In fact Pauhunri, although only a few metres higher, was ascended in 1911, only 4 years later).</ref>

The second successful climb was made by [https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/OLIVER-Peter-Roderick-archive-.pdf Peter Roderick Oliver] in 1933. Unusually, two successful climbs were made on consecutive days in June 1951. On 23 June 1951, the summit was reached by Gurdial Singh, teacher at the [[The Doon School|Doon School]] and Roy Greenwood, instructor at Dehradun. Both were members of [[the Himalayan Club]]. On 24 June 1951, Robert Walter was the first Frenchman to reach the summit, with Sherpa Nyima Tensing. Walter was headmaster of Calve College in Pondicherry. (Due to his medical knowledge, he is often referred to as a doctor in contemporary writing.)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurz |first=Marcel |title=Chronique himalayenne. L'âge d'or 1940-1955. |publisher=Zurich, Fondation Suisse pour Explorations Alpines |year=1959 |pages=117–121}}</ref> He wrote about his experiences on Trisul in articles for the journal ''Alpinisme''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walter |first=Robert |date=1952–53 |title=Le Trisul |journal=Alpinisme |volume=XI |pages=56–62}}</ref> and for the magazine ''Point de Vue Images du Monde.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walter |first=Robert |date=1952 |title=Comment seul dans l'Himalaya j'ai vaincu le Trisul (7.120 m) |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t521309135/f1.image |journal=Point de Vue Images du Monde |issue=197 |pages=14–17; 32}}</ref> In June 1949, Walter had achieved the third ascent of [[Pauhunri]]. As a result of his Pauhunri and Trisul climbs, he became a member of the [[:fr:Groupe_de_haute_montagne|Groupe de Haute Montagne]] in 1954, sponsored by [[Maurice Herzog]] and [[:fr:Robert_Tézenas_du_Montcel|Robert Tézenas du Montcel]].[https://ghm-alpinisme.fr/data/archives/felix_germain/GHM-CONVOCATION_AG-19540323.pdf]

Routes on the west face and south ridge of Trisul I have also been climbed. The south side was first ascended in 1976 by a Yugoslavian expedition, with Slovenian climbers Andrej Graseli and Štefan Marenče reaching the peak on 15 May, followed by Vanja Matijevec the following day.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nebesko predvorje: Himalaji |last=Jevremović
|first=Pavle|year=2001 |publisher=Beogradsko mašinsko grafičko prezueće |pages=37}} {{ISBN|86-7330-117-3}}</ref> There was a notable ski expedition to Trisul by [[Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering]], Gulmarg with Lt Col N. Kumar as the leader.

===Trisul II and III===
Trisul II and Trisul III were first climbed in 1960 by the Yugoslav team {{Interlanguage link multi|JAHO I|sl}}. They climbed from the Bidalgwar glacier, achieving the summit of Trisul II via the southern ridge and Trisul III via the north ridge.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Yugoslav expedition to Trisul group, 1960 | journal =Himalayan Journal| date=1960| first = A| last = Kunaver |volume =#22 | pages= 70–74 | access-date = 16 July 2024 |url = https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/22/8/yugoslav-expedition-to-trisul-group-1960/ }}</ref>

Another Yugoslav expedition made the first traverse of the three peaks in 1987, and two members [[paragliding|paraglided]] from the summit.<ref name=aaj_1988>{{cite aaj | title = Trisul's Aleš Kunaver Memorial Route | article_id= 12198803700 | date=1988| first =Vlasta | last = Kunaver | issn= 0065-6925 |volume =30 |issue=62 | pages= 37-40 | access-date = 16 July 2024}}</ref>

==Access==
The Trisul massif can be accessed via the following route: [[Almora]] - [[Kausani]] - [[Garur]]- [[Gwaldam]] - Debal - Bagargad - Wan - [[Bedini Bugyal]] - Kalu Vinayak - [[Roopkund]] - Trisul.

==See also==
* [[List of ultras of the Himalayas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other sources==
* ''This My Voyage'' by [[Tom George Longstaff|T. G. Longstaff]].
* ''Across Peaks and Passes of Kumaun Himalayas'' by [[Harish Kapadia]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=slideshow>
Trisul 1 and2.jpg|Trisul 1 and 2 as seen from Brahma Tal trek
Trisul peak from bedni bugyal.jpg|Trisul on the way to Roopkund from Bedni Bugyal
Mount Trishul - 1.jpg|Trisul 1 from Kausani
Trisul mountain (00283).JPG|Trisul from [[Kausani]], [[Uttarakhand]]
Trisul.jpg|Sunset on Trisul
Trisul1.JPG|Trishul seen from Junargali
Trishul peak in the golden hour.jpg|Sunset on Trishul Peak, photographed from Ranikhet, India
Trisul Peak Ratanpur kalan.jpg|Trisul Peak view from Ratanpur Kalan dist. Moradabad during lockdown on 10 May 2020 I.S.T 6.55 pm. Approx aerial distance of the peak is 216 km.
</gallery>

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bageshwar]]
[[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]

Samriddhi

2025-11-24T00:47:16Z

Ptamansamrat: Done...

{{Short description |Indian student business conference }}
{{update|date=November 2025}}
{{infobox recurring event
| name = Samriddhi
| logo =
| genre = Student-run business conference/fest
| filing =
| founded = {{Start date and age |2006 }}
| location = [[Sanquelim, Goa]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| sponsor = [[Goa Institute of Management]]
| events = Business Conference, Quizzes, Case Studies Etc.
| participants_title = Guests
| participants = [[Alyque Padamsee]], Mithileshwar Jha, Kumar Ankit, Stephen Remedios,
| website = {{URL |https://www.gim-samriddhi.com }} {{deadlink|date=November 2025}}
}}

'''Samriddhi''' is an Indian annual student-run business conference that takes place at the [[Goa Institute of Management]], India.<ref>{{cite news|last=GSN|title=Samriddhi 2012 Kicks Off in Goa|url=http://www.goasamachar.com/view/samriddhi-2012-kicks-off-in-goa|newspaper=GoaSamachar.com|date=August 18, 2012|access-date=August 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507224058/http://www.goasamachar.com/view/samriddhi-2012-kicks-off-in-goa|archive-date=May 7, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> '''Samriddhi''' is an indian word meaning 'prosperity', 'wealth', or 'abundance'.

Samriddhi is one of the largest Business School Conferences.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes">{{cite news|last=TNN|title=India can be the brainbox of the world, says Alyque Padamsee|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-18/goa/33261406_1_samriddhi-goa-institute-innovation|newspaper=Times of India|date=August 18, 2012|access-date=2013-07-02|archive-date=2013-01-26|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126145312/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-18/goa/33261406_1_samriddhi-goa-institute-innovation|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a three-day event that features prominent speakers and participants from colleges all over India.<ref>{{cite web|title=B-school conference at Goa Institute of Management|url=http://www.beyondplus2.com/news_details-Aug_13_2012-1511.htm|publisher=beyondplus2.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130118123736/http://www.beyondplus2.com/news_details-Aug_13_2012-1511.htm|archivedate=2013-01-18}}</ref>

The main event during Samriddhi is the business conference, where speakers from diverse business backgrounds and interests come together and speak about topics related to the theme of that year's conference. Other events also that take place during the course of the three-day conference include quizzes, case studies, and a photography competition.

== 2012 ==
The theme for the year 2012 was "The Business of Innovation". Speakers from varying backgrounds came together to speak about their fields of work and explain to students how they brought about innovation. Speakers this year included, amongst others, the Governor of Goa [[Bharat Vir Wanchoo|H.E. Bharat Vir Wanchoo]],<ref>{{cite news |title=India emerging as economic power |url=http://www 21, 2012}}</ref> [[Alyque Padamsee]] (Actor and Ad Guru), Kumar Ankit (Co-founder & Executive Director at Green Leaf Energy Private Limited), Stephen Remedios (Former Head Customer Marketing, HUL),<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes" /> and Mithileshwar Jha (Professor Marketing at the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore).

The topics ranged from Film making to the Advertising to [[Logistics|Business Logistics]]. In addition to the Business Conference, on the second and third days of the conference, various educational and entertaining events were held for students from Business schools all across India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gim-samriddhi.com/innovation/conference/schedule.html |title=Schedule of Lectures at Samriddhi |access-date=2012-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829031745/http://www.gim-samriddhi.com/innovation/conference/schedule.html |archive-date=2012-08-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Alyque Padamsee, Key Note Speaker.jpg|thumb|[[Alyque Padamsee]] addressing students at Samriddhi 2012.]]

=== Speakers for 2012 ===
* [[Bharat Vir Wanchoo]], Governor of Goa
* [[Alyque Padamsee]]
* S L Ganapathi
* Stephen Remedios
* Commodore Srikant Kesnur
* Captain Praveen Nair
* Devdutt Modak
* Kumar Ankit

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Related External Links==
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/India-can-be-the-brainbox-of-the-world-says-Alyque-Padamsee/articleshow/15539609.cms? "India can be the brainbox of the world, says Alyque Padamsee"]
* [http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/india-emerging-economic-power "India emerging as economic power"]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3788011.ece "Simple things can change the world"]
* [http://www.epaperoheraldo.in/epapermain.aspx?queryed=9&eddate=8%2f17%2f2012 "I Have no religion"]
* [http://www.i4u.com/2012/08/india/india-be-alyque-can-brainbox-says-world-padamsee "India can be the brainbox of the world"]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150507224058/http://www.goasamachar.com/view/samriddhi-2012-kicks-off-in-goa "Samriddhi 2012 Kicks Off in Goa"]
* [https://archive.today/20130118123736/http://www.beyondplus2.com/news_details-Aug_13_2012-1511.htm "https://archive.today/20130118123736/http://www.beyondplus2.com/news_details-Aug_13_2012-1511.htm"]
* [http://www.silobreaker.com/india-emerging-as-economic-power-5_2265919109575213058 "India emerging as economic power"]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

* [http://gim.ac.in/ www.gim.ac.in]



[[Category:Business conferences in India]]
[[Category:Goa Institute of Management]]
[[Category:2000s establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in India]]

Janam Janam Ka Saath

2025-11-14T17:20:59Z

Ptamansamrat: added a details!

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Notability|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Janam Janam Ka Saath.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gaurav S Bajaj]] | Pankit Thakker| Neeraj Malviya | Nikki Sharma | Sneha Jain | [[Asmita Sood]] | [[Aasiya Kazi]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 186
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 22-24 minutes
| company = Full House Production
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|11|14|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|06|17|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Janam Janam Ka Saath''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] series that premiered from 14 November 2022 on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]. Produced under Full House Production, it starred Pankit Thakker, Neeraj Malviya, Sneha Jain, [[Aasiya Kazi]], [[Gaurav S Bajaj]], Nikki Sharma and [[Asmita Sood]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/asmita-sood-gets-candid-about-new-show-janam-janam-ka-sath--news-237386|title=Asmita Sood Gets Candid About New Show 'Janam Janam Ka Sath'|date=14 November 2022|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]}}</ref> It ended on 17 June 2023.

== Plot ==
The story revolves around the second coming of two protagonists who were separated but there love was so strong that fate has given them a second chance as Vidhi and Abir. Now Vidhi is a poor shoemaker and Abir is a prince of sorts. Both are arranged to be married with other people but destiny brings them together to finish the love story remained unfulfilled in their last birth. All sorts of trouble, jealousy and plotting goes on against the both of them in the serial yet sparks fly and they start falling for each other again.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* Sneha Jain as
** Vidhi Vansh Raghuvanshi (After Plastic Surgery):<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-14 |title=Exclusive! Sneha Jain replaces Nikki Sharma as the lead in TV show Janam Janam Ka Saath |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sneha-jain-replaces-nikki-sharma-as-the-lead-in-tv-show-janam-janam-ka-saath/articleshow/100230047.cms |access-date=2023-05-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Abir's widow; Dr. Vansh's wife; Abir Raghuvanshi's stepmother; Rimjhim's mother (2023)
** Vidhi Mathur: Arvind and Sanjeevani's daughter (2023) (Dead)

* Neeraj Malviya as Dr. Vansh Raghuvanshi: Siya and Vidhi's husband; Abir Raghuvanshi's father; Sarala's son-in-law; Rimjhim's stepfather (2023)

* [[Nikki Sharma]] as
** Vidhi Bansal / Vidhi Abir Tomar / Vidhi Vansh Raghuvanshi (Before Plastic Surgery): (in this birth) (2022–2023)
** Bhanumati: Abir's lover (previous birth)

* [[Gaurav S Bajaj]] as
** Abir Tomar: Vidhi's first husband; Avni's husband; Dr. Karuna's son; Rimjhim's father (in this birth) (2022–2023) (Dead)
** Adinath: Bhanumati's lover (in previous birth)

* Pankit Thakker as Vishwas Kunwar Sa: Sunainas husband; Nishants stepfather (2022-2023)

===Recurring===
* [[Aasiya Kazi]] as Siya Vansh Raghuvanshi: Vansh's first wife; Abir Raghuvanshi's mother; Sarala's elder daughter; Ginni's elder sister; a terrorist; Sameer's crime partner (2023) (Antagonist)
* [[Asmita Sood]] as
** Trishala: Abir's former fiancée (in this birth) (2022–2023) (Antagonist)
** Shaguna (in previous birth)
* [[Pankit Thakker]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-dill-mill-gayye-fame-pankit-thakker-feels-happy-to-essay-powerful-roles-gracefully-says-i-am-constantly-learning-in-this-new-phase-as-an-actor/articleshow/95559515.cms|title=Exclusive: Dill Mill Gayye fame Pankit Thakker feels happy to essay powerful roles gracefully, says 'I am constantly learning in this new phase as an actor'|website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Vishwas "Kunwar Sa": Sunaina's second husband; Nishant's stepfather (2022–2023)
* [[Rakshanda Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/rakshanda-khan-i-ve-lost-out-on-roles-just-because-i-didn-t-fit-into-the-budget-news-239907|title=Rakshanda Khan: I've Lost Out On Roles Just Because I Didn't Fit Into The Budget|date=24 November 2022|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]}}</ref> as Dr. Karuna Tomar: Abir's mother; Rimjhim's grandmother (2022–2023) (Dead)
* [[Ginnie Virdi]] as Sunaina: Vishwas's wife; Nishant's mother (2022–2023)
* [[Eva Grover]] as Trishala's mother (2022)
* [[Ayaz Ahmed]] as Nishant Tomar: Sunaina's son; Vishwas's stepson; Ginni's husband (2022–2023)
* Miloni Kapadia as Avni Abir Tomar: Abir's second wife (2023)
* Kaushal Kapoor as Mr. Tomar: Dr. Karuna and Sunaina's father–in–law; Abir and Nishant's grandfather (2022–2023) (Dead)
* Reyansh Jaisinghani as Abir Raghuvanshi "Junior": Dr. Vansh and Siya's son; Vidhi's stepson; Sarala's maternal grandson; Rimjhim's elder stepbrother (2023)
* Asmita Sharma as Sarala: Siya and Ginni's mother; Dr. Vansh's mother-in-law; Abir Raghuvanshi's maternal grandmother (2023)
* Simran Sharma as Ginni Nishant Tomar: Sarala's younger daughter; Siya's younger sister; Abir Raghuvanshi's maternal aunt (masi); Nishant's wife (2023)
* Mahi Bhadra as Rimjhim Tomar: Abir and Vidhi's daughter; Dr. Vansh and Siya's stepdaughter; Abir Raghuvanshi's younger stepsister (2023)
* Urvashi Upadhyay as Inspector Sanjeevani Arvind Nautiyal: Arvind's wife; Vidhi Mathur's mother (2023)
* [[Nishad Vaidya]] as Sameer "Lucky": Vansh's college friend; a terrorist; Siya's crime partner (2023)
* Unknown as C.P. Arvind Nautiyal: Sanjeevani's husband; Vidhi Mathur's father (2023) (Dead)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The show title is based on the song from the 1969 film ''[[Tumse Achha Kaun Hai]]''. The shooting of the series began in [[Jodhpur]] in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/im-enjoying-my-journey-451490|title=Asmita Sood, who will be seen in Janam Janam Ka Sath, says she is enjoying her journey|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

The series marks comeback for [[Asmita Sood]] into fiction after [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/dil-hi-toh-hai-tv-actress-asmita-sood-comeback-small-screen-villain-new-show-2206789|title=3 साल बाद एक्ट्रेस ने विलेन बन टीवी पर की वापसी, बोलीं- मैं स्वीट गर्ल बनकर थक गई थी|first=A. B. P.|last=Live|date=3 September 2022|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Gaurav S Bajaj]] was cast for the male lead.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gaurav-s-bajaj-to-play-the-hero-opposite-nikki-sharma-in-janam-janam-ka-saath/articleshow/94299814.cms|title=Gaurav S Bajaj to play the hero opposite Nikki Sharma in Janam Janam Ka Saath|website=The Times of India|last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha }}</ref> Nikki Sharma was signed as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/janam-janam-ka-saath-actress-nikki-sharma-from-timing-performance-to-managing-your-personal-life-there-is-a-lot-of-pressure-while-playing-a-lead-role/articleshow/95610340.cms|title=Janam Janam Ka Saath actress Nikki Sharma: From timing, performance to managing your personal life, there is a lot of pressure while playing a lead role|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[Asmita Sood]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-i-am-tired-of-playing-vanilla-sweet-roles-says-asmita-sood-who-will-now-play-the-negative-lead-in-tv-show-janam-janam/articleshow/93948894.cms|title=Exclusive! I am tired of playing sugary sweet roles, says Asmita Sood who will now play the negative lead in TV show Janam Janam|website=The Times of India|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi }}</ref> was cast to portray the negative lead and joined by [[Pankit Thakker]]. In March 2023, [[Gaurav S Bajaj]] Quit the Show<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-pankit-thakker-joins-the-cast-of-upcoming-show-janam-janam-ka-saath-after-bohot-pyaar-karte-hai-wraps-up/articleshow/95492813.cms|title=Exclusive - Pankit Thakker joins the cast of upcoming show 'Janam Janam Ka Saath' after 'Bohot Pyaar Karte Hai' wraps up | newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 November 2022|accessdate=2 January 2023}}</ref> and in May 2023, Nikki Sharma Quit the show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I did not quit Janam Janam Ka Saath due to health issues: Nikki Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/i-did-not-quit-janam-janam-ka-saath-due-to-health-issues-nikki-sharma/videoshow/100740142.cms |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

=== Release ===
''Janam Janam Ka Saath'' promos were released in November 2022. It premeried on 14 November 2022 on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]].<ref name="release">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Dangal TV's new, much-awaited show Janam Janam Ka Saath to air at 10 PM on 14th November! |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2022/11/dangal-tvs-new-much-awaited-show-janam-janam-ka-saath-to-air-at-10-pm-on-14th-november/ |website=Urban Asian}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Phillum City

2025-11-01T15:24:03Z

Ptamansamrat: creating the location first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Phillum City
| image =
| caption =
| director = Deven Khote
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| writer = [[Sharat Katariya]]
| starring = [[John Abraham]] [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] [[Namit Das]] [[Dwij Yadav]] [[Amit Mistry]] [[Kavita Kaushik]]
| music = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cinematography = Mahesh Aney
| editing = Aarif Sheikh
| studio =
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] IBC Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|03|12|Unreleased}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood pins hope on big-budget releases to turn fortunes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/10295/bollywood-pins-hope-big-budget.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Phillum City''''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈpʰɪlɪm ˈsɪʈi|pron}}; {{translation|Film City}}) is an unreleased Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Deven Khote and starring [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]],<ref name="times">{{Cite web | title = UTV is back with a bang | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/UTV-is-back-with-a-bang/articleshow/5781766.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131027132336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-11/news-interviews/28122088_1_animation-films-ronnie-screwvala-film-buffs | url-status = live | archive-date = 27 October 2013 | publisher = The Times Of India | date =11 April 2010 | access-date = 2 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Kavita Kaushik]], [[Namit Das]], Manas Adhiya and [[Dwij Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Abraham shocked Kavita Kaushik in Phillum City |url=https://santabanta.com/bollywood/29820/john-abraham-shocked-kavita-kaushik-in-phillum-city/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=santabanta.com |language=en}}</ref> It was initially slated for release on 12 March and then 8 October 2010, though it remained unreleased due to undisclosed reasons.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{unref-section|date=November 2025}}
* [[John Abraham]] as himself
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Malti
* [[Namit Das]] as Chaubey
* [[Dwij Yadav]] as Satyanarayan
* Sanjay Tripathi as Kaushal
* [[Amit Mistry]] as Raju
* [[Kavita Kaushik]] as Kalyani
* Manas Adhiya as Harry
* Jaywant Wadkar as Vitthal
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Chandan
* [[Amitosh Nagpal]] as Casio
* Shaikh Sami as Pandit Ji
* Vikas Varma as Parmeet
* Vikraal Vij as Mangal

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1673424}}
* {{Bollywoodhungama|506593}}

[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
{{Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films about the film industry]]

Adhuri Ek Kahani

2025-10-16T11:00:19Z

Ptamansamrat:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| num_seasons =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| director = Vaibhav Shetkar
| writer = Rohini Ninawe
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| presenter =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image = Adhuri Ek Kahani.jpeg
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Samvedna Entertainment
| list_episodes =
| num_episodes = 908
| first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|18|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2008|02|16|df=y}}
| related =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
}}

'''''Adhuri Ek Kahani''''' ({{translation|Incomplete one story}}) is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Marathi trains its guns on Hindi channels |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/oct/oct269.htm |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Indian Television}}</ref> It starred [[Swapnil Joshi]], [[Kishori Godbole]], [[Priya Bapat]] and [[Sneha Wagh]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Swwapnil Joshi recalls 'Adhuri Ek Kahaani' memories; shares throwback picture with Kishori Godbole |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swwapnil-joshi-recalls-adhuri-ek-kahaani-memories-shares-throwback-picture-with-kishori-godbole/articleshow/78271397.cms |access-date=2023-06-21}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Amruta and Arpita are two sisters. Amruta was lived in [[America]] for education purpose and Arpita was reporter in India. Things were changed when Amruta came to India with pregnant without marriage. Her parents didn't know about that but her sister Arpita knew everything.

Kedarnath Patwardhan was a singer & Kalyani Patwardhan was a notable businesswoman in [[Mumbai]]. Their son Yash Patwardhan fell in love with Arpita but she rejected him but Kalyani arranged his marriage with Amruta without knowing him. Amruta came to home after delivery. Yash decided to marry Amruta because due to that he can talk with Arpita and the story begins.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Kishori Godbole]] as Amruta Vijay Deodhar / Amruta Yash Patwardhan
* [[Swapnil Joshi]] as Yash Kedarnath Patwardhan
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Kalyani Kedarnath Patwardhan

=== Recurring ===
* [[Priya Bapat]] / [[Sneha Wagh]] as Arpita Vijay Deodhar
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as Mrunal Patwardhan
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Mrunal's husband
* Sandeep Mehta / [[Girish Oak]] as Kedarnath Patwardhan
* Rajan Tamhane as Vijay Deodhar
* [[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Veena Vijay Deodhar
* Sheetal Kshirsagar as Tejas Kedarnath Patwardhan
* Aniket Kelkar as Tejas's boyfriend
* [[Amol Kolhe]] as Divakar
* Avishkar Darwhekar as Dr. Siddharth
* [[Pallavi Subhash]] as Neerja Shah
* Radhika Harshe as Dr. Anuradha Sathe
* Pankaj Vishnu as Vikrant Sahebrao
* Mugdha Shah as Vikrant's mother
* [[Swati Chitnis]] as Anandita
* Rahul Mehendale
* Vikas Patil

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2005
|rowspan="2"|Best Negative Character Female
|rowspan="2"|[[Neena Kulkarni]]
|rowspan="2"|Kalyani Patwardhan
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dabur Vatika Zee Marathi Award 2005 recognises Marathi television talent|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/dabur-vatika-zee-marathi-award-2005-recognises-marathi-television-talent-17333.html|website=Exchange4media|access-date=2023-06-21}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2006 Winners List|url=http://www.zeemarathi.com/Marathi_Awards.aspx?zsid=43|access-date=2023-06-21|archive-date=23 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023042309/http://zeemarathi.com/Marathi_Awards.aspx?zsid=43|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=38 | title = Adhuri Ek Kahani | archive-date = 2007-02-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070207135226/http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=38 | access-date = 2023-06-21 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt14041216}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series endings]]

Kapaliya

2025-08-17T18:50:07Z

Ptamansamrat: added a bio!

{{short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kapaliya
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shajapur district|Shajapur]]<ref name=":1" />
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2374
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 465106<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kapaliya Pin Code|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/shajapur/kapaliya |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=India TV|language=en}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kapaliya''' (कपलिया) is a village in [[Shajapur district|Shajapur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.

==Transport==
Kapaliya is served by the [[Siroliya railway station]] on [[Indore–Gwalior line]] under the [[Bhopal railway division]] of [[West Central Railway zone]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Shajapur district]]

Tarun Das

2025-08-02T03:44:37Z

Ptamansamrat: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Director-General - Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Tarun Das
| image = The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Bhushan to Shri Tarun Das, at investiture ceremony in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Bhushan to Tarun Das (right), at investiture ceremony in New Delhi on 29 March 2006.
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Industrialist Corporate executive
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{Url|www.tarundas.com|Website}}
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] Honorary Citizenship of Singapore
}}
Tarun Das has dedicated his career to advancing the Indian industry. He served [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]] from 1967 to 2004 as its director general and from 2004 to 2009 as its chief mentor.<ref name="Executive profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.tarundas.com/profile | title=Profile of Tarun Das | publisher=Tarun Das | date=2020 | access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref>

Currently, he is the chairman for Sasakawa-India Leprosy Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees |url=https://silf.in/board-of-trustees/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=S-ILF |language=en-US}}</ref> (S-ILF); chairman of advisory board, JCB India; and member of the international advisory board, Chubb Insurance (USA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarun Das |url=https://www.tarundas.com/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Tarun Das |language=en}}</ref>

He is founding trustee of the Ananta Centre (AC) and the Ananta Aspen Centre (AAC)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trustees |url=https://anantaaspencentre.in/trustees/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=ANANTA ASPEN CENTRE |language=en-US}}</ref> and director, Singapore India Partnership Foundation (SIPF).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore-India Partnership Foundation |url=https://sipf.org.sg/board.htm |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=sipf.org.sg}}</ref> He is a life trustee at the Aspen Institute, USA and the Institute of Economic Growth (IEG).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees – IEG |url=https://iegindia.org/board-of-trustees/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He is co-chair, US-India Strategic Dialogue, India-Japan Strategic Dialogue and Member, India-Singapore Strategic Dialogue, India-China Strategic Dialogue, India-US Climate Change and Energy Dialogue, India-UK Climate Change and Energy Dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarun Das |url=https://www.tarundas.com/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Tarun Das |language=en}}</ref> He is India chair of the Trilateral Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership, Members & Fellows |url=https://www.trilateral.org/about/members-fellows/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Trilateral Commission |language=en-US}}</ref>

Das, who did his college education at the [[University of Calcutta]] and [[Manchester University]], is a recipient of [[honoris causa]] degree of Doctor of Science (DSc) from the [[University of Warwick]].<ref name="Executive profile" /> He has chaired the ''U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue'' and the ''U.S.-India -Japan Strategic Dialogue'' and has served many corporate houses such as [[Haldia Petrochemicals]], [[Associated Cement Companies]], [[John Keells Holdings]], Asian Hotels and Properties, [[Bajaj Group|Bajaj Auto Finance]] and [[New Delhi Television]] as their director. A former member of the international advisory board of [[Coca-Cola]], he is a trustee of the Indian chapter of the [[Aspen Institute]].<ref name="Aspen Institute India">{{cite web | url=http://www.aspeninstitute.org/about/global-partners/aspen-institute-india | title=Aspen Institute India | publisher=Aspen Institute India | date=2016 | access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2006, for his contributions to Indian trade and industry.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2025, Tarun Das was conferred Honorary Citizenship by the Republic of Singapore, recognizing his significant contributions to strengthening the economic partnership between India and Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/indian-industrialist-tarun-das-receives-honorary-singapore-citizenship|title=Indian industrialist Tarun Das receives Honorary Singapore Citizenship|last=Begum|first=Shabana|date=2025-01-15|work=The Straits Times|access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref>

He has delivered several keynote addresses; his lecture on ''Adapting Indian industry to globalisation'' at the golden jubilee of the ''Forum for Free Entrepreneurs'' in Mumbai in 2006 is one such address.<ref name="Indian Industry has to cope with several factors">{{cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Indian Industry has to cope with several factors |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/07/19/indian-industry-has-to-cope-with-several-factors-tarun-das-1153383573.html |access-date=14 June 2016 |publisher=One India}}</ref> He has published a book, ''Crossing Frontiers: The Journey of Building CII'', which is an account of his years at the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]].<ref name="Das2015">{{cite book|first=Tarun|last=Das|title=Crossing Frontiers: The Journey of Building CII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqH9jgEACAAJ|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5212-346-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/info/conferment/index.html|title=Conferment of Decorations on Foreign Nationals}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]
{{Portal|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|first=Tarun|last=Das|title=Crossing Frontiers: The Journey of Building CII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqH9jgEACAAJ|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5212-346-9}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Tarun}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]
[[Category:Indian economics writers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Ashvamedha

2025-05-24T07:17:08Z

Ptamansamrat: general improve references for accuracy also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Horse sacrifice ritual followed by the Śrauta tradition of Vedic religion}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{other uses|Aswamedham (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Ashwamedha yagna of yudhisthira.jpg|300px|thumb|Ashvamedha yajna of [[Yudhisthira]]]]
The '''Ashvamedha''' ({{langx|sa|अश्वमेध|aśvamedha|translit-std=IAST}})<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Monier-Williams |first1=Monier |title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages |last2=Leumann |first2=E. |last3=Cappeller |first3=C. |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2005 |pages=115}}</ref> was a [[horse sacrifice]] ritual followed by the [[Shrauta|Śrauta]] tradition of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]]. It was used by ancient Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty: a horse accompanied by the king's warriors would be released to wander for a year. In the territory traversed by the horse, any rival could dispute the king's authority by challenging the warriors accompanying it. After one year, if no enemy had managed to kill or capture the horse, the animal would be guided back to the king's capital. It would be then sacrificed, and the king would be declared as an undisputed sovereign.

The ritual is recorded as being held by many ancient rulers, but apparently only by two in the last thousand years. The most recent ritual was in 1741, the second one held by Maharajah [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The original [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] had evidently included many [[animal sacrifice]]s, as had the various folk religions of India. Brahminical Hinduism had [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|evolved opposing animal sacrifices]], which have not been the norm in most forms of Hinduism for many centuries. The great prestige and political role of the Ashvamedha perhaps kept it alive for longer.

==The sacrifice==
[[File:Krishna Advising on the Horse Sacrifice.jpg|thumb|280px|A 19th-century painting, depicting the preparation of an army to follow the sacrificial horse. Probably from an illustration to [[Lakshmisa]]'s ''Jaimini Bharata.'']]

The Ashvamedha could only be conducted by a powerful victorious king (''[[raja|rājā]]'').<ref name="Mansingh 68">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of India|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|first=Surjit|last=Mansingh|page=68}}</ref>{{sfn|Rick F. Talbott|2005|p=111}} Its object was the acquisition of power and glory, the sovereignty over neighbouring provinces, seeking progeny and general prosperity of the kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/72 72]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> It was enormously expensive, requiring the participation of hundreds of individuals, many with specialized skills, and hundreds of animals, and involving many precisely prescribed rituals at every stage.<ref>Glucklich, 111–114</ref>

The horse to be sacrificed must be a white stallion with black spots. The preparations included the construction of a special "sacrificial house" and a [[Yajna|fire altar]]. Before the horse began its travels, at a moment chosen by astrologers, there was a ceremony and small sacrifice in the house, after which the king had to spend the night with the queen, but avoiding sex.<ref>Glucklich, 111–112</ref>

The next day the horse was consecrated with more rituals, tethered to a post, and addressed as a god. It was sprinkled with water, and the [[Adhvaryu]], the priest and the sacrificer whispered mantras into its ear. A "four-eyed" black dog was killed with a club made of Sidhraka wood, then passed under the horse, and dragged to the river from which the water sprinkled on the horse had come and set to flow south.{{Sfn|Stutley|1969|p=257}} The horse was then set loose towards the north-east, to roam around wherever it chose, for the period of one year,<ref name="Glucklich, 112">Glucklich, 112</ref> or half a year, according to some commentators. The horse was associated with the Sun, and its yearly course.{{sfn|Roshen Dalal|2010|p=399}} If the horse wandered into neighbouring provinces hostile to the sacrificer, they were to be subjugated. The wandering horse was attended by a herd of a hundred [[gelding]]s, and one or four hundred young [[kshatriya]] men, sons of princes or high court officials, charged with guarding the horse from all dangers and inconvenience, but never impeding or driving it.<ref name="Glucklich, 112"/>

The escort had to prevent the stallion from mating with any mares during its journey, and if he did, an oblation of milk was performed to [[Vayu|Vāyu]]. If the horse became ill with injury, an oblation of pap to [[Pūṣan]]. If he became ill without injury, then an oblation of cake to [[Agni|Agni Vaiśvānara]]. If he was afflicted with eye disease, an oblation to [[Sūrya]]. If the horse drowned, an oblation was performed to [[Varuṇa]]. If the horse was lost, an oblation of cake, potsherd, and three other dishes to the deities of heaven and earth, along with an oblation of milk to Vāyu and pap to Sūrya. If the horse died, then another was selected and consecrated to replace it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stutley|first=Margaret|date=1969|title=The Aśvamedha or Indian Horse Sacrifice|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1258749|journal=Folklore|publisher=Taylor & Francis|volume=80|issue=4|pages=257|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1969.9716646|jstor=1258749|url-access=subscription}}</ref> During the absence of the horse, an uninterrupted series of ceremonies was performed in the sacrificer's home. Every day, three Sāvitreṣṭi rites and one evening Dhṛtihoma would be conducted by the priests. In the evening after the Dhṛtihoma, two [[Brahmin]] and two [[Kshatriya]] bards and lutists would praise the patron king's generosity, who gave 4,000 cows and 400 gold coins to the priests on the first day of the sacrifice. Then a session of pariplavākhyāna took place.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Saikat |date=2020 |title=The Aśvamedha: in the context of early South Asian socio-political development |url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/ejvs/article/view/11333/11118 |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=3–4}}</ref> The pariplāvana was the cyclical recitation of tales, in which one out of ten topics would be discussed each night, with 36 cycles of the ten topics.{{Sfn|Bose|2020|p=16}} The tales were witnessed by an audience of onlookers called the upadrāṣṭṛ, who attended in their free time.{{Sfn|Bose|2020|pp=18, 20}}
[[File:Asvamedha---Page-23---Chapter-IV---History-of-India-(1906).png|thumb|Depiction of the Asvamedha in ''History of India'' (1906)]]
After the return of the horse, more ceremonies were performed for a month before the main sacrifice. Twelve days of dīkṣā rites took place, and then twelve days of upasad.<ref name=":2" /> The dīkṣā rite was a preparatory consecration rite performed before sacrifices.{{Sfn|Apte|1957–1959|p=816}} It consisted of a preliminary oblation, and then the king would bathe, dress in black antelope skin, and sit on another skin in a hut in front of a fire, fasting in silence with a covered head and sleeping on the ground. The upasad was a multiday ceremony that precedes Soma sacrifices.{{Sfn|Monier-Williams|Leumann|Cappeller|2005|p=206}} It consisted of the acquisition and welcoming of Soma and the construction of various structures needed for the sacrifice, along with the sacrifice of a goat.{{Sfn|Renou|1957|p=105}}

On the twenty-fifth day, the agniṣṭoma was performed.{{Sfn|Bose|2020|p=4}} The agniṣṭoma was the main part of the Soma sacrifice. In the morning pressing, the soma was pressed out and offered along with "rice cakes, parched barley, flour in sour milk, parched rice, and a hot mixture of milk and sour milk". During the pressings and oblations, five musical chants were sung and five recitations were chanted. The priests then partook in the drinking of the soma and the twelve oblations to the seasons, and the sacrifice of a goat to Agni. The midday pressing was similar and dedicated to Indra, and dakshina was also distributed on that day to the priests consisting of a varying multitude of cows. At the evening pressing only two musical chants were sung and two recitations chanted. Then proceeded the conclusory libations to the "yoking of the bay horses" and the sun, followed by the Avabhṛtha. The Avabhṛtha was the "unpurificatory" bathing of the sacrificer at the end of the sacrifice. After an antelope skin was put in the water body, the king, his wife, and the priests ritually bathe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Apte|first=Vaman Shivaram|title=Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary|publisher=Prasad Prakashan|year=1957–1959|volume=3|location=Poona|page=251}}</ref>{{Sfn|Renou|1957|pp=100, 105–106, 108–109}} Afterwards a sterile cow or eleven other animals are sacrificed.{{Sfn|Renou|1957|p=100, 105–106, 108-109}} Throughout the entire night, the annahoma was performed at the Uttaravedi (the northern altar).{{Sfn|Monier-Williams|Leumann|Cappeller|2005|p=178}} It consists of an oblation of clarified butter, fried rice, fried barley, and fried grain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goldstücker|first=Theodor|title=A Dictionary, Sanskrit and English|publisher=A. Asher and Co.|year=1856|pages=137}}</ref>{{Sfn|Apte|1957–1959|p=1363}}{{Sfn|Bose|2020|p=4}}

On the twenty-sixth day,{{Sfn|Bose|2020|p=4}} the king was ritually purified, and the horse was yoked to a gilded [[Ratha|chariot]], together with three other horses, and [[Rigveda]] (RV) 1.6.1,2 (YajurVeda (YV) VSM 23.5,6) was recited. The horse was then driven into water and bathed. After this, it was anointed with ''[[ghee]]'' by the chief queen and two other royal consorts. The chief queen (mahiṣī) anointed the fore-quarters, the favorite wife (vāvātā) the middle, and the discarded wife (parvṛktī) the hindquarters.{{Sfn|Stutley|1969|p=259}}{{Sfn|Bose|2020|p=40}} They also embellished the horse's head, neck, and tail with golden ornaments and 101 or 109 pearls.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Renou|first=Louis|title=Vedic India|publisher=Susil Gupta|year=1957|pages=108–109|translator-last=Spratt|translator-first=Philip}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karmakar|first=R. D.|date=1949|title=The Aśvamedha: Its Original Signification|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784542|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=30| issue=3/4 |pages=333|jstor=41784542}}</ref> After this, the horse, a hornless black-necked he-[[goat]], and a [[Gomṛga]] were bound to sacrificial stakes near the fire, and seventeen other animals were attached with ropes to the horse. The he-goat dedicated to Agni was attached to the horse's chest. A ewe dedicated to [[Sarasvatī]] was attached under the horse's mouth. Two black-bellied he-goats dedicated to the [[Aśvins]] were tied to the horse's front legs. A dark grey he-goat dedicated to Soma-Pūṣan was attached underneath the horse. On the two sides of the horse were attached a black goat to Sūrya and a white goat to [[Yama]]. Two goats with shaggy thighs were dedicated to [[Tvashtr|Tvaṣṭar]]. A white goat dedicated to Vāyu was attached to the tail. A cow about to give birth was dedicated to Indra, and a dwarfish cow was dedicated to [[Viṣṇu]].{{Sfn|Stutley|1969|p=258}} A great number of animals, both tame and wild, were tied to other stakes, according to one commentator, 609 in total. The sacrificer offered the horse the remains of the night's oblation of grain. The horse was then suffocated to death.<ref name="Glucklich, 112" />
The chief queen ritually called on the king's fellow wives for pity. The queens walked around the dead horse reciting mantras and obscene dialogue with the priests.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karmarkar |first=R. D. |date=1949 |title=The Aśvamedha: its Original Signification |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784542 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=30 |issue=3/4 |pages=334–339|jstor=41784542 }}</ref> The chief queen then had to spend the night beside the dead horse in a position mimicking sexual intercourse and was covered with a blanket.<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Bose|2020|pp=4–5}}

On the next morning, the priests raised the queen from the place. One priest cut the horse along the "knife-paths" while other priests started reciting the verses of Vedas, seeking healing and regeneration for the horse.{{sfn|Rick F. Talbott|2005|p=123}} The horse's [[epiploon]] along with soma are offered in an oblation, and the priests dismember the horse and other animal victims with an oblation of their blood. On the third day an Atirātra was performed.<ref name=":2" /> The Atirātra was a Soma sacrifice in which there was a nocturnal session where soma was drunk.{{Sfn|Renou|1957|pp=104–105}} Afterwards an Avabhṛtha takes place.<ref name=":2" /> However, in the Ashvamedha sinners and criminals also take part in the purificatory bathing. Afterwards twenty-one sterile cows are sacrificed, and the [[dakshina]] was distributed to the priests. The main dakshina forms either the four wives of the king or their four hundred attendants.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Laws of Manu]] refer to the Ashvamedha (V.53): "The man who offers a horse-sacrifice every day for a hundred years, and the man who does not eat meat, the two of them reap the same fruit of good deeds."<ref>''The Laws of Manu'', translated by Wendy Doniger with Brian K. Smith, p. 104. Penguin Books, London, 1991 {{ISBN?}}</ref>

== Mentions in Hindu epics ==
[[File:Asvamedha ramayana.JPG|thumb|Queen [[Kaushalya]] performing the Ashvamedha ritual; illustration to the ''[[Ramayana]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Horse sacrifice Add. 15295, f.33 |url=https://imagesonline.bl.uk/?service=asset&action=show_zoom_window_popup&language=en&asset=7519&location=grid&asset_list=7714,7772,7773,10157,1868,1877,7511,7519,7520,7529,7531,7547,7766,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,9098,9205,10021,11104,11106,11156,22261&basket_item_id=undefined |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629101242/https://imagesonline.bl.uk/?service=asset&action=show_zoom_window_popup&language=en&asset=7519&location=grid&asset_list=7714,7772,7773,10157,1868,1877,7511,7519,7520,7529,7531,7547,7766,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,9098,9205,10021,11104,11106,11156,22261&basket_item_id=undefined |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=2024-02-25 }}</ref>
]]
=== ''Mahabharata'' ===
The best-known text describing the sacrifice is the ''[[Ashvamedhika Parva]]'' ({{langx|sa| अश्वमेध पर्व}}), or the "Book of Horse Sacrifice," the fourteenth of eighteen books of the Indian epic poem ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Krishna]] and [[Vyasa]] advise King [[Yudhishthira]] to perform the sacrifice, which is described at great length. The book traditionally comprises two sections and 96 chapters.<ref name="kmg">Ganguli, K.M. (1883–1896) "[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/index.htm Aswamedha Parva]" in ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa'' (12 Volumes). Calcutta</ref><ref name="mnd">Dutt, M.N. (1905) ''The Mahabharata (Volume 14): Ashwamedha Parva''. Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref> The critical edition has one sub-book and 92 chapters.<ref>van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1973) ''The Mahabharata: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p. 478</ref><ref>Debroy, B. (2010) ''The Mahabharata, Volume 1''. Gurgaon: Penguin Books India, pp. xxiii–xxvi</ref>
=== ''Ramayana'' ===
''[[Balakanda]]'', the first book of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' by [[Valmiki]], mentions a horse sacrifice performed at the behest of King [[Dasharatha]], the father of [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sloka & Translation {{!}} Valmiki Ramayanam |url=https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=1&language=dv&field_sarga_value=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126173929/https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=1&language=dv&field_sarga_value=14 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in}}</ref>

==On Gupta coins==
One type of the gold coins of the [[Gupta Empire]] kings [[Samudragupta]] (reigned c. 350–370 CE) and [[Kumaragupta]] (reigned c. 415–455 CE) commemorates their Ashvamedha sacrifices. The [[obverse]] shows the horse anointed and decorated for sacrifice, standing in front of a ''[[Yūpa]]'' sacrificial post, and is inscribed "The king of kings who has performed the Vajimedha sacrifice wins heaven after protecting the earth". The reverse shows a standing figure of the queen, holding a fan and a towel, and is inscribed "Powerful enough to perform the Ashvamedha sacrifice".<ref>Glucklich, 111</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Dinar of Samudragupta LACMA M.84.110.1 (1 of 2).jpg|[[Samudragupta]], Ashvamedha horse
File:Dinar of Samudragupta LACMA M.84.110.1 (2 of 2).jpg|The queen, reverse of last
File:Samudragupta circa 335-380 CE Ashvameda type.jpg|[[Samudragupta]]
File:Gold coin of Kumaragupta I.jpg|[[Kumaragupta]]
</gallery>

==Similar sacrifices elsewhere==
{{Main|Horse sacrifice}}
Many [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] branches show evidence for horse sacrifice, and comparative mythology suggests that they derive from a [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Proto-Indo-European ritual]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} Most appear to be funerary practices associated with burial, but for some other cultures there is tentative evidence for rituals associated with kingship. The Ashvamedha is the clearest evidence preserved, but vestiges from Latin and Celtic traditions allow the reconstruction of a few common attributes.

A similar ritual is found in [[Celts|Celtic]] tradition in which the king in Ireland conducted a rite of symbolic marriage with a sacrificed horse.<ref name="thomas">{{cite book|title=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC&q=Ashvamedha|pages=402–403|author1=Thomas V. Gamkrelidze|author2= Vjaceslav V. Ivanov|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|isbn = 9783110815030}}</ref> The Roman [[October Horse]] sacrifice was an annual event, and apparently the only time horses were sacrificed, rather than cattle or smaller animals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC|page=70|author1=Thomas V. Gamkrelidze|author2= Vjaceslav V. Ivanov|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|isbn = 9783110815030}}</ref>

Horse sacrifices were performed among the ancient Germans, Armenians, Iranians,{{sfn|Rick F. Talbott|2005|p=142}} Chinese, Greeks,{{sfn|Roshen Dalal|2010|p=44}} among others.

== List of performers ==

[[Indian epic poetry#Sanskrit epics|Sanskrit epics]] and [[Puranas]] mention numerous legendary performances of the horse sacrifice.{{sfn|David M. Knipe|2015|p=234}} For example, according to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Emperor Bharata]] performed a hundred Ashvamedha ceremonies on the banks of [[Yamuna]], three hundred on the banks of Sarasvati and four hundred on the banks of the [[Ganga]]. He again performed a thousand Ashvamedha on different locations and a hundred [[Rajasuya]].{{sfn|K M Ganguly|1896|pp=130–131}} Following the vast empires ruled by the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] and [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya dynasties]], the practice of the sacrifice diminished remarkably.<ref name="Mansingh 68"/>

The historical performers of Ashvamedha include:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Monarch
! Reign
! Dynasty
! Source
|-
|Purukutsa
| data-sort-value="-1000" |[[Vedic period|Early Vedic Period]]
|[[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|location=|pages=619–626, 699}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Erdosy|first1=George|title=Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Rgvedic history: poets, chieftains and politics|last2=Witzel|first2=Michael|publisher=De Gruyter|year=1995|isbn=|location=|pages=237–242}}</ref>
|-
|Trasadasyu Paurukutsya
| data-sort-value="-1000" |[[Vedic period|Early Vedic Period]]
|Puru
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Sudas|Sudās Paijavana]]
| data-sort-value="-1000" |Early Vedic Period
|[[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharata]]
|<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|url=|title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity|publisher=De Gruyter|year=1995|isbn=978-3-11-081643-3|editor-last=Erdosy|editor-first=George|series=Indian Philology and South Asian Studies|location=|pages=85–125|language=en|chapter=4. Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres|doi=10.1515/9783110816433-009|s2cid=238465491|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110816433-009/html}}</ref>
|-
|[[Parikshit|Parīkṣit]]
| data-sort-value="-600" |[[Vedic period#Later Vedic period (c. 1000 – c. 600 BCE)|Later Vedic Period]]
|[[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]
|<ref>{{citation|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hemchandra|title=Political History of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC|page=14,39|year=2006|publisher=[[Cosmo Publications]]|isbn=81-307-0291-6|author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri}}</ref>
|-
|[[Janamejaya|Janamejaya Pārikṣita]]
| data-sort-value="-600" |Later Vedic Period
| Kuru
|<ref name="Pruthi 2004">{{Cite book|last=Pruthi|first=Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3ksBrWoZm0C&q=Janamejaya+in+vedas&pg=PA86|title=Vedic Civilization|date=2004|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=9788171418756|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pushyamitra Shunga]]
| data-sort-value="-167" | 185–149 BCE
| [[Shunga dynasty|Shunga]]
| Ayodhya inscription of [[Dhanadeva]] and ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram|Malavikagnimitra]]'' of Kalidasa{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=175}}
|-
| [[Sarvatata]]
| data-sort-value="-100" | 1st century BCE
| Gajayana
| [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions|Ghosundi and Hathibada inscriptions]].{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=175}} Some scholars believe Sarvatata to be a [[Kanva dynasty|Kanva]] king, but there is no definitive evidence for this.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dinesh Chandra Shukla |title=Early history of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMoBAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |page=30 }}</ref>
|-
| Devimitra
| data-sort-value="-100" | 1st century BCE
| Unknown
| Musanagar inscription{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=175}}
|-
| [[Satakarni|Satakarni I]]
| data-sort-value="150" | 1st or 2nd century CE
| [[Satavahana]]
| [[Naneghat#Nanaghat inscriptions|Nanaghat inscription]] mentions his second Ashvamedha{{sfn|David M. Knipe|2015|p=8}}{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=175}}
|-
| [[Andhra Ikshvaku#Chamtamula|Vasishthiputra Chamtamula]]
| data-sort-value="235" | 3rd century CE
| [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]
| Records of his son and grandson{{sfn|Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya|2007|p=203}}
|-
| Shilavarman
| data-sort-value="250" | 3rd century CE
| Varshaganya
| Jagatpur inscriptions mention his fourth Ashvamedha{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=175}}
|-
| [[Pravarasena I]]
| data-sort-value="300" | c. 270 – c. 330 CE
| [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]]
| Inscriptions of his descendants state that he performed four Ashvamedha sacrifices{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=176}}
|-
| [[Bhavanaga]]
| data-sort-value="312.5" | 305–320 CE
| [[Nagas of Padmavati]]
| The inscriptions of [[Vakataka]] relatives of the Nagas credit them with 10 horse-sacrifices, although they do not name these kings.{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=175}}{{sfn|Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya|2007|p=203}}
|-
| Vijaya-devavarman
| data-sort-value="325" | 300–350 CE
| [[Shalankayana]]
| Ellore inscription{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=176}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=510}}
|-
| Shivaskanda Varman
| data-sort-value="350" | 4th century CE
| [[Pallava dynasty#Early Pallavas|Pallava]]
| Hirahadagalli inscription{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=176}}
|-
| Kumaravishnu
| data-sort-value="350" | 4th century CE
| [[Pallava dynasty#Middle Pallavas|Pallava]]
| Omgodu inscription of his great-grandson{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=176}}
|-
|-
| [[Mulavarman|Mulawarman]]
| data-sort-value="450" | 4th century CE
| [[Kutai|Kutai Martadipura]] (present [[Indonesia]])
| <ref>{{cite book |author1=Tony Whitten |author2=Greg S. Henderson |author3=Muslimin Mustafa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q__PAgAAQBAJ |title=The Ecology of Sulawesi (The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Volume IV)|page=76|publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=9781462905072}}</ref>
|-
| [[Samudragupta]]
| data-sort-value="365" | c. 335/350–375 CE
| [[Gupta dynasty|Gupta]]
| Coins of the king and records of his descendants{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=176}}{{sfn|David M. Knipe|2015|p=9}}
|-
| [[Kumaragupta I]]
| data-sort-value="434.5" | 414 – 455 CE
| [[Gupta dynasty|Gupta]]
| {{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=139}}
|-
| [[Vishnukundina#Madhav Varma II|Madhava Varman]]
| data-sort-value="450" | 440–460 CE
| [[Vishnukundina]]
| {{sfn|Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya|2007|p=203}}
|-
| Dharasena
| data-sort-value="450" | 5th century CE
| [[Traikutaka dynasty|Traikutaka]]
| {{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=510}}
|-
| Krishnavarman
| data-sort-value="450" | 5th century CE
| [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]]
| {{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=510}}
|-
| [[Narayana Varman|Narayanavarman]]
|data-sort-value="506" | 494–518 CE
| [[Varman dynasty|Varman]]
| Legend of Bhaskaravarman's seals{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=179}}
|-
| [[Bhutivarman]]
| data-sort-value="530" | 518–542 CE
| [[Varman dynasty|Varman]]
| Barganga inscription{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=179}}
|-
| [[Pulakeshin I]]
| data-sort-value="554.5" | 543–566 CE
| [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]]
| {{sfn|David M. Knipe|2015|p=10}}
|-
| [[Sthita Varman|Sthitavarman]]
| data-sort-value="575" | 565–585 CE
| [[Varman dynasty|Varman]]
| <ref>{{cite book |author=Karl J. Schmidt |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-47680-1 |page=77}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pulakeshin II]]
| data-sort-value="626" | 610–642 CE
| [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]]
| {{sfn|Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya|2007|p=203}}
|-
| Madhavaraja II (alias Madhavavarman or Sainyabhita)
| data-sort-value="645" | c. 620–670 CE
| [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]]
| Inscriptions{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=67}}{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=179}}
|-
| Simhavarman (possibly [[Narasimhavarman I]])
| data-sort-value="649" | 630–668 CE
| [[Pallava dynasty#Middle Pallavas|Pallava]]
| The Sivanvayal pillar inscription states that he performed ten Ashvamedhas{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=176}}
|-
| Adityasena
| data-sort-value="667.5" | 655–680 CE
| [[Later Gupta dynasty|Later Gupta]]
| [[Baidyanath Temple|Vaidyanatha temple]] (Deoghar) inscription{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=179}}
|-
| Madhyamaraja I (alias Ayashobhita II)
| data-sort-value="685" | c. 670–700 CE
| [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]]
| Inscriptions;{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=74–75}} one interpretation of the inscriptions suggests that he merely participated in the Ashvamedha performed by his father Madhavaraja II{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=179}}
|-
| Dharmaraja (alias Manabhita)
| data-sort-value="726.5" | c. 726–727 CE
| [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]]
| Inscriptions; one interpretation of the inscriptions suggests that he merely participated in the Ashvamedha performed by his grandfather Madhavaraja II{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1971|p=179}}
|-
| [[Rajadhiraja Chola]]
| data-sort-value="1048" | 1044–1052 CE
| [[Chola dynasty|Chola]]
| <ref>{{cite book |author=Rama Shankar Tripathi |title=History of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&pg=PA466 |year=1942 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0018-2 |page=466 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jai Singh II]]
| data-sort-value="1737.5" | 1734 and 1741 CE
| [[Jaipur State|Kachwahas of Jaipur]]
| ''Ishvaravilasa Kavya'' by Krishna-bhatta, a participant in Jai Singh's Ashvamedha ceremony and a court poet of his son Ishvar Singh<ref>{{cite book |author=P. K. Gode |chapter=Some contemporary Evidence regarding the aśvamedha Sacrifice performed by Sevai Jayasing of Amber (1699–1744 A.D.) |title=Studies in Indian Literary History |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXZHtgEACAAJ |year=1953 |publisher=Singhi Jain Shastra Sikshapith |oclc=2499291 |pages=288–291 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Catherine B Asher |title=Excavating Communalism: Kachhwaha Rajadharma and Mughal Sovereignty |editor=Rajat Datta |contribution=Rethinking a Millennium: Perspectives on Indian History from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century : Essays for Harbans Mukhia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2H4PGhFB9ScC&pg=PA232 |year=2008 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-89833-36-7 |page=232 }}</ref>
|}

<gallery mode="packed">
Dhanadeva Ayodhya inscription.jpg | The [[Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription]], 1st century BCE, mentions two Ashvamedha rituals by Pushyamitra in the city of [[Ayodhya]].<ref name="Kishore">[https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 Ayodhya Revisited by Kunal Kishore p. 24]</ref>

</gallery>

The Udayendiram inscription of the 8th-century [[Pallava dynasty#Later Pallavas|Pallava]] king [[Nandivarman II]] (alias Pallavamalla) states that his general Udayachandra defeated the [[Nishada]] ruler Prithvivyaghra, who, "desiring to become very powerful, was running after the horse of the Ashvamedha". The inscription does not clarify which king initiated this Ashvamedha campaign. Historian N. Venkataramanayya theorized that Prithvivyaghra was a feudatory ruler, who unsuccessfully tried to challenge Nandivarman's Ashvamedha campaign. However, historian [[Dineshchandra Sircar]] notes that no other inscriptions of Nandivarman or his descendants mention his performance of Ashvamedha; therefore, it is more likely that the Ashvamedha campaign was initiated by Prithvivyaghra (or his overlord), and Nandivarman's general foiled it.{{sfn|Dineshchandra Sircar|1962|p=263}}

==In Hindu revivalism==
[[File:The horse Shyamakarna on the bank of Lake Dudumbhi.jpg|thumb|''The horse Shyamakarna on the bank of Lake Dudumbhi'', illustrating [[Jaimini]]'s commentary on Ashvamedha, 19th century, [[Maharashtra]]]]
In the [[Arya Samaj]] reform movement of [[Dayananda Sarasvati]], the Ashvamedha is considered an [[allegory]] or a ritual to get connected to the "Inner Sun" ([[Prana]]){{sfn|Roshen Dalal|2010|p=399}}<ref>as a [[bahuvrihi]], ''saptāśva'' "having seven horses" is another name of the [[Surya|Sun]], referring to the horses of [[sun chariot|his chariot]].; [http://www.akhandjyoti.org/marapr05/article12.html?Akhand-Jyoti/2005/Jul-Aug/Ashvamedha/ akhandjyoti.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929080441/http://www.akhandjyoti.org/marapr05/article12.html?Akhand-Jyoti%2F2005%2FJul-Aug%2FAshvamedha%2F |date=September 29, 2007 }} glosses 'ashva' as "the symbol of mobility, valour and strength" and 'medha' as "the symbol of supreme wisdom and intelligence", yielding a meaning of 'ashvamedha' of "the combination of the valour and strength and illumined power of intellect"</ref> According to Dayananda, no horse was actually to be slaughtered in the ritual as per the Yajurveda. Following Dayananda, the Arya Samaj disputes the very existence of the pre-Vedantic ritual; thus Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati claims that

{{Quote|the word in the sense of the Horse Sacrifice does not occur in the Samhitas [...] In the terms of cosmic analogy, ''ashva'' s the Sun. In respect to the ''adhyatma paksha'', the ''Prajapati-Agni'', or the ''[[Purusha]]'', the Creator, is the ''[[Ashva]]''; He is the same as the [[Varuna]], the Most Supreme. The word ''[[:wikt:medha|medha]]'' stands for homage; it later on became synonymous with oblations in rituology, since oblations are offered, dedicated to the one whom we pay homage. The word deteriorated further when it came to mean 'slaughter' or 'sacrifice'.<ref name = "crit">''The Critical and Cultural Study of the Shatapatha Brahmana by Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati'', p. 415; 476</ref>}}

He argues that the animals listed as sacrificial victims are just as symbolic as the list of human victims listed in the [[Purushamedha]]<ref name = "crit"/> (which is generally accepted as a purely symbolic sacrifice already in Rigvedic times).

[[Gayatri Pariwar]] since 1991 has organized performances of a "modern version" of the Ashvamedha where a statue is used in place of a real horse, according to Hinduism Today with a million participants in [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] on April 16 to 20, 1994.<ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/6/1994-6-04.shtml Hinduism Today, June 1994] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213233624/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/6/1994-6-04.shtml |date=December 13, 2006 }}</ref> Such modern performances are [[Sattva|Sattvika]] [[Yajna]]s where the animal is worshipped without killing it,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101316990400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214083253/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101316990400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 14, 2005 | title=Ashwamedha Yagam in city | date=Oct 13, 2005 | access-date=30 September 2014 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> the religious motivation being prayer for overcoming enemies, the facilitation of child welfare and development, and clearance of debt,<ref>[http://www.ashwamedhayaagam.org/whyamy.html Ashwamedhayagnam.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082350/http://www.ashwamedhayaagam.org/whyamy.html |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref> entirely within the allegorical interpretation of the ritual, and with no actual sacrifice of any animal.

==Reception==
The earliest recorded criticism of the ritual comes from the [[Cārvāka]], an atheistic school of Indian philosophy that assumed various forms of [[philosophical skepticism]] and religious indifference. A quotation of the Cārvāka from [[Madhavacharya of Sringeri|Madhavacharya]]'s Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha states: "The three authors of the Vedas were buffoons, knaves, and demons. All the well-known formulae of the pandits, jarphari, turphari, etc. and all the obscene rites for the queen commanded in Ashvamedha, these were invented by buffoons, and so all the various kinds of presents to the priests, while the eating of flesh was similarly commanded by night-prowling demons."<ref>Madhavacarya, ''Sarvadarsana-sangraha'', English translation by E. B. Cowell and A. E. Gough, 1904 quoted in Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (ed.), ''Carvaka/Lokayata: An Anthology of Source Materials and Some Recent Studies'' (New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1990)</ref>

According to some writers, ashvamedha is a forbidden rite for ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', the current age.<ref>{{cite book|title=Holy Cow: The Hare Krishna Contribution to Vegetarianism and Animal Rights|page=212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-WKuYt0MogC&pg=PA212|first=Steven|last=Rosen|year=2004|publisher=Lantern Books|isbn=9781590560662|author-link=Steven J. Rosenn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Vedas: With Illustrative Extracts|page=62|publisher=Book Tree|quote=horse sacrifice was prohibited in the Kali Yuga}}</ref>

This part{{which|date=December 2019}} of the ritual offended the [[Dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]] reformer and framer of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and is frequently mentioned in his writings as an example of the perceived degradation of Brahmanical culture.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches|page=1376}}</ref>

Scholar Manohar L. Varadpande, praised the ritual as "social occasions of great magnitude".<ref>"History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1" by Manohar Laxman Varadpande, p. 46</ref> Rick F. Talbott writes that "[[Mircea Eliade]] treated the Ashvamedha as a rite having a cosmogonic structure which both regenerated the entire cosmos and reestablished every social order during its performance."<ref>"Sacred Sacrifice: Ritual Paradigms in Vedic Religion and Early Christianity" by Rick F. Talbott, p. 133</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* {{annotated link|Ashva}}
* {{annotated link|October Horse}}
* {{annotated link|Cruelty to animals}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==

{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA193 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Charles Drekmeier |title=Kingship and Community in Early India |url=https://archive.org/details/kingshipcommunit0000drek |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/kingshipcommunit0000drek/page/46 46] |year=1962 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-0114-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=David M. Knipe |author-link=David M. Knipe |title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RxcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |place=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199397709 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dineshchandra Sircar |editor=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0fAAAAIAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan }}
* {{cite book |author=Dineshchandra Sircar |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA175 |year=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2790-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya |author-link=Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya |title=Class and Religion in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&pg=PA203 |year=2007 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=978-1-84331-332-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=K M Ganguly |author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |title=The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa |year=1896 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07065.htm | publisher=Sacred Texts }}
* {{cite book|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|year=2007 |isbn=9780195314052 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA112|publisher=Oxford University Press|first=Ariel |last=Glucklich}}
* {{cite book |author=Rick F. Talbott |title=Sacred Sacrifice: Ritual Paradigms in Vedic Religion and Early Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XNLAwAAQBAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Wipf and Stock |isbn=978-1-59752-340-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143414216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=white+horse+hinduism&pg=PA399 }}
* {{cite book |author=Snigdha Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I – Circa 5th–8th centuries A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PR3 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Stephanie Jamison |author-link=Stephanie W. Jamison |year =1996 |title=Sacrificed Wife / Sacrificer's Wife |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs6mFZqBnGYC |place=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195096637 }}
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |author-link=Upinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA381 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=9788131711200 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Tony Whitten |author2=Greg S. Henderson |author3=Muslimin Mustafa |author1-link=Tony Whitten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q__PAgAAQBAJ |title=The Ecology of Sulawesi (The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Volume IV) |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=9781462905072}}
{{Refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vedic animal sacrifice]]
[[Category:Horses in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Yajna]]

Botlakunta

2025-05-16T20:58:53Z

Ptamansamrat: Started First Data Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

'''Botlakunta''' is a small village located in [[konijerla]] mandal, [[Khammam district|khammam]] district, [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

Mandal Name : Konijerla
District : Khammam
State : Telangana
Region : Telangana
Language : Telugu and English
Time zone: IST (UTC+5:30)
Elevation / Altitude: 107 meters. Above Sea level
Telephone Code / Std Code:08749
Pin Code : 507305
==References==
{{reflist}}{{coord missing|Telangana}}

{{Khammam district}}
[[Category:Villages in Khammam district]]

{{Khammam-geo-stub}}

Bardepur

2025-05-16T06:13:21Z

Ptamansamrat: data...

{{Short description|Village under Kaluahi block of Madhubani district in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}

[[File:An_ancient_teple_in_Bardepur.jpg|thumb|An ancient temple in Bardepur]]
'''Bardepur''' is a small village in the Kaluahi Block in the [[Madhubani District]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DISEASE ALERTS/OUTBREAKS REPORTED AND RESPONDED TO BY STATES/UTs THROUGH INTEGRATED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMME (IDSP) |url=https://idsp.mohfw.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/95133348011466750283.pdf |website=idsp.mohfw.gov.in |publisher=Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=2016}}</ref> It is located on [[National Highway 105]] ([[Darbhanga]] to [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]]).

Geographically it is surrounded by a small and seasonal stream that is considered by the locals to be an origin point of the [[Jeevachh]] river. It is located 18 km north of [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], 4 km from [[Kaluahi]], and 159 km from [[Patna]]. The nearest train station to the village is in [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]].

The primary languages spoken in Bardepur are [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi]], and [[Urdu]]. The village used to be well known for its cattle market, which led to it receiving the nickname ''Baradaha'', derived from ''Baradahaat''. The first syllable of Baredepur, ''Barde'', is derived from this. The second syllable, ''pur'', is the [[Sanskrit]] word for village or town.

As of the census of 2001, the population of this village was approximately 2000.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|26|30|17.1|N|86|4|25.1|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

Faraha

2025-04-12T17:10:31Z

Ptamansamrat: Started A Info Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fariha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|19|18|N|78|28|22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5809
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Fariha''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Firozabad district]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Fariha Town Population Census 2011 - 2025 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800817-fariha-uttar-pradesh.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Firozabad district]]

{{Firozabad-geo-stub}}

Veppampalayam

2025-02-13T20:00:54Z

Ptamansamrat: New...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Veppampalayam
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Veppampalayam, Erode (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|11.292500|N|77.658600|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Erode district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 249
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], English
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 638112
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +91424xxxxxxx
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Other [[Neighborhood]]s
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Erode]], [[Thindal, Erode|Thindal]], [[Nasiyanur]], [[Nanjanapuram]], Mettukkadai, [[Perundurai]], Veerappampalayam, Pazhayapalayam, Pavalathampalayam, [[Kathirampatti]] and [[Villarasampatti]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = Municipal body
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Erode City Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Erode West Assembly constituency]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[A. Ganeshamurthi]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[S. Muthusamy]]
|website = https://erode.nic.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Veppampalayam''' is a neighbourhood in [[Erode district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBUtAQAAMAAJ&q=Veppampalayam |title=The Indian Factories Journal |date=1996 |publisher=Company Law Institute of India Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMGjkDcsADMC&q=Veppampalayam |title=Census of India, 1991: Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar (pts. A & B) |date=1994 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=India Superintendent of Census Operations Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciFPAQAAMAAJ&q=Veppampalayam |title=District Census Handbook, Madras: Coimbatore (2 v.) |date=1964 |publisher=Director of Stationery and Printing, Madras |language=en}}</ref>

Veppampalayam is located at an altitude of 249 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|11.292500|N|77.658600|E}} (i.e., 11°17'33.0"N, 77°39'31.0"E). [[Erode]], [[Thindal, Erode|Thindal]], [[Nasiyanur]], [[Nanjanapuram]], Mettukkadai, [[Perundurai]], Veerappampalayam, Pazhayapalayam, [[Pavalathampalayam]], [[Kathirampatti]] and [[Villarasampatti]] are some of the important neighbourhoods of Veppampalayam.

Veppampalayam area falls under the [[Erode West Assembly constituency]]. The winner of the election held in the year 2021 as the member of its assembly constituency is [[S. Muthusamy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Erode (West) Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Muthusamy S of DMK Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/erode-west-election-result-2021-live-updates-erode-west-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696473.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Also, this area belongs to [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency]]. The winner of the election held in the year 2019, as the member of its Lok Sabha constituency is [[A. Ganeshamurthi]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Veppampalayam&params=11.292500_N_77.658600_E_type:city_region:IN Geohack]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Erode]]

{{Erode-geo-stub}}

Styled By Neha

2024-10-15T01:01:53Z

Ptamansamrat: Done...

{{short description|Indian reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Styled By Neha.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Dressing show
| director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Neha Dhupia]]
*Diva Dhawan
*Elton Fernandez
}}
| country = India
| language = English
| num_seasons = 1<ref name="tvdb">{{Cite web |title=Styled By Neha - Aired Order - All Seasons - TheTVDB.com |url=https://thetvdb.com/series/styled-by-neha/allseasons/official |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=thetvdb.com}}</ref>
| num_episodes = 7<ref name="tvdb"/>
| producer =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| company = Conde Nast Entertainment
| runtime = 45 minutes
| related =
| channel = [[Fox Life (Indian TV channel)|Fox Life]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|10|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|11|30|df=yes}}<ref name="tvdb"/>
}}
'''''Styled By Neha''''' is an Indian [[Reality television|reality-television]] series on [[Fox Life (Indian TV channel)|Fox Life]] about various dressing codes and styles across the Indian subcontinent and also from in or around the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-18 |title=Neha Dhupia on being mentor in Styled By Neha, fluidity of fashion, and dabbling in different projects |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/neha-dhupia-on-being-mentor-in-styled-by-neha-fluidity-of-fashion-and-dabbling-in-different-projects-5395021.html |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zamindar |first=Shriya |title=5 lessons on layering every Neha Dhupia fan can learn from her Instagram account |url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/neha-dhupia-style-lessons-instagram-layering-jacket-blazer-cape |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Vogue India |date=16 July 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Styled By Neha Online, All Seasons or Episodes, Health and Fitness {{!}} Show/Web Series |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/amp/shows/styled-by-neha-4818/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=saikrishna |title=Styled by Neha – You and I |date=13 October 2018 |url=https://www.youandi.com/styled-by-neha/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-17 |title=FOX Life to launch new fashion series 'Styled by Neha' with Neha Dhupia |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/fox-life-to-launch-new-fashion-series-styled-by-neha-with-neha-dhupia/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=MediaNews4U |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rastogi |first=Kirti |title=Neha Dhupia :There's no style disclaimer- you can be any size, any colour |url=https://uporg.in/entertainment/neha-dhupia-theres-no-style-disclaimer-you-can-be-any-size-any-colour-225077/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=uporg.in |date=21 July 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dress Fabulously For Your Curves: Neha Shows You How! - POPxo |url=https://www.popxo.com/ampstory/neha-dhupia-style-491533/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.popxo.com|date=12 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Styled By Neha - Adgully.com |url=https://www.adgully.com/tag/styled-by-neha}}</ref>

The series features [[Neha Dhupia]] (Indian actress), Diva Dhawan and Elton Fernandez as show's main hosts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=Neha Dhupia: Many A-list designer friends refused to style me after my second pregnancy |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/neha-dhupia-many-list-designer-friends-refused-style-me-after-my-second-pregnancy-1087211 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Styled By Neha {{!}} Fridays at 8 PM | date=23 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyqY0PS89-4 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Arunabh |date=2018-10-16 |title=Neha Dhupia: Showing the stylish way |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/neha-dhupia-showing-the-stylish-way/article25235729.ece |access-date=2022-06-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=Celeb fashion: Neha Dhupia's style game is always on point |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/neha-dhupia-outfit-winter-fashion-photos-6703867/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Style By Jury]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Fox Life]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}